kp meanarmasnnl — Introduction ZA filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of frequencies while Gttenaing all the signals outside that band. It sa frequency selective cir ‘The filters are basically classified as active filters and passive filters. The passive filter networks use only passive elements such as resistors, inductors and capacitors. On the other hand, active filter circuits use the active elements such as op-amps, transistors : lern active filters do not use alongwith the resistors, inductors and capacitors. Mods inductors as the inductors are bulky, heavy and nonlinear. The inductors generate the stray magnetic fields. The inductors dissipate considerable amount of power. Advantages of Active Filters The active filters have the following advantges over the passive filters, 1. All the elements alongwith op-amp can be used in the integrated form. Hence there is reduction is size and weight. 2. In large quantities, the cost of the integrated circuit can be much lower than its equivalent passive network. Due to availability of modern ICs, variety of cheaper op-amps are available. 4. The op-amp gain can be easily controlled in the closed loop fashion. Hence active filter input signals is not attenuated. 5. Due to flexibility in gain and frequency adjustments, the active filters can be easily tuned. 6 The op-amp has high input impedance and low output impedance. Hence the active filters using op-amp do not cause loading of the source or load. 7. The inductors are absent in the active filters. Hence the modern active filters are more economical. 8 Active filters can be realized under number of class of functions such as Butterworth, Thomson, Chebyshev, Cauer etc. °- The response is improved as compared to passive filters due to ready availabilty of high quality components. 10. The design procedure is simpler than that for the passive filters. 1. Active filters can provide voltage gains. Incontrast the passive filters often show & significant voltage loss. tions Inspite of the above advantages, the active filters also have certain Ii The finite bandwidth of the active devices places a limit on the highest frequency of operation. For most of the applications, with present day technology, a reasonably 8% SS TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS". Anup tht or Anomedepoptcatons - ple menie 3:3 ‘oe fiter performance can be achieved approximately upto 500 Kilz. As against to inst this passv filters can be used upto 500 MHz. [ a Another important factor is the sensitivity. The active elements are much more sensitive to the temperature and the environmental changes than the passive elements Hence due to changes in the parameters due to the environmental changes, the active fiter performance deviates from its ideal response The requirement df dc. power supply is another disadvantage of the active filters. The passive filters do not require the dc, suppl: ‘The most commonly used filters are, 1. Low Pass (LP) filter 2. High Pass (HP) filer 3. Band Pass (BP) filer 4. Band R) filter. This is also called Band Slop or Band Elimination filter. 5, All Pass EEF Frequency Response Characteristics of Filters | Pass_oL. band ° w 0 to fyy. This range is known as the is completely attenuated and hence The range of frequencies beyond top band. 4 — bt gin of hile dees th agen nee an a= hy he _by 3.dB and after fy it decreases at a higher rat band, the gain Becomes 272 Using ues, PI 8 proper design technig ‘Pamps, the practical response can be obta Te cy response « BeFg. 3.32 shows the frequency ss |i cat quency Te ange of eaves 9 < ft “seating gan. Whe emo HED . “mea Peron at recision component values and high speed ined very close to the ideal response. ass filter, ¥ high pas filter. For a high pass iit is the stop band where {is the passband. 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