GLOBALIZATION –is the term used to describe the
countries becoming more interconnected both
economically & culturally
INTERPRETATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION:
INTERNATIONALIZATION –described as cross-border
relations between countries wherein interdependent
countries can grow together international exchange
through enlarged movements between countries of
people, investments, messages and ideas.
-In simple terms, Internationalism refers to any mutual
activity between countries that benefit both parties. (Ex:
McDonalds, Starbucks, Samsung, Jollibee)
LIBERALIZATION –process of removing state-imposed
restrictions on movements between countries in order to
create an “open” “borderless” economy. (Ex: Visa Free)
WESTERNIZATION –the social structures of modernity
like, capitalism, nationalism, industrialism,
bureaucratism, individualism, & so on, are spread all over
the world, normally destroying earlier-existent cultures
and local self-determination process. This may be
referred to as Americanization. (Ex: Hollywood)
WHY INTERNATIONALIZATION?
PROACTIVE REASONS:
-Profit and Growth goals
-Technology competence
-Unique product
-Cost Reduction
-Foreign market opportunities
-Managerial Urge
-Access to resources
REACTIVE REASONS:
-Competitive pressures in the domestic market
-Domestic market small and standardsssss
-Overproduction /Excess capacities
-Unsolicited foreign market orders
-Extend sales of seasonal products
-Proximity to international costumers
TRADE LIBERALIZATION –the removal or reduction of
restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods
between nations.
-needs to remove/reduce trade barriers such as:
*TARIFFS –a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class
of imports and export.
& After the Meiji Restoration, the West was taken as the
*NON-TARIFFS – “restrict imports & exports of goods or
service through mechanism other than simple imposition
of tariffs.”
-way to restrict trade using trade barriers
>IMPORT LICENSES –a document issued by a national
government authorizing the importation of certain
goods into its territory.
>EXPORT LICENSES –grants permission to conduct a
certain type of export transaction.
>IMPORT QUOTAS –type of trade restriction that sets a
physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be
imported into a country in a given period of time.
>SUBSIDIES –is a benefit given to an individual, business
or institution, usually by the government.
>VOLUNTARY EXPORT RESTRAINT –a government-
imposed limit on the quantity of some categories of
goods that can be exported to a specified period of time.
>EMBARGO –exchange with a specified country or the
exchange of specific goods.
-official suspension of import & export of goods.
>CURRENCY DEVALUATION –a deliberate downward
adjustment of the value of a country’s currency against
another currency.
TARIFFS vs. NON-TARIFF BARRIERS
*Tariff
-tax on import & export products
-monetary
*Non-Tariff
-Government intervention
-Policies
-Laws
IMPORTANCE OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
-Comparative advantage
-citizens enjoy great variety of goods & services, &
generally at lower cost.
PROS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
-Promotes free trade marketplace
-Lower costs to consumers due to lower fees & additional
competition
-Lower production cost = more saving for consumers
CONS OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION
-Increase competition for foreign producers
-Lower local support of raw materials
-Low quality of raw materials
-Developing countries cannot compete against
established economies or nations
-Lower local industrial diversity or failure of in newly
developed industries within particular economy
UNAVOIDABLE TRADE BARRIERS:
>transport >Expiry dates
EXPORT –the goods & services sold to other countries.
IMPORT –the goods & services brought from other
countries.
WESTERNIZATION –is a process whereby societies come
under or adopt western culture such as:
-Industry -Clothing
-Technology -Language
-Law -Alphabet
-Policies -Religion
-Economics -Philosophy
-Lifestyle -Values
-Diet
WESTERN INFLUENCE IN JAPAN
Supreme model for nearly every significant aspects of
life, & many insignificant ones too. Popular assemblies,
government bureaus, schools, the banking system,
clothes for policemen & military men, & the pre-1945
constitution all were based on one or other Western
example. Hair for both men & women was re-styled
according to European fashion, beer was brewed as an
alternative to sake, beefsteak, baseball, & the cravat
were considered smart.
The 1890s saw a reaction against the onslaught of
Western influence. Naturalists argued in favor of the best
that was Japanese, but they did so in a thoroughly
Western frame of reference & could identify title of
exclusive value aside from the physical beauties of Japan,
especially Mt. Fuji. World War I saw a resurgence of
Western influence. City people began wearing Western
clothing exclusively & flocked into shops serving coffee &
classical music. The next war saw another rejection of
most Western cultural influences, yet even then, the
model for government & cultural achievement was
provided by Italy & Germany under their fascist leaders.
In post-1945 Japan the overwhelming theme has been
Western influence. Particularly in popular culture,
American & European influence is strong. Movies, rock
music, & fashion all take their Western counterparts as
reference points. Even foods follow Western patterns
with fast food hamburger & pizza outlet the popular
gathering points for most children & young adults.
Youngsters’ preference for Western food is so strong
that farmers have succeeded in having a law passed
which requires that rice be served at least three times a
month in school lunches.
The extent of Western influence has increased steadily
over the last century & a half despite the occasional
period of rejection of things Western. It causes Japanese,
Asians & Westerners alike to ask seriously whether Japan
is Oriental or Occidental, but the questioning doesn’t
seem to change the general trend.
GLOBALIZATION –the process of interaction &
integration among people, companies, & government
worldwide.
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION
ECONOMIC –a worldwide economic system that permits
easy movement of goods, production.
-is responsible for the emergence of multinational
corporations producing & exporting goods as they obtain
capital, technology, & access to distribution networks.
-relating to the process or system by which goods &
services, sold & brought.
FINANCIAL –any process that relates to the use of
money.
–interconnection of the world’s financial system (e.g.
stock markets)
-it is the high integration of global financial market.
There are four basic developments that drive financial
globalization.
1. CONSOLIDATION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
-Local banks were, until about two decades ago, largely
locally owned & operated. Today, the local bank is likely
to be owned by a much larger bank in a major city. The
number of independent financial institutions is declining
as mergers & acquisitions result in larger financial
institutions.
2. GLOBALIZATION OF OPERATIONS
-Banking conglomerates extend their reach by forming
strategic alliances with similar institutions in different
countries. European, American, & Asian financial
institutions increasingly linked, & major banks in the
industrial world are acquiring banks in developing
countries.
3. EMERGENCE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
-Money moves across national boundaries at the touch
of a button. Internet banking & brokerage services
compete with more traditional financial conglomerates.
Many financial institutions are using their online
operation to expand into foreign markets without having
branches there.
4. UNIVERSAL OF BANKING
-Growing competition in financial markets, the
increasing irrelevance of national borders, & the
increasingly complex among businesses have
contributed to a blurring of bank & nonbank financial
services.
POLITICAL –activities that relate to influencing the
actions & policies of a government or getting & keeping
power in a government.
–countries are attempting to adopt similar political
policies & styles of government in order to facilitate
other forms of globalization.
-political issues in one part of the world directly or
indirectly affect many other areas.
-characterized by the acceptance of states, relative
power of states, the proliferation of international &
regional organizations composed of states, & the spread
of non-state political actors.
MILITARY – activities relating to soldier or the armed
forces (such as the army, navy, marines & air force)
-characterized by extensive as well as extensive networks
of military force. (ex. The nuclear age & the proliferation
of weapons of mass destruction)
CULTURAL –relating to particular group of people & their
habits, beliefs, traditions, etc.
-it involves the exchange of food, people, products,
ideas, & technology across national borders. It is
naturally related to economic & military expansion of a
country.
-Fundamentally, it is beyond the tangible, it affects the
consciousness of individuals & their attitudes towards
politics, religion, economics, & broader cultural values.
ENVIRONMENTAL –the conditions that surrounds
someone or something & influence that affect the
growth, health, progress, etc.
-it focuses on the interdependence among countries in
relation to such problems as global warming, the spread
of infectious diseases, air & water pollution,
deforestation, the loss of biodiversity, & threats to
endangered species.
CRIMINAL –circumstances involving illegal activities
relating to crime.
-it poses severe challenges to national & global security.
Terrorists & criminals use the instruments of
globalization to achieve their objectives. It includes
transborder crimes. Such as drug trafficking, money
laundering, prostitution, alien smuggling, arms
trafficking & counterfeiting.
HUMAN SECURITY –a concept of security that deals with
the every challenges human face that don’t involve
military issues.
7 CATEGORIES OF HUMAN SECURITY
1. ECONOMIC SECURITY
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment:
-assured access to basic income
-Public & private sector employment, wage
employment, self-employment
-when necessary, government financed social safety
nets
-diversify agriculture & economy
Capacities needed:
-Economic capital -Public Finance
-Human Capital -Financial Services
-Diversified agriculture & economy
2. FOOD SECURITY
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment:
-Entitlement to food, by growing it themselves, having
the ability to purchase it or through a public food
distribution system
Capacities needed:
-Diversified agriculture & economy TERRORISM –the use of international indiscriminate
-Local & national distribution systems violence as a means to create means of terror, or fear, to
3. HEALTH SERVICE achieve a political religious or ideological aim.
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment: TYPES OF TERRORISM
-Access to basic health care 7 service *CIVIL DISORDER –form of collective violence interfering
-Risk-sharing arrangements that pool membership with the peace, security, & normal functioning of the
funds & promote community0based insurance schemes community. (Ex.: illegal parades or protests, riots, illegal
-interconnected surveillance systems to identify occupancy, or trespassing of boundaries or territories)
disease outbreaks at all levels *POLITICAL TERRORISM –violence criminal behavior
Capacities needed: designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or
-Universal basic education & knowledge on health substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
related matters -is used by one political faction to intimidate another.
-Indigenous/traditional health practice (Ex.: Political disputes between Jerusalem & Israel)
-access to information & community-based knowledge *NON-POLITICAL TERRORISM –not aimed at political
created. purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY & maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes,
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment: but the end is individual or collective gain rather than
-sustainable practices that take into account natural the achievement of a political objective.
resource & environmental degradation (deforestation, -a terrorist act perpetrated by a group of any other
desertification) purpose most often of a religious nature.
-early warning & response mechanisms for natural (Ex.: School mass shooting in the US without an ideology
hazards &/or man-made disaster at all levels in mind)
Capacities needed: *QUASI-TERRORISM –the activities incidental to the
-natural resource capital commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form
-Natural barriers to storm action (e.g. coral reefs) & method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless
-Natural environmental recovery processes (e.g. forests lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of
recovering from fires) the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate
-Biodiversity victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-
-Indigenous/Traditional practices that respect the terrorists uses the modalities & techniques of the
environment genuine terrorist & produces similar consequences &
5. PERSONAL SECURITY reaction. (Ex.: The fleeting felon who takes hostage is a
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment: quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of
-Rule of Law the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite
-Explicit & enforced protection of human rights & civil different.)
liberties *LIMITED POLITICAL TERRORISM –genuine political
Capacities needed: terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach,
-coping mechanisms it refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for
-adaptive strategies ideological or political motives but which are not part
-memory of past disasters of a concerted campaign to capture control of the
6. COMMUNITY SECURITY state.”
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment: -the goal is not to overthrow the government, but to
-explicit & enforced protection of ethnic groups & protect a government policy or action.
community identity (Ex.: ISIS & other militant groups for their ideological
-Protection from oppressive traditional practices, harsh approach towards terrorism)
treatment towards women, or discrimination against *STATE TERRORISM –“referring to nations whose rule is
ethnic/indigenous/refugee groups based upon fear & oppression that reach similar to
Capacities needed: terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to
-Social capital as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts
-coping mechanisms carried out by governments in pursuit of political
-adaptive strategies objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
-memory of past disasters -most often their goal involves a conflict with another
-Local non-governmental organization or traditional country. (Ex.: As alleged by US Department of State, state
organisms sponsors of terrorism include North Korea, Sudan, Syria,
7. POLITICAL SECURITY & Iran)
Strategies to enhance protection & empowerment: RELIGION –is the set of beliefs, feelings, & political
-Protection of Human rights practices that define the relations between human being
-Protection from military dictatorships & abuse & sacred or divinity.
-Protection from political or state repression, torture, ill 3 MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
treatment, unlawful detention & imprisonment 1. BUDDHISM
Capacities needed: -emerged in South Asia in Sixth century BCE. Around the
-good governance same time, Confucius began his ethical teachings in China
-ethical standards & the Greek philosophy imagined a new way of ordering
-local leadership society. By 200 BCE Buddhism had spread to China & in
Accountability mechanisms
the next several centuries it spread by maritime routes in 7. TRANSIT MIGRATION –refers to people seeking to
Southeast Asia. enter a specific country to pass through another country
2. CHRISTIANITY or stay there temporarily
-was beginning to spread in the Mediterranean. By 600 8. FORCED & INDUCED MIGRATION – this involuntary
CE, Christianity had spread through Western Europe & movement of people have been routinely expelled from
Africa. countries because of political, social, ethnic & religious
3. ISLAM differences.
-was emerging & beginning to spread across the Arabian 9. RETURN MIGRATION –movement of people back to
Peninsula the country from which they originally emigrated.
5 PILLARS OF ISLAM:
1. TESTIMONY OF FAITH OR SHAHADAH –requires
Muslim to publicly profess their faith & Muhammad as
God’s Messenger.
2. PRAYER or SALAT –requires Muslim to pray to God 5
times each day.
3. CHARITY FOR THE POOR or SAKAT –requires Muslims
to donate a certain percentage of their resources to the
poor.
4. FASTING FURING RAMADAN or SAWM –requires
Muslims to abstain from taking in food & water.
5. PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA or HAJJI –requires Muslims
who are financially capable to visit the place of Mecca.
CLOTHING/COVER FOR WOMEN
HIJAB –to cover the body except face.
NIQAB –can only see the eyes of the Muslim female
BURKA –cover all the parts of the body
MIGRATION –the movement of people from one place
to another.
-is an integral component of human behavior.
MIGRANT –a person who moves from one country or
area to another country or location.
MIGRANT IS SUBDIVIDED INTO:
1. REFUGEES –who live outside their country & are
unable or willing to return because document cases of
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution.
-Refugees who attempt to obtain permanent residence
in the country to which they fled are referred to
ASSYLUM-SEEKERS.
2. DISPLACED PERSON –who has been forced to leave
his/her home because of violence, conflict, persecution
or natural disasters.
3. IMMIGRANT –someone who goes to a foreign country
to become a permanent resident.
SEVERAL TYPES OF MIRATION:
1. REGIONAL MIGRATION –fueled by increasing
economic opportunities in a country or group of
neighboring countries.
2. RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRATION –dominant pattern of
migration in both rich & poor countries.
3. RURAL-TO-RURAL MIGRATION –The movement of
people from one rural area to another is common in the
many parts of the world, despite the limited economic
opportunities found in the area.
4. URBAN-TO-URBAN MIGRATION –is when people
move from one city to another to find employment, to
pursue studies or to be a culturally dynamic.
5. URBAN-TO-RURAL MIGRATION –usually design to
encourage the economic development of the
countryside & to relieve population pressures on urban
centers.
6. SEASONAL MIGRATION –move from one area to
another because of the seasonal demand for labor.
COMMUNICATION –is a process of sending & receiving
information between & among people.
NARRATIVES –life is a narrative.
-context is usually personal communication, & also
sometimes create or for entertainment.
-basic elements: setting (time & place), characters, plot,
conflict & resolution, point-of-view & theme
*SETTING –time & place of the story happens;
atmosphere & mood
*CHARACTERS –the individuals in the story
*PLOT –the sequence of events or actions of the
characters that tells the story. It has a clear beginning,
middle & end.
*CONFLICT –the problem or the struggle
between two opposing sides that needs to be solved;
*RESOLUTION –the way the problem is solved.
*POINT-OF-VIEW – how the story is told –
specifically, who tells the story.
>First Person POV –the story is told by a
character within the story; using I.
>Third Person POV –the story is told by
an “invisible author; using pronouns he, she, it
*THEME –the big idea or general observations
about human nature & life presented in the story.
LITERARY DEVICES –use of words in special ways to
influence the way we understand the story. Some of this
devices are:
*FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE –describes & compares things
in a way that makes us think more clearly (e.g. “his mind
was a tangle of thoughts” = very confused is an example
of metaphor)
>SIMILE –makes a comparison, showing similarities
between two different things. Uses “like” or “as”
>METAPHOR –direct comparison between two objects
>PERSONIFICATION -in which a thing – an idea or an
animal – is given human attributes.
>ONOMATOPOEIA -a word which imitates the natural
sounds of a thing.
>OXYMORON –which two opposite ideas are joined to
create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a
combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with
contrasting meanings, such as “cruel kindness,” or “living
death”.
>HYPERBOLE –involves an exaggeration of ideas for the
sake of emphasis.
>ALLUSION –Is a brief and indirect reference to a person,
place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or
political significance.
>IDIOM –refers to a set expression or a phrase
comprising two or more words.
>IMAGERY –use of vivid or very specific descriptions to
create clear images in our heads (e.g. “The wine sparkled
in his eyes & the bells (in his jester’s head) tingled…” EA
Poe)
>SYMBOLISM –The use of objects to represent an idea
greater than itself
>ALLITERATION -is a stylistic device in which a number of
words, having the same first consonant sound, occur
close together in a series.
>IRONY –words are used in such a way that their
intended meaning is different from the actual meaning
of the words.
>ASSONANCE –takes place when two or more words,
close to one another repeat the same vowel sound, but
start with different consonant sounds.
>CONSONANCE – refers to repetitive sounds produced
by consonants within a sentence or phrase. This
repetition often takes place in quick succession, such as
in “pitter, patter.”
>SYNECHDOCHE –which a part of something represents
the whole, or it may use a whole to represent a part.
>ANAPORA –the deliberate repetition of the first part of
the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect
*TONE –the attitude or energy of the story. (E.g. Angry,
hopeful, tired, whimsical)
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION –a flow of information or
exchange if messages guided by an awareness of intent
& context.
PURPOSES:
INFORM: INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATION is sharing
knowledge in an objective & unbiased manner.
PERSUADE: PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION is
attempting to change the belief of others.
NARRATE: NARRATIVE COMMUNICATION is sharing a
sequence of events, usually to tell how a problematic
situation is resolved.
EXPRESS EMOTION: EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION is
sharing positive or negative feelings & opinions about
things, events, ideas, one’s self, & others.
ENTERTAIN & CREATE: IMAGINATIVE
COMMUNICATION is making up ideas & stories.
CONTEXT: PERSONAL ACADEMIC BUSINESS
SKILLS:
VERBAL SKILLS –listening comprehension, reading
comprehension, oral comprehension, written
comprehension
NON-VERBAL SKILLS –volume, tone, posture, facial
expressions, gestures, appearance, space, multimedia
BASIC PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE –two or more sentences
that talk about a main idea (or a claim) & supporting
evidences.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS –successful communication is
when the intended message is correctly received. Some
criteria for effective communication include:
1. CONTENT SKILLS –the message
a. Accuracy of information
b. Organization –sequence, logic, cohesion
c. Mechanics –conventions in writing: grammar, spelling,
writing rules
2. VERBAL SKILLS –language
a. Elocution –pronunciation, clarity of voice, volume
b. Language Equality –vocabulary, idiomatic expressions,
grammar
c. Fluency –ease, accuracy, speed
3. NON-VERBAL SKILLS –visual & sound component
a. Interaction –eye contact, enthusiasm
b. Posture –straight back, shoulders down
c. Pace –not too fast, not too slow
d. Gestures –minimal & relevant hand movements
e. Facial Expression –width of eye opening, position of
eyebrows, position of mouth
WRITING A STORY REVIEW
Topic: Claim:
Title of the story How did you like a story?
Author
Brief Summary
Evidences:
*Elements of the story –characters, plot, setting
*Theme *Artistic Elements
Report Outline:
First Paragraph – topic + claim
Body Paragraph 1 –evidence 1, Body paragraph 2 –
evidence 2, Body paragraph 3 –evidence 3
Last paragraph –conclusion
In an ACTIVE VOICE, it is the subject which acts upon
the Verb. If the subject is being acted upon by the verb,
then it is a PASSIVE VOICE.
STEPS IN WRITING PROCESS:
PREWRITING –identifying audiences, defining purpose,
thinking, discussing, gathering ideas,
reading/annotating, freewriting, outlining
DRAFTING –sequencing ideas, organization, rethinking,
supporting, concise word choice, audience/purpose
EDITING –grammar, punctuation, spelling, formatting,
in-text citation, Works cited/Bibliography
PUBLISHING –in-class, online