CAMBRIDGE active GRAMMAR Seem bity oh ad oe 6A" =| aed ene USeu REO w atts Series Editor: Penny UrIntroduction What is Active Grammar? Active Grammar is a grammar reference and practice series for secondary students and university students, It is divided into three levels, corresponding to the levels of The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages {CEF). Level 1 corresponds to Al-A2, Level 2 to B1-B2, and Level 3 to C1-C2. The books give comprehensive coverage of grammar at each level, while also covering reading, composition and discussion. The books are suitable for students who are preparing for Cambridge ESOL exams. How are the books organised? Each unit includes + a short presentation text which shows the grammar in context and provides authentic content in areas such as geography, history, social studies and science. easy-to-understand grammar explanations with plenty of examples. Tip boxes which highlight common errors or other interesting facts about the grammar. + graded grammar practice exercises, many of which are in the style of Cambridge ESOL exams, aimed at building students’ confidence. + a My Turn activity, where students can actively apply the grammar to their own experiences, opinions and personal preferences. + a My Test section which allows students to check their understanding of key points. Also included in the book + regular Review units which provide contrastive practice of previous units. + an Answer key. + the Appendices, which include a Glossary with definitions for all iGBlgREEd words inthe units The CD-ROM includes + extra activities for all the grammar covered in the book. + printable progress tests. How do I use the book? You can work through the book unit by unit from Unit 1. Alternatively, you can use any unit or group of units separately if you want to focus on a particular area of grammar. The book can be used for self-study, or in the classroom. For teachers, a comprehensive online teacher's guide gives practical tips on how to use the material in class. wowncambridge.orgelt/activegrammar Introduction 3Contents Introduction ‘Tenses 1 Present simple and present continuous £m holding my breath 2 Past simple and past continuous He was driving on a dark night. 3 Used to and would They used to pay soldiers in salt. 4 Present perfect, past simple, present simple ‘Many famous people have studied at Harvard, 5 Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous ‘She's been living here for 30 years, 6 Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous Scientists had been studying a hurricane, 7 Will and be going to. What wil the future be lke? 8 Present continuous and present simple for future use; future continuous ‘Weil be flying from Hong Kong to Bangkok 9 Future perfect and other future forms Will they all have gone? RI Review: present, past and future forms Modals 10 Modals of ability and obligation 1 ‘Six astronauts can stay there 11 Modals of ability and obligation 2 He should have given the dog a biscuit. 12 Possibility and certainty in the present and future emust be 3. 13 Possibility and certainty in the past It must already have been there. 10 4 22. 26 30 34 42 “4 82 86 14 Requests, permission, offers, suggestions, promises Could you take your hat off please? 2 Review: modals 60 64. Questions, multi-word verbs and verb structures 15 Question forms What is language? 16 Question tags Babies don't have teeth, do they? 17 Multi-word verbs 1: prepositional verbs What are you looking for? 18 Multi-word verbs 2: phrasal verbs Throw away the remote control 19 Verb + fo-infinitive or -ing He decided to run without shoes. 20 Verb + object + to-infinitive Greg made the children work 60 hours a week. 21 Linking verbs: be, get, feel, etc. It looks abit yellow but it tastes great. R3 Review: questions; multi-word verbs; verb structures Determiners and prepositions 22 Articles ‘Afamous code 23 Quantifiers 1 ‘Anything can happen in the mountains. 24 Quantifiers 2 There are plenty of activities. 25 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns Doit yourself! 26 Prepositions of place, movement and time We waited in front of a petrol station. 66 70 4 18 82 86 4 96 100 104 108 na21 Verbs with two objects ne Throw her to the dogs! 28 Prepositions 120 He was terible at speling. Ré Review: articles; quantifiers, pronouns; prepositions 124 Adjectives, adverbs, the passive and conditionals 29 Adjectives 126 Totally amazing! 30 Comparatives 130 A three-year-old speaks much more fluently. 31 Superlatives 134 The most dangerous fish is. 32 Adverbs and adverb phrases, 138 He climbs the monument regulorly. 33 The passive 1 142 The new metal was called bronze. 34 The passive 2 146 They deserve to be mentioned. 38 Zero, first and second conditionals 180 Ifyou think you can, you ca. 36 Third conditional, I wish, only 154 | wish had heard those songs. 31 Variations on conditionals 188 We can change the world if people listen to us. R5 Review: comparatives and superlatives; the passive; conditionals 162 ‘Word formation and sentences 38 Indirect statements They said their son was flying. 39 Indirect questions 'f you are wondering why glaciers are interesting. 40 Defining relative clauses The companies who connect people tothe Internet 41 Non-defining relative clauses “I thought it was dumb, which shows he's smarter than | amt” 164 168 172 176 42 Word formation 1: verbs and adjectives (affixes) 180 ‘Scrabble - the international game 43 Word formation 2: nouns (affixes) You need imagination, selfconfidence 44 Itand there Do you find it dificult to sleep? 45 Linking words 1: addition, contrast and time (Once you have read one . 46 Linking words 2:reason, purpose and result, Why? Because the roads were bad. 6 Review: indirect speech; relative clauses; word formation; it and there; inking words Appendices Verb tenses Irregular verbs Glossary Grammar index Answer key 184 188 192 198 202 203 204 206 207Present simple and present continuous I'm holding my breath. e€ a blogspot blogspot blogspot blogspot blogspot blogspot | eer Te, Friday night I's midnight and I'm holding my breat I feel so scared that | can't move here itis again ~ a noise downstairs. | think there's someone in the he jon't be sil! I say to myself. ('m always lying awal noises. Usually I find out i's the fridge or someone n I'm staying a rend doesn't lve in a Tis whatyou | 1 You lock the door as quietly as you can. 2 You phone the police on your mobile. 3 You talk tothe police very loudly cise again. and is geting close | | I1don’t want to do this. | get slowly out of bed. But then | stop. Two rou | Sea are looking at me, | ours cat runs back the way it came. How did it get i through the downstairs : | means the downstairs window is open \ 1 Where is the writer of the story? 2 What is making the noise? "present impleand present conti... Swit SF resent simple and present continuous 3. Use the present simple for things that are always 1 Add an -s for third person forms in present simple statements. or usually _— Allother forms stay the same He doesn't live na safe part of town He) she] irate 4 Use the present simple for regular or repeated events and habits 2 Make negative forms of regular verbs with don’t and doesn't | visit my friend every month I don’t want to do this, ind doesn’t live in a safe part oft NOT andoesn'tives:5. We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency, e.g. always, never, usually. Usually | find out its the fridge or someone next door. or just nothing. 6 We often use the present simple to give instructions or directions. 1 You lock the door as quietly as you can. 2 You phone the police on your mobile. 7 We often use the present simple to tell a story, or to describe a series of events as they happen. I get slowly out of bed. But then I stop. 8 Weoften use the present simple for a review (of a book ora film, for example). The film tells the story of a boy who lives in the poorest art of the city. It has an unexpected ending. Have got means the same as have. Have got is more common in informal and British English. I've got three brothers. = | have three brothers. Thaven't got any sisters. = Idon't have any sisters ‘A: Have you got any children? Yes, Ihave. / No, | haven't. =A:Do you have any children? B: Yes, }do. | No, |don't. Present continuous 9. Make present continuous sentences with am / is / are + verb +-ing. Vm always lying awake. It’s getting closer. Two round eyes are looking at me. 10 Use the present continuous to describe an activity in progress now or around now. Two round eyes are looking at me. {Im studying two languages: English and Spanish 1L_Use the present continuous to talk about unfinished or temporary actions. I'm staying at my friend’. Note the difference: He lives in a beautiful flat. (The speaker doesn't think this situation will change soon} He's living in the north of the city at the moment. (The speaker thinks this isa temporary situation} 12 Use the present continuous with always, constantly or forever to criticise. I'm always hearing noises. 13. Use the present continuous to talk about situations which are gradually changing. The noise is getting louder. 14. We often use the present continuous to describe the background to a story. We use the present simple to describe the events. It’s midnight and I'm holding my breath ‘Don't be silly! I say to myself. 15. We don't usually use the present continuous with state verbs (which describe states, not actions), e.. want, sound, believe, mean, promise. don't want to do this. That means the downstairs window is open, 16 We can use some state verbs in the continuous form to describe actions. The verb then has a different meaning. Some common verbs we use like this are: appear, expect, feel, have, imagine, look, think, see, smell, taste, weigh. I think there's someone there. (think = talking about a belief] I'm thinking what to do next. (think = talking about a process) ‘We often use the present formal letters and emails. Iwrite to inform you that ook forward to meeting you. We often use the present continuous in more informal letters and emails. im writing to let you know that... 1m looking forward to seeing you. > See Unit 8 for the present simple and present continuous with future meaning. Present simple and present continuous 7Practice A Underline the correct option. It's the middle of the afternoon. In a quiet neighbourhood a burglar "tries /is trying to break into a house. He round the house when he *hears /is hearing a voice. ‘Spider-Man Swatches /is watching you! The burglar turns /is turning round quickly but he Sdoesn't see /isn't seeing anything. So he 7 starts is starting creeping across the garden again. “Spider: Man watches /is watching you! The burglar °hears /is hearing the voice again and this time he "sees /is seeing a parrot. The parrot “sits /is sitting by the side of the house. D0 you talk /Are you talking to me? “asks /is ‘asking the burglar. “Yes, " says /is saying the parrot. ‘How do you do? 'm Batman ‘That's a silly name; laughs /is laughing the burglar. ‘Why "does your owner call /is your ‘owner calling you that?” ‘Ihave no idea,” replies /is replying the pareot, ‘and 81 don’t know /I'm not knowing why the name is Spider Man’ ‘9don't want /am not wanting to find out! the burglar2°says /is saying. ‘And he#runs /is running away! B_ Match each text 1-5 to a description a-e. Then complete the texts using the words in brackets and either the present simple or the present continuous. 1 [] C Match the pairs. At last the sun — The sun— They're not staying They don't usually stay ‘The sea level on Earth The sun In the mountains Come and have your dinner ~ © ON ou aw ne I'm looking forward 10. We look forward a, 5 al b is coming out. always comes after rain at home in the evenings. in the country for very tong, is rising rises early. its getting cold it gets cold. to meeting you at the interview tomorrow. to seeing you in town tomorrow. D Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box in the present simple or present continuous. Each verb is used twice. nothave not look think weigh 1 2 5 6 f / 1 The child weighs 2 He 3 They 4 Alex 5 What 6 What 7 You 8 Youwon't find it. You in the right place, 3) [a 4 le 8 21 kilos. all the ingredients for a cake. any pets breakfast this morning, about? of this photo? very happy. a description of change a book review directions criticism temporary situationE Complete the questions using the verbs in brackets in either the present simple or present continuous. 1 A: Do ypu kno that woman? (know} 2 A: When. ? (get home} 3. A: Where she 2 (go) an you ? (agree) 5. A: Why ? (laugh) 6A his name ? (remember) 7A: What 2 (read) 8 A: Why (cry) F Complete the sentences in an appropriate way. 1. First of all, the oven has to be hot and then. you put. thecake in for 20 minutes 2 because he’s a vegetarian. 3° On Saturday | work in a café all day but. Complete the descriptions by inventing answers to the questions. 1. Where are you? And what are you doing? {mined and ( slapin Wiiheretnee ideas [eabeae a back te sleep, How do you feel? | feel tired. When is it? And where are you? What happens next? | see my brother, How do you feel? ‘When is it? And where are you? What happens next? the lights 4o 546, How do you feel? Circle the correct option. The Pyrenees This bag We sometimes Its Sunday and I'm bored, It This film is great ~| itt tome. a doesn't belongs heavily. a really like B: B: B: B: B 8 8 8 on the border between France and Spain. b doesn't belong ¢ isn't belonging the car racing in the holidays. b amreallylike d am really liking No, I've never met her before. : Usually at about 4. To the shop, | think, Yes, think you are right. | just heard a funny joke. I think it began with B. It's anovel by anew young writer. i: t's a really sad film. but she wants to be a doctor one day. Hurry up — Look - 'man only child ~ He makes me angry ~ ‘Where are you? And what are you doing? What happens next? [ste scone famous and | pup to her, How do you feel? When sit? And what are you doing? What happens next? The car breaks down. How do you feel? When isit? And what are you doing? ‘What happens nxt? strange cons up me How do you feel? alie b lies c arelying a watch b watches ¢ are watching b rains ¢ israining Present simple and present continuous 9Past simple and past continuous He was driving on a dark night Jnderline the correct options: 1 Casey is a hero because he saved many lives / wrote a song. 2 Webb was a driver /passenger. Past simple and past continuous 1 Add-ed to make the past simple (regular) forall persons. Use did not with the infinitive without to to make the negative and use did to make a question. 1/You/He/She/ started, did not (didn't) Did /you/he/she/it / Yes, ()) did It/We /They start we / they start? No, I) did not (didn't). 102. Many common verbs have irregular forms for past simple statements, eg. go» went, see -» saw, be -» was / were. Casey went to the station. We saw the crash > See page 203 for alist of irregular verbs. 3. Use the past simple for past actions, states and facts. Casey lived in the USA. ‘Millions of immigrants moved to the USA in the nineteenth century. 4 We usually use the past simple for repeated or usual actions or situations. While Iwas on the train, Mike called twice. Casey walked to work every day. 5. Make the past continuous using the verb was / were + verb + ing. I/You/We/ were working. were not (weren't) They working. He/She /it was working. was not (wasn’t) working. ‘Make questions and short answers as follows: Yes, we] were. Were you /we / they ae erate working? Yes, (he) was. No, (he) wasn’t. Was | /he / she /it working? 6 Use the past continuous (e.g. was walking, were living, etc) to talk about events which were in progress at a particular time in the past. ‘On 30 April Casey was driving his train back to the station, What was he doing the day before? 7. Use the past continuous for a description of simultaneous ongoing situations. It was raining, so we weren't driving fast. What were the passengers doing while this was happening? Past simple and past continuous 8 We canuse the past simple with the past continuous in the same sentence. The past simple is a shorter action / event that happens in the middle of, or interrupts, a longer past continuous action / event. ‘My dad phoned while | was having a shower. ‘My dad phoned. pa Iwas having a shower. past present 9 Use the past continuous to give the reason for a past event, or to set the background to a story ~ to talk about what was going on when an event happened. The train was going fast, so it couldn't stop quickly. Iwas listening to the radio when | heard the news. When, while and as 10. Use when, while or as to link past simple and past continuous verbs. Use when before the past simple or the past continuous verb. Use while before the past continuous verb. While he was falling, he heard Casey. I didn't say anything when / while the police were asking questions. 11. Use when to join past simple events that are consecut The train stopped when it arrived at the station. When the phone rang, Jack answered it. 12 Weusually use when with states, e.g. ages. They left America when they were children. Casey died when he was 37. 13 Weusually use as to describe two short events that happen simultaneously, or two events that change together. AAs the train crashed, everyone screamed. AAs the train went faster, Casey worked harder. Use during to say when somet! Use for to say how long some! The train crashed during the night. He was a train driver for 10 years. Iwas working during my holidays and didn't see her for three weeks. Past simple and past continuous 11.Practice ‘A Write the past simple forms of these verbs. 1 u drive— drove 2 do~ have ~ 4 get- open ~ 6 eat~ swim ~ 8 shout ~ fall— 10 try- know ~ 12 become - B_ Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box in the past continuous. cry dream drive have not snow wait watch not work live not play 1 Max__was driving his car to work when it happened. 2 The baby very loudly, so I couldn't hear. 3 you Tall night? 4 | couldn't call you because our phone 5 While we for the bus, it started to rain, 6 John in London When you met him? 7 Mymum and dad coffee in the kitchen, 8 It but it was very cold 9 Did itrealy happen or lonly ? 10. Glenn and Kirsten inthe game last Saturday. C Match the pairs. 1. When | got home, —a I made dinner. Iwas making dinner. 2. Thebottle smashed a asitfell on the floor while it was falling on the floor. 3 Afterthe teacher finished, athe students asked some questions. b the students were asking some questions. while you were 11 years old? b_ when you were 11 years old? during two years, for two years. as Mike studied at night school b while Mike was studying at night school. when everything was ready. while everything was ready. when she came in? when she was coming in? ‘What music did you like a wasn't working a CClare was working in Oxford We started Was Susan wearing the same dress D This accident happened yesterday. Write what the people were doing at the time of the accident. ‘When the accident happened ... 1 Joyioas eating an ice cean, eNousUN E Someone stole a picture from the museum last night. Read the detective’s notebook with information from three museum workers, then tuse the notes to write sentences. Every sentence should have one verb in the past simple and one in the past continuous. eee da es Wada red “Tone Higgins: leave muuseam / hear noise renuember his ear keys / wallet his ear cone book / see @ woruan.witn a picbare shout / the wonunn ran away martha Witkine: clean the yoont / lights go out Look for some matahec / lights cone on. notice lace on the floor / lock around Sam Smith: sit ot his dese /the phone ring he pick up the phone /a strange woman. cone in he spene / the wonaan. go out1 Tom ons leaving the masta hen he heard a nal 1 awascoming came ¢ hascome d comes 2 2 awastaking b weretaking c took d taken 3 3 afor bduring cin dat 4 4 a walks b iswalking c haswalked 5 d was walking. 6 5 ahear b heard c washearing 7 4 were hearing 8 6 atravels b travelled c was travelling 9 d were travelling 10 7 aisrunning b arerunning c wastunning d were running Circle the correct option. 8 ahascaught b couldcatch ¢ did catch didn’t catch 9 aget b got c gotten d wasgetting a didbecome b become ¢ was becoming d did becoming 21 aas bwhile cwhen di since a « Dick Whittington (1358-1423) was a famous mayor of London. The story says that Dick was a poor boy who to London to become rich, Dick... his cat with him for company. Life was very hard in London. Dick worked as a servant >. some months but he got very little money and all he had was his cat. Finally, Dick decided to give his cat toamerchant and leave London. As he *.. down the street, heS...a voice in his head. The voice said, Come back, Dick, you will be Mayor of London three times! Dick came back. At the same time, the merchant and his men... by ship to another country. It was a good ship but there was a big problem: rats! Rats ”, Complete the sentences to make them true for you. here on the ship and 4 ; See per ae When | got home yesterday, my sister was playing no one®...them. Luckily, Dick's cat was very good at ‘computer game catching rats. The merchant was very happy with the cat and gave Dick a nice present when he. home. Dick now had some money and he started his ‘own business. He also married a rich woman. Dick 20,, mayor of London three times and ™...he died he left a lot of money. The story does not say what to his cat. happens —_b happened didhappen d was happening during the summer. While | was having breakfast, twas very late when as | was going to my friend's. When | was 10, Circle the correct option. the train stopped, all the passengers got off. a When b While c As | didn’t interrupt Casey because he toWebb. a spoke b was speaking ¢ were speaking What Casey's wife when she heard the news? a was...saying b did...say ¢ has... said 1 2 3 Webb was a driver alongtime. a during b since ¢ for 4 5. Casey's friend never by train again, a didn't travel_b travelled was travelling Past simple and past continuous 13The Lydians, people who used to live Tae er-lamem uaele (MUL oy Crate) (otolle-]e(010 Lava (=r) COLE PRYOR Ue) 1: Beeler mee elem ela) their coins to show where the Toda eNYaerc UR The Romans used to pay their soldiers partly in salt. Salt used to. fy -RY IAI Rsel (ERC) Seamus mM NCC] 1PM eA expression ‘worth your salt’ (= good at your job) comes from this. 25 le o Bieloee Cs BMC om LCee eRe) SI ec UU CRE mA CLL) last a long time. The Egyptians used to exchange gold bars.Used to and would Used to 1 Used to is followed by an infinitive without to. Used to has no present or continuous forms. Salt used to be very valuable. 2. Make used to questions with Did + noun / pronoun +used t0...? Did the Egyptians used to buy gold? Did you used to eat a lot of sweets when you were young? 3. Make the negative of used to with did not (didn’t) Use to or never used to. Paper money didn't use to be very common. We never used to spend much. Used to vs. would 7 Used to, not would, is for past states. The Lydians used to live in Turkey. NOT =-would-ive-= ‘My sister used to know him, NOT =-would-knows: Used to and would vs. the past simple 8 We canuse the past simple instead of used to and would. We used to watch / watched too much TV. The soldiers would sell / sold the salt for other things. 9 Use the past simple, not used to or would, when talking about single events, how long they took or how many times they happened. Iwent to the market yesterday. 4 Used to is for habits and activities which are no longer happening today. Used to often contrasts the past and the present. Used to usually comes without. atime expression. The Romans used to pay soldiers in salt. Jused to work in a bank but now I'm a teacher. followed by an infinitive without to, and the negative is would not. The affirmative short form is ‘d and the negative short form is wouldn't. For example, you'd give a sheep and get a knife. They wouldn't work on Sundays. 6 Wouldis similar in meaning to used to but itis less common. In a text, would usually follows used to or a past time expression. That summer we would go swimming every morning. Jack used to love books. He would read two books every week Inthis meaning, would is very rarely used in questions. NOT he mark The negative didn’t used to is also common. We didn’t eat for two days. Used not to is also possible in formal language. NOT Wedidn'tuse-to-eat fortwo-days: Jane visited me in hospital twice. NOT Jane-used t0-visit me in-hospital twice Be / get used to means to know something so that itis not strange or new. A noun or verb + -ing can come after be / get used to. After three weeks, | was used to my new home. It's dificult to get used to working at night. D See Units 14, 35, 36 and 37 for other uses of would. Used to and would 15Practice ‘A Underline the correct option. 1. The Romans used to /didn't use to have paper money. 2. George Bush used to /didn't use to be president of America 3. Thirty years ago, we used to /didn't use to have mobile phones. 4. English used to /didn’t use to be an international language. 5. Robin Hood used to /didn't use to help poor people. 6 Space travel used to /didn't use tobe impossible. 7 Children used to /didn’t use to go to school. 8 December used to /didn't use to be the tenth month of the year. 9 There used to /didn't use to be any hospitals. 10 France used to /didn’t use to have a king and queen. B_ Joe used to be in prison but now he is a free man! Write about the changes in Joe's life with used to and didn’t use to. re poe 1 Hegetsupat9.00, 660 3 Heworks ina garage. the prison kitchen 5 He writes emails letters 7 Heseeshisfriends. see his friends 9 He feels happy. sad 1 Hlensed tage up at 6.0. 2 Hedidné use 0 be.a mechanic, Boovausye 16 € Change the past simple into would in this tex possible. a | remember my childhood very well. Every summer, we went the seaside. | was ten years old and | loved the sea. | played on the beach and my father bought me an ice cream. Sometimes we ‘went on a boat. Some people swam around the boat, others fished, others watched. One trip my sister fell into the sea! Luckily, she was good swimmer. That was very funny. In the evenings, we walked around the town. My mother told us stories about all the places and we listened very carefully. At night | fell asleep feeling very happy. Awonderful time! D Underline the correct option. Sometimes more than one option is possible. 1 My best friend used to have / would have a mountain bike. 2 That summer we used to send /would spend all day on the beach. Yesterday | would phone /phoned Jill. When | lived in France | used to speak / spoke French very well. On long car journeys we used to play / would play cards. Sheila didn’t use to know / wouldn't know Charles then. Did it used to be / Would it be a rich country? When we got to the airport, the strongest boys used to carry / would carry the bags. Last April, they didn't use to work / didn’t work for a week. In those days, | never used to worry / would never worry about my future. 11 Maggie used to be / would be the best student in her class. eNouee Be 1 E Complete each sentence b so that it has a similar meaning to sentence a. Use two to four words including the word in brackets. 1a MyDad was an engineer. (be) b MyDad used. £6 be an engineer. 2 a People did more exercise then. (do} b People more exercise then. 3. a Wewouldn’t go to the cinema much. (used) b We to the cinema much 4 a Was Mike in your team? (be) b in your team? 5 a When | was a teenager, | used to get up at 11.00. (would) b When | was a teenager, | at 11.00. 6 a Theprices weren't so expensive in the 1990s. (never) b The prices so expensive in the 1990s. 7 a His sister always used to shout at me. (would) b His sister at me. 8 a Jennifer drank coffee for breakfast every morning. (have) b Jennifer coffee for breakfast.F Complete the text using the words in brackets and, where possible, used to or would. From 1921-1923, there +4. (be) very high fiiflali6Al in Germany: the cost of things increased very ‘dramatically. The reason for this was the bad political and financial situation after the First World War. The national in Germany ? (be) the Mark. At the beginning of 1921, one American dollar (cost) 60 Marks. By the end of 1922, one dollar + (get) you 8,000 Marks. The effect on ordinary German people was terrible. In 1922, a loaf of bread cost three billion Marks, People > (buy) something in the morning and find the price much higher a few hours later. There is a story that once someone é (leave) big bag of money outside a shop. When she z (come) back, the bag wasn’t there but the money was on the floor! Money & (become) (MGFHRIESS, so people ® (exchange) things. Finally, the government 2 (make) some new money, the Rentenmark, and the inflation stopped, ‘Write five things you used to do or be when you were younger. Use used to and would. 1 | sed to callect coins, Write four sentences about your friend. 6 Maria used 6 live in Barcelona, 7 8 9 beamillionaire. a usedto b areusedto c used 2 Jack sometimes give them some money for sweets. a used b use ¢ would 3. Last Saturday | alotofmoney. a usedto spend b spent _ have spent 4 collect coins when you were young? a Did youuse to b Would you c Did youused 5. Money never important tome. a usedtobe b would notbe ¢ wouldn't be Used to and would 17HARVARD UNIVERSITY Harvard University is the oldest university in the USA. The university started in 1636 and it got its POR ear aCe Es a library to the university. Since then, the university PE a Seen famous universities in the world, Now people all over the world have heard about Harvard. Many famous Peres eae ene ee ed TS. Bliot, the president Barack Obama and the actress Natalie Portman. Many Harvard students have won Nts Education at Harvard has changed a lot over its history. Charles Eliot, president of Harvard from Tom On eet se example, before Eliot was president, students didn’t take cen enter SON ac Re Se ey ppass the entrance exams. Harvard is not all about education. Sport and culture are also very important. Twenty-first-century students Rae n)Present perfect, past simple, present simple Present perfect 6 Gohas two past participles: gone and been. There is 1 Make the present perfect using the verb have + a difference in meaning. past participle. ‘My brother has gone to America. (My brothers travelling to America oris there sta a, now) ‘My brother has been to America. (My brother went to America but he is back home now) 1/You/We/ have('ve) visited have not (haven't They / ve not) visited He / She /It he isited Aone Gag tals Tne oe eit! | Present perfect vs. past simple 7 Use the present perfect when we do not know Make questions and short answers as follows: RCI Wie Ra eNe AOC PAGS, GES Tt important. Use the past simple to give details later. mane Have you seen my book? oat Bill has come back from university. He arrived on ou /we / the ge UNE Tuesday. ee Nee eee re No ihavent President Obama has arrived in India. He met z Indian business men and visited. Has he/she/it visited .2- 8 With the present perfect, we use words which mean ‘ata time up to now’ e.. already, ever, for, lately, 2. Use the present perfect to talk about recent events ora never, recently, since, yt. With the past, we use past event which the speaker feels is connected with the words and expressions which mean a finished period et of time, eg. ago, in 2003, last week, on my irthday, Kure is very hoppy that he has graduated. then, when, yesterday. AcHave they arrived? 6: Yes, theyre here Teresa has already graduated. five never been to America, Past simple The university started in 1636 Last Saturday we had a party. 3. Use the past simple to talk about a finished a the past. "john Harvard dled. 9 wi today an hist So eres Hi fitis cey aieenrey afternoon, this year, we can use the present perfect or the past simple. Use the present perfect to mean Present simple the complete time period up to now. Use the past Di Ges iy perme reso . simple to mean a finished part of that time period. Ese esate steam coe nec fee ve pied jen this meri 3 (Itis still the morning.) I study Mathematics at Harvard, lead Kent erie There are 15 students in my class. iielereyhe arersord Present perfect vs. present simple 5. Use the present perfect, not the present simple, for an event or a situation which began in the past and continues In conversation, we can often use either the past simple or the present perfect. inthe present, when we want to say how much time it has, Did you speak to jim? been going on. OR Have you spoken to im? Harvard has been a university since 1636. Brenda bought a hat. NOT a-Was-auniversity OR Brenda has bought a hat. ‘Natalie, how long have you worked in the movie business? NOT did youswork It hasn't rained for months now. NOT =-didn't- rain Present perfect, past simple, present simple 19Practice A Complete these news stories with the present perfect and the past simple. 1 John Bruce... has won (win) three million euros in a lottery. He. bought. (buy) the lottery ticket last Saturday and ... 2 Princess Lola and Sir John Falstaff (marry). They {meet at a party at Windsor Castle in 2009, 3. Cameron Bowie {break] the 800 m record in Oslo. He {cun) 1.40.23, the fastest time in the world. 4. Farmer Bo Peep (lose) all her sheep. She (call) the police last night but they . 5. Pop star Donna Ma (go) to live in Greenland. The pop star (say) that .. 6 Builders Hansel and Gretel Sweet house out of sugar. Work on the house two years ago and (build) a (start) Inderline the correct option. 1. Let's go out. The rain stops /has stopped. Alice lives /has lived in Newcastle for three years. Itis /has been my birthday today. Tony doesn't speak /hasn't spoken German. Tony doesn't speak / hasn't spoken to me for years. Do you ever see /Have you ever seen my school photos? | play /have played it twice. This cake doesn't taste /hasn't tasted very nice. England has /has had a king or queen for more than 1,000 years. 10 Who thinks /has thought he knows the answer? wWeEVausun © Match the pairs. 1 Leo Tolstoy a has written many books. 2 That wore ty yoo “wrote many books 3. Markwatched the film yesterday. 4 Mark has watched the lm b today. 5 He's been to Berlin He will be back next Monday 6 He's gone to Berlin. b He got back lastnight. 7 Ireally need it a now. 8 really needed it b then 9 Ithasnt rained for months, aso there wasnt much water 10 Itdidn't rain for months, bso there isnt much water. 11 Kangaroos live a in Austral 12. Kangaroos have lived b in Australia for along time. 13. Sheila bought a bike 4 when she was on holiday 14 Sheila has bought bike _b_ but she never uses it. 15 ‘What happened next?” 16 ‘What happens next?” “Let's wait and see. “Look in the newspaper’ D Complete the dialogue using the verbs in brackets in the present perfect, past simple or present simple, Susan: I'm not happy! It. as been hard week and it? {have not) finished yet! Lorraine: What > 2(happen} Susan: Well after training on Monday Mr Jones 4 (phone) me and : {tell) me | couldn't be in ‘the handball team. Oh no, you always tell me that handball 6 (be) your favourite sport. That isn't true any more. It a (be) my favourite, but not nows I never want to play again. This is terrible. you (speak) to the other (be)a Lorraine: Susan: Lorraine: players? No,1? (not see) them all week. They are probably hiding! When? you (start) playing handball? Three years ago, My dad as (take) me to a handball lub. 122 {not miss) a single training session since then. Don't worry, Susan, you will get on the team again, Susan: Lorraine: Susan: Lorraine:E Circle the correct option. ‘The University of Bologna is the oldest university in the world. It a university since 1088. (The oldest university in England, Oxford University, 2. in 1167.) Bologna, in the north of Italy °..a beautiful town and many tourists“... the university each year to understand its history and traditions. The first students at Bologna only °.. law but now the university ©. over a hundred different types of courses, from to ZO016BY. Many famous people ”... from Bologna, especially in law and science. Pethaps the most important scientist is Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus was an astronomer (someone who studies the planets and stars, He ®.. that the earth went round the sun ata time when everyone ®.. that the earth was the centre of the universe. Since 2000, Bologna ®. ‘Alma Mater Studiorum: which means ‘Dear mother of studies’ in Latin. 1 a was bis ©has been d have been 2 a started —b starts C hasstarted dave started 3. a was bis has been d have been 4 avisited — b visit chasvisited dave visited 5 astudied b study —c hasstudied —dhave studied 6 a taught —b teaches hastaught have taught 7 a graduated b graduates c has graduated have graduated 8 a thought b thinks hasthought have thought 9 a believed b believes hasbelieved have believed 10 a wascalled b is € has beencalled _d have been called F You are interviewing the DJ at a hotel in Greece. Write questions to match his replies, using the present perfect, past simple or present simple. 1 ‘for fifteen years.’ Hw Lng have gou been DUP Hw long have you worked in this hotel? 2 “When | was aboy, it was always my dream to be aD). 3. ‘The sea is great and the people are so friendly.’ 4 ‘In 1976. It was the first hotel on the island.” 5. ‘Yes, lots of famous people have stayed here. 6 "No, we are open 365 days a year’ 7 ‘Ivenever thought about it -| love my job” Circle the correct option. 1. John Harvard 2 Lesley from England. a comes b came astudent fortwo yearsnow. ais b was. 3 Obama president in 2009. a becomes b became 4 Women at Harvard for about the last 100 years. 5. My brother needs good marks because he a study 10 go to Harvard. Make questions with the present perfect, past simple or present simple, using words and expressions from the box and write them below. Then answer them. the weather | be you do recently this week your bestfriend | give | now your parents | have | today yourEnglish | go teacher play yourdog/eat |} want yesterday last year 1 Asura prc it, z) Z has come has been has become b studied ¢ have studied b wanted a wants has wanted Present perfect, past simple, present simple 21Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous She's been living here for 30 years. Viillageradio’)) ‘We went to Saffron Walden, a beautiful English village, and asked people some questions about life there. e “How long have you been living in Saffton Walden, Paula? “Oh,only three months. My mum and dad moved here from London. They've always liked the country and they wanted a (uitrife I's dificult for my dad ashe sill works in London nd he's been travelling fom ere to London every day. prefer London but ve already made some nie friends here. They've been helping me alot so ithasn’t been too bad. Look, why don’t you speek to Ms Black over there by the bas stop: she's heen ving ese for 30 year, “Mis Black? Can Task you afew questions?” Saffron Walden maze “Sure, ve been waiting for a bus for 20 minutes, s I've got some time Has life here changed much in the lst 30 years?” Yes and no, The buses are sill alvays Tate They've Been promising o improve the bus service for years, but nothing has happened. Seriously, the village centre is sil the same: ‘We've kept al the beautfl houses and historical places, and the maze ofcourse. The village ths been growing ts young people lke Paula and ber family have moved here from towns One thing {don't ike =. Soy, need to go, my bus has come!” ‘Next we visited the village of Inkpen. 1 Who goes to London very often? a Paula b Paula's dad Mrs Black 2 What do you do ina maze? a walk around b have apicnic ¢ wait fora bus rarer) Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Present perfect simple 1 Use the present perfect simple to talk about events and situations which started in the past and continue into the present, or have only just stopped. Ihave moved to Saffron Walden and I'm very happy there now. > See Unit 4 for how to form the present perfect.Present perfect continuous 2. Make the present perfect continuous using have + been + verb +-ing. 1/You/We/They have('ve)been have not (haven't / working. ‘ve not) been working. He / She / It hhas((s) been has not (hasn't / | working. ’s not) been working. Make questions and short answers as follows: ‘aap Yes) have. Have | /you/we/they beenworking? inheeiee | ange Yesthe) has. Has he/she /it beenworking? Ye he hasn't 3 Weuse the present perfect continuous (or sometimes the present perfect simple) for a situation or activity that is still going on or has only just ended, when we want to talk about how long something has been going on. We do not use the present tense in these examples. : She's been living in the village for 30 years. NOT =ivesinnthe-village = Ive been waiting for a bus for 20 minutes. NOT =arm waiting Professor X, who is leaving us today, has taught here for many years. NOT ~teaches here Use forwith a period of time, e.g. for an hour, for a few da) ‘ages (= for a long time); use since to emphasise when a situation began, e.g. since Monday, since last year, since she got married. Ive been standing here for half an hour | since 12 o'clock. 4, We usually use the present perfect continuous for changes. The village has been growing. Their music has been getting more popular. Present perfect simple vs. present perfect continuous 5 We usually use the present perfect simple for longer permanent situations and the present perfect continuous for shorter temporary situations. People have spoken English for 1,500 years. Victor has been studying English for three months. 6 We usually use the present perfect simple for facts or events and the present perfect continuous for activities. ‘Mrs Black has gone home. ‘She has been working and is very tired. We can use still... not with the present perfect simple when we want to emphasise that a past situation is not finished. Still goes before have. The bus still hasn't come! 7. Use the present perfect simple, not the present perfect continuous, with state verbs, e.g. understand, have and like. Saffron Walden has had a church for 1,000 years. NOT Soffron-Walden-has-been-having == 8 Use the present perfect simple, not the present perfect continuous, to talk about how often you have done something. I've done the washing twice. NOT tve-been doings 9 Donot use the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous with past time expressions. Use the past simple and past continuous with past time expressions. We visited Saffron Walden last summer. NOT Wevesisited = Itwas raining last night. NOT fe beer-eaining = Often there is no difference in meaning between the present perfect and the present perfect. continuous, but the present perfect is more common. Ihave lived here for 20 years = | have been living here for 20 years. Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 23Practice ‘A. Make present perfect continuous sentences from the words. 1. been / it / day / raining / has / all Achas ben raining al 2 have / looking / for / | / everywhere / been / you 3 been / well / hasn't / Mike / feeling 4. giving / her /been / we / have / advice 5 eating / my / has / been / chocolate / who 6 my/been/has / me / helping / dad 7 haven't / the / working / phones / been. 8 doing / crossword / been / have / you / that B_ Underline the correct option. It has been /has been being a difficult day. Trevor, have you listened /been listening to me? She has sung /has been singing for two hours, so she needs a rest. Has Sam taken /been taking my pen again? 6 Louise has read /has been reading the same book for ‘two months. 7 The match has finished /has been finishing and Liverpool are champions! 8 I have thought /have been thinking about you all day. 9 He hasn't understood /hasn't been understanding what todo. 10 He can't drive home because he has drunk /has been drinking, C Write these time expressions under for or since. Pete hasn't come /hasn't been coming back from London. ages alongtime February it happened Igothome midnight my whole life she was two years old the rest of the year ‘two months Christmas 24 D Write present perfect continuous sentences to match the pictures. She's bon runing E Complete the sentences about changes in a village using the present perfect continuous. 2000 Now 300 500 Working day Bhours — 9hours Touristsvisitingevery year 6,000 8,000 People have bun buying 1 more cars. 2 Winters warmer. 3. People harder. 4 The population 5 More tourists 6 The tourists ‘more money.F Write one new sentence using the verb in brackets and the present perfect or present perfect continuous. 1. John came to the bus stop 20 minutes ago. There is still no bus. (wait) “ok has bean waiting fra bus fr 20 minutes 2 I didn't speak German at ll three years ago. | know it perfectly now. (learn) 3. Shelly is driving to Newcastle. She left at 13.00 and it is now 15.00. (drive) 4. The window is broken. The children did it. (break) 5. They are playing tennis, The match started at 12.00 and is stil going on. (play) 6 I don't have my keys. | left them at home. forget) 7 My sister started to tell me a joke. The joke is not finished yet. tell) 8 Ed saw the film at the cinema and then watched it, again at home. (watch) G Complete the dialogue using the verbs from the box in the present perfect or present perfect continuous. notbe come decide freeze get have leave not sell stand think Journalist: 12 have cont tothe village of Inkpen to interview some more village people. Oh, hello, could | ask you a few questions? Are you all right, you look very cold! Hello. | am cold, |? here in the market all day. | think my feet 3 t Villager Circle the correct option. ‘Well, have some tea with me. What do you do in the market? Journalist: Villager: | sell fruit and vegetables. Today : a great day. s ‘much. In fact, recently business © worse and worse. Don't people buy fruit and vegetables now? ‘Of course they do, but in supermarkets ‘outside the village. My wife and | z about it and we * to close our business Journalist: Villager: and do something new. Really? We're not the only ones. A lot of people, especially young people, ? the village in the last few years. It’s very sad. 10 Journalist: Villager: Journalist: you any ideas about your future? Villager: Yes. | want to work in a supermarket. aa Write possible explanations for the events or situations, using the present perfect and present perfect continuous. His eyes are red. tte has bon cng. / He hasnt bean sleping, ‘She is hiding behind the sofa. | can’t find my pen. My friend wants to speak to me. It’s 2 o'clock in the morning! ‘My hands are very dirty. The Blacks in Saffron Walden for thirty years and they stilllike it. a lived b haslived ¢ have been living Stephanie Saffron Walden three times. a hasvisited b have visited ¢ has been visiting forme long? a doyouwait b didyouwait ¢ have you been waiting alot in the last five hundred years. a hasgrown b grew c is growing ‘a Have you finished b Doyoufinish ¢ Are you finishing. I'm sorry, Paula, Saffron Walden that book about English villages yet? Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous 25Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous Scientists had been studying a hurricane. OPE soe LOST Occ g Ota a cd Tere CARs Cet say studying a {ivtji"01 in the Gulf of Mexico. It was Pre acre aa SU TAeSP oatce CUR a oe ae eae Ur TON enor eae CSOT e tag PSC Ree URC easy ee ec aca) eNom A mT mesic Teter RCS Cnr an cag Pe ats png eee se ce ea oe: nea Ce cem tes had not been ready for the large number of people who Conn CRC NCR Cea EMR coset PURO misnomer ean tate terete kg Ter) winds of 125 miles per hour hit the city, It was one of the worst [Sir in the history of the United States. Nica ura ate Wee ene ee Coke SC Comer tad 1 How strong was Hurricane Katrin: Eas 2 What damage didPast perfect simple and past perfect continuous Past perfect simple 1 Make the past perfect simple using had + past participle. They had already left | ‘d already left. The government had not been / hadn't been ready. What had they decided? 2 Use the past perfect to talk about an event which happened before another event in the past. When Hurricane Katrina hit the city on 29 August, ‘many people had already left. Note the difference: When I turned on the TY, Iheard the news. (- turned on the TV and immediately heard the news) When my friend phoned, Shad heard the news (=I heard the news before my friend phoned.) 3 Use the past perfect to talk about things that did not happen as you expected or wished. Thad intended to visit New Orleans that summer. 4 The past perfect is common in it I told her what | had seen. See Unit 38 on indirect statements. lirect speech. Practice ‘A Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings. 1. We had become friends | had been waiting for an hour They had been enjoying the picnic | was bored with piano classes; | had been going He'd had an accident ‘My best friend had already been at the school 6 Make the past perfect continuous 5. Insentences with the time expressions after, as soon as, by the time or when, we can often use either the past perfect or the past simple. ‘As soon as | (had) sat down, somebody knocked on the door. ‘It was half past ten by the time they (had) finished. Past perfect continuous 1g had been +-ing. They had been studying |'‘d been studying a hurricane. had not been listening / hadn't been listening. How long had they been studying it? Like the present perfect, we often use the past perfect with the adverbs ever, never, just and already. The US government had already decided on a plan to get people out, 7 The past perfect continuous is not as common as the past perfect simple. Use the past perfect continuous to describe an activity or situation in the past which began before something else happened and continued during it or finished just before. Use the past perfect simple to talk about completed events or past states. Sometimes both forms are acceptable. The US government had been preparing for a hurricane jn New Orleans for a number of years. (= These preparations continued up until the hurricane) The government had decided on an evacuation plan. (= The decision and the plan were complete} ‘The past perfect is not used on its own to talk about the past. We use the past perfect only in relation to another event or the past. A Shehad-gotup-attentoseven: ¥ She left the house at seven o'clock. She had got up at ten to seven, for as long as | could remember. for a year when | came. by the time the bus finally arrived. when he was on his way to work. when it started to rain. a few years earlier on holiday. Seance Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous 27B_ What do these sentences mean? Tick a or b. 1. The film had started when we sat down. a We sat down, then the film started b The film started, then we sat down. 7 2 When | arrived, everyone had left. a Everyone left, then | arrived b arrived, then everyone left. 3. Bythe time | got his letter, | had forgiven him. | got the letter, then | forgave him. b I forgave him, then | got the letter. 4 We had just been talking about my cousin when she phoned us a My cousin phoned and then we talked about her. We talked about my cousin and then she phoned us. C Read the story and number the pictures in order 1-8. She went to her friend's house. She'd made a cake for her a She made a cake, then she went to her friend's house b She went to her friend's house, then she made a cake. When they had given me the medicine, | felt ill. I feltillthen they gave me the medicine. b They gave me the medicine, then | fett il. When | started school, | had learnt to read. I started school, then I learnt to read. b learnt to read, then | started school She'd taken the wrong turning, so she got lost. a She took the wrong turning, then she got lost. She got lost, then she took the wrong turning, ‘One Monday evening in September, Grant put up his tent on a campsite on the edge of a mountain lake, The next morning Grant started a 15-mile walk through the mountains. ‘GE had criven him to the start ofthe walk That evening a snowstorm started after he had put up his tent for the night. In the morning there was snow on the ground, but it was sunny and clear, so Grant continued his walk. Grant could not see the path very well and he slipped and fell down some steep rocks. He landed on a flat rock, but he could not move. He had lost his glasses and broken his arm, On Saturday morning Grant's friend, Ed, waited for him at the end of the trail. When he did not arrive, Ed phoned the rescue team. But Grant was lucky, a helicopter had already found him,D Underline the correct option. 1. She was surprised to see him at work so early. She had told /had been telling him not to arrive before 9.00. 2 Icouldn't believe it when | saw the exam question. It was just what | had been hoping /had hoped for. 3. Hed been coming /had come to the station to pick her up. 4, He wanted to see the dentist, but she had been going / hhad gone on holiday. 5. Itwas great to hear from her. | had been waiting /had waited for her cal 6 She fell over and hit her head. She didn't know how she hhad been doing / had done it. 7. The children were very dirty. They had been playing / had played in the woods. 8 hadn't been hearing /hadn't heard of Louis de Bemiéres before | read Captain Corelli's Mandolin. E Complete the sentences using the words in brackets. Use one verb in the past simple and the other in the past perfect simple or continuous. at found. {find] the letter in my bag -1 had forgotten (forget) to post it. 21 (already make) some new friends by the time my first day (end, 31 (visit] Mallorca twice before, so | (know] the best hotel to stay at. 41 (thank) my aunt for the book - but she {give) me the same one the year before! 51 {just finish) my lunch when Jemma (arrive). 6 Toby (come) home late last night - he i (watch) the football with his friends. 7 (think) that my friends (not be) very kind. 8 (not be} ready for the exams. | (intend) to study more for them. Circle the correct option. 1 We 2 When Jack 3. Esther put on the music very loud and everyone 4 When my mum came home, | till up. long when we saw her a didn't wait b don't wait the next morning, the bean plant had grown in the night. a nottidied b tidy ¢ hadn't tidied 5. I had been looking for my mobile phone all morning when | F Complete the text using the verbs in brackets in either the past simple, past perfect simple or past perfect continuous. (On 26 December 2004 a very large ‘tp place (take place) off the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. The earthquake 2 (cause) one of the worst in history. More than 200,000 people 3 (die) in 11 countries on the Indian Ocean. Inall these countries, | : (tell) similar stories of that morning's events. Many were tourists who _ (travel) to the area for their Christmas holiday. Many of them & (begin) their day with a morning swim or” (run}on the beach when the wave suddenly ® (arrive). They a (not have) any warning. Some %° (see) the sea disappear from the beach before it a (return) a few minutes later as a wall of water. Many local fishermen also !? the tsunami. They 2? at sea but they (lose) their lives in (be fishing) (not come) home again, ‘Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use the past perfect simple or continuous. 1 When woke up, | was in hospital. | didn’t remember what had 2. | saw the water on the ground and I thought By the time | arrived, 4 When | saw my friend's face, | knew When | got home, the door was open. Maybe was very tired when | got off the bus. It Nobody understood why In the morning | could still remember my dream. ' ¢ hadn't been waiting a getup b getsup ¢ gotup a jump b jumped c had jumped itring! a hear b heard ¢ had heard Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous 29Will and be going to What will the future be like? Whdt_ wilkthe Future be likee Meili feed ne a I’m going to be an #. I’m interested in. making won't need electrici buildings more green. In the futu power stations. Each house will produce enough er the sun for heating and lights. aad k we'll spend too much time in worlds. Even when e travel — the car will drive itself and we will sit inside and play puter games. We'll probably even forget to look out of the window saying ‘It’s sunny today, se pate er will se! nd you a mes ook out! You're going to (Gkask Boris Your fridge will be ‘intelligent’. When you don’t have any food, the supermarket will automatically send you your favourite thing 1 Who is worried about the future? 2 Who is hoping to do less shopping? 0 ESWill and be going to will 1. Use will with th ive without to. The short form ‘Mis used mainly with pronouns and in conversation. The negative is will not + infinitive without to. We often use the negative short form: won't. Well spend too much time in virtual worlds. Wewon't need electricity power stations. 2 Willis the most usual way to talk about the future in English. We use it to give information about the future. The holidays wil start soon. However, we don't use will to talk about plans, arrangements or schedules. > See below for be gong to for future plans. > See Unit 8 for the present continuous and present simple for future schedules and arrangements. 3. Use will for instant decisions made at the time of speaking. We often use ‘lin this context. ‘A:thaven't done the washing-up. B: Don't worry! I'l doit for you 4 Use will for predictions based on your opinion. We often use words like think, hope and be sure with will. ‘Maybe your computer will send you a message. Thope she will write soon, ‘We often use will with the adverbs certainly, definitely, probably, possibly. Use these adverbs after will but before won't. Mi definitely go to the party. Sam probably won't go. After when, as soon as, until, after, before, if, unless, we often use the present simple to express the future and not will. When you don't have any food, the supermarket will automatically send you your favourite things. NOT Heteeeene seen tlle aig faci > See Unit 35 for the use of will in the first conditional. Be going to 5. Use am /is /are (not) going to + infinitive without to. 1am (I'm) going to be an architect. He is He's) going to crash. They aren't (They're not) going to run out of food. ‘When we are speaking, we often pronounce going to as gonna. Sometimes we spell it as. {gonna in informal writing too, especially in ‘American English. 6 Use be going to for plans and intentions. She's going to be an architect. ‘Are you going to clean your shoes? 7. Use be going to for predictions based on present evidence. large storm is coming towards the east coast of the USA. It’s going to reach Florida soon. (We can see that this is going to happen.) We also use be going to for something which has already started to happen or will happen very soon. 'm going to be sick Will and be going to 8 Weuse both will and be going to for predictions about the future, with slightly different meanings. They're going to crash. (Something | can see now tells me this} I think they'll crash. (This is my opinion.) > See Unit 14 for other uses of shall and will. Will and be going to 31Practice ‘A. Complete the predictions using the verbs in brackets and either will certainly, will probably, will possibly, probably won't or definitely won't. 50 years from now .. 1 There will possthlybe a city on Mars. (be) 2 People through the air and not on roads. travel) 3. There a for colds. (be) 4 We all our classes at home, have) 5 ROBO think like a human. (be able to) 6 There lot of ol in the world. (be) 7 We coins any more. (have) 8 We live forever. (be able to) B_ Write predictions with be going to and the words in the box. break burn dosomeexercise dropthem fallover win Be 1 Number Lis going t6 win 3 She sit 4 They 32 C Add one missing word to each sentence. 1 | feel really hungry. 1Amake a sandwich. 2 This will the runner's last race 3 What they going to do when they leave school? 4 The film finishes quite late. My dad's going pick me up afterwards. 5 Don't be scared of the dog. lt not bite you. 6 Ive bought some paint.1 going to paint my room 7 What do you think he do now? 8 Ohno! My phone has stopped working. | take it to the shop. D Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets in the correct places. One verb should be in the present simple and one should be with will /won't. 1 Wha. acup of coffee as soon al ge home. (get, have) at until | everything is al right. (not leave, know) 3. She angry when she {be, find out) 4 You an accident unless you more careful. (be, have) 5 After! my mum back, | any money left. (pay, not have) 6 It easy to find work before the summer = (start, not be) 7 When he she a famous writer. (be, grow up) 8 Ifthey asa team, they (work, do well) E Underline the correct option. Sometimes both options are possible. 1. Your plan won't /is not going to work. 2 Those cakes look lovely. l/m going to take two, 3. The actor, Tom Dickins, has been found guilty of stealing and will /is going to spend one year in prison. She will /'s going tohave a baby next month. 5. They will /are going to get married on Saturday. hope Ill/‘m going to see you later. The sky is very dark. It'l/'s going torain 8 Who will is going tobe there tonight?F Complete the dialogues using the verbs in the box and will or be going to. Sometimes both forms are possible. be buy have land notlike sell stay win 1 A: [hope the party goes well tomorrow. B: Don't worry. Everything ing tobe willbe allright. a : Thisis such a long flight! Don't worry. We soon : Would you like apple or orange juice? 1 apple juice, please. Why are you cleaning your bike? | don't ride it any more -1 it 2. A: Who do you think aioe cee wena some on the way home. B: The blue team - they've already scored two goals. Pa eptulor pine oe 3. A: Do you have any plan forthe holidays? Se 8: Mum and Dad have to work. | it Its too bright! at my cousin's for a couple of weeks. Pee Make predictions about the future in your area: things that you think will happen ‘and things that you think won't happen. 1. [think there will be more sports centres for young people, Write about things you have planned for tomorrow, for next week and for next year. Write about something you plan not to do. 5 rmgtng to wt my fitnds tonsa, 6 Circle the correct option. 1 A:Could you read this letter for me? B:OF course. | readitnow. a amgoingto b amgoing ‘ll She's got the best score. She win the competition. a will isn't goingto _¢ isgoingto We goonholiday this year. a probably won't b won't probably probably A: stay at home tonight? B:Yes,'mreallytired. a Willyou b Doyou ¢ Are you going to IFyour team , you'll be really disappointed. a won't win b wins _¢ doesn’t win Will and be going to 33Present continuous and present simple for future use; future continuous We'll be flying from Hong Kong to Bangkok. @ Blog around the globe 4 September What are we doing in SEPTEMBER? month we're flying from HONG KONG to THAILANT Times and dates 2 September ne plane leaves Hong Kon; Bangkok,’Thailand at 23; 5 September We go to Trat in South-east 9 September We sail to the island! of Koh Selakphet Bongtok 1 Where will Pat and Conor be in September? 2 Where will they be in October? el SSPresent continuous and present simple for future use; future continuous Present continuous for future use 1 Use the present continuous form (be + verb +-ing ) for, plans in the future, especially when we already know the time and place. Where are you going in September? We're travelling from Hong Kong to Thailand. 2 Sometimes we can use either the present continuous or be going to for plans in the future, especially when we are talking about a decision that we have already made. {Im going to have my first flying lesson on Friday. = 'm hhaving my frst flying lesson on Friday.(= A plan and | know when it is taking place.) We usually use be going to (not the present continuous) for intentions or plans which have not been arranged. (One day, 'm going to have flying lessons. NOT One- day-tnn having fying lessons. (- A plan but | don't know when it will happen.) > See Unit 7 for other uses of be going tofor the future. Present simple for future use 3 Weuse the present simple to talk about future events which are part of a timetable or schedule. (On 2 September we leave Hong Kong. On Wednesday | have Geography. After when, as soon as, until, after, before, if, unless, we often use the present simple to express the future and not will, When you don't have any food, the supermarket will ‘automatically send you your favourite things. NOT Wheryouwon'thaveany food Write dates with just the number and the month. 2 September | 2™ September (UK English) September 2(US English) But say: ‘the second of September’ or ‘September the second’ Practice ‘A Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings. 1. Imhaving dinner — Tomorrow's match - This time next year \ {In 50 years’ time, | think Next year the Chinese New Year He's going to save 100 euros One day every month, starts in January. Future continuous 4 We make the future continuous with will / won't + be + verb +-ing. While we are having our meeting, the boss will be talking to the builders ‘My course finishes at the end of May. | won't be studying in June. ‘We occasionally use shall / shan’t + be + verb + ing with and we in formal language. | shall be making a speech during the afternoon. 5. Use the future continuous to talk about something that will be in progress at a particular time in the future. This time tomorrow we'll be flying from Hong Kong to Bangkok, Note the difference: ‘At 21.40 I'm flying to Bangkok. {= My plane takes offat 21.40} Hong Kong ‘At 22.00 I'll be flying from Hong Kong to Bangkok. (Ibe sitting on the plane on the way to Bangkok) ee ee Hong Kong Bangkok I'm going to own a Porsche. ‘we will be living in the new house. with my grandparents tonight. people will be living in cities underground, isnot taking place in the new stadium. Present continuous and present simple for future use; future continuous 35B_ Read the information about Harriet’ trip next week, then complete the sentences using the present simple or the future continuous. Psy bio TICKET ye Date oftrave: Monday 13 February Depart: 1825 Joh F Kennedy Iterations re 06:35 Tsay 14 Ferny He Depart: 08 5 Hest (LHR), Londo, UK iat UFR, New Yor, USA ath (UHR), London, UK ‘reve: 11:35 Tegel (HL, Bein, Germany Notes fr mesing Hi Het Here are some notes for you to read before the meeting Atleast you'll have something to ead on the plan But on’ stay up to lta - make sure you sleep wal! Looking forward to seeing you on Tuesday. Don' forget the meeting starts inthe afternoon at 2 pr. Peter 1 At625 pmon Monday lariat laves Now Yer. 2. During the fight 3. At 1.00 amon Tuesday 4 At6.35 amon Tuesday 5S At7.30 amon Tuesday 6 At850amon Tuesday 7 At1135 amon Tuesday 8 At230pmon Tuesday C Complete the dialogue between Pat and his friend Sam using the verbs in brackets in the present continuous (future use) or be going to future. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Sam: Hi Pat It’ good to see you! ve been reading all you news on the blog What! art you going 46. (do) now? Pat: 12 (get) ajob.13 [meet someone from Eurofight on Monday to talk about jobs in the company, Sam: You* (not be able to) give up travelling! Pat: I know. 1° (find) it really difficult, But I've promised my mum and anyway | haven't got any money left! Sam: So,no more travelling ever? Pat: I don’t think I'll ever really stop travelling, | haven't seen the Americas yet. One day ® (travel) along the Pacific coast. And I've already booked a weekend away next month — iz (g0) Scotland. Some friend and 1® {spen the weekend in the mountains Sam: You haven't stopped at all! Where? you (live)? Pat: 170 (rent) a flat with my friend, Conor. We (look at) some possible places next week D Underline the correct option. Sometimes both options are possible. 1 Have your parents decided what they are doing /are ‘going to do next summer? 2. The bus leaves /is leaving at 6,00 tomorrow morning, 3. When they ask you what happened, what are you going to say/saying? 4. Get better soon. We think /will be thinking of you. {can't come out tonight - I'm going to babysit, babysitting 'm helping /1 help at the school fair tomorrow. My dad is retiring /is going to retire in the summer. They're not arriving /don’t arrive until later. During the next hour, | shall be talking /arn talking abou the effect of the Internet on shopping habits.E Cross out all the options which are NOT possible. Cross ‘out one or two options each time. one OBBas HiShaz {im s0 jealous of my sister! She “takes /is going to take / is taking next month off work and spends is spending / will be spending tin the Swiss Alps. She *isfnally going tolearn /is finally learning / wil finally learn how to ski. This time next week she ‘skiing /is skiing / will be skiing down the slopes. | hope she *will nt be breaking /is ‘not breaking /is not going to break her leg or something! Her plane ®gets in /will get in /is getting in on Saturday ‘morning and the classes “begin /are beginning /shall be beginning straight away in the afternoon. She Spicks up /is picking up /is going to pick up her tickets this afternoon and talks about nothing else! And just imagine what she Sis going to be like /is being like / islike when she gets back. She "is not talking / won't be talking /isn’t going to talk about anything else for months! Gm F What would you say in the following situations? Write a sentence for each one, using one of the future forms from this unit 1. Find out if your friend has any plans to go on holiday this year. rey ging on holiday this yar? 2 You have an appointment at the dentist's tomorrow at ‘midday. Some friends want to visit you in the morning. Tell them what time they can visit and why. 3. You are arranging an interview for a summer job in a café. Tell the interviewer how to recognise you. 4 There is a good show at your local theatre, Ring the theatre to find out the time of the show. 5. A friend invites you to dinner tomorrow evening but you don't want to go. Make an excuse. 6 It's your birthday next week. Your mum wants to take you out but you have already made plans with your friends, Tell her about these. ‘Write questions with the words given, using the present simple, present continuous, be going to future or future continuous. 1 What / do / next weekend? What are you going t5 do next weekend? 2 What / do / this time tomorrow? 3. When / start / your next school term? 4 Who /have / dinner with tonight? 5 Inten years' time, where / live? 6 What time / get up / tomorrow? Circle the correct option(s). Sometimes more than one option is possible. 1 My friends 2 What me outside the swimming pool at 5.00. ‘your parents 3. One day they children. a have b are having 4 This time tomorrow at the hospital. 5 Theboat until the morning. you for your next birthday? a meet b are goingtomeet ¢ are meeting ado..get b are..getting ¢ are...going to get € are going to have a Iwaitb mwaiting Illbe waiting a doesn't leave isn't leaving c isn’t going to leave Present continuous and present simple for future use; future continuous 37Future perfect and other future forms Will they all have gone? what dows do? Many places in the world are in danger. If we are to save these places, we need your help. Zabid isa very old town in Yemen with very interesting buildin ‘once the capital of Yeme nis changing, S have built a new people say that by 2050 people will old ill have gone. ut everything ne Congo a Se are hungry and kill the animals. Will all the animals have died before the wars stop? 1990s. T bln 1965 Venice was on the verge of fling into the ome very heavy rain, but today, after alot s one of the most popular tourist places inthe wortd. lion people will have visited Venice his building was the on! fallin 19 ding left in ima after the FUEIGE y of Hiroshima tells us that we — people think about this. utiful worl, its places, p about to do si nething bad, we True or False? 1 Zabid is the capital of Yemen. 2 Venice is a good example of how we can save interesting places. 3 Hiroshima 1945 is a bad example of what people can do, __Future perfect and other future forms Future perfect 1. Make the future perfect using will + have + past participle. | I/You/He/She/tt/ willhave (tl) will not (won't) We They have finished. have finished. ‘Make questions and short answers as follows: Yes, (he) will way |/YOu/ he /she/ have (have). it/we/they finished? No, (he) won't {have}. 2 Use the future perfect to talk about actions and situations that will be finished by a certain time in the future. By the end of this summer, two million people will have visited Venice. Will all the animals have died before the wars stop? This time next week | will have finished all my exams. present Don't use the future perfect for states, use will. You'll be very tired by the time you get home. NOT wit have beer very ted 3. We often use the future perfect with a time phrase about the future. Do you think the tour will have finished by 17.00? The old town will have changed completely before they do anything Be+ to-infinitive 4 Use be + torinfinitive to talk about plans and arrangements in formal language. We don't usually use be + to-infinitive innegatives and questions. The King isto visit Zabid tomorrow. 5. Use if+ is/are to...to show that something must happen before something else. If we are to save these places, we need your help. (=We need your help before we can save these places.) Be about to 6 Use be about + to-inf ive to talk about actions and situations that are going to happen very soon or immediately. When countries are about to start a war The match is about to begin We can also use be on the verge of +-ing and ‘be on the point of + -ing, to talk about actions and situations that will happen soon. The park is on the verge / on the point of losing. Present perfect 7 We can use the present perfect to talk about actions and situations in the future that will finish before something else happens. After you've seen Venice, o to Rome. ll phone you when I've finished. Future in the past 8 Weccanuse past forms of future forms, e.g. ‘am going to -» was going to, are trying -» were trying, to talk about actions and situations in the past that were planned but did not happen, or that were planned but we don't know if they happened. The park was going to be a great tourist centre. (This was a plan but it never happened because of the war.) We were visiting Yemen later that month, so we needed visas. (This was a plan but we don't know if they went or not} Future perfect and other future forms 39Practice A. Ivanis thinking about his future. He is very ambitious! First, match the years to the events, then write sentences about his future using the future perfect. PA 2215201, 2020, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2081, 2050 ‘become a millionaire graduate Fetire to the island start my own business buy a 10 million dolar house finish school sel this house fora big profit rove to an island, By 2015, he will have finished school By 2018, By 2020, By 2030, By 2035, By 2040, By 2041, By 2050, @Nousene Now do the same for your own future. 1 Byrne yar, Iwill have learned to drive 2 3 4 B_ Read about Sarah’s week. Sarah eats two eggs a day, but only one on Saturday and none on Sundays. She studies Italian for three hours on Wednesday and two hours on Thursday. Sarah watches TV for two hours every day except for Friday. She runs 10 km every morning except Friday, her rest day, and Sunday, when she runs 15 km. Sarah sleeps seven hours a night, three hours more than this on Friday and Saturday. She drives for one hour to work and one hour back. She doesn't work at the weekend. Sarah gives £20 to Save the Animals’ every week. It is Monday. What will Sarah have done by the end of the week? 1 Sheil hav eaten Teg Nowsuen Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box and the phrases in brackets. burn drink fel jump sing win 1 2 leon the vege of falling 1 (onthe verge of) 2 (on the point of) 3 {about to} 4 (on the verge of} 5 {about to} 6 (on the point of} D Write anew sentence about each situation using was /were going to. 1. Tomwanted to buy a new bike last year, but he didn't have enough money. tHe os going buy a now bike 2. I wanted to phone him last night but ! forgot. 3. The sky got very dark and people opened their umbrellas. 4 He was hot and the window was closed. He went to the window, but it was locked. 5. My friends said, ‘We will meet you at 5.00 It's now 5.30, so where are they? 6 Louise planned to move house, then her plans changed.E The Queen and the Prime Minister of Atlantis are visiting Shangri-La tomorrow. Decide which activities each will do and which they will both do, then write sentences using be + to-infinitive. 1 4:00, the Queen and the Prine Minister are to arrive at the airport. 2 Ht: 10.00, the Queen is to visit. the museum, and the Prime Minister is to meet journalists, eee eA Ko loc chides) F Circle the correct option. Siberian tigers used to live all round Asia and eastern Russia but now they only live in the north-east of Siberia, We asked Olga Alexandrovna, an expert on Siberian tigers, for some information on them, Olga... goon a conference but she agreed to speak to us. "There are not many Siberian tigers let, but it is not true that we are on the verge of?.. these beautiful animals. The 1990s was a very bad time for the tigers because of URE. | thought the hunters®...kill all the tigers; it was tenible. It is important to tell people about these problems and this is why Ido alt of travelling; |*..to 28 different countries by the end of this year. {iman optimist and | think the number of tigers °.. by, say, 2030. In the future, people®... more sensible and they ... that we need the tigers. Ifwe 4. change the situation, we need everyone to help. Sadly, in the future, ‘most Siberian tigers®...n 200s but we... them from hunters’ Olga"... meet the President of Russia very soon and discuss this problem with him, 1a wason the verge of _b was on the point of © was about to 2 a losing b tolose c lose 3 aweregoingto b weregoing c wereto 4 a wasgoing b willhave been c am 5 a have increased b are increasing will have increased willbe b are c will have been areto b willhave ¢ are have been b willbe c will have been on the verge of saving b about to save will have saved is b isto ¢ wasgoing Circle the correct option. understand b are about to understand ¢ will have understood arrive atthe airport Speak at a conference 16:00 — sce the King of Shangri-La; £80 104 business mecting Complete these sentences using future forms from this unit. Del it phone my friend, when this exercise, Last night but I changed my mind. thope | by the time 'm 25. Maybe | before the weekend. 5 Someone by the year 2050. 6 When F Iwill be very happy. ‘Atthe moment, This time tomorrowwe onthe planeto Venice. a be b are c willbe This time tomorrowwe inVenice. a havearrived b hasarrived c will have arrived The president... toHiroshimanext January. a came b istocome c come The gorilla. runaway. a isabout to isto ¢ isonthe verge of They... anew road there but they didn't have enough money. a built b willhave built ¢ were going to build Future perfect and other future forms 41R ] Review: present, past and future forms ‘A Underline the correct option. 1 Atthe end of the novel, the old lady goes /is going back to the village where she was born. 2. Magda has /is having a driving lesson right now, so can you call back later? 3. V'm thinking /think about having a party at my house next month. 4 Mybrother is forever getting forever gets into trouble at school. 5. /s your mum usually taking / Does your mum usually take the train to go to work? 6 Jaime is 19 years old but still grows /is still rowing. 7 1am not believing /don't believea single word of ‘Andrews story 8 Mysister is borrowing / borrows my mobile phone Until she gets a new one. 9 Inthe summertime in Scotland it isn’t getting /doesn't She goes to the gym every day. She We were working until midnight lastnight. You : I didn't pass the exam, You . They studied this Science lesson last week, and now they're doing it again. They ‘My friend borrowed my mobile and now she’s lost it. B: You > erere 28 ‘You are having a party and you are worried about one of your friends who has not arrived. What do you think the problem is? Write sentences using the words in the box and could, may or might. buying present not / coming not /have the address have / problem with her phone ill train Hate working late 1 The train could be late, 2 D Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning, using the word in brackets. 1 It's possible that vitamin tablets are not the best thing for your health. (may) Vitanin tablets may nat bx te best thing for yur health 2 The scientist said it is possible that life exists on other planets. (might) 3. Maybe he will go to prison (could) 4. Perhaps he doesn't know much about cars. (might) 5. It's possible we won't see her again. (may) 6 Perhaps wearing glasses will make your eyesight worse, (might) 7 Maybe he's wrong. could) 8 It's possible we won't go on holiday this summer. (might) 9 Perhaps | will phone her later. (may) 10 He doesn't say much ~ perhaps he's shy. (may)E Complete the dialogues using must, may, could, might or F Write at least one reason for these situations, can't. using may (not), might (not) or could. 1 A: I phoned my parents but there was no reply. 1 A train comes into a station, but none of the ney might nat beat on, waiting passengers move Is dinner ready? | haven't had anything to eat all day. The passengers could be going the other way, you ! le might be a model train. 3A: Look! What's the name of that actor on the TV? B: Ask your brother. He He sometimes watches this show. 2. Georgina only eats leaves. 4A: Hi, Lewis, have you seen Olivia? 've been waiting for her for half an hour! B: There's another entrance at the back. She SAI = 3 Jack gets into his car and sits there for five ound my first grey hair this morning. jnutes. Then he gets out again. Well, you'll be 70 next month! Jamie is coming to see the film tonight. le ' He's on holiday! 7 A: | found this jacket. Is it yours or Maria's? 4 The cat is running away from the mouse. B: It'snot mine. It HL ask her. 8 A: Look! Is that Amy driving the car? Br It She's too young to drive. Complete these sentences about your plans for the future using will, won't, could, may (not) or might (not). When I'm 18,.. at ray leave home, ' continue studying. 31 have a job. ' have a bank account. 31 be married ' still ive with my parents. 71 have my own car, I travel. Now write sentences about two more plans you have. BI 10 Circle the correct option. ait months before the building isfinished. a could b canbe c could be 2 Illask Ted. He the answer. a maynot _b may ¢ may know 3. | don't know if I'm going shopping next weekend. | enough money. a might not have b not mighthave ¢ could not have 4 A:Who'sthat in the house? B:It Gemma, she's still in the States. a mustbe b mustn'’tbe ¢ can't be 5. She's worked for the company for years. She nearly old enough to retire. a must b mustn't ¢ must be Possibility and certainty in the present and future 55Possibility and certainty in the past It must already have been there. ik} erosion = } *r * ° =) Sed ——s_ 1 Whose face does the Sphinx possibly have? f 3 imi 2 Why do some scientists think the Sphinx is from 5000 BC?Possibility and certainty in the past 1 Use must have + past participle to say that you think something in the past was certain or very probable. The Sphinx must have existed at Giza when the pyramids were built. (= The scientists are certain it existed at Giza) There's a message from Lily. She must have called when we were out. 2 Thenegative of must have is can’t have or couldn't hhave. Use can't have or couldn't have + past participle tosay that you think something in the past was not possible or did not happen. hafre can't have built the Sphinx. NOT Khafre mustn't ‘ave-built- (= The scientists are certain Khafre did not build the Sphinx or itis not possible that Khafre built the Sphinx) The driver didn’t stop. He couldn't have seen the red light. Practice ‘A Match phrases a-g to the correct spaces in the text. > Use may have or might have + past participle to say that you think something in the past was possible. The man may have been Khafre. (= It's possible that the man was Khafre,) The man might not have been Khafre. (= that the man was not Khafre} She didn't do the homework. She might have found it too difficult 's possible Use might have or could have + past participle (but not usually may have) to say that something in the past was possible, but did not happen. He could / might have become a great ruler, but he died ‘young. You didn't tell me you had no money. could have lent ‘you some. See Units 10, 11 and 12 for the form of modal verbs and for the use of modal verbs to express possibility in the present and future. Easter Island, 3,600 km off the coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean, is very far from land. Now it is a small island with few people or trees, but at one time lot of people lived there. Scientists believe the original {ifABIEAAES 1 by accident. Around 100 people But then the number of inhabitants increased too quickl Scientists are all agreed that the inhabitants > the island and finaly all died. The Easter Island statues are famous but nobody knows why they are there or why there: B or Easter island ° still do not know how the inhibi must have used up all the food could have been part of amuch bi may have discovered the island, might have done this might have been gods may have landed there’ canthave been easytomove58 ‘Match sentences 1-8 with what could or might have happened but didn’t (ah). The weather was terrible at the beach. — | missed the goal ‘a. She might have been a good player. b I could have been an actor. I didn't study for my exam. ¢ We could have gone swimming. We didn't leave home until midday. d_ We might have won the match. ‘She gave up tennis when she was 12. €€. She could have done her homework by now. f a h ‘She's been talking on the phone all morning. 1 could have passed it. She didn't take her medicine. She might have got better more quickly. | didn't go to drama school. ‘We could have got there earlier. @eNouheNHY Complete the dialogues using must have + past participle and the verb phrases from the box. bedifficult be very frightening go out looksilly make amistake passhis test sleep very well : My parents got divorced last yar. That B: that must have been difficult for you. \: He's driving the car alone. A A 8 3. A:| put my shirt on the wrong way. 8 A: A: 4A: Theman in the shop gave me the wrong money. 8: 5 A: |was out in the boat when it started to fill with water. 8: 6 A: My parents are not at home. 8: 7 A: I didn't hear the thunder lastnight. 8: Look at the marriage en ™ a certificate and check if 3 MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE, statements 1-7 are possible or not. Write sentences = = ABH Rent using must have, can’t have, mia ery Elis ee couldn’ have, may haveor a ‘might have + past part Sarah sacdonald Bere Hejalis SF MuDondd Londo, 1920 1 Henry Ellis was born in London. 5 He didn't have any children. He might have been bore in London, ~ we dont kno, 2. He was teacher all his life. Hecant have been a teacher all his lift ~hewas a servant in420, His wife was older than him. 3 He got married in London. 7 Henry and Sarah met when they were working. 4 Hewas born in 1900.E Complete the sentences about the pictures, using the F Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar verbs in brackets and must have, can't have, might have or meaning, may have. ing a modal verb from this unit. 1 Itcertainly wasn't an easy decision, leccant (couldnt have been an easy decision, 2. I'msure you were a good friend of John's 3. Itis possible she did not understand. 4 They were lucky the accident wasn't a lot worse. 5 She didn’t play very well - perhaps she was nervous. 6 Icertainly didn't imagine it 7 Maybe you didn’t hear what he said, 8 Something definitely went wrong. ‘You get home and your teacher is sitting in the kitchen talking to your mum. Write sentences using the modals in brackets. 1. (can't have) Hy mum cant have ted he (him (may have) (may not have) it must have come. from the farm. (come) (ight have) 2 He a ghost. (see) 3 They an accident. have) Tacha 4 You it very wel. (look after) 5 She her arm. (break) (aed! 6 She ity herself. (make) Circle the correct option. 1 Shemay have allaboutit. a forget _b forgot ¢ forgotten 2 Her car isnot there. She have come home last night. a may b might c can't 3 She drank a whole bottle of water. She have been thirsty. a might b must ¢ couldn't 4 The scientists have found a cure, but they need todo more tests. a mayb must can't 5 The man may not have thetruth, a know b knowing ¢ known Possibility and certainty in the past 59Requests, permission, offers, suggestions, promises Could you take your hat off, please? 1 Incartoon B, where are the snails’ homes? 2 In cartoon D, why does the man want to come in? 60ests, permission, offers, stions, promises ests Tomake a polite request, itis not sufficient to just add please. You should use a modal verb to be polite. Gould you take off your hat, please? NOT Take-off yourhat;please: Use the modal verbs can / could / may to ask for something politely. May is more formal. ‘4:Can / Could / May | have your name and address, please? B: Sure / No problem. Use can / could / will would to ask someone politely to do something. ‘AcCan / Could / Will / Would you take off your hat, please? B: Of course. fwe want to be very polite, we can make requests with Doyou think you could ..2, Could you possibly ..? or Do [Would you mind + verb +-ing ..? ‘4:Do you think you could / Could you possibly take off ‘your hat? B: Of course. ‘4:Do / Would you mind opening the window? B:No, not at all. OR Of course not. Could and would are more polite than can and will. Would you take a photo of us, please? {Tm taking these boxes to the car. Could you help? ission ‘We can use the modal verbs can, could and may with the first person to ask for permission. Could is more polite than can. May is formal. ‘We usually give permission with can or may, or we can just say Of course, Sure or Sorry. ‘A:Can come in? B: Yes, you can. / Sure. A:Could we come in? B:No, you can’t!/ No, sorry. ‘AsMay|Icome in? B: Yes, you may. / Of course. 5. Other ways of asking for permission without using a modal are Do you mind if ..? or Is it allright if ..? ‘A:Do you mind /Is it all right if! come in? B:Yes, of course / Sorry, no. > See Unit 20 for let and allow. Offers 6 Use 'll/ We'llto offer to do something for someone (NOT shatt wit). Ul do that for you! We use Shall |/we...? or Can! /we...? for a more polite offer. CA ES hia te Suggestions 7. Use the modal verbs could, might or Shall we ..?to suggest an idea for you or other people to do. Shall we go out? We could / might go to the cinema, 8 Other ways of making suggestions are: Let's... Why don’t we ..2, How about + verb +-ing? Let’s go home. Why don't we go home? How about going home? Promises 9 Use I/ We will or ll / We'll to make promises. | will always love you. In British English, shall is sometimes used after we and J. | shall always love you. See Unit 10 for the form of modal verbs. Requests, permission, offers, suggestions, promises 61.Practice A Underline the correct option. B Complete the sentences using verbs from the box. Sometimes more that one verb is possible. 1. (sit/Would i al ight if give Alex my ticket? 2. Could /May you open this for me? 3. Will/ Shall you talk to him for me? us 4 Might / Would you pass me the salt? 1 What shall /could we give him for his birthday 5 Would you mind not to make /not ZI you possibly come back later? ‘making So much noise? 3. Would you giving me your email address? 6 Whaat shall /let's we do today? is be carefull, | promise. 7 Why don't we sit /sitting down? 5 you come with me to the hospital? 6 Doyou think you bring the book in the morning, plea ‘might /will definitely . 8 I migh ill definitely see you there. 7 facts ethos C Molly and her friend Yasmin are bored. Make Molly's suggestions for things to do based on the web page below, using different wording each time. is weekend! (Gory BM ea ene a oie Go camping at Sandy Beach this weekend. Get a new phone and save money too! Too good to be true? Ring us today and find out for yourself! 0888 214365, Ring 40288 NOW! Doe) The film of the summer! Don’t miss it! At your local cinema from Saturday. This is what you have been waiting for! Bexham's wonderful new swimming pool opens ‘on Saturday 25". Come and see us! 2 for 4 at Pizza Country. i Saturday lunchtimes onl 1 We could, go swimming at Bechan, D_ Molly asks her dad for permission to do the things in Exercise C. Write what Molly says, using as many 2 different ways of asking for permission as you can, 1 Can we go sinning? 2 2 3 . 4 5 , 6 6 62E Look at the scenes at the station. What do the people say? F Complete each sentence b so that it means Write requests and offers of help. the same as sentence a. Use two to five words, including the word in brackets. b Lets have aparty. 2 a Isitagood idea forme to tell you a story? (shalt b astory? 3. a. [sit agood idea to talk tomorrow? (why) b tomorrow? 4 a. Ill make dinner tonight. (shall) b tonight? 5 a Can! leave early? right) b Heave early? 6 a Mayl ask you some questions? (do) b if ask you some questions? 7 a Doyou think you could pick me up later? (possibly) pick me up later? a Illike to see the doctor, please. (may) b » please? TT Complete these dialogues with a request, offer, suggestion or promise. (U pay you. back! B:1 know you will. B: Yes, please. It's going to rain! B:Yes, of course. But only for an hour. B: That's great idea! B:No, you can't! B: Thanks! | don't understand it. B: Cool! ll see you there. B: hope not! RRR TTRe Circle the correct option. Sometimes more than one option is possible. 1 you speak more slowly? a Can_-b Might ¢ Could. 2 Would you mind usalone? a iflleave leaving toleave 3 Igo outside? a Doyoumind b May ¢ Can 4 [wait for you? a Will b Could Shall 5 A:What would you like to do tonight? B: We gotothecinema. a might b shall ¢ could Requests, permission, offers, suggestions, promises 63139 Review: modals A Cross out ONE sentence with a different meaning. 1a I don't know how to drive but I'm going to learn ate i haveto. I'm going to have driving lessons; | can’t drive yet though. 2 a I must do abit of shopping. bb I could get a few things in the shops. € There are a few things I've got to buy. 3. a You should get more sleep, then you wouldn't be so tired. b If you're very tired, you ought to sleep more, You must get up earlier so you don't get so tired. 4 a Youdor't have to take your mobile phone to school. b You can't take your mobile phone to school. € You mustn't have your mobile phone with you in school. 5 a You'd better check your homework for mistakes. b You ought to make sure there aren't any mistakes in your homework. ¢ You could check that your homework doesn't have mistakes init. 6 a You mustn't wear smart clothes to this party. b Atthis party we don't have to wear smart clothes. € There's no need to wear smart clothes for this party. 7 a Are we able to buy tickets for the show from the website? b Have we got to use the website to buy tickets for the show? € To buy tickets for the show, do we have to use the website? B Match the ps 1. Zina was on holida a so she had to go to school. 2. Karen was very ill, Sai he cian thats go to schoo 3. Amyfelt much better, _¢ so she wasn't able to go to schoo 4 Myplane was leaving _a so needn't have got up so earl at 6:30am, Thad ance longsleep, 50! wasableto get up early. ‘My friend came later than | expected, ou so I needed to get up early, 7 Ishould have worn a coat 8 I couldn't wear my T-shirt 9 Ineedn't have taken my warm boots because it was dirty. because it was really cold. because it wasn't cold. 10. Rob shouldn't have a because his old one is broken. bought that mobile phone 21. Steve ought to have bought anew phone 12 Terry didn'thave to buy —_¢ because it was very expensive. the phone himself b because his mum was with him, € Underline the correct of 1 'msure the trafficis really bad today. That must /can’t be the reason why Eva is so late. 2_ I don't really know where Wayne is at the moment. He must / ‘ight be in his bedroom, 3. Newspapers sometimes invent things, so this story might not / ‘mustn't be true. 4 Lots of my friends have passed that test, so it can't /could bea that difficult 5. Fashions change very quickly these days, so you can /may not like this style next year. 6 I'm thinking of going to the cinema with some friends this evening, so | must not /might not be here when you come back 7 Weedon't yet know if we're leaving next Tuesday or next Wednesday. It could /can be either of the two. Mrs Mallet doesn't drive, so that can’t /mustn't be her car. Sometimes computers are difficult to repair, so yours can't /m not be ready for a few more days. 10. Thisis the first time that Andrea's ever run 10 kilometres, so sh must /can't be very tired.D Complete each sentence b so that it has a similar meaning to sentence a. Use a modal verb from the box and the correct form of the verb in brackets. can't may mightnot must 1 a I'm sure schools 50 years ago weren't the same as they are nowadays (be) b Schools 50 years ago must have been. very different from nowadays. 2 a Its possible that Josef went to school by bus. (take) b Josef the bus to school 3 a I'msure their holiday wasn't very nice because the weather was terrible. have) b With that terrible weather, they ‘very nice holiday. 4 a Iwonderif Jayne remembers how to get here. (forget) b jayne how to get here. 5 a I'msure Chloe isnt still looking for her watch. (find) b Chloe her watch by now. 6 a We are going in the wrong direction. {miss b Yes, we a turing. 7 a Shakespeare and Voltaire weren't alive at the same time, so they definitely never met. (know) b Shakespeare and Voltaire weren't alive at the same time, so they each other. 8 a Alison looks happy about her exam results, so she’s certainly done well. (do) b Alison looks happy about her exam results, so she well. 9 a Fmnot sure it's right to blame Ray for that mistake. (make) b Ray that mistake. 10 a Joe can’t open the door. Maybe he can't remember where he put the key. (lose) | Joe can't open the door. He the key. E Cross out ONE incorrect option. 1 ..have something to eat? a Shallwe b Howabout _c Why don't we if my brother comes with us? a lsitallright. b Doyouthink ¢ Do you mind 3. .. you give a message to Claudia for me please? a Shall b Would ¢ Could waiting for a few minutes? a Could you b Would youmind _¢ How about 5 ..help me with this homework please? Doyou think you could b Could you possibly ¢ Would you mind 6 That bag looks heavy... help you with it? a Shall! b Would! ¢ Cant 7. borrow your dictionary? a Doyoumindif b May © Would you mind we meet at about 5 o'clock tomorrow? a Whydon't b Could ¢ Let's 2 4 Complete the dialogue with one or two words in each space. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Leo: Hi, Laura. Is everything OK? Laura: Not really 'm on the train and it keeps stopping. There Y mast be a problem. a you ring the hospital and tell them I'm going to be late? I don't have the number with me. Be left it at home. Leo: Oh not ril4 ‘ry and find it. You 5 ‘caught the earlier train. Laura: 1 know -1° left at 7.00 but I didn't want to get up so early! Leo: What time are you seeing the doctor? Laura: 9.00, but you” toarrive 20 minutes before to give them your details. Leo: Oh dear. You'd® get a taxi from the station or you're going to be really late. Well, ring them, but you? have to go again another day. Why 1° goand get a coffee? Ill ring you back. Laura: Thanks, Leo! | #2 imagine what do without you! Review 2 65PS en ter Se tae Coenen tec Race RETO eR toca acne kad Coe Geen! Cone econ nn nevus! pan se Ren CCT Bcd Soe ME ere Reet Pac oO Ee an nes (CoC EOS SCR CEU RG cst MCE ae p one R RBC LCe Wade ge Cece Ronee ey Sea tn aA Ce re Rane Roe oc BC tent ig eee Cen Rach Petry . PN tt OMS else asC imtoo Ces tele meow ee Bel the 45 CBE SECEDE ued ined Oey pore eC tek Roce ECB Te Toy een Nc cet ta ae ee EL aod eee eee ne eet Cc URL eh ge cae Re ence clea ca aot eet tc tac elephant brain Sore‘Tomake a yes /no question, put the auxiliary verb (e.g. am, were, have, should) before the subject. Isitan English word? Have you studied French? Can you pronounce it? If there is no auxiliary verb, use do, does or did. Do you speak English? Did she understand? ‘Make a yes / no answer with just the subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb. ‘Aclsit true? B: Yes, it is. / No, it isn't. ‘A:Was she speaking? B: Yes, he was. / No, she wasn't. uestions With where, when, why, how and whose, the word order isquestion word + auxiliary + subject + main verb. Where are you going? Why do we have language, then? \fwho, what or which are the subject, we don't use do. Who knows French? Which language has the most words? 6 If who, what or which are the object, we use do. Who did you see? What has she done? 7. Use what + noun for general questions when there are ‘many possibilities, and which + noun when there is a small or limited number of possibilities. What time isit? Which language is more difficult — Chinese or Japanese? 8 Ask questions about size, age, time, etc. using How + an adjective or an adverb. How big is the Cambridge Advanced Dictionary? How long did you learn italian? How old isthe English language? How tall is your father? Short questions 9. Make a short question with an auxiliary verb and. pronoun. ‘A:Children in ireland all learn trish. 8: Do they? ‘A:Jane hasn't passed her French test. B:Hasn't she? Ifayes / no questi want or expect is yes. Don't they speak Spanish in Argentina? (Of course they do). Wasn't Columbus an Italian? is negative, the answer we Question forms 67Practice ‘A Make the questions by putting the words in the correct order. 1 born/ you / store Weere) ere were you bora 2. Clare / washing / her /is / hair 3. did / when / you /her /see 4. of /was / the / first / America / who / president 5 on/a/ever /horse / been /have / you 6 apples / buy /how / did / many / you 7. the / time / start / what / game / does 8 in/ standing / are / rain / why / the / you D Complete the questions in the speech bubbles. 1_Which bag do you Pos ct. =% f y, ry mum and dak B_ Read the text and write questions about the missing information (2). twas“ at night in the small village and Simon was at home. He couldn't sleep because “. Simon went to the kitchen to get some water. Then he heard °P . Simon went “? and looked outside. He couldn't see anything but he still felt °P, © was happening that night. Simon was right because “P was near the house. The animal was very dangerous and it wanted °?... 1 What tine was it? eNOUEEN If you want to know the answers, see below. CC Reply to each statement with a short ques Did yu? I came at six o'clock. It finished very late. We haven't decided yet. Tomis still working there. | was going to ask Sam, Stacy hasn't been feeling wel. ousune Th Bee A a) poos a yjomy 2 a8uens SuN.IWOs 9 PALOMA S ‘mopunm ay p-punos eutue uy € 14 BOR SEI 11 3POPOZ sem 3] TB aSDIEE Complete each quiz question using two words, then le the correct option, 1 {How many... languages are there in the world? @ thousands b hundreds c millions d twenty-six 2 ‘the word"tea’ come from? a Latin b Greek ¢ Chinese d German 3 you call sounds like thea’ in cat and the’e'in’better. a letters. b vowels € consonants d diphthongs 4 these words is an adverb? ashe b nice chere d and 5 ‘Americans call'taxis”? a buses b trams c trains d cabs 6 the most common letter in English words? ae ba cp du 7 people speak Dutch? a theNetherlands b Denmark c the Philippines d Germany 8 do children usually say their first words? a Atthe age of 6 months. b At the age of 1 cAttheage of 2. d At the age of 3. Write your own quiz and swap with a friend. 1 Who .wrste the song Yesterday’ 2 What 3 Who: 4 How: 5 When 6 Why Circle the correct option. 1 there a lot of people who know Latin? 2 small children learn a second language? 3 Why 4 Who you see there? a was 5 A:Did she translate it? B: Yes, she b did a was a Do English become an international language? has F Write three questions to match each short answer. 1 Yes,I did. Did you toll Martin? Did you remap the flowers? Did you read. it? 2 No, she didn’t. 2 2 2 +3. Yes, we have. 2 2 4 No, they weren't. 2 A a 5 Yes,you did ? 7 > bAre ¢ Does b Does ¢ Can adid bwas c were b does c did Question forms 69Question tags Babies don't have teeth, do they? New babies don’t have teeth, do they? Yes, they do, but their teeth don't show until they are about six months old A baby doesn’t have the same number of teeth as an adult, does it? No, it doesn't. We have two sets of teeth in our lives. The first set has 20 teeth, the second set has 32. Children start getting their second teeth when they are about six years old tongue There are different types of teeth, aren't there? Yes, there are. We have incisors and molars. The incisors cut food and the molars make food easier to eat ‘incisors We should clean our teeth every day, shouldn't we? Twice a day is better. Our molars have the most problems because we use them a lot in eating. But people's teeth are healthier today, aren’t they? Yes and no. We have dentists and technology, but we eat, and drink, a lot of sweet things. Food today is often cooked and easy to eat, so we don't use our teeth so much and, like people, teeth get lazy! So we won't need so many teeth in the future, will we? Maybe not! That's bad news for dentists, isn’t it? 1 Very small children have teeth, oar b20 © 32 2 When you bite into an apple you use your a incisors b molars c tongue par!Question tags 1 Asentence with a question tag has a main clause (You know Simon ..) and a question tag (... don’t you?}. The ‘question tag has an auxiliary (e.g. i, do, have) or a modal (e.g. wll, an) + a subject pronoun. mainclause question tag He'scoming, isn't he? will they? 'y or modal, use a form of doin the correct tense. You know Drones, don't you? min the main clause - aren't lin the question tag. Tm right, aren't I? 2. Usually, if the main clause is affirmative, the question tagis negative. She'sa dentist, isn't she? Itcould help, couldn't it? Ifthe main clause is negative, the que: affirmative. You don’t feel well, do you? Wewon't need so many teeth, will we? However, In the main clause - shall in the question tag. buy some toothpaste shall I? See point 5 for more exceptions to ths. If there is a negative word like never, no and nobody in the main clause, the question tagis affirmative. There is nothing wrong with my teeth, is there? After somebody, nobody and everybody, the verb inthe main clause is singular but the tag is plural. Nobody knows, do they? 4. Use question tags in speaking to check information or to check that the listener agrees with you. Chocolate isn't good for your teeth, is it? We should clean our teeth every day, shouldn't we? 5 We sometimes tell people to do things using the question tags will / would / can / could you? In these situations, the question tagis in the affirmative, not the negative. Be quiet, could you? Stop i, will you? 6 Weuse arising intonation (our voice goes up. )if we aren't sure of the answer. We use a falling intonation (our voice goes down) if we are fairly sure of the answer. Neute rne feattieren’ jour (ved haven Aerio accent) eo You're American, aren't you? (Or are you Canadian?) 7 Make a short answer with a subject pronoun and an auxiliary verb. ‘A: You're OK, aren't you? _B: Yes, am. : Did you see the dentist? B: No, I didn't. 8 We can agree to affirmative statements with 50+ auxiliary verb + subject, or subject + auxiliary verb + too. ‘A:ma dentist. 8:So.am|./1am too. A:Boys like science. 8: So do girls. | Girls do too. In conversation, we can use Me too. This is informal. ‘A:I'm hungry. B:Me too! 9 We can agree to negative statements with neither + auxiliary verb + subject, or subject + au + either. iary verb + not ‘A:I don't like Biology. B:Neither dol. | Idon't either. ‘A:Jack hasn't finished. B: Neither have we. / We haven't either. In conversation, we can use Me neither. This is informal. ‘A:1'm not happy about it. B:Me neither. Question tags 71Practice ‘A Match the main clauses to the correct question tags. 1 Wtssixo'cock, — a aren't? 2. Paula speaks Spanish, > bb haven't you? 3. Itwasn't raining haed, © doesn't she? 4 Iimthe winner, \ dt wasit? 5 You won't tell Sam, haven't they? 6 They've been to New York, f isthere? 7 Everybody likes music, g canit? 8 Thereisnonews yet, ~h isn'tit? 9. You've got aca, i don't they? 10. That can'tbe right, i willyou? Inderline the correct option, then complete the answers. 1 A:New York isthe capital of America, is it isn’t i? B:No, it isn't I's ‘Washington 2. A:Napoleon wasn't Italian, was he /wasn't he? B: No, he wasn't. He was 3. A:The 2008 Olympics were in Greece, wasn't they / weren't they? B: No, they weren't. They were in 4 A:Martina Navratilova didn't play football, did she / didn't she? B: No, she didn't. She played 5 A:There are 31 days in June, are there /aren't there? B: No, there aren't. There are days 6 A:We should sleep four hours a night, should we / shouldn't we? B: No, we shouldn't 7 A:A’dozen' isn't eleven, sit /isn't it? B:No,it isnt. Adozen is 8 A:InGermany you must drive on the left, must you / ‘mustn't you? B:No, on the hours is better. Complete the questions with the correct question tags. wort 2. Dad has been making dinner, ? 3. Westarted abit early this year, z 4 Theyre real, 72 D Complete the sentences. 1 leSanice day, isn't it? | think I'll go for a walk. 2 Terminator V, haven't you? It's a great film. 3 true, is it? I just can't believe it. 4 chocolate, don't you? Everyone does! 5 the right place, aren't we? | hope we're not lost! 6 to the party, can't they? Their mum and dad said it was OK difficult, was it? | got 100%! 8 some milk in the fridge, isn't there? ‘Or do we need to buy some more? Rewrite the underlined replies to make them shorter and more natural. Shelly: Oliver, look - I've got green hair! Oliver: also have green hair. I just don't know what went wrong Shelly: *Lto0 don't know what went wrong. Dad will be angry when he finds out. Oliver: Yes and *Mum will be angry. She said it would be a mistake. Shelly: “Dad also said it would bea mistake. He hasn't seen our hair yet. Oliver. And Mum hasn't seen it.I don't want to show them! Shelly: And Ldon't want to show them either. Oh, | thought it was such a good idea at the time. Oliver: 7Lalso thought it was | Our neighbours will laugh at us. Shelly: ®Qur friends will also laugh at us. Well, I've learned my lesson. liver: Yes," too have learned my lesson. Shelly: | will never buy that green grass shampoo again. Oliver: ™% ill never do this 1 Sohave.l. / Me 660, SeavausunF Circle the correct option. Dentist: You're John, '... Nice to meet you. This is your first time here,” John: Yes, ve just moved to this area. I really like it here. Dentist: 2... It’ a lovely place. Now, your front tooth has been bad, *, John: 5... It hurts most when | drink hot or cold things. Dentist: Please sit down in the chair. Open your mouth, 6. Hmm. see. John: There isn’t a big problem, 7... 'mnot going to need an operation, ®. Dentist: Don't worry! I's not so bad. You don't go to the dentist very often, ° John: No,2®... I never have time. Dentist: 1... but our health is important! You should go to the dentist twice a year. Now, this won't take long John: Allright... Itwon't hurt, 2... 1 @ aren't you? b are you? doyou? d don't you? 2 adoesit? b doesn'tit? c isit? d isn'tit? 3 aNeitherdol. b Sodol. ¢Idoso. d Idon'teither. 4 awasit? b hasn'tit? ¢ doesn'tit? d hasbeen it? 5 aYes,ithas. b Yes,itdid. c Yes,itis. d Yes it had. 6 adoyou? b mayyou? ¢ might you? d will you? 7 aisthere? b isn'tthere? c isit? d isn'tit? 8 aneed|? b dol? ¢ ami? d willl? 9 adoyou? b areyou? c don'tyou? d aren't you? 10 a Ididr't. b Idon't. ¢ tamnot. d I haven't 1 aSoam! b Ineither ¢ Sodol d Neitherdo! IZ a doesit? b isit? c willit? d wontit? Circle the correct option. 1 You're a dentist, aishe? b areyou? ¢ aren't you? 2 We've got 32 teeth, a dowe? b aren'twe?¢ haven't we? 3 Jack didn't forget his toothbrush, adidhe? b didn'the? ¢ does he? 4 Imnext, doctor, aamnotl? b lam? ¢ aren't? 5 Some animals teeth,dothey? a don'thave _b have got haven't got G Write questions with question tags and short answers for each situation. 1 You find 100 euros in the street. Sameone kas lost it; havent thay?” Yi, they have. Cmvery lucky, arent Yes, wou are 2. You wake up and your head feels very hot. 3. You go to school but everything is closed. 4 Your best friend phones you at 2.00 in the morning, 5 Your father says he needs a serious talk with you. 6 Youwin a holiday to Cuba. Write questions for things you know about your friend but are not sure about. 1 Where he / she lives. : You alaays lied in Milan, havent yu 2: His/her birthday. 3 What he / she likes. 4 His / her favourite food. Now use your own ideas. 5 6 Question tags 73Multi-word verbs 1: prepositional verbs ‘What are you looking for? Mead Pir ee aig ra ee se Dark shapes OnE SNL) Peta . i es Seren Pere eee Dy 1 What are doodles? 2 Why might doodles be important? 74Multi-word verbs 1: prepositional verbs 1 Prepositional verbs have two or three word: preposition (+ preposition). Your happiness depends on others. You get on with people well erb+ 2. The meanings of some preposi you need to know which preposition to use. Your happiness depends on others, NOT =-of others: Some two-word verbs like this are: (dislagree with learn about believe in listen to belong to look at ‘come from pay for complain about run into consist of smile at depend on speak to get in(to) suffer from get off talk about geton talk to get out (of) think about happen to think of hear of wait for know about work on laugh at worry about get in{to) and get out (of) +a car, taxi Quick get in the cart get on and get off+ bike, bus, train, ship, horse Get on the train — it's just leaving! 3. Sometimes the meaning of the verb + preposition is very different from the meaning of the verb on its own. Note the difference: Look! Eve's got a new bike. We looked after my neighbour's dog last weekend. (& took care of] Some two-word verbs like this are: ask for go.with comeacross look after deal with look for go for look like {0 through Some three-word verbs are: come up with look forward to geton with put up with goupto al verbs are clear but ‘Sometimes the same verb can have more than one meaning: She's going for gold at the next Olympics. (= trying to win or get something) 1 don't know which to.go for. (= choose) Usually the noun or pronoun comes immediately after the preposition. 1m worrying about my exams. You get on with him wel. Questions that begin with What or Who may end with the preposition. What are you worrying about? Who are you looking for? ‘Some prepositional verbs take two objects. ‘She asked me for some money. Some prepositional verbs like this are: accuse (someone) of (something) ask someone] for something) blame (something) on (someone) ‘blame (someone) for something) ‘congratulate (someone) on (something) discuss (something) with (someone) divide something) into (something) pay (someone) for (something) remind (someone) of somebody) > See Unit 18 for phrasal verbs. There is often a one-word verb equivalent for prepositional verbs. The one-word verb is usually more formal than the prepositional verb. look for= search go for= choose talk about = discuss Multi-word verbs 1: prepositional verbs 75Practice ‘A. Complete the sentences with the nouns in the box. D Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs in the box. boat bus dad exams football job taxi yellow dealwith getoff gothrough goupto 1 The old man got into the beat, know about look after looklike run into with difficulty. suffer from work on 2. Youcan't get on the i oe 1 When the president entered the room, the prince 3. He congratulated her on passing her immediately went up 66 her and shook her hand. 4 Alice is bored at work. She's decided to go for a Mar lectha porenment a ‘on the farm. the transport problems. 5 Look! That's somebody famous getting out of the 3. Theman hie beat f the last stop. 6 My sister knows everything about 4 We bali youne son 7 Italk to my about my problems. on Saturday. 8 I don't think purple goes with 5 don't aetna golf. B. Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings. 6 Theyboth bad 1 Imlooking forward a_inyourself. headaches. 2 Ididn't agree b from a small village. 7 He's areally bad 3. Always believe about computers. time at the moment. 4 Itdepends forthe bus. 8 Everyone thinks my sister 5. Nobody laughs with everything she said. me. We've both got green eyes. 6 Ineedtolearn more fat my jokes. 9 My dad the new 7 mnot waiting g tothe holidays, kitchen all weekend. 8 They come fh onyour opinion. 10. She wasn't looking where she was going and t eh 5 A a streetlight. 5 6 7 8 E Make questions by putting the words in the correct © Underline the correct option. Try to do it without etd looking at the list of verbs on page 75, then check. 1. marviage /in believe you / Do Da you believe in mariage 1 He doesnt eat very well Mis lunch seems to 2. What /were /rusic listening /t consist of /with cakes and crisps! ee ee clngeee mets 2 2. | won't put up for / with this behaviour any more. A Rania eat soon an 3 I don't want to go to the museum ~ | don't like looking Ce earl oe ? at for paintings. 4. about / What / you /t0 / want /do talk 4 I don't want you to worry for /about anything ta eldote ra el ? 5. | went tothe hotel desk and asked for /to my key. ji me spoken [vou person’ 3\ 6 She blamed her sister on /for the trouble STL anes tore ee oe eae 7 mthinking in /of going on holiday. ? 8 When I was in Angola, | learnt alot about /of the 6 Sriling/you/are/Who/at country’s history ? 9. Have you heard of /to this actor? 11 /happened / Wh: 10. She smiled to /at her new friend. aa ree ea 2 LL. She's always complaining about /ofthe weather. 8 Who /meal/for/the /psid 12. When he laughs, he reminds me to /of my uncle. 76F Rewrite each sentence so that it has.asi sing the word in brackets in a preposi 1 Can anyone think ofa better idea? (come) Can anyone ne up with atte idea 2. Whose bag is this? (does) Complete the sentences using prepositional verbs so that they are true for you. 1 never agree with ny brother. 3 Do you have the same opinion as her? (with) 4 Did you find my passport when you were tidying my room? (across) 5 don’t now whether to choose the black boots or the brown ones. (go) 6 That shirt doesn’t match your jacket. (with) often think I get on well 7 Mbuy the tickets from him. (pay) Ulike talking 8 Wediscussed films for hours. (about) | always worry {don't know much ove learning 'm looking forward le the correct option. ‘She's looking ajobatthemoment. a for bat c after Hegot his bike and rode away. a off_-b onc into Nobody could up with abetter solution to the problem. a put b come ¢ get Istayed with a family in London last summer but I didn't get very well with them. Who are you ? a talking b talkingof ¢ talking to aon bin coff Multi-word verbs 1: prepositional verbs 77a Q 4 d > = 3 n 8 4 fe 3, a n a 4 & a Ho! g 3 5 2 a a z zg 8 8 2 5 & g @ s > 5 & z g é EB 18° ity; trainers K alarm clocl TAN ao get y W ‘ remote control 2 Which do you think is the best way of keeping ft? 1 Do you do any of these things? 78lulti-word verbs 2: phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs have two words: verb + particle (usually anadverb). Some phrasal verbs have an object and some don't. Put on your trainers. Why don't you find out? Some phrasal verbs which we often use without an object are: ‘break down 90 off come in| goin goon come on hurry up come out / go out lie down come over ‘un away get away run out getin sit down get out stand up getup turn round ‘Some phrasal verbs which we usually use with an object are: look up take back ‘make up take up pick up tell off put down throw away puton turn off / on set up take away ‘There are some verbs we can use in both ways. got back very late. went to the shop and got my money back. Other examples are: find out turn down | up ‘ive up wake up take off wash up tidyup Ifthe phrasal verb takes an object, it can go before or after the particle. Put on your trainers. Put your trainers on. This s different from prepositional verbs. See Unit 17 point 4. 6 If the object is a personal pronoun, it always comes before the particle. Put them on. NOT Put-on-them There is often a one-word verb equi phrasal verbs. The one-word verb is usually more formal than the prepositional verb. come in = enter hhold up = delay find out= discover run away = escape 7 Sometimes one verb can have more than one meaning. The alarm clock goes off at 6 am. (= makes a loud There's a problem with the lights ~ they often go off. stop working) ise) They turned up late. = arrived) an you turn the music up? (= make louder) There are some nouns which are based on phrasal lien printout takeover turn-out > See Unit 17 for prepositional verbs. Multi-word verbs 2: phrasal verbs 79Practice ‘A. Complete the sentences using the verbs in the box. C Underline the correct option. Il go in /to on Monday and speak to the teacher. It was nice in the pool and Oscar didn’t want to come on /out. 3. I get home quite early —| usually get in /on around, 5.00. 4 Don't stand up if you can if you can lie down /up! 5 Ifthe computer doesn’t work, try turning the power up /offfor a few minutes. 6 I can't wake up /away without coffee. 7 Ifyou press this button, the light comes in /on. 8 [like to go in /out tonight. Is there a good film at the cinema? 9 The cat ran away /over when it saw the dog. 10. She put the cup down /on, getup hurryup standup tidyup turn off wash up down. Don't sit down D Make sentences by putting the words in the correct ‘order. Write two things that each pronoun could refer to. 1 tidy /up /it/ Please Please. tidy it ‘ie’ = your bedroom, / the kitchen. B_ Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings. ‘They heard a noise behind them and turned Will was late. He turned ‘The meeting went. ‘They set the company The car door was locked. | couldn't get There's no more petrol - we've run twas a really old car and it was always breaking Hello! Can | come make /up /it/ I'l 3 Can/the Internet /it / up / you / look / on? @NouneNne OO0000008 out, on for hours. irhead! / Don't eae 4 put /your head! / Don't /on /it out. down. up ast year. 5. The / off /told / man /us round, setae ance 6 please? / Can /pick / you / that / up 7 going / back / them / to / take /1'm 8 up? /Can/it/turn / you 80_£ Thisemail has been written in a hejadsoonobjet porous | anacaaasndeaisiaaasiaainsssisananianaaaaall iB sre missing. Write them in the You'll never guess what happened to me today. And I promise I'm not ce makingjup! | was in the shop ‘Hats and Things’ at lunchtime. There was a tall woman in the shop. She was [fViRGIOR hats. She picked up. a blue one and put on. | remember thinking it looked good on her. | had tried on some gloves and was just taking off. The woman came over, picked up some @I6VES| and put on too. Then she started looking at some bags. She dropped one on the floor by my feet. I bent down to | pick up and when | turned round she was just going out. And she was | } still wearing the clothes! I ran out to stop her taking away, but then | felt someone's hand on my shoulder. It was the shop owner. | was stil holding the bag! And he started telling off while the woman got away! F Complete the dialogues using the verbs in the box with the structure: verb + pronoun + particle, Pffindout get back giveup pickup ‘ Write about ways to save the planet. Use a phrasal takeaway throwaway tumon wakeup Veber ene iB e 1 Waiter: How is your food? Customer: I'm not very hungry. Can you The & ee toSave the planet: take tt away please? 2 A: What's on TV tonight? B: The Music Show. Quick! 3A: Idon't know the answer to this question. 8: No,let’s see ifwe can 4A: Mark has taken my shoes. B: Come on! We'll go and 5 A: You haven't been to football practice fora long time. B: No,! haven't got time. 'm going to 6 A: Idon't know how I'm going to get home from the station, B Don't worry - I 7 A: I don't lke this mobile phone any more. B: Youcan recycle that ~ don’t 8 A; What time are you leaving in the morning? B: At6.30.Can you ? Girele the correct o 1 Wegot home and turned thelights, aonb inc round 2 Hisalarm clock went at7.00. aon boff c away 3 Canyou later? a pickupme b pickmeup _c upme pick 4 Theplane at1200. a tookitoff b tookoffit ¢ took off 5 Henever anything, a throws..away b throws...off ¢ throws...up Multi-word verbs 2: phrasal verbs 81Verb + to-infinitive or -ing He decided to run without shoes. eee rete eo recs ke ee Penance ns Ke Ce eS x - Sree eee ce ns Rr a - Z eet cee eanT ‘managed to win. Bikila was first again in es Fae ee F E ee See a NT rae ee ae on ear) Fg Pa ee a | penrerne neater nutes ; ”) aa sy rere seneaeantprerert aeT ne I WwW Re Ok RL eos Oprah started to work on the radio and today she 2 z | ea ‘ es - was working as a lawyer. He sent the book to ry Pre ) p ‘ John Grisham wrote his frst book while he evens Ser nes E book. The other publishers now eid Pee es no to Grisham because he has sold more than ees es 1H Olympic marathons did Bikila 2 Was Oprah's first job on radio or television? 3 Does Grisham still write books? SeerVerb + to-infinitive or -ing 11 Some verbs take a to-infinitive, e.g. ask to go. Some verbs take an -ing form, e.g. enjoy doing. Some take both, e.g. like to do / like doing. There are no rules for this; you need to learn which verb takes a to-infinitive and which takes “ing. 2 These verbs take a to-infinitive: afford Bikila couldn’: afford to buy running shoes. agree They agreed not to tell Maggie. ‘arrange ‘They arranged to meet at 6. cask Ask to see a doctor. decide Bikila decided to run without shoes. deserve Bikila deserved to win in 1960. fail Grisham failed to find a publisher. help Who helped to make it? learn Oprah soon learned to write. ‘manage _Bikila managed to win. need Do you need to phone Louis? promise You must promise not to be late. refuse Jan refused to see him. seem It seems to be a nice day. want ‘No one wanted to take the book. 3 These verbs take -ing: ‘admit. The children admitted not going to the lesson avoid You can't avoid meeting him. deny She denied doing anything wrong. enjoy Oprah enjoyed reading. keep(on) Don't stop, keep running! miss Do you miss having a dog? recommend Doctors recommend eating more fruit and vegetables. suggest ‘I suggest writing her a nice email These verbs take to or -ing, with very little difference inmeaning: begin Bikila began to run | running to school. continue Grisham continues to write / writing books. hate Jhate to get / getting up early like Susan likes to wear / wearing black love Jack loved to read / reading in bed. refer ‘Most people prefer to travel / travelling by plane. start Oprah started to work | working on the radio ‘These verbs take to or -ing, but there isa difference in meaning: need need + to has an active meaning. Ineed to go home. need + ing has a passive meaning. ‘My car needs cleaning. wy try+ to="try, but you may not succeed’. We've got a busy day tomorrow. Try to sleep. try + ing means'see how it works, or experience’ something. I tried sleeping on the floor but it didn't help my back. regret We use regret + to to give bad news in formal writing. We regret to inform you that your job application has been unsuccessful We use regret +-ing for things about. They regret saying no to Grisham. the past we are sorry remember and forget We use remember and forget + to for things we need todo. | forgot to buy some flowers. We use remember and forget +-ing for memories of the past. Oprah remembers her grandmother hitting her if she didn’t remember to do the housework stop We use stop + to when we stop in order to do something. | stopped to buy some eggs. We use stop + ing when we no longer do something. bikila stopped running in 1971. Would like (short form: like) + tois one way of saying want or might want. Use Would you like + to for a polite invitation. like to run in the Olympics. Would you like to have a coffee? Verb + to-infinitive or-ing 83Practice A Write the verbs under the correct headings. ‘Try to remember by yourself; if you can't, look at the lists on page 83. afford admit arrange avoid begin continue deny deserve enjoy fail hate help keep love manage miss prefer promise regret remember refuse seem suggest try would like B Underline the correct option(s). Sometimes both options are possible. Ay 10 1 12 84 Mike enjoys to play /playing got, Do we need to bring / bringing anything? I never recommended to do /doing that. ‘Why didn’t you ask Jonny to come / coming? Start to cook /cooking the potatoes first. Everything will be all right if you keep on to work / working. Jane doesn't want to become /becoming a doctor like her mum. I really miss to have /having a car. Dogs don't like to be /being alone. ‘Would you like to go /going first? | avoided to see /seeing her for along time. But we arranged to meet /meeting! ‘Match the pairs. ike — | ‘to have arich husband one day. 1 a 2 dike ———— b listening tothe radio in the morning 3 Themechanicneeds a toreparit. 4 Thecarneeds b repairing. 5 DearMrJones,Iregret a totellyou that you have not passed 6 Well regret b not studying harder at school. 7 Idon't remember a togive the keys to Simon 8 Please remember b giving the keys to Simon, 9 | sat down and stopped thinking about it. 10 Isnotimportant. Stop b to think for a moment. Don't forget 12 Iwill never forget to meet her at the station. meeting her for the first time. Circle the correct option. Greg LeMond was the first American winner of the Tour de France cycle race. He decided ®..a cyclist when he was still at school and?...to win alot of prizes. LeMond missed °.. tothe Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of political problems between the USA and the USSR. Today he regrets‘... the chance to win a gold medal LeMond won his first Tour de France in 1986 and his future seemed 5...very good, but the next year LeMond had a terrible accident. He was accidentally shot in the back on a hunting trip and he needed °..a very serious operation, LeMond had ’...to take part in the 1987 Tour de France but his doctors didn't recommend. the hospital. ‘This was a tragedy but LeMond®...to retire from the sport and he kept .. he could return to cycling, Two years later he started ".. again In 1989 he dramatically won the Tour de France on the last day of the race, and he was the winner again in 1990. LeMond stopped ™...in 1994 and opened a sports business with his father. 1 a become b becoming @tobecome d tohave become 2 a began b enjoyed c wouldlike d remembered go b togo c going d having gone a tolose b tohavelost c tolosing d having lost a tobe b tobeing c being d havingbeen atohave b have having d had a suggested b liked c denied arranged toleave b leaving c notleaving d notto leaving adenied b missed refused d avoided 10 a believe b tobelieve c believing d belief 11 a train b trains c training d to training 12 atocycle b cycle c havingcycled d cycling woavauseE Rewrite each sentence so that it has.a similar meaning, F Complete the news story using the words in the box using the verb in brackets. and the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Susan really likes shopping. (love) Susan oes shopping, 2. Mick: Why don't you buy some flowers? (suggest) arrange continue admit forget like manage prefer remember seem would like a i vent two ear-ld Ruth Wilkes was surprised to finda 2ebra inher 3. Andy wor't be able to finish all the work. (manage) Seer monn esa toy om est 0 ral Wiciasio sod targa dae ‘bo resposible. Noone knows how the zebra got into Mts Wilkes’ arden. 4 Steve wants to have a coffee. (would like) Mis Wilkes doesnt (se) the zebra on Weenesday evening. She often ? (take) ite walk inher garden in the 5. Kate: wor't doit (refuse) ‘moming and that is when she saw the zebra. Mrs Wilkes was shocked butshe did (phone) the zoo and they quickly came to help her. "Welt didn't > (be) dangerous’ 6 Jo:| didn't steal the money. (deny) said Mrs Wilkes, “ot | have) birds in the garden!" ‘he manager of Chester 00 said 17. (apolngise to Mrs Wiles. We wil ® (cive) her and her grandchildren fee tickets tothe 00° But what about she eta? Ti sie the za wll never 7. Kay wanted to meet at 7.00. (arrange) (0) 8 Maggie's hairs dirty. (need) oni holy Chester police 9 \ Givestigate) the incident Complete these sentences so that they are true for you. 1 Lenjoy watching hore fas, 2 Ireally hate 3 One day | would lke 4 sometimes forget 5 Ienever tried 6 Icanremember ‘when | was very young. Circle the correct option. 1 Oprah wanted tocollege. a togo_b going eitheraorb 2. Did she promise her grandmother hard? a tostudy b studying eitheraorb 3 Ivealways enjoyed atorun b running c eitheraorb 4 I suggested ‘the Oprah Winfrey show. a towatch b watching eitheraorb 5 Oprah wants to continue onTV. a towork b working eitheraorb Verb + toinfinitive or-ing 85Verb + object + to-infinitive Greg made the children work 60 hours a week. 20' 834) had a clothe near Manchester. The helped him become very rich. Greg needed he wanted them to work for little money children to work for him. childre Greg made the children work 60 hours a week There was nothing range about this at that time. The mploy children as young Greg forced them to stay in a fiv en Naa oe ay Sais ecial house for children and warned them not to y yy Tease oi dhikst las penhisbion | Hwevee the house was quite comfortable and the children had enough sat. Meat was expensive then but Greg allowed n to read and write \ new law in 1844 ordered factories to stop using traditional way, asl them questions and hear them talle about the hard times of the pas 1 Who was Samuel Greg? a afactory worker b abusinessman c ateacher 2 How often did the children eat meat? ‘a onceaweek b onceamonth c never 86rb + object + fo-infinitive ‘These verbs take an object and to: advise advise you to study history. allow Greg allowed the children to eat meat ‘on Sundays. ask Don't ask me to work at the weekend! encourage Hannah encouraged them to read. force Greg forced them to stay there. order The new law ordered factories to stop sing children. persuade Please persuade Alice to take the job. invite He invited children to work for him. need The boss needs me to do it remind Remind Samuel to tell Hannah about. the meeting, teach She taught them to read. tell Greg told the children to go to bed. warn ‘He warned them not to leave the house. want Greg wanted his workers to be cheap. Inspeaking, get + object + to = persuade. Get jack to help. He's not very busy. ractice Match sentences 1-10 to sentences a-j which have the same meaning. 1 Sid asked Jo to do it a Jo,flllet you doit. 2 Sid allowed Jo to do it. b Jo, you must do it! 3 Sid encouraged Jotodoit. ¢_Jo,thisis how you do it. 4 Sid made Jo doit Jo, saw you do it! 5 Sidwamed|onottodoit. e _Jo,will you do it, please? 6 Sid advised Jo to doit f Jo,you know you 7 Sid taught Jo to do it. can do it! 8 Sid noticed Jo do it. g Jo,let’s do it together. 9 Sid reminded Joto doit. Jo, you shouldn't do it 10 Sid helped Jo doit i Jo,itwould be a good idea to do it. Jo, don't forget to do it! mz 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2. These verbs take an object and the infinitive without to: feel Ifelt his hand touch my shoulder. hear Did you hear him say it? let The law let him employ five year-olds. ‘make Greg made them work hard. notice Ididn’t notice the machine start. see Did you see it happen? watch You can watch people make clothes. 3. Help can take to or the infinitive without to after the object. It helped him (to) become rich. There are no rules for which verbs take which forms. When you learn anew verb, learn also the form which it takes. A good dictionary will show this information. remind /ri'maind/ > verb [T] @ to make someone think of something they have forgotten: Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday? ©) (BRR O [+ (that}] rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled. B Underline the correct option. 1 My dad taught me to ride /ride a bike. 2 Lucy persuaded me to buy /buy the shoes. 3. Mum, please let /make me stay at Jane's on Friday night. 4 I could feel the car t0.go,/go faster and faster. 5. MrGreen made Sam to pay /pay for the broken window. ‘A: Richard is really angry. B: Get him to sit /sit down for five minutes. Her grandmother warned her not to get /not get lost in the forest. The captain ordered the soldiers to run /run back to the camp. Did you hear John to say /say that? ‘My parents always encouraged me to play ‘play the piano. 10 Verb + object + to-infinitive 87C What does each text say? Tick a, b orc. a -- a Ittells children not to play | football. ¥ b_ Itencourages children to play football. € Itlets children play football ‘a. Sarah promises Rob to buy some flowers. Sarah advises Rob to buy some flowers. Sarah reminds Rob to buy some flowers, ‘a. Sandra promises to pay John the money. b Sandra will pay the money instead of John. ¢ Sandra will tell John to pay the money. a It makes old people sit in this place. b_ Itgets bus passengers to offer this place to old people. ¢ It doesn’t allow young people to sit in this place. David orders Lesley and Max to go to a party. David invites Lesley and Max to go toa party, David reminds Lesley and Max to go toa party. a Itwarns people not to go inside. b It encourages people to go inside. c_ It forces people to go inside. 88 D Complete the text using the verbs in the box and the correct form of the verbs in brackets advise ask force iswite help let need see tell war ‘The famous biologist Doctor Singh has written anew book called You Are What You Eat. We decided to 1 vite. the doctor 0 6... (come) to our studio so that we could? him (answer a few questions about the book. Doctor Singh says he wrote the book to * teenagers not (eat) unhealthy food, but does he* his children (go) to fast- food restaurants? ‘Sometimes, he laughs: You can't children, (do) everything you want. 1° them (be) sensible and rot eat there every day! ‘The next question: Do vegetables really ” teenagers (grow) faster? ‘It’s not as simple as that’ he says.'But it’s true that teenagers don't eat enough of them, When I do my research in school canteens, | don't often ® teenagers choose] vegetables. Maybe we teachers (talk) to teenagers about this. Last question: Does Doctor Singh teenagers who eat too much (g0} on a diet? “Usually, the problem is not eating too much but eating the wrong food. If teenagers eat sensibly, there is no need foradiet! E Samuel Greg wrote some instructions for his wife. Complete the sentences about what Hannah did. [ 1 Some children pay football net tothe factory windows. Step them! Wat if ll ha chiden to pla football, | 2 Chatles must clean the machines PP Hannah made 3 Nancy can visit her mother on Saturday. yp tannahlet T 4 Vewould be rice f the workers had a bath on Suda. Hannah encouraged 5 Robert must remember to do his Latin homework. Hannah reminded 6 Emily still doesn't know how to use the new machine. ‘Hannah taught 7 Jonas has to paint the walls | “Hannah ordered |B Raby Grey to come fo tearet Fra. | Harrah itedF Complete sentences 1-8 using information from the text.. What do you think is going on? itwas terrible and Graham was in shock. Graham sent a text to Amanda: “Phone mel’? His heart was beating very fast as he explained everything to her. Amanda, come round, please! he said at the end. Graham looked out of the window “so he could see Amanda as she drove to the house. She came in and Stook offher coat, with Graham's help. Graham's room was a complete mess with cupboards open, things on the floor and clothes everywhere. Don't panic, it will make things worse: said Amanda. “Sit down and think’ Amanda was looking at the chaos in the room when °she saw that Graham had started to cry. See below for the end of the story. Graham wanted Ananda to phone hin He felt He asked He watched He helped Amanda warned She told She noticed Ln ‘Do you think you will be a good parent? Write sentences about what you will allow, make, ask, { etc. your own teenage children (to) do. 1 {will let them stay up late sometines, Circle the correct option. 1 Greg made them hard. a work _b towork 2 Hedidn't let the children games. a play b toplay 3. Greg didnt allow the children a leave b toleave 4 Hannah advised Greg anew factory. a open _b toopen 5. Did Gregnotice the boy the machine? a break to break “pias sb 40, wees pa. sopueuny nox uns YO hee Boom. rym 2:00 NOK day ),PPS PpUEUIY 0M 3.00, "ois ay jo pus ayy 42801043 Verb + object + torinfinitive 89~ Linking verbs: be, get, feel, ete. It looks a bit yellow but it tastes great. organic looks nicer is natural is organic getting more popular stays fresh looks a bit yellow «| tastes greats: ese ons are not from chickens i)! |< 1 | fanana, so wry § he: > seems strange!" Match the people to the opinions: 1 Kirsten a Organic food doesn't last a long time. 2 Diego —_b Organic food is a waste of money. 3 Bomri ¢ Organic food is kinder for animals erring verbs: be, get, feel, etc. ‘linking verb links a noun or a pronoun with an adjective or noun. The most common linking verb is be. Organic food is natural. Isita banana? Some linking verbs describe things that change (become, get, go, grow, turn) or stay the same (keep, remain, stay). The milk turned green. Organic food stays fresher for longer. Some verbs of change are used in special ways. We use turn and go with colours. Go is more informal. The sky turned / went black. Go describes bad changes. The milk went bad. Weuse get or become, not go, with old, tired and ill. She becomes / gets tired very quickly. NOT =-goes= We can often use either get or become. Get is more ‘common and informal. Organic food is getting / becoming more popular. Become, not get, can be followed by a noun when it isalinking word. became a student. NOT 1got-a-student. Use get, not become, in imperatives, and for shorter processes. Get dressed! NOT Become-dressed! Could you please get ready on time? NOT =-become- teens See Units 33 and 34 for get in passives and get asa Causative verb. ‘Some linking verbs describe senses, e.g. appear, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste. This milk smells bad. Ittastes great. Note the difference: He looked strange. (Look describes a sense, so it isa linking verb, followed by an adjective) He looked at me strangely. {look isan action, soit is followed by an adverb) 6 Use What does it look / feel / etc. like ..? or What is it like? to ask questions about the senses. The answer has jing verb + like alinking verb and an adjective, or a li and a noun. ‘A: What does she look like? _B: She's tall and slim. ‘A: What does it taste like? B:t’s like a lemon. ‘A: What's your new bike like? B: It's great! ‘A: What's Birmingham like? 8: It’s like Manchester. We often ask about the weather with What + be + the weather like? ‘A: What's the weather like? It’s cold and it's raining. Prepositional verbs with like, e.g. look like, smell like etc. mean resemble, They are followed by a noun. ook like my father. It feels like winter. A few descriptive verbs, e, sometimes be linking verbs. Hay awake, Mike felt il. lie, fall, sit and stand, can All inking verbs can be followed by an adjective, but be, become, feel, look, remain, stay and sound can also be followed by nouns. I felt foolish / a fool. It looks nice / anice day. We stayed friendly friends. ‘Some adjectives (e.g. some begi like afraid, alive, alone, asleep, awake, and ill and well) are usually used after linking verbs, especially be. The baby is asleep. | don’t feel well. Linking verbs: be, get, feel, etc. 91Practice A. Underline the correct option. This room smells /tastes strange. Wayne goes /keeps fit by running every morning, Do you think | feel /look al right in this dress? Jack went /remained very red when he understood his mistake. The plan tumed /went wrong. Don't eat those tomatoes, they taste /grow strange That seems /is OK, but I'm not sure. The start of the test was easy but it soon stayed / ‘grew very difficult 9 What feels /is summer like in your country? 10. A: What does his new album sound like? B: It sounds like /sounds very different. BRUNE B_ Complete the sentence about each picture using one linking verb and one adjective from the box. difficult lovely seem smell sound terrible C Complete the sentences with become or get. Sometimes both are possible. 1 Have you always wanted to. become apilot? 2 After you dressed, brush your teeth. 3 Itmay dirty. 4 Who wants to a millionaire? 5 want to rich 6 Youneed to changed quickly. 7 Itmight a problem if we do nothing. 8 I started to interested in Spanish literature. Circle the correct option. Steve: Welcome everyone! ... ready for a very interesting show tonight with our special guest, Sue Timms, an organic farmer. Sue: Hi, Steve. It feels”... to be on the programme. Steve: Sue, why did you®...an organic farmer? To many of ur listeners, it might *..a strange decision. Sue: Well, it might appear®...to you but it just seemed ° to grow more healthy food. It's good for my farm and good for my customers. Steve: Some people still”... unsure about organic food, They say it only gives farmers more profit, and only rich people can afford it. Sue: Well, prices®... lower, slowly. As the market °... bigger, prices should fall. | really think the taste of my foods better. Steve: Just before the programme, |... tasted some of your milk, and, youre right, it tasted 1 Sue: You'll never 2. illif you have a glass of my milk every morning! Steve: Thanks for coming on the show, Suet 1 abecome ®Get cbe d Stay 2 agood bwell conicely d best Baget bbe ctum d become 4 abecome b go ¢ appear_d make 5 a-stranger b strange c strangely strangest 6 aagoodidea brightly ¢ well d being ight 7 aget bremain c become d be 8 aaregetting bare c areturning dare seeming 9 ais bstays ckeeps grows 10 a quicker b quick c quickly d quickest. 11 a greater b great c greatly d greatest 12 aseem bgo ctum d fallE Answer the questions using the verbs in brackets. 1 How do I Look? (look) You look great! 2. What do you want to do when you leave school / university? (become) 3. What's wrong with you? (feel) 4 Why don't you eat the salad? (look) 5. Did you hear about the man who bit a dog yesterday?! (sound) 6 Isthe weather still cold? (get) 7 What does a cold shower feel like? (feel) 8 Who do you look like? (look) F Complete the sentences and add explanations. 1. Ruth fell asleep in the concer. It was s boring John feels, Her new friend seems ‘The weather is turning Life in big cities is getting, 6 Not many young people want to become Len Solve the riddles, then write two of your own using linking words. 1 People like to drink it but it doesnt taste good or bad. It gets hot and cold. They are green but they tum yellow and brown in autumn. Circle the correct option. 1. That sandwich looks 2 Organic food popular. a isseeming 3 Tracy ready to go to the restaurant. 4 Doesit taste 2 a good b well 51 green when | realised what | had eaten a nice oy 241 ¢ $2891 7:S1aMSUY b nicely b is growing a got a got 3 It stays the same but it looks bigger or smaller, every night. b became b went Linking verbs: be, get, feel, etc. 93R3 Review: questions; multi-word verbs; verb structures A Complete the questions. © Complete the short answers. 1 A: Hw tong have you had that jacket? 1 A:I love chocolate B:Oh, about six months. B:Mmm,yes.|...46¢66 2” did your jacket cost? 2. A:Have you read that book? B: | don't know. It was a present. Yes, | 3k gave it to you? 3 Ail-cantt swim very well B: My aunt. B: Oh, neither 4A did you get those shoes? 4 A:Should I say sorry to Mrs Porter? B: Froma shop in London. B:Yes,I 5A size are your shoes? 5 A:I've never been in abig ship. B:I think they/re size 36. B either. 6A tall are you? 6 A:Will Helen be at home? B:Lmetre 65. B:No, she 7% do you go shopping? 7 A:You played really well in that game. B: Two or three times a week, B:So 8 A:l've got these two hats. cone do you 8 A:Did you have time to watch that film? think suits me best? B:No,! B:Oh, | think the blue one. 9. A: don't think English is all that difficult. 9A bagis this? B: f B: Its mine 10 A:I'mnot very happy about what we have to do next 0 A can't you go out tonight? week. B: Because I've got lots of homework B:Me 11 All should make a telephone call B Complete each sentence with the correct question tag. B:So Helis peat avety dei cesar ier 12 A: Were you thinking of playing basketball this 2. There were about 20 peopl there, 2 ae 7 Arana oS ? Be aM eos ete te photos. ‘ : Mine 2 neeraren Svaing 5 14 A; Would you like to learn another language? 7 He won't come back now, 2 oe ‘ escent ae sar 55 15 Actimnever going back to that shop. 9 Jessica plays basketball well, 2 a ee ? Dut the word in brackets in the correct place in each Hate ears shou retake Wak, > sentence. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Sean eee secs ena é 1. Canyouwake'\ up at 7 o'clock tomorrow please? me] 14 You'll be going on holiday soon, 15 He can't be serious about that, 2. Ineed to look up in a dictionary. (this word) 3 Iove parties and I'm really looking forward to. it) 4 They were talking too much in class and the teacher told off. them) 945. I don't believe you. You've just made up. (that) 6 I've decided to give up. chocolate) 7. The music's quite loud, Maybe we should turn down. it) 8 Irmais really good at dealing with. (problems) 9. There's no point keeping this old mobile. I'l just throw away. it) 10 _Yanis always coming up with (strange ideas) 11 Can you tun off when you leave the room? (the light) 12 If the jacket's the wrong size, you can just take back to the shop. (it) Complete the questions with the correct prepositions and match the questions to appropriate replies. 1 Wheredoyoucome from? ‘a Well, I've got my mum's eyes 2. Who does this belong 2 b like to ask you for some advice. 3. Whoare you waiting z le ‘My keys. I'm sure I left them here. 4 What do you want to talk | t’smine 5 What are you looking 2 e Kathy. But only if she's free. 6 What are you listening, 2 | £ Well, think you're all wrong. 7 Who do you look a fg Well, was born and grew up in India 8 Whowould you like to speak 2 fh Lust feel happy, that’s all 9 Who do you agree 2 i My friend. Hell be here soon 10 What are you smiling ? J Wt’s classical music, actually. Complete the sentences using the correct form (infinitive with to or “ing) of the verbs in brackets. 1 leantafford.._ tgp 2 Fatima recommended 3 Alfie promised 4 Thisnote is to remind me tomorrow. (take) 5. I'm sure Rory will deny the window. break) 6 regret +to Portugal when I had the chance. (not go) 7 The police are warning people because of the extreme weather. (not drive) ‘on holiday at the moment. (go) the tomato soup. (try) me an email next week. (send) the book to the library 8 She seems a very nice person. (be) 9. Mycompany allowed me a few extra days’ holiday. {take} 10 Fiona admitted 11 Theclassroom really needs big mistake. (make) very soon. tidy) G Circle the correct option. I'm Irish and Ive always lived in Ireland but a couple of years ago I... very interested in Japanese culture, so when my dad suggested going there on holiday it sounded ...a really good idea. So, ast April we that's my parents, my seven-year-old brother Charlie and me - flew to Tokyo. At first, everything 3..amazing. tall. so different from Ireland - the people, the language, the shops, and the food, which weld been a bit nervous about, tasted 5 But after about three days my dad ®.. ill with a stomach infection and he didn't want to leave the hotel. Also, Charlie 7. tired of going round Tokyo, so my mum suggested that we should visit a special children’s theme park called Kidzania, At first 8. afraid it would only be suitable for small children but | was pleased we went inthe end. What happens is you choose job, you ®.. dressed up in the clothes of that job and you act it out, so you can ™. like you are really doing that job. Charlie, for example, "...a pilot — well, he wore a pilot's clothes and pretended to fly aplane, while I chose to be a doctor. | felt abit 2... at first, but in the end I had a really good time, It's definitely one of the best things todo in Tokyo. 1 awent b looked @ became d turned 2 awhat b like cas dso 3 akept b stood c was d went 4 abecame b stayed c got d seemed 5 agreat b greatly c greater d greatest 6 a-appeared b fell c went d stayed 7 awent b got ¢ remained d tured 8 a seemed b stood c came d was 9 akeep b appear c get d become 10 a sound b taste ¢ seem d feel 11 a became b got c went d did 12 a strangely _b fool c embarrassed d shame Review 3 95Articles A famous code SAMS PML 1k the 1 What does the message say? 2 Do you ever use code? 96Jan 1 Use a/ an with singular countable nouns. a friend, an email, a message 2 Use a/anto talk about something that the listener or the reader doesn't know about yet. The Ancient Greeks sent and received messages using a seytale. 3. Use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel sound. Note: it is the sound not the letter that is important! We say a house /a havs/ but an hour /an ‘ava/. (Hour begins with a vowel sound.) ‘We say an umbrella /on am'brela/ but a university Jo ,jusns'va:soti/. (University begins with a consonant sound.) 4 Use a/anto talk about professions and to describe what something or someone is. She's a spy. It's cylinder made of wood. It’sa secret code. 5 A/ancan mean everyin expressions of time or quantity. ‘once a day, 100 miles an hour 6 Wecan.use the expression What a... when we are surprised, angry or excited about something. What a terrible day! We use What ..!(with no article) for plural or uncountable nouns. What terrible weather! What smart shoes! The 7 Use the with singular and plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns. the officer, the officers, the information 8 Use the when the listener or reader knows what the speaker or writer is talking about. Give me the money. (The speaker or writer does not explain which money he or she is talking about. The listener or reader already knows) 9 Use the when the speaker specifies what or who they are talking about. the key below, the woman with the curly hair 10 Use the with things that are the only ones around us, or that are unique. the sun, the planets, the sky 11 Theis used in a number of expressions referring to the world around us or things that we all know about. the mountains, the city, the universe, the government, the Internet 12 The comes before superlatives. the most popular film, the highest mountain 13. Use the when you talk about well-known groups of people. the police, the Chinese, the young With seasons, we can use the or no article. in summer /in the summer In the summer can also mean next summer. 14 Weuse no article with plural or uncountable nouns when we are talking about things in general. Codes protect our personal information. Life is dificult sometimes. ‘Compare (On this website you can find out about the codes used jn World War I She had a wonderful life 15. Most names of people and places have no article. Jackie lives on King Street. The offices are in Johannesburg in South Africa. 16 We use the with the names of a few countries. the UK, the USA, the Netherlands ‘We also use the with island groups, oceans and names of rivers. the Philippines, the Atlantic, the Thames 17. Meals, months, days and special times of the year do not usually take an article. Inever eat breakfast. | visit my family on New Year’ Day. 18. There is no article with words like these, my, us. Your coat is a beautiful colour. NOT The your-coat— Articles are often omitted in newspaper headlines, mobile phone text messages and Internet chatrooms. POLICE CATCH SPY cuat park Articles 97Practice ‘A Underline the correct option. 1 2 3 7 8 You need a hammer / hammerto fix that. Its a beautiful country /the beautiful country. The Amur leopard / Amur leopardis one of the most endangered ‘/most endangered animals in the world /in world. The Diwali /Diwaliis a Hindu celebration in October or November /in the October or the November. Use water/the waterin the bottle. ‘My aunt and uncle love a sun /the sur They stay in UK/in the UK in summer and visit friends in Australia /in the Australia in winter, It's an old car /the old car, but | love it and it’s only car/ the only car havel Stephen Hawking wrote A Brief History of the Time / Time. Complete the sentences with the nouns from the box. Add a, an or the if necessary. ‘aunt government hour lunch Mondays safe water Romans Canada ne ouse Vhad. lunch, before you came, £884 million people in the world do not have enough He runs for every day. were in Britain for over 350 years. She visits on ‘My sister's baby was born this morning, so I'm now has introduced some new laws on factory waste. ‘My friends want to go to a summer school in ‘Make sentences by putting the words in the correct order. ‘Add a, an or the if necessary. 1 2 midge Dr Hammond / good / me / gave / advice country / like / you / living / Do / in house / What / untidy moon / Earth / round / Why / go / does This / runs / electricity / car / on bed / on / your / Put / coat D Write full versions of these text messages, including a and the where necessary. 1 A, Have you got the takes?E Complete this text about famous codes with a, the or ~ {no article). Sometimes more than one answer is possible. In 1897, Edward Elgar," 4. British sent E message in code to? 23-year-old friend, Miss Dora Penny. * message is still® mystery. . famous author, Edgar Allan Poe, often included ” codes in® his poems and? writing, In 1839, Poe asked ™ readers of, ‘s magazine to send him messages in code. ‘a 150 years later, two of codes were still not solved. The first of ‘Around this time,” USA offered $2,500 to these codes was finally solved in 1992 Williams College in?® pperson who could solve 2 final code. website was also set up. Q competition attracted worldwide interest. engineer, Gil Broza, finally solved it in @ October 2000. Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar ‘meaning, using the word in brackets. 1. She studies at university. (a) ‘Shes a university student. 2. That boy has a famous father. (with) 3. He's been working with young people for ten years. (the) 4 The journey was terrible. (What) 5. Her house is lovely — it’s by the sea. lives) 6 The potatoes cost £1 for one kilo.(2} 7 No one in my class is taller than me. (I'm) 8 He speaks very quietly. (voice) Inyour notebook, write answers to the questions, using a, an, the or no article in each answer. ‘Answer five questions truthfully, but write an untrue answer for the other three. What's your favourite food? My favourite food is salad, How often do you brush your teeth? What colour and type of car would you like to have? What does your mum do? Where do you live? ‘Which do you prefer: mountains, city or sea? ‘Where would you like to go on holiday next? What's your favourite time of year? ‘Show your answers to a friend or to your teacher. Can they guess which answers are not true? Circle the correct option. 1 Mtkilimanjaro is 2 watched 3 Weeat ina restaurant once month aa ban 4 Have you called police? a- bthe ca pasta for dinner. highest mountain in Africa, a the interesting programme yesterday. a a athe/the ba/a ba c- bthe can ¢ the ole Articles 99Quantifiers 1 Anything can happen in the mountains. You need to be prepared to go mountain climbing. You can’t carry everything with you but these are some things that you may need. ae , ‘Some good maps “== (no books, there ; won't be any time : APIs a really high mountain, take ‘oxygen for each person ~ there ist ‘much air high in the mountains. You will need all the air you can get! for anyone to be) , Chocolate bars ~ = F for some energy © Gimbing is hard work Good boots are very important. They should be both strong and comfortable. ‘Accidents happen. Remember that every mountain is dangerous. Some radios. High in Warm clothes for Don't take any risks! Anything the mountains, no ayers i everyone - it i ‘ori bal hear ion eeoee hes can happen in the mountains. shout for help eee Cover the picture. POY Which three things inthis list are notin the picture jumpers, first aid kit, books, maps, chocolate, rice, oxygen tanks, pens, radios Quantifiers 1 1. Use quantifiers, e.g. some, any, or numbers to say how many or much of something there is. every night, some mountains, not any books 290 0 ‘Some nouns which are uncountable in English ‘may be countable in your own language. In English, these nouns are uncountable: 2 Countable nouns are nouns we can count. They have singular and plural forms. Use a or an before a singular noun. Oana Oe ODENSE ‘accommodation knowledge pasta Use quantifiers or nothing before a plural noun, advice luggage troffic ‘some mountains, two apples, women homework ‘money transport information music news 3. Uncountable nouns often refer to materials, liquids, ean he one orton? abstract or general concepts. Uncountable nouns are NG | a per teetees 2 singular - they don’t usually have plural forms. Don’t use a or an before uncountable nouns - use quantifiers or nothing. some metal, no rain, freedom, time The news is bad. NOT The-news-are— 1004 Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, with a difference in meaning. wood (uncountable = the material), ‘a wood {countable = a small forest) coffee uncountable = the substance), ‘a coffee (countable = a cup of coffee) hair (uncountable), a hair (countabl one hair) Other examples are: danger paper thought experience room time glass tea work life 5 Use the quantifiers all, both, each and every to describe everything in a set. all the air, both mountains, every night 6 Both= A+B. Use both either before or after nouns, but only after pronouns. Lucy and Roger both like climbing, OR Both Lucy and Roger like climbing They both like climbing. 7 Each and every often have the same meaning but ‘we usually use every when we talk about all of a big set, and each when we talk about people or things separately. Only each is possible when there are two people or things. She has been to every country in Europe. Wash each shoe in warm water. Allday answers the question ‘How tong?” Every day answers the question ‘How often?’ Itrained all day on Sunday. nun every day. 8 Use some to describe small quantities. We usually use some in statements. You need some warm clothes. Some of us want to climb Everest. We can use some in questions when we expect the answer ‘yes’, especially for offers, requests and suggestions. Fred, do you want some cake? We usually use any instead of some in questions and negatives with plural nouns or pronouns, or ‘uncountable nouns. Have you got any sugar? There won't be any time to read. 10 BER 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 ‘We can use any in statements to mean ‘it doesn’t, matter which one’. I'm free all day. Ring me any time. Either = Aor B. Neither= not A and not B. Take either bag. neither of the maps Don't use a second negative after neither, never, no one, etc. Neither phone works. NOT Neither phone doesn't-work. We can use both ... and, either... or, neither... nor to join nouns, other kinds of words, phrases and even sentences. They should be both strong and comfortable. You can either come with me or stay at home. No means the same as not any but is often more emphatic. None of refers to a set. There are no shops on Everest. None of them. Both, each, some, any, either, neither and none can be pronouns. They can be followed by of. bought some. Do you want any? Some of them know. Everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, no one and, nobody are also pronouns. They can be followed by adjectives. You can't carry everything with you. There is something strange on that mountain. We usually use something, somewhere, somebody and someone in statements. We often use anything, anywhere, anybody, anyone in negative sentences and questions. Somebody phoned for help. I can't see anything. We can also use pronouns beginning with any-in statements to mean'‘all' when it doesn’t matter who, what or where. ‘Anyone can make a mistake. Td do anything to be famous. ‘Anywhere, nowhere and everywhere are also adverbs. ll go anywhere with you. ooked everywhere. Quantifiers 1 101Practice ‘A Write the words from the box under the correct headings. ‘accommodation advice chair computer danger hair information knowledge luggage map money mountain news nose pasta piece street torch traffic wood eats ere) B_ Underline the correct option. We went to every /both cafe in town. want each / every of you to decide. There isn't any / some milk in the fridge. All/Some the information is on the website. Both /Every of them know. Everyone /Anyone should speak a foreign language. I've got some /any good news. I'l have some /any book, it doesn’t matter. 9. Inmaths, an answer is either /neither right or wrong. 10. That's no /none problem. @Vaurene © What colour are the things in the picture on page 100? Use quantifiers in your answers. 1 All the oxygen tanks are red, 2 3 102 D Rewrite each sentence so that it has the opposite meaning, using a different quantifier. 1. I've got some friends. Uhaver got any friends, 2. There are lots of museums 3. Either will be OK. 4 Use some salt 5 [didn't goto any shops. 6 Somebody asked me. 7. None of us can. 8 There were no questions 9 Neither of her two brothers knew. 10 You can swim everywhere here. E Could you survive in the desert? Write the correct, quantifier in each option, then circle the best answer. 1 Whatis the most important thing to take with you? (some, every all) a yourmoney B sone water ‘© titty. computer game you have 2 What will be the biggest problem? (neither, no, some) a dangerous animals b free time c anorb 3 What food should you take? (none, any, some} a b ,it doesn't matter. « bananas. 4 How will you carry all your things? (anything, all, both) a Iwon't need ! b On of the camels (See the picture!) ¢ My friend will carry ‘our things 5 Ifyou get sick, what should you do? (nothing, some, ll a Phone for help. b Do . € Eat the ice cream. 6 IF you want to prepare properly for the trip, what should you do? (every day, no, all day) a Train b Stay inbed c Thave idea! @ before the trip.F Complete the dialogue with the quantifiers in the box. all any anything both either every everything no noone none some Chris: Is everything ready for Peter and Joyce's party? Pascale: | think so, Wait a minute. How many bottles of cola did you buy? Chris: 2 You know they don't ke cola. bought Juice instead. Pascale: OK. We still need the cake. | went shopping yesterday but | could find nice, Well, one shop had anice chocolate cake and a Lovely cream cake but they were very expensive. Chris: | saw them too and | didn’t like 6 of them. Maybe we should forget about the cake? Pascale: What,” cake?! Chris: Look, there’ lots of food. 8 will be hungry — don't worry. | have an idea for what to do after the party Pascale: Ohno, | don't want to listen to 2 of your crazy ideas. Chris: Peter and joyce go dancing Saturday fia We could organise a dancing competition in the club they go to. Pascale: I'm not sure theyll be able to dance after! that food, Circle the correct option. 1 Thenews 3. Thereis 4 Ohno, haven't got 5 started forest fire. a All b Anyone time left before it gets dark. What do you need for these things? Use the ideas in brackets and write answers with quantifiers. 1. Happiness (friends, stress, Seri rane ead asst hen g Good health (fun, food, exercise, vitamins) ‘An interesting film (actors, special effects, marketing, story) ‘A great holiday (friends, money, rain, sun) about two women who climbed Everest. abe bis ¢ are 2 of the two climbers aresafe. a Each b All Both aall boone c some matches to make a fire. ano bany c some ¢ Someone Quantifiers 1 103Quantifiers 2 ] There are plenty of activities. Are our teenagers doing enough exercise? Being stronger, happier and healthier are just a few of the reasons for doin; regular exercise. Yet many teenagers today still do little or no sport. _ My nea dena Be the first! Most people enjoy some kind of sport. You may soon find that t's not c your friends are happy to join you. Oh, really? How many foot s do you know who are not cool ort can give ‘| prefer computer games.’ you a lot of confidence. But not being able to run for the bus ... that's really not cool! You must be playing too many computer you can’t find enough time for a too. We think you can do both! Don’t worry too much about the te: There are plenty of acti do by yourself or wi True or False? 1 You have to give up computer games if you want to get some exercise. 2 You don't have to be in a team to get some exercise. he rceteceteetifiers 2 luch, many, too much, too many, a lot of, lots of, ty of, most Use much with singular uncountable nouns and many with plural countable nouns. ‘much love, many teenagers 2 We usually use much and many in negative sentences and How much ..? and How many ..?in questions. We don't have much time. How many footballers do you know? 3 We can sometimes use many in formal statements. ‘Many teenagers today still do not do enough sport. But we don't usually use much in statements; we use a lot of or lots of instead. Sport can give you a lot of confidence. NOT --much confidence. Use a lot of or lots of with both singular uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns, mainly in statements. These are usually informal. Sport can give you a lot of / lots of confidence. We use plenty of with singular uncountable and plural ‘countable nouns in informal statements to mean ‘enough’ or ‘more than enough’. There are plenty of activities. Too much and too many mean ‘more than is reasonable or necessary’. You must be playing too many computer games. ‘Most (without the) can also mean‘the majority of. ‘Most people enjoy some kind of sport. NOT Fhe most people > See Unit 31 for the use of most with superlatives. (A)littte, (a) few, several, a couple of, a bit of, igh These describe smaller quantities. They do little sport. There are several new cafés in town, Use a little, little and a bit of with singular uncountable nouns. Find time for a bit of /a little exercise. Abitis more informal than a little. 10 Use a few, few, several and a couple of with plural countable nouns. A few /Acouple of / Several friends may want to Join you. i A couple of means two or three’ 11_A few and a little mean ‘not very many / much, but enough’. There is a little money. (You can just buy it) Ihave a few friends. That’ fine for me.) Few and little (without a) mean ‘not enough’ There is little money. (You cannot buy it) I have few friends. I'm lonely} 12_ Use enough before a noun, but after an adjective or adverb. haven't got enough time. | can't reach -'m not tall enough. 13 We can use many of, much of, (a) little of, (a) few of, ‘most of and several of in front of words like the, these, ‘my, us, them. These are just a few of the reasons for doing regular exercise. | don't do a lot of sport with my friends, but some of us play football in the park on Sundays. 14 We can use these quantifiers as adverbs or pronouns (without a noun after them): (too) much, (too) many, (a) little, (a) few, several, enough, a lot of, lots of, plenty of a couple of, a bit of. Don't worry too much. It doesn't cost alot. > See Unit 23 for use of some (of) Use too + adjective / adverb to mean more than is reasonable, possible, necessary. I can't do this exercise. t's too hard. Quantifiers 2 105Practice ‘A Matthew Robson, from London, wrote a famous report about teenagers in 2009, when he was 15. Complete his report by putting the quantifiers in brackets in the correct places. 1 Many teenagers between 13 and 14 visit the cinema. ? go once ‘they are 15. This is because they have to pay the adult price. > buy the DVD instead (nany / most / not many) Teenagers listen to® music usually while travelling or using the computer. teenagers listen to the radio these days. ® teenagers listen to music or ona personal music player. (most / lot of /few) Every teenager can use the Internet - either at home or at school. Only” teenagers shop online as ® do not have a credit card. a teenagers read a newspaper regularly ~ they prefer to find out the news from the Internet. (most / few /a few) 0 of teenagers have mobile phones. " teenagers have expensive phones - incase they are stolen teenagers only change their phone on their birthday - when their parents buy them anew one. (99% / most / few) B Complete the sentences with many, much, too ‘many, too much, How much ...? or How many ..? 1 Tegot t05much soup can't eat all this! 2. My brother has a lot of computer games, but | don't have 3 people have helped me over the years. 4 | didn't like the pasta— there was cheese. 5 hours did the journey take? 6 There isn't space in the apartment. does it cost? Teenagers have exams. 106 CMake sentences by putting the words in the correct order. ee ealdntimad easel 2 lot/ We /been/a/ missing / have / you 3 about / We / little / the / given / were / information / war 4 Japan / of / like / would / to / few /us / go /A/ to 5 enough / understand / You're / old / to / not 6 are / couple / good / here / restaurants / a / of / There 7 has /little / health /a / His / improved 8 a/of /news/I've / good / bit / got ‘Match each question to the best reply. Yes, there are several No, I could only get a couple. Yes, allot. He's very kind. No, it costs too much. Yes, please, ll have abit. Yes, a few times. Yes, too many! No, we've got enough. 1 Does your daughter eat sweets? 2. Doyouwant me to get, some milk? 3 Are there any drama courses at the university? 4 Would you like some salad? 5. Can buy this? 6 Have you been to Morocco? 7 8 zaaeas Do you like him? Did you get all the tickets for the match? ge ee ae ee) ae Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning, using the word in brackets. 1 There's onl alittle trafic onthe roads at right (mc) Thar isnt much traffic on Che rads at night 2. Lonly remember a bit of the story. (much) 3. He often talks to her. (ot) 4 I've got too many bags. (luggage) 5. How often do you eat chocolate? (much) 6 Drink plenty of water. lot) 7 There's too much work and few people to do it. (enough) 8 We knew one or two people at the wedding. (couple)F Underline the correct options in this extract from a teen forum. 2 Many / Too much teenagers in my class have a job, but isnot just forthe money. Even ust working afew /a ite hours week wil help you grow up! My teenage son always wants the latest clothes, games and music. It costs * a ot of / much money. ° How much / How many clothes does one person need? He has a REHM ob but ne doesrt have much / pony of time to see his tends, hink t's a shame, | work at a restaurant every Saturday. But my boss often asks me to work ”@ couple of /a bit of evenings 10, perhaps Thursday and Friday. cant work and study at the same time ~i's* much / too much for me Only *a fow /@ litle teenagers dont work these days, but you're right, Haylee. You need much / plenty of te to 0 your homework and you need to get enough / too much sleep. Teenagers who work a lt of/ alot wil not do wellin ther exams, Look at these opinions about teenagers. Write whether you agree with them or not, and add a sentence or two. Use at least one quantifier in your sentences. 1 They spend too much money on clothes! Idan ape. Hy ends meer have enaugh money to spend on clothes, We only buy a fw things when we ned then, ‘They eat too much ‘Teenagers spend too much time on computers! They don't read! They go out too much! They don't get enough exercise! ‘They never walk anywhere! They change their mobile phones all the time! Circle the correct option. 1 Don't worry! You've got time. a plentyof b many _c several 2 Acl'venever had cous cous before. B: Why don't you try 2 aalittle b little c alot 3 his employees have complained about him. a Several _b Severalof _c Several of the 4 had homework this week. a much b alot ¢ lotsof | 5. Parents want teenagers to have mobile phones and payforthem. a mostof b most _¢ toomuch Quantifiers 2 107Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns Do it yourself! 25° It’s fun and easy to do it yourself! For example, see how you can make this beautiful table yourself. Just read our simple instructions. ay | 1 — Get yourself a friend ~ you can help each other. ] u Take everything out of Put the four table legs Take the screwdriver The table should now the box. ‘on the big piece of (Ge careful, don't cut stand by Itself, You've ‘wood. (The legs should yourself!) and fix the finished! Now you can bbe 50.cm from one legs into the table. say, I did it myself (or another.) ‘We did it ourselves) See, easy! You get great furniture, you save yourself a lot of money, Any questions, phone 737 5226, and | will be and even have a good time: many people say the activity itselfis fun. happy to answer any of your questions myself. Michael Morgan 1 Why should people go to this shop? Ee mpern lee ramos: gb The rite Seay make. ¢ The furniture is made from special wood, 2 How many pieces does the table have? a four b five c six Preylexive and reciprocal pronouns lexive pronouns Reflexive pronouns have the following forms: myself yourself himself NOT hisself herself itself ourselves yourselves i themselves NOT theirselves iw Ifa sentence has a preposition of place, the pronoun after the preposition is usually a personal, not reflexive, pronoun. She took the table with her. NOT =-heeself | kept the book near me. NOT myself 4 We can use reflexive pronouns for emphasis. We did it ourselves. The activity itselfis very interesting. tw ‘We can use I myselfto give a personal opinion. I myself completely disagree. Use reflexive pronouns when the subject and object are the same person. work for myself. Don't cut yourself? In English, dress, feel, shave, wash are not usually followed by reflexive pronouns. | feel uncomfortable. NOT =feel myself I dressed. NOT =-dressed- myself. Use areflexive pronoun to make it clear who / what the pronoun refers to. Jane bought flowers for herself (The flowers are for jane.) Jane bought flowers for her. {The flowers are not for Jane) 5 In conversation, we can sometimes use reflexive pronouns instead of personal pronouns. We do this after the prepositions: but, except, as, like or and. except ourselves . John and myself. Reciprocal pronouns 6 By+ reflexive pronoun means ‘without help’. The table should now stand by itself. We got there by ourselves. 7 Reciprocal pronouns (each other and one another) show that people or things act on each other in the same way. You can help each other. The legs should be 50 cm from one another. Note the difference: We looked at ourselves. (.. in a mirror) We looked at each other. (= She looked at him and he looked at her) Reciprocal pronouns have possessive forms (each other's and one another's). The sisters often borrow each other's clothes. Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns 109Practice A Write the correct reflexive pronouns in the table. Don't look at page 109! B Complete the speech bubbles with the correct reflexive pronouns. You ate it all “ag Te put ron is head ; Tg % ye OC. WG) hee mae ~—— C) © 1 painted it all > x 110 Match the pairs. 1. Susan is selfish; she thinks a lot about her. \ for aweek me afterwards lain: Well, Sue should blame © she dropped a People should heavy piece of wood on Steve's toes. Steve told me about it pee ? Jo: No, that’s not true. Steve was carrying the wood with . and it fell by® Itwasn't Sue's fault that Steve hurt 2 lain: Why do you always believe what Sue says? Steve did most of the work, not Sue~ as usual. Jo: You should listen to You sound just like Steve. You two should go and live with #2 If you want to do something well, you should ‘One day | would like to Circle the correct option. 1 John, paint the chair 1 aitself b himself ¢ yourself 21 when | saw the finished cupboard. a felthappy b feltmehappy _ felt 3 Nancy is abit strange — she talks to when she is making something. aher b she herself 4 Ed, Mum is here, talk to about thenew furniture. a herb she _¢ hers 5. Mrand Mrs Green helped tomakeit. a them b themselves ¢ eachother Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns 11126 Prepositions of place, movement and time We waited in front of a petrol station. 1 Where were the police officers when they saw the car? 2 Did they catch the criminals? Why / Why not? Prepositions of place, movement and time 1 at,inand on Orin certain expressions: Use at with a specific point. ‘on a farm, on an isla at + place, e.g. at the crossroads ‘ona bus, ona plane, ona train at the top { the bottom (of) (on the tele\phone, on page at the end / the beginning (of) on the left / right at the front / back | side of ‘on the way, on the edge (of) at + group activity, e.g at the football match dat + somebody/s house or shop,eg at Vince's at the doctor's 2. Some other common prepositions of place are: at schoo at college, at work without the) above between opposite Use in to talk about somewhere inside a larger space. ano by [near meaneutslte in the box, in a hole, in the building around round _infrontof_ over incity | country.eg in Los Angels, Portugal behind inside under ima taxi / the car are inthe north | the south [the east / the west We can use beneath / underneath instead of under in the comer / the centre Underis more common. ina picture / a photo in the sky | the country in bed, in hospital, in prison (without the) We can use around and round to mean ‘surrounding or‘in many different places’ He put his arm around | round her. Use on to talk about somewhere on a line or a surface. The film is popular around / round the world. ‘on the river, on the motorway ‘on the floor, on the desk, on the shelf Note the difference: ‘on the ground / first | second floor x xx ex, om between among 12positions of movement Some common prepositions of movement are: across between off through after by onto towards along down outof to round | round — from...to over under behind into past up We often use in and on as prepositions of place and into and onto as prepositions of movement. However, we can sometimes use in and on as prepositions of movement. She threw her bag on / onto the sofa Other prepositions which we can use for both place and movement are: around /round, behind, between, over, under. She ran between the cars In the photo 'm standing between Annie and Michelle. ‘We don't use to after arrive. Use at (or inifit’s a very big place). When you arrive at the hotel NOT arriveto the hotel. arrived in Toronto. NOT =-arvived to-Toronto. Don't use to before home. Go homelNOT Getehome! Use get on / onto and off with t bikes, boats and animals. Use get in / into and out of wit small planes. Get off the boat. He got into his Mercedes. s, buses, planes, 10 cars, small boats and Use by e.g. car, train, bus) to show how you travel. Itis faster by plane. 1 ions of time at, nand on Use at with a particular poi at sixo'clock at lunch time) ‘at the wedding, at New Year at night (without the) at the weekend at the moment, (the) time (of} at the end / beginning of 2 In British English, use at the weekend. In American English, use on the weekend. Use in when you are talking about a longer period of time. in july in the summer in 2010 in the morning / afternoon { evening Use on with days and dates. +day, e.g. on Thursday, on Thursday afternoon ‘on + special day, e.g. on New Year's Day +date,eg. on I September ‘Some other common prepositions of time ar after by from... to/ until before during until between — for within We can use into talk about a specific time in the future. il speak to you in an hour. (= an hour from now) We can also use in...'s time. 'm speaking to her in an hour's time. ‘We use within to mean ‘inside a period of time’. We must finish this within a month. (= before the ‘month has finished) We can use during or in to talk about something which happens in a particular period of time. Why don't you visit during /in the summer? Use for to talk about how long something continues. I stayed at her house for two weeks, NOT =-during-two- weeks Use by or until to mean ‘at this time or before’. Use by for a single action and until for an activity whicl continuing. Please complete the form by Friday. (= on or before Friday) 1 wait for you until 5.00. (= At: 5.00 I'l stop waiting.) is We do not normally use a preposition of time before this, that, some, each, every, last, next or before the adverb phrases later, today, tonight, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, yesterday, the day before yesterday. She left last Monday. NOT =-or-last Monday. He'll be here the day after tomorrow. NOT ~or-the- day after tomorrow. Prepositions of place, movement and time 113Practice ‘A. Complete the mind maps for at, in and on using the words in the box. 620 mybirthday thebusstop thecountry 73ForestRoad fivee'clock Jo'sparty July New Year the pocket Poland thespring Sunday evening thetopfloor thewall the way at feo clack at on B_ Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings. She fell 2. The girl threw a stone 3. Daniel's left without his keys. I'l go 4 loften see Josie hurrying 5. It'stime to go 6 7 8 home. up the hill. down the stairs. over the mountains. after him. The plane can't fly along the road to school, She got off her bike and pushed it around his waist. He tied the rope through the window by accident, man, 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 © Underline the correct prepositions in this police officer's report. “tts usually quiet "at /on the motorway 2at /in four *during /in the morning. But not today. A aig had stolen money from a truck parked *at the side of /at the back of the motorway. Now they were going north. We waited Sin /at junction 14 ®during /forten minutes. When we saw the car, we immediately followed it. The gang knew we were “between /ehind them. “More police cars joined the chase and the gang began to get frightened. They threw the bag of money °off /out of the window. They were now driving very fast and moving from one side of the motorway to /until the other. One of the police cars managed to get "in front of /opposite the gang, and soon there were police cars all “around /outside them. ‘As the car slowed down, one member of the gang escaped and ran away. He was running in /into a small wood "from /on our left. We ran after him with the police dog and soon caught him. We asked him to lie “on / at the ground. It was a successful chase. Nobody was hurt and nobody got away. Some other officers found the bag of money "by /at the motorway. There was about £20,000 *in /into the bag 14 D Circle the correct option(s). Sometimes more than one option is possible. 1. She walked me without saying aword. ast Opast @by 2 The holidays start time. ain bon cat 3. Ifyou look very carefully, you can see the deer. the trees. a across b between ¢ among 4 met him the holidays. a during b for ¢ within 5. The gardens are open from April October. ain bto 6 The bus stop is the zoo. a between b opposite 7. She threw her coat a above bin con 8 |heard anoise coming from the comer of the room. Slowly | walked it. aweek’s, until the entrance to below the floor. afor bat c towards 9 Thedogswam the rivertothe other side. a across b along ¢ around 10 You must give me your homework Monday morning. aat bon cbyE Complete the sentences. 1. Lust need to speak to John. I'll be back in five minates 2 Doctors hope to have a cure for this type of cancer within 3. I've been waiting to see the doctor for 4 Her father lived in Greece until 5. Please give me the homework by 6 In History we are finding out about life during 7 | went to primary school between 8 lusually have a meal with all my family at F Answer the questions using prepositions from this unit. 1 Where do oranges grow? in Spain /on a tree 2. Where can you see a goat? 3. Where do we usually put adjectives in English? When do you blow out candles on a cake? 5 Where does the sun rise? 6 Where can you find buttons? 7 Where can you watch an actor? 8 When do you have your Maths class? 9 Where can you see clouds? 10 Where can you look up a word? Gircle the correct option. 1 The street is very noisy 2 Let's 1 night. a at a runtohome — b run at home the party ataxia atin lastnight? a on ashorttime. a for 3 Hearrived 4 Were you at Gary's party 5 Ive only known him b atthe c runhome bin b during Imagine that something unusual happened on your journey to school this morning. Write at least eight sentences and include as many prepositions as you can. Use the beginning given below. Inthe aig aa wall he sane vay che nd dea sane pusple, But not today. Today was ifferent. . ¢ inthe b in,by at,onto ~(no preposition) cat Prepositions of place, movement and time 11516 ki Cordelia. Regan King Lear Goneril King Lear: Cordelia King Lear Cordelia King Lear King Lear Act 1, Scene | by William Shakespeare (adapted) Throw her to the dogs! ing Lear wants to see his three daughters, Regan, Goneril Bring me my daughters! [ will give my to the daughter who loves me most. First, Regan Tove you very much. You always wonderful presents for me. You gave me it cost $00 gold pieces! You are a perfect father Thank you, Regan! Now, you, Goneril love you more. You found a rich husband us a palace. You have taught me everything in life. Thank you, Goneril! Now you, Cordelia. Show Love you, father, I can say no more. What! I will give you another chance. Speak to me, daug Love you as I should, but I will not tell you more than this, Servants, send Cordelia to another cot She is not my daughter now. Throw he dogs if she ever returns. Verbs with two objects Which daughter, Regan, Goneril or Cordelia if 2 3 is married? makes King Lear angry? has an expensive ring?Verbs with two objects 1 Here are two different types of objects: direct object, Goneril married a millionaire. indirect object The king gave her a beautiful ring. 2 Many verbs take an indirect object and a direct object. We can use some of these verbs without to or for before the indirect object. But then the indirect object comes frst. The king told Cordelia a story. OR The king told a story to Cordelia. King Lear bought presents for her. OR King Lear bought her presents. 3 Some verbs take a direct object and an indirect object with to. Bring me my daughters! ing Lear gave nothing to Cordelia. sell, send, show, teach, tell, throw and write. Some verbs, e.g. deliver, describe, explain and suggest, only take a direct object and an indirect, object with to. explained the problem to Simon. NOT bexplained Simon Describe your picture to me. NOT Describe me-— 4 Some verbs, e.g. build, buy, find, leave and make, take a direct object and an indirect object with for. The king built a palace for them. Who bought the ring for Regan? Practice underline them. Other verbs like this are: lend, offer, pass, promise, read, Ifthe direct object is a pronoun, the indirect object comes second, and includes to or for. I gave them to Bruce. NOT gave Bruce them. ‘She made it for her mother. NOT She made-her motherit If both objects are pronouns, the direct object usually comes first, then to or for before the indirect object. Bring them to me. NOT Bring-them-me. A few verbs, e.g. allow, charge, cost, fine and wish, never have to or for with the indirect object. They didn’t allow the prisoner any food. NOT --didn’tallow-to-him-— The ring cost the king 500 gold pieces. NOT =-cost forthe king Say, tell, speak and talk are used differently. Say is the most common reporting verb. We use to with an indirect object. He said ‘Hello’ to him. NOT said him-Hello’. ‘We use tell to give instructions or information. Tell always has an indirect object without to. ‘Go to the king, they told him. NOT —they told. OR =theytold-to-him. She tells me a lot of funny stories. NOT says me Speak can take to. We only use speak about languages and the ability to speak. She speaks English. NOT —talks— Talk can take to. We use talk to mean ‘have a conversation’ Stop talking, please. NOT speaking A Thisis the rest of the story of King Lear. Find the ten verbs which take two objects and King Lear gives his country to Regan and Goneril and sends Cordelia to France. Regan and Goneril build their father a small house and wish him luck but they don't allow him any power. They rule England now. Regan and Goneril soon control everything and they leave nothing for Lear. The King is so angry and disappointed that he goes mad. He walks around the countryside in the wind and rain telling everyone his story. Lear now understands how poor people live. This teaches Lear the truth about life. Cordelia has not forgotten her father and brings an army to England to fight her sisters. There is a terrible battle but Regan and Goneril win. Cordelia is killed and Lear dies over her body. Regan and Goneril also die. Lear’s terrible mistake costs him his life and his daughters. Verbs with two objects 117B_ Mattie can't decide what presents to get for her family. ‘Write suggestions using give and buy. a ¢ 66 Grandad Simon Spot Jennifer ayellow scarf “adoll a football trainers 1. Give the bone be Spot. [Give Spa the bone 2 Buy the boat for Sinon, /Buy Sinan the boat, 3 4 5 CMake sentences by putting the words in the correct order. 1. gave /he /her / flowers le gave he flowers 2. keys / threw /1/ the / him 3 his /to / Mike / photos / showed / me 4 sold / Fiona /a/she / bike 5 it/to/ promised / me / she 6 him send /it 7 some / they / advice / us / offered 8 children / Maths / to / she / teaches 118 D Write prepositions {if necessary) in these sentences. If there is no preposition, write ~. 1. Give the pent me. 2 Giveme = itnow! 3 wish you all the best in your new job. 4. Bringa present John. 5. Bring John a present. 6 She's never spoken me. 7 Telt me a story 8 | passedit Sue. 9 Did he explain everything you? 10 Lend her your bike. Complete each sentence b so that it means the same as sentence a, Use two to five words, including the word in brackets. 1a Trevorsaid he could give Jane ten euros for it. (offered) b Trevor offered Jane. ter euros, fori 2. a The mechanic made me pay 150 euros for the repairs (charged) bb The mechanic 150 euros for the repairs. 3a Denis bought a computer from Natasha. (sold) bb Natasha Denis. 4 a Amy said | could have her old printer. (promised) b Amy 5 a | want to say something to you. (tel) b want ° ‘a Philip gave me an explanation of the problem, (explained) b Philip a My doctor says | can eat red meat once a week (allows) b My doctor aweek. a | borrowed my sister's skirt. (lent) b My 9 a Itis impossible to give you a clear picture of Venice (describe) b Icannot 10 a ‘Be careful’ she told me. (said) bF Circle the correct option. Janek was a poor boy from a small village. He had promised his mother 2.., so he went into the forest. There was one beautiful flower and, as he went to take it, Janek heard it. him. The flower?..: ‘Take me! I can offer... But you must not .. anyone about this. You will be rich but you must not sive®.... Ifyou do this, you will be poor again’ Janek took the flower and suddenly he was in beautiful clothes in a big house. He built a castle ’.. himself It cost ®..a lot of money, and he lived like a king, He didn’t see his family or friends again but he thought he didn't need them, He was rich but he was not completely happy. ‘One day, many years later, Janek saw an old woman near his garden. She was crying. Why are you crying? It must be because you're poor’ Janek ®... her.’No she said.'I'm crying because many years ago | lost my son. He is more important tome than any money. The woman was Janek’s mother. Janek realised he could never be happy without his family, He gave his mother ®. some money and once again he was a poor man ina small house, But Janek was happy at last. 1 a tosome flowers ® some flowers ¢ forsome flowers d flowers to her 2 atell b tellto cspeakto d sayto 3 asaid b told c toldtohim 4a youanything b anything you ¢ youfor anything d anything for you d said him Satakof b talkto c talkfor d talkat 6 a anything to anyone b anything ¢ anything anyone anyone Tato bon cfor d- Bato bof c- d for 9 a talkedtoher _b asked toher ctoldtoher d saidto Wato bfor cat d- Circle the correct option. 1 Tellthis story 2 king Lear promised apresent. aher b to 3 Many people wrote letters and sent 4 Goneril wasn't at home, so Regan left a message her. a ten euros to you 5 Aticket to the theatre will cost * pojos 105 fdldegun 05 0q 00 32 sow ‘sion pu aus 04's ANSON {uotied Kid ware nok 3 ASO 035 un AW allyourfriends. a for bof cto ‘Are you happy? Underline the correct options in the questionnaire, then tick your answers and find ‘out! Check your score at the bottom of the page. 1 Ifyou get a bad mark ina test, how do you feel? a Not too bad, but | will talk to /tell toa teacher about it. b Sad. | will cry. ¢ Embarrassed. | will write /say my teacher an apology, When do you feel happiest? a When I'm giving things to /for people. b When I'm eating hamburgers. © When I'm saying /telling everyone how great | am. What would you say /say to a friend who won a new bike in a competition? I would wish /wish to my friend all the best. b Nothing. | would feel too jealous. € ‘Can you lend it to me /for me?” What do you do when you feel sad? a | promise myself/to myself something nice. bb I buy abig cake for /to me and my friends. € I buy a big cake and eat it all myself It's your mum’s birthday but you don't have money fora present. What do you do? a I make a nice card to /for her. bb | just say /tell ‘Happy Birthday’ to her. € I never give my mum /to my mum presents. Do you agree that money does not bring you /to ‘you happiness? a Of course. bb Find a million euros to me /for me and then I'll tell you /to you the answer. © No. a Cordeliathem b themto Cordelia _¢ them Cordelia a about bat c for b you c youten euros Verbs with two objects 119Prepositions He was terrible at spelling. Roald Dahl, who died in 1990, is still one of the world’s best-selling authors. His short ies for adults are known for their unexpected endings. Alfred Hitchcock's movie Man from the South was based on a story by Dahl. But Roald Dahl is probably most famous for the dark humour in his very popular chil Chocolate Factory, Fantastic Mr Fox and James and the Giant Pea He always wo In 1925, when Roald was 9, he went away to [Beargingehoal. He was very ROMESIER and quite often in trouble. The world now knows that Roald was very clever at making up stories. But instead of seeing a future author, English teachers at his school were very disappointed with his work. Throughout his school life, teachers complained that he was terrible at spelling and that he could not get his thoughts on paper. as at 1 What habits did Roald Dahl y have when he was writing? 2 What did Roald Dahl's teachers say about him? from of to with 120 en's stories, such as Charlie i Roald was very organised. ked for two hours: from 10 until 12 in the morning and from 4 to6 in the afternoon. He always wrote in pencil and w started writing for the day, he insisted on having six sharp pencils in a jar by his side. success. hen he Roald Dahl enjoyed writing for children He said that children’s jokes still made him laugh ~ and this was the reason for his Prepositions 1. We use prepositions after some adjectives. I'm afraid of spiders. Other examples: ‘about happy | sad / sorry about, right | wrong about, sure about, worried about known as good / bad at, clever at, surprised at, shocked at famous / known for, ready for, responsible for, sorry for different from US different than), made from interested in aware of, full of, made of, proud of, tired of, typical of keen on, based on kind to, married to, similar to, nice to angry with {someone} / about (something) bored with, crowded with, disappointed with, pleased with, wrong with2 In questions that begin with what or who there is no verb or ‘noun after the preposition. What are you afraid of? Who are you angry with? After a preposition we can use a noun or a verb ending, in-ing. This was the reason for his success. ‘He was clever at making up stories. Verb + prepo: 3 Some verbs take particular prepositions. He insisted on having six sharp pencils in a jar. Other examples: die of | from spend (money | time} on prepare for translate (something) into See Unit 17 for more information on and more examples of prepositional verbs. We often leave out the preposition when spend time is followed by a verb + -ing. ‘He spends too much time looking out of the classroom window. NOT =-too-much-time-onooking-out-— ‘Noun + preposition 4 Some nouns take particular prepositions after them. This was the reason for his success. Other examples: details of lack of example of reason for idea of responsibilty for information about jon _sign\s) of We use no preposition after the verb lack. He lacks confidence. NOT Heacks of confidence. ‘We often use the preposition about after nouns that refer to written or spoken text. Ita story about a fantastic chocolate factory. Other examples: book about a poem about discussion about a report about afilm about Totalk about the author (e.g. of a book or song) use by. ‘imagine’is a song by John Lennon. Other prepositions 6 Other common prepositions in English are: about from against of concerning regarding despite with for without Roald Dahl enjoyed writing for children. 7 Some prepositions, e.g. in front of and such as, are more than one word. He wrote many popular children’s stories, such 4s James and the Giant Peach. Other examples: in addition to by means of because of in place of incase of in| with regard to incharge of inspite of dueto thanks to except for up to far from as well as instead of ‘Common prepositional phrases 8 Anumber of common expressions and phrases are based on prep He always wrote in pencil. Other examples: by accident con holiday above | below average in my opinion ‘on average con my own incash by credit card on page. by chance (on the phone in danger on purpose out of date con the radio in fact ‘by your side on fire intime ina hurry on time inlove in trouble in the newspaper, ontv by mistake (on the way by myself |We can use in to describe what someone is wearing. The man in the dark glasses. > See Unit 26 for prepositional phrases of place, ‘movement and time. Prepositions 121Practice A Fillinthe crossword with the words that complete the sentences. Across 2. I need a holiday. 'm of getting up early. (5) 3. I didn't expect to meet her at the airport ~| met her by (6) 6 She never has any money. She books. (6) 8 On all her money on women live five to ten years longer than men. (7) 9 Theactor from cancer when he was 73. (4) 10 We could see a lot of smoke in the sky. We were surprised to see a building was on (4) Down 1 Mark said the new teacher was friendly, but she wasn't very tome. (4) 2. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez has been into over 27 languages. (10) 4. Colin showed me a chair he had made himself. He's very at making things. (6) 5. My grandparents were married for 60 years. They were very much in 4) 7 Jenny's son is a soldier. She finds it very hard, because she knows his life is always in 6 B Underline the correct option. 1. The students never arrive an /in time - they are always five or ten minutes late. He's always very kind with /tome. The baby couldn't use a spoon to /for eating had a phone call of from Caroline. | am writing thanks to /concerning your article in the paper. Why did you go out without / despite telling me? | got to the airport justin /on time to see my parents, before they left. Dr Lauder is not here this week. She's in /on holiday. 9 They have already started preparing to for the wedding. 10 She does not eat meat. It’s against / about her beliefs 122 € Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. 1 JK Rowlingis famous... fot character of Harry Potter. 2. Books Rowling include Harry Potter age of four, he moved to Detroit, He has been blind his whole life, but began singing and plying instruments, especialy the piano, at ‘early age. When he was only 13, he had number one record with® song‘Fingertips. This was followed by many hit records over next 40 years Stevie Wonder is one of * 7 B Complete the text with a, an, the or ~ 10 article) Stevie Wonder started as * 4 soul singer, but as he got older, he tried? many different musical styles including > Jazz and electronic music. He has ssitten songs for many other musicians and has made soundtracks for films. He has also been involved in 5 politics. In& 1980s, he worked hard with other people to persuade ? American government to make ® birthday of Civil Rights leader, %° Or Martin Luther King, 2 national holiday in USA. Stevie Wonder is still writing and performing today, and many young musicians allover world say that he has been “ great influence on their own musical careers. ‘C Underline the correct option. 1 We've got plenty /several of things to do tomorrow. 2 My brother watches every /all football match he can. 3. Jerry only has a few /little time before he has to go to the airport 4. Unfortunately, Ive got a /some homework to do this evening. 5. | still make too many /mmuch mistakes when | speak English. 6 Can ask you for an/some advice? 7. Olivia's not too /enough young to watch this film. 8 There are no/any cycle paths in the city centre, unfortunately. 9. Just give me a couple /few minutes to get ready, will you? 10. I think most /lot of students in the college speak at least two languages. | didn’t know no one /anyone at the party. ‘You need a lot of /much patience to play chess well. ‘We can either /neither have rice or pasta ‘None / Nobody of Angela's friends know where she is. Put both /each hands on the handle and pull as hard as you can, D Complete each sentence b so that it means the same as sentence a, using three words including the word in brackets. ei 10 a Joe doesn't care about anyone else. (himself) b Joe just cars about hinselt a I couldn't do it on my own. (myself) b I couldn't do The computer will turn off automaticaly (itself) b The computer off a Terry and Sandra sent emails to each other, (another) bb Terry and Sandra emails a We didn't pay for ourselves. (paid) b Someone She makes me laugh and | make her laugh. (other) b Wemake a No one helped them to work out the answer. (by) b They worked out the a Farah thinks that what happened was her ‘own fault. (blames) bb Farah what happened ‘a. Nancy borrows Linda's DVDs and Linda borrows Nancy’s DVDs. (one} b Nancy and Linda DvDs The children’s behaviour was very good. (themselves) b The very wel.Circle TWO correct options. Then decide if the ‘two correct options have similar (S) or different (D) meanings. 1. Mymum lived in Australia .. the 1990s. @in bon @during 2 Wehad a great time ... school today. aat_ bin con 3 They drove ...a petrol station. aover b into past 4 Let's get... the bus now, shall we? aon bup cof 5 I saw Jane walking... the exit. a off b to ¢ towards 6 They've built a new bridge the railway line. a along b across over 7 Henry was at work... twelve o'clock. a within b until ¢ before 8 Itwas a beautiful night and we slept .. the stars. aunder bin c beneath 9 Youneed to get there .. 8.30. aby bon cat 10 | saw two of my oldest friends aon bwithin cat U1 Flove to travel... India a across b among ¢ in 12. Myaunt lives ..afarm. aon bound ¢ near 13 They have to complete the construction of the building .. six months. a during b within ¢ in the weekend, Complete each sentence using the words in brackets. ‘Add to or for if necessary. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. it t6 me 2 hab / ajo to Shr 1 Canyou describe {ajob / Jotn) 3 He's always telling (us /stories) 4 Could you pass please? (the water / me) 5 These shoes only cost (15 euros / me) 6 She just speaks (Hindi / her mum) 7 Canyou say more slowly please? (me / that) 8 Who gave 2 (you /it) 9 It was John who suggested (me / the idea) 10 I need to buy for her birthday. (my sister / a present) 11 | want to explain (you / something) 12 She'd ike you to teach ‘you were singing {that song / her) Complete the text with the most suitable prepositions. 1 (u _ the opinion of many people, William Shakespeare isthe greatest writer in the English language. He wrote 154 love poems known 2 sonnets, but he is most famous 3 his 38 plays which have been translated * hundreds of languages and performed worldwide. We can divide the plays four main types: ‘histories’ based real historical events; ‘comedies’ lke A ‘Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It, tragedies’ such” Hamlet and Romeo and juliet, and ‘tragicomedies lke The Tempest. The plays re known ‘their exciting stories and interesting characters, but they are also full ® interesting ideas and some of the most beautiful poetry ever written in English. People all °° the world know Shakespeare's plays, but the funny thing is, spite of his fame, we have very little information =e the man himself. We know that he probably lived * 1564 to 1616, that he got married ‘Anne Hathaway ?= the age of 18 and that he had three children. But we don't know much more than that. 1° fact, we don't even know if Shakespeare wrote all the plays his own or whether other people 6 helped him. Review 4 125Adjectives Totally amazing! ery Meena Pot) Ser Towa eo en eee ey Ce OM Cee ee eed i IK: Skate in a straight line! Teac Pe ce rks Louie says:'I was quite afrai when I started and I’m surprised I don’t have any broken bones! 1 fell over so many times! But now I’m quite good.’ Louie says: ‘This is not very easy when you're SKATEBOARDING moving, but it's OK when FACT you are standing. I was Skateboarding really shocked the first | <-.%4eq in the 1940s Erin says:'I ride time | did it! Totally oa mountain bike, so my in California, USA J California, US balance is very used old, wooden good. I think the boards with wheels DVD was easy on the bottom. to follow and Arushi says: I couldn't do 1 soon got the this. It looks fun on the idea. It’s great DVD but it’s exhausting! Can I keep the skates?!’ And a bit boring because you have to try it again and on, ey 1 Who enjoys skateboarding? 2 Who manages to inline skate? eee Adjectives -ing and -ed adjectives 1 We usually put the adjective before anounor pronoun, 3 We can sometimes use the -ing form of the verb (e.g. but after the verb be. breaking) or the past participle of the verb (e.g. broken) wooden boards as adjectives. fhe waves that ‘My balance is very good. Surfers ride on the breaking waves. break) 2. There are a few adjectives which we only use after the I'm surprised | have no broken bones, (= bones that are verb be or after linking verbs, e.g. afraid, alive, alone, broken) asleep, awake, lad We usually use ill and well (= ter scarce eect cay ee Seay en advanced educated retired working Te alee wel NOT oe Wek shore ee eee delighted lost unemployed > See Unit 21 for use of adjectives after linking verbs, e.g. It disabled promising —_ unexpected looks fur. 1264 Some adjectives can end in either -ing or ed. Many adjectives with -ed endings describe how we feel about something or somebody. Many adjectives with -ing endings des Jwas exhausted (from skateboarding). Skateboarding is exhausting. Other examples: ‘amazing | amazed frightening / frightened annoying | annoyed increasing / increased boring | bored interesting | interested breaking | broken pleasing / pleased confusing / confused shocking | shocked depressing / depressed surprising / surprised disappointing / disappointed tiring | tired exciting | excited worrying | worried Gradable and ungradable adjectives 5 We can use very and quite with most adjectives which are‘gradable’. very good quite afraid 6 We can't use very with adjectives which mean something absolute or extreme (ungradable). We can, however, use words like absolutely, completely or totally with these adjectives. The ‘ollie was absolutely impossible! NOT —-verpimpossible, Other examples of ungradable adjectives: amazing, briliant, fantastic, great, perfect, wonderful awful horrible, terrible enormous, huge, tiny boiling, freezing, frozen delicious exhausted starving unique We can use a bit and a little before a gradable or comparative adjective on its own. He's bit shy. NOT Hesa-bitshyman, Itfeels a little colder outside. We can use quite with a gradable adjective and it usually means fairly. Quite with an ungradable adjective means completely’ ‘Now I'm quite good. (but not very good) Its quite amazing! (- totally amazing) what or who causes the feeling. They show the effect that something or somebody has on us. We use quite + a+ adjective + noun. She's quite a clever girl. NOT She'se-quite-clever girl > See Unit 32 for more information on adverbs of degree (very, absolutely), Nouns used as adjectives 8 We can sometimes use nouns like adjectives. They are usually singular in form. ‘an apple tree NOT =-apples tree ‘a mountain bike NOT =-mountains-bike- 9 We can write noun + noun as two words, one word or ‘one word with a hyphen (-).(Hyphens are now not so common.) Check the spelling in a dictionary. ‘mountain bike skateboard (in the) north-east Order of adjectives 10 When there is more than one adjective before a noun, the adjectives usually go in a specific order. lovely, strange big, long quality clever, happy age old, recent shape round, square colour red, black Italian, African paper, stone climbing, football «an old wooden board some lovely white Japanese lights Adjective + infinitive 11 We can use an infinitive after some adjectives with the verb be. The DVD was easy to follow. Other examples: able difficult. ‘happy quick —_slow afraid easy keen ready sorry anxious exciting lucky —right-—_ surprised careful frightened pleased shocked wrong certain fun possible Note the difference: The party was fun! | really enjoyed it He's very funny. | laughed a lot at his jokes. Adjectives 127Practice A. Underline all the adjectives or words used as adjectives in the statements below. Write S next to all the sentences which are about skateboarding (in your opinion). 1_You stand on a wooden board. 2. 2. Itsquite difficult to learn, 3 Imkeen to tryit 4 The boots have four small plastic Wheels in aline It's absolutely brilliant! Old people usually do this sport. Youneed to wear and a UR 8 Increasing numbers of teenagers are taking up this sport 9 Ita bit frightening Now B_ Match words 1-8 to words a-h to make noun + noun, combinations. Check in a dictionary to see if the nouns are written as one or two words, then write them below. 1 tennis a keeper 2 racing b player 3 wind © board 4 table surfing 5 snow pool 6 swimming f tennis 7 rock g driver 8 goal h climbing 1b. tannisplayer 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 C Underline the correct option. 1. The teacher was disappointed /disappointing with the behaviour of her class. 2. The old woman had fallen over and seemed quite confused / confusing, 3. The weather is rainy and grey —_how depressed /depressing! 4 Did you hear the news? Its shocked / shocking! 5 The dog was frightened / frightening by the noise. 6 I'mhaving a bored /boring day. 7 Iwas absolutely amazed /amazing by the special effects in the film 8 He swims every day- it's not surprised /surprising he's so good at it! 9 Iwas very pleased / pleasing to see them. 128 D Make sentences by putting the words in the correct order. 1 2 ‘Sileinastengelihioue alone / the /in / The / was / woman / building lovely / They / children / have / happy / three thing / blue / It’s / square / small /a / plastic tiring /It/ quite / was / meeting /a | / like / black / football / leather / new / boots some / would Italian /a / He's /car / red / bought time /a/ quite / They're / worrying / having E_ Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning, using the adjective in brackets + infinitive. 1. She'll definitely succeed. (certain) 2 ‘She's curtain ts succeed, You shouldn't have said that. (wrong) There were no buses we couldn't get home. (not possible) Children are usually fast learners. (quick) He thinks going out alone at night is frightening, (afraid) Excuse me for interrupting - but have you seen Mr Lee? (sorry) Iwas worried about getting home in time. (anxious) You did the right thing. (right)F Writea sentence to follow each statement below, using an adjective from the box with very or absolutely. awful big exhausted freezing hot impossible tasty tiny 1 The baby was born at only 25 weeks. She was absolutly tiny! 2. Itwas snowing and we didn't have our coats with us. 3. Wewere out all day in the sun. 4 She hadn't slept all night. ‘Write one or two sentences (each containing an adjective) about the activities below. You can describe ‘each activity, say whether you would like to try it, how itmakes you feel or talk about how difficult or easy it is todo, 1 Tennis 2. Mountain biking 3 Scuba diving 4 Cooking a meal 5 Running a marathon Circle the correct option. 1 Mynew iPod is very easy 2 Theyre not kind people. 3. Thisice cream is delicious. 4 Eddie felt abit with her, 5 I'm going to wear my coat. a absolutely a old red nice a foruse b using a completely b very b abit a annoying b annoy b niceold red ¢ nice red old 5. The train was very crowded and we couldn't get a seat. 6 Thenew house has got four bedrooms. 7 Thisis a good place to eat burgers. 8 I didn't have any instructions, so | couldn't make the model. Playing computer games Playing the guitar Painting Example: Tonnis i an exciting sport eis dificult to learn but Jam koen to try, © touse c abit c very annoyed Adjectives 129Comparatives A three-year-old speaks much more fluently. 1. When does a child's vocabulary often suddenly increase? 2 What may help children develop language faster? a. Comparatives Exceptions: Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y have -er endings. Change the -y to “and add -er. She seems happier now. 1 Tomake the comparative of one-syllable adjectives, add er to the adjective. slow + slower, ong longer hot + hotter, nice ricer, old -» older The following two-syllable adjectives usually form The sentences ofa child of three are longer. comparatives with-er clever, gentle, narrow, quiet, simple. ‘We can say elder or older sister / brother He's quieter than his sister. daughter | son. A few comparative adjectives have irregular forms. good -» better bad -» worse ir farther | further ler English is better than mine. This is my elder | older sister 2. To make the comparative of long adjectives (at least two syllables) put more before the adjective. ne ce et paper We can use further (not farther) to mean ‘extra A three-year-old produces more complicated sentenc Here's a further example. 130We can use than after comparative adjectives. The sentences of a child of three are more complicated than those of a two-year-old. We can leave this out if the meanings clear. The obvious difference is that the sentences of a child of three are much longer. We usually use an object pronoun after than. He's quieter than her. But in formal language we can use the subject pronoun. Hes quieter than she is / she. 5 Use two comparative words with and to show that something is changing all the time. His language is getting better and better. She s getting more and more fluent. ‘omparative adverbs Add more to make the comparative form of most adverbs. A three-year-old speaks more fluently. Exceptions: ‘Many short adverbs, such as early, fast, hard, high, late, ong and soon have comparative forms with -er. She is learning faster. Some common adverbs have irregular comparative forms. well» better badly > worse for farther | further You speak italian better than me. ther points 7 Use as + adjective /adverb (+ as) to mean ‘equal’ or “equally. Heis just as good-looking as his elder brother. 1m sure he works as hard as Ido / as me. The second as often comes before possible. He finished as quickly as possible. ‘Assoon as possible is an expression people often use, particularly in emails. It is sometimes written asap. Please reply as soon as possible j asap. 8 The opposite of moreis less. We can use less (than) before long adjectives and adverbs, but not as... (as) is ‘more common in informal language and with short words. Twins may not develop language as quickly as other children), | Twins may develop language less quickly (than other children) She's not as tall (as her husband) NOT She's1ess-tall{shan her husband) 9. Use (not) as many / much (+ noun) as to talk about quantity. You can have as many (sweets) as you like. Use as many / much as + number to add emph A child may use as many as 1,000 words by the age of three, 10. Don't use very on its own before a comparative adjective or adverb. Use much, far or a lot. A lot is more informal. The sentences are much longer. NOT --very-longer. If you want to say that the difference is small, use a little or a bit. A bit is more informal. He isa little taller. ‘1. Little, few, much and many also have comparat little + less few-» fewer /ess(less is more common, especially in informal language) ‘much | many -» more ‘More development is noticeable ina child’s language (than at any other time) forms, 12 Use like or as to say that things are similar. Use like before a noun or pronoun. She's like her sister Ie got lots of cars lke jimmy. Use as before a clause or a prepositional phrase. We often use like instead of as in very informal language. We've been here before, as I'm sure you remember. OR... like I'm sure you remember. Everything happened very slowly, as in a dream. OR... like in a dream, 13 Use the same (as) or the same + noun (+ as). ‘A:IWhave a burger and chips, please. B:And Ill have the same. Twins are born to the same mother at the same time. We use similar (to) to mean like, but not exactly the same’. Her son looks very similar to her at the same age. Comparatives 131Practice ‘A Read these sentences from advertisements. Match the beginnings to the correct endings. 1. Make counting more a faster than ever. Remember each special day with this photo book. 2 Better books for less fun with this family card game. 3 Fish Oils Plus for healthier _c_money! 4 Lunchtimes are more 4d. better and better. 5 Leamtoread more interesting with this cool lunchbox! 6 Bare growing up and happier kids. 7 Wsnotas easly with this bright and happy book. 8 These fun cards will encourage simple ast looks! Can you finish the your kids to spell game in just one minute? 1b. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 B_ Compare the two items using an adjective from the box. Use a different adjective each time. dean clever far heavy pale rich relaxing valuable 1. salt water / fresh water Salt waters heavier Chan fresh water 2 mile /kilometre 3. sky blue / navy blue 4 adolphin /asnake 5 gold/silver 6 yoga / football 7 wind energy / nuclear energy 8 billionaire / a millionaire C Underline the correct opt 1 He'staller as /than is brother. 2. There were as many as / than 10,000 people there. 3. Your bag is the same colour as /than mine. 4 Weare here to help people as /like you. 5 Younneed to take your studies far /verymore seriously. 6 7 8 Isnt as cold as than it was yesterday. The flower of this plant is similar of /toa rose. ‘My best friend is better-looking than /then | am. 132 D Complete each sentence using the structure as... as possible and a word from the box. clearly comfortable early faraway little much often soon 1 [had not been well and the doctor told me to rest suchas possble Iwas very frightened and | ran 3. [ve got a long journey tomorrow, so 'm going to get up 4 The sofa was a bit hard for sleeping on but | made myself 5. Youhad a message from your mum. Can you ring her 2 6 Youwill pass your driving test more easily if you practise. Go out driving with someone 7. She could not hear very well so spoke 8 I'm saving for a new computer, 50! try to spend moneyE Everybody learns in different ways. Complete the text F_ Complete the sentences using the comparative forms of, about different learning styles using the comparative appropriate adjectives or adverbs. iornss of thel words in the hos 1 A‘ This city is getting very dangerous. Ra B:Youshouldmovetoa sar place 2. The waiter was very rude to me ieee eel ees | asked him to be 3. I stopped at a hotel for the night. | had been driving all aD Visual day and it was late. I couldn't drive any fast hard You learn... better... if you use pictures and 4 I've seen the film and read the book. colour to organise information. You communicate erate Ee ena with people ifyouuse pictures toget 5 say leg started hurting in the morning your message across. ee Ricans @ 6 There are not many white tigers in the world. Aural Orange tigers are You listen? to the music ina film or 7. A:Lhave three books to read by the end ofthis week. TV show than other people do. The right kind of music can B: You need to read help you become * if you are feeling 8 A: What happens when the cost of oil goes up? nervous. B: Petrol prices wil get D vera You are very good with words, both in speaking and in rma ae writing. Remembering things isa lot © i if you don’t write them down. Think of what you were like when you were at primary th school. What has changed between then and now? Physical Write sentences using these verbs and comparative You are® of your environment than adjectives or adverbs. many people. Reading slows you down, you learn ae if you can touch things. Learning to Tdont eat as healthily no. (eat mre healthy fos. drive should not be a problem! Lat nore sweets noo. / [dont eat as many setts, ¥3 wear Mathematical Youmay get frustrated with people who are not team you. You are® in learning facts than in finding out how something works. play QQ Q Social am You prefer working with others to working on your own. You like to get 2 information about something by telling someone your opinion and listening towhat they say. Circle the correct option. Vike it if you lived a bit tous. a closer b closier _¢ more close lam more confident Iwas when Iwas younger. a as b than ¢ that Her vocabulary is better. avery b much ¢ more A 2 3. She'snot as asher sister. a quieter b quietly quiet 4 5 |remember a new word when Ihave a picture ofit. a moreeasily b mucheasily c abit easily Comparatives 133Superlatives The most dangerous fish is Probably the most — dangerous fish is —— stonefish. They swim Hi very close to the bottom a < 4 is a ver The sailfish is the fastest fish with a maximum speed of 110 km an hour. (The quickest — that an Olympic swimmer can ‘swim is only about 10 km an “hour. Sailfish are strong but light so they can swim at great speeds. Match each fish to the correct description: 1 Philippine goby a ‘lveanilWVeinvourholla 2 Stonefish b Itis very small. 3 Sailfish It can hurt you. 4 Goldfish 4. It swims very quickly.Superlatives Superlative adjectives 1 Tomake the superlative of short adjectives, add -est to ‘the adjective. The sailfish is the fastest fish. The Marina Trench is the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean. 2 Tomake the superlative of longer adjectives, put most before the adjective. The most dangerous fish is the stonefish What is the most beautiful fish? 3 We can use-est with some two-syllable adjectives, e.g. adjectives ending in -y (change the y to an i). heavy + the heaviest fish happy - the happiest day of my life 4 We usually use the oa possessive pronoun before superlative adjectives. The most common type of shark That was my biggest mistake. 5 You can add extra information to superlative adjectives witha to-infinitive clause. «the easiest fish to keep at home. The best thing to do. ‘We can use superlatives + in with group words like team and world. Only use superlatives + of before plurals and quantifiers. ..the biggest aquarium in the world NOT of theworld. ..the hardest of many dificult days Superlative adverbs 6 Add most or least to make the superlative form of most adverbs. We usually do not put the before most and leastin informal language. Which swims (the) most quickly? Which swims (the) least quickly? 7 Many short adverbs, e.g. early, fast, hard, high, late, long, quick and soon have superlative forms with-est: early - earliest, fast -» fastest. We usually put the before these superlatives, as with adjectives. Which fish lives the longest? Jane gets up the earliest 8 Some superlatives have irregular forms. bad / badly = worst far- furthest / farthest few-» fewest, east (least is more common, especially in informal language) good = best little | few-» least ‘much | many» most well > best ‘Australia has the best beaches. What is the furthest you have swum? The Pacific is the ocean with the most fish. (Old has two superlatives: oldest and eldest. We sometimes use eldest instead of oldest to talk about people in a family. Her oldest | eldest daughter isa biologist. Albert is the oldest man in the village. NOT the-eldest= 9. We can put adverbs like by far, easily and almost before superlatives. These adverbs come before the or a possessive. . by far the most popular pet... NOT =theby far most popular . easily their fastest runner . NOT =theireasily fastest We can use very to emphasise short superlatives and first, next and last. The word very goes after the or a possessive. the very next day her very best dress Superlatives 135Practice ‘A Complete the sentences with the superlative forms ofthe words in brackets. Describe the pictures using 1 Simonis...the tallest in our class. (tall) superlatives. 2. I think milk is drink, (healthy) “basketball 3. Marilyn Monroe was actress in Hollywood. (beautiful) player 4 Bolt finished the race (strong) 5 That'snot idea I've heard. (bad) = 6 Michelle stayed up +0 she was really tired the next day. one (late) 7. The last game was - exciting) 8 teenagers like reading, (many) B_ Complete the sentences with the superlative forms of the words in the box. ‘Then find the name of a famous city. lever difficult dry expensive far high less 1 Thabesketal pla sh tals 2 small well LV tb 5 £inourcass. Ellen always gets good marks. She is the! It’s not big. In fact it's the —_| They all cost a lot but which is the|_| 1 2 3 4 It tastes|_]___ when itis fresh. 5 Charlotte threw the ball the —_ 6 1 8 9 ——— language to lear. _—— summer since 1976. Chinese is maybe the —___ _| This has been the Who can jump the ——[_]____? You have the most; Ihave the —[_ | Read the survey of teenagers’ opinions about places in Clarkesville. 3 Write sentences using superlatives. @® Poputar shops: Games Galore 25%; Street Wear 20%; The Beat 28%; Nico's 17% Interesting places for tourist: Clarkesville Park 40%; The 200 BB; ‘The aquarium 22% Famous people: The singer, Woka 217%; The footballer, Ray Wooney 20%; The writer, Art Jones 39% Good ways to get around: Bus 83%; Walking 25%; Car 25: Tram 17% ice things to do: Sightseeing 85%; Walking by the river 40%; Shopping in the mall 25% Cool places to go: Woka's cafe 20%; The cinema 18%; The river 29%; Route 66 disco 33% World Weather @©@608@ 1 Thensst popula shop s Street Wear 2 3 4 5 6 136E Complete the text using superlative forms of the words F What do you think? Which of these is the best and why? in the box. 1 AGreat White shark, a swordfish, a Philippine goby, a aalash he gli itis the lense cpensive | dangerous deep easy far good 2 Coffee, tea, water, cola rare tasty unusual 3. History, English, Maths, Biology 4 Winter, spring, summer, autumn 5. Football, tennis, chess, running 6 Dogs, cats, fish, birds ‘Swordfish are one of * ‘the biggest. types of fish. Some swordfish ae almost five metres long, part of the swordfish is of course its‘sword: the strange long thing coming out of its face! This sword is for catching its food, other fish, Swordfish are fast and their sword can be dangerous. Only cane the very sharks and whales try tocatch them. fond _ Swordfish don't usually go ver far down in the water. they swim is about 150 m below the sea, which is > place to get food. Swordfish ls like tobe near the coast and they are from the coast is about 60 km. ee Swordfish are not ” fish but their numbers have gone down because of fishing. We are z enemy of swordfish. Swordfish are still a popular food in restaurants and some people think they are® type of fish. If we want to help swordfish, © thing to dois not to eat them! fain ne ing mavie (s Spider-Man 6, Longest river in my country is the Volga, River: Music: Holidays: Books: ‘Mountains: Famous person: Panes Circle the correct option. 1 Summeris the time to go fishing. a best b better ¢ most best 2 Itisthe fish theworld! a biggest..of b most big..of _c biggest...in 3 Sharks are the fish. a lessinteresting b most interesting c interesting 4 Standing on a stonefish will hurt you the = abad b mostbad —¢ worst 5 Terry swam a the furthest b themostfar _¢ the most furthest Superlatives 137He climbs the monument regularly. 32 Adverbs and adverb phrases Crack Filler At Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, the heads of four American presidents ss have been made from the rock. The four Video Game Tester Dinosaur Duster very large heads attract around tw Some of Arthur Devine’s Jamie Waters gets up early. He needs to be at million visitors yearly. Roger Prince i iends would really like his the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in definitely not frightened of heights. Hi job, Every week Acthur i Washington before the visitors get there. Jamie's | climbs the [OHUNBGHE regularly; his jc paid to play video games in job is to clean the dinosaurs sto fill any BRB in the rock. office in New York. He plays And yes, he can play pretty feather duster. Jamie likes the Allosaurus best. 1 Why would Arthur's friends ike to have his job? 2 Why does Jamie get up early? Adverbs and adverb phrases 1. We can use adverbs and adverb phrases with verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and whole sentences. He gets up early The four heads are very large. Hardly means‘almost not’ or‘not at all in play pretty I could hardly see anything. ‘Maybe you've not thought about these Hepler Hard means difficult’ or ‘with effort’. Its a hard life. She has to work hard. 2. Adverbs can be a single word or a phrase. He climbs t t regularly. Every week Arthur is paid to play video games. We can use the adverb well with certain past participles to form an adjective. She's a well-known actor. 3. Adverbs of manner describe how something happens; a well-educated person we usually form them by adding -ly to the adjective. Jamie works quickly and carefully 6 Adverbs of manner usually go at the end of the 4. Some adjectives already end in ly, eg. friendly, lonely. sentence, but can sometimes come in the middle or We don't add -ly, but say in a. way. (for emphasis) at the beginning. He held out his hand in a friendly way. NOT --friendily. ‘Jamie cleaned the dinosaur bones very carefully. He carefully cleaned the dinosaur bones. 5. Some adverbs of manner are the same as adjectives, e.g, Carefully he cleaned the dinosaur bones. early, far, fast, hard, high, late, straight. He gets up early. He likes the early morning light 138Adverbs of time and place 7. Use these adverbs to describe where or when something happens. before the visitors get there. He gets up early. 8 Adverbs of time and place usually come at the end of a sentence, but sometimes come at the beginning for emph Ivisited Mount Rushmore yesterday. OR Yesterday | visited Mount Rushmore. 9 Some common time adverbs, e.g. already, eventually, finally, last and soon, can go before the main verb of the sentence, but after be or an auxiliary or modal verb. She finally told me. He'll soon finish, 10 Time expressions such as every day or every week can go at the beginning or the end of the sentence. Adverbs such as daily, weekly or yearly usually go at the end. Every week Arthur is paid to play video games. It attracts around two million visitors yearly. 11 Many prepositional phrases of time and place (e.g. at night, in China) function as adverbs and usually go at the end of the sentence. We can put them at the beginning for emphasis. Arthurs paid to play video games in an office in New York. ‘At Mount Rushmore in Dakota, the heads have been ‘made from rock. If there is more than one adverb or adverb phrase of time, place or manner at the end of a sentence, the order is usually: manner, place, time. He works hard in the office in the mornings. {manner + place + time} Adverbs of frequency 12 Adverbs of frequency describe how often we do things, e.g, always, frequently, hardly ever, never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, usually. He can usually be found in the museum. Frequently, normally, occasionally, often, sometimes and usually can also go at the beginning or at the end. of a sentence. Usually he can be found in the museum. Sometimes and occasionally can go before be, auxiliaries and modals in negative sentences. They sometimes don't arrive until late. Focusing adverbs 13 Some adverbs, e.g. even, just, only, mainly, mostly, either (.. or), neither |... nor), can be used to put ‘emphasis on a particular part or word of the sentence. We only want to stay for one night. We're only here for one night, We're here for only one night. Adverbs of certainty and degree 14 Adverbs of certainty are obviously, certainly, clearly, definitely, probably, maybe, perhaps. ‘Maybe you've heard of him. 15. We can use adverbs to talk about how much something happens (degree), e.g. a bit, absolutely, almost, completely, extremely, fairly, hardly, highly, more or less, nearly, practically, pretty, quite, rather, really, slightly, somewhat, terribly, totally, very. He can play video games pretty well. Abit, pretty and somewhat are more common in informal language. 16 We do not use very to describe a verb. ‘Arthur Devine's friends would really like his job. NOT severyike 17 Adverbs of certainty and adverbs of degree usually go before the main verb of the sentence, but after be or an, auxiliary or modal verb. Icompletely agree. Vil definitely think about it. ‘We often use maybe and perhaps at the beginning of a sentence. ‘Maybe I'l see you then. We use enough after an adverb or adjective. I didn't get up early enough. 18. Innegative sentences, adverbs often come before not. I certainly will not worry about it OR I will certainly not worry about it. ‘An adverb does not usually come between a verb and the object, or before an ing form. Jamie likes the Allosaurus best. NOT fame-ikes best-the- Allosaurus, She started working late. NOT She-startedlate working. > See Units 45 and 46 for adverbs which are used to link sentences, e.g. also, however, then, therefore. Adverbs and adverb phrases 139Practice ‘A Match the sentence beginnings to the correct endings. 1. The man was thought to be highly. a_ believe what | was seeing. 2 I totally b forgotten about that evening. 3. Hayley did not take her work very / ¢ enjoying himself, 4 thad completely d_ dangerous. 5. | found the exam fairly € often. 6 could hardly agree with you, 7 Isee her quite g easy. 8 Drew looks like he's really hi seriously. B_ Rewrite the sentences, putting the adverbs in brackets in the correct places. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 She didnt move out of he parents house when she got married. even) ald ven move out of her parents house whe Se go ma She didn’ move out of er parents house oven when she got marred, 2. Hill was talking about you! (just) 3 He's leading the competition by one point. (only) 4 The TV series is very popular with teenagers. mostly) 5. Mandy works at the weekends. (mainly) 6 You can come to a class on Wednesday evening or on Friday morning (either) 7. It's very busy at the weekends, so she has to work. (hard) CMake sentences by putting the words in the correct order. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. » Tiaga devieareanilge 2 a/l/to/ quickly / asked / doctor /see 3 doesn't / sometimes / until / he / wake up / 10.00 4 gone / we / should / have / never 5 began / he / quietly / crying 6 LA./ wanted /I / always / to / see / have 7 done || / not / have / normally / would / that 8 will /soon / dark /it / be 140 D Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning, using the word in brackets. 1. She gave her son a gentle kiss on the cheek, (kissed) ‘She kissed ha son, gontly on he chu 2. Poppy gave mea friendly smile. (smiled) 3 She's a very fast runner. (runs) 4 After long time, | passed my driving test. (eventually) 5. Heis almost never late. hardly) 6 I'mauite good at chess. (well) 7 She was too ill to leave hospital (enough) E Complete the sentences with appropriate adverbs or adverb phrases of manner, place or time. Use two adverbs or adverb phrases in each sentence. 1 The children were play naisily 6 2. Wehad a great time 3. Lalways sleep 4 The police arrived 5 He wrote the words 6 The teacher was already talking, so we sat downF Rewrite the texts about more unusual jobs, putting the adverbs in brackets in appropriate places. ‘There is more than one possible answer. 1. If you can't remember how to open your $f, Sal Schillizzi can help. By listening to the lock, Sal will be able to open the safe. He learnt his sills in the US Army. (in the 1950s, maybe, quickly) you cant remember hw ¢6 dpe your safe, maybe Sal Sehllzzi can help Listening t he lack, Sal wil be able t open the sae quickly, He learn his sil tthe US Ag in the 1950s, 2. Jeffrey Bleim has enjoyed @iMIRE. Now he works as a golf ball diver. In one day he collects 5,000 balls from lakes on golf courses. That’s 35,000 balls. (always, in Florida, often, weekly} Ellen puts lots of cream on her feet. She sleeps with her feet in plastic bags and wears 3. Ellen Sirot is a foot model. She wears a lot of make-up, but on her feet. Before she goes to. sac (every night, never, only) 4 When she was three, Francie Berger started playing with LEGO bricks and she has stopped. When she left college, she got a job as a model maker with LEGO. She can build models with as many bricks as she wants. (never, soon, today) Answer the question in six different ways using will / won't and the adverbs definitely, probably or maybe. Use the phrases from the box or your own ideas. gotothe beach /park gotobedearly goonthe computer go shopping have fun listen to music _meetmyfriends read amagazine talk on the phone Ifyou have a free evening today, what will you do? Example: | probably wang shopping. Circle the correct option. 1 Shecan jump very a highly b higher ¢ high 2 lean a hardly wait b waithardly ¢ wait hard 3. He sat down very + aheayy b heavly c heavily 41 anything to eat tonight. a won't probably have _b won'thave probably _¢ probably wor't have 51 it, a verylove b absolutelylove clove completely ‘Adverbs and adverb phrases 1413 3 The passive 1 The new metal was called bronze. S have been used fo ‘The metals Copper and uses My thousands of years. Copper was one of the first meta which was discovered by man. Copper is a sof ce at people oon found out that hey bea was padutes ‘The new metal was called bronze ; Mee careeelal could be made into weapons and ah Metals can be made better and tronger by mixing two or morc of them together. The new mixture is called an alloy When Steel is mixed with certain other metals, stainles: steel is formed. Stainless steel s very useful because it is strong and does ot FUBE. Kitchen tools n made of stainle ‘Once metals have been taken out of the ground, they will not be replaced. For this reason, many metals today are cled. In this photo, used metal is being heated, When it is hot, it can be made into new products y i 1 What is an alloy? | A 2 What alloys are mentioned in the text? [im L ; a 142The passive 1 1 Make the passive with be and the past participle. 2. Use the passive to focus on the process or result of an action rather than the agent (who or what does present simple Many metals are recycled. the action), or when the agent is‘people in general’. ot jetal is being heated. PA et erste as Rod cee a themes penton The new metal was called bronze. Poe The new metal was called bronze, (People called it bronze) Present ‘While the copper was being heated, the tin was mixed in, Perey These metals have been used for thousands of years. There are a few verbs describing events or actions which often use get instead of be in passive sentences. These are common in informal conversation, reed They hadn't discovered bronze get married, get involved, get stuck set He is going to get married in the autumn, eect lePasc 3. We can mention the agent in a passive sentence It's going to be recycled. using the preposition by. We can use with to talk ‘about an object used by the agent. Using by and re Metals can be made better and with often puts greater emphasis on the agent. past participle (EUS twas one of the frst metals which was discovered Teen Bronze may have been by man. oe discovered by accident. They broke the rock with a hammer. You can find passives in many newspaper reports. The verb be / get is often left out in the headline. ‘STRANGE ANIMAL FOUND AT STEEL FACTORY (A strange animal was / has been found at a steel factory) Use was / were born NOT is -areborn. ‘My grandfather was born in Australia, Practice A Underline the correct option. B_ Rewrite these sentences using the passive. 1 Shellfish open /are opened with a knife. 1 QUIET AREA. We do not allow mobile phones, 2. Who invented /was invented the Internet? WET AREA Hoi ps ar ataliacel 3 This metal is calling /is called steel. 2. Someone may request [i 4 People have knowm /have been known sbout ‘these metals for years. 3 You must show tickets at the door. 5 The money was collecting /was being collected when we arrived. 4 Ifyou leave a bag in the station, someone will take it away and 6 That old coat should throw away / should be someone may destroy it. thrown away. 7 How are you made /do you make bread? 5 We do not accept credit cards, 8 She ha not imited /was not ivited othe party, 6 Please do not make too much noise, or we will ask you to leave. 7 You must wear hard hats, 8 You should carry ID at all times. The passive 1 143C Complete the text, using the words in brackets in an appropriate form of the passive. Today, aluminium + & so widely used (use) that itis hard to imagine a world without it It isa strong but light metal which? {can / shape) into drinks cans and window frames. It is a common metal for building cars and aeroplanes. NASAS space shuttles ? (could not / build) without it~ each space shuttle is 90% aluminium Large amounts of aluminium * (only / produce) for around 100 years, but the metal ° (discover) a long time before that, possibly as much as 2,000 years before. Aluminium comes from bauxite, a rock which © (find) in hot places such as rainforests. The bauxite ” (take) toa factory where it® {heat) to produce aluminium. It took many years to find a process for getting the metal out of the bauxite. As a result, when aluminium ° (first / produce, the price of the metal was higher than that of gold. Itis an expensive process because large amounts of electricity {need}. For this reason, a lot of aluminium {reuse}. Never throw a drinks can away ~ it (can / recycle) easily. D What is being done in each picture? Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box and a passive form. [clean open repair show study take 1 The new supermarket. & being. 2 Theroad pened, Ez | 5 Themice 144 E Complete these short newspaper reports using the verbs in brackets in the active or passive form. Then write a suitable headline for each report using the passive. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Cana INCREASE BLAMED ON INTERNET | SHOPPING | reo’ kl on [pesos the rnbar tol cena a (close) shops which * recently. The increase ® (blame) on Internet shopping. Drivers in Newport * (waste) petrol when they wait in traffic jams. Plans * (ut forward) to encourage drivers to turn off their engines. Drivers ® (could / ask) to pay up to £100 for keeping their engines on. Aman? Newport cit (arrest in centre yesterday. He {try to steal a CCTV ‘camera from outside a car park. The man? currently (question) by police. ‘Twenty-eight-year-old film director, Max Tobin, ' (get) married in secret last week. The well-known director " (born) and {bring up) in Newport. He recently (make) a film about local boy, Tom LewiF Write six sentences about this film using the facts below. Use the passive where appropriate. Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back 1980 Director: Irvin Kershner Story forthe first six Star Wars films by: George Lucas Mark Hamill (actor) = Luke Skywalker OSCAR® for best sound Filming: in Norway and the Elstree Studios in London Following film: Return of the jedi example: Star ars: The Empire Strikes Back twas nade in 1480, Circle the correct option. 1 Yourrequest is 2 When ? considered. a being a discovered penicillin? on the house, followed. 3 I could see that a lot of work 4 She looked round to see if she 5 When will the results ? b been b was penicillin be discovered? a had done a was be a beannounced —b announce ‘What can (not) or should (not) be done with these things? Write two sentences for each item, using both modal verbs. 1 arusty spoon aplastic fork an old shoe ‘copper pan used toothbrush bitter chocolate dry bread an old-fashioned mobile phone Example: 1. [¢ can be cleaned. It should not be used for eating. c be € was penicillin discovered? b hadbeendone —¢ has been doing b wasbeen —¢ was being ¢ being announced? The passive 1 145The passive 2 They deserve to be mentioned. e CO? Every month we look at buildings which ‘support the environment. Here are three buildings which we think deserve to be WE ARE G@CO MAGAZINE _ mentioned this month. Kurilpa Bridge is a 470-metre-long footbridge in ‘The Eden Project in south-west England has been Brisbane, Australia. The bridge has 84 Solaffpanels designed as a centre to educate the public about the which supply the power which is needed for the environment. A number of domes contain plants from lights on the bridge at night. Over 36,000 people are all round the world. Eden's designers didn't want the thought to use the bridge every week. domes to be made out of glass but instead had them built out ofa new and lighter material. The opening of the Eden Project in 2001 was a great success and thousands of visitors now enjoy being welcomed at the centre every week ‘The Terminus Hoenheim-Nord isin Strasbourg, France This Ham station fs the work of architect Zana Hadid ‘The new taming in Strasbourg has been created to reduce poltion inthe ay. Zaha Hadid was given The Patzker Pie for Architecture in 2008 eee Bhemtnrenn temo ent ie orth poner entree eb La) 146.e passive 2 Verbs with two objects, e.g. bring, give, buy, allow, have two passive forms. They gave her sister the prize. active) ‘She was given the prize. (passive) The prize was given to her. (passive) ‘See Unit 27 for more verbs which take two objects. Verbs which take a toinfin +past participle in the passive. They didn't want the domes to be made out of glass. We can use the passive torinfinitive after some adjectives. | was very happy to be invited. See Unit 29 fora lst of adjectives which are followed by the infinitive. are followed by to be Verbs which take the -ing form are followed by being + past participle in the passive. They enjoy being welcomed. ‘We can use some (passive) past participles as adjectives. Many of these describe feelings, e.g. bored, disappointed, excited, interested, worried. Iwas bored by the film. ‘See Unit 29 for more past participle adjectives. Practice pee. Passive forms of believe, expect, feel,report, say, think, understand are common in reports, particularly where the speaker is not necessarily agreeing with the statement or there is some uncertainty about the report. ‘Over 36,000 people are thought to use the bridge every week. It is thought that over 36,000 people use the bridge .. There were thought to be over 36,000 people using the bridge... We use have + object + past participle to talk about getting someone else to do something for us. The designers had the domes built out of a new material We also use have + object + past participle to talk about something (usually bad) that has been done by someone else. had my mobile phone stolen. In informal language we can replace have + object + past participle with get + object + past participle. I got my TV fixed. I got my mobile phone stolen. Need + to be + past participle has a passive meaning but ‘we can also use need + -ing. The roof needs to be fixed. The roof needs fixing. A Complete the news stories with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. The passive 2 147B_ Complete each sentence b so that it means the same as sentence a, using the passive. 1a She likes people to call her Trixie. b She likes to be called trite, 2 a Adentist checks my teeth every six months. bl ‘a How would you like other people to remember you? b How would you ? ‘a People think it is extremely poisonous. bit 5 a Did anyone leave a parcel for me? b Was ? 6 a | asked them to tell me the results. b lasked 7 a Someone needs to fix my car. b Mycar ‘a Dogs enjoy it when someone takes them for a walk. b Dogs enjoy ‘a We expect the championship to be the best ever. b The championship 10a | remember someone telling me | would fail, b | remember C Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning, using another passive. 1 The patients were given the wrong medicine. “The org medicine was gin co Che paiants, 2. You will be offered an appointment as soon as possible. 3. There wasn't any food left for me, 4. The last place in the team was offered to Neal. 5, She was shown the room as soon as she arrived. 6 New computers were bought for the school, 7. The car was lent to me for a week. 8 Iwas founda seat in the back row. 148 D Look at this actor. Make up eight sentences about him, using the verbs hate, like, love, prefer, hope, want and the phrases in the box. interviewed involved in film work left on his own photographed remembered for. surrounded by friends taken seriously told what tod 1 He dasa ie being intervie 2 3 4 E Complete the sentences using need + -ing or need to be + past participle. 1. There's a problem with the car The oil ecds changing / naxds tbe changed 2 The hotel room is dirty. ‘The room. 3 The baby is hungry, She 4 My brother's hairis very long His hair 5 Hecan't see very well. His eyes 6 The key doesn't work very well. The lock 7 Your homework is late tt now. 8 These clothes are really dirty. TheyF Write sentences about what the people are having or getting done. Write three things that need doing. Example The le im jumper ends repaing 1 2 3 Write three things you (or someone you know) have (or has) had done recently. Example: My grandmother has had her car fad. 4 Circle the correct option. 1 The door of the building will need a tobemade larger b beingmade larger making larger 2 He byhimself a builthis at b hadhis lat built c got his flat built 3 The architect Antoni Gaudi did not like and there ate few pictures of him. a taking his photograph b having his photograph taken ¢ photographing 4 New brick houses the workers. a were built b were builtto ¢ were built for 5. The stadium inthe summer. a expectstofinish bexpected tobe finished ¢ is expected to be finished The passive 2 1495 if you don't know where you're | | eoing, any road will rake you there a j you're tired of London, | | You're tired of life. © fmm jidn’t have winter, be so nice. ne | spring wouldn’t aE C —— = We'd have a great time if we | stopped trying to be happy A ] If you think you can, you can. If 1 J you think you can’t, you're right. rer Zero, first and second conditionals Ifyou think you can, you can. oo if Fwalked across a river, the newspapers t i would say, ‘President can’t sw im. y /fyou don’t thin nk about th I future, ebour the | you won't have one. 3 PRESIDEN ed Tt SWIM | Even if you do learn correct | ‘English, who will you speak it t0 Exe wie ilo oe 8 If you love your job, you will never have to work again in your life. Who said 1 journalists always find something bad to say? 2 London is a very interesting place? 3 you should believe in yourself?Zero, first and second conditionals 1 There are two parts to conditional sentences. if present present If you're tired of EOnCCam simple simple London, you're tired of life. ae ifepresentwill+ Ifyou love your conditional [Raa infinitive job, you will without to never have to work again. Paco iftpast —would+ Spring wouldn't conditional JRIMaG infinitive be soniceif without to we didn’t have We can use one part of a conditional sentence in a reply. What would you do if you couldn't swim? Id learn! 2 When if comes at the beginning of the sentence, we need a comma in the middle. If you think you can't, you're right. 3. Use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true. | go to bed early if| don't feel well Ifit rains, you get wet. 4 Use the first conditional to talk about something that we think is possible in the future, and its result. If see the book, Il buy it Will you tell me if Anna phones? 5 Both parts of a first conditional sentence talk about the future, even though a present tense is used after if. We do not usually use will after if. If you read this book, you will learn many new things. DOT neti rch | 6 Use the second conditional for events and situations are unlikely, imaginary or impossible in the present and future. What would you do if there was a fire? (something unlikely) ‘fl walked across a river, the newspapers would sa) {something impossible) 7 We often use if + were instead of was after the pronouns |, she, he it and singular nouns. This is more common in formal language and American English. wouldn't be surprised ifit were true. If your father were here, he would be shocked. We often use if! were you... would (not)... for advice and suggestions. If | were you, I'd wear the blue skirt. 8 We can.use other modals instead of will. If you think you can, you can. It might break if you did that. > See Unit 37 for variations on conditionals. 9 We canuse unless to mean zero and first conditional. You can't use unless before a past tense. run every morning ifit isn’t cold. OR I run every morning unless it’s cold. Iwill be disappointed if he doesn't come. NOT fenuttaecisepenitaa ates hacia: 10 We can use as / so long as and provided / providing (that) with a similar meaning to if. I don't care as long as it's free. It’s easy providing you read the instructions. 11 We can talk about imaginary situations with imagine (that) and suppose /supposing (that) in separate sentences. Imagine that you were famous. Would you be happy? Suppose she said no. What would we do then? Use What if...?for suggestions and speculations. A present tense sounds more certain than a past tense. What if we drive there? What if we found life on Mars? > See Unit 46 for ifvs. in case, and other linking words. Zero, first and second conditionals 151Practice A Match the pairs. 1 If feel sad, — a. I'd ask for some help. 2 If felt sad, — I phone my friend Sally. 3. [fit snows tomorrow, Ill make a snowman, 4 Ifit snowed in June, b Ide very surprised. 5. Ifyouare neighbours, a you already know each other. 6 Ifyouwere neighbours, b youwould see each other every day. 7 ‘ll go to London a ifthada ticket. 8 I'dgotoLondon b if you come too. 9 Water doesn’t boil a. ifthe kettle is broken, 10 The water won't boil b ifitis heated to only 80° 11 What would you do aif you're wrong? 12 What will you do b if you were me? B Underline the correct option. 1. | will /would buy it if | have enough money. 2 It will/would be great if we could travel in time. 3 My dad gets angry if | am / will be late. will / Would you be at home if he comes? IF know /knew, 'd tell you. If it doesn't / wouldn't work, bring it back to the shop. It would be /is great if you had the time. 8 What ifit breaks /will break? 9. Itwill be finished soon unless /ifthere are more problems. 10. I wouldn't do that unless /if were you. € Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. 1 Iflsawamouse, (4 scream 1 2. Ifthe weather is nice tomorrow, , Lalways feel happy. IFitwas my friend's birthday, VU tell all my friends If today was Saturday, unless you study hard. | can stay out late on Saturdays as long as 152 D Write sentences in the second conditional about the story. Look at the next sentence to find out what verb to use. It is late at night. You are in bed. You hear a strange noise. 1_UtT heard a strange noise, (4 got up You get u The window is open. 2 Ifthe window was open, (4 clas it You close the window. You feel frightened You go to your parents’ room. Their room is empty. You call their mobiles. They are switched off. You are worried. You sit down on the bed. You think what to do next. You close your eyes. You fall asleep. You hear your alarm clock You wake up. It was all a dream!E Circle the correct option. F Write replies to the questions using What 2. life be like if we didn't have paper books? Imagine if there 2. ood anee no bookshops or libraries. Some people think that this isthe future if 1. Can you come on Tuesday? the use of electronic books °... Paper is heavy, expensive and bad for TAU cane my dad says ys the environment; you need alot of trees if you *.. to make all those 2. Could you lend me 10 euros? | books. Electronic books are also more convenient, 5. you have the hardware. For example, ... you don't know a word, you can find the translation 3 Why wor't you tell me what happened? very quickly. Also, you can download new books very easily. So, is this the end of paper books? Maybe not. Some people just prefer paper books. This is not 4 Do you think you can find the way there surprising. Suppose you ”. infront of a computer screen for eight by yourself? hours. ®.. ou like to look at another screen if you were relaxing at hhome? Also, paper books are probably better for your eyes. °... you want to get bad eyes, don't spend too much time looking at computer 5 What are you going to do in the summer screens. holidays? The future will tell if this ®.. right, but there will probably always be a place for paper books like this one. 1 @would b does ce will d can 6 What makes you angry? 2 awere bwouldbe c willbe d are would continue b willcontinue ¢ continues d continue would want b want c willwant wanted aslong b suppose c unless d provided unless b would cif d provided willwork —b work ¢ wouldwork —dmust work Will bDo Would d Could Unless b If © Supposed Imagine were b willbe cwouldbe dis Answer the questions. ‘1 What do you do if you get a cold? If got acald, | dine lots of taa with honay and lens, 2 Where would you go if you could travel in time? What will you tell your best friend if he / she phones now? ‘What can people do if they feel lonely? Ifyou could invite someone famous to your party, who ‘would it be? ‘What would you ask / say to that famous person? Circle the correct option. 1 Ifthe library is closed, | home. a willgo b wouldgo ¢ go 2 Myeyes get tired if alot. aread b willread ¢ would read 3 you write your autobiography ifyou were famous? a Will b Would ¢ Should 4 Ifyou the book, you thefilm, a willlike..like bwouldlike...willlike ¢ like. wll ike 5. The Life of Lewis Carroll isn't very interesting biographies. a if youwillenjoy _b unless you enjoy € unless you will enjoy Zero, first and second conditionals 153Third conditional, J wish, If only I wish I had heard those songs. cA My name is Adéle, I’m 19. My favourite time in history is the 1920s. I wish I had been a young woman in the USA then. Women got the vote and enjoyed more freedom. If I had lived in the 1920s, I would re new and exciting! If I'd been young then, I'd have danced like they do in the musical go and I’d have said that everything was just ‘SWElI’! My name is Ruth. It is 1924 and I ama farr wife in the south of the USA. I wish had more money to buy new clothes. Time are hard and I wish I were not living on a farm. Our hut does not have electricity or water: hasband cannot sell the cotton that he has grown. If only we could sell the cotton, we »mewhere better to live would be able to find 1 What does Adéle like about the 1920s in the USA? 2 Were the 1920s good years for Ruth? Why / Why not?Third conditional, I wish, if only Third conditional I wish and if only 1 Use the third conditional for events inthe past which 4 Use / wish or if only with the past perfect to talk about did not in fact happen. regrets. If had lived in the 1920s, I would have worn a flapper Iwish / If only | had heard those songs when they were dress. (She didn't live in the 1920s and didn't wear this ‘new. (= It's a pity that | didn't hear those songs then.) dress.) After wish, we sometimes use were instead of was. Iwish Iwas / were taller 2 Make the third conditional with two clauses ‘if+past would + perfect have+past inthe 1920s, participle 5. Use I wish or if only with the past tense to talk about events and situations which you would like to be true now. I wish we had more money.(We don'thave alot of money) 3 The clause that begins with ifcan come first or second Uf only ie aces Lor ae inthe sentence. When it comes first, we use acomma cottons after it. ‘fthad lived then, 1d have said everything was just sh ORE ‘swell ae Me % Wish is usually used with I(I wish...) and is more would have danced all the time iffd been young then. aianan eIPERG: Ifonly expresses a stronger regret. Inthied conditional sentences, we can shorten both had and would to ‘d If fd lived in the 1920s, Id have worn a flapper dress. Practice A Underline the correct option B Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. 1 Iwish | had my own room. (I have / don't have my own room.) 2. He wishes he had got up earlier. (The man got up late /early.) aes ————_—_, 3 | wish | was good at dancing. (I'm bad /good at dancing) belibcorealiesas nemipulststnsemmae | 4 If l'd taken the train, | would have got there on time. " + (Itook dd take the train got/ didn't ge there ontime) 1 Mhagrit been teacher | dha en / wuld 5 | wish my cousins didn’t live so far away. (My cousins live far rs a footballer. away /near) 2. If we'd known what was happening, we wish | coul in /can't say sor the police. 6 wish | could say sorry. (I can /can't say sorry.) atc 7 There wouldn't have bet nt ifshe had driven el ee ipl se pare to the instructions, you'd have known what to do. carefully. 7 ; 4 Ifthe children trove / di 1. There was /wasn’t an ae . A ICR TNS more breakfast, they wouldn't have been hungry. 5 You me if you'd waited abit longer. 6 Weld have gone swimming if it 8 I wish | hadn't given the company my phone number. (I gave / didn't give the company my phone number) 9 If they hadn't helped me, the job would have taken a long. re _ sunny. helped /didn't help me. The "tak we We a Wee arn ‘the match, | would have been so upset. a1 to the party if hadn't been ill Third conditional, | wish, Ifonly 155What are these people thinking? Complete the sentences, starting with / wish or If only. 1 wish itsoasnt, raining 3 you here. on holiday. 156 D Complete each sentence b so that it has a similar ‘meaning to sentence a. 1 a It'sa pity we're not in the same class. a b Iwish vot were tn the same class 2. a Weshould have left earlier. b Ifonly 3. a Unfortunately | didn't hear the phone and didn't speak to her. bir 4. a They're sorry they can’t come tonight. b They wish 5a It'sa shame that they didn't have enough time and the room wasn't finished. b The room 6 a Idlove to be sitting nearer the front. b Iwish 7 a Ican'tunderstand why she didn't go to Australia with her friends and have a good time. b ifshe ‘Oh dear. I've already sent that email. Ifonly E_ Read the short biography of F Scott Fitzgerald and, in your notebook, write six regrets that you think he might have had for himself or his wife. F Scott Fitzgerald was a writer in the 1920s, His novels are about the colourful lives of the young rich in the USA. F Scott Fitzgerald started writing as a schoolboy. His first and most well-known novel, The Great Gatsby, was published in 1920, The novel was a big success. Fitzgerald and his new wife, Zelda Sayre, were immediately famous but they were soon in financial trouble Fitzgerald's later novels did not make as much money as the first. He often had to stop work on his novels and write short stories for magazines in order to make money. He did not particularly enjoy writing the short stories. Fitzgerald's marriage with his wife was very difficult. Many people consider that he did not write as much as he could because of this. Zelda became very il later in life and spent long periods of time in hospital Fitzgerald died believing that he had been a failure. However, people consider him to be one of the best ‘writers of the 20th century. Its a great pity that he did not see the success his novels later found. Example: [wish (had written more,F Sometimes things can have unexpected results. Write third conditional sentences about the following situations. 1 | broke my leg in a football match. While | was in hospital | started writing a book. It's just been published and is very successful. ilk rabon myleg wouldnt have Become a successful wie, 2. My friend told me a good place to buy a new mobile phone, but I couldn't find the shop. Instead | found a different shop and managed to get a really good phone for half the price! 3 twas an icy night and | was driving home. The car got stuck. Luckily a really nice ‘man stopped and pushed the car for me. He's now my husband! 4 I didn’t want to go to college when | left school, so | travelled for a year instead When | was in China, | was really interested in the history. When | came back | started studying History at college and | really love it. 5 Myboss told me to leave my job. On the way home | decided to start my own business. My business is doing really well. 6 My parents didn't have enough money to buy a house in the city. We moved to the country instead, Now | love it here and have lots of new friends. out I really liked Maths and now I want to be a Maths teacher. ne Write two things that you are glad happened as they did, and two that you are sorry happened asthey did. Example: nad {cane to lv here. If [hadn't comet lie her, [wouldn't have met all my reat finds 7 I didn’t pass my Maths exam. | took the exam again and studied really hard. | found Write about some things you would like to have or to be able to do. Example: I'n not good at singing, | wish | could sing, Circle the correct option. 1 wish meet people with the same interests. a could b can ¢- 2 Iwish | been born 100 years ago. a would b had c have 3. I would have loved Fitzgerald's books if| livedthen, a had b have ¢ would have 4 fhe hadn't loved his wife, he haveleft. ahad b hadn't ¢'d 5 Iwish workingonafarm. a amnot b not ¢ wasn't Third conditional, ! wish, Ifonly 157Variations on conditionals We can change the world if people listen to us. ion is very important re still many pla are too poor to send th hildren to school. How can their children study if they're hungry? \ eady a r. | couldn think for mysetf.f someone told me what to do, | did it. Children should never be in tha each other more wn children If you're reading this, you know that this is a problem Diana (17) Romania We can change the world if people listen to us. Jebanzeb (12) Pakistan Who thinks 1 communication between children and parents could be better? 2 all children should go to school? |Variations on conditionals 1 Different combinations of tenses are possible in conditional sentences. Here are some possible patterns. f+ past simple + past simple If someone told me something, | did it. If + present simple + present continuous If she says that, she's not telling you the truth. If present continuous + present continuous |'m not going outside if t's raining. If + present continuous + present simple If you're reading this, you know that this is a problem, If + past simple + present perfect If Jack really did that, he’s made a big mistake. 2 Modals other than will may be in conditional sentences. How can their children study if they're hungry? Ifyou want to discuss similar topics, you should go .. 3 We don't usually use if' will. Ifyou see him tomorrow ... NOT if youwill= We don't usually use if+ would If you go into town .. NOT fFyeuwoul= ‘We can use if+ will / would in sentences which are not conditionals, e.g. requests. ‘Ifyou will | would sit down, please. Practice A Tick the sentence closest in meaning to the conditional. 1 Ifit’s 11 o'clock, Sandra is sleeping. a Sandra will sleep at 11 o'clock. b Itis 11 o'clock now so Sandra is asleep. Sandra wants to sleep at 11 o'clock 2 Iwent to Kim if | had a question. a Inthe past | asked Kim for advice. b Inthe future | will ask Kim for advice. ¢ Now | ask Kim for advice, 3. See me if you've done page 26. a Speak to me before you finish page 26. b Speak to me as you do page 26. © Speak to me after page 26 is finished. 4 Ifyou should find my gloves, put them in the cupboard. a There isa good chance of finding my gloves. b There is a small chance of finding my gloves. ¢ There is no chance of finding my gloves. We can use if + should and / or happen to when we want to show that something is unlikely. If the situation should change, | will write to you. Buy some if you happen to find them. We can use if+ present + imperative. If you need more information, contact the office. We can use ifit + wasn't / weren't / hadn't + for to show that one thing changes the situation completely. ‘Ifit wasn’t for my bad leg, I could play in the match. | would never have joined the army ifit hadn't been for ‘my uncle. Instead of using if, we can put had, should or were + pronoun / noun first in the sentence, This is more formal. Had I realised the danger, | would not have given her my number. Should your temperature increase, phone a doctor at once. ‘We can use then in the main part of a conditional sentence for emphasis. Ifyou don't understand, then ask me, AAs long as your parents know, then that's all right. 5. fit hadn't been for John, the party would have been a disaster. John saved the party bb John made the party a disaster. ¢ John didn’t go to the party. 6 IFyouwill tell Mike, that'll be great. a Mike will be glad to hear you. Itis possible for you to tell Mike. € Please tell Mike. Variations on conditionals 159B Underline the correct option. 1. Ifyou are going /wil go to the shop, please get some eggs. 2 If Boris is working /works, who is looking after the children? 3. Susan never complained if| would be / was late. 4 Ifyou would /should have any problems, bring it back to the shop, 5 Ifyou would /may come this way, please 6 It wouldn't have broken if it had been /hadn't been for the storm, 7 Would /Should there be any more questions, write to me. 8 If that's true, so /then Karina was right! Make conditional sentences by putting the words in the correct order. The first word is underlined. 1 wanted /it/1/ bought /if/ something /1 ifleaneed something ought 2. Dad / driving / gets / Mum / if nervous /is 3 if/staying / meet /in / you / are /let’s / London 4 I [joke / a / if / laughed / nobody / told 5 too / now / we /it /be / might / go / late / don't /if 6 she /if/meeds /party / Clare /is / the /a / dress / going /nice /to Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. aif fale (feel) 2. If 'm traveling overnight | usually my suitcase (take) bad, | drank lots of hot tea. 3 it been Sunday, there would have been fewer cars. (have) 4 Please remind Betty if you tosee her tonight. (happen) 5. Ifthe pilot this plane, then who is2(not fly) 6 What would life be like ifit for mobile phones? (not be) 7 People can learn a lot if they (read) 8 If you've answered all the questions, you the test. (finish) 160 E Complete the dialogue with the words in the box. are can't could happen should then wasn't were will would Interviewer: I'm here at UNICEF today to interview John Edwards about the work he does. Welcome, John. if you? will sit down, please. First, what does UNICEF actually do? John: The most important thing is giving information. We? do anything if people don't know what is happening, By people, | mean everyone: children, parents, teachers politicians, you and me... If people knew the terrible things happening to children around the world, they > be shocked. Interviewer: For example? John: Many young children have to work. Ifit 4 for the money they make, their families would be hungry. ie ‘give you many examples, if you have time, of the difficult and dangerous jobs which some children do, Interviewer: If you® acchild in that situation, what should you do? John: Contact us. In most countries such work is illegal.” there be an accident, the employer, and maybe parents, would be in a lot of trouble. . Ja politician, | would make very strong laws to stop young children working. Also, if you 6 ‘to hear of stories like this, contact us, and the police. Interviewer: Thank you, John. If you want to know about the work of UNICEF, g0 to their websiteF Complete the sentences, 1 If someone is making a child work, and you know about. itsthen phon the police Write sentences using conditionals for these situations. 2 The little boy cannot stop work unless 1 You need to get your mum a present but you don't have any money. Fidel cise nt have ay money itis gong to be dificult ts buy anything! Pita ee eens 3. Write to UNICEF if Its raining. You need to go out. You don't have an umbrella. 4 Ifa child is working all day, Your parents can't decide where to go on holiday. 5 ifitwasn't for greedy companies. ‘You borrowed your friend's bike and broke it. Your 6 Ifachild happens to need money badly, irene doesn know ye ‘You have a big match tomorrow but you dor't feel very well. ‘You found some money in the classroom. You don't know who lost it. Circle the correct option, 1 Ifyou were hungry, you study properly. a won't b couldn't ¢ didn't 2 We can't teach children if they toschool. a didn't gob wouldn’tgo _¢ aren't going 3 if Alhaji a mistake, he got into bigtrouble. a made willmake ¢ makes for UNICEF, many children would have very difficult lives. a was b wasn't ¢ isn’t ‘ssituation, | don't know what | woulddo. a Am b Be c Were Variations on conditionals 161RS Review: comparatives and superlatives; the passive; conditionals ‘A. Complete each sentence using the word in brackets in the correct form. 1 Angelique isone ofthe best singers I've ever heard. (004) 2 SiYee looks alot than she did yesterday. happy) 3. lused to think mathematics was very difficult but | find it much nowadays. (easy) 4. Excuse me. Do you know where bank is? (near) 5. Teno'clockis quite late. Could you come a little than that? (early) 6 What's mistake you've ever made? (bie) 7. The first level of this computer game isn't hard but it gets alot (complicated) 8 Move the taste of coffee, but | know that tea is a much drink, (healthy) 9) The roads had ice on them and we had to drive as as possible. (careful) 10 Water is cheap here but in some countries it’s ‘than cola. (expensive) 11. There were lots of well-known artists in the 20th century but Picasso was probably of them al. (famous) 12. We've had lots of rain recently. In fact, it summer I can remember. (wet) B Circle the correct option. Kolo: Have you '.. heard of Aconcagua? Sylvia: Yes, it’s a mountain in South America, isnt it? Kolo: Yes, it's in Argentina — well, on the border with Chile too. It’s the 2... mountain in the world outside Asia It's 6,962 metres. Sylvia: I see. Kolo: Yes, I've been reading about it and they say i's 3. easy to climb, so you don't have to be an ‘experienced climber to get up it: Sylvia: Really? Kolo: Yes, several hundred people do it * imagine you need to be °.. strong and healthy, though. Kolo: Oh yes, and you have to prepare very ®.., because it can be dangerous. You go up in a group with experienced climbers. 162 Sylvia: How long does it take? Kolo: Usually about ten days, | think. You can’t go any 7... than that because you have to get used to the air up there. There isn’t much oxygen, you see. Sylvia: Yes, can imagine. I'm sure that’s really ®.. Kolo: Yes, but not impossible. The °.. person to reach the top was 87 years old. Sylvia; Wow! Kolo: So, 'm sure we could do it. In fact, I think | °.. try Bweavausenr and do it myself one day in the future. ‘annever b sometimes @ever d often a higher b highest c high d highly a highly b absolutely ¢ obviously fairly athe year b forayear c yearly d byyear a pretty b practically ¢ hardly d nearly a careful b carefully c cared carefuly a quick b quickest ¢ quicker d quickly ahard b hardly c harder hardest aelder bolder cold d oldest a definitely will b will definitely ¢ definitely won't d won't definitely C Make the sentences passive. 1 2 We wor't see the film in cinemas until the autumn, The film......\0ont be seen, in cinemas until, the autumn, hate it when someone cuts my hair. 1 What questions did they ask you in the exam? What questions They're showing the event live on TV. The event They didn't allow her to leave. She People are treating many of the injured in hospital. Many of the injured A police officer was questioning the men. The men ‘Someone had used a stone to break the car windows. The car windows9. The woman gave the journalists false information. False information 10. People should have reported the problem before. The problem D Complete the sports stories using passive forms of the verbs in brackets. nas. been anngunced. (announce) that Jorge Gomer, the pater of Real Maris eave he ub He (cay) tohave . {ote the ob of managing the Irish national team. I (ink) thatthe exact date for Mr Gomez's (agree) later this week. = Poet ania Serban, the Romanian 1500 metre runner, © (expect toretum toracing atthe European Games next month. Yesterday, she tod journalists: havent raced Inemationaly for over a year. Last year!” (te) {ado have an operation on my knee and my traning programme wasnt (change), but now fel ‘ight and needed to® fiterand stronger than ever: — The Scottish tennis player, Andrea Finlay, ? (Geport) to be moving to France. In the past, she has said that she hates (follow) ty journalists in her home town. Friends say she wants to (leave) in peace so that she can work tard on her traning. More details about this, (announce) later today. Circle the correct option. 1. If youwant to be successful in life, @ you have to work hard. b you would plan things carefully 2. Ifyouhada lot of money, how will you spend it? b what would you spend it on? 3 Let's see the new Superman film unless you didn't like that kind of film b you've already seen it. 4 Youwill be late a aslongas you hurry. unless you leave now. 5. We'renot going out a fits snowing b if there will be snow. 6 really wish aI can have more time. b Ihad more time. 7. Please ask Lee to call me a if you happen to see him. b ifyou saw him. 8 Phoneadoctor a ifyoufele ill b ifyou feel very ill. 9) If you like this CD, a why don't you buy it? b I'd buyit for you. 10 Ifyou'd come with us yesterday, ‘a_ you would have a good time b you would have enjoyed yourself Underline the correct option. 1 fl were /am you, 'd be careful what I said to Sonya. 2 Getataxiif you get /will get lost. 3. Iwish I can /could stay abit longer. 4 If you happen /happened to see Mike, phone me at once. 5 Ireally wish my sister wouldn't /doesn't sing in the shower. 6 Sarah wouldn't learn / wouldn't have learned Spani she hadn't lived in Madrid. 7 Trevor has agreed to help as long as /supposing it doesn't take too long. 8 Provided / Supposing you saw a ghost, what would you do? Ifonly Jill had asked / asked me before she bought it. ‘You won't /wouldn’t know if | hadn't told you. Bo Review 5 163Indirect statements They said their son was flying. Put the events in order. a The pi Kevin. b MrGreen im sorry. ¢ The police found the balloon. d Mr Green phoned the police. @ MrGreen made a balloon 164Indirect statements 1 Ifthe main verb is in the present, there is no change of tense in the indirect statement. ‘Mr Green says that he is sorry. ‘My opinion is that it was a big mistake. 2 When the main verb is in the past, the verb in the indirect statement usually moves into the past. indire present simple > past simple ‘Itseems strange’ They thought that it seemed strange. iW Past modal verbs (would, could, etc.) do not change. present continuous =» past continuous ‘lamwatching TV’ She said that she was watching W. pastsimple -» past perfect. ‘Imadea balloon’ He told police that he had made balloon, pastcontinuous -» past perfect continuous ‘Itwasn't raining’ The weather report showed that ithadn’t been rai present perfect - past perfect ‘We've lied They told everyone that they had lied present perfect -» past perfect continuous continuous ‘Ivebeenhiding’ He said that he had been hiding. can + could ‘can flyaballoon’ Mrs Green said that she could fly a balloon. will > would “Iwon't do this He repeated that he wouldn't again’ do this again. my = > might ‘Wemay be famous!’ The Greens thought that they might be famous. bbegoing toand -» was / were going to and had to have to ‘Wehave tofindthe They knew that they had to find boy. the boy, The police said that they would like an apology. 3. The verb in the indirect statement does not need to change if the information is still true or relevant now. ‘Mr Green was sure that balloons are safe. People did not know that the earth is round, Indirect statements can show what people think, not what they actually say. She didn't believe that it was possible. 4 Indirect statements can also come after adjectives and nouns. It's sad that some people will do anything to get on TV. love the idea that he was hiding in the garage! 5. That often links the main verb of the sentence to the indirect statement. That can be left out, especially in conversation and informal language. The police didn’t think (that it was funny. It is lucky (that) Kevin didn’t get into the balloon, 6 Pronouns and time and place expressions may change for indirect statements. we + they now -» then next week» the week after this morning -» that morning tomorrow =» the next day 90 + before here +» there ‘We will doit tomorrow.’ = They said they would do it the next day. ‘Tecan do it now.’ =» He said he could do it then, 7 Many verbs which introduce indirect statements are followed by to-infinitives, e.g, advise, agree, ask, promise, tell. Kevin agreed to hide in the garage and promised not to tell the police. Indirect statements 165Practice A Underline the correct option. | thought it is/was easy. John shouted that he wanted /has wanted some help. There is a legend that King Arthur lives /lived here. You said you were driving /had driven home when it happened. Remember that forest fires are /were dangerous. 6 Thad a strange feeling that | saw /had seen him before 7 Mrs Jones told me she was working /had been working there for 25 years. 8 It’s a shame that Mozart died /had died so young. 9) Julie said she can't /couldn’t play in the match last week 10 Jake hoped he will /would be back the next day. 1 2 3 4 B Write a dialogue using the underlined information in the text. ‘Martin called Carol and said he had a problem. He told Carol that his friend "Dave wasn't speaking to him because “they had had a big argument. Carol thought “Martin needed to see Dave again. She knew that °Dave had been feeling terrible since their argument. ‘Martin replied that She had tried to call Dave the day before; “he had just put the phone down, Martin was sure Sthat Dave wasn't his friend any more, Carol said °she couldn't understand it. She advised Martin *°to write Dave an email the next day, Marti 1 {havea problem, 2 3 because Caro 4 Martin: 6 7 but Caro 9 10 166 C Complete the sentences with indirect statements. 1 He said it had been. long night: 3 He thought 4 Dracula said 5 Tomwrote 6 She was confident D Complete each sentence b to make a direct or indirect statement like sentence a, using the word in brackets. 1a ‘Samzit's five o'clock: (told) b Mary. told Sam it was five o'clock. 2a ‘Imreading a book’ (said) b She a book 3a ‘Lizhas asked him: (thought) bi 4. a Andrea told Tim she would go the next day. (leave) b Tim, ; 5 a ‘What! Nobody knows! (strange) b itwas 6 a Richard had the idea that everybody disliked him. nobody} b ‘msure 7 7 a ‘Youhave to! (said) b My boss 8 a Brian told Maya that he had done it four weeks before. (month) b ‘Maya, | ’E Complete the text using the correct forms of the words inthe box. [be beat bring canget hear hide invent may change play will make 11770, Wolfgang von Kemplen visited the queen of Austria He said that he 1 had brought... her a very unusual present: a machine which could play chess. The queen didn’t believe that von Kemplen ? serious, but the machine really did play chess. She thought that someone inside the machine, but she opened it and found nothing. The chess machine travelled all over the world. Von Kemplen understood that he * alotof money from his machine and he was proud that it ‘even very good players. Napoleon and Benjamin Franklin both piayed and lost! People believed that von Kemplen © areal chess machine and they hoped he” another one, Newspapers wrote that technology : the laws of nature But there was someone inside the machine. People didn't know that all the time a little man 2 for the machine. The secret was discovered but the machine was stil popular. Finally, the machine went to a museum in America. In 1854, there was affre in the museum and the machine was destroyed. One man thought that he!” the machine shouting for help in the fie. Today the museum has a ‘working model of the original machine. Circle the correct option. 1 The newspapers wrote that Mr and Mrs Green. 2. MrGreen said that he 3 Journalists couldn't believe that Kevin 4, MrsGreen said she 5 They promised that this again the truth the story that his son was in the balloon, athome all thetime. a is towrite a book about the story one day. a wasn't happening F Complete the sentences with rect statements. 1 My friend didn’t buy me a birthday card. Ithought Chat she had fargaetonabsut my bitthday / she as axa with me 2 Astranger stopped me and asked me for ten euros. Isaid 3. They are planning to open a new shopping centre near where | live. | don't like the idea 4 No one knows if there is life on other planets. I think 5 The film we saw last night was al right. My opinion was 6 | found an interesting blog about strange pets. | went on the blog and wrote Write at least four things that you heard, thought, read or said recently. 1 told nysistr that Ilved her new des, a nottotell b don't tell a had invented b was a has wanted b wouldn't happen weren't telling b invents ¢ has invented has been b had been wanting © may not happen ¢ wants Indirect statements 167Indirect questions If you are wondering why glaciers are interesting ... felcome to my blog on glaciers! If you are wondering Ree src ne ec Maria (14, Spain) asks what a glacier is. ‘A glacier is a large piece of moving ice. Glaciers cover 10% of the Earth's surface. Kylie (13, New Zealand) asks the question how quickly glaciers move. —————————————————$<$<$$<—$ Fairly slowly, usually less than 100 metres a year. Big glaciers move more quickly: some glaciers in Greenland move more than one kilometre a year. Ming-Ji (13, Korea) wants to know if icebergs are glaciers. No, icebergs are pieces of glaciers (sometimes very big pieces!) which break off from glaciers into the sea. Djalma (15, Brazil) asks why glaciers are important. Glaciers give us 75% of our fresh water. They are very important for the climate. If the Antarctic glaciers melt, sea water will ise 65 metres. Henry (14, Tanzania) asks whether there are any glaciers in Africa. Yes, in some mountains. There are also glaciers on Mars! True or False? bt 1 Greenland has some big glaciers. 2 Glaciers are made from sea water.Indirect questions 1 For indirect questions, the word order is question word + subject + verb. There is no auxiliary do or question mark. ‘Maria asks what a glacier is. NOT =-what isa doen wonder who Djalma saw. NOT =-whe-did Djalma- in verb isin the present, there is no change in the indirect question. When the main verb is in the past, the verb in the indirect question usually moves into the past. Alot of people wonder why | am interested in glaciers. asked my dad why he looked so sad. NOT whyhe-looks— We wondered where she had gone. NOT where-shehasgone— > See Unit 38 for more information on the change of tenses, inindirect speech. 3 Indirect questions can also come after nouns and adjectives. Kylie asks the question how quickly glaciers move. Itisuncertain who did it. 4 Forindirect yes / no questions, use if or whether. Ming4Ji wants to know if / whether icebergs are glaciers Henry asks if | whether there are any glaciers in Africa Practice ‘A Match the situations to the indirect questions. 1. Youhave been waiting for a bus for one hour. 2. Youneed to borrow 200 euros from your dad. NS 3 Somebody has taken your favourite pen without asking you. 4 Youhave a test tomorrow but you know nothing. 5 Your aunty has given you a book on tardening for your birthday. 6 There was a very exciting film on TV but you missed the end of it. 7 Your friend wants to wear a bright green dress to the party. 8 Youare at a great party but your mum rings and tells you to come home. 5. Usually, ifand whether are both possible. don't know if | whether itis true. But we can use only whether after prepositions and before to-infinitives. It’s a question of whether we need it. NOT of if= Claire wondered whether to phone him. NOT =iftephone. 1? We say whether or not, NOT ifornot. asked whether or not that was OK. 6 Ifthe subject of the indirect question is the same as in the main part of the sentence, we can use a to-infinitive. ‘Maria doesn't know where to see glaciers. He asked what to write. We say know how to, NOT know-to, Scientists don’t know how to stop climate change. NOT =-knowte-stop= I don't know what to say to her. b_ I wonder whether my friend Louise can help me. € I want to know why she chose this present for me. | doubt if tis coming. €- llaskif can stay for another hour f 'mnot sure if he will say yes Ifind out who took it I'm interested in what happened next Indirect questions 169B_ Make sentences by putting the words in the correct order. The first word is underlined. 1 me /was / date / what / asked / it / she “She asked me what date tt was, 2. birthday / wonder / is / when /1/ Jack's 3 care / what / say / Liz / doesn't /1 4. Simon / nobody / his / knows / exam / passed / if 5 happened / where /it / me / told / she 6 asked /1/all right / the / whether /was / doctor 7. do /is / Charles / what / thinking / to 8 of /money /where / the / get / problem / is / the / we / there C Complete the sentences with indirect questions. 1 ‘Sixo'clock’ | wanted to know what tine it ws 2. ‘February 15th’ lasked 3. ‘Tmnot feeling very well” I wondered 4. "Yes, it should be great!” lasked 5. ‘My friend Sam! | was interested to know 6 ‘No, I don't have enough money’ Do you know 170 E Write D Circle the correct option. ‘Abundred years ago, a team of explorers found a glacier in Antarctica. They weren't sure ¥... 0 they named it the Mertz Glacier after the explorer Xavier Mertz. Although the Mertz Glacier is one of the biggest glaciers in the world, many people can't even say >. Xavier Mertz (1883-1913) was part of a team which wanted to find out 3. Antarctica, There weren't even any maps of Antarctica at that time. They needed to know ¢.. this very big continent, and °... possible to get from ‘Antarctica to South Australia, In November 1912, Mertz and two men, Ninnis and Mawson, were on a long difficult journey across the ice. There was a scream. At first, Mertz didn't understand... Then he saw that Ninnis had fallen through the ice. Even worse, he had fallen with most of their food. Mertz had no idea .. and asked Mawson ®.. to wait for help. Mawson told him they had to continue, The two men were soon tired and hungry. On 7 January, 100 miles from their ‘camp, Mertz asked ®... He wasn't sure ™.., Sadly, Mertz soon died. Mawson managed to get back to camp safely and went on many more Antarctic journeys a what isit called (B what to cal it ¢ what was it called a who was Mertz b who Mertz was ¢ what did Mertz a waswhat in b what itwas © what was in a how do youcross b how was crossed ¢ how to cross a ifitwas b wasit ¢ what wasit a ifhappened b was what happening c what had happened a what todo b iftodo. c what he did a if b whetherornot ¢ if ornot a ifhehad stopped b whytostop c tostop a howhecontinued b he could continue ¢ if to continue Soevousunre ct questions for what they are saying or thinking. ZH) CP 1 teisaskingithecanhaveanice 2 crva,F Complete the indirect questions. a twas midnight. jill was in bed *but her husband Jack wasn't home. Jil phoned Jack *but there was no answer. Then she called Jack’s friend Tom °about Jack. Tom knew nothing. Two hours later Jack came home. jill wanted “an explanation. Jack said he would tell her in the morning. Then they both went to sleep. Jill woke up very early because of °a strange noise. “Had_ Jackheard it too? she thought. Jack then got up and went downstairs. The noise stopped but then there was a very bright light. “Jill was confused and frightened. Jack came back to the bedroom. He was carrying two spacesuits. Jill was very surprised. Jack asked and Jill agreed to put on the spacesuit. They went outside and jill saw the spaceship jill kissed Jack and answered his question by saying that yes, she was happy. At last they were going back to Earth, 1 Jill didn’t know vohere Jack was, 2 Jillwondered 3 Jill asked 4 ill wanted to know 5. Jill didn't know 6 Jillwondered 7 Jill dide’t understand 8 Jillwondered 9 Jack asked Jill 10 Jack wanted to know Circle the correct option. 1 She doesn't even know 2 Iwonder the biggest glacier in the world. 3 The teacher asked geology. a iflliked 4 There's some doubt about 5. Scientists are not sure why a what an iceberg is a where can you see b what liked glaciers will exist in 1,000 years. so quickly. a move some glaciers cw indirect questions about these people. 1. James Bond Idask hin ithe liked detective stories, 2. Your favourite sports star 3. William Shakespeare 4 Xavier Mertz 5. Your favourite actress 6 The cleverest person in the world Complete the sentences with your own ideas. 1 nga apace if thay can lao: afer ny dg 2. I've always wanted to know In my opinion, it is doubtful if It's very bad manners to ask Most teenagers have no idea Does anybody know the reason why b whatisan iceberg ¢ ifanicebergis b where you can see € if did like aif b that € you can see whether b some glaciers move do some glaciers move Indirect questions 171The companies who connect people to the Internet ary) Defining relative clauses Do you know your ISPs from your USBs? firewall 1 The companies who connect people to the Internet are called 2A is something we use to move around the computer screen 3A is what you use to move photos from your digital camera to your computer. 4An is a picture of yourself or a favourite character whose picture you use. The picture represents yourself in games and discussions on the Internet. 5A is a small computer program which is designed to damage your computer files. 6A is someone who uses or changes the information in other people’s computer systems. 7A protects your computer. It stops information which you don’t know about coming into your computer. 172jefining relative clauses Arelative clause gives us information about a noun. A defining relative clause says which person, thing, animal oridea we are talking about. ‘Abacker is someone who uses or changes the information in other people's computer systems. Many relative clauses begin with the relative pronouns who, which or that. Use who to refer to a person. Use which to refer toa thing, an animal or an idea. Use that instead of who or which in informal language. ‘Acomputer programmer sa person who that designs computer programs. Avirus isa small computer program which | that is designed to damage your computer files. We can use who or which to refer to groups of people. The companies who / which connect people to the Internet are called ISPs. 3 We can leave out the relative pronouns who, which or that when they are the object of the relative clause. This is Something (that) we use to move around the computer screen 44 if there is a preposition, it usually goes at the end of a relative clause. «x lnformation (which) you don't know about Inmore formal language, we can use the preposi rectly in front of the relative pronoun. information about which you know nothing .. 5 When the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause, or comes after a preposition, we do not need to repeat it. This is something that we use to move around the computer screen. NOT This is something that weuseittomove The teacher (who) | was telling you about. NOT The teacher who-+was-telling you about her. 6 If who comes after a preposition or is the object of the relative clause, we can use whom instead. This is only used in more formal language. «the woman to whom the prize was given someone whom Theo had met years before 7. Use when or where as relative pronouns after nouns which refer to a time ora place. We can often use a preposition + which with a similar meaning. The room where the exam is taking place is ready. (© the room in which the exam is taking place) I don't like days when it gets dark early. 8 Use why (or that] after the noun reason. That's the reason why | that I came. 9 Use what to mean ‘the thing(s) which’. ‘AUSB cable is what you use to move photos from your digital camera to your computer. (= the thing which you use} 10. Use whose + noun to mean of whom, of which. Whose ‘can refer to people, animals or things. We are an organisation whose aim is to make computer training available to everyone. (= the aim of which) ‘We can often use with instead of: ~ arelative clause with whose € friend whose brother lives nearby= a friend with ‘a brother who lives nearby ~ arelative clause using who / which and have ‘an old computer which has a lot of problems = an old computer with a lot of problems 11 There is no comma before a defining relative clause. The companies who connect people to the Internet are called ISPs. NOT The companies-whe-connect people-to-the- Internet are-called ISPs. Defining relative clauses 173Practice A Underline the correct option. Sometimes both options are possible. This is the place where / which | live. Aprils the month in which / when she was born The giant panda lives in forests which /where are being cut down. The letter should only be read by the person to who /to whom itis addressed. He's a lovely man who has /with a lot of friends. ‘The 1950s and 60s were the years when / where the Cold War was at its worst 7 That's the reason that /why we moved. 8 I don't know what / that you mean. Rune 5 6 B Complete the email by putting relative clauses a-h in the correct places. 000 eoseG as Thad a letter from Lily Wylie recently. You remember me talking about my Uncle Ray, don’t you? He's the uncle *_..g.... He {grew up in Glasgow with my dad and my Uncle Colin. Uncle Ray lefe home when he was quite young. That was in the 1950s He got on a ship ° and lived there for the rest of his life. When he arrived in Canada, he stayed with a couple, Mr and Mrs Bennett, * = They had one child. She's my cousin, but I've never met her. Uncle Colin stayed in Glasgow in the house ° ‘and opened a shop ® Uncle Ray and Uncle Colin never saw each other again. Anyway, Thad a letter from Lily recently. She's the daughter of the cousin : - She's going to be over here * and I think she would like to meet you! a Ivenever met b_ when you could leave school at 15 when you're next at home d_ where he was born that sold fish whichwas going to Canada g whomovedio-Canada hh whose daughter he later married ‘Complete the sentences with who, which or that. (More than one relative pronoun is po: each sentence.) Then put brackets around the pronouns which can be left out. 1. Itsthe 5.00 train. which / that) you need to catch. 2. Theman is sitting in the corner is not wel. 3. The reporter asked her a lot of questions she couldn't answer. You can pick any strawberries There are not many people How could a person Look! It’s the actor Chelsea isthe football team are red. would like his job. Hove have done this? played Sam. ‘my brother supports. eNous 174 D Complete the sentences by putting the ‘words in the correct order. 1. were / about / you / boy / telling / the / me Is that the boy you were telling ne about, 2 2 of / that / something /'m / proud Isnot 3 joke / laughing / understand / were / at [the / they I didn't 4 book / film / which / on / the / the / based /is Wveread 5 books /for / looking / which / found / you / the / were Have you 2 6 old / across / came / which / were / very [they ‘The clothes 7 yesterday /to / the / listening / you/ were / song, What was 8 died /to / was / married / has / she The actorE Join the sentences using relative pronouns. 1. The stories talk ofa princess. Her hairs lke gold. ‘The stories talk of a princess whose hair is like gold. /, ‘The stories talk of a princess who has hair like gold, 2 This is the film. The Coen brothers are most famous for this film, 3 That's the guy. You go to school with his son. 4. The people should come to the front of the class. | read ‘out their names. 5 You will never guess. I've just been talkit to someone. 6 Why don't we visit that museum? You were looking at their website 7 There are some shoes in this shop. I'd really like them. 8 Suddenly Dawn saw the man. She had bought the car from him, F Inyour notebook, write definitions for at least four of ‘the computer words, using the words in brackets. 1 awebmaster (create) Awebmaster is someone who creates a website chatroom {send / receive) acybercafé (use) anemail (send) a laptop or a notebook (carry) screen (look at) Bill Gates (start) Circle the correct option. 1 Ineed to find someone 2 Aninboxis the place 3 I don't know ; a what about you were worrying 4 That isthe guy | went to school with. 5 Aconsole is can fix my computer. ‘your emails arrive, a when b about what you were worrying a who the wife you need to play a video game on the TV or your computer. Complete the sentences with relative clauses to make them true for you. 1. I can’t imagine atime when there wore no computers lve never been toa country I'd like to meet someone | prefer watching films | don't like people Inever buy clothes | always remember places Hove days a who b which b where as c why ¢ what you were worrying about b whosewife c thewife of who a what b which ¢ that Defining relative clauses 175Non-defining relative clauses I thought it was dumb, which shows he’s smarter than I aml’ Mike Hayes st versity at Ilinois in th n money to pay for his studies, Hayes came up with an idea, He wrote to Bob Greene, who mous writer for the C many of whom sent in a penn} Money was received from every n the USA, as well as Mexii 1 the Bal where the paper is also read. Eventually, Mike Faised $28,000, which was the amount hhe needed for his studies. Hayes, who just I didn’t ask for a lot of m asked for money from a lot of people father, Bill, says, ‘When told me thought it_was 1 Why did Mike Hayes write to the Chicago Tribune? 2 Was the idea dumb? aii 176Non-defining relative clauses 1 Anon-defining relative clause gives us additional information about a person, thing, animal or idea. Hayes, who went on to get his degree in food science, says the idea worked. See Unit 40 for information on defining relative causes. 2. Ifwe take the non-defining relative clause out of a sentence, the sentence will make sense without it. Haves sonra Fo gat bes dogean oe Fone seen, says the idea worked. We can use brackets () or dashes -..~ instead of commas, ())before and after non-defining relative clauses. Hayes (who went on to get his degree in food science) says the idea worked. 3. Use commas with a non-defining relative clause. Eventually, Mike raised $28,000, which was the amount he needed for his studies. Bob Greene, who was a famous writer for the Chicago Tribune, asked every reader of the letter to send a penny. 4 Who, whose, which, where and when are common relative pronouns in non-defining relative clauses. ‘Money was received from every state in the USA, as well, 1s Mexico, where the paper is also read. 5 We cannot leave out the relative pronoun in non- defining relative clauses. Bob Greene, who he wrote to, thought it was a great idea. NOT Bob-Greene-hewrote ton 6 Wecan use which to refer to a whole statement. | thought the idea was dumb, which shows he's smarter than | am! (which refers back to | thought the idea was dumb) Practice A Underline the correct option. We do not use that as a relative pronoun ina non-defining clause. Bob Greene, who was a famous writer for the Chicago Tribune, asked every reader to send Mike a penny. NOT Bob-Greene-that was-a famouswiter for the Chicago Tribune asked After words like all, both, many, neither, some, first, last, numbers and superlatives e.g. the best, the worst), ‘we can use of which or of whom. The newspaper has millions of readers, many of whom sent in a penny. There are a number of newspapers in Chicago, the most. popular of which is probably the Chicago Tribune. If there is a preposition, it usually goes at the end of a relative clause. Bob Greene, who he wrote to, thought it was a great idea. In more formal language we can use the preposition directly in front of the relative pronoun, as in defining relative clauses. ‘She did not mention John again, for which | was grateful If who comes after a preposition oris the object of the relative clause, we can use whom instead. This is only used in more formal language. The people, to whom the land actually belonged, were asked to leave. 1. Mario Testino has taken some great photos, some of which /that are in this book. Toby, whose / who his parents wanted him to be a doctor, became a musician instead. I missed the game on Saturday, what /which was a shame. They had four children, the eldest of who /whom was just ten years old. They called their daughter Emiko, which / that means ‘smiling child” Everyone came except for Cameron, who /which was not very well. ‘Most people had not heard of Usain Bolt before the Beijing Olympics, where /which he won three gold medals. 8 I met Dale last year, when /who he was working at the holiday centre, Non-defining relative clauses 177Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronouns. 1 Theactor,......\0h8 is now only 26, has already starred in a number of well-known films. 2. Thecity centre hospital, my mum worked, is closing at the end of the year. 3. Inthe summer, the tourists are here, there are lots of jobs in bars and restaurants, 4 The dog, had followed her along the road, didn't seem to have a home. 5 Atthis hotel, he often came to stay, Proust wrote his most famous book. 6 Theteam, manager left last January, have not been playing well. 7 He has never spoken to me about it, I think is really strange. 8 The money was won by a couple, later gave it away. Complete these sentences with the correct relative pronouns and prepositions. 1 The running club is going to several races this year including the New York Marathon, hich.” Y'm taking part in 2. Iwas so embarrassed in the restaurant yesterday! My uncle didn't like the food, he kept complaining 3 There was a bad accident here yesterday. The old woman, hhouse the car crashed was later taken tohospital. 4. There are many hotels in the city, the best is probably the Victoria D Rewrite each sentence to include the information in brackets. 1 The Taj Mahal was built by Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife. (It isin narther nda) j Hakal, whic iin nsrther India, was built by the Emperst ae for his wife 2 There are 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms in the White House. (The President of the United States lives there) 3. Vincent Van Gogh was born in the Netherlands in 1853. (His most, famous work is probably Sunflowers} 4 Landing on the planet Mars was finally ac had always dreamed of this) ed in 1976. (Scientists 5. The Sydney Opera House was designed by Danish architect, Jorn Utzon. (Its roof looks like the sails of many boats.) 6 Che Guevara fought in the Cuban Revolution. (He died in 1967) 7 The idea of using sound waves to find illness was put forward in the middle of the 20th century. (We now know this as ultrasound.) 8 The Russian winter lasts from late October to April. (Temperatures typically drop to -25°C,) E_ Rewrite this story, changing the underlined sentences clauses. Hove this story. Lthink about it when things are difficult. It is a true story. The beginning of the film Good Will Hunting is based on it. The 0 relative story is about a young maths student, George Dantzig. He studied at the Iniversity of California, Berkeley, in the USA. One day Dantzig arrived late fora class and copied down two maths problems from the board. He thought these were for homework. The problems took him longer than usual to solve. Dantzig found both of them difficult, A few weeks later he was woken early by someone atthe front door. Dantzig had forgottenall about the homework now. He opened the door to find his teacher with the homework in his hand. His teacher was very excited. The homework had in fact been two examples of famous unsolved maths problems and Dantzig 5 I can't work at the cinema on Saturday. They will need someone to collect the tickets at the door, Vm usually responsible 6 Tomorrow my mum is going to stay with my aunt, she is always had just solved them! Dantzig believed this was an example of positive worrying, thinking. Dantzig’s father was a mathematician. If he had known these 7 Thankfully the neighbours, dog we've been looking coming back from holiday tomorrow. 8 The pop band sang in front of around 20,000 people, most seemed to be young girls. "were unsolved problems, he would never have been able to do them! (ove this story which | think about wher things are dificult sare 178F Add more information to this story using relative clauses. (One day a man was taking some apples to the town, 1 ehich was several Kilometres awa. He put all the apples into bags on his donkey, * (On the way he met a boy, F ,and his donkey. “How long will it take to get to the town?” asked the man, 4 “if you go quickly, it will take you a long time; said the boy. “Butif you go slowly, you will get there quicker’ ‘The man thought the boy was being silly, ° “Vil get there before you!’ he said. ‘The man and his donkey went very quickly along the road. ‘They went so fast that the apples started to fall out of the bags. The man,® 5 stopped fora rest. Suddenly he saw the bags, ‘Where are all the apples?’ he cried. Circle the correct option. The hotel is on a fantastic beach, They had three sons, all of became lawyers. The teacher did not give me a very good mark, Mike Hayes, The club meetings, a | look forward to which idea it was, raised $28,000. are on Tuesday evenings. b which | look forward to the sand is almost black. a which Ididnot understand. a that _b what a whom ‘The man went back to pick up all the apples. It took a long ‘time, Night fell and it was dark when the man finaly got ‘to the town. He saw a hotel,° sand went in The boy,®, was staying there too. ‘Ah’ said the boy.'l told you to go slowly! Write a simple sentence about each of the topics below. A friend: Your school: Your favouri thing: Someone in your family. ‘Your hometown: ‘The month you were born: Somewhere you went on holiday: Your favourite subject: Example: 1 Charlie lies in ny street. Now add one more piece of information in a relative clause to each sentence and write it in your notebook. Example: Charli oh ve know foyer, ls in ny trent where b which c that b whom ¢ who ¢ which b who ¢ whose ¢ that | look forward to Non-defining relative clauses 179Word formation 1: verbs and adjectives (affixes) Scrabble - the international game Scrabble is a game where you need to build words from letters. It’s not difficult to understand the basic rules of Scrabble but players need to be very skilful if they want to score a lot of points and outplay each other. = = PJR| EJB D/E WB A|B/ LE ReL JESS] ae ers which For exampl ike wi Look for ‘affixes’, groups of letters w! example, prefixes like mis, sub, over and un | go before (prefixes) or after words (suffixes) are very useful because you can make words like ond make them bigger. mishear, substandard, overeat and uninteresting M] 1,/S,/H.|E JAR. 'S/U]B)S/T/AIN|DIA|R]D DIT FIFIEIRIE|NT] miiaieais Maio] UN ATT ELLVE| Remember that you can also put | N] S. 0. C Ory B Ll E] oJMJPJLJ1JC|A|T IE} 1 In the word unhappy, is una prefix or a suffix? 2 Do suffixes come at the start or end of words? Suffixes like ize / ise, ent and ive are also great. 3 Scrabble is an international game with versions in many languages. There are professional games and contests, but most people play for fun. Scrabble can also be very helpful for building your vocabulary. Look at the website www.scrabble.com to discover more about this great game.Word formation 1: verbs and adjectives (affixes) Prefixes 1 Prefixes change the meaning of a word. I played John, but lost. outplayed John, and won, 2 These prefixes change verbs and / or adjectives: substandard Instead of in, use im-before m and p,il-before |, and ir before in-+ mature -» immature in-+ legal + illegal in-+ responsible -» irresponsible ‘The prefix en- changes nouns and adjectives into verbs. endanger, enlarge 3 Most prefixes don’t have hyphens (). Add a hyphen only. isneeded to show a change of meaning, or make the meaning dearer. remark =to say something remark = to matk again New words created with prefixes in English usually have ‘hyphen until they become very common. For example, today email is spelled without a hyphen. Some words can be spelled both with and without hyphen, cooperative vier: > edectve (sa e-operae iling hep ordo | td at hy being vey operat prefix ‘meaning examples co together coexist, cooperate de- change,reverse | deform, deforest dis, in-(itJim- | not inactive, impossible, inj.un unhappy inter between interview, international mis wrongly, badly | mistake, misunderstand out do something outdo, outplay better than over: more, too much | overeat, over-encited post- after postgraduate, post-war pre; ante- before preview, anterior pro- for,infavour of | pro-democracy, pro-freedom re again rebuild, resell semi: half partly semicircular, semiconscious tele from far away telephone, telework trans across transport, transatlantic under, sub- | less,notenough | underestimate, Suffixes. 4 Suffixes usually change the type of word as well it ; heart is a noun but heartless is hard is an adjective but harden is a skilful player has a lot of skill. If you lengthen a word, you increase its length. 5. These suffixes change verbs or nouns into adjectives: suffix | meaning examples sable | canbedone | doable, workable val related to accidental, | critical cant,-ent | relatedto | important, dependent en made of golden, wooden ful fullof;related | harmful, to useful ic related to heroic, poetic “ish like/ people | greenish, or language of | Spanish “ive related to creative, effective tess | without homeless, speechless lke like businesslike, childlike -ous, related to famous, like /having | funny, ees 6 These suffixes change nouns or adjectives into verbs. suffix examples vate create, demonstrate en deafen, strengthen iy horrfy, simplify -ise|ize | modemise, revolutionize ‘Many verbs can be spelled with both -ise and -ize, but -ize is more common today, especially in American English. computerised / computerized system Some verbs are only spelled with ise, even in American English, e.g. advertise, revise. Word formation 1: verbs and adjectives (affixes) 181Practice ‘A Match the pairs. D Write aword with an affix that means the same as each 1 This ice is overcooked. —__—a_Just put itn the microwave, re 2 This ice is precooked. Cb Throw it away! definition. 3. It's harmful 4 Don't touch it! 1 across the Atlantic 4 Itsharmiess. b Don't worry. transatlantic 2 tomake modern 5. She's semiconscious She is moving her eyes. 6 She's unconscious She can't hear you Scans 7 Wanda is overpaid 4. Shes looking for another job. 8 Wanda is underpaid b She has abigger salary than me 4 toget too hot 9 Brad is very forgetful. a He forgot what time the play started ‘oe 10 Brad's acting was unforgettable. b I think he is brilliant. renee B Add affixes to the words. es 1 Federer 5. played Nadal and won the match 7 to see before 2. Switch off your computer and then —— stati. 3. It was acold and wind day. 8 the language spoken by the 4 You can save money by —_-booking two weeks before you go. Finns 5. That musicis too loud. It will deaf__ you! 6 Ifthe pastais cooked, it will be very hard, so put it back in the pan. ‘They supported the president and his — It is expensive to advert ___ on TV. twas all done in a very business_.____ way. Julia isa very like______ girl. She's popular with everyone. —-government army. Boon x C Complete the crossword with verbs and adjectives. Across 2_ Strong winds can be very 4 Running will your legs. YEELBOGwillMb 5. Horror films me. can't watch them! 7 footballers get veryhigh salaries. elit il 9 Jack really his parents iu when he didn't go to university. U 10 fsomething is, sits not g00d enough. 11 To the wheel’ means to make something that already exists. SG 12 Englishis an language. Oo] Down 1 it at first but then | listened ro again and everything was clear. 3. The opposite of valuable’. 6 The piano and the guitar are P o examples of instruments. Ss 8 Myalarm clock was broken, so | this morning. 182E Complete the text with the correct prefixes and / or F Guess the meanings of these words from their affixes. tess 1 cowrite English spelling is fam. 45 for being “illogic Many words are not written as they sound. G. B. Shaw liked to *demonstr..._ how you could * ounce 43 interlock the (non-word) ‘ghotas fish: ghis pronounced like fin avritetageter 2 telesales laugh; os pronounced like jin women; tiis pronounced 4 blueish like sh n station. He argued that our spelling system is ddan very? effective and he wanted to® form the system. Shaw invented a different system but people used 6 unprintable to’critic__itand call his system®...... workable. Since Shaw, there have been attempts to Sreorgan. the system of English spelling but none have really been success Noah Webster, a 11... -spelling reform dictionary writer, managed to simp some spelings a American English for ‘Make up six new English verbs and adjectives using. example the or instead of -oursufix:color(colour, honor | affixes (then check if they really sono 1 co-study ~ te study fora test with a flnd Actually, it isnot true that English words are iNet ATeal Por yet) Lumpronounce In fact, over 90% of words are 2 llish = very bad completely... dictable in how they are read. English (ves, it exists) isnot so Schaot___ | Maybe thisis the reason why attempts to "revolution... spelling have not been popular. Circle the correct option. 1 We should ......play the game if you think it was unfair. a out b over cre 2 Scrabble is use if youwant to improve your spelling. a ful bless able 3. Sandra...reacted when she couldn't make aword and started crying. a over b under mis 4 Itis very effect... to make words with uncommon letters ofthe alphabet. a al bive cy 5 Itisabig disadvantage tobe... literatetoday. aim bin cil Word formation 1: verbs and adjectives (affixes) 183mes Word formation 2: nouns (affixes) ‘You need imagination, self-confidence Are these good (G) or bad (8) ideas according to the text? 1 Making sure you do everything yourself 2 Travelling a lot 3 Taking risks. 184Word formation Prefixes 1 Prefixes add to or change the meaning of the original word to. make new nouns. Aplant grows outside. Atransplant is a medical operation. : nouns (affixes) 2. The following prefixes can be used with nouns the same way they are used with verbs and adjectives. prefix ‘meaning examples co- together cooperation, co-star dis, in, un- | not disease, inaction, unhappiness re. again, back reconstruction, return tele from faraway | telephone, television trans- across transaction, transplant under, sub- | below,toolittle | underwear, subway > See Unit 42 for prefixes used with verbs and adjectives. 3 The following prefixes usually come with nouns only. prefix meaning examples auto: self ‘autobiography, autograph cyber- computer cyberspace, cyberwar rnon- not nonsense, non-smoker e electronic, Intemet | email, e-sales ex former ex footballer, ex-husband, ‘mega- very big ‘megabyte, megastar micro very small ‘microchip, microscope ‘mini- small ‘minicab, mini-Olympics ‘mono- one ‘monopoly, monorail self personal self-confidence, self study semi- | half | semi-professional, semicolon Suffixes 44 Suffixes add to or change the meaning of the original word to make new nouns. relation is someone in your family. Aelationship is connections between people. 5 These suffixes make a new noun from the original word. suffix | meaning examples -ant,-ent | aperson who acts | assistant, student or works as, -ar,-er,-or | apersonwho | manager, auditor works as ess female lioness, waitress ful quantity bagful, handful hood relations brotherhood, childhood ism belief practice | Darwinism, racism ist person witha | biologist, pianist belief or skill -ology study of geology, psychology -phobia fear of claustrophobia 6 These suffixes are added to verbs and adjectives to make nouns. suffix examples age ‘baggage, breakage al arrival, refusal -ance,-ancy, | brilliance, residency -ence, ency -ation, ition, -sion| imagination, competition sey bakery, entry ity rarity, similarity ment disappointment, enjoyment ness sadness, weakness -ship hardship, relationship ‘Another way of making nouns is ‘compounding: adding words to each other. Compund nouns can be written with or without a hyphen, or as a single word. business suit, noun +noun tablecloth mother-in-law noun + preposition + noun go-ahead verb + adverb Word formation 2: nouns (affixes) 185Practice ‘A Write at least one word from the box next to each affix. achieve agree bag comfort confidence count enjoy found graduate ground hand help importance lion play popular relax rest similar steward treat trust vision wear rey achieve, B_ Add prefixes to these words to make nouns. 1 vision 2. production elevision. 3 trust 4 circle 5. biography 6 chip 7. smoker 8 wear Now do the same by adding suffixes. 9 wait 10 neighbour 11 assist 12 guitar 13 hard 14 spoon 15. weak 16 millionaire 186 Add affixes to each word to make at least three nouns. 1. vision telovision, revision, revisionism, visionary 2 form 3) market 4 manage 5 play 6 rule Look at the affixes and work out what these words mean. 1 refusal when yn 2. misinterpretation 3 microsecond 4 monosyllable 5 sociology 6 submarine 7 tigress 8 applicant‘the correct affixes. F_ Guess each noun from its definition, then underline the prefix and or suffix. 1 You feel this emotion when what you hoped for did not happen. E Complete the advertisement disappointment, 2 Scientists use this instrument to look at small things. See Unit 34 for more information on reporting using the passive of the verb. Itand there 189Practice A. Match the sentences to the replies. 1 What have you got in that bag? a_Yes it’s time we went home. 2. Who's your teacher this year? Yes, there's some at the front. 3 Canyou see Mark? € Itdoesn't matter. Jay will have it. 4 Have you enjoyed the training? No, there's sign of him. 5 Canyou see any seats? € Yes, there's someone at the door. 6 Sony, | can't find that number. £ Isa surprise. 7 Look! It’s really late! g Its Miss Collins. 8 Was that the bell? h Yes, but there's no guarantee of ajob at the end of it eet) 3 4 5 6 7 8 Circle the correct option. Som: possible. 1 Itisbest honest. @tobe thatyouare c be 2 safe to drink the water? alsthere bIsit ¢ Isshe 3. Thanks again~ it has been lovely a thattalk — talking totalk 4 She's great dancer. I's a shame a that she's giving up she to give up 5 no need to get upset. alts b Thereare — ¢ There's 6 She didn't phone to say where she was. aThis b There cit 7 reported to be fewer than 2,000 Giant Pandas left in the world altis bThereare — c There's 8 thate ‘when you talk to me like that. ait bthis c there mes more than one option is to you, giveup was very worrying. Complete the sentences with it or there. How long does (6 __ take to get to the airport? Who were you talking to last night? was Tina. Go straight on. ’s a post box on the corner of the street. seems strange that walking to school is now often quicker than going by car. 5 A:What can you do at the sports centre? RuNH B: ‘slots of different exercise classes. 6 'snearly my birthday! 7 knew something had happened to her. was just a feeling | had. 8 This year has been a big increase in crime in this area 190 D Complete the text with the words in the box. clear doubt important impossible matter nothing point thought CEST es Cun ced PUP eae cue Itis ec eT Peete Nea Amur eas uC octet cd Be positive. Don’t think this is your fault and there's? you can do about it. © Walk away. If you walk away or ignore someone's rude messages, you are making it® ‘that you just don't care. He or she will soon get bored. * Don't reply. There's no 4 trying to fight back or reply to the messages. I only make things worse. © tts® to build your confidence. Itdoesn't® i's karate or ‘computers — join a club and do something you enjoy. © There's no” talking to ‘someone will help you. Talk to an adult you can trust. ‘© Think carefully about sharing personal information or photos. Once you've put a photo or message online, it can be a to delete.Write two sentences using it and two sentences using there for each picture. Use the labels to help you. 1... lsnige 2 3 There are some stars, 4 Circle the correct option. 1 been very cold at night. a it b It’s 2 It’s good to someone who understands. 3 Ifind hard to study when I'm tired. 4 doubt in my mind. a There areno 5 lots of people at the party. atm a There were F ¢ There a that talk bit b it’sno Rewrite each sentence so that it has a similar meaning, using the word in brackets. 1. There was no point. (worth) le wasn worth it. 2. Itsnot necessary for you to know. (There's) 3. It’s time for you to leave. (left) 4 There's no use in talking to him. (good) 5 I needed three hours to finish it. (me) 6 People say there are 500,000 words in the English language. (said) 7 I'mdefinitely not going on my own. (way) & The winner is certain, (doubt) 9 Iwas really surprised when they walked in the room. (couldn't) ‘Complete the sentences about your feelings and experience of learning English. Use a different. structure in each sentence. 1 [t5.a.good idea ‘watch the news in English. B understand people on the phone. visiting an English- speaking country is helpful make mistakes understand a joke in English people talk too fast. learning long lists of vocabulary. remember new words. b totalk ¢ there ¢ talk ¢ There's no b They were ¢ Itwas Itand there 191Linking words 1: addition, contrast and time Once you have read one ... There are many reasons to read detective stories. First of all, you know that lots of things will happen and the story will move quickly especially as the detective is usually in danger. Then there's the fun of being a detective at the same time as the characters. And finally, there is the satisfaction of a solved crime If youre new to detective stories, try the Alex Rider series by Anthony Horowitz Though only 14, Alex Rider is no ordinary teenager, After his uncle is. mysteriously killed, Alex is thrown into the world of spies. While most kids worry about spots and homework, Alex is just trying to stay alive! There are six books in the series. Once you have read one, you'll want to read the others, The characters are easy to believe in, the stories are original and, above all, the situations Alex gets into are really cool! x ee RS Uae 1 What does the writer think is fun about detective stories? 2 When does Alex Rider become a spy? Gavin Martin (aged 15) Linking words and time ddition, contrast 1 Use and, too, as well and also to connect words, phrases 2 Too and as well are usually used at the end of a or sentences. sentence. Also can come in the middle. You know that lots of things will happen and the story ‘She writes great stories. She draws the pictures too. will move quickly. She also draws the pictures. 1923. Use in addition, besides, furthermore, moreover or what's more to introduce a sentence with more information. What's more is informal. He was cold and hungry. What's more, he didn't know the way home. 4. Use the phrase above all to suggest that something is ‘more important than other things you have mentioned. ‘Above all, the situations Alex gets into are realy cool! 5 Use equally, likewise and similarly at the beginning of a sentence to introduce information which is similar in some way. There are a lot of Sherlock Holmes stories. Similarly, there are many films. Contrast 6 Wecanuse but, (and) yet, however and nevertheless to contrast information. The government knew of the problems, yet they didn't publish the report until now. 7 We can also use although, though, in spite of + noun or despite + noun to contrast ideas. Although he is only 14, / Despite his young age, Alex Rider is no ordinary teenager. jie] Use though in informal language at the beginning of a sentence to mean ‘although’ or at the end to mean ‘however’. Though only 14, Alex Rider is no ordinary teenager. We had a great time at the beach. It was very windy, though. ji We can't use in spite of to join sentences. Instead we use the phrase in spite of the fact that. was really happy in spite of the fact that | hadn't won. NOT =inspite-of that Hhadn'twon. 8 Use on the one hand... on the other hand, while, whereas and in / by contrast to compare contrasting ideas. The footballer dislikes being seen in public. His wife, in contrast, clearly loves it! We can use on the other hand without on the one hand. Todd wasn't sure if Terry was telling the truth. on the other hand, had no doubts at all. 9. Use on the contrary when you add information to support a negative statement. The government has not managed to improve standards in schools. On the contrary, more students are failing their exams. We also use it to contradict a suggestion made by another person. ‘4: You probably know this already. B:On the contrary, | had no idea! Time 10. Use as, when or while to talk about two things happening at the same time. ‘He was still working when | went to bed. While most kids worry about spots and homework, Alexis just trying to stay alive. 11_Use after, before, when, as soon as and once to talk about two things that happen one after the other. phoned him when / after | got home. = | got home, Then | phoned hint) 12_ Use since to talk about when something began and for to talk about how long it went on. ‘I've lived here since last year / | got married / for a year > See Units 5 and 26 for the use of since and for. 13. We use until to talk about the time when something stops happening and something else starts. He didn't know anything about all this until his uncle died / until last year. Use by the time to mean at the time when or before something else happens. ll be rich by the time I'm 30, 14 Use the following adverbs or adverbial phrases to describe the order of events or the sequence of points in an argument: first(ly), second\ly) (etc. first of all, next / then, afterwards / after that, before, finally / eventually / lastly, later. First of all, you know that lots of things will happen. Then there is the satisfaction of a solved crime. Use before and afterwards (not after) as adverbs. | finish college next summer. Afterwards (NOT After, Tm going travelling for a year. 15. Use meanwhile to talk about what happens between ‘two events or at the same time as another event. The parents went out. Meanwhile, at home, the children Linking words 1: addition, contrast and time 193Practice ‘A Match the sentences. 1 There are some good coats in that shop at the moment. [d 2 | don't think you need your own car. 3. The new riverside centre would bring more cafés and restaurants to the town. 4 Since the new manager arrived, the team has won afew matches. 5 WIRSUA is exciting and not particularly dangerous. 6 Don't tell anyone your number. 7 More teenagers are taking up dance classes as a result of recent TV shows 8 The organisation helps governments to provide food and clean water for their people. It also trains health workers and supplies medicines. In addition, the players are training harder. Besides, we can't afford to buy one. What's more, they're half price this week! Moreover, the development would create valuable jobs. Similarly, don't give this information over the Internet. Likewise, there has been increased interest in classes from older People. hi Above all, is fun. B_ Make sentences by putting the words in the correct order. More than one answer is possible. 2 you fui home / sleep, were J couldn't i tay as 1 seed gpecebnn lista 2 go/before / lunch /let’s / have / we 3. arrived /had / we / a / when / surprise / we 4 afterwards / dinner / they / a /had / watched / and / film 5. home / time / the / we / midnight /it / was / by / got 6 start / once / you've / can / eating / finished / we 7 getting / dressed / noticed /he / something / as / was / strange / he 8 boiling / the / water / add / next 194 C Complete the sentences in an appropriate way. 1 We had a lovely day in spite of the fact that it ods raining, 2. Ihaver't read The Lord of the Rings. » though. 3. We don't really have time. On the other hand, 4. My friends want to go snowboarding. However, 5. Simon is very confident, whereas 6 The buildings around the edge of the city are mostly modern. In contrast, 7. Itwas cold but B The teacher spoke a bit quickly. nevertheless. D Complete the student's presentation using the linking words in the box. after also as before but inspite of meanwhile what's more | want to talk to you about my favourite book. Its 'Noughts and Crosses by Malorie Blackman. My aunt gave me this book for my birthday. | don’t read many books, but. \ couldn't stop reading this! It’s the first ina series of books. I've just started reading the second book which is? great! The story is about Sephy, a Cross(I won't tell you what that means. You'll find out a you've read the first ew pages). Ever since she was little, Sephy's best friend has been Callum, who is a Nought. : they get older, this becomes a problem because in their world Noughts and Crosses don't mix. © this, Sephy and Callum try to stay friends. Their parents, § try to make ‘them understand the rules of their world. Malorie Blackman has written avery exciting stor. you'll feel you've known the characters for years. Of course, this ‘means you share their feelings, so make sure you have some tissues with you ® you start reading!E Complete this formal letter of complaint by underlining the correct option. Sometimes both options are possible. Customer Complaints In Your Dreams Holidays {am writing to complain about a holiday that I spent in your hotel in August of this yer. {have several reasons for complaining. izli/Frst all the ‘Htoemation Ieceived about the hotel was incorrect. The avers take about a swimming poo! and a golf course In August of this year, however /in addition, the swing poo! had not yet been built. *Eaqualy / Likewise the gol course was sil Unfinished. Phen After tere was the room, ‘Although / Despite tis had a wea igaras advertised the view was spoilt by building works in fam ofthe hotel. On the other hand /Furthermoresthe noise of the building woke us up early every morning “Lastly / Secondly, we were so disappointed by the holiday that wwe left early. Spespite In spite of our complaints, te noel manager was de and refused to give us any money back ‘Tam therefore writing to request an immediate KERB. 1f we do ot receive this within seven days, we wil send our story and ‘Photos tothe newspaper. ‘Yours sincerely, Complete each sentence b so that it has a similar ‘meaning to sentence(s) a, using the word in brackets. ‘You may need to leave out some words, put the words ina different order or add another sentence. 1. a thad a sandwich. Then | got on the train (before) b 1 hada sandiich before | gt ox te train, 2. a Hehad an injury. He still finished the race. (despite) b He 3. a She was singing. She was packing her bags at the same time. (while) b She 4 a I'llstay here. I'll leave at 9.00, (until) bl 5a She cleans during the week and helps in the café at weekends. (too) b She 6 a Itstarted raining, | immediately went inside. {assoon as) bi 7 a She was not unreasonable and listened carefully to everything. (contrary) b She 8 a The team played with ten men. It was surprising, that they managed to win easily. (yet) b The team Mi TURN! ‘Think of a book you enjoyed reading. In your notebook, write paragraphs about the story events, the characters and why you enjoyed it The story (when, while, and, at first, then, finally) . Use the questions and the yg words to help you. What's the name of the book? What happens at the beginning of the story? What are two other things that happen? The characters (although, but, however, also, as well) ‘Who is your favourite character? What do you like about this character? What weakness does the character have? Who else do you like? Why did you like it? (above all, what's more) Which adjective or phrase best describes the book? Can you think of two other reasons why you liked it? Circle the correct option. 1 I could stop her, she had left the room. a Before rot in the middle of a film! ‘a although b too ¢ though written The Power of Five series. he is sent to the home of millionaire Herod Sayle. a After b While ¢ Afterwards 2. TWadverts should be allowed, 3 Thebook was interesting. It was very long, 4 Anthony Horowitz has 5 Alex trains as a spy. b After ¢ When ‘a and b but ¢ incontrast a though b too ¢ also Linking words 1: addition, contrast and time 195Linking words 2: reason, purpose and result Why? Because the roads were bad. True or False? 1 There were no roads in England before 1816. 2 Tarmac made roads stronger. 196Linking words 2: reason, purpose and result Reason 1 Use because, since and as to give a reason. Because is the most common and the most informal. The roads were bad because they were very old. He knew a lot about roads since he was an engineer. As these roads were very successful, he built more. Asan also mean ‘in the same way as’, The workers made the road as McAdam told them to. 2. The part of the sentence with the reason usually comes last but it can come first. | went by car because it was quicker. Since it was quicker, | went by car 3 Only because can come by itself in short answers. A’ Why did you go by car? B: Because it was quicker. . NOT Since. Some prepositions also give a reason, e.g. because of, due to, owing to, on account of. Because of is ‘the most common and informal. Roads were better because of McAdam. 4 For meaning because is very formal and old-fashioned. Fornever comes first in the sentence. Engineering is a difficult subject, for itis necessary to study very hard. 5. Seeing that and now (that) are informal. Seeing that it's Monday, you should be at school. Now he has a car, he’s happy. 6 Use in case + present tense for reasons for things that might happen in the future. ll stay at home in case Jack phones. Carry it carefully in case it breaks. Use in case only if you are describing a future possible reason for doing something, not for a future possible situation. Take a sandwich in case you get hungry. stay at home if it rains. NOT =i ease itrains. > See Units 35, 36 and 37 for more information on if. Purpose 7 Inorder to / that and so that show purpose. We often use modal verbs after in order that and so that. In order to move things quickly, they needed better roads. The roads were rebuilt so that they would be stronger. 8 For+-ing shows purpose. Taris for making roads stronger. Torinfinitives also show purpose. He drove faster to get there on time. Result 9 So(that) also shows a result. IFit comes in the middle of a sentence, there is a comma before it. So McAdam became rich and famous. twas snowing heavily, so there was no way we could get there. 10 The adverbs therefore, thus, accordingly, hence and. consequently are formal ways of showing a cause, reason and result. These words usually go at the beginning of a sentence and are separated by a comma. Therefore, McAdam tried out a new type of road. There were more cars. Consequently, roads became worse Linking words 2: reason, purpose and result 197Practice ‘A Underline the correct option. Vm wet because /so that it's raining, ‘As /Forit’s already ten o'clock, we really need to finish. | did it because /in order that you told me to! Now /In order that Jo knows, she feels happier. Remind him because /so that he won't forget. Lesley was excited because /because of the party. ‘A: Why did you come? B: Because /As | wanted to see Justin. 8 Iwas tired, because /so | went to bed early. 9 There's a great place since /or cycling in the park. 10. Therefore, /In order that we have a serious problem. 11. Phone me if/in case you get there. 12 Take a good book to read if/n case the plane is lat. B Match the pairs. 1 saved some money because a could buy my gran a present 2 (needed some money so that ——b | didn't spend much, John did it quickty as a he could finish on time John dit quickly inorder that be didnt have much time. Claudia wasn't feeling well because Claudia wasn't feeling well, so she ate something bad. she phoned the doctor. Now you know English, In order to know English you should study French, ‘you need to study hard. eN an aw someone steals it. you know a safe place. 9 Hide your money if 10. Hide your money in case C Complete each sentence b so that ‘the word in brackets. means the same as sentence a, using 1a Jack elt bad and stayed at home. (because) b Jack stayed at home. because he fel. bad. 2a Itmight rain so take your umbrella. (case) b Take your umbrella 3. a | flew because it saved time. (order) b I flew time. 4a Since it’s Friday, you can stay out later. (seeing) b you can stay out later. 5 a These shoes are specially designed so that you can run on grass. (ideal) b These shoes are oon grass. 6 a Bad driving is the main cause of road accidents. (of) b Most road accidents happen 7 a Sally must feel great because her exams are over. (now) b have finished, she must feel great. 8 a Mike and Sarah went early in order to get a ticket. (so) b Mike and Sarah went early could get a ticket. 198 D Join the sentences using different linking words. More than one answer is possible. 1. James was 15. He still went to school. ‘Since James was 16, he still vwent £6 School, 2 Nicky is angry. Don't speak to her. 3 It'syour birthday. You can go home early, 4- Lisa bought some fruit. She wanted ‘to make a cake. 5. The Internet is working now. Check your email. 6 Luke is training hard. He wants to get cn the school team. 7 Leona didn't understand. She didn't know Spanish 8 It'salovely day. It would be nice to have a picnic.E Complete the text with appropriate linking words. Route 66 is a famous road which once went 3,940 km from the east to the west of the USA. It was built in 1926 2 because... there was no road transport across the country. Many poor farmers travelled along Route 66 inthe 1930s? to move to California They went > they could find work there, The road was very useful * people driving on business. Therefore, many shops, restaurants and hotels opened along Route 66° drivers could take a break on their journeys. The first McDonald's restaurant opened on Route 66. Anew, bigger road was built next to Route 66 and B the famous road became, sadly, less important. In 1985, Route 66 was taken off the road map”, itwas no longer an official state road. The road was broken up, itbecame a system of smaller roads. itis no longer possible to drive along Route 66 today. However, there is a Route 66 museum and even a Route 66 fan club the road is still very famous. F Complete the sentences using linking words. 1 Now that he has explained 2 Jake apologised to his teacher everyone understands. 3 s let's begin the game. 4 Julieis saving money 5 Alex started laughing 6 Tomorrow is Vicky's birthday, Circle the correct option. 1 Transport was difficult roads were bad, 2 it was 1830, there were no cars. a For 3. He built better roads 4 Taris making roads stronger. a for 5 Transport got better. prices went down, a because b So people could travel more quickly b because a Because G Complete the sentences 1. Sally worked hard since she had. a test the next day 2 Jimwas tired because your own ideas. 3. Itwasallovely day, so 4. Be careful with that glass in case 5 As Sam didn't have breakfast. 6 Now » you can relax, 7 The supermarket made their prices cheaper in order that ‘Write about the purpose of these things or the reason for using them, Cers Cle need cars in rderto move arcund, / West cars cause we want tg to places ily, Music Friends ‘Money Language School b for cAs € sothat ¢ for b sothat a inorder ¢ since b Sothat ¢ Therefore Linking words 2: reason, purpose and result 199R6 Review: indirect speech; relative clauses; word formation; it and there; linking words ‘A. You are interviewing Sophie Dickens, who writes novels for teenagers. Rewrite Sophie's answers as indirect. statements, using the words in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1 ‘OK. Illanswer some of your questions. (agreed) Sophie. agrved te answer sone of my questions, 2. ‘Illbe as open and honest as | can. (promised) She 3 ‘I know what my readers are interested in. She new) 4 ‘Tell me what you think about my last book (asked) She 5. ‘It'strue some readers didn't like the ending of my last book: (admitted) She 6 ‘Inmy opinion, it's my best book so far’ (thought) She 7 ‘ve tried to introduce more humour into my new book: (said) She 8 ‘ve been reading about birds in preparation for another writing project. told) She 9 "Young writers like you should read as much as possible’ (advised) She Underline the correct option. 1 I'mnot sure where we are /are we going this evening, 2 She asked me what should she do/what she should do. 3. Enrico doesn't know to /doesn't know how to use a washing machine. 4 Lizzie couldn't decide whether or not /ifor not to go home. 5. lasked my brother what was he /what he was looking at. 6 Amalia asked the little girl how old she was /was she. 7 We often talk about how can we /how we can improve our environment. 8 Iwonder where my keys are /where are my keys. 9 There is some doubt about if/ whether we should go by bus or by train. 10 Can you tell me how can I/how I can solve this, problem quickly? Join the sentences using relative pronouns. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Then underline the pronouns that can be left out. 1 Thisis the café. I told you it was good. This sth ca which eld us was. gd. ‘This is the café that | told you. was 4ood. 2 There are two people at the door. They want to speak to you. 3. That's the house! My dad was born there. 4 Martin Amis isa famous author, His father was a writer too. 5 Look at that boy. Emilys sitting next to him. 6 Itwasa great day. I'l never forget it. 7 Ihave two good friends. They always come when | need help. 8 Mycousin goes to a school. They have hardly any rules there. 9. This song is about a woman. Her life was very hard. 10. This photo is of an old friend. | used to play tennis with her.D Complete the text with new words formed from the ‘words in brackets. Along time before J R R Tolkien's (die) 1973, his books, “special) the Rings, had become very *{fashion} inmany countries round the world. Since the 1970s, their popular) has continued to grow. Tolkien himself was a very quiet man who was (comfort) with all the attention directed at him. He didn't write his books in order to become ‘(farme) - In fact, he wrote his first book, The Hobbit, to read to his children. His books are actually full of things he was interested in, like (tradition) ways of life, religion, old stories and languages. His deep love and ®{know) of languages, particularly ancient ones like Old English, Old Icelandic and Old German, helped him to invent new but believe) languages for the characters in his books. Not everyone likes Tolkien's work, and when The Lord of the Rings was first published, it received quite a lot of criticise) Far more people, however, expressed admiration for Tolkien's incredible {imagine} and (sill _... storytelling, and they still do. death, The Lord of E Complete the sentences using it and there. B: ‘There isa strange insect in the bathroom, le flying around the light. 2 is someone at the door. | don't know who is 3 is an interesting market in the town square on Saturdays. will only take us 20 minutes to get s 4 is easy to buy books on the Internet. is no point travelling so far to buy them. 5 is a big, black cloud coming towards us. looks as if we're going to get wet. 6 doesn’t matter if you use all the paper. is more in the cupboard 7 isn't enough time to cook a big meal now. is very easy to make a sandwich instead. 8 will be a party for the opening of the new sports centre. is reported that several well-known people will be at the party. 9 is no good complaining. is no more ice cream for anyone. 10 isa shame we didn’t get to the museum earlier, because issuch alot tose. F Underline the correct option. Dear Editor, am writing ‘for / to tell you what I think about the plan to build two new car parks in the city centre. Although / However it is true that we have a problem with too many cars Parked at the side of the road, building more car parks is not the solution °as / but this will only encourage more people to drive into the centre. We already have too many cars in the city centre. “So / But, we should try to stop people driving there, not encourage them. 5On the one hand / Moreover, we need to make big changes “before / whereas the problem becomes even worse. ‘Firstly / Similarly, we need to close some of the city centre streets to traffic. On the contrary / In addition, we need to make it very expensive to park cars in the centre. “Next / Finally, we need a much better bus service '°so /in case more people will be happy to travel by bus. At the moment, the buses are uncomfortable and expensive and, “above all / nevertheless, they are very slow. “Lastly / On the other hand, we need to make it safer for people to cycle, '%so / then more special paths for bicycles are needed, Many cities have made changes like these “for /in order to reduce the amount of traffic in their centres. We should do the same. Ree James Review 6 201.Verb tenses 202 ed ive Present simple \Vyou/we/they work do not work | Dol work? (Idon’t work) | he/she/it works does not work Does he work? (he doesn’t work) Present continuous I am working ‘am not working ‘Am | working? (Vm working) ('m not working) you/we/they are working are not working ‘Are you working? {you're working) (you're not / you aren't working) he/shejit is working not working Is it working? (it’s working) {it's not /it isn’t working) Past simple V/youyhe/she/it/we/they worked did not work Did you work? {you didn't work) Present perfect simple WVyou/we/they have worked have not worked Have they worked? (they've worked) [they haven't worked) he/she/it hhas worked | has not worked Has she worked? (she's worked) (she hasn't worked) Present perfect continuous VVyou/we/they have been working have not been working Have you been working? (you've been working) | (you haven't been aie working) he/she/it has been working hhasnot been working Has he been working? {he's been working) (he hasn't been working) Past perfect simple Vyouhe/she/ hhad worked had not worked Had you worked? it/we/they (you had worked) (you hadn't worked) Past perfect continuous \Vyoujhe/she/ had been working had not been working Had she been working? it/we/they (she had been working) (she hadn't been working)Irregular verbs a eee beat beat beaten lose lost lost become became become make made made | beain began begun mean meant meant bend bent bent meet met met bet bet bet pay paid pad bite br bitten put put put tow blew blown read read read break broke broken fide rode ridden tring brought brought ‘ing fang rung broadcast broadcast broadcast se rose risen build built built un fan fun burst burst burst say sid said ay ought bought see saw seen catch caught caught eek sought sought choose chose chosen sell sold sold come came come send sent sent con cont cost set set a caeep crept crept sew sewed sevn/sewed at at cut Shake shook shaken desl dealt deat mine shone shone dig dug ug shoot shot shot a aid done SOW showed shown/showed raw drew drawn shrink shrank shrunk ern rank drunk shut shut shut ‘ive drove ‘riven sing Sang sung at ate eaten sink sank sunk fall fell fallen sit at st feed fed fed sleep Slept Slept feel felt felt slide silt slid fhe fought fought speak spoke Spoken find ‘ound found Spend spent Spent flee ‘ted fed spit spat pat wy flew flown split split split forbid forbade forbidden spread spread Spread forget forgot forgotten spring sprang sprung ope forgave forgiven Stand stood Hood freeze froze frozen steal stole olen ot gor got stick stuck stuck hve ine ven sting stung sung . went gone sti stank stunk | row grew frown strike struck struck fang hung fing swear swore wom have had had wee wey Swept a heard heard a en cm hide hid hidden swing swung swung fit nit hit take took taken hold held held teach taught taught art hart hurt tear tore tom keep kept kept tell told told eel knelt knelt think thought thought know knew Keown a threw thrown yy tae tat Understand under siood understood esd ted ted wake woke woken leave tert tent wear wore worn lend lent tent weep wept wept let tet tet win won won lie a ta write wrote written Appendices 203afford agriculture alarm clock architect bilingual boarding school burglar cctv colleague ‘composer. copper crack crash credit card creep currency detective disaster di ing, dumb earthquake entrance exam erosion estate extreme sport gang 204 Glossary to have enough money to buy something 19 the work of growing plants and looking after animals which are then used for food 4 a clock that makes a noise to wake you 18 someone who designs buildings 7 using or able to speak two languages 30 a school where students live and study 28 someone who gets into buildings illegally and steals things 1 closed circuit television: a system of television cameras filming in shops and public places so that people can watch and protect those places 26 someone that you work with 26 someone who writes music 22 asoft, red-brown metal 33 a line on the surface of something that is damaged 32 Ifavehicle crashes, it hits something by accident. 7 a small plastic card that allows you to buy something and pay for it later 22 tomove very quietly and carefully 1. the money used in a particular country 3 someone whose job is to discover information about acrime 45 a very bad situation, especially something that causes alot of harm or damage 6 the activity or sport of swimming under water, usually using special breathing equipment 32 stupid orsilly 41 a sudden movement of the Earth's surface, often causing damage 6 {an examination which you take to decide if you can be accepted into a school, etc. 4 where parts of land or buildings disappear because of the effect of the weather 13 {an area with a lot of buildings of the same type 26 a sport that is very dangerous and exciting 29 group of criminals who work together 26 get fit glove graphologist gravity helmet hero high heels homesick hunter hurricane 1D inflation inhabitant junk food kid knee pad ‘monument nuclear bomb online part-time passenger penny publisher ranger become healthy and strong 18 apiece of clothing which covers your fingers and hand 18 a person who studies handwriting 17 the force that makes objects fall to the ground 10 ahard hat that protects yourhead 29 a very brave man that a lot of people admire 2 ‘women's shoes with heels raised high off the ground 32 feeling sad because you are away from yourhome 28 ‘person or an animal that hunts animals for food or for sport 9 bad storm with very strong winds 6 identification: an official document that shows or proves who you are 33 anincrease in prices 3 someone who lives somewhere 14 food which is bad for your body but quick toeat 24 achild 30 piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which isused to protect the knee 29 something that is built to make people remember a famous person or something important that happened 32 very powerful weapon that explodes sing power that is made when an atom is divided 9 connected to a system of computers, especially the Internet 24 working or studying only for part of the day orthe week 24 someone who is travelling in acar, train, etc, but not controlling the car, tra etc 2 a small coin in the US worth one cent; a small coin in the UK (= 335 ofa pound) 41 ‘a company or person who prepares and prints books, newspapers, magazines, etc. 19 someone whose job isto look after a forest ora park 6refund regret remote control robot rottweiler rust safe scream security smart solar panel sour speed bump soy steel surfer survivor tin trainer an amount of money that is given back to. tram. you, especially because you are not happy ‘with something you have bought 45 to feel sorry about a situation, especially tryon something that you wish you had not done 19 tsunami apiece of equipment that is used to control something such as a television from adistance 18 a machine controlled by a computer, which can move and do other things that people twin cando 7 atype of large, powerfuldog 1 vaccine 1 dark orange substance that you get on metal when itiswet 33 virtual a strong metal box with locks where you keep money, jewellery,etc. 32 tormake a loud, high noise with your voice windsurfing because you are afraid or hurt 1 the things that are done to keep someone orsomething safe 22 worthless clever 41 zoology apiece of equipment that changes light from the sun into electricity 34 having a sharp taste like a lemon, and not sweet 21 a small raised area built across a road to force people to drive more slowly 26 someone who secretly tries to find information about a person, country, etc. 22,45 avery strong metal made from iron, used for making knives, machines, etc. 33 4 person who rides on a wave on a special board 29 someone who continues to live after almost dying because of an accident, illness, etc. 6 an old-fashioned US English word for'very good’ 36 asoftsilvermetal 33 asoft ports shoe 18 an electric vehicle for carrying passengers, mostly in cities, which moves along metal linesinthe road 34 to put ona piece of clothing to see ifit fits 18 an extremely large wave from the sea which causes a lot of damage to buildings, etc. on land and is often caused by an earthquake (= sudden movement of the Earth's surface) under the sea 6 one of two children who are born to the same mother at the same time 30 ‘a substance that is given to people to stop them from getting a particular disease 7 using computer images and sounds that make you think an imagined situation is real 7 ‘a sport in which you sail across water by standing on a board and holding onto a large sail 45 having no value in money 3 the scientific study of animals and how they behave 4 Glossary 205Grammar index a/an 97,100 allot of / lots of 105 adjectives 126,127,130,131,135 might have 57 modals of ability 45,49 modals of obligation 45,49 adverb phrases 138,139 ‘more 131 adverbs 131, 135,138,139 ‘most 105 any 100,101 much 105,131 articles 97 must 45,53 be+ toinfinitive 39 must have 57 beableto 45 need 45 be about to 39 need tohave 49 be going to 31 needed to 49 both 101 neither 101 can 45 ‘no 100,101, can't 45,53 none 101 can't have 57 offers. 61 certainty 53,57 ‘ought to 45 comparatives 130,131 conditionals 151,155,159 could 49,53,61 ought tohave 49 passive 143,147 past continuous 11 couldn't have 57 past perfect continuous 27 didn't have to 49 past perfect simple 27 each 101 past simple 10,21 every 101 permission 61 few 105,131 Phrasal verbs 79 first conditional 151 plenty of 105 future continuous 35 possiblity 53,56 future forms 31,35,39 prefixes 181,185 future perfect 39 prepositional verbs 75 had better 45 prepositions 112,113,120,121 hadto 49 present continuous 7,35 have to 45 present perfect 19,22,23,39 indirect questions 169 present perfect continuous 23 indirect speech 165,169 present perfect simple 19,22,23 indirect statements 165 present simple 6,7,19,35 it 189 promises 61 less 131 pronouns (reciprocal) 109 linking verbs 91 pronouns (reflexive) 109 linking words 192,193,197 ‘quantifiers 100,101,105 little 105 question forms 67 many 105,131 question tags 71 may 53,61 relative clauses (defining) 173 may have 57 relative clauses (non-defining) 177 might 53 reported speech 165,169 206 requests 61 second conditional 151 shall 61 should 45 should have 49 some 100,101 state verbs 7 suffixes 181,185 suggestions 61 superlatives 135 the 97 there 189 third conditional 155 toinfinitive 39,83,87 transitive verbs 117 used to 15 verb+-ing form 83 verb + object + toinfinitive 87 verb +toinfinitive 83 will 31,61 word formation 181,185 would 15,61 zero conditional 151Answer key Present simple and present continuous 2 iscreeping. 3 hears 4 iswatehing 5 tums 6 doesntsee 7 stars 3 Iswatching 9 hears 10 sees 1 isstting “12 Aeyoutalking 13. asks 16 says 15 laughs. 16 does your owner cll 7 replies “1B Idorithnow 19 don't want 20 says 21 rans 2a isincreasing are staying arent aren't veaveling 2d is[] always taking is) always losing de am{m) working 5b poes travels 3 4a Sn Gb 7 81 9 108 2 is(S)weighing 3. donot (dont have 4 Isnot (sat Snot) having 3 are you thinking 6 doyouthiek 7 donot [dont look 8 are not (arent looking Possible answers 2 dotheygethome 3 's..going 44 Do.ragree 5 areyou laughing 6 Doyauremember 7 are youreading 8 areyoucrying Possible answers 2 Hedocsa™ ext mest 3 dont eam very much 4 Shes working a the supermarket 5 wate waiting for you! 6 thatmanis wearing strange clothes 7 haven got don have any brothers ote 8 he's forever tlingme what to do, Past simple and past continuous 2 did 3 had 4 got 5 opened 6 ate 7 swam 8 shouted 9 fell 10 tried AL new 12 became 2 wascrying 3. Were..watching 4 wasnor (wasnt working 5. were waiting 6 Was.living 7 werehaving 8 wasrot wast) snowing 9. was. dreaming 1 were not werent) playing 2 ha 4 5b Gb 7a 8 Possible answers 2 eter wasriing his bike, 3 Magee was crying some bags 4 Terry and Sue were running, 5. Danwassinging 6 Steve and Amanda were talking 7 Artur was cleaning the windows 8 Sally as opening her umbrella. Possible answers 2 Heremembered hie carkeys while he was valhing to hiscar 3 Ashewas coming back, hesaw awoman with apie 4 Heshoutedas the woman was runing away. 5. Martha was leaning the room when the lights went out 6 Shewas looking for some matches when the lightseame on 7 Sheraticed ass onthe floor she was looking around. 8 Samwas siting ais desk when the phone rang. 9 Ashe was picking up the phone.a strange woman came in 410 While he was peaking. the woman went out F 2 3a 4d Sb 6s 74 > % 100 ake 12 3 Used toand would A 2iusedio 3 cidatuseto 4 didnt useto 5 usedto 6 usedio 7 didntuseto B usedto 9 didntuseto 10 vsedto 3. He used to workin the prison kitchen 44 He didnot {dd use / sed nt to ke his reighbous He sed to wrt letters He used to wear a prison uniform, Hedi not dd] use} /used not to see his fiends. {8 He used to goto bed eal 9 He usedto feel sad, 10 He id not cid usd used not tobe fee € remember ny chico vey wel sey summer we went 6 there, i !wasten yeu ld and lved these, ee cn the bes ard ny father bowie Ice ceam. Sometimes we wert Bra boat. Some ‘lfm vila peopl sm und the boat others ited others watched “Gre ip my sister fll into the seal Luckily, she wasa good swimmer That was ld al ‘er famy nthe evening we wale rund ‘hetown My moter ils tries bo allthe places and we tated very carefully, Att elt asleep Feeling very happy. A wonderful time D3 phoned 4 used speak /spoke 5 used to play woul play 6 didnt usetohnow 7 Diditused to be 8 sed tocar /would cary 9 dist work 10 neverused to wory/ wouldnever worry 11 tiedtobe E 2 sedto do/ would do 3 didnot dt) use) used not to go 4 Did Mikeused tobe 5 would get up & neverusedtobe 7 would always shout 8 usedto would have F 2 was/usedtobe 3 sed to cost / would cost cost 4 would get /got 5 used tobuy / would buy 6 leh 7 came 8 became 9 used to exchange / would exchange / exchanged "10 made Present perfect, past simple, present simple 2 havermarted:met 3 hasbroker:ran 44 haslost called 5 has gone; saa 6 have bul started 2 haslived 3 is 4 doesnt peak 5 hasnt spoken 6 Haveyou ever seen 7 have payed. B doesnt taste 9 hashed 10 thinks 3a 45 Sb 62 7a ab 9 102 Ma 12) 138145 155 160 2 hasnot (has /'snot rished 43 hae[sJhappened 4 phoned 5 told 5 7 was. B Have.spoken 9 havenot haven / ve not sen 10 idstat 11, took 12 havernot havent / ve not) missed 2s 3b 4b 5a 6 7d Ba 92 10 Possible answers 2. When di you decide to become sD? 3 What do yutlie about Greece? 44 When did thehotel open? 5 Has anybody famous stayed inthe hotel? 6 Doyou get anytime of 7 Hive youever wanted tod something diferent?” Present perfect simple and present perfect contim 2 have been looking for you everrwher, 3 Mikehasit ben feeling wel, 4 We have been ging her advice. 55 Whohas been eating my chocolate? 6 Myéad hasbeen helping me 7 Thephones haven't Been working 8 Have you been doing tht crosswerd? 2 beenlistening 3 hasnt come 4 hasbeen singing 5 taken 6 hasbeen reading 7_has Fished hwvebeen thinking 9 hast understood 10 has ben drinking for since lages) February Songtime ithappened my hal life Tyot home therestofthe year midnight two months ‘he was two years old Christmas Possible answers “Thay have (ve) been eating chocolate) She has(s) been leping Hess) been studying ‘They have ve been Fighting Iehas Ss) been raining Ihave been getting 3 have been working hasbeen decreasing / getting smaller havebeen visting 6 have been spending ‘have learned German, Shelly hasbeen driving fr two hours ‘The cildren hae broken the window. They have been paying tennis since 12.00, ‘hve forgotten my keys, [My str hasbeen tling me a joke, das watched the film twice Answer key 207have ve been standing hae ve frozen hast (hasnt /'s not been have not (havent ve not) sold /have not (havent / Ve not) been seling 6 has(s got /has( been getting 7 have ve) been thinking 1 have ve) decided have [vel have (ve been leaving 10 Have. had 6 Past perfect simple and past perfect continuous 2 de 4a 54 6b 2a 3b 4 5a 6b 7 B a bl 6 5 @7 Bo g8 2 hadbeen hoping 3 hadcome 4 had gone 5 hadbeen wating 6 had done 7 hadbeen playing 8 hadn'theard E 2 hadaleady madesended 3 had vite: knew 44 thanked had given 5 had just ished arrived 6 came, had been watching /had watched 7 thought had not had} been 3 wasnt had intended F 2 caused 3 died 4 told 5 hadtravelled 6 hadbegun 7 hadbeen running 8 arrived 9 hadnot hadi) had 10 saw IL returmed 12 lost 13 hadbeen fishing 14 id not (didn come 1 Willand be going to ‘A Possible answers wil probably travel 3 will certainly be wil possibly have 5 will possibly beable to Probably won't be 7 defintely wont have Aetitely won't beable to Heis(3) going to fal over Shes) going to drop them They are re] going todo some execs. leis] gongto break. He s(3) going to burn nthe sn, This il be the runner lst ace. What are they going to do when they eave school? ‘My das going to pick meup afterwards i wllnot bite you arin going to paint my room. What do you think he will do now? wake tothe shop. won't leave;know 3 willbe: finds out wil have:are(re)_5_ pay; wont have ‘won'be starts 7 grows up: will] be wor wit) dwelt L 3 will/isgoingto 4 goingto aregoingto 6 7 ‘Sgoingto wills going to willin /sgoing to win mm) going wo stay ‘wil and ae going to tard ‘wil ave 6 am(m ging sell wilfl}buy 8 won't ke 8 Present continuous and present simple {or fature use; future continuous A 2% 3 de ST 64 7a Possible answers 2 Hare wll be reading some notes forthe meeting 13 Hare wll be sleeping onthe plane. 44 Hare arrives at Heathrow, London 5 6 Hare wll be waiting for her net ight. Harriet eaves Heatlvow, London, 208 7 Hart aries in Betin, Germany. 18 Harriet willbe having meeting in Berlin © 2 amfim)goingto get 3 am(im) meeting / going to meet 4 are not (arent) going tobe able to (Crediton See Unit7), 5am) going to find = prediction See Unit 7), 6 am(m) going to travel" 7 amr) goingto 8 are spending ae going to spend 9 are going olive 1am) gong torent {are looking st / ate going to lock at D 2 leaves /isleaving 3 goingtosay 4 willbe thinking 5 babysitting 6 Trmhelping 7 isretiing/is going to retire 8B ‘renotarrving dort arive 9 shale talking if nee een snot breaking i 8 armeates ee 10 isnot atking F Possible answers 2. Tmgoing othe dentist tomorrow and arm leaving the house at 130,50 come before then 13 Ive got longhair and il be wearing brown 44 What time does the show start? 5. mhving dinner with my cousin. 66 Fmgoing toa dub with my friends 9 Future perfect and other future forms 1A 2018 graduate 2020 Sart my own business 2030-become amilionire 2035 —buy 10 milion dollar house 2040 sel thishouse for big proft 2041 move tan sland 2050- retire tothe sland he wil have graduated. he wll have started his ov business the will have become a milionaire, he wll have bought a 10 iin dollar house. he wihave sold this /that house fora big profit. he wllhave moved oan sand. the will have retired tothe sland Possible answers By next year, wll have learned to swim. 8} 2020 wil have got maried. 8y 2030, wil have writen my autobiography. She will have studied for ve hous She will have watched TV for 12 hours. She wll have run 65 km She wll have slept 85 hours. She wll have driven 10 hours. She wll have gven £20 to'Save the Animals She (onthe point of wining Heiss) about. sing She (3) onthe verge of jumping “They are about to drink. Ieis{s]on the point of busing. | was going to phone him. eas going tran He was going to open the window, Thay were going to meet me. She was going to move house ‘AL 1200, the Prime Minister isto speak at Conference and the Queens o give prizes to Schoo! cheer 4811330, the Queon and the Prime Minster are tohavehinch. 5 AL 1600 the Queen sto see the King of Shangr La and the rime Ministers to go toa business meeting {6 AL 1800, the Prime Minstris to give atalkto Economics students 7A 1830, the Queen sto pena theatre. {At 21:00, the Queen andthe Prine Minster are toretum home. F 2a 3a 4b Se Gs Ze Bs 9 10¢ 1d RI Review: present, past and future forms A Dishwing 3. mibinking 4 istorever geting 5 Doesyourmumdsually take 6 stl growing 2 donitbelieve 8 is borrowing 9 doesnt get 10 just complete B 2 wasputtingon 3 have not [havent eaten 4 didnot{diart| mean "5 have had 6 ‘had( been deving7_ have been playing 8 have(ve}knowa "9 had) seen 10 did.wake up © 2 since 3 ago 4 When 5 then 6 during 7 for ® ever 9 never 10 recently ui ill D 2 used to pay football 3 had already started by the 44 hasbeen learingEnish or 5 Had youeverbeen 6 hhavenever/ haven't havent evr visited /been 7 ong have you been playing 3B wouldalwayssay E 2 3a 4a Se 6c 7 Ba % 100 F 2a 3 4b Se 6a 7 8 92 10 10 Modals of ability and obligation 1 A 2a 3i dh 5d 6) 7e B 9% 106 8 2 must 3 willbeableto 4 donthaveto 5 Can 6 mustn't 7 Shouldshe 8 should 9 could 10 havegotto 11 don'tneed to a an Possible answers 2 He mut ie children He doesnt have to stay late at work, Hecan have long holidays 3 Shehas tobe ft ‘She should speak English She must tainhard. 4 Hemus ike traveling He ought to havea good manager, Hee able to make lot of money 5 thave todo the wachingup everyday {canswim more hana lometre ‘dorithave to getup early at the weekend, D 2 jjllmust should /has to ought to /needs to 3 Emly can cook very well 4 We must /should' / ought not to stop. 5 Youdon' have to /needn'/ dont need to wait, ‘Theres no need [or you to wat. 6 Jocan/ sable to speak French. 7 Will you be able to come / Can you come 8 Theyhave to / must go E Possibleanswers 3 hasto Thereisa party. 4 ought to ‘Tomorrow I need to getup early 5 don't have to Weve already visited it 6 must She did pass,7 needto She's angry with me 8 isrtableto Hehas broken his am, F 21 3b 4b 5a 6& 7 Bs 9 10 11 Modals of ability and obligation 2 Ah 3a at 5b Of 7e Be 8 2 Wehado/ needed tog. Wie cou’ / werent alowed to go. Youssou have bought i She didi need to come, They could / were able to speak French Head to / needed to sleep, He wasn't able to /could't be here, hadto. 3 needed to speak didn thaveto 5. wasableto shouldnt have 7 could didnt needto Were youzble 10 werent alowed to Sie couldn /wasrt allowed to eat lhe chocolates 3 She coud / was able tuse his computer. 4 She had to buy some pape. 5, She didnt need to / did’ have to ish the reper. 6 Sheneeded to / had to check his emai. 7 She didn need to iit have ta goto the meeting. 8 She couldnt wasn allowed to forget. Maggie's birthday. Possible answers 2 People cau’ send emails Theyhad towrite letters 3 They werent ble o travel much, They had use buses and tains, 4 Chiron could play al day. They did’ have to sty. 5 People needed to buy food every dy. They couldnt have cod inks in summer 6 Doxtors could help many people Peopleneededto go along nyt find hospital F 2 32 4d Sc 6b 7d 8 94 10 ub Le 12Possibility and certainty in the ‘present and futare “The green square must be ‘The ellow square must bea # The pink square cat be a Thegrey squarecanit bea Thevhitesquare must bea. rmustbevich 3 mustbe ft rust be tired ust bedsappoined rmustbebored 7 must be angry She my /might not have the addres, She could may might be working late She could /may/ might bei ‘Se could/ may / might be buying a present, Sin could may might have a problem with he pone She might /may not be coming. The scientist saiife ight ext on other Planets /The sles sid tere might be liteon other planets He could gota prison, He might ot know much about as. Weemay nate her agin ‘eating pases might mak your eyesight 7 Heceul te wrong 8 Weright not goon holiday this summer 9 | may phone er ater 0 Hedoes say much he maybe sy, a Possible answers 2 ust be very realy hungry 3 could may /might row know bis name / row who itis 4 could may /might be fwating there 5. mustbe geting old 6 can't becoming 7 could may /might be Maria's 8 cantbe amy F Possible answers 2. Shemight like eatingleaves ‘She may not be very wel. Georgina could bea safe. 3 Jackmay not have ary petrol nthe car. ‘Neat magazine could be taking his photo, He might be wating for someone who does 4 The cat may be afraid of mice. ‘The mouse could be very big ‘The cat could be vegetarian, ‘There might be avery bigdog behind the 13 Possibility and certainty in the past A 2h 3a de 5b Op 7d, B24 3f 4h 5a Ge 7e ab © 2 Hemusthave passed histest You must have looked sly, Hemust have made a mistake That must have been very ightening ‘They must have gone out ‘You must have slept very well. He must have got mace in London. He cat have been bor in 1900, (He was 25 in 920) 5 He may /migh ot have had any children (We ‘ont ow) Sarah may /might have een oder than him. (Wecantresd this} 7 They may might have mt while they were working They were both servants) E 2 muy/might have seen 3 musthavehsd 4 canthavelooked after 5 may /might have broken 6 canithave mage F 2 Yourust have been 2 good friend of ohn’. 3. She may / might not hve understood. 4 The acident could / might have been ot 5. Shed play very well~ she may /might have been nervous 6 cant /couldtthave imagined 7 You ay j might not have heard what he sid 8 Something must have gone wrong. 14 Requests, permission, offers, suggestions, promises ‘A 2 Could 3 Wil 4 Would 5 notmaking 6 shall 7 sit & wil B 2 Could 3 mind 4 W/shall 5 Will/Could 6 could 7 Shall Could Possible answers 2 Wemight go fora pizza 3 How about going camping? | Why don't we go shopping at Tuer? 5 Lets go tothe cinema 6 Shall we gets new phone? D Possible answers 2 Could we go forapzza? 3 Maywego camping? 4 Canwe go shopoing? 5. Do youmind if we go tothe cinema? 6 Isitallrightifweget anew phone? E Possible answers 2 Do youmind ft openthe window? 3 Could you possibly move your bags? 4 Could see your tickets please? 5 llopen the dor for you 6 Shall cary your bag? 2 Shall tellyou 3. Why dont we talk 4 Shall make dinner 5 Isicall ight it 6 Doyoumind 7 Could you possibly 3 May see the doctor R2 Review: modals: AD 3 4a Se 61 78 B 2 3a 4 5b 6 7 8 % MWe Ma 12 © 2 might 3 mightnot_4 cant 5 may 6 mightnot 7 could B cant 9 maynot 10 must D2 mayhavetaken 3 canthave had 4 mayhave forgotten 5. must have found 6 ust have missed 7_cant have known 8 musthavedone 9 might nat have made 10 may hve lost, E 2 3 4a Se ob 7 Be F 2 Could/Can 3. must have /may have 4 haveto 5 shouldhave 6 couldhave 7 need have 8 better 9 may) might 30 dont you 11 cant 15 Question forms A-2 IsClare washing he hair? When dd yousee her? ‘Who was the fist president of America? Have you ever been on horse? How many apples cid you buy? What time does the game start? Why are you standing the rain? Why couldnt sleep? 3 What did he hear? ‘Where id he go? 3 How dd he fee? What was happening? Wat was near the house? What di the arial want? Didi? 3 Havent you? 4 she? Were you? 6 Hast she? D Possible answers 2 How much do..cost_ 3 Didyouhave ‘4 what time's. 5 Do youspesk 6 Haveyouseen?” 7 Where are Why did you 2 Where does—< 3 What dob 4 Whichor-c 5 Whatdo-< 6 What/Whichis-a 7 Wheredo-a What geb F Possible questions 2 Didshevwrite? Did she understand? Did she got atae? 3 Haveyou got the tickets? Have you seen the fm? Have you ever been to Monaca? 4 Were they in London? Were they OX? ‘Were they with you? 5 Did saythar? Did we make herangey? Did pass? 16 Question tags A 2 3d 4a 5) Ge 7 BF 9 10g B 2 washe;French 3. were’ they; China 4 idshe:tenis 5 arent there 30 6 shouldnt we: Eight "7 isi twelve 8 mustrt you ight Answer key 209€ 2 hasrithe 3 didntwe 4 arentthey D Possibleanswers 2 Youveseen 3 ttist 4 Youlike 5 Werein 6 Theycancome 7 Thetestwasnt 8 There's ‘Neither do don't ether. Me neither Sowill Mum / Mum wil too. Sodid Dad. /Dad did too nether has Mum / Mur has either. "Nether do don ether. Me neither. Sod dd to0./ Meta So willour friends. /Our frends wil to, Sohavel-/ Ihave toe,/ Metoo 20 Neither wil wont either Me neither. F 2d 3b 4b Sa 64 7a Be 9a 106 ald Le G Possible answers 2 Imrotiam Yes youare. 3 Thats strangest? Yess 44 She's gots problem hast she? Yes, she as 55 Ihaver't done anything wrong have? No.youhaven 6 ell bevery hot there, wont? No,it wont 17 Multi-word verbs 1: prepositional verbs AZ bus 3 exams 4 job 5 taxi 6 football 7 dad 8 yellow 2c 3a th Sf 67d 2 with 3 at 4 about 5 for 6 for 7 of 8 about 9 of 10 at 11 about 22 of D 2 Gealingwith 3. gotoft 4 lootedater 5 know about 6 sufer from 7" going through 8B looks ike 9” was working on / worked on 10 raninto E 2 Whatmusiewere you listening to? 3 What are you thisking about? 4 What do you wat o talk about? 5. Have you ever spoken toa famous person? 6 Who are you smiling at? 7. What happened to you? {8 Whopai forthe meal? F 2 Who does ths bg belong to? 3 Doyou agree with her? 4 Did you come across my passport when you ‘were tidying my room? 5 dont know whether to go for the back boots corthe brown anes. 6 That shirt doesn't gowith your jacket, 7 py hie for the tikes 1 Wetatked about fms for hours. 18 Multi.word verbs 2: phrasal verbs A 2 Standup 3 Getup 4 hunryup 5 tum off 6 wathup B 2 36 Af 5a/d 6d/a 70 8 2 ait 3 in 4 down 5 off 6 up 7 on 8B out 9 away 10 down D Possibleanswers 2 Tilmake it up. = the story / the answer 3 Canyou lookup onthe inteet? word /some information 4 Dont put ton your heat! =a bow my hat 5 Themantoldus of us'» me are my fend / sme and my mam 6 Canyou pick that up, pleas? that = your coat {some nsbish 7 Vmsoing to take them back them = theeans ‘the glasses 8 Canyou trmit up?’ =the music /the TV 210 & twine yn hinge sherman sb anime oe eee tg a nh id ome es or turd evecare i can pn en ted ting tot Se updos tery et dtd vivre eh derived man tring tn nd cry oa eh el holding the bag And he started telling” off while the woman got away? F 2 Tumiton 3 fnditout 4 getthemback 5 siveitup 6 pickyouup 7 throw itaway 8 wake me up 10 Verb + forinfinitive or -ing A sto ing +-t00r-ng arrange amit Benin deserve od continue ail deny denyhate help enjoy love manage keep preter promise mise regret refuse ‘uggest——temember ‘een ty ‘woul ke B 2 tobring 3 doing 4 tocome 5 tocook/cooking 6 working 7 to become having 9 tobe/ being 10 too AL seeing 12 tomeet © 324 5265 7b 8s 9 10: Ma 12 D 2: X 4d 53 6s 74 % ae Me 12a 2 Micksuggests/supuested buying some flowers '3 Andy won't manage tofnshal the work 4 ‘Stevewouldiketo havea coffee 5 Kate refuses / refused to doit 6 Jodenies / denied stealing the money. 7 Kayarranged to moet at 700, 8 Maggie's hae needs washing, / Maggie needs towash her hair, F 2 remembersesing 3 likes to take taking ‘4 manage ophone 5 seem tobe 6 peeferhaving to hve 7 ‘would keto apologise 8 arangeto give 9 forget going 10 continue / ate continuing toievestigate investigating 20 Verb + object + to-infinitive A 2% 3 4 5h 6 7c Bd 9} 10g B 2 toby 3 let 4 go 5 pay 6 tosit 7 nottoget 8 ton 9 say 10 toplay © 2% 4 Sb 6s D2 ack. toanswer 3 warn 4 letg0. 5 force.tod0 6 advise/teltobe 7 help..(to] grow B see. choose 9 need to tak 10 advise tell.t0 60 E 2 Chaves leanthe machines. 5 Nancy vst her mother on Saturday ‘4 theworkersta haves bath on Sunday. '5 Rober todo is Latin homework, 6 Emilyhow to use the new machine 7 Jonasto paint the walls B Lady Grey to come to tea next Friday. 2 hisheart eat very fast. 3 herto come ound 44 herdriveto the house 5 hertakeoffher coat 6 hie motto panic 7 ‘himto sit down and think 8 himstar toy 21 Linking verbs: be, get, feel, etc. AZ keeps 3 look 4 went 5 went 6 taste Seems 8 grew 9 is 10 sounds soundsterible. 2 seems dificult smell ively get 3 become /get 4 become become /get 6 get 7 become become /get D 2 34 & 5b 6a 7 & 9d ae ub aa Possible answers 2'twanttobecome writer, 3 | det fel wel, 4 iedoesn tok fresh 5 That sounds strange! 6 Itsgettingwarmer.” 7 Icfeels tere 8 look tke my mother. Possible answers 2 hungry Hehesithad any breakfast 3 nice Tike her alt. 4 colder Soon t wil be winter. 5 more expensive Everyone wants more money. 6 scientists ‘You need to study alot. [R3 Review: questions; multl-word verbs; ‘verb structures 2 Howmuch 3 Who 4 Where 5 What” 6 How 7 Howoften 8 Which 9 Whose 10" Why 2 werent there 3 arent! 4 shall 5 arentthey “6 have! 7 wihe 8 isntit. 9 doesnt she 10 wil you L donitwe 12. shouldhe 13 havent they 4 wontyou 15 cane 2 have 3 cant 4 youshould 5 Ihavent 6 wont 7 didyou '8 dant 9 Neither/Nordo” 10 neither 11. should! 2 5 2 3 5 6 7 ic wasnt 13 doestoo 14 would rot either look this word up lok up this word looking forward tot 4 tod thom off made that up five chocolteup /gve up chocolate tumitdonn 8 dealing with problems 9 theow itaway 10 coming up with strange ideas AL tum the ight of /tur of the light 12 take it back E 2éto Bifor Ababout Scfor 6)t0 Falke Beto wth 0h / about F 2 tying 3 tosend 4 totake 5 breaking 6 not going 7 nottodrive ® tobe 9 totake "20 making AL tidying /tobe tidied G 2 d 4d 5s 6b 7 Bd 9 30d Ma 12e 22 Articles 1 2 abeautifulcountyy 3 The Amur leopard: the most endangered inthe word 44 Diwan October orNoverber 5 thewater 6 thesun inthe UK:in Australi7 anold cathe only car 8 Tine 2 ssfewater 3 anhour 4 The Romans 5 Mondays 6 anaunt 7” The goverment 8 Canada 2 Drtismmond gave me good advice. 3 Doyou the living nthe county? 44 What an untidy house! 5, Wearelearing about the planets at school 6 Why does the moon go round the Earth? 7 Thiscarrunsonelecncy. 8 Putyourcost onthe bed 2 Yes:fve gt them forthe fmt 3. What time wil do you get here? 3 At 200, did have tnch. ve you hungry? 4 Yes et’ xt before the fm 5. OK Where’ the best cafe? 6 Tams Place on Station Ros Have you got 2 7 ve got /I got one fom the Internet. See you E2834 4 the 5a 6 A/The 7 8-9" 10-1 -/te 12a 13 1-15 the 16 - 17 ~ 18 the 19 the 20 the 21.4 22 The 23 28 An 25 — F 2 Thatstheboy with a famous father. 3 He’ been waking with he youn for ten years 4 What terbe journey! 5. Sheivsinalovalyhouseby the sea 6 Thepotatoes cost E1a ko 27 Simthetalest my cls, 8 He peas in/ has got / asa very quit voice 23 Quantifiers 1 A countable uncountable both ea sovice danger Computer information hair up knowledge wood rrounain ——_laggage rose money piece news Sreet pasta torch talc B 2 exch 3 ary 4 Al 5 Both 6 Everone 7 some 8 ary 9 either 10 no Possible answers 2 Both boots are /Each boo is black 3 Some jumpers are green / yellow, 4 ach Every chocolate bar is brown 5 Alle apples are/ Every apple fred 6 very /Fach ado isbue 7th maps ae / Each maps pink and blue. 1 Somesocks ae pink sey Possible answers 2 There are no museums, /There arent any / 43 Neither ll be O. 4 Doni use any salt. / Use no salt 5 went to evry shop /some shops. 6 Nobody asked me. 7 allofuscan 8 There were sme /many question 9 Bother brothers knew 10 Yount swim anywhere her. /You cn vim powers hee E 2 a some b noc neither(cThebiggest problem shaving no water) 3 gone b any some|c) 4 a anything ‘B both call) 5 a some b nothing ¢ all) 6 a everyday "b alday € rola) F 2 None 3 some 4 anything 5 both 6 either 7 08 Noone 9 any 30 every 11 al 24 Quantifiers 2 AD Notmany 3 Most 4 alotof 5 Few & Most 7 afew & most 9 Few 10 99% 11 Few 12 Most mary 3 Many 4 toomuch 5 Howmany mach 7 How much 8 toomany many ‘We have been missing you alot. We were given ite rformation about the wa. ‘Afew of us would ike t 0 10 Japan ‘out nat od enough to understand ‘There are «coupe of good restaurants here His health has improved a ite, Five got abit of od news. D 2h 3a de 5d GF 7 8 2 | dont remember much ofthe story. 3 Hetalks toner lot 4 ve got toormuch ugeage 55 How much chocolate do you eat? / Do you eat much chocolate? 6 Drinkatot of water 7 There's too much work and there aren't enough people to dot. There areit enough people to do the work 8 Wekew a couple ofthe) people at the wedding F 2 Many 3 afew 4 alotof 5 Howmany & much 7 acoupleof 8 too much 9 afew 10 plemyof 11 enough 22 alot 25 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns [A yourself himself erst itself ursales, ‘ourselves, themscves B 2 himself 3 myself 4 herself © 324 5b 62 728 9 10a 11a 125 D 2 yourself 3 herself 4 itself 5 me 6 eachother /one nother 7 her B myself 9 eachother one another 10 us 11 ourselves 12 eachother /one another Possible answers 2 Hecuthimset No.they wrote it themselves No.1diditby myself Yes dd you mate it yoursl?? Fewakes up by self F 2 yourself 3 ourselves 4 themselves, 5 eachother /one another 6 herself 7 hime? ®@ him 9 itself 20 himself 1 yourself 12° eachother one another 26 Prepositions of place, movement and time 3 4 5 6 620 the country thebusstop july 73 Forest Road the pocket Jossparty Poland New Year the spring rmybirthday Sunday evening the tp floor the wal the ay B 2h de af Sa Gd 7b Be C 2a 3 in 4 atthesideof 5 at 6 for 7 behind "8 outof 9 to 10 infrontof 41 around 12'imo 13 0n 14 on 15 by 16 in D2 Bde 4a Sbe 6 7 Be 9a Ide Possible answers 2'twoyears 3 halfanhour 44 hewas10yeursold 5 Friday 6 Worl Wr 2 the ages of five and 20 2005 ane 2020. 18 New Year /the weekend F Possible answers 2 ons farm stthez00 3 infront of noun ater the verb be 4 onyourbichday 5 inthe east 6 onyourcoat ona shir 7 atthe theatre /ina fm /movie 8 on Tuesdays on Tuesday afternoon /a en oldock 9 inthe sky 10 ina dictionary 21 Vorbs with two objects ‘A sends bull wish allo, leave, telling, teaches, brings. costs B Possible answers 3” Give the football to Jennifer. Give Jennifer the fotbal, 4 Buy the scarf for Grandad, / uy Grandad the sat 5. Give thehardryerto Liz /GiveLizthe hairdryer 6 uy the CD for Max / Buy Max the CD. 7 Give thetrsiners to Paty / Give Patty the 8 Give Sarah the dll / Give the doll to Sarah C2 I threw bimthe keys 3 Mike showed his phot tome. 4 Shesold ona a bike, 5. She promised tome 6 Sendhimit 7 They offered us some advice. B She teaches Maths to children D3-4f 5-67-80 3 10 E 2 charged me 3 sold acomputerto 4 promised meher ol printer 5 totellyousomething 6 explained the problem tome 7 allows mered mest once 8 ssterlent meher skirt lent her skirt tome 9 describe Venice to you 10 She sie catetut F 2 3a 4a 5b 62 7c 8 94 104 My Turn 2 tajtelng 3 sayto;wish:tome 4 myself for 5 forsaymy mum 8 you; forme: you 28 Prepositions Answer key 211to 3 for 4 fram 5 conceming Without 7 in 8 on 9 for 10 agaest byrabout 3 on 4 to 5 by 6 on within Bon 9 to upto 2 Incaseof 4 inspteof Farfrom 6 by meansof 7 above average Infact"9 except for 10 in placeof ‘The players lacked confidence. She ell overon purpose. ‘There was a problem with the rain That was the reason forthe dla. My arandmether fe was very ferent fam 6 Hevwrites book for adults aswel asciren 7 The trains were delayed due tothe snow. 8 She's aways doing things n hurry. 9. Heisresponuible for hs responsibilty for advertising. F Possible answers 2 about Trmvwerred about my fend heist very well 3 in Fm ot interested in istry. 4 on "as keen on stories fom the Disney lms 5 of Fm proud of getting 2 good markin my English test 6 about ‘The best thing about being on holiday isnot geting up ea 7 on [prefer to study on my own, bon The last hing watched (on TV] wasthe news RA Review: articles; quantifiers; pronouns; prepositions ADthe a4 the S the Gan 7a B the 9 the Beats 8 the 9-10 wa © 2 every 3 little 4 some 5 many 6 some 7 too 8 10-9 few 10. most AL anyone 12 alotof either 44 None’ 15-both inbymyself 3. willtum tse sent one another 5 paid forus ‘eachother laugh 7 answer by themselves blames herselfor 9. borrow one anothers children behaved themselves aandb(3) 3 bandc(D) 4 aande(D) bande(s} 6 bande(s) 7 band (0) Aande(S} 9 aande(O) 10 aande(3) aande(O) 12 aandc(O) 13 bandc(s) He's always telling us stories / stories tous Could you pass me the water /the water to me please? These shoes ony cost me 15 eur. Sin just speks Hindi to her mum. Can you say that 9 me more slowly please? ‘Who gaveit 0 you? ‘eas John who sugested the idea tome. need to buy my sister a present /apresent formy sister for her birthday. 1. [vant to explain something to you. 12 Shedlike youto teach that song you were singing toe. G 2a 3 for 4 into 5 into 6 on 7 as 8 for 9 of 10 over round round AM in 42 bouton 13 from 14 to 15 st 16 in 17 on ° = 6 the 7 the Aba 12 the 13 the 212 29 Rajectives ‘A 2 les quite dfiutto lear. Frvken tote ‘The boots have four smallpasticwheelsina line. eS absolutely bilan! ‘Old people wally do this sport ‘You need to wear kage pads and ahelmet Inceasing numberof teenagers ae this spot. 9 Iesabit ightening 1B 2pracingdrver 3d sendsurting ‘fable tenis Scsnowboard Se swimming pool Throck climbing ‘Ba goukeeper © 2 confused 3 depressing 4 shocking frightened 6 boring 7 amazed surprising 9 pleased ‘The waman was lone inthe building. They have tree lovely happy children. ‘sa small square blue pasting ‘twas quite ating meeting {would ike some new black ether Footbal boots Hes bought aed italiana. ‘Theyre having auitea woryng tine You were wrong to say tha. ‘There were no buses it wasn't possible to get home 44 Children are usually quick to lean, 5. He's afraid to go out lone a ig 6 Sorry ointerupt~ bu have you seen Mr Le? 7 a {was arsious to get home in time ‘That was the vght thing to do, F Possible answers 2° We were absolutely feezog! 3 Itwasvery hot 4 Shewas absolutely exhausted! 5 twas abolutely aul 6 Wsverybig 7 Theburgrs are ory tasty here. 8B twas absolutely impossible! 30 Comparatives A 2c de 5g 62 7h Bd 2 Amileisfurther than akiiometre Sly blue i paler than nay blue ‘Adblphinisleverer than a snake, Golds moe valuable tan iver. ‘Yopais more relaxing than football, ‘Wind energy is cleaner than nuclear energy. Abilionsir ricer than a milionie, as 3a 4 the 5 far 6 6 to B than a faraway 3s possible teary as posible ss comfortable a5 posible 'ssoonas possible soften a possible fs leary as posble sites possible E 2 moreeasiy/faster_3 more carefuly 44 morecanfidentS harder 6 more ware 7 faster/ more easily 8 aslogicalas, 9 less/rmoreinterested 10 further Possible answers 2 more palite 3 further longer 4 etierthan 5 worse / worse and worse { morecommon 7 more quickly 8 higher higher and higher 31 Superlatives [A 2 thehealthest 3 themost beautiful 4 [thelstrongest 5 theworst 6 (the) latest 7 themostexcting 8 Most, 1 Famous ty: Cambridge ‘smallest. 3 mostexpensive 4 best furthest 6 mostaiticult 7 driest highest 9 least ‘The mos interesting place for tourists is Clarkesville Park. “Themest famous person isthe writer, AP Jones. The best way to get around ste bus ‘The nicest thing to do's walking bythe iver The coolest place to gos Route 66 dso, The boreristhe shortest smallest. ‘Theat isthe most expensive costs the most ‘The tie isthe cheapest / cost the least. Metboume's the hotest. ‘Moscow is the coldest. Themostunusual 3 largest 4. The deepest theeasest 6 the furthest / farthest therarest. 8 themost dangerous ‘thetastiest 10'the est F Possible answers 2 Water it the healthiest drink. 3. Mathscit’sthe most usefl 4 Autumn: the most colourful '5 Chess its the mot inteligent 6 Fish:they are the quietest. 32 Raverbs and adverb phrases A ah ab 5p 62 7e Be 1B 2 Hil wasjust talking about you! 5 Hes only leading the competition by one point 7 He’ leading the competition by only one point. 4 The TV series is very popular mostly with teenagers / The TV series s mostly very popular with teenagers 5 Mandy mainly work tthe weekends. / Mandy works mainly a the weekends. 16 Youcan either come toa ass on Wednesday evening or on Friday morning. /Yu can come toa lass eltheron Wednesday evening ron Friday morning. 7 ts vry busy a the weekends so she has to wworkhard | asked to see a doctor quickly. / Quickly asked tosee adocor 3 Hesometimes does’ wakeup until 1000. Sometimes he doesit wake up until 10.00. /He doesn't wakeup unt 10.00 sometimes, 4 Weshould never have gone. We never should have gone. 5 Hebegan crying quietly / He quietly began ‘ying. / Quietly he began crying 6 Ihave aways wanted to see LA 2 | auld no normaly have done that. Normally | would not have done that/T would not have dane tht normaly 8 tls be dak / Soon it wil be dark 1. vullbe dark soon, Poppy smiled at me ina friendly way ‘She runs very fast eventually passed my driving test. Eventually I passed my driving est. passed my driving test eventual. 5 Heishardyever late. 6 | play ches quite well 7 Shewas not wel enough to leave hospital E Possibleanswers 2 in Dba on lida. 3 badlyinthe summer. 4 there immediately, 5 carefully inthe comer ofthe page. 6 uietly atthe backF 2 Jetey beim has atnays enjoyed diving. Now he werks Florida as a golf bal dvr in vida} (none day/ often) he often collects 5000 ball from lakes on golf eourses{in one ay Week) That's 35,000 balls weekly. Elen Sirois fost mode. She wears alot of makeup but ony on hr Fet oni (very night) before she goes to sleep everynight). Ellen puts ots of erea on he feet. Every night he sleeps with her feet nasi bags andnever wears high heel 4 When she wastivee Francie Berger tated Playing with LEGO bricks and she has never Stopped. When she ft college, she soon got a job a2 model maker with LEGO, Today she ‘an build models with s many brick she wants today, 397The passive 1 12 invented 3 iscalled 4 have known wasbeingcollcted "6 shouldbe thrown away doyourake 8 wasnot invited ID may be requested Tickets must be shown atthe dor. ‘you leaveabaginthe station will be taken anay and maybe destroyed Credit cards are not accepted. Please do not make to much noe oF you will beasked leave. 7 ard hats mast be worn. 18 ID shouldbe cared stall times © 2 canbeshaped 3 could nathive been bit 4 have oly been produced "5. was isovered 6 ‘sfound 7 istaken. 8 ishested 9 wasfrst produced 10 areneeded 11 isteused” 12. canbe recycled D 2 Theroad isbeing repaired 4 Thefloris being cleaned. 4 The fli isbeing shown today 5 Themice are beng sted 6 Shels being taken to hospital have dosed have been lsed is being blamed /as been blamed 4 arewasting have been wasting 5 have been put forward are being put forward © couldbe asked "7 was arested 8 was tying 9 is.-being questioned 20 got 11 wasbom 12 (was}brought up 1B mide Possible headlines [DRIVERS WASTING PETROL MAN ARRESTED IN CITY CENTRE MAXTOBIN MARRIED IN SECRET 1 Thefmwas directed by vin Kershner The fist sic Star Wars lms were writen by / were based ona story by George Luci 3 uke Salle splayed by Mark Hamil. / ‘Mark Har stars as Luke Skywalker, Iwan the Osar™ for best sound Iewasflmedin Norway nd he Elstree Studies in London 6 Thefim was elowed by Retum of teed 34The passive 2 AD tobeletout 3 willbesold 4 tobeimeriowed "5 wasused 6 wasbought 7 tobeheard 8 toberorgiven 9 tobe put 2 hve /get my teeth checked by dents) every simonths 3 like tobe remembered 4 Isthought tbe extremely poisonous 5. aparcel lef forme 6 tobetold the results 7 needs tobe fixed 2 3 1 2 8 being taken fora walk 9 isexpected tobe the best ever 10 being lat would fa -2 Anappointment willbe offered to you as soon aspossble Twas ef any food [Neal was offered the last place in the team, The room was shown ther as soon es she anived. ‘The school was bought new computers |yas et the car fora week ‘seat inthe back ow wa found forme. D Possible answers He prefers tobe / get involved inn work. He doesnt tke being left on his on Hehates being photographed He hopesto be remembered fr playing amie. He loves beng surround by fends He wants tobe taken seriously. Heats bing told what od. E Possible answers 2 needs leaning tobe cleaned needs feeding / needs tobe fed eed cuting needs tobe cat need checking / need tobe checked reeds changing / need tobe changed ‘needs doing / needs to be done need washing /need tbe washed F Possible answers 2 He's having getting his temperature taken 3 Hes having / getting his truck pined, 4 She’ having / getting her teeth checked 5. He's having getting his coat cleanea © She's having / geting jacket made 35 Zero, first and second conditionals A Ba db 5265-7 82 9 10 Lb 120 5 2 would 3 am 4 Will 5 knew 6 doesnt 7 wouldbe 8 breaks 9 unless 10 if © Possible answers well have peri {EV mith my fiend Sam i buy hera present. Ife win the football match | would tll be bed! ‘You won't pass the Geography test iy dad knows 1 fel frightened, goto my parents rom, If their room was empty call thir mobiles If ther mobiles wor switched of be worried IMU sat down onthe bed think what todo 7 ‘f icosed my ees fil seep. 8 ftheard my alarm clock, fd wake up E 2a X 40 Sd 6c 7b Be 94 10d F Possible answers 2 lend you the money if you give it back to 3 You wouldn't believe meif told you 4 Milphone if get ost 5 might goto Greece ican save enough money. 6 | get angry i my sister barrows my clothes, 36 Third conditional, Iwish, only AZ late 3 bad 4 aida take;cidt get faraway 6 can't 7 did’ drive; was sve 9 helped did take ‘would have called (4 have called) had steed (stened) ha eaten (eaten) would have seen have een) ad been('d been) 7 had lost (lot) would have gone (have gone) © 2 I wish /Fonly tha enough money /1 could afford 3 Tish were 4 wash only were going 2 wehad() lef earlier 3 had head the phon, | woud have spoken to her they cule come tonight would have been finished ifthe had [had enough time 6 I wassiting nearer the font 7 had) gone to Australis with her fends she would have had good time 28 Tha sent that emai E Possible answers 1 Twish hadnt written short stores for magazines 2 wish hadnot got mated 3 wish had not become famous so quickly. 4 ‘nish had made earned more money. 5 Iish my wifehad nat become il 6 wish my books had been more sucessful, F Possible answers 2 If found the frst shop, would have got a ‘phone fora the pre. 3 thd got stuck inthe ie, I woul have ‘met my husband 4 would'thave gone to college i hadit travelled fora yer, 5 fmybosshade' told met eave, wouldn't have started my ovm busines. {6 Werwouln't have moved tothe country ifmy parents had had enough money 7 It had passed my Maths exam the fist time, ‘wouldnt have found ou ely ied Maths 31 Variations on conditionals A 2 3 4b Sa 6 B 2 isworking 3 was 4 should would 6 hadntbeen 7 Should @ then Mum gets nervous ifDad is ving. Ifyou ae staying in London, ets met, Nobody laughed f told joke Hfwe dont go nowt might be oo late Cares gong tothe party, she needs ace dress D2 take 3 Had happen 5 isnotlisnt) ying. 6 wast / weren't 7 ead 8 have( ve) frshed E 2 cant 3 would 4 wasnt 5 could 6 are 7 Should 8 Were 9 happen 10 then F Possible answers 2 his father can nda better job 3 you know of dldren inthe same situation 4 heisnot abe ta study 5. We wouldnt need cidren to work 6 she wll work anywhere c AZ happier’ 3 easier 4 the nearest 5 earier 6 thebigget 7 more complicated 8 healthier 9 carefully 10 more expensive LL themost famous 12” the wettest, 3d 4c Sa 6b 7 Ba 94 10 2 hate having / getting my haircut 3 were you asked inthe exam? 4 ‘being shown ive on TV. 5 wasritallonedto leave 6 are being vested in hospital, 7 were being questioned iby police, Answer key 213had been broken witha stone F as gven to the journalists (by the woman} Should have been reported before, lsstid 3 beenoffered 4 isthought beagreed 6 Isexpected 7 wastold bechanged "9 sreported 40 being followed 11 beleft 12 willbe announced E 2 3b ab 5: 6b 72 8 92 105 F 2 get 3 could 4 happen 5 wouldnt 6 wouldnt have learned 7" as long as a 8 Supposing 9 hadasked 10. wouldnt ‘3B Indixect statements ‘A 2 wanted 3 lived 4 weredriving 5 are 6 hadseen 7 hadbeen working 8 dled 9 couldnt 10 would Possible answers 2 illwondered why his phone was switched off 3 jilasked Tomif he ha see ack 4 Jllwanted to know where Jack had been 5 ile know what the nose was. 6 llwondered if Jack had heard 7 Jilin understand what was happening. 8 llwondered wha the spacesuts were fr. Jack aked Jif she would put on the spaces. 10 Jack wanted to know fil was happy. Possible answers 2 wonder if Serena Willams kes her sister. want to know ie wrote allthe plays himsele ‘My questions why he became an explorer. {ask what er next ml be about | wonder how she kxows she isthe cleverest personinthe wold 3 4 5 6 8 2 Dwelsrtspeakingtome 3 owe ad ads ig argent 40 Defining relative clauses 4 Ycuneed tosee Dave ga 22 inwtich/ when 3 which 4 towhom 3 Dave a been feng erbl since your 5 winohas wih 6 when 7 that why srpuent 8 what 6 Heed call Ose yesterday. Eis 7. he just put the phone down. ee ee 8 Daves ry nd yore. {© 2 wo/tht 2 (which that) _4 which that 9 tart urdertand 5 who that 6 who thal) 7 who hat 12 Wite Deve an eal tomorrow 8 ho which that) € 2 (tat she was 2 something hat Fm proud of 3 ibe nv gen 3 Understand th ole they were laughing a 4 (hate had otha 4 thebook wich ihe lm sbased on 5 (the had beer ther 5 found the book wich you were king fr 6 Ut she cold do 6 hte cme aco 2 said that) se was reading 7, thesong you wer listening to yesterday thatthe sero 2 TWisisthe im ch sat the Coen brothers Scene hance tar dremest famous for. [sith in fo wich 6 hat} robody thes me ite Coenbrothersaremest famous formal) F Suita) hadi 3 Thats the guy whose sonyou goto schon ail teams 4 Tonto meses ome othe ront ofthe cise LR By Pith hen, for ero 5 You'll never guess who I've just been talking to. 4 couldget 5 best /adbesten 6 Wy dort weit that meu whose ee ee website you were looking at? Ae aaa 17 There are some shoes inthis shop which} F Possibleanswers 2 that wastoo much mone. 3 that there willbe lots more ars near my house. 4 there might be 5 that the acting was bod e 6 that wanted pet tiger. 30 Indirect questions AW 3¢ 4 Se Gh 7a Be 2 1 wonder when Jac’sbirthday is 3 Undoest care what ay 4 Nobody knows if Simon passed his exam. 5. Shetold mevher it happened. 6 The doctor asked whether was allright 2 Charles is thinking what to 0, 8 Thereisthe problem of where we gt the mone. Possible answers 2 when he birthday was. 3 why she hadn't come to schol 4 ithe was coming tothe party. 5 who gave her the flowers. 6 ifyou are going to buyanew computer? D 2 % 4 5a Ge 7a B 9 10 E Possible answers c 2 Thay are wondering where they ae 3 She cant understand why her daughter dit 44 Hes ashing whatisin the bag 55 Hes not sure if its warm enough 6 Shes asking how it happened. 214 that) really ke {Suddenly Dens the man who) she had bought thecarfrom,/ Suddenly Dawn sae the man from whom she had bought the er. (formal) Possible answers 2. Achatroom apace on awebsite where you Can send armessage and receive an immediate reply from other wer. 13-Aeybercaféisashop ora café where you can tse the Internet, 4 Anemalisa message (which / that] you send ion thentemet '5 Alaptop ora notebook isa small computer {wich that) you can carry with ou {6 Ascreenis the part ofthe computer which / that} you look at. 7 ill Gates one ofthe businessmen who started Microsoft. 41 Non-defining relative clauses 2 whose 3 which 4 whom 5 which 5 who 7 where 8 when 2 where 3 when 4 which 5 where 5 whose 7 which & who 2 which about 3 whose..into 4 of which 5 which for 6 who..about 7 whose afer’ 8 ofwinom ‘There are 132 rooms and 35 bathrooms inthe White House, where the President ofthe United States lives 3 Vincent Van Gogh whose most famous works probably Surfowers was bom inthe Netherlands in 1853, 4 Landing on the planet Mars which scientist had always dreamed of was aly achieved in 1976, 5 The Sydney Opera House, whose oot looks like the alls of many boats, was designed by Danish architect Jom Utzon, 6 Che Guevara who dd in 1967, fought inthe Cuban Revolition. 7. Theidea of using Sound waves, which we now know as ultrasound, to findilless was put forward inthe middle ofthe 20th century. {8 The Russian winter, when temperatures typically drop to-25°C st from ate October to Apr isa true story which the Begining ofthe lm ood Wit Hurting is based on The storys about a young maths student, George Dantzig who sted atthe University of California Berkeley nthe USA. ‘One day Dantzig arrived late ora ass and copied ‘down to maths problems rom the boar, which hethought were for homework. The problems both of which Dantzig found cll, ook him longer than usual to solve ‘Afew weeks ater, when Dantag ha forgoten all abou the homework, hewas woken ary by Someone athe font door He opened the door to nhs teacher. who was very excite, with the homework in his hand Dantzig. whos father was a mathematica, believed this was an example of postive thinking. F Possibleanswers ‘whose name was Aled ‘who was also going to the town ‘who was ina hurry ‘which madehim ary wo was geting tired ‘which were now empty where he could ty ‘who had arved earlier 42 Word formation 1 ‘A 3a do 52 6b 75 Ga 9s 105 Bo 21e 3y 4 pre 5 en 6 under 7 pro B ise/ize 9 tke 10 able Across Down 4 strengthen 1 misunderstood 5 tery 3 worthless 7 profesional 6 musical 9 disappointed 8 overslept 40 substandard 1 reinvent 12 international D 2 moderise/modemize 3 accidental 4 overheat 5 take 6 hopeless 7 preview 8 Finish 2 illogical 3 demonstrate 4 mispronounce 5 inefectve 6 reform 7 critise/ize 3 unworkable 9 reorganse ize 10 successul 11 prospeling 12. simplify 13 unpronounceable 15 preitable 15 chaotic 16 revolutionse ize F 2 selingbytelephone 3 tojointogether 4 acoloursimlartobue 5 to get of plane {6 not suitable or people to read / hear2 reproduction co-production 3 dsirust/mstust semicircle 5 sutcbigraphy 6 microchip 2 nonsmoker 8 underwear” 9vaiter 10 nephbourhood “11 assistant / assistance 1 guitarist 13 hardship 28. spoonful 15 weakness 16 milionsiress © Possible answers ‘formation, reform deformity, formality ‘inimarket, marketer, supermarket ‘manage, ex manager management self ‘management reply autoplay player. coplayer ruler exter sefule understanding something wronly 2 smal part of one second ‘word with one sylble the sty of society boat which goes under the sea ferale tier Semebody who applies fr something ompetition 3. presentation epresidert 5 fetirement 6 winner febook 8 specialist 9 disagreement ‘enfidence “11 commitment 2 cignalty 13 mege-tar 16 imagination 15" usefuiness F 2 migascope 3 monopoly 4 subway 5 uohapeinass 6 semicolon 7 accountant audtar 8 competition dtttand there A 2 3d th 5 6 74 6 B 2 aoore 4a Se Gaore 7 bore C2u 3 thee 4 5 There 6 it 7 it 8 tee 2 rothing 3 clear 4 point 5 important 6 matter’ 7 doubt impossible E 2 issnowy 4 Theres fox 5 leshalfpast thee. 6's 14 November. 7 Theres onecustomer 8 Therearelotsof locks 9 shot day, 10 1i540°C 11 Thee nobody in the cate 12 Thereare alot oferty tables, F 2 Theres no ned for you to know. 3 Its time you eft. 4 ies no pood talking to him, 5 Ittookme tee hours to finish it, {© Thereare sid tobe essai (that) here are 0.00 word in the English language ee erte nn sre 7 There's no way!'m going on my own, 8 Theres /can eno doubt sbout the winner. ‘Theres /can bea doubt who the winner. 9 I couldnt believe it when they walked inthe 45 Linking words 1 A 2 3e 4b Sh OF 7e Be B 2 Levshavelunchbefore we go./ Before weg, lets have lunch, 13 Wehad a surprise when we arved./ When weartved, we had spi 4 They watched aim and had dinner afterwards /They watched afm and afterwards had dimer. / They had dinner and watched a lm afterwards / They had diner and afterwards watched ln. 5 Itwas midnight by the time we got home, / By the time we got home, twas midnight. 6 Once youve fished eating we can star. / Wie can start once youve fished eating 7 He noticed something strange ashe was eting essed. Ase was getting dressed, henoticed something strange 8 Nextada the boiling water Add the boiling water next, © Possible answers 2 Tye sean the fim we might no get the chance again Think to dangerous hisbrother is quite shy the houses ia the entre are very old (iewas| sunny Te vas interesting slo 3 after 4 As 5 Inspiteof ‘meanwhile 7 Whats more 8 before however 3 Equally/Likewise 4 Then Although 6 Furthermore 7 Lastly Despite In spite of He stl frshed the race despite an nary. She was singing wile she was packing her bogs stay here until eave a] 9.00, She cleans during the week. She helps in the Café st weekends, oo, © went inside 2 son ast stated raining. 7 She wasnot unreasonable, Onthe contrary, she listened carefly to everthing 8 Theteam playedwith ten men yet they ‘managed to win easly, 46 Linking words 2 A DAS 3 because 4 Now 5 sothat 6 because of 7 Because 8 so 9 for 10 Therefore, 11 if 12 incase B a> 42 Sa 6 74 8 9 100 C 2 incaseitrains 3 inordertosave 4 ‘Seeing (that) i's Friday 5 idea for tunning 6 because ofbad ving 7 Now that) SallySexams 8 so(that) they © Possible answers 2 Dorit speak to Nicky because she i angry. As ts your birthday, you can go home ety, Lisa boughe some ult so she could make a cake 5 Now thatthe nterne is working. check your email 6 Lukes raining hard in order so get onthe schoo! team, 7 Since Leona did't now Spanish she didnt Understand 2B Ita lovly day fr having apie ° 3 4 E 2 inorder 3 so[that)/inorderthat 4 for 5 so(that) 6 20 7 because /as since 8 so[that) 9 So/ Therefore, 10 because F Possible answers 2 for being ate 3 Since everyone ishere 4 incase she loses herjob 55 because he had chocolate om his shit 6 sowerned together present G Possible answers 2 hhehad got up early 3. we hada pene 4 itbveaks 5 hewas ite 6 the exams are over 7 more people would shop there [RG Review: indirect speech; relative clauses; word formation; itand there; linking words 'N-2 promised tbe /tha she would bea open and honest as she cou 3 knew what her readers were/are interested in 4 asked me what thought about her last book. 'sked me for my opinion about he last book, 5 Samited that some readers hadn't ied ‘ii like the ening of her let book, 6 thought twas her best book so fr. 7 sad(that shed tried to introduce more humour into her new book. 8 told me that she had been reading about birds in preparation for another writing projet. 9 advised young writers like met /that we Should ead a much as possible. 8 2 what she should do 3 doesnt knaw how to 4 whether ornot 5" what hewas "6 she was 7 how wecan” B wheremy keys are 9 whether “10 how ican C2 There are two people at the door who /that sant to speak to you 3 Thats thehouse where /in which my dad was bo / That the house which my dad was bominl 4 Martin Amis fa famous writer whose father 5 Lookat that boy who /hat Emily sitting next 0 6 tase great day which that never forget. 7 Ihave two good fiends who /that always come when need help. {8 Mycousingoes ta school where they have hardly any rules. / My cousin goes to schook inwhich there are hardly any rules, 9 Thissongisabout a woman whose life was ory hard 0 Thisphoto is ofan old fiend who that | sed to play tenis with. D2 specially especially 3 fashionable 4 populanty. 5 uncomfortable & famous 7 traditional § knowledge 9 believable 10 tii 1 imagination 12 skitfl E 2 Thereit 3 There icthere 4 i There 5 There:it 6 itsThere 7 There t 8 There:it 9 There 10 Iethere F 2 Although 3 as 4 SoS Moreover 6 before 7 Firstly ® Inaddition 9 Next 10 so. 11 aboveall 12 Lastly 13 014 inorderto Answer key 215