Nitrogen

Family
pnictogen

Pnictogen
Means
Suffocation
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 Nitrogen Family
N     (Nitrogen)  (non‐metal) Group 15 is also known 
P     (Phosphorous)  (non‐metal) as pnictogens.
As   (Arsenic)  (metalloid) 
Sb   (Antimony)  (metalloid)
Bi    (Bismuth)   (metal)
 Electronic Configuration
2nd period → N → 2s2 2p3
3rd period → P → 3s2 3p3
4th period → As → 4s2 4p3
5th period → Sb → 5s2 5p3
6th period → Bi → 6s2 6p3
General electronic configuration : ns2 np3
 Oxidation State
ns2 np3
N –3, +3, +5
P –3, +3, +5
As –3, +3, +5
Sb –3, +3, +5
Bi +3, -3, +5
 Atomic Size Ionization En
Down the group atomic 
N > P > As > Sb > Bi 
size increases
N < P < As < Sb < Bi
Recap Recap
B > Tl > Ga > Al > In 
C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
 Allotropes of Nitrogen Family
N →X
P → White, Red, Black, Scarlet, α Black, β Βlack, Violet
As → Grey, Yellow, Black
Sb → Yellow, Black, Explosive
Bi → X
Syllabus
P → White, Red, Black
 Covalency of Nitrogen Family
•N →3 General electronic configuration : ns2 np3
•P →5
General Oxidation State : +3, +5
• As →5
• Sb →5 N → 1S2 2S2 2P3
• Bi →3 P → 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P3
 Max. Covalency of Nitrogen Family
N 4 How nitrogen can show maximum Covalency of 4 ?
P 6
As 6 N → This can form bond (coordinate bond)
Sb 6 H H using one lone pair present at Nitrogen
H
H⊕
H
⊕
N N → 4 bonds (maximum)
H H H H
H H
 Max. Covalency of Nitrogen Family
N 4 How P can show maximum Covalency of 6 ?
P 6
As 6 P → Covalency 3 (normal condition)
Sb 6 H H
H
PCl5 → Covalency 5 (due to excited state configrn. )
PCl6– → Covalency 6 (due to "d" orbital)
 Super Question
Why 'Bi' has Covalency of 3 ?
Bi → 6s2 6p3
due to inert pair effect, inner 6s2 electrons, do not participate in 
bonding,
only 3 electron can form bond
Covalency of Bi = 3 
 Atomicity of Nitrogen family
Catenation is the binding of an element to itself through covalent 
bonds.
Atomicity is defined as the total number of atoms that constitute 
a molecule
N → N2
P → P4
As → As4
Sb → Sb4
Bi → 8 (metallic bonding)
 Super Examples
• Why Nitrogen do not form N4 ?
• Why Nitrogen do not show catenation ?
catenation ∝ strength of single bond between atoms
ftl atom dk single bond strong gksxk] oks catenation show djsxkA
;k
• ftl atom dk single bond strong gksxk] oks longer chain cuk,xk
 Explanation
N—N O—O

↓
pwafd Nitrogen dk size NksVk gS] because 2nd
period element gSA
NksVs size gksus dh otg ls Nitrogen ds Åij
tks lone pair gS] muesa repulsion T;knk gksxkA
⇓
Since, catenation ∝ strength of single bond between atoms
 Boiling Point
N      (non‐metal) NH3
P     (non‐metal) PH3
As (metalloid)  AsH3
Sb   (metalloid) SbH3
Bi    (metal) BiH3

BiH3 > SbH3 > NH3 > AsH3 > PH3

↓ ↑
metal due to Hydrogen bonding
↓
So, highest
boiling point
 Thermal Stability
On giving Thermal Energy (Heat) Which compound is stable. 

NH3 As, we go down the group.
PH3 Atoms become larger, So, overlapping not good 
therefore, bonds become weaker
AsH3
SbH3 NH 3 > PH 3 > AsH3 > SbH 3 > BiH3 (Thermal stability)
BiH3
 Reducing character
Reducing character of that compound will be more which releases 
Hydrogen easily.
NH3 Since, down the group. bond become weak.
PH3 So, bonds can be broken easily.
AsH3
NH3 < PH 3 < AsH3 < SbH 3 < BiH3 (Reducing character)
SbH3
BiH3
 Basic nature
NH3 क ू कटे गा तो सब म बटे गा
PH3
NH 3 > PH 3 > AsH 3 > SbH 3 > BiH 3
AsH3
SbH3 NH3 → Here, lone pair is more dense, therefore
BiH3 PH3 lone pair donation is more effective.
So, Basic character is more
AsH3
SbH3
BiH3 → Less dense, lone pair ⇒ poor donation of lone pair
⇒ Basic character is less
 Bond Angle 
NH3 NH 3 > PH 3 > AsH 3 > SbH 3 > BiH 3
PH3 Down the group B.A. ↓
AsH3
B.A. is directly proportional to EN of
SbH3
central atom
BiH3
 Reaction of Nitrogen family with Oxygen
+3 +5

N → N2O3 & N2O5

P → P2O3 & P2O5
As → As2O3 & As2O5
Sb → Sb2O3 & Sb2O5
Bi → Bi2O3 & Bi2O5
Oxides having more oxidation states are more acidic.
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