Name: Aris Sucipto

Class: 2A
NIM: P1337420214007

The word tetanus is taken from the Greek meaning tetanos of teinein tightened. This disease is an
infectious disease at the time of tonic muscle spasm and hyperreflexia cause trismus (lockjaw), generalized
muscle spasms, curved back (opisthotonos), glottal spasms, convulsions and respiratory paralysis (Parry
CM, et al., 2009)

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a disease caused by the tetanospasmin, a type of neurotoxin
produced by Clostridium tetani which infects the nervous system and muscles so the nerves and muscles
become stiff (rigid) (J. Klein 2007)

The reason why I took tetanus as a subject because many Indonesian citizens who do not know the
cause of tetanus. Tetanus is caused by a neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) of Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium,
Clostridium tetani, the first 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation of spores into the blood form the body of the
injury (the incubation period) (Brennen U. 2008).

This disease is one of the four important disease clinical manifestation is primarily the result of the influence
of the power of the exotoxin (tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, botulism) (Perlstein D. 2010)

Points of entry of germs can be wound in associated with local tissue damage, embedded foreign objects or
sepsis with soil contamination, blisters shallow and small or wound sliding contaminated soil, trauma to
the fingers or toes associated with fractures finger and cuts to surgery (Parry CM, et al., 2009).

In anaerobic conditions, spores of this bacterium will bergerminasi into vegetative cells. Furthermore, the
toxin will be produced and spread to all parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
The toxin will move in certain places such as the central nervous system including the brain. Klonis
symptoms are evoked from the toxin is to block the release of neurotransmitters, causing uncontrollable
muscle contractions. As a result of tetanus is rigid paralysis (loss of ability to move) on a voluntary muscles
(which motion can be controlled), often called lockjaw because it typically first appears in the muscles of
the jaw and face. Death is usually due to respiratory failure and death rate is very high (Martinko JM, et al.
2006)

According to (Parry CM, et al., 2009), Clostridium tetani enters the body through wounds humans usually
in the form of spores. Disease will appear when the spores grow into vegetative forms that produce
tetanospasmin on the state of low oxygen tension, tissue necrosis or reduced oxygen potential.
 Chief Medical Officer of Pontianak, Lily Sadi'ah, Saturday (28/4), said that there has been a
Extraordinary Events (KLB) Tetanus Neonatorum following the increase in cases of patients in February-
April that killed five babies.

"As per the instructions of the center, if there is only one case of tetanus has been declared outbreaks,
especially when it's five cases," said Lily Sadi'ah, told reporters in London.
He explained, from the existing data, cases of tetanus in London starting in 2000 and 2001, each year found
one case the baby died, then in 2002 with two cases in 2003 with three cases in 2004 with six cases in 2005
with two cases, with one case in 2006, and this year with five cases. In such cases the samples proved that
many Indonesian citizens who still lack knowledge about tetanus.