[RRNA PNERTOMARIO | QVARTOANL | SEMEIAE OPIATH ‘CON-OP TVET: SECVNDOEANXXY, IVSIVSETNIGRINVS. PARENIIBVSEEGESupplementary Readings —The Story of Perseus — (This supplementary selection is designed tobe read after Review Lesson 8.) PERSEUS AND POLYDECTES [Haec fabula & podts dé Persei rebus gests nazratur. Perseus fills erat lovis, ragis deorum. Avus Persei propter draculum eum timebat et cOnsilium cépit qud poterat eum adhe infantem cum mitre inter cere, Ttaque eds inclisit in arcam ligneam quam iussit in mare conic. ‘Tempestas magna mare turbabst et mor mortis et matrem et infantem occupivit uppiter tamen omnia hace vidit et fiium servare consttuit, taque pperdabxit arcam in inswlam quae longé aberat, ubi Perseus cum mate mulls annds habitivit in pice. Sed Polydectes, réx huius insula, mitrem Persei miseré amavit et Persed “Taam mitrem,” inguit, “in ‘atriménium dicam.” Hoc tamen cOnsilium Perseum non delectvit, aque Polydectés Perseum dimittere constituit, Eum vocavitad régiam cet “lam diidum,” inguit, "ti aduléscens es, Haque mune debes arma capere et vitdtem ostenclere. Hine naviga et caput Mediisae ad me report" PERSEUS LEAVES THE ISLAND Perseus ab insula discessit et dia Medisam frist quaesivt. Tandem Per dedrum auxilium ad Mediisae sordres pervenit, 4 quibus talaria §aleamque magicam cépit. Atque Apollo et Minerva ei falcem et spe- ‘ulum dedérunt, Tum, ubi tlaria induerat, volare potuit et hoc modo ad eum locum pervénit ubi Medusa cum reliquis Gorgonibus habita- bat. Monstra homibilia erant hae Gorgonés, quarum capita serpentibus rmuitis contéeta erant, et mantis ex aere facta. ‘THE FIGHT WITH THE GORGON lam Perseus Mediisam invinerat—sed quo modo appropinguare po- {erat ad hoe monstrum, cuius cOnspectis hominés in saxtim verteban- tur? Propter hane causam speculum Persea Minerva devderat. Itaque ile tergum vertit et in speculum inspicgbat. Hac moda caput clus 365366 fino iets absedit, Reliquae Gorgonés, quae @ somnd excititae et ia commatae sunt, Perseum interficere studebant, sed Perseus galeam magicam induit, Ubi hoc fit, statim e cdnspectit earum excessit Post haec Perseus in fines Aethiopiae vent, in quibus Cepheus rex erat, Cepheus et Neptinus, maris deus, inimicierant; itaque Nepti- thus monstrum ferum e mart coUdie misit quod hominés dévorabat Cepheus draculum consult et 4 deO iussus est filam mOnst t3- dere. Hace puella, quae Andromeda appelata est, et pulchra et bona frat et A patre amabstur, rx tamen coactus est facere illa quae deus iusserat. PERSEUS RESCUES ANDROMEDA. Ubi Andromeda ad fits déducta est et ad elipem adlgita (nam ita Sraculum iusserat), Perseus subit6 advolavit. Tam rem audit et puel- lam videt. Simul monstrum procul cOnspicitur. lam magn’ celeritste ad locum ubi puella est monstram appropinguat. ‘At Perseus, ubi hace vidit, gladiam stint et in caelam altum volivt, Dit et acrter cum monsird pugnat, Tandem Perseus mén- Strum interéct et Andromeda salva erat, Prd hoc magno beneficio Cépheus Perse Andromedam in matrimonium dedi. In firibus ‘Acthiopiae Perseus et Andromeda paucds annds habitiverunt in ‘magno. honote Sed tandem Perseus cum Andromeda matrem (quaesivit, quam salvam inv@nit in Polydectis insu Posted Polydectés Gt avus Perse, quod mali fuerant, 3 Persed interfecti sunt) le in Ssaxum conspectit Medilsae capitis conversus est; hic interfectus est disci quem Perseus in Kids icerat oma students ith cher—The Story of Ulysses — (Fo be rend after Review Lesson 15) 1, ULYSSES STARTS FOR HOME. Urbem Troiam a Graecis decem annds obsessam esse satis cOnstat; dé hdc enim belld Homérus, maximus postirum Graecdrum, Tiada opus ‘notisimum scripst. Troia tandem per insidiis capta, Grace bello fessi ‘domum redire maturaverunt. Omnibus rébus ad profecionem paratis navés dédixérunt, et tempestitem idéneam nactl magno cum gaudio solverunt. Erat inter Graocos Ulixés quidam, vir summae virttis ac pridentiae, quem nén nélli dicunt dolum istum excogitasse quo ‘Troiam captam esse cOnstet. Hic régnum insulae Hhacae obtinuerat, ‘et pauld peiusquam ad bellum cum reliquis Graecis profectus est pucllam {Grmosissimam, ndmine Penelopén, in matriménium Gx. frat. Nunc igitur cum iam decem annés quasi in exsili consimpsiset, ‘magna cupiditate pariae uxonsque videndae ardebat 2. THE LAND OF THE LOTUS-EATERS. Postquam Graedi pauca milla passuum 4 tore Tsdiae progressi sunt, tanta tempestis subito coorta est ut nilla navium curstim tenre pos: set, sed aline aliam in partem disicerentur. Navis autem qua ipse Ulixés vehsbitur vi tempestitis ad meridiem delata decimd dig ad Iitus Africae appulsa est. Ancorisiactis Ulixés cOnsttuit non mullos & socis in terram expnere, qui aquam ad navem refertent, et qualis fosset ntlra eius ropidnis cognoscerent, Hi & nave agressi imperata facere parabont. Sed dum fontem quaerunt, qudsdam ex inclisin- vvenérunt atque ab eis hosptid accept sunt. Accidit autem ut maior [pars victs eGrim homintm in miro quodam fracts, quem lotum appellabant, cOnsisteret. Quem cum Graeci gustassent, patriae et so- Corum statim oblitfconfirmaverunt sé somper in ills terra manstirbs, tut dulei ills cibs in perpetaum vescerentur. 1. 1, comstat takes indie statemont, ufbem «esse. 3. insidis refers to the wooden hoese. 7. quem, ac su, of exdgitise (excdgiivite) in indirect statement afer dicant, tho some (na ml say ad Im parte, some in one dition, others x aot. = gustivissent. 12 oblis (obliviscor) governs abective sg. of patriae, sociorum. 367368 0 3. FORCIBLE RETURN TO THE SHIP. Ulixés cum ab hoa septima ad vesperum exspectisset, veritus né soci sui in periculd versSrentur, non mills & religuis misit, ut quae causa fesset morae cognoscerent. aque hi in terram exposit! ad vicum qui zion longé aberat sé contulérunt; quo cum vEnissent,socios sis quasi {brig repperérunt. Tum causam veniendi docuérunt, atque els per suadére conati sunt ut sccum ad navem redirent. If autem resistere fac s@ mani defendere coepérunt, saepe clamitantés sé numquam ex ile locd abitirds. Quae cum ita essent, nintii 18 infect’ ad Ulixem redisrunt, His robus cognitisipse cum reliquis qut in nave relict erant ‘ad eum locum vénit;socids suos frdistra hortatus ut sua sponte re ent, manibus vinetis invitos ad nivern trvit. Tum quam celerrime ex porta soit 4. THE CYCLOPS'S CAVE. TTotam noctem rémis contendérunt, et postidi@ ad igndtam terram iver appulérunt. Tum, quod natiram elus regiOnis ignorabat,ipse Ulixés cum duodecim socils in terram epressus locum explorire con- stitut, Exploratores paulum 3 itore progressi ad speluncam ingentem pervenerunt, quam incol sensérunt; elus enim intottam et mata bos Et mand miinitum esse animadverterunt. Etsi intellogebant sé non ine periculé hoc factdrds, tamen spéluncam intravérunt; quod cum {ecissent, magnam c6piam lactis in vasis ingentibus conditam inve- erunt, Dum mirantir quis in e3 séde habitaret, sonitum ternbilem audiverunt, et oculis ad dstium tortis monstrum hornbile vidérunt, Ihamana quidem specié et figara, sed ingenti magnitidine coxporis. ‘Cum autem animadvertissent monstrum dnum modo oculum habire fn media fronte positum,intelexérunt hunc esse Onum ex Cyctopibas, fe quibus iam audiverant 5. TWO COMPANIONS ARE EATEN. CGyclopés autem pastorés erant, gu insulam Sicliam praedipuéque ‘montem Aetnam incolebant; ibi enim Volcinus, praeses fabromum Jgnisque inventor, cuius servi Cyeldpes erant, officnam suam habé- bat. Graec igitur simel ac monstrum vidérunt, terre pacne cexanimati in interiGrem speluncae partem refagérunt, et s abdere 3. 7. mana, by force 4410 tort torque). $34 simul 3c a 0 os,cinibantur, Polyphéms ate (sic ens Cyclops appellibitun pecus Sum in spaluncam compuli, deinde, cum saxo ingen Ost ob- Strnisset,ignem in media splunch fet Toe faced omnia oculo per listrabat.’ Cam sénsisset hominés in interire spaluncae parte esse abditos, magna voce exclamavit. "Qui hominés eats? MereatOres an latrones?” Tum Ulnés respondit s€ neque mercitores esse neque praedandi causa venisse, sed Trbin capt domum redeuntes vi te Pestitum 3 cured doltts esse. Oravit etiam ut sii sine Inara aire licéret. Tum Polyphemus quaesivit ubi esset navis qua Veet essen. ines cum magnopere sti proecavendum exstimarel, respond n ‘vem suam in saxa coniectam omnind factam esse Ie ater lo responso dato duo & socis elds mand corpuit, et membris cSrum divulsis came vese coepit 6. THE GREEKS BEGIN TO DESPAIR. Dum haee geruntur, Graectrum animos tantus terror occupavit ut né vvocem quidem édere possent, sed omni spe slits deposita praesen- tem mortem exspectarent, At Polyphémus, postquam famés hac tam horsibili cena depulsa est, humi prostratus somnd sé dealt. Quod cum vicissot Uns, fantam occiscinem rei bene gerendae nn omittendasn arbitratus, pectus monsta gladio transfigere voluit. Cum tamen nihil ftemere agendum exstimaret, cnstitut explorare, priusquam hoe fa- cerel, qua ratidne ex spelunca evadere posset. Cum saxum animad- vertiset qua introitus obstrictus erat, nihil sibi prOfatinum intellext Polyphémum interficere. Tanta enim erat eivs saxi magnittida ut né a decem quidem hominibus amovert posset. Quae cum ita essent, Uiixes hoe conata destitit et ad socide redit; qui cum intellexssent {qu® in locs és esset, nls sp@ sats oblaea d& fortinis suis déspéras coepérunt. Ile tamen vehementer e8s hortstus est nb animos demit- terent; démonstravit sé iam antes € multis et magnis periculis evasisse, requ dubitim esse quin in tanto discrimine di aur I 7, ULYSSES FORMS A PLAN. (Orta lace Polyphémus iam & somnd excitatus idem quod priié fecit, ram correptis dudbus viris came edrum sine mora vesci coepit. 15, sibi praecavendum (esse), tht aught ote precautions. 6. 4 prostatas (prostemere). 7. priusquam hoc fcert, hore he sould do ‘his 16. neque dubium esse quin, nor tots there ary doubt that. Neg. expressions of doubt take quin and subjune, 369)370 » Deinde, cum saxum Amavisset, ipse cuim pecore sud ex spaluncs progress est; quod cum Graeci viderent, magnam in spem venrunt [= paulo post évasirds, Statim ab hac spe repulsi sunt; nam Polyphé- rus, postquam omnes ovés exidrunt, saxum reposuit, Retqul omnt spe salitis deposita sé Limentislacrimisque dedidérant; Ulixés verd, Qui, ut supra demonstravimus, magni fut cons, ett intellegebat rem in diserimine este, tamen nondum omnine desperabat. Tandem, c hace 1640 anima cOgitavisset, hoc bnsilium cBpit. B lignis quae in spéluncd reposta erant magnam cavam délegit. Hane summa cum dlligentia praeacutam fecit; tum, postquam socs quid fier vellet os- tendit, reditum Polyphsmi exspectabat, 8, NO MAN. ‘Sub vesperum Polyphémus in spéluncam red, et e®dem modo qua i. Tam Uixés titrem vini prmpsit, quem forte (id quod at; et postquam magnum pocalum vind ‘complevit, monstrum ac bibendum provocsvit. Polyphémus, qui ‘numguam aniea vinum gustaverat, poculism statim exhausity quod ‘cum fécisset, fantam voluptatem percepit ut iterum ac tertium pOcu- Thue compli iubéret, Cam quaesivisset gud namine Ulisis appelli- tur, ile respondit s@ Neminem appellan; quod cum auivisset, Po- Iyphémus ita locdtus est: “Hane tibi gratiam pr tant® beneficio referam; t postrémum omnium dévorabo.” Hoe cum dixsset, abi vinique plants humi recubuit, et brevi tempore somnd oppressus est. Tum Ulxés socis convocitis, “Habémus,” inguit, “quam petivimus facultatem; ne tantam occisiGnem rei bene gerendae omittamus,” 9, POLYPHEMUS IS BLINDED. Hac dritine habits extrimam clavam igni caleféit, atque hie oculum Polyphémi dormientis perfodit; ud facto omnes in diversas speluncae partes sé abdiderunt At ille hoc dolore oculi & somnd excitatus cla orem ternibilem sustuit, et dum in spéluncd errat, Uixem mani prehendere cOnabatur; cum tamen iam omnind ciecus esset, nilld odo id efficere potuit. Intered reliqui Cyclopes clamore audit0 un- ddique ad spéluncam convénerant; et ad introitum adstantés quid Po- Iyphemus ageret quaesiverunt, et quam ob causam tantum clamdrem sustulisset. le respondit s@ graviter vulneratum esse, ac magno do- 8. 3. i sald, double dat, for sft him 3. 5. eum sinelore adfici. Cum posted quaesivissent quis «vim intalisse eminem id fecisse; quibus rebus audits nis € Cyclopibus, "At st némd,” inguit, “te vulneravit, non dubium est quin consi desrum, quibus resistere nec passumus nec volums, hoe supplicio adfectus Sis." Hoc cum dixisset, abiérunt Cyclopés eum in insaniam incidisse arbitra. 8 t respondit 10 Archaic Greck Vise sito hing the ing of Potro faliers of Uses 10, ESCAPE FROM THE CAVE. Polyphémus ubi socids suds abisse sénsit, furdre atque Smentis im- pulsus Ulixem iterum quaerere coepit; tandem, cam Ostium invénis Set, saxum qu6 cbstrictum erat AmOvit, ut pecus in agros exiret. Tum ipse in intoita cOnsedit; et ut quacque ovis ad huine locum vinerat, lus tergum manibus tractabat, ne homings inter oves exire possent. 5 (Quod cum animadvertisset Ulixés, omnem spem satis in dold magis {quam in virtite positam esse intelést. [aque hoc cdnsiium init. Primum ex ovibus trés pinguissimas delegit, quis cum inter 3 Viminibus conitinesset, tum ex socis suis ventrbus edrum ita sub- iécit ut omning lateret; deinde ovés hominem ferentés ad stium 10 agit. Id accidit quod fore suspicatus erat Polyphémus enim postquam 10, 4 ut, a6, Ut follows! by inde, means. 9, ventribus, dat. with com- pound vor subieet. 111d.» erat, That happena whic he supected "would hopper. fore = futurum esse372 terga ovium manibus tractivit,e&s practerie passus est. Ulixés ubi rem tam feiciter @venisse vidit, omnés socids Suds ex drdine ebdem ‘mod &misit; us fact ipse novissimus evasit. 11, A PERILOUS DEPARTURE. Hig vobus ita cOnfectis Ulids, veritus né Polyphémus datum cognds- ‘eret, cum socils quam celerrime ad titus contendit; quo cum venis- Sent, ab eis qui navi praesidio relict erant magna cum Laetitia excepti sunt, Hi cum iam digs ués continuds reditum eGrum anxid animé ‘exspectivissent, suspiciti (ld quidem quod erat) eds in aliquod grave periculum incidisse,ipsi auxiiandi causa égredi parabant. Tum Ulixés ‘non satis titum esse arbitritus in e6 loco manére, quam celerrimé Proicisc: constitut, Itague omnés nivem cOnscendere iusslt, et Sublais ancoris paulum 4 fitore in altum privectus est. Tum magna vce exclimivit:"Té, Polyphéme, qui idra Rospiti viol, ilstam et ‘debitam poenam immanitatis tune solvis” Hae voce audits Polyph- ‘mus vehementer commotus ad mare sé contulit, Ubi nivem paulum, 4 litore remotam esse intellxit, saxum ingens sublatum in eam partem ‘onieit unde vicem vénisse Sénsit. Graec! autem, ets) nd multum [uit quin nvis eGrum mergerdter, tamen nbllo damnd acceptd cur sum tenuerant, 12, AEOLUS'S GIFT OF THE WINDS. PPauca milia passuum ab e6 locd progressus Ulixés ad insulam Acoliam raver appulit. Haee patra erat ventOrum. ic réx Aeolus vist ante luctantés venids tempestatésque sondrs Jimperid premit ac vines et carcerefrenat. Ibi réxipse Graects hospitid accepit, atque eis persuasit ut ad reficiendas vires paucds diés com- ‘morarentur. Septimé di, cum s& ex labdribus refécissent, Uli, né anni tempore a navigatione excliderstur, sbi proficiscendum statuit ‘Tum Aeolus, qui scéebat Ulixem cupidissimum esse patrize videndae, i magnum ditrom dedi, in qué omnés vents practer Gnum ince Serat, FavOnium modo solverat, quod ile ventus naviganti ab insula ‘Acolié Ithacam est secundus. Ulixés hoc donum libenter accepit, et {itis pro tants beneficio actis trom ad malum adligivit. Omnibus Febus acl profectonem partis meridiand feré tempore ex porta solit. 11. 3. navi pracsdio, double dat. 14. els... mergerétu, although thir Ship os elnost snk. 12, 3 ato ante, understand in before vist, 4, vinelis = vineulis.Lunjes and companions, Roman mas rom Bardo Muse, Tuts 13, THE WINDS UNLEASHED. Novern dis Graeci secundissims vent cursum tenuérunt; amgue in cOnspectum patrae suae venerant, cum Ulixés lassitidine cBntectus Gpse enim gubemibat) ad quigtem capiendam recubuit. At soo, qui Jam did mirabantur quid in il ttre incldsum esset, cum duicem som: ‘oppressuim viderent, tantam occasionem non omittendam arbitra ‘sunt; crédébant enim aurum et argentum ib latte. aque spé praedae adducti Gtrem sine mora solvérunt; quo factd venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta, raunt et terris turbine perflant. Hic tanta tem- pestis subit® coorta est ut illicursum tenére nGn possent, sed in feandem partem unde erant profectireferrentur. Ulxés & somnd ex: citatus qud in locd 12s essetstatim intellexit; trem solitum, Ithacam post tergum relictam vidit. Tum vero vehementer exiesit socidsque obitrgavit, quod cupiditste pectiniae adducti spem patriae videndae abiecissent, 13.8. qua, where. aunt, perflant, understand venti as sth 1M. abldessent, subjune, implied indirect statement 373,374 0 14, CIRCE’S ISLE. Brevi spatid intermissd Graed insulae ewidam appropinquaverunt, in ‘qua Circe, fia Solis, habitabat. Quo cum Ulixés navem appulisset, in terram frmentandi causa egrediendum esse statuit; nam cognoverat frimentum quod in nave habéret iam deficere. Haque socis ad sé ‘convocitis, qu in Tocd és esset et quid fier vellet ostendit. Cum tamen omnes memoria tenérent quam cridéli morte adfecttessent ef ‘qui nuper & nave égressi essent, ném@ repertus est qui hoc negotium. Suscipere vellet. Quae cum ita essent, rés in contrOversiam deducta fest, Tandem Ulixés omnium consénst socids in duas partes divisit, uirum altesi Eurylochus, vir summae virttis, altri Ipse praeesset. ‘Tam hi duo inter sovtt sunt uter in terram égrederétur. Eurylochd sorte Gvénit ut cum dudbus et vigini soails rem susciperet, The ransfomation of ‘te companion of Ulysses by Cine 15, CIRCE'S PALACE. His bus ita cBnstitatis ef gut sorte dueti erant in interiorem partem insulae profecti sunt. Tantus tamen timor aniends edrum occupaverat tut non dubitirent quin ad mortem irent, Vix quidem poterant ei qui {in nave relict erant lacrimas tenere; crédébant enim s® socios suds rmumquam posted visirds, IIT autem aliquantum ititeris progressi ad villam magnificam pervenérunt, cuius ad Sstium cum adissent, can tum duldissimum atidiverant. Tanta auter fait elus voeis dulesdo ut nalld mod6 retinéri possent quin iénuam pulsirent. Hoe facto ipsa Circe fords exit, et summa cum benignitate omnés in hospitium 14. 6 quam, how 8. vee, clause of characteristic, 10. praeesse, ss to commun, rl, clause oF purpose 415. 8 retindel portent quin, ould not be retina fom, Quin introducos subjune. aller nog. expressions of hindering,375 ‘tavit. Eurylochus insidids sii comparari suspicitus foris exspec- 10 ‘dre cOnstituit at rligul rei novitate adduct vilam intriverunt. Cena ‘omnibus rebus instriclam invénérunt, et iussti dominae libentissime accubuérunt, At Citce vinam quod servi apposuérurit medicament® ‘qudam miscuerat; quod cum Graed bibissent, somnd oppressi sunt. 16, ULYSSES DECIDES TO GO TO THE PALACE. ‘Tum Cire’, quae artis magicae summam scientiam habebat, virga aurea quam gerebat capita edrum tetigit; quo fact® omnés in porcos subi conversi sunt, Intered Eurylochus ignrus quid in aedibus ager ‘tur ad dstium sedsbat. Postquam ad solis occasum anxio animo et sollict6 exspectavit,solus ad navem regredi cOnstituit, EO cum vi- 5 nisset, sollicitidine ae timare ita perturbatus fait ut quae vidisset vix narrire posset, At Ulixés satis intellexitsociés subs in periculo vers, et gladio arrept® Eurylocho imperavit ut sine mori viam ad istam domum démanstriret. Ile tamen maltis cum lacrimis Ulixem com- plexus obsecrire coepit né in tantum periculum s® committeret; (quid gravius ef accdisset, omnium saltem in sumo discrimine f+ tram. Ulixés respondit s@ néminem invitum adduct ili cere, si mallet, in nave manére; sé ipsum sine allo praesidio rem suscepe tnirum, Hoc cum magna voce dixsset,& nave désilut et nil sequente solus in viam s@ dedit. 18 17, MERCURY TO THE RESCUE, Aliquantum itineris progressus ad villam magnificam pervenit; quam cum oculls perlistrisset, statim intrae statuit;intelléxt enim hanc fesse eandem domum dé qui Eurylochas mentionem fecsset, At cum Timen intrdret, subits sé ostendlit adulescens fOrma pulcherrima au- eam virgam geréns. Hic Ulixem iam domum intrantom mani pre 5 hhendit. "Quo," inguit, “ruis? Nonne seis hanc esse Ciroés domum? Hic inclisi sunt amic fi ex hiimina specie in porcds conversi. Num vis ipse in eandem calamitatem venire?” Ulixés simul atque vacem audivit, deum Mercurium agnévit nls tamen precibus ab instititd consilio déterréri potuit. Quod cum Mercurius sénsisset, herbam 10 ‘quandam ei dedit, quam contra carmina multum valéze dicebat. "Hane cape” inguit, “et cum Circe t vinga tetigent, (0 gladid d&strictd im- 16. 10, si quid. acciiaset, if anything serious should happen him, Aece disst,subjund in indirect statement WF. 6. Cizeés, gen, 11, multum vale, 2s wey strong.376 0 petum in eam vid® ut facds.” Peiusquam finem loguendi fit, mor- {ales visits medio sermone reliquit, et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram, 118, ULYSSES TURNS THE TABLES. Brevi intermiss® spatio Ulixes ad omnia pericula subeunda paratus snuam pulsivit, et foribus aperts ab ipsi Cireé benigné excepts est. Omnia eodem modo atque antea facta sunt. Cenam magnfice “nstrdcta vidit, et accumbere {ussus est. Ubi famés cibo dépulsa est, ‘Giree poculum aureum vini plenum Ulixi dedit. lle ets suspicabitur vvenénum sibi paratum esse, tamen poculum exhausit; quo facto Circe ‘caput eis viega teigt,atque ea verba dixit quibus socids eius anted in porcos convertoral. Res tamen omnind aliter evénit atque ila spe- rverat, Tanta enim vis erat eits herove quam Ulixi Mercurus dederat sub neque venénum neque verba quicquam efficere posseat. Ulixés autem, ut erat ei pracceptum, gladio destrcto impetim in eam fect cum artem suam nihil valve sénsisset, mulls cum laceimis eur obsecrare coepit ne sibivitam adimeret. 49, ALL TURNS OUT WELL. lings ubi sénsit cam timore pertertitam esse, postulivit ut socids suds sine mor’ in himsnam speciem restitueret(certior enim facts ‘erat a deo Mercurio e6s in porcos conversis ess); nist id factum esset, 8 dabita supplicia stimptarum ostendit. Ciece his rébus graviter com rota sésé ch ad pedes proigit, et multis cum lacrimis tare iirando ‘onfirmavit omnia quae ille imperdsset se factdram, Tum porcos In Ateium imoitliusst, TIT dato signd inruérunt. Cum ducem suum, ‘agndvissent, magnd dolore affeeti sunt, quod nollé madd eum dé rebus sits certiorem facere poterant. Circe tamen unguento quodam corpora eOrum Gnxit; quo fact6 sunt omnes statim in hamanam spe- ‘Gem restititl, Magnd cum gaudio Ulixes amicds suds agnovit, et nndintium ad tus sist, qui reliquis Graedis socids receptds esse sliceret, Ii autem his rébus cognitis celerter in domum Circés ‘contulérunt; qué cum venissent, Gnivers letitiae s® dédidérant. 1, vide ut faci, sce that you make (Gubjanc. in substantive dus). 18. 3. eBdem modo stque inthe sme wy ap. 8. alter. atque, olerise an 19. 5. ei, dat of reference, used rather than gen, eins20, ULYSSES'S DEPARTURE, Postridid cius didi UliNes ex hae insula quam celertimé discédere in animé habsbat. Ciscé tamen cum id cognovisse, ab adi ad amorem conversa omnibus precbus eum Grire et obtestari coepit ut paucds dls apud se moraretur; qua re impetrata tanta beneficia in eum con~ tlt ut face ef persuadérétur ut diitius manéret, Postquam tStum annum apud Cincen consimpsit, Ulixes magno désiderio patriae suae ‘motus est, Tague socis ad s® convocatis quid in anime haberetosten- dit. Sed ubi ad litus déscendit, navem suam tempesttibus ita affctam Invenit ut ad navigandum paene inutiis eset Quo cognito omnia quae ad naves refciends Gsul erant comparar iussit; qua in r@ tantam clligentiam omnes adhibsbant ut tertis die opus perficerent. At Circe ‘ubi omnia ad profectionem parata vidit, em aegre flit, atque Ulixem vehementer obsecravit ut consid desistere. lle tamen, ne anni tem pore 4 navigatione excliderétur, matdrandurm sibi exstimavit, et ido- -neam tempestitem nactus navem solvt. Malla quidem pericula Uixi subeunda erant priusquam in patriam suam perveniret, quae tamen [hdc locb perscribere longum est ace. form. pattise, obj, gen for his country. Pervenire, fre he won arr,Al ft: Rowe remains in Grace Roman Civilization through Art ‘The falling sci consine background material aout the special et avers ad nitonal informa about many ofthe photos in he tet HOUSES, GARDENS AND FURNISHINGS “The basic characteristic of anciont Italian” houses i the arian, a reception hall which nosnaly has a funne-shaped soot with a central opening, com> poi) ocollet rainwater and deceit toa shallow pool (npleotun) below, Irivence twas drained into a cistern witha wellbead. The placement of other tans, faa le cuba, tc, persgim, ee, 0 canonical in Pompe, js much less standardized in other stes such as lrculaneur. Ostia, and Rome itself The orjin and derivation ofthe trom isin doubt The primitive Roman cwvelling, plentiful aces of which have been ound om the Palatine find in the Forum, was a horseshoe-shaped hut, presumably of wattle and daub with a thatched root, a ridgepole, central heath, and shallow porch. ‘These are not unlike primitive Greek baldings, but the contemporary fi- herary ums in the shape of huts show thatthe smoke-hole was inthe gable {tthe font ofthe bud, not in the oot above the enth, Por this neason, nd also hectuse ofthe difference in function, is probably nat corect 0 {erve the omplicion plus aerangement from the primitive hearth ane Smoke-hole. Since (if we may fudge from ther tombs) the Etruscans had houses with central reception halls, t may be thatthe Halans borrowed the firium from them, their own ingensity adding the watercoleting erangements "The mos kely theory i that the atrium house develope from an enclosed yand, around which buildings were gradually added until they surrounded Itcompletly, The next step was the addition ofa poruco around the cot yard, roofing i except forthe center, as jn the peristye of Pompe then Teelucing the siz of the central opening produced the tue dru. The fact thatthe typielHalian Yow house fam in upon itsel, with few windows to the outside, supports this theory of ls iin. stron in the Text pa, Much of what we know of Roman gardens comes from paintings like bis, which vere intended to extend visually the space of cramped town houses, Recent work cone with plaster casts of rot systems and with f0s- ‘Sze pollen at Pompest confi what we lea from such paintings ~ Ins. misnomer to call such houses Roman, since at Pomel for example, the PE Sppent ong bear te Rome period380 3. Many Campanian houses have outdoor dining places. In this one the {able foot isavo fountain jet. Once the meal wos over, the mattesses were removed and the water turned on, making an atractive fountain and ate Same time, washing away any crumbs ao spills 4. This isnot the plan of any particular house, but an attempt to derive 3 canonical plan for an eaely Campanian hose fom observations of the ‘der houses at Pompei, The rooms opening from the tium are usually bbedchambors (cubis). The le, in many hates, appear to have served a wating rooms for cients, or afce space for dlerks. The toons flanking the fablnum ere dining rooms; in later houses One, a leat, would be open to the garden for summer use. P. 8. This view is through the two perisyes, the frst a flower garden with 2 fountain and the second a vegetable garden, Beyond the columns there I 4 eception oom for socal purposes with a weve ofboth peristyles. The long ‘vista from the entrance ofthe Rouse through the garden Was one ofthe most charming features of Pompeian arctectare . 10, The small oot just side the font door of the house leads to one of the shops which flank the entrance. The three dors in the arom ead toa staleway and two bedrooms (cil) the lage paintings ofthe ati were ‘lustrations of the lind. The double doors inthe ein belong toa lange sore cupboant. The mosie on p. 150i om the Moor of this fun A Studylbedroom anda pantry open fom the peristye (which has a cokomnade around doe sides only). At the rear isa bork doar opening ona side street. In the gasden ofthe perstyle Is a litle shrine ofthe household gods. pe. TL. In the fou (theoat”—the name given tothe natrow enisance hall) nother door on this side feads to the shop next door. The presence ofthese Soors suggests thatthe shops were run by siaves or freemen of the fal, ‘who also served as doorkeepers to the house, The entrance mist alsa have ben guarded by a dog, for just inside the front door is a mosaic pavement showing @ dog with the inscription Cee cen. The door in the sium om {his side leads to a bedroom with the single lato its lit. Frm the garden, a passage runs alongside the laine to the dri: next tot ste entrance tole small dining room overlooking the colonnade. Of the colonnade on this ‘ide area latin and, a let, a lege dning-eoom facing the garden, 14, The Bay of Naples was a resort area for wealthy Romans. Seaside property was at such a premium that many people sank foundations into the sea and bul tei ills over the eter, 17 (ator). Many ofthe older apartment houses in Maly today woe built fn. similar plan. Second: story apartments facing the stect have stairways. slrecly to the street. The other apartments are reached Hom galleries su rounding the centzal courtyard, which usually has init fountain forthe use ‘of tenants whose apartments do not have runing eter,p17 Oelow). Trajan’s market served for general trading and possibly forthe ‘Sistribution of grain to Une populace. There were 150 shops each with small living-quarters inthe ltt above it 2 grea tvo-stored hall roms with tanks forthe sale of sh ad ligaids, and offices of admiistation. The matket rose in ters om the steep south slope of the Quirinal hil. This lustation as ben placed in the section an Rousing primary to show the anangement of liingequarters above the shops, a pan found in most Roman cities, but it may be that in thi case these quarters were for the overnight accomodation ‘of merchants who had come #0 Rome #0 show their wares or samples (0 buyers from overseas. We know, for example, from a grafito at Pompe that the blackemiths of Campania displayed their wares at Rome regulasy pp 19. The funnel top in this elaborate Bronze is covered by a Ua with @ Figurine, The olive ol eservoie sn the lamp is covered over to prevent pil Dal he tp is mace funne-shaped witha lei the center for ease i filing “The wicks in the theee spouts could be pulled up when they had buen too Tom, by means of the hook om the chain, The large shiek! on the handle protected one's hand from the Aames when the lamp Was picked up p21. The one- and two-handed cups are fom the house of the Poppaeus family at Pompei where a lage silver sevice was found Toke! away in the calla. The one-hancled cup (yphs) was for individual drinking; the f0- IRandled confers seks pst fom Porson ta persan atthe drinking boat following a Banquet. The porringer and large siver serving csh are fom Roman vil in Britain 1.25. Such small folding altars were sed for domestic strifices of incense, ations of wine, ot. Folding tables of sila design have also been found in Pompe Inthe braver below, ot coals were raked into the curved hollow wat Incaer at the ght boing water was drawn Irom the mask, whe stam fescaped through the swans at the top. Lukewarm water could be drawn from the lank at the let FAMILY LIFE AND EDUCATION The head of the household (oma) was the father (eters). I law he had the power of life and death over al the members ofthe fon, oth sera and liter. Religious sanctions also bound the famly together the pets ‘which meant so much to the Romans involved primary the mutual duties of parents and childven towand each ether. Hecause artifical ghting was poor, the Roman family rose at daven. The father fhe was a peeson of any importance, began the day by receiving his tSlents inthe fabian and drum this vas called the sali, and was followed by the daiucti, a6 the cients escorted him down tothe Forum, the center for both business and politics, His wife, having ald out the day's382 work for the slaves (and even poor households had atleast one slave), as free to spend the rest of the day in visits. “The children’s day was spentin schooling and ply, Romnan children played with many’ of the sme kinds of toys chldeen uae tea, tick horse, jacks (sing knuckiebones), dlls, tps, hoops, marbles. The olde children played house or shops: the boys might pretend w be gladiators o sldiers, perhaps With miniature weapons and amor. The evidence ofthe plastic ate seems to show that they might have miniature dog- or goat-drawn chariots for racing. Simple games included “Odd or Even?” and’ "How Many Fingers Do THold Up?" (use, bues, quo! sunt fe?) The more sophisticated games resembled backganon (dude sera) and chess or checkers (anc, “Thete were also ball mes played rather ike our Held hockey, feotall and lacrosse fout without sticks), and a three-comered catch called tg in ‘which a¢ many balls as possible were kept ging at one time: Flomentary education, which was given to both boys and gis, began with reading, writing. and arithmetic. Roman history was taught throagh liters tue, and the study of Greek lnguage and literature wos also begun eat Children of wealthy fanilies might be tutored at home. Some of the gent houses of Pompei have schooitooms where we can see scratched on the walls alphabets, tags from Vera, geometric figures, and insults directed at the tutor. There were alo elementary schools, public and priate, located in ‘ot neat Rov, Wes the luge came of age, at 12-19 years, they ere Sent to schools un by Greek rhetos fo learn rhetoric in Greek. Gils pursued the study of Greek and Roman literature with tutor a home, Boys ished their education by attaching themselves to some well-known orator (Le lawyerpaltican to lears oratory, history, and law. They might also be sent to Athens for a me to learn philosophy, Music and athletics, the core of Greek education, wore considered unnecessary, even unstable, for good Romans, ‘The Romans had different kinds of mariage ceremonies, corresponding to lferent legal states of matimony. The most elaborate was cna, “spelt-cake-sharing” (the spelt cake was the Roman's most primitive form of bread). The brie dedicated her girish thes and her childhood toys tothe ror Larés of her household. A spear-point was then used to part her hait into three tresses which were wound around her head and fastened with ‘woolen filets. She was dressed in a white seamless tune, saffom-colored Iie net, veil and shoes (saffron was the Roman wedding color). As soon 38 ‘the evening star appeared she was escorted to te grooms hose in solemn procession, accompanied by boys and girs singing, and by matrons of MonoF (Grinute) and by men carrying torches, a8 well as by her unmaered female ‘Blends carrying a dstalf and spindle, symbols of her new duties as a wie [Naty cakes, nd coin, symbols of wet ana erfty, were scattered among, the bystanders. At the groom's door the torches were extinguished. and thrown tothe spectators, who scrambled to get them as lucky charms, THebide then ancinted the door with oil and wreathed the doorposts with ‘woolen filles. She was then lifed over the threshold by the young men, to beep hee fom stumbling. an inauspicious omen. Inside, the priest called Flamer Digis, surrounded by ten witnesses, sacrificed a sow and read the ‘suspices from its entalls, The groom olfered the bride fire and water, and she spoke the words "Uli ta Gus, qo Gas.” The couple then sat on fo ‘seals covered with 2 single sheepskin, broke andl ate a spelt-cake, and joined Inands wile the marnage contract was re and witnessed. There flloneed the maraage fast, and the singing of songs making fun of o insulting the ‘ide and groom (00 ward of the ev eye). ‘When a Baby was born it was placed on the floor tits father’s fet, who recognized its legitimacy by picking i op. For the fst wook of sie was thought to be vulnerable fo evil spirits or the evil eye Juno and Hercules ‘were invoked to protect. ouch for juno andl table of fod for Hercules ‘were set up in the atrium. AL the end af this period, on the dis lusts, a tale child as given a name, andl locket containing charms against the fl eve was hung around his neck "When a Roman of goo famuly died, the body was washed, dressed inthe dead man’s robes of office, and lid ut on a ed in the arian with ie fet toward the door. A branch of cypress was hung outside the door. During the mourning peviod the bereaved family dil not wash, comb thes hai, oF ‘change telr clothes. On the day ofthe funeral, the body was earied (othe forum, where «near relative pronounced a eulogy onthe dead man, naming his chief accomplishments; these might also be veritten or depicted om signs carried inthe fetal procession. The corpse was escrted eutside the Gy walls by a band of musicians, hire female mourners singing dirges, and ‘ents or hired actors wearing the wax masks ofthe dead man’s ancestors {normally kept in the Yatinuoe of the house) and dressed in their oficial suarment. The hee cai a torch to ight the Funeral pyre, which was piled With offerings and anointed wth perfumed il, When fhe fire hod burnt the bones were collected, washed in wine, and placed in an un. The urn {or coffin, ifthe body was fo be ichumed rather than cremated—both casts ‘were used) Was then placed inthe fomb, Some days later the heir swept death out of the house witha special broom, lustrtions inthe Text 'p.27. Alle showing a wedding scene. The children are caring the imple {ents fr the sacrifice with the incense and sated meal cakes used in elab- ‘rate Roman weding ceremonies. The ound dish exried by the boy isthe Dts, 9 special vessel used for pouring iine-ollesings. 1p 29, The second scene on this relief may represent the moment when the father legtimies the child by picking lm up tom the floor. 383132 This portat comes from one ofthe largest bakeries in Pompel pat ff which io also 9 welling, The man inthe pictore i probably T. Terentise ‘Neo, brother of F.Terentius Proculus, the baker If so, he refers to himselt ian election poster ay stidisas (in tht context probably "awe student”) ‘This may be wity he had his portal! painted holding a book, oF the inlusion ‘of scroll and tablet may inaicate that the subjects of the ponteait were proud ‘of ther itercy . 38. Note the ving effet of Roman portraiture, inspite of the mutilations ‘Ts patrtmitiae seems well-endoved with the Roman ideal of grits, The fact thatthe cild appears as porte bust indicate that he had predeceased his parents. The fener scene below shows the procession of musicians, bier, amily, and hired femake mourners. Tearing the hat and beating the breast were Roman signs of mourning FOOD AND EATING ‘The Romans ate three meals a day: avery’ light breaklas(eticuum), bread ‘moistened with olve ol or wine, sometimes accompanied by fra or cheese; ‘ Tuneh (randium), ls ight, usually cold, often composed of lovers fom ‘he evening before; and dinner (nt), the substantial meal of the day, The cig, because stil Hght was 50 poor, was eaten eaey by our standards AX might bepin at 200 or 3:00 rag, It consisted of thrve pact: the gusts (appetizers) of eggs, shelfsh, salad, and the Uke, accompanied by musum, ‘wine favored with honey; the fel, the main part ofthe meal, made up of sn exid numberof courses of fish, poultry, and met (he chief dish was the mile one ofthe series, and the senda ming or sundae mete (lesser) Of fruits and sometimes pastey. Wine was drunk during the fcula and seule mia. I the host vas serving some especially prized wine i accom= [anid the dessert. Between the rel and stcundamitsa there was pause {luring which offerings were made to the household gods The meat as ‘often followed by a chiaking bout Commit) during which a large wine ‘up was passed around and toasts were drunk, Kitchens were wery simple fe may judge by Pompell, many houses had re kitchen, sing breviers to warm food bought already cooked. Only the Tanger houses had hitchens, and only the very soelthy had thelr own lovers. The ordinary Ktchen was small, open to the sky, with rascl hear toserve asa stove: the pots and pans sat on teipods and hot cals were rake tunder them, The nimber of cols determines the hesty a high Rest seas obtained by fanning them. Most people bought this Lread from the bakery for mace i at Rome ancl sent i 0 the bakery to be baked, frst stamping ‘with the family monogzam to be sure of geting the same loaves back. ‘The Romans reclined at meal, resting on the left elbow. Each diner might Ihave small couch to hisel, but the normal arrangement as that of theeelarge sloping couches on thee ofthe fou sides ofthe table, the (ricinim, with three diners on each couch. The slaves served from the open fourth Side. There wore places of greater and lesser honor, as follows N ey 1 Loess cSnslisie—guet of honor 2 Loews Suramus in let umd 3 Lous median i eet summo 44 Locus ims et san, 15 Lous sammie in eto med (6 Vox medias in ak eb 7. Los amis st most 1 Locus medius in ea member of hoes family 9 Lous a in et aero hoe dyRoman tableware was made of pottery of all grades from coarse to fine, lass, broaze, silver, and gold, The finer potery and metalware were often Benutifully decorned Besides the various wine cups, there were plates and ‘bowls of different sizes, as well a8 special dishes Uke eggcups. Spoons were tsed for soup and boiled eggs. Since there were no hruves apd forks in a place setting.» special slave carved the Various dishes ino bite-sized pices, tech were eaten seth the Singers ‘The staple food ofthe catly Romans wos kind of pulse or pelt poridge Later his wat baked into a cake or waferon a gre Eventually dhe were repliced by bread, which remained the staple food. A Roman proverb says: "ins wld vu clue paperrum’ (Ue ride was probally a tumip), and bread, wine and vegetables were the basie dit of the Romans throughout most of thes bistory By the late Republic and during the Empire some sh ‘and poutzy had been added for special oceasions. The wealthy also Rad meat fasly often, along vith more expensive fish and poultry (including such unlikely bids ae parots, flamingos, and oxides). Fish were parsculary important: the Romans Knew 150 varieties, most of them edible, nal price ranges Ubiquitous in Roman cuisine was the highly prized fsh sauce called frum or juimen, which cane at diferent prices depending on how long it Una matured Tt has been made in modern times by the ancient recipes, and isharaly distinguishable fom anchory past, Roman cise was essentially fone of shces, ade to shes cooked samp By baking, Bring yINg ot boling To the modem western palate these spices have edd combinations of sweet and salty oF sweet and sour elements. Olive oll was mostly usta ‘where we would tse butter, and honey for spar which Was noe known £9 the Romans. They had no rie, noodles, potatoes, tomatoes, com, OFAN. Dbonanas, suawheries,raspheris, chocolate, coe, tea or distiled spins, “They drank a grest varely of wines, however, from all over the Roman \World. They seem to have had some concept of good and bad vintage years but believed inthe fallacy that wines go am improving with age ‘One curs feature of the more elaborate dinners was the attempt on the prt of the cooks lo show thelr skill by making one food resemble another, ‘suckling pig disguised a5 a chicken, cakes mate to look like boiled eggs, ‘te In general the presentation of the Food was as important a ts taste ustations inthe Text 1.39 In most cites, sh, mest, an fresh fruits and vegetables wor all sold a cetal macket called» mallu, rather thn ia shops scattored through the town. Such markets usually inckided a chapel, since the animals to be Slaughteced were setallyseenfced #0 the pods Al. The lief shows a market stall, The dealer is using her cages of poultry End rabbits as a counter. Notice also the hamper in which the vegetables ‘were camiedPP. 44-45. In the norther proviness, the more ok-fashioned custom was preserved of having only the men recline a able, ule The women sot in hair. At a Roman bunguel the food and stines to be consumed might be Set out on display fr the guests to ee [some ofthe great houses of Pompei have a special room for this purpose). Here we see the wines set out on table, while the dishes are displayed on a sideboard 48. The simplest Kind of shrmopum or cookshop, found in great mambers In any excavated Roman town, was a small open-fonted shop With a counter in which were sunk large pots to keep the food warm. Families too poor mavain ktchens would buy ther food here ready-cooked and cary ithome. Some of the larger Mhemmoplis have tables inside or in a garden behind, ‘where customers could eat their food; some also functioned es wine shops and gambling houses. Tas Hhermoplian is one ofthe most saborste, note the Duet counters with niches and stepped marble shelves for displaying food and daink, and the sign showing that one could buy vegetables, wine, and cheese. The counter to the left at the wide opening to the street, has the food-warming pots sunk inside, a kind of ancient steam able. The garden for outtoor dining is othe right. . 52 Since bread ancl wine were staples in the dit, bakeries and wine ‘hops were not centrally located, bu sattered throughout the city. Wealthy famiies bough their wine In smporae (Le, bY the barrel, poorer people bought a pitcherfl ata time, ke the boy in the picture. . 58. The populanty of seafood is shoven by the widespread use of mosaics Showing sealife in the decoration of dining rooms 'p:87. The Romans knew a very large variety of edible fish another seafo. In their dacorations they were fond of scenes showing cupids at various ‘ecupations. This mossic ees from the Basia (public hall avd couehouse) ‘of Aguile, . 59, Since there seems to be no place for this kind of wood-built counter fn any of the mumerous bakeries found in Pompeli this picture probably represents a dstrbution of free bread tothe populace, perhaps atthe Inge ‘opening from the Comitum into the Colonnade at the southeast comer of the Foram af Pompei. The distbutor in his white wal tunic (by Roman Standards better dressed than the dark-wool dad people receiving the bread ‘The loaves are ofa shape kawwn From both Pompei and Hercule, and possibly one of tro kinds common in Campania ty BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY Roman industry, crafts, and trades were as multifarious as ours. All the necessities of day ie had ofcourse tobe supplied, and a the gest fortes were more and more derived, not siwsly tom the land, But rapidly from 387388 speculation, the principle of conspicuous waste crested a growing demand itriowurie ar wel Almost any Kind of modern industry rat or wade cn, Ins muta, be matched ia antiglty. The cet diference les in the fle of the Romans to develop» mactine-based echslogy, for hey ad Do industral revolution. The Ingenuity Of scents pode nvertons Sohch could have revolusonized indus. Ror example the pint of the Jicam-engine was mids understood, and numero hyeouie Sevies ha teen developed, but thet were thought of essntaly a amusing toys and tree ever applied to production methods. The msthation wish bed Irv eplced chine technology was that of slavery. Inthe long run the ‘Race would no doubt have Been tore sconomical than the sve, whose plesp wa expensive, having tobe maintained though the unproductive Fords of exteme youl and old age-even when faith ve wae FRvayded with mansmisston, his former maser had some algation sup: port hint the aindant Supp falas, who ould be Lough oF bred home, ment tat there wat mo mmedite pressure to develop more icent methods ‘Consequenythe Romans had nothing we would recognize ab factory. Some of the pineples of ms production were understood and spp forowample, cheap fea cit lamps ofthe sae design and Merial devo- tation ar fond fh every past of the exapire—but te place Of the factory The eld by te Inge ave worksnps tryst, oe"more ote by the fps of fe poprleso sal dave ran workshops, who banded togeber {Ostandarcie ther apt, Bx prices, and markt thelr Wares. Like ou bor tons, these gulls uncioned asa politcalfactons, supporting patie tr enacts for puoi. Ths fs known from the elem posters of Pompe Inthe Roman world, wth ts good rads and habors and its ack of ade turner, the marie for manufactured goods was very wide. The fine red potey of Amst, fhe bronzes of Campania, allan glassware, Egypban Poprras the dyed wool lath f the Levante, were sen othe farthest {Smet empire, A small ronmonger of osipel ncudes Rome on hs {bt of eight marae towne (he others ate all near fompei: Prema the fui of onmongers there sen samples 10 Rome for expos sb fore Ker to iapoct Roose was certainly ot the only centr of this hind (Wholesale buyers of process woolen doth mst have Nosed to Pomel {ovew amples inthe pest thspoctsor al there, a colonnaded court yard surounded by divers of lige show window, and ofces for repre Mates of the vasious houses The Square of the Corporations a¢ Osta rasa sma onsracton, a park surrounded by many sal fs i which anus gulle aid large "wading ‘corporations could install tee ‘epresentntves. Tn the le republic and ealy empire gest fortunes could be made in the importer tains, Tis adn coud be engaged by inal wth‘capita, by the great commercial falls, or by joint stock companies with ‘capital invested by shareholders. The Knights Bgwités) of Rome amassed huge fortunes safely by diversifying thelr investments. Investors ith less ‘apital who were wiling to gamble (paticularly freemen) rent in for mone sky speculations, with even more dramatic retums and losses. A guick response on the part of an importer to the changing fads and fashions in fabrics for thing, or in wines and foodstulls, could make a fortune, par Viculaly i he was able tobe the Best to met the demo, before te market twas Mooded, prices fll, and the ekle wealthy tuened to some nev craze. ‘The large businesses, family-run or shareholdercontolled, had branch fies im every port ofthe empire, and indeed vill beyond is borders. The 80,000 Roman citizens massacred in Asia Minor atthe orders of Mithnates ‘of Pontus must have been there mesty to engage in wade, as also the ltaian residents of Numidia slaughtered by Jugurtha. Spices were imported from ‘Arabia, silk from Chinois last at Such a rate as to cause a Serious gold ‘drain inthe ely empire inking practices kept pace with the expansion of big business, Ancient ‘equivalents of checking accounts and bank ans can be identified. ustrtions in the Text 1p 61. The tls and animalskin garments show these vintners to he says And the rele’ Dionysia. However, ordinary humans pressed grapes it the fame way, sing 8 staf! to support themesives and keep thei balance . 6, 4 dich to match one of these molds may be seen on p. 2 Silver tensile were probably sold by weight, p65. The merchant appests to be showing the customer a book of samples Notice the display of cushions and belts 1. 72. Cutlery was probably made, sold and reconditioned in this shop. The Sloplay boars contains pruningehooks and knives. 7. (ape) Each ofthese offices, lined up behind a portico, had its own. ‘ign in the form of a mosaic in the portico pavement. Many of the offices Wwete maintained by shipowners from the provinces. (ower) The insenption Feads Nivicul Gri) Karte (rents) dé sud, “Independent Ship-Owners of (Carthage (8 su5 ~ sud sponte or por 3). 77. Notice the worker trading the cloth in & washtub. A good example the Roman sie of slaves where we would use machinery: the washtu has human agitator. The handsals were to keep him from losing his balance a he jumped on the cloth. Such tubs with rll are found in the alias of ‘Pompe. The complete process seems to have bees as follows: when tame from the weavers, the cloth wes fist soaked in en aminonia solution t ‘remove the oll, then It was stetched on a frame over burning sulphur to bleach i when it had dred i was hung up and tosed with a comb forse 389390 the nap which was then shaved off; aly it was washed and pressed in a mange 7. (L.) An assistant blows on the bellows. (t.) Various implements of the Trade and a lock. Note the shield protecting the bellows man from the heat cof the tong. 81, This able of Linear measures from the marke at Leptis Magna in Nowth rica was used by the market commissioners t insure the honesty of ‘endors by providing a check for theis measures. In the Forum at Pompei there was ange stone fable marked with linear measures. I had hollows carved out in Io thick top corresponding 1o the various measures of volume, “There as also a place for a st of standard weights $3. Seales with two pans wore used, a5 well as stelyard, for weighing Pierchondise. Our word flance comes fom the two-pan (bens) sales. P. 86. These two coins issued in the reign of Hadrian (a.0. 117-138) ore epresentative af two ofthe main denominations, the denatias in silver and the sestertius in bronze. The sestortius was worth one-quarter ofa denarius (the ratio ofa twenty-five cent piece to a dolly). The as from ealest ines ‘vas the basic unit a denarius containing ton of them Inthe denarius shown S.C stands for Sets insu, "by decree of the Senate", the inscription reads Pofen) Mantis) Trini) Pett), Citmsu I erin, igh Priest, with the power of a Tribune, Consul for the third time” (ies of Hadhan). Freguently the reverse of coins commemorates the acts of the femperors. Here the Emperor is shown enthroned; before him stands a woman with thee children. Leras resin, "freedom restored,” may refer {oHadslan's approval of the principle eat chldgen bor to # couple o whom fone was a clzen and the other a slave would be assed as Roman citizens ‘The sestertivs ere shown has the same snseripion as the denarii, with the addition of a warship, a common type on Raman coins. The obverse of limpeval coins usually beas a porta head of the emperor 1. 87 The tablet contains a contract. The past containing the agreement is Sealed with string and the seals ofthe eight witnesses; the unsealed part contain a summary oF the contents . 90. Consumption of olive oil was great. Perfumed oll was widely used both by men and women. At the baths one vrae rubbed with i before ‘exercising, and at dinner partes guests were given bottles of # to pour on hele hai In cookery ove od was used where we would use any kind ofl, fat, or buter, and in most ofthe empire olive fl was the only lamp oi, The thin pressing oi fends to be rather watery. There must have been 2 goed deal of trouble with lamps sputtering and going out, and at best the fame from ove ols smaky and yellow p93. Thelin the fourth tne of the inscription is for iBerize, so the meaning, ‘is "Publius Nonius Zethus, (Priest) of Augustus, had (this sarcophagus)‘made for himself, for NoniaHilaea his ellow-fFeedwoman, (and) foe his wife Nonia Pelagia, fcedwoman of Publius (Noni) Publius Nomis Heraco.” “The inscription incomplete in that there ie no predicate fortis last subj. ‘The terminology tells us a good deal about these people, When a slave mas ‘manumitted he took the praenomen and nomen of his former ste, keep ing is own name asa cognomen. His son would keep the same proenomen 1nd nomen but have a new cogromen, whereas in family aot of servile fongin the Son would keop the same nomen sn cogromen but have a neve piaenomen. Thcrefore we cn sce that Zethus, iar, ad Pelagaa wee all Criginally slaves of one Publius Nonits and were later manumited (hough Zethus isnot called Herts, Hilara cou not be his cones if he had not ben a slave as well. Zethus then maried Pelagia, Herach, since he isnot sald to be a feedman, was probably theit som, born alter they had been froed, ‘A grain mill consisted of an hour. gliss-shaped stone turning om a canis stone. Grain was put ino the funnel-shaped top of the upper stone and the ‘meal which came out below was ezught ina Grcular tough. The coarseness fof the meal could be rgulated by rating oF lowering the upper stone om is Pivot ‘MEDICINE “The science of medicine has always been empirical a mater of making an educated guess ab to what veatment wil be effaclous and then tying i ‘out, Methods of treatment have been refined over the centuries principles ‘of research remain unchanged. Past ofthe progress has been the ielaton of tlseaes, the dstingushing of diferent diseases which have the same symp toms. For example, the cough (uss) and the fever ns) to the Romans were names of diseases, just as for us preumonia, a disease a generation tage, nove a symptom, ‘We may, however, distinguish between folk medicine, in which the spud nsec of rep ped do ry by ion, fad scientie medicine, pacticed by people specially txied snd follow some particulsr st of theories. For example, Hippocrates (0-39 9.0) onsidered diseases to result from an imbslance in the four main fluids of the body, while Ascepiodes (Ist Century 2.) blamed a slowing down of the movement of the atoms ofthe body cach tented his patients acconsinghy. ‘Until the third century a.c. Roman medicine was essentially folk medicine ‘An example ofits methods can be found inthe De Agra Cult ofthe elder Cato, especially his long passage on cabbage. A typical treatment "The wild ‘cabbage has vey great powers, You should dry it and grind itup quite small. 1 you want to purge anyone, he shouldn't eat the day belore; the next morning before he eats anything, give him the ground cabbage and four ‘nt of water. Nothing ese parges so well, either hellebore nor scammony,392 and without danger, and let me tell you i's good forthe body. Youtl cure people you had no hope of curing, Ths is how you teat someone who's foing to be purged with this purge: give him this in water for seven days. {When he wants fo eat, give him roast meat, If he docsn't wast fo eat, gre him cooked eabiage and bread, and le his dink a mld wine, cilteds he should bathe seldom, bat be rubbed with ol. Anyone who has been purged this way will enjoy good health for along time, and he won't catch any Aiscaz unless is his own fall.” ln 293 a,c. there was 2 plague in Rome so serious thatthe books of the ‘Cumaean Sybil orginally Sold by her to Tarquin the Proud) were consulted. ‘The response was that the cul ofthe Greek god of healing, Asclepius, should be brought to Rome, The Romans sent an embassy to his greatest cult centce tt Epidauras, and weve given a snake embodying the god, which they ‘brought back to Rome. As the barge was being brought up the Tiber, the snake slipped fom stand swam tothe Tiber Island, The temple of Aescu- laplus (as the Romans called him) was thus built on a spot which the god himeet had’ chosen, A smaller shine of the god was later placed in the Forum near the Realing spring of Juturna ‘With the areal of Aesclapius, te Romans accepted Creek metal st= leace more readily. Soon there were many Greck doctors at Rome, attached ts private physians to the great families or running their own hospitals and Saves, ter they ceived gowconment support, nd fce media tetonent twas made available to the people ‘Macicine has als ts eigioas side In the temples of many of the gods are found votive oflenngs tn the form of replicas of parts of the human body, testimonials to payers for healing answered. The votlve offerings demanded by Aesculapius are move informative. They were inscriptions describing, the ‘nein some deta Tobe healed by Aeseulapivs ane had to make appropriate ‘Sherces and then spend the night sleeping in his temple neu): Ue god ‘appeared in 2 dream and gave hs advice, The quality of his advice naturally ‘depended upon the intuitions ofthe dreamer. Some cies are quite sens bean obese man is old et Fess—some are magical, and must be classed ‘saith healing of psychosomatic disorders. The most interesting esinanils ‘Some from the long series at Epidaurs, but Uhere are extant quite a number from Rome itsel tustrations in the Text p94 The oculst may be applying a salve tothe eyes. This reli from the Enecophages of the Sos at Ravenna may record the famy’s grata fo & 1. 98, Note the careful workmanship and the non-slip grips. These inst ments are ony a part ofthe coletion found in the Howse ofthe Surgeon Pompeii Theze were also tearing tots (rather lke modern lalla levercorkscrews), clamps for holding wounds or incisions open, al Inge hypo- eric needles Tor injecting medicines into wounds or sores which Rad ‘towed up. BATHS AND WATER SUPPLIES The development of good municipal water supplies was one of Rome's {greatest cantabutions to the ancient word, Before the emergence of the Komans asa world power, most sites and towns ri upon natural pings and steams, wells or rinrater called in cern. Most people lade icc tei water fom some central source, aed contaminated alee must dave oused much dease With the coming othe Romans there was hardly any place of mporance whch dié not have is aquedacts. These covered Stone channels brought water often from geet cstance, tunneling sah {rrough hills sped crossing valleys om gent rhe of ik, masonry rom the fst century ne.) poured conctte. Another way of geting the water actos valleys was by the inverted siphon, an achlewement ess spvtatat but Rarely fess impressive when we remember tht the wate Upht pipe required had to ber made by rolling and fsing sheets of lend. Water es Pentifa only four ot Rome's many waters are sili use toda but they ‘Adequately supply the prosent cy. ‘An aqueduct cad rte some upon aks or rp apron) to_a reser (atl) from which ees estbated fois vas eat tations The tli at Nines i France) and Thubutho Mais (Nowth Aft) ‘were simple regulated by gravity and sie of pipe bores. Wats for Une pl ourtains was drawn off tom the botom, or the pubie ths above tha ars for private use fom the op of the tower Henee in tine of droaght in ease of damage to the agua, private users would be the fst and Public fountains the lst to Tose watts At Pompe, whete the iespertant troolfinshing tade requled Inge supply of water, 2 more sophisticated stem was used. The publ fountains were seppied constant bet the flow to baths, private houses, and the wok actre could be replated By esting gate so thot the amount of water supplied depend on te Ue Sf day. More water went othe factories during working hous tothe bats in the afternoon, te rom the eskile the wate was brought hy inverted siphons fo various vwatertowers these were often cisgised as rtomphal anche, built ints ot fates ete. The towers provided the water presur fr adjacent bulngs, Within the house the Row of water was elated by slopeuc and aces rach ke ots “The great public baths were ls a uniquely Roman institution. They began toappearearlyinthesecond centr. and cached ther full developed Inthe ealy empire Aer that, move and bugger baths nee bull ere were S52 in the city of Rome by the fourth century of oar ea), but the plan304 remained essentilly the same, The tem “baths” is a Hite misleading: they ‘rere more like very elegant verses of wha lady we would call community Centers, There were wazm and hot rooms (heated by hypocaust, hot at ‘channels beneath the floors and in the hollow walls) and cold and ot baths land pools but there were also many arrangements which we Would not "sodas with baths, There were rooms for massage, rooms and open court yards for excreses and games, fen with trainers or caches provided by Ihe establishment; Ghee Were often tacks for tanning. There were lage gardens lid out with pleasant walks among trvs and shrubs. There were Tectue halls for lectures om philosophy, cooking and other subjects, and for postty-seadings thete were public braves of Grcek and Latin books. Finally, Thre wete often cating: houses and wineshops in or neat the complexes. fn bother words, though the baths were laxurious, they did not necessary make their patrons decadent of etlete; the standard cinema image of fatal men Tong in steaming water might be replaced by that of lage aumbezs of poopie eamestiy improving thei bodies and thei, minds. ‘The variety of Ectiitigs offered also exphins why the Romans could spend so much time in the Baths; the uswal hour for the acual bathing was between two and thre, bat the establishments remained open an sunset. "These wos no fixed routine for using the baths—one could use whatever facies he Mked-but » poplar onder wase warm room (epi), hot oom (anu), bot bate Gin the cari), oll mastage, phyieal exercise. Old plunge (in the frigideri), the skin Scaped with @ specal sraper {Gigli 8 rub-dowen with linen towel lustrations in the Text 106, The central building is 750” 380) the grounds cover 38 acres the Ente comples, grounds and all, is rised 20” above ground level on huge ‘aults, making 100m for sevice passages and for storage. (ef) The Hot Room (Clr) ofthe baths contsned 3 basin of coo! water so that bathers who were oppressed by the heat might relzesh themselves, 10. The Pons Aemiios, built under the supervision of members of the Gens Acmiiatrom 174 to 142 acc, replaced the original Wooden Bridge below the Tiber Island, the Pons Sublici 1p. 113, On this plan the a's along the NE side mark the arcade which made {covered sidewalk for this side ofthe sect. Behind ithe foundation vaults fe lft open to form a long fv of tso-storied shops, each about 1’ wie. “The main entrance is up steps at N, though there are smaller access sis flanking the Iatzal apse ofthe enclosure (also marked). “The main block of the baths has four entrances (B); the two central ones lead thous lange vestibule tothe cierobing room (L) or the large central Fall JB). The three great cros-vaults of B are buttressed by three bacrel ‘vaults on each sige, Under the ones a the four comers are pools; under thecontal one to the NE a round basin. The lange room masked A isan open sie pool. The NE wall fs covered with applied architectural decoration fut- rounding ches in which were numerous statues, This rom i wally called the fiir. Through C, the lpia, one could reach the eldarnon (D) with is central round hot pool. The two aiches faking the entrance had smaller hot pools. The outer entrances (b) led through antechambers (H) flanked by anointing rooms to the pluses (G), open-air exercising areas ‘These were surrounded on three sides by a portico, on the fourth by a series of alcoves (eae, masked F on the plan) far spectators and trainers, The Service passages, running under aot only the main block but the encosed {rounds as well were reached from the open courtyards (onthe plan M and the areas on each side of M). To the SW of the main Block was a large iatden, onto which opened a series of rooms (€ and E) for fetes, ret Hons, te. This garden was surrounded on the other the sides by a portico (U)- ALP there were lange exnirae, sheltered spats overlosking the garden between thelr own columns and those of the portico in chilly weather one soul st in room R, heated by hypocausts f the weather was hot in Q, ‘which had fountains” Reached from R and Q were curved ambulatores, each half open, half covered by an arcade. The rooms macked T were ibraries lone Greek, one Latin. S was a running track with seats for spectators tothe SSW. The reservoirs (V), were G4 waited chambees im two stones, fed by 8 branch ofthe Aga Naren). ‘THE ARMY Foran account ofthe army in Caesar's day, see Book I ofthis series, Jenny, Seudder and Baade, Soon Yeor Latin, Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Mlustrations in the Text p17. Constantine's tiumphal arch is decorated mostly with seulpture taken, from earlier monuments, The rectangular rele inside the arch and the figures over the columas came ftom the Basilica Ulpia in the Forum of Trajan ‘The cular reliefs ate from an arch of adrian and the tpper panels and sculptures are from an Arch of Marcus Augelius, In chefs showing an em peror, the emperor's head has been rect ab a portrait of Constantine. Ac tually only the decorative details and the small iiezes date Irom Consian tines time 122. During the Republic twas usual fora general 1 have one cohort of flte woops a8 « bodyguarc this wan called coors prastrtna (just as the general's headquarters was the praforim). It was made up of men chosen. for their valor and loyalty from the general's army, though the governor of 2 peaceful province might appoint to his coor pratria impoverished feiends. In 27 9c. Augustus established 8 bodyguard of nine preetrian396 cohorts under the command of two Praetorian Prefects appointed by him from the class of Equites. Augustss merely Lept these troops on hand incase ‘0 trouble. Under Tiberius, however, the Practorians were all concentrated inane camp at Rome, and became avery powerful force in maintaining the Imperal regime. Frequently there was only one Praetorian Prfec, and he served au a Kind of Prime Minister to the Emperor. To be choven for the Practorion Cohorts was a great ont fora saldier andthe choice was long restricted to soldiers from laly and the home provinces. The Proetorians pry was tose times that of the ordinary soldier. When an Emperor died tnithout having made arrangement fr the succession, the Senate theoretic Cally chose hie successor, the choice being rated by the people but since thete was no nearby mltay force to mate thers it was achully the Prae- forians and thelr Prefect who made the choice. After the death of Commodi, the Prastorians sctally sold the Empice ata formal auction tothe highest bidder, Didi Julians, Divs had not intended to atend the auton, but ‘nas talled into t by is wife and daughter. Arcving atthe Praetorian camp titer the gates were closed and the auction begun, he was hoisted up and {id his bialing from the top ofthe wall, When Septimius Severus seized the throne, he replaced the fallane ofthe Cohorts with men fom his own arn, fhe same time incesasing the number in exch cohort to 1600. By this ine there were ten Praetorian Cohorts. The Practoans were finally disbanded ‘127. This tiumphal procession shows captives sacrificial bulls and tam Photor. The trimplins was a geligious nite celebrating the etura of a victorious eneral The general remained outside the gates unsl the Senate made at Fngements for him 60 rain his impor as he entered. IC he entered the ‘Gy before such aangements were made, he automaticaly lst his peri [She crossed the citys magical boundary, and could aot tsumph. The procession, hich went through the Forum along the Sacra Visto the Ca- Pitolinm, consisted of the magistrates and the Senate, eumpeters, paintings Of battes and allegorical figures representing the ccs, rivers, mountains, re of the enemy, the more impressive spoils of the war, the princpal Captives In chain, shite bulls for serie, the Lictors, and then the Ti Phetor n'a chariot drawn by four white horses, followed by his army. The ‘Trumphator wore royal purple-djed garments embroidered in gold, and fared a branch af laurel and an ivory scepte. Behind him a public save Feld’ golden crown over his head and whispered to him “Remember that you ate human being!” (Homsinen 4 manent). 1 ¥ these fats we add that {he genera’ face wss punted red it seems obvious that he was for this one day hupiter incarnate, since the garments, crown and scepue were those of Jupiter, and since the eariest statue of Jupiter at Rome was of terea-cots {The army sang coarse songs, insulting thir general, co protect him from the ny of te gods. At the Capitolum the Telumphater Ini his Iurel branch ‘nthe lap of the god's statue and then offered a saiice of thanksgiving,ps. 181-132. The arillrypicces were groupes! under the general name of fermenta because they worked by torsion power. Women's Rai was consid ‘ered the best mater for making the Hghtly-fvsted bundles which powered these machines, 199. Hadrian's Wall, builtin 4.0. 122, ten fet high by eight fet wide, was 73 miles long, protected by a seves of fortresses, mile-castes, and Turrets. North of it was a ditch twenty feet wide and ten feet deep. The photographs show a portion ofthe wall andthe remains of «granary attached fovone ofthe fortreses 1p. 143. In this scene Roman soldiers in Egypt prepare to celebrate a victory The Romans loved “Egyptian” decorations, sehich seemed to them reaate and exotic, in much the Same way as the English did Chippendales vision Sf China, neither boing t all suthentic. Ths in» detail from a very loge semicircular mosaic which fled one of the apses of Sull’s Temple of Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste (modem Palestina). ENTERTAINMENT “Theatr. Dramatic performances formed pat ofthe religious Festivals ‘of Rome. By and large, the Roman taste was fr farce rather than comedy, ‘melodrama rather than tragedy; above all, Roman audience liked 8 tacular alfoct The native lian deans consisted of extempore exharie uf slapstick and rude repartee among comically masked actors, interspersed with dances; the characters were probably stock types, Une "theatre Booth tthe far, In the ted century wc: both comedy ad tragedy weer inttoduced in translations from the Greek; later historical plays (on Roma theres) were ‘vented as well as comedies with Roman (not Greok) characters, Ir was not luni 145 9. that theatres with xed seats were bul, These were temporary theatres of wood, and were taken down after the performance. Before this time spectators presumably had to being thew own sets of stand, The fst permanent theatre was built by Pompey in 35 .c., and was followed by the theatres of Balbus and Marcellus in 13. These were the only permanent ‘theatres at Rome; temporary wooden ones were sil erected as the eed {te republican and erly imperial productions were lavish. At the opening ‘of Pompey’stheate, in «tragedy about Agamemon’s return from Troy the booty of Troy was brought on stage keaded on Al ules Under Nevo, in = play called The Fire, a house was erected on stage, furnished, and then ‘cally Burt down. To add sealisn tothe acting the actors were allowed to keep anything they rescued fom the blaze. Occasionally condemned rim nals might take part in dramatic performances and actually he led onthe stage. In spite ofthese spectacular effets the Romans s000 lost interest in the’ dears and tured more and more #0 comic opera (mini) an ballet (penton), 397,398 Allo these forms of entertainment produced their popula lar we know the names of many actors, singers, and dancers. There may even have been fan clube on the wall of an inn in Pornpel we find scibbled 2 notice of & meeting of men calling themselves fendtct Acton? Anti, tans of Actus Anicelus (an actor very popular at Pompei. Iusteations ithe Text . HB, From tomb fresooes it appears thatthe dance played an important ptt sn Etuscan culture. Except for certain primitive nual dances in bonce [of the Gods, performed by priests, the Romans did not dance. They did however, enjoy watching Etruscan and Greek dancers periorm. 150 There ite literary evidence for any popula of satye-plays among the Romans, though they may have been pertormed in the more Hellenic atmosphere of Campania. In Athens a saty-play accompanied each set of thvce tagedies. The basic plots are ken from mythology, atthe chiet Jnterest lies in the amusing dances and antics of the impudent but cowaedly horas of styrs. The Roman architce Viraviue does give a bret description ‘of appropnate scenery for satyrplays, so perhaps ey were performed in Some parts of the Roman world. The mac ofa backstage scene (from the floor of the tablinm ofthe House of the “Tage Poet” in Pompei) shows sctors dressing fora satyr play. Two actors ese goatskn loin-claths,ohile nother dons 8 goatshin tune, The producer (parity also the author) of the Phy sits with his hand resting on a wage mask of @ heroine, Behind him on fhe tables the mask ofa tragic hero. The other mask in the box i hat of a Irasible old man from comedy. The Bgure inthe lng tunic sa Aut player who aocompanied songs on the stage: a piece of leather strapped across his ruth allows him to ply the two fits actully shawn) simultaneously. ‘The house of the "Tragic Poet i so nicknamed because ofthe fact that tS wals are fescoed with scenes frm epic and tragedy. 1182, Two musical instruments which remained popula throughout antig- tuty appeae in this tom painting, the Ire (with a ortase shell asa sounding board) and the double “Bute” tin realty nota ate Data pai of shawn). Inthis painting two of the men wear himatia, the third, toga. The Ersscans ‘may be credited with the invention of the toga, which difers from the Greek hhimasion in being tapezoldal and semicircular rather than rectangular. The imation was too bulky to be used asa military garment, on horseback orn bute, and the Etrscans solved this problem by removing two ofthe comers, Keeping the essential width and length, which eliminated much of the weight: The Romans most Rave orginally thought of the toga ss a slitary Uniform: hence it could be worn only by male ctzens and was forbidden to respectable women. Hence also, the fact thatthe client had to wear the toga when he reported each morning to his patron's hosse (originally 9 mltary roster155, The built-up hairdos were meant f nerease the height of the actos ‘They also wore platform shoes. p. 162. The Clever Slave taking sanctuary onan altar a favorite theme of Sculpture. The seene must have occured in more than ene comedy. At the end of Pautus’ Mostar, when the old master, Theopropide, discovers fhe hasbeen duped by is slave Trani, he atempts #0 seize him an Ihave hi punished, But Tania sits on the alte and refuncs to leave i ni the old man’s wrath has been mole, In the figure om the night the moth laf the actor can be seen though the mouth oF the mask, . 167. The stock masks made it easy forthe aience to follow the play Since they could tail at a gnce the nature of any of the characters. The "Sever slave who saves his master from his father's wrath and Helps fin got the gu was favorite character. He has direct inal descendant in Fariegsin and Me, Punch, 168, This theatre was built by Augustus in 13 me. and was dedicated to his nephew. It could held 20,00. Itis now the Palazzo Sermanata neat the "Roman Forum. The exterior facade antipates the Colosseum in the super: positon of the three orders, Dovic, Ionic, and Coninthian, one above the ‘ther, Atthe dedication ofthis theatre, Augustus’ throne tipped over when he tok his seat, so that he fll over on his back. Gladiators. The Circus was the scone of the gladiator games. Unlike the plays and the races (i scenic and hd arcs), these were not called dt ‘ut miner (Le. "funeral offerings"). The miner sladitrum appear to have ‘originated among the Etruscans as funeral games, human sacs 19 peo- Vide the dead man with brave companions inthe other world, or peshaps to {give him some kind of vitality beyond the grave by offering him the lives of thers. The miner were brought to Rome forthe funeral of Marcus Brutus in 264 wc. The games kept thetr funeral significance fora century and a hall important men left money in thee wills for funeral games or lar memorial tates Bu atthe same me the gladitorial ames also became an immensely Popular entertainment, At Brutus’ funeral only Uace pars of gladiators Nad fought; atthe faneral of Titus Famininus in 174 s.c.there were 37 pairs, and shordy after that 100 pairs became standard. In 105 v.c. the giving of {ames pasted forthe most prt into the hands of the Aedes: they vere mot At fst soquired by law to put on games, but a lavish spectacle became in ‘etfoct a bribe to the electorate for further political advancement, Poliscans ‘ied with each other in their attempts to please the urban moby ulus Caesar In his Aedileship sponsored games in which 320 pairs of gladitors fought ‘The expense of such games was ruinous, but advancement to the Praetocship and Consulship guaranteed appointment to the lucrative governorship of province. The expense ofthe gliatorial games explains to a great degree the coruption and dishonesty of provincial government: the Propraetor or 399400 Proconsul ad to recoup his lasses somehow, and he did it by fleeing the provincial, Under the Empite thls incentive forgiving games disappeared, but the ‘mob stl demanded them. One carn st deplore the waste of human life In these spectacles, but i is porhaps unfair to accuse the etizeney of blo lust pure an simple twas the spectacle of human bravery, ct of slaughter, which they came fo see; they complained vehemently # the gladiators ere ‘hot well-tained. The rationalization of the philosophers, that the games Thught one not fo fear death when even slaves despised i, may have been pestecty sincere, Atanyrate the games continued Under the Empire; bvish fnmes not only insured an Emperor's poptlanty, but became a kind of Sounding board to test the atitude of the people towards the government ‘The urban mob was not afraid to hiss when the Emperor appeared, if he had done something unpopular, He could tell rom his reception just how he Stood withthe people of Rome. The gladiator games grew in Scope under the emperors, Trajan celebrated his victories in Dacia By exhibiting S00 ples of gladiators on one occasion. ‘he fist gladiators were probably prisoners of wat, Samnites, Gauls, ‘Thracans, Hitons, ety much ofthe interest of the spectacle was for the Romans to observe the syle of fighting of the diffrent nationalities, Slaves "were then tained to ight in these styles, and other methods of fighting were {Sscclope. It was sso pone fora fro man to volumtoce to ea plano but in dong so he lost his eizenehyp and to some degree even his teedom, Since he took n oath to obey onde ke the slaves. Glaciators were trained by anise (raners) in special schools an by the city or municipal govern- mentor by private individuals. The gladators were given a special diet and Kept on svt taining. Suicides and attempts a escape were not uncommon, ba many ofthe tramees developed great pride in thie specates, Gladiators were tained in many diferent syle of Sighting. The easiest kind of padiator was probably the Samnite (Sams), At firs they would have been actual Samaite prisoners, but later native gladators were taught tortight by their methods. The Saris wore a visozed helmet with a plume, 4 broad bell, a greave on the left leg only (the let leg would be exposed ‘ehten he knelt behind his shield), andl on his let shoulder the gor, a puece St armor extending uporard to protect his neck fom side blows ofa sword His sword was the spuha, a broad two-edged sword without @ point; his Shield, the scitum. Other types derived from forelgn methods of fighting ‘were the Tinie (Thracian, the Fssalzus (Chariots), and the Myrmill (armed in Galle fashion). The Trax wore a helmet and two greaves: he faied a small round shld (rma) anda carved sword (a). The Ugly tied Estrin fought from the essed, a ight two-wheeled British war ‘haat drawn by two horses. The Myra was armed 36 2 Gaul with sword “nd biel his name comes fom that ofa fish sehich was represented on his helmet.‘The Romans prelerced to pit one syle of fighting against another; one of the favorite combinations wae » Thris against a Mgrmilé. At some point some lat hit upon the dea of having the Myemil! opposed by a fisherman, fnd so gladiators were tained to fight with a et an a three pronged fsh- ‘Spear. They weee called Reta (Netmen), and had no defensive armor except ‘esasionally the gol. The Reus proved so popular that soon a spect "opponent for him began tobe tained, the Sector (Fllower: apparently the [iturin tactic wos to Keep withdrawing uni he saw a chance to throw Rs net to good effet. The Sector was armed Like the Semis, but with a different ort of helmet, and without the gulls, since he had no need t protet fis neck from soa lows. Tie contest of a more heavy aginst a more ightiy frmed man wos varied Further by te introduction of the Lajas (Noose tan), armed only with a lasso ands carved piece of wood sith which 10 disarm the Sesto by twitching hp sword trom hs grasp. Other special fighters were the Dimacharrus (Iwordagger-man) oho fought with a dagger in each hand, the Hoplomackus (Armoe-ighter) who wore a breastplate 35 well as greaves and a visored helmet, and the Arditats who was heavily armed but had »helmet-visor vith no eyerholes, 60 that he fouge blind and had to find his opponent by the sounds he made ‘Some of the wealthier prvate ciizens had gladiator schools oftheir own 4a supply auch games as they aight give, and some towns ran their own, Schools. The sifr {giver ofthe games) might hire gladiators from a ite ‘Who was in business for himsel, keeping 2 toup of gladiators torent out. ‘The rtor might get a consignment of prisoners who had been condemned to death (he had to make sure that each was either alled or returned (0 pson), but this was unpopular with the crowd, since the prisoners would hot be trained fighters, ‘When there were to be games, advertisements (grant) would be circulated and painted on walls. One such, from Pompel, reads: Ab) Suet Cert Aedtis familia gladitve pugns¥) Pomel pti) lends) ans ona tea ert "The gledatonal woup of the Aedile Aulus Suettius Cestus will fight at Pompei on the day before the Kalends of June (30 May) there will bean animal show and seeming ‘Thess for which the dtr had to pay exta, were stretched over the seating, part of the amphitheatre to shild spectators fom the sun. (On the evening before the games, the gladiators were given an especially lavish meal, at which time connoisseurs who planned to bet oa the games coll come and inspect the gladiator. "The games wore held inthe Forum, the Circus or in an amphitheats. The fist amphitheatre at Rome was that of Caesar’ friend Curio, who for his _gamos fad two theatres but back to back, When the theatial performances 401were over, the two theatres revolved careying the audiences with them, Unt! they joined into one amphitheatre tor the gladiatoral games. Rome trent on using wooden amphitheatre un He zeign of the Flavans, al- Though other ses had had stone buildings for some time (Pompei sone Smphitheatre, for example, was bul 8D p.c). Vespasan, Titus and Dom ifn built the Amphiheatrum Favium which we seal cll he Colosseum) fon the site ofthe great lake of Nero's Golden House "On the day ofthe gates, very easly while the spectators were stil arriving, cimioule oho had Geen sentenced a ests were exposed f© wild animals. “This spectacle was not considered very entertaining, snd was probably per {ortned to tase the bloodlust ofthe animals and make them ferer forthe ext show the cenit Chant), in which specially trained gladiators (stir) Funted or fought with wild animals, or the Will animals fought with each ‘other, These shaves had som ofthe fascination ofthe 200, sine every efor tras made to import exotic animals which had not been seen before. The Romans especialy Iked to pit animals from dierent pars of the world against each other, lions agnnet ges, elephants against wild oxen ee. The ‘rch for novell ed fo some strange contests: for example, a an with his {oct ed tothe leg of 2 bul, ghts a hon whose legs fed tothe foot of 2 ‘man who i ighting the bul, “The spectacle wat not always bloody. Animals might merely be show caetuly constructed mata atiety, ov teins wale ight do ecko, a Inour cscuses. We hear of panthers trained to pul a chariot, and stranger still of elephants trained to walk a ightope, A favedtespectae was one in which aconcest artist inthe guise of Orpheus (the legendary poet sehose songs charmed will animals) payed and sang while trained wi animals ‘cupt out of their dens to fe down around him and listen £0 the music Doing the games celebrating the opening of the Colosseum, an insufficiently tunined bea spoiled the effect By hlling and eating the singe. "At noon many af the spectators left for lunch. To give those who had brought tei lunch something to lok at, Ue glans mend, condemned ‘criminals, were brought in, One sas armed and made to Sill another who twas not then the arms sere take from him and given toa third who Killed bm, and so on. This as not considered very interesting, "The aftemoon began with a grest parade (ompu) of gladiators wearing special parade armoe. They were accompanied by masielans, who continued {ply during the fighting. Fist cure a pralii, prliminary skirmish with ‘wooden swords. Amateats among the spectators who wished to ty their il could dacl with the experts using these harmless weapons. Then fol Towed wat everyone had been wating for, the actual combats ofthe glad- fators themselves {Fa gladiator found himself tthe mercy of his opponent, he sed a finger to show he surrendered. It was then up tothe dito to decide whether oF ‘ot he was tbe killsd, The killing of gladiator cot the lor money, sohis impulse must usually have been to spare him. Since his aim was pop- Ulasty however, he usually let himsol be guided by the wishes ofthe people, oho waved handkerchief they wanted the fallen gladiator spared. If they ranted him killed they displayed uptumed tsumbs, the symbel of the cmp degnie, a sword-thqust through the throat, A man who hed fought bravely ‘would usually be spared. After a numberof victories a gladiator might be set five at the demand of the audience. He was then presented with 3 wooden sword, which signified that though sila slave, he no longer had to fight in the arena unless he wished. He might end hi ays teaching other gladiators: {fhe was wing to ight, he might be abe to buy his freedom or best free by popslar acclamation ‘The smaller twrns appear t have supported loyally ther own gadators {on one occasion, games between the gladiators of Pompei and of Naveia ‘used such a riot in the ampheate at Pompe thatthe Emperor closed the amphitheatre for ten years “Though gladiators were a the bottom of the socal scale, they were often popular heroes, particularly with the Indies, Te gladiators must have teased {sch athor about what Indies’ men they were. We find scratched on the walls ‘fone of the gladiators’ schools at Pompei: Crests BBG), porn nocturia, matin, alia nati “Crescens the Netaman, doctor for nighttime dolls, daytime dolls, and others” Sepri puellrum Cladus Tir) ""Celadus the Thracian, the sigh ofthe gi.” Mlustrations im the Text 158, This picture shows 2 combat between two Samiti (or Scuirs,) Since they do not wear the alms ‘172 (lf) a Soto as killed Retin; abe), a Savmis delivers the coup Ue gre 'p-178. The anor inthis picture & parade armor, not the armor used in Seto Bghing. . 188. Ovter view ofthe Colosseum, An enormous awning drawn by pes Fed fo beams in the top oitside commie provided shade. The substructure Contained arrangements fr elevators to raise the animals fo the arena Siat)~ Sx of the seventy groundefloor archrays on the outside are numbered with Roman numerals, A spectator entered the arch corresponding fo the number fom his ticket and 98 led by a ingenious sytem of stairways to the section where his scat was. The masts which held the awning sere put through holes in the cmmice and supported by the projecting consoles. A special detachment of the navy was slationed at Rome to rg this avening,193. The ters of seats fr spectators rose tofu tories, and accommodated 45.50,009 people, The basement nas wed for stage properties and cages for ‘wid bess 1p 202, In this picture the artist has relied solely on literary descriptions since At that time there had been no archeological evidence. Some of the things Shown in the picture re mounted and unmounted pladiators, boxing and ‘yreatng, and inthe center a representation of the Lidus Tos, a dose ‘order hotseback dil (Chariot Races, Another cass of tl were the chariot aces, ics, Like the thearcal perormances, they had a primarily religious significance. They ‘er held in honor of various gods, but they also provided entertainment {nmensely popular with all classes of Romans "The races were held inthe various crt of Reme, the largest of which was the Circus Maximus, lying inthe valley betwoon the Palate and Aventine Hills, This racecourse was thought to have been lid out by King Taeqainius Prscus (16-579 9.2), It was continaally enlarged and remodaed (Rotably by Julus Caesar) until by the fourth century Ht could seat 385,000. In the photograph of the model on p. 215, a the near end of the Cizcus are the fears anking the entrance gate with the box forthe giver of the games Shove it. On either side of the carers was s tower (ppidem) where the ‘unicans were placed. The two-stoned imperial box om the fr side of Ue Chrous was connected ith the imperial palace on the Palatine Hil behind it ‘The monumental gate inthe curved end of the Clzcus was called the porta rump, was used only wehen the timp procession of 2 victorious {general passed through the Clcas ons way to the Forum. The columns on ‘urved bases were the mile, the markers for the turns. These were joined by the spin, a wall 4” high andl 12" wide. Inthe center of the pine was the tndesgrouned allar of Consus, the god of the stream whose course had been ppt underground make room forthe racecourse. It was uncovered on his Festivals ia August and December. Neor it was an obelk of Ramses Il brought tom Egypt. Also on the sping were numerous smal temples, foun- fains, and statues (notable among them one of Victory). The lap markers ‘vere seven lange wooden eggs, ane af which was removed after each lap; tnd seven bronze dolphins, en of hich was tweed over after each lap (he ‘ogg ns the symbol of Castor and Pollux, the horse-tating gods the dolphin, (of Neptune, creator of the horse, The Circus wos 180)" > 250 A day of races began with a parade (mp) which proceeied from the Capitol through the Form tothe Cites snd once around the track. The pompa was led by the magistrate giving the games, ding in a trumphal {hasit and wearing tumphal costume, searet tunic, wide-bordered toga, sgolden crown, and wory scope, He wa followed by the images ofthe gods fn carts or liters, each accompanied by his awn priests. These were also-Aftor the procession the presiding magistate took his ple in his box above the starting gates (arverss), When he signaled the start by deopping 4 handkerchief, the gates were opened and the race began. These staeing Bales, twelve in number, were azanged across the end of the Ciscus on & Slant so as to equalize the distance. The chavits, usually four in number, and with four horses each, made seven laps (about four and a ha miles) ‘around the central barrier. The tivo center horses were hamessed to the hartot pole, the outside ones Hed dinety tothe chariot. The le-hand hors, the one onthe insige at the tums, was considered tobe the most important. Because ofthe difculty of contlling four horses at once, the drwver had the reins ted around his waist. He caeied Knife to cut them #0 a= not to bbe dragged ifthe chariot should smash into the barriers or be overtures. ‘The chariots were light andl tipped easly, and there was great danger of hese going over atthe tins: the driver had to keep them balanced with move- ments. of his body. To facitate this, his short tani was strapped close #0 his Body. To provide some protection from the other chariot if here should be Am accident, the chariotser wore Boots and helet-ke cap. [AS the chevits bogan thelr ast lp, chalk ine was raven across the ene lof the course, and he first chariot to cross it was the winaer. Spins ran Nigh ‘during the races, bets were laid (both form sheets and programs were pol lished), and charioteers and horses wete cheered enthusiastically. An adi onal dimension was added to the interest by the carious Iact that the factions or teams of charioteers bacame associated with speci: politcal Views, 50 that the vases became a place for the demonstration of paris feelings ‘Greece, catiot racing fad been essentially a rich man’s sport, since cach team was owned, and its charoter hired, by an individual, but at Rome chariot racing was engaged in by companies) cach of vehich had is town distinctive color, worn by its chaviotecrs. Teams and charoters were Fed fram these companies (iaiSuls) by the government oF the giver ofthe ames, The two origina factions were the Red and the White. At Use begit- Fing ofthe imperil period the Blue and the Green were added, The Greens were backed by the emperors and the mob, the Blues by the senator Bistoracy. The other two factions may at fist have been backed by oppo- rents ofthe imperial system. Toward the end of the thd century the Whites joined the Greens, and the Reds joined the Blues, leaving only the Blue and the Green, ‘Mustrations in the Text P. 158. Mony mosaics show children pretending they are taking port in ‘hari! races or gladiator fights, These may be merely fanciful scenes, but there is some evidence, both iterary and archeological, that chilren did entrain themselves inthis way. 405. 198, The crude but vivacious ret shows the chariots cling the spin ‘Tho mite show up ceasy in the picture, as wll ae some of the decorations ‘of thes. The row of caves may be soem atthe lft with the giver of the James in his box above; the columned structure fo the right ay represent the imperial box. 1-218. Besides the Colosseum and the Circus, two sets of imperial baths can be scon, the Bths of Trajan behind the Coloscevim and the Baths of Caracalla in the upper right-hand comer, In the foregzound are the wharves and warehouses to recrve freight brought up the Tier om barges. LAW AND GOVERNMENT For an account of Roman politcal institutions, see Book II of this series, Jenney, Seudder, and Cofin, Tied Yeer Lain, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1984, pp. Ilustrations in the Text 1. 210. The provincial capitals copied the facilities of Rome with baths Basics, et. this model of the mains of the Severan Forum at Leptis, fone sees the temple with its high podium in the foreground: here orator ‘could address the people. In the Background are seen the remains of the [reat Gallen, faced on this side witha rove of shops . 216, An actual view of the basilica which appears at the far end of the ‘mavel on p. 210, This bases has a tibunal at each end of its central hal 22. Ths basilica was begun by Jus Caesar in S49. and dedicated by ‘August in a.b. 12, The ilstation shows the basilica as rebut by Dioce- tian. This type of bullding was dovoloped by the Romans to provide « sheltered place near a forum for various types of business, including cove wae p. 22. Like the Basics Julia, the Basics at Pompeii had a central hall Surrounded by aisles; unlike it, had a tnbunal at one end but no upper sllery. The archives of legal documents were foand wnder the raised tidal Bt the far end. Inthe Aloo of the tebunal there were two holes When the presiding oficer called fora document, a clerk from the archives could find ‘and hand it up though ove ofthe hoes. 1p 232. The Forum at Rome was a Jowlying area between the Palatine and Capitotine Hills, uilized rom early times 38 a marketplace and asa meeting Place forthe Comitia and Senate, Over the centuries ir became crovsded wth Temples, baslicas, shops and monuments, al erected with no general plan ‘in mind, a0 that by the late Republic the Forum Romanum, seat of the {government of most ofthe Mealterranean worl, presented a cuttered and haphazard appearance. Julius Caesar di a good deal of remeeling, building ‘the Basic ua opposite the Balls Acro thal he Forum was borderedby the colonnacs of the two busing: along both its long sides; and moving the platform whore speakers stood to address the Coma fom in front of the Curia to one end of the Forum, thus marking «third side of 9 long, rectangle Insofar as religious sanctions allowed, the space inthe mide wat ‘Seated ofthe monuments of ealice ages. This refurbshed Forum a5 st too small for al the business which it had t accommadate thus Caesar bl 2 new sinall forum, the Fovum Julium, at the rear ofthe Curia. It consisted ‘ffs rectangular area surrounded by a clonsude with shops bebind and ft one end the lemple of Venus Genetix, The design may have been meant to echo the newly rearranged Forum Romanum with the poricoed basieas along both sides andthe Temple of Coneard and the Temple of Vesta atthe fends) At any rate, this design became canonical for fature Fora. Augustos ‘completed Caesars remodeling of the Forum Romanum by completing the Basics lia and by closing the foweth se ofthe rectangle with the Temple of the Deiied Julius Caesar. He also built the Farum August, on much the fame plan, with the empl of Mars Ultor at oe end. It had no shops, but {tad improve on Caesar's plan by the addition a lwo large apes blind ts colonnace; these had some ofthe amenities of a basilica, proving sheltered ros for ihe caeying on af various sors of busines. The Empezoes Vespa Sian and Nerva opened up more space inthe centr of the ety by building Sal forums of sislae design. In dhs petare the calumas in the Foreground fe thoge ofthe Temple of Saturn, Through them can be seen the Arch of Septimius Severus, the Senate House and the remains of the Basilica Ae~ ils, On the right the Temple of Vesa is seen beyond the remains ofthe Basilica Julia 228. Ths statue, saved from the melting pot because it was erroneously Thought tobe» portrait of Constantine, now dominates Michelangelo's bea tif piaaza om the Capitoline Hil. le was originally gilt The gilding had

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