CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 RELEVANT THEORIES

2.1.1 Solar Panel
A solar panel contains of many solar cells with semiconductor properties encapsulated

within a material to protect it from the environment. These properties enable the cell to capture

light, or more specifically, the photons from the sun and convert their energy into useful

electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. On any side of the semiconductor is a

layer of conducting material which "collects" the electricity produced. The illuminated side of

the panel also comprehends an anti-reflection coating to lessen the losses due to reflection. The

majority of solar panels produced worldwide are made from crystalline silicon, which has a

theoretical efficiency limit of 33% for converting the Sun's energy into electricity. Many other

semiconductor materials and solar cell technologies have been developed that operate at higher

efficiencies.

Fig.2.1.1 Solar Panel.

2.1.2 Photovoltaic Cell

A photovoltaic (PV) system is a system collected of one or more solar panels combined

with an inverter and other electrical and mechanical hardware that use energy from

the Sun to generate electricity. PV systems can vary significantly in size from small rooftop or

portable systems to massive utility-scale generation plants. While PV systems can function by

themselves as off-grid PV systems, this article emphases on systems associated to the utility grid,

or grid-tied PV systems.

The light from the Sun, made up of packets of energy called photons, falls on a solar

panel and creates an electric current over a method called the photovoltaic outcome. Each panel

produces a relatively small amount of energy, but can be linked together with other panels to

produce higher amounts of energy as a solar array. The electricity created from a solar panel (or

array) is in the form over current (DC). While many electronic devices use DC electricity,

together with your phone or laptop, they are considered to function using the electrical utility

grid which delivers (and requires) alternating current (AC). Therefore, in order for the solar

electricity to be valuable it must first be converted from DC to AC using an inverter. This AC

electricity from the inverter can then be used to power electronics locally, or be sent on to

the electrical grid for use in a different place.

 Fig.2.1.2 Basic operation of a PV Cell
2.1.3 General Purpose Motor

General Purpose motors are for everyday use in normal environments. They may be

used in applications which include compressors, pumps, fans, conveyors, material handling,

machine tools and many others.

2.2 RELATED LITERATURE

According to (International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology). This

paper is based on “Manual driven platform cleaning machine” which provides the basic need of

cleaning very large floor areas such as railway platforms, hospitals, malls and many investments

have been made for the same.

In recent times Indian Railways has purchased platform rider scrubbers and platform

cleaning machines from various companies to ensure hygiene. Due to absence of electricity at

bus stand , railway platforms and other commercial places, the automatic cleaning machine isn’t
suitable in every condition. The author fabricated a four wheeler cart with the help of accessories

such as belt, pedal axle, scrubber brush, U-clamp cleaning process is executed.

According to (International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology). This

paper deals with design and fabrication of tricycle operated street cleaning machine suggesting

that we have few foreign automated machines that are used in our country according to the road

conditions. The objective of the author is to propose semi- automatic machine for rural and urban

areas in order to reduce human efforts and time. A suggested solution over the current state of art

is being explained through this article. The technique of this unique machine runs with the power

of ten humans.

According to (International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology). This

paper elaborates manually used floor cleaning machine which differs from conventional floor

cleaning machine which is dependent on electricity for the usage. Modeling and analysis of this

machine is done by using available software called ANSYS, the stress level in the machine were

found to be within safe limits after finite element analysis. This cleaning machine is uniquely

designed to clean the floor which are smooth and plane such as tiles, mosaic and smooth

surfaces. Manual cleaning machine is a better alternative than automated cleaning machine at the

time of power crisis. Pedal operated body is used to achieve dry and wet cleaning concurrently.

According to (Frank J Doyle US Patent 1961) This invention relates to a scraper for removing

from coal mine floors coal and waste dust, together with other materials and more particularly to

such a scraper which shall be adapted for attachment to a coal mine shuttle car. It is well known

in the coal mining industry that coal dust in mine shafts is one of the primary causes of

explosions therein. To minimize this cause of explosion, it has been common to spread limestone

dust on the coal mine floors so that the composite mixture of limestone dust and coal dust on the
coal mine floors is from 65% to 85% limestone dust, depending upon the amount of methane

present and other factors.

According to (Clayton C Plye, US Patent 1983 ) A machine for cleaning a grate over

dairy barn manure troughs uses a rotating cylindrical brush with dense, fibrous, resilient bristles

to scrub manure from the grate. The cylindrical brush is mounted in a housing which rides on a

pair of wheels. The cleaner is moved forward and backward by the contact of the rotating brush

through the barn floor. An electric motor drives the brush through a chain drive. A pair of

flexible protective flaps mounted in front and behind the rotating brush to prevent splashing of

manure. Water nozzles are mounted on the front end and rear end of the machine for spraying the

grate. A nozzle is also mounted inside of the housing for spraying the brush as it rotates. A

handle extends from the rear of the machine and is offset to the walkway side wall of the

machine to keep the operator away from kicking animals. The animal stall side wall of the

machine is strengthened to withstand kicks.

2.3 RELATED STUDIES

2.3.1 Road Side Dust Collector Machine

Road side dust is an air pollutant that differs by their dimensions. Over the past few

years, there are many attempts and studies to advocate clean roads. Despite the possibility of

developing such machines, there are no currently available tools that will guarantee evenly

cleaned roads. As stated by Meshram, their study is about the proposition of draft and

manufacturing foreign automated machines that are utilized to clean side roads depending on

the road condition. By the development of this apparatus, it will minimize the quantity of

dust by PM 2.5 to PM 10. This assures a cleaner roads even in the narrow pavements.
 In order to make the project possible, IRJET obtained a double wheel barrow as the

principal constituent of the machine. A bucket is used to store the collected dust and it has a

supported bucket conveyer, motor panel, and a battery panel. The double barrow has a

housing that contains the battery and DC motor. The main frame of bucket elevator is welded

at a 45 degrees angle to help the bucket conveyer to bring the collected dust to be dumped to

its storage. The driving roller is affixed to the DC motor through a roller chain mechanism.

The 12 V battery is located in the battery panel that powers the whole machine. Metallic

scoops are deployed to collect the dust directly from the road as it comes contact to the scoop

surface. To inhibit the scoop from sliding back to the surface, a lever is attached to the

metallic scoop on its edge.

The researchers recommended that a solar panel can be an installed to charge the

battery and to make the machine more efficient by the use of renewable energy.

2.3.2 Pedal Operated Bicycle Drain Cleaner

Bicycle is a human powered vehicle that has two wheels on a frame that is basically

propelled by pedals. It has an advantage because it saves electricity as it uses pedal power.

Since India has a problem regarding the drainage system, Jawnekar, came into a solution of

making a pedal operated bicycle drain cleaner that is specially made for the times that are no

current available. The machine will help to preserve the environment from different types of

environmental hazards. Failure to clean these drainage system will lead to build up of wastes

in residential areas and will eventually block the drainage system which causes flooding

when dilemma comes.

The pedal powered drainage cleaner has three considered major parts which are the

propeller, cleaner, and the pan. This is mainly operated through the principles of pan and
mechanism, power transmission through chain drive, and power transmission through pulley

belt arrangement. The propeller has eight flat arms that are connected to a central rod. The

propellers are designed to be light weight, in order for the water to push it to be able to rotate

under water. The arms also have soles that are flat that help them to balance and resist motion

from oncoming water effectively. The motion is passed out through belts drives A and B.

Belt drives A and B are connected to the second and third mechanism respectively. The links

in the drainage system cleaner consist of gears and belts drives, which transmit motion to

other parts of the machine system. The cleaner will function as a sieve out the waste

materials. The soles of the arms are also made of nets which help the arms effectively sieve

the water running in the drainage system. The pan is the third part of the system which helps

to remove waste materials that has been removed by the cleaner to the trash can.

This project is feasible on areas where there is no electrical supply. It can be used as a

quick response for disasters.

NOTES IN CHAPTER II

RELEVANT THEORIES

[1] 2. J.M.K.C. Donev et al. (2018). Energy Education - Photovoltaic system [Online].
Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_system. [Accessed:
September 29. [Online].

[2] ESR Motor System (2019).General Purpose Motor. Retrieved from:

https://www.esrmotors.com/Motors-General_Purpose.html

RELATED LITERATURE

[1] Chakraborty, A., & Bansal, A. (2013). Design of Dust Collector for Rear Wheel of Four
Wheeler, International.

[2] Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(7), 199-216.

[3] References Cited in the file of this patent United States Patents Greenlee Aug 8.I911 Clapp
Oct. 9, I923 Palmiter Apr 13,1954.

[4] Uspto, Assignment espacenet, Global Dossier and Discuss, 1981-10-05 Prioty to
US06/308,914

RELATED STUDIES

[1] Shuzaib kalam, Jatin Sekhri, Twinkle Bauddh, Shivam Kumar, Sarthak Jha, Pranshu Singh Rana,
Dhruv Kumar, Ashutosh Singh, “Road Side Dust Collector Machine” International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Mar-2018

[2] Mr. Vivek V. Jawnekar , Mr. Dhiraj C. Jagtap , Mr. Shubham H. Gulhane, “Pedal operated bicycle drain
cleaner” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Mar -2017

[3]Saifali Sayyad, Adarsh Dorlikar, Sneha Ratnaparkhi, Nikhil Tonge, Tanvi Bhagat, Prof. Mahesh N.
Buradkar, “Design and Fabrication of River Cleaning Machine” International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), May -2019