Anne D’Alleva How to Write Art History Second Edition Laurence King PublishingChapter writing art history essays and papers Begin he ging nd go you comet the end then tap sal 833-98), Alice in Wondedand (Combining the challenges of weting with an unfamiliar subject, ike art history for the beginning student, makes for stress, When you set out to wite an essay, you can't go wrong following Lewis Carrol’ advice, but I'l wy to provide moze extensive guidelines here to help you along in the process. Most of this chapter is devoted to art history essays and research Paper. It also provides some basic information about howto dalwith references, endnotes and bibliographies, and how to quote and paraphrase. If you need more hhlp with research and weitng, consult one ofthe more general writing guides listed in the Bibliography. Arthistorical arguments: opinion vs. interpretation ‘one of the objections hea lo fom students who ae un- happy wits ht essay anasto history state ‘pinion, Mine fas god ous! As I hope ove ome to relic by now, at histo is oplion, fe ntsc ton, whic might be beter chaacteiand mt sported and informed opinion. That i doing at history ou bare be ‘eto dea with te aval nee inn way tht meets ony your lester’ expecations butals te standards of the decile. Tessometines dificult make thishitwih at histo, 28 opposed noche subjets sch chemi ors, be ‘ates images aresue big part four lies, Yonaleady eat wih val igs in avs of ways ain anny lof eontexts. You maybe ue gong to museums ad look ing at at and having all sot of opinions abut na way that yo dan’ genelly do ina chemiry sb The Kinde of opinion yu express these oceaions maybe a ea takabout arith en, bin he context ofan art hitary ure, where you are scholerworking withthe dipline’s yeomineiag Here's an extreme example. You may dcie that space aliens ui th Parthenon. Tat ley wel, wen youre toryoa ey alan end Hower, hatvesion of eens won't be coining in an at history course, becaue you ‘woul be bl suppor it according othe standards oF ‘hediepline Todo tht youwoul fastiaveopeotidesome esidenee space ane at wok on th bung a cote if Yoo'e a war space an enthustst that may no prove tbe alls of other evideace tharcontadi whatyure saying, tc as anclent tat desert the work of he arcs Tins and Kallas Cot active cg? 43 oc) athe sie. Te es thatpcesiensbnit the then maybe a ‘las peronal opinion, bts avai ka thio Toshi wha te espose would be Fatuents token “ivemy opinion so i's OK approach to chemi In chem tain 2 lofi, you woul tothe let, ‘Wal your opinion tathiseperimeat ttt 25 ro ble lg. ery bappy with 2m of ren gi. ide! He my tube needed i ewatthe fous oF ry experiment Roe is esi to eognie chemist = {cispinethatis separate rom other arene ofkoadge and ‘erence, dene ate esky t taketh sry opinion Ses OK aude tee han in archisto But ot bese ‘ejand artis have thei esabished methods as acaerie Alilines and when aking courses in thee sabe, 9 ‘hou ll them. The ese that youl Become atonerigoowe, flexbe aod ctstive hiker trough you engage ‘ment these estab methods, Inc hist, we ot ooking fora et as epoca 2.5 mlot lve gid. Your profesor is general not ooking for jos one inerpretaton, but or cel eon finer pretation, Yet ere a thes pl no one sgh nser, ome lntrpestion wk be mpre convinsog hun others Decuse theta ino aestnt moe of the salable foc tio aboura paca sabe. Tsametimes us the analogy of being a nest explin this proces of ulding interpretations rate than opinions. In acourtoom, you and the opposing lye have the ane setofetoration, bat yo inet ln dierent ayy are fe diferent tories tom thi sae ot finn {ion reve, the tory yon cree ha ob preset in estan way, acing to the cou’ standards forthe Kind lof evdence and presentation of endence tat are permis Jina wa I the end, your star bat to eon the ary ad ‘he judge by accounting forall the evidence sealable Ifyou coed na murder ease, hat your cent is innocent, bt you casts eplin why is gees were all ‘er he un bse in he cme, sen yourinepreaton ie not ving convince nyo, Research papers ‘You may el be aka wo produce a eet paper a partof oar coarse This iewheteyou gett digi a aston, ‘combining formal and comet anasto engage deeply ith at Thee are srl deen kindof seat paper Yoamaywrteaboutaspesfeworkof at or aspecc an Yin x example, the histor of pa meu ou ‘may write abou an at historian and hi rhe ess We Jing esearch paper expose ou tthe eae of is ‘oo nclding scholar works writen rom tong pints of ew with bight deretopedangimenrs These kinds of oresace dient om the coun textbook, which is sesly wideanging and fly neil le =ppach ting While these ew kinds of sures eat be ening and cha lengingto Wook i,t con lo be hard tease Developing a topicand starting your research Asancnample, Mwalktgoughthe tps of esexchingith ‘rasan lin Holby Ati Gentieschi (0595-6523), pins rtd 635, now inthe it (gure 444) deciding on a reser tops, yo inay have chosen to work a thi ning Bewue the unuatl sj ad the damatioway Gentle presets it a deterined ith cs through Hoafress nak with power ts the am, whe he mid col ld hie owner the Be. You would know enogh about Bogue at (ee Glossary 170) and women tite lon you corse think hts here wore reatvely few women atts in thi pei esc isan unseat 0d potently ireting + the paling represents «powertil woman, so it might be ineresing to lok a how the ai Keniy at & woman acted ech and resent of he his gives you 2 ill set of queson to prs fr reat. Notice hit there's no dentoped the statement Jost set oF east pre, The thei wll erg rm the proces fest hers vo things todois pursing histpicareta con sateche bogey ofthe extook rece and to do keyword sath emia Genlescht inthe a's ninctlogue. ou woaldcome upwth ster long et of ‘consult feta few of the mast substantial and recent sources "hata moet diel lated i eset ges sy rea ro yD.ra, May Diente ard 6 TS a hp fon is ei, Bettie Cari tise eel ome Hey Cambie Cambs Unbesty These areal books publihed by major nies or mse pretest you woud knw at yt present ey good Scholar. Several of thee sources ae cutee, ao they ‘ls indete whacyoa should ead fom te eater erature, Frm having t sure the enti exe erate yours. "a this such you would alo ate 35 interesting, and probably fun and prowetveto read, 2 nore abot Artesia avis Alene, ti A on, yee, ‘Yo woud be es ikem coul thi soure Sa hig neon on 93. ‘Thecatalogue ety goes om wo descebe thls book 28. (an geil ome so) 36cm’, Gents desertion andthe Publisher Rio which prodoce igh-quiy tnt asus Fyecbo books you would recognize the at cle table book: Beeuse «good schla wot if you would cexaily tion our it consult st some point bt two De "por You would expe that many ofthe igs Garrard rset io thi id of bok would appear elseeren het moreso palcton You would ten consult an online inex to pero it- ‘raat shek ventric in jour This ne would Be eet at ead Sen Ricard emis Contec Ten ean of Ftd et The lle i epee 200056879. "The abate (a brie sary ofthe a) nows thie & eve ofthe scholay cate, 8 wel a tert ad tematic representations of Gentle and bet work. Ag, ox woo eth ren youre inthe fd oy !ushipon Atemiss Genesch You woud als ot the lowing ‘Rape Teh ary er Sig 200 Depending onthe research ne you decided puro, this ance might became hight leva, bu you would cose the more genera resources Stn developing x wok the S610 gle your rest, You woul note ta this ase In prt ofa speci se ofthe oural doe mater oF nde, which may poeta el generate sorseinteresting ‘entiane fame these, You would also wate nthe pre ‘dentures name of reserve of isl wok, morespeceldeas ta parse research oa woul makett roto redthe caper devon Gentes depletions ‘ofthe ith heme in Garr tier ook, ri ele ‘di The nage eft ele in alin Barge 8 a6 wells he incr caper, whic poids a oreo Fe att’ eae. Whe reading Sen’ review ofthe rocent Tira, yoe would py tention othe themes and issues tees inthe scholrship on Gnesi, bot woul be careful at he sme ue o kep an open mind ad deep Yur ova viewpoint In esd Biss’ wor, you woud rote hit he offen provides an interesting courterplne Gatrarsitepesatns aswel asa oof belgroud infor ‘matin on ech of Genlschs known works. Cite, {nd Mann’ exibition estalogue provides interesting ata ‘sof Arena elton he etic, the pair Orso Gene 563-169) ~a perspective hat may be reer depending your teas fet read-hough ofan and Griec's Book would veel tat Ie does’ inde an essay on Gentiles pes, although there re scat efetences¢o her work thong the tet. odes some intresting analyses of gender andthe representation of gender, 80 you ‘woud note the pins tat seu neresting and kei in ‘mind ogo buck oan ed indepth i ou eseach tamed One ofthe things ye would se trough ths reading process would be the prealenceof pschoanayle nerpet ‘ins of Geniesch's wo, expel in ters of he impact of her experience of having been rape 2 young woman on ‘hekindsorimagey she chose Garardand ther are tat the depion of oth isa ing of reveling ofthe ape~the feroie woman decpiate and thus emboli estates) the ut nan wh desires. While his perspec nthe imagery sintering it has lendy been explored in ge ep, and doesleste mach oo fo you ost something eo pt togethe your own interpretation, Tn th comer, you might lok other expec of this alain, The et a as oiiallyptchate by Hor fence’ powell Emi, for example, might ed you ‘to expo aspets of patronage in Geach’ wrk. Who was buying al hese imepesof stron, heroic women? Wat vas Genes reltionhip her patron? We sniar ‘oar een rom hat of contemporary male art? Tak ing shoot ita bitmore, you might wel fous onthe feat ‘he produced seen pings othe Medi fim al epee Ingeithersnge ele igre or martes in whieh waren arethe pretagoniss Why woe the Medlls terested iter ‘at? Wee hey terestedin his dint female imagery, Das there someting ele soot te ating that mae hem dsaber And I's, how ld the cme to ens with the female imager and the gender of tears? These very specie guesons compare hem with te mare opes-ended Suestons that inte the reseateh proces) constitu the Project working esis, Ths working thesis wold eoqie she research to go a thre dieser into Getleth'excer and these teren pings into te Med fly anit patronage oF ‘Genleschl an other stn and ino pater of patonage in Batoge ay sels work would be partly bly here publshedallthe known palnsings by Geneschiand {ncded mck infomation abut fail arangements and professional tionships. Carr's second boo, At ‘in Getcha 622 The Shaping ond ebay fen A ies, would az be let oss onto ile eso pinings, the Srl nary Magdalen the Burgley House Stn i de, bah enced cea 82-23, fers pred jihad Matern Saying Hole. Gate’ stl ofthe way tht enti gender and market esse shaped the ants predution of these vo wosks fers isis ino her relasionship wit her patons ound thistime. Meanwhile, eding Christiansen and Mann's xh Genelec’ exprcaces 3 an art ns lager content and ‘oer what she ght ve eared fom heater about working with patons or how his connections might have eee er Keeping notes You've protslyaresdy developed method af note-taking that work fou, os shoo or other aes undergrad ‘tate courte, ust eves ew ofthe option ly bee ‘Motof stents take notes index cats, this ste, oskeponcsetfindercate 3x 5in(7541250n) th ll Iibiogaphie efeenes. Then yu take note on snater vet fea 4x6 in Uo x15 em), puting the autor lst name nihettleonhetop line witha page number ten ast Inebelo andthe the noe or otton elo This pst Ines Bente you can hf the ods ound puting quotes together in difenet wit belp assemble yoo air ret wll adi that he indecard sytem does not week srl forme, because at paul orgie penn Trent le the cd thy gt jambled up andes had or mew get road sexing the notes ¢ an une ase T peer take rte ina notebook, wich gies me heer sense ofthe eelpient of each stor argument "aving the notes on each workin succession inte noebook ale helps keep tack of my wesareh proces. Hus, Ihaea ‘erst memory and olen erember her got te ‘sed ons aotboak pape when ned to lok her p(ttalen cha does’. wook with Index car). However, forsome People thi metho bis he steric Bd "hing inte pager ofa notebook aking notes ely on x compte, eter va a word prcersing programme or notes progtnme ean slo De tery eter Laculy pee an ol ationet nebo to raldng eats ciety ona compter beesse'm more acc ‘ate weting by hand thantyping The especial portant ‘when nding with rca mates forign-angange ourcer where excl to exp tack of cores sping Programmes such et Endnote help orgie nd low i logrphiefrenc. The) cantare ou tote, base once aorkisenteredncrec hasta be ped at esin you a pl othe reeence nd piste tint werd: proces {oeument ns ary of oat Remember phococopisoftelated works works selvanto the argument ht you Ha you're researching For eample if you're working on pat, you may want tm kp some phraopin of the drving ested te de ‘elope, depictions ofthese sujet by other atte and Aitrene wos done by the ats round the same tine. I you're sagyng architecture, make pboteope of se whole ug photgrpted sem various tee, ground pian eae, eterbadings bythe sume seit 2d bulge construc around the sane ue by other cies. Bren ‘hough hess images may note immediately eerant your ‘eseath, oa may eed ther tern fr comparative pos 5 you bl youraterpeatin. Ae, in racials, doing hiss you go along means tht you are more ikl 2 ave the itstrtons ready fr te fia eop of you pape) "Tat dl alo non tha the worst thing ou ean dois coverate the phoseopier Just accumulating ue of phot copes ofatcles and bok capers woul yu drop a ood angiment.toudon'tprocessandyntes information opel en you simp photocopy texor go thought with highlighter (Thar avo why Iecommenduoteaking ‘vt highlighting sce Cher hover deep aco ‘incng interpretation, youbae tosis andes the egmens Fate uthors, dining wl normation a You ge lng. Resources for research ‘Ove ofthe most effective things you can dois const the reference ibrains who work your ners ay spe ily there's one who speaiaes 2 ston, Reference Istana tuned help you with your research take ‘antag of hist Al oa Rae fois bing an otine of your Peper or the ieas you're working with» is ofthe bib. [xh refeenes you sled hve and sk for suggestions Ths soni adie taking tour of your univer brary a a couse on its exalogues and other online resoaes [bas usually run hem atthe begining of he year ae sometimes pecodealythraughou the term. This wl lp uo week eal and ese nthe unvesiy's Mvaties, ‘With new ve esourees coming online constant, is wi eared dime ier, Books “Tere ea enormous erate nat Risto, and ema at times Be reaming tot 0 make your way though tegouworkon your pape, ecaue tess mich popular Pubisbing sbodt ant yoo want be cael elute our Sources for el gultyand ence your wet Although How many sources should I use? These sr utes sti up cours ral betne Det rem oe a pp gg aw gt pap irre reamgeal (ctl re ae he echt pyre {Seat ee snes ete et ah tts hija ve sh nen go ie he ‘eur, ithe qty oie erly bathers fare yn po hi oe sie tale he Aedes ado aye aol aeisnot an absolute guar of ebay mat, ok ex hut exalogue plished by mor moseus and books published by untesty press. There have thehighertscbol 'ny stapdards andthe mos rigorous editor proces sd 20 ‘el prota be te ert eure your wrk. That's uo abioltetandad et fr des of your sources ot hoo they ae There ae csc wore chat il fontainmany insights thdeare oa gayest ld orennold- {One gener gidtine tothe qunliyofsnotepubietion Into sec how ots cite yon seein oto bogs hie, ten you shou robabl take ook t 0, lo 2 subject reuneoe south schol merc book, Jouhavesereral options. You can, ofr, yout lest fra tesezch barn about You maya an ok ip reviews ofthe workin major oural,{ssomtiend loki. up mote than one revi = you dont want your perfective ‘onthe book skewed by edn one review that happens o Be ansall oslo poe. ‘As yo research, imporant 0 kee in mind he a Linton between primary and sesondnysoutes, bate ‘ach pts you dierent kinds of information on youre ec Pinay soues fr historia esearch ate thor sores prodeed by people dei invalid in the ages, rents 2nd pei youre weting about 0, fr cape the eters lof Mary Caan (45-196) ae 4 pimaty sore or ude standing her art. Secondary soars re by scold oth fs commenting on o inept the images, evens and atid you're wing sbout The at historian Gauls Po Toc’ took Mary Caste sin of Matra Wames (London ‘Thames Hodson, 198) es sconday sure sboa thea ie Many primary sooes have been plied ~ ati et tereand oer wings, fr example and 0 wl be ely salle o you Other primary source are publish id be inacesile thot ging tthe ses, moses Sndarchives that house the ong ems, Leeurers pely owt expect undergadtes owilze unpushed primary source intel reseach papers There ae many type of specialised publisione within thir. These ste fe that ou may on ars nhiiton catalogue. Catalogues ofen contain scent sha anship in the form fess by lending shor in the el Ove th pst 20 years 0, ein cxalogues produced bymsjor moses hae become important wok schol stip, Monograph This tre ofbok ses on sages Caalogue easonné. The complete cxtlogue of a8 ariets work, often incding exense ens on exch wrk, tae {ng ite collncon hist (provenance) and comming on tssiguiane, esac Ths German word meaning etal wring ised Tora caleton of ey elaine schol (otien upon rein. Colleagues and siden conte essays that pial aes or wece inspite bythe ein: Corpus his wr (corps come rom the Latin tf ody cpus publishes all the objects ofa Known 7 ‘Ope ofthe het Know i he Cae Vou Ange ulibolune work tt pubes mage and eatlogue focmaton forall he know ance Greek pated vse, Periodicals ede trate is important bose tis i off whee Solas publish eis it. A with ook, et at ‘many evo pabione on at that saving ther ot fan be bewiering process. lossy art mapeins gear ‘owe colictore, deers and intvorcvignes ate oft ery appealing, ut ty are pally writen by profesional jours ater than ortho and 30 ae sore Fite as scholar resources. While sch endian be sf especialy you're weting about clei races, Forexumple, your be bt to work with choi oaral Foraost subj Some ofthe most important scholarly our als in ar history alse inthe biography of his book, thet at the owas cons ft Thee journals haveademanding review proces forall hears they pals and "het authors are eal hl tained ant horas. Thate area nuber af guides operidie erative aa le online on pin. Online aides wiley be valle ‘om yor onversiy' webs (ond may equ pond), whl pint guides are wal kept in their's reference Seaton. The majong ules go bck boa 0 ye rd ‘hou peti deste ro support your search on enoat topics Ae wth Boks, thet’ o magi cut te for whe Somethings eer Cerny you want gethe moet tovdateace, but thre areal cause ates walter may yearn ago hate stil wil Ifyourope vty spelled, brio doing something hiargrapie (ecu on the story fat sty, then ou wl erty wan cata ‘wider nt and cous the prt guides to pidie er tart pea good sense ofthe eae tere. Some online ues now of fl ex of tes, bu hey somtimes need o got the wack snd get the ria esions, Alo, be rat thatthe most recent ses of pros won't i hein databases, so youl needa chek thse that late to you tpi in he bar to see they cade anything on yoursujet The online indo ht ind tos efi i Wilson Ona le Fl Text Megs, a muk-icpinary dbase providing the comple content indexing, abate ae fl fx fon several tbesesin theses, scales, the ha tes, busness and educavon I indudes At abstaes Foo oft the present, and the Ar Ines, the frrunnes oA _Abstcts, om 1929401984, Wis iy feble an pro ‘ides number of seach options Give the ierdacipary tre of at hstay today | recommend usa the Brad, Ince sear fineion, bese inlet a history atbuse aswel oter mates and os ecences Ane ter good online resource the BEA (Biography of the isn oF Art, which Is ao aval in apie version, 1 Incigeetaesterindzes RILA Repetto de Je liezsre da Yat) and the Réperoire a Keep in mind ‘ha: BHA coves oly Wester rt sine Ea Citan tine oth Won and BHA include sat hl more ent ‘mate, which can be elf determining fa source ate to your sublet. wo other specsond databases ay prove wef, ART biographies MODERN bganing74 2h ing sce find coeingrnzent-snary at and began foesing 1 includes extensive annotations and cross-references, The ‘Avery ndexoArchicturl eddies sas valableoaline ‘ndix avery pod spplement the morelitecorerageot searching noa‘Wester topics ~ especialy in Aican, Pace, "Nate atmerean o e-Colambin art hat you wl pot ihe topo yond rhino tbs, iy Wi sonieso wear aninericipinany database. You ray Sng ‘eleva ares about ftican or atv Areas atin soci eince databases, for example, because aehopolgits have ts writen abot thse at tations. Archscologls ject from Asi, the Casi word nd the preColambinn archaeology is often considered a branch of anthvopology. Websites ines note aon, The we offer oof good nat yeu may not ad elseere, bur you ned to eet ery ete Fath, Remember, jas about anyone en post a weble Not fn nef ference we uch a Wikpea, wl be aerate nd upt-date.n general, websites developed by muscu, Hates and universes ae the more elie rexouces ltioueh like any ther sure, he iemation thy prvi ‘unt be cal este Be sees of anything posted yamine, unless you can very a that person as steers hit make hit et 4 reogiaed sho on thoy each as aPAD from eptable nies tech ing poston, «mise postion or ata postion a moe ede, Rerenber to, tht yoa wil ot beable to wtean ete les termendon amount of valuable clay rei hat las notbees pu up onthe web and maybe eats beforethimae saab onie or the fortes tre, oul vet lan on doing ome od ehionod bar research, Te easy to waste ne on the wed, For eee paps 1 gency don't recomend ding 2 bast web kero scarce troh «commer search engin, ke Googe at Yahoo, unless you hae of me of ae doing the sesh for fin when you woukes do ocr Kinds of tescuch IF yo dort do & sophistse, arsed keyword seth, i ‘wl tke youalt of ime to work tough the rex, Could easly number in he hoon. Instead heck oe at itor ub ite, which pinay fins to ote sites aod uly provid at eat some seraace of quali ome {00d hub ste ited inte Bibliography. Within hove Sites, cused keyword serhes can help ou find the l= ‘mation ou nee. For example, fy things pula sk ofa, gotothe weit ofthe muscu ocolletion tat Rouse "aly, nversmply tap teeta youve ound fan the we int jour own per. may not eas ad ‘ven itis, you te ely e ont aa at lage am (presenting someone els’ Wook s fit were your own, See below With the web, wit ther feserch resources, itisalwaysimporant wo fad yor own words expres the ‘eeu andinfxmaton youve ducovee, Reference works ‘The ibkogsphy (173) ata number ofa istry ee ‘ice works ha nay lp yu ia your esearch, Diconties fates of symbols and subjects in ten be er bp 25 you Begin your each | want to menton In patilt the Grow Ditanay of (ed. Tan Teme, Maorlan, 998) hich tan excellent sure with rls wren by aor eholies inthe eld our ity ay subsite online version wo) Ke in min tht references ike he Byoqaiesita a are nts ace pale resource fra mies eet resarl paper beeoethearles te unl to gee, ow Should el ce toconrle genera cacjlopei fyou ned ‘some background infrmation on prtiar opie ifyou'e ‘wrtng about «pane scroll pang, fo example and don't know mish aboot Zen Bis. Your paper shold he spec enough ins rpunens, so he Kad of materia presented ina general eneylopaea is someshing that jou wou need quote. Critical moments in art history writing lade here some ofthe specif chalengc yo ce in wesing at Mistry esas and papers. Remember cone fone the sundaré weg gue ted in he Biography ‘0 etelp with more gener ses in iting. Developing a thesis ‘our thesia the vel argument dhayou presen thei ides tht you want o pur Zrvaed after weighing ual your research. Having ei tht, dm that tls 357 ‘hes i Whe I was staring may PRD dsettion, 1 ord avy goiigon anon whtever anyon ened me sbout ay ‘opie, tent rom another university tld ne htt ee he dsereaion wis abou, thes pepraph tee, then a thresetence rete, then# onesetence este ‘mento his way she ited the basic se she was expo iin er eech Thi he may the deeopment of se es, coming den ills insight that we go out and prove Actually think he process of coming up with aide is ofen moc Ike panning for gle We avo sf trough Aloto stulbefoe we eome up wit he valuable augget we wan Isa proces of eonsandy ei au thougis 50 ‘hat he good, original ideas merge several stages to developing Hei, 5 the ample esac, fon Artemis Gents aoe showed The fist to ve op working pores to gue your research You my want, to woke donna listo thee iil quetons, Once youte szcumolated 2 substantial body of resech, wend erouge your nos to help cystine themes o sues that you wast to ares inthe ety. One ofthe ginal sions thtprompted your sesarch wl probably emerge the basi oF our ths During heeding process, wher youre working ith the fe vough da ofthe easy take se that ote Statingthe thesis leat at te begining oF he synthe Inoducoypuregraptn ren hough san undergraduate, on’ probably weekingost with secondary sot, our thesis shou erin] tis youre, not jase echask cr sunmary of meone esas on the sabe Here ate tro apes of intodscorypeagrph fam stent say on Nan at, Both were produced fran a ‘gent ashing students 0 wie abou work of Alcan ‘ton delay at assum. Neither tent a pay "trong ter bh chow he sane stag open the esa by providing some nes backgrouad aeration aboot te calor, Despite these ine, ony one proves a cleat tha The ft essay begins ‘TheCaneronngratens conten Kinga cio {nda ich ne ndepondo, Tew gee ny ‘loveming The Canetoon pone const of ipo “Engone The inpaten gon often ema eh eee i eh "gs There tes ot ngton Nya iy at felon of Tha the ens Th ele to ae happend stanetsod by tadhos of ahing “The second introductory pasgraph reas lows seth elton th he dsb, ea ol the Ising et i whch ease sloppy an ap oo Inded 2 oll poser of fey, bit oe Peay aed deh petfrmcd tong th to coe etd, ha mpi ele erode poe tg na etme dori the ees eo Maree ‘May The sal epee tough smarter of peo pied by onde masque, wa ara Cele ‘The second writer secede itBeinglng the genera sus ‘on of Yorba cue sound wo he aowok she's wing sho, then preset acer perspec ont poem ter thsi The rater Gos eenio the aor e's leg wih lth dct, nd ine, steals Tater in he body of thes t del ety withthe work IF head fs on iting cleat these sateen boa tht objet ewonld hive ged he atcha te ret ofthe ey Inte eng procs, then the coud constantly go backend check her wok gains tht eis statement make sare ‘hitehewar desing ih the objet anddeeoping ber amp ‘nt ines wae ‘Writing am introductory paragraph es no wonder tht sent on srg with rodsctary {o get the readers aestion, explain your sje at setup your argument so tar you can dereop i eect in the bodyofthe assy Tofen recomend ut deat save the wing ofthe ‘nvoductory paragraph forheendoftefestsaft Youshoud taveasuong thesis and an tine pide youn writing te first parapaph ofthe esa. you want, aft out ey ough version of the itrodacory paragraph, but dn’ spend aoe ftime oa it Once he rough da of he body of the es site the Body yo kaow oe scart what the ety ‘about even with thebestof outlines your esa will change ‘you mite, osu wring ei aprons fininganderson Also, yourhavng key produced pages of ting the body oF hos wil remone some of ea ety that eomes withthe wong proces. With he end insight, hat imporan ft paragraph wil bese to produce Thee ate may ieen ways to hand the induction toa ay Aer antec wy x imply to intoeoce ‘he avvor o is ya ate thing a hen sate Your thei, your point ve on them Sich ineduetions oe ‘wrk fom some gener obenatons tothe specifi thei, + inthis example sl rete wos In ay pst sn prec ofA ‘mkt on ey portant lon nots di congo bn ss ato cj by asst Inet compos ol i Most mony nein Themed ng. the musiek po on nd tone ‘Then ofte Bonde Scie seston oforer tee Fete ges ceed in Kaba cures embodies faite Oberg 8 2 Tie mk expe i {nd fincion Though ise matcapadpeemancein ‘ance ef the nce ong and deat inens on Sometinessadents choose w wie more cried: ions ecg ona quote or dinar defition aan ex ery fom a pono fit nowel They may ie the Bat agen resunt thee personal experience in pursuing ‘hewaple ve nto especy in fc sale nays hat students often recount ter expeiace of the seu it to provides coment forthe formal apse hat hen kes up the body oF he enter orga tis aa valid ton, although tome leurs consider his kindof intodieon to be enrancou.ifyou want to uve thi Kind of opening ie prbablybestocheskwihyour lecturer ahd sememberth You musts make the rnin ted oor esay by Inreducngyourresarch ope and sting your thesis ers ane exaple ofthis kind of opening to an sty that dstaer« won in the Boston Maxcu of Fine Are, Ie fong, bet! want quote cere Beas es ambitious the writers taking eons era ptspoctie on hisenpeienc, so wile ya ens of how thi kind of inuodutonexn work, The Untodson pessoal teat cul starts out plying of quoceffom a popular wae bok cbouttay ‘hen itn, end got af pt a, hse Wid p08 The Rrasne tes al jot gh Le ol of Pon, Ce, Se ty i a ged ‘elon a ese ee ‘dot eg ha a pay ouch se shy ot he en erated wth ova the bight at So, ees, woteour eso ‘angeanyeo andthe en hee fm (othe best eyo aston, assests ed oe Mos ‘Cougar Hele ees eh yp ts esi Chis ‘ha alaugh eternal, he wed ey the mes,itn Mocum of Fine bef, alone ihe dfine te hd aay benfagnd bye tresigeltonchip enwen the apace eet y th ce and fe ere The journey othe users prone the weer With ae op oti orefleon he intel jounsy he was king ination. The writer wet omc describe his expences Inde maser, ooking dierent works, ual be und the nee waned to wit abou Pesan fee igi Tee Carne (Garalomeo dk Giosnn| Corda, Ol and enges ae Tok eso then hat rend hat ‘tough my gun had tony bee tweed, ther {oe tte aa jet, "estonia the elastin noteneneat othe Peseta ace thiamin té etd an rage fe anny sculpture or ache, ” Inchis way he eer sed the sry his own jourey nthe rmeseum to reo the prpose af i ashgnment ad 0 Show how hae up wil ithe seaement an aie, pout out han the eng process, the tay about stares apace ad sta sion ~ een the wters obserons about the appeal oFsaltire i the ‘opening paragraph leo he nue but the Mayes quote is prima abot colo Au this inte was probsbira ‘yf pingoar into the wing process, inte Bia ‘ero o the esay doen el hat is argunet also ate at his weer produced an sy tat exceed ‘the page requirements forthe ssignmen: he ih’ oe this Sustaining the argument inthe ly of te pape, You wat the body of the pape io belies sting of bade ~oe leading tothe neve, cresting nied whole Each paragraph shoud hare a point oak ‘nd tht pin shoud conte omipporting and develop Inge ex presmtedin tet. ‘Onewaytocnsurethatyoudothis isto make asubstant cout fe paper before you Begin wrt Thi wl help Jo sy on ck eve fy ep shongng ad modi ‘ng you ideas s you wit. you hate making outins, then you've oleae die fran ent sigooue eng proces, Read each porgraph cecal to make sare that thas acleat ‘sure your deat aresupporedy deed visual and contexte amis Alo make sue ha you've devoping he argument Jnawaythatmates sense, pating the pungepbsix order so hat thy Ho oil. in the ting proces, be onthe lookout fr put scepie passages. Make ste our tats content anal ‘alin inept, and hit ny fm ae os provide faethe ue rit own eke butt support jour spec Dea’ auply ends lean contextal background iar ‘mation keep ote pot. Be pectic a whst 0s sy aboutthe image the cule, conta and the Mi You shot atid generations. Dealing withintentons hen yout engage inthe development of acompex ner pretton of work af as sometimes del to address the artist’ imentons. Yau create cerain understanding of the wos bur was thatthe atts uderstaring of is oF her Wook? Wat Wee the sits inka? Wee the Kin of representational dynamics yore dcsing filly el Sometimes your intxpectaion wil be coset. Re member tat in wing hoy yur evidence i ragetny tines, and that there azn away vs anaes the ‘questions yar ang. A the same tne, who yous Inia shape by he present These condons of istry musth etd in oor wtng Ae theNstoian Gg De ing obactes, ‘ur nara lo present something. They ane ostenuiby about somabing pas, abou something that has happened Butte reas the medamofour een re tionships. Ours te ax mich abot about oe thing ee... rye the pass the potent ine somthing a, try” Torezample, [hve scaly nosed hw at istoranoften relate Artemisia Genes’ many depictions ofthe aia! aro fh ober experience of ae. To wha extet doce this refs our own colt atades words sevasl saat ndassumptionsabouthoworespoudtosichsnespetone? ‘Genes id ot leaveany statements tothe ne did sy of ber associates or coneporaie. We a't kw the ‘tent 10 which this inexpretaton eepesents Geiss ‘wn conception of thee images, br unsoousous concep tion ofthese images the ception fe eta, spy ‘town akon fiom our on ula rntage pt THe ‘hulleng her would bo wit forcfl a convincing out of our argument without sing language ha ay auuibtes your partes perepctive to Gcalcsht or het ‘ontemporties. ‘The conclusion CConlsins ean be hd to we By the tine he pape is ‘ealy for a oncluson, you's exaust, youve had enaup andthe enpeaon iso jst stop and lve he thing aoe ‘hanging your woe by aoe bringing i104 peoperead. Tere fe dlfeene way to handle contin, Sunnaising key ols ofthe argument ean be simple andere. You may ‘other isues or ideas that don't belong in eis essay, but ‘har you might deal with in another enya aboter ine ‘tie option is wd something erate that expands your seorkins new wy shou the Roman emperor Cantante (ignd 05-37) a8 tro of Chstin hehe Anaya ood Chinn, uth fee 9 i wed he Koma on, Un exh 937, he ‘ronk a Rone i im song the i’, pct ds, Oy $9) Thon eve i eth Conta coninued wo wal he sete shoe all enero Rona The wer eftvely uses Constantine's death w close the ssa and summarize key pont that Constantine canbe ‘hgh of bol agua and Chistian, dsp his enone paronage of Chistian churches. Node ta the wr su mais erimerpreatio and then eens itt consider summtize all the opposing pons o he formal and cn texal smalls tut developed the argument nthe Body of theessaEditing ‘One of he hades: things for me to do when ve finshed a es f wating into go bc ae it Usually, mh ¢ ‘hat pole and not fling very eet And confoning al the tard and uncea etenes Te wena exactly fi, yohaethetm, re god esto ales ek bine ding day oc to Corte sor walk) le our bead ad get some pespcie on yor work, salsa ood ies to esthange set one ound of etn with anor ftaden¢en the course, Somene es wil be alto ace eo lem you don because you're to lose to the work Uke wing, xed practices eng ae dierent Iyandyu' Rave Rd the proces tat wrk you. Take 2 prime for this process because is aed to ges sense oF "hepaperasaehole rom thesreen go though fiesnd ty toe for ens and for th ae ttre of the argument. This means checking wheter Ihave a lea thesis Wwhther «ach paragraph develops that hess; wheter ach paae=p Fallows from he nex an wheter exch paragraph ster: ‘nt developing one esa having song ope sentence ‘heck sc that I'm proving all the eidence need tp or my argument fen ind I have wo ender paagphe {Taber them i the margin), and sometimes ptf ene paragap eal belong in another A this point ma text ‘lit fr example awkward phrssy, poor word hoes, seammarand speling as see then, but otsyteataly, That I go back to he sere and were my ey heh my cits Bete staring, 1 0py my ten tt 4 new compar fil, so tai gets hopelessly messed yp and need ttre 2s, 18 have my orginal rong rato go bck ‘Whe that ound of onscreen tings done 1 make nother einbutatd go through ican. fen ead the wok loud to make sre that eae ese nd os smoot You may even wantn get rend tists to you ea 00 "do ae many printouts a ned ed the pape, and onthe final one, eancennae on digs le grarmay, sping an srord hie, Don ticy completion the gramiar a spl Sheek tole bil into your wort processing programme They gpl won't cach eors wth homonyms, sch the wie oF hee lstend of thei, o incon! wages, such Ifyou experience writer’s block oven ucts The pty of ing he ews ‘cdi at ssf i rt Soh eh gt ete yo a Stee et yo pean re tye i a ee regan eesesnneains, celeste asp Be thane basco mb coe foe gp bei olan ge ‘Sneak thn ialbewmpinted Hw mae opting, ec Fo senting wn eae seo san wig ae takings lek # cn ed wy goes tng i eter at Janome use yo hy gana ade ‘alte pong cco nero weeds siswak ry ge dens woog ck Tia at ie towbar ara, hater eign oc iki dr dtr pe {Sit hea cg tt lowe yaw esi rs sk ‘Seopete ba Selsey gel sets, es 9p Seah Srangserin se afer dant igs ot ec odncn int of cunt Thee ae oo ie feeding and ysl exer sei ‘nes wou fee, you fen eof Sven ote ng, ting wi go or aot yon ie yur mond penser fan fn ech ance Tose ap te ota of ceting or ete ta fener, nthe er oon a ch pe Serene yore etme tac oy, iFjoted owe cers met th oe ea ing or paperback sere y etna he ou seortien Citations and bibliographies Focmating ctatons consti 2 pain. Unfortunatly, is xealy pont othe shoal neg of your won, 0 yourell veo d right. Is baond the ecope of he bok to proride exhaust guideline for formating sation snd Dibliographis thre are ole books dete doing jst that, so evew some ver bsiinformatonta help you get seaned. Ahisorine way format er cations according ‘Dele theMLA Oodern Language esoition) Sle Gude ‘orth Chicago Manta of ye Your kerr wil probblyin- beste prefered tem, though i up to ou to we tat ‘astm corey Your nies ay bave a website providing tli tation essa check the printed references inthe Bsiogphy. MUA citations "he MLA for fr cation i a prema reerence ye te: thats sources ae cd ln premheer tthe end athe ference ise the ending punto, The reat i ea thal inpe thor page uber (smith 75) Ia workchas wo authors, tbo, jlned bythe woed ane’, oypienan Soith29 Fa map authors, it he mame ofthe rt log wth he (china. 29 pute cng dierent hori the same asta, (a nenlt9) Inclode a word ort fom the te wo distinguish Deween ‘them, For example, Ifyou were cing Berard Smith's Bo- os ison an th Sah Pe an his he We of ane gage, you might ete tome (Sih, Vin 209) and (Smith, Wake chicago citations Inthe Chiergo mst, eeins appear ether a the bottom oFinepage doeuotes ona stat the endre paper ex owes, before the bilogaphy and tssadone. cues fra hare. Your word proces abou ep you fate ots auonateal, wit umber appearing in supersctipe tft ee end punctstion ofthe ene ie hi? Thee no ineodes the eae number the et the war and page umber of the ware mata. The at ie of eae oct it indented fe spaces ome he eft mari, andthe ots ae ‘nly single-spaced with doble-spating in betwen, Te endnote format aie slip, depending onthe ature of be ook ‘authors mane, peo pbJournal atle Atos me, “Tie of al ie Tie f uma abe nab of ea (yea page nue fete ookehapler Aor sun, Te of Chap’, Tie Bele Bors Se and at Newspaperanile + Authors mine, Tite of Ail ewe, dt (yo yea, section ie te pagename rl UUnpublihe thesis Astor's mane, Tie of ietaon or Unf dt) page er Website rileof Web aboard, noes, the formate reting that work eater tations Irshonend youre esingoniyone book 22 thors mame pe ‘rami by that thor tombe swore by that stor teed ie, ae mambet yo ue two authors with 2 toe’ fal ame younotonly have wo 22 Authors alam, ssthore withthe smelt oreo eae ume, bat two works by oe ante ‘of thowe suthore ‘ihe 2 cation i flowed by one or more fein othe same work youcan use thereon hd (Latin for he Same pie? fo subsequent references. Ifthe page ner ‘hangs, include the page numbez A pla seis of end- 4 Moni lack ome A son of fen Me Hemon i fan Cte este: Universi of Waringon Preah 7 abun Lava Belting the Fa the Pree’, Aan 8 tas 4 9a. r Sone publishers today preterm use shotned tl instead Tin ates. Chek with your Icurer which fom jou ‘hoald ween your paper anil parageph f your paper contain ever ences fiom the sant story cab use one uber afr he Tat quotation or parapvase fom that source w indies te soare fra ofthe materi sed ia ha paragagh, Bibliography or Works Cited Both MLA and Chiygo use asia stem fr Usa, st call his lise the Biblogeapty’, allhough, echnical bib Togaphy ian exbastie Ht of al the work omy gen sje, 2 you lit s move aco alle Refence’ or ‘Organize the Work Cited cpbabecal by shor Ist ‘ame and use fl stops (ee than coma, shee nots tosepratetes Ife wo doesnethae anldetiabletoto then alphabetic iby thee Fy ave more than fone work by an ator then we dasher ——~) afer the ft te in place ofthe ators nme Bok ets donot Include any page references, whe bok chaps and jour lates shoud inde fl gage nue fr the ‘haper orale, not te specifi age teeence ny Your text Siaplespace the gies and dublespce Beten ‘em, Use hanging indo to orm bibliographic exes begin he line athe maginbut indent al subacguent lines Sve spaces Here's how the sample endnotes Usted hove would appr aa Works Cite itn eter the MLA oF coum, Anne. Ry fs Ms, Mee ae pl napa ae Wren ad ovr al No aval aban The cl pte Gad ond eran oe fina. Sete ses of Weingtn Pang tng the tthe rs ian 3 % Vion, Mona Biko, iy oft i Afi, New Ye Plagiarisi’s grey one Reviewing cation formats brings up the itu of plage "ism By eiton, plage deliberate presen of another pesos week at your own, by, for example tae ing material diet of the web or copying lng pasagee froma pale wove withoueitig i Newest, You shoud soi thiskid of pairs tal cons, More iat ‘0 void i “unthlaking’ placa, the wy ht is ay to oss he sometines fizzy bounday Been your work ad omeone eles. The problem fo letra we hae to ‘tat uhoking plagiarism a re plasm, 9 you want to ever ene in eng sources To my min, ie bate 0 be ver ceil and hve your leeure note om your paper that you don't have ite something tant eae ou necessty refrence, ‘Stat ofl get int robe with paraphrasing thnk ing tach porte death own ards that dent fave tobe refereed tt hanging the wording around docs’ make an ies your om. Take tls passage, fom 8 Dokesbout fini at Mam chap. 133) cue Inge 1970, when seca prominene a ana: {el ar apc eon eK ond Romioaghee ie erwame aie peter eshte ‘Mie Shp: Shing rages f i od Ui, New Yorks the picasa ith testes peda tas ao ad you woud have wo ce the bok, Akhough the pnaphzseecognizes Vigna Wool sthe source of thee Pression room of ero that doesn makeing the ver famous) ons of ha pase ‘agit, like cation forma, i «compen subject. 1 sages tha you consult the weting guides sted inte writing style Hw do you wit so tat the won on the page sound he youand ze distin rm the wg ooher people? Awa Ing ice i something tht develops with ine and practice,‘our la gol ati ole shall bet pradace lr ad rama cosst et Thi foundation vl enableyou to develop dance wing ice of your 9m Common syste pitfalls of athistory writing Very long paragraphs illpgeorlonge) Usually ths ans the arguments are med and yore ting to make more than one pinta Une! ea probably restore Ye) long paragraph sto or mre paragraphs Vezy shore paragzephs (one of ovo sentence). This means titer thatyour thought ano al develope and yon need ‘ocrpnd hat paragraph or thc the mated boul bela sate at the evry oewhere LUnfocused paragraph. Make sue eich paragraph has point to make ands jst jbl ealecion of miscellaneous lobeertions that don't seam to faye ese, Dos the paragraphae atopic sentence? Does each sentence nthe Patageaph suppow and dtl hates? then ei Passive uc. tive verbsavemore freind expres than sate vert, Apargaph il of parie vers sounds sited ‘eb tense, Use consistent and correct tenses throughost your pape This dost mes that the ere wll be one ten -rcisoians pial seth resent teat to deer vi cor physical specs fan awork the Budd its in Youe poste eolamns support the pediment Use the pst fete o dicate ntons and thought ofa deensd arti "Died in Pai ang, comolued sentences. Dougis Fse, who taught 2 istry at Columbia Une before {enol these fbr my PRD, weed tell i tent, "Take our ote seotence and vet, the ingle way Hs student passed fonts advice wo me, and il flow itwhen fm eing a at My fot etenes wally tur otto be the Tong, completed ooes he Kind tat lina spl ato ‘ofr evn vel cen, int teens Forex, {my daemon of isan and Aion tin Chapter 3 ce 6) could ex ave writen Uke moderato wo nei nip by hea te caressing ah gw sexe {shew pray toe ee el gates othe Seve fen pins are being made hee, but writen as lone sentence a the ate bore, they donot come eos a ttt athe dom the thre erat senteace one fils sung of epost pres, These teresa cl tow informal aa. ape connrucions thee). Theydalkpenteness, wath our thes ia the ing rose emt The ge i the mana i the mt ‘Stronger. lake sureyour ver arate and preci Avi when posible blndvebslce'e' hae’ ander euretedymccing poy Wy rig eileen letra sorte ton | ‘rato tay ade — -sreamne your verb for example replicas a ae on? vith ao “tive dota words On of age ache atschool edo ‘ge or and tne for sing aire ol word when "one | ola’ word would d jut aswel apa your eas in yout | ow ay, viding Howey epson nd long techie or tus fv dole wont you are ie wht hey mean Ie the rame me, don’ be aid tae tees tat el yo lin your argent wit preci iF yo8 know ow to ‘econtappost’ or input’ comet, Inseam a arin pg tht eve | Putting together those illustrations acco oe st ‘Recetas 0 Finding voice In developing 2 wing vlc, you hae t foes on puting ‘hingsinyourowawords. Dor tus to manylng quotations ‘nd don arpa ay so thatthe words onthe page il your werkourloud wen eng hisallowsyourochacke ow andto sce fyou woul actly" uch aching ina ter contest. This technique wis el you etch gam taal etre ad sete ht dont mae sense) I alo helps to produce ote Kinds of wn. H'you want tobe a goad wrt, then keep sjounal wee shore or poems “Anode bout wong spl: the wing vie eing here icanual-the tet sounds sinowt a fT werealing with you in leur rin my fice chink his sje makes te {endo hing I nee yin hbo more aide Mandal. However th it ecstacy a wing te sit Blew ever wt jes general sae apropeate, OF ‘ample, i seach paps, where costars (were? Instead of ere oe, slang anda sr ft pecson wie ‘ly sense 7 Conclusion ‘Writing aks practice, You can't becomea good writer without ‘writing alot, Learning how to write inte se ofa particular academic discipline isnt easy, because each discipline has its ‘own distinctive way of researching, structuring arguments ané presenting evidence. This chapter has gi lines fr arthistory's expectations in these basiareas. Weiting ss an arthistorian wil each you to look carefully, argue lg cally and thnk originally. Remember that inthe end all writ , ot just eson or poetry. is exeative process