STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASESSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES CHAPTER 3 Highly skilled workers are required to construct staircases in-situ because the step configuration of staircases could not be possibly made without skilled carpentry. The result is longer construction duration, Using precast etaircasee will shorten the construction duration. It aleo allowe operational access instantly to all floor areas. When constructed as non-critical structural components, stairwells can be Used as access for the delivery of construction materials. 3.1 Architectural Design Considerat ‘The proposed standard precast concrete staircase is designed for use in residential, commercial and institutional developments. It is possible for an architect to specify standardised precast staircases according to Architectural Reference Sheet STO, instead of detailing staircases, Once the floor to floor height is determined, the architect would merely have to indicate the type of staircase Components on the drawings and the contractor can then buy these components off the shelf from the precaster, Using precast components would also eliminate the frequent construction errors in riser height in in-situ construction. Standard Prefebricated Building Components | 34Bree eee 3.2. Structural Design Considerations Precast stair slabs are usually designed to span longitudinally into the landings at right angles to the stair fights or span between supporting beams. In monolithic construction, the stair slab can be designed with continuous end restraints over the supports. But in instances where staircases are precast, the construction is generally caried out after the main structure, wth pockets or recesses left in the supporting slabs or beams to receive the stair fights. With no appreciable end restraints, a precast star slab could therefore be designed as simple slab between supports. In design, the dead load is calculated along the sloping lengths of the stairs but the live and finishing loads are based on plan area. If the risers were to be covered with fishes, addtional loads would have to be added in the design. The effective span is measured horizontally between the centres of the supports or the actual horizontal length of the precast stair stab where dry connections are used at the supports, The thickness of the waist is taken as the slab thickness. The basic span-effective depth ratio may be increased by 15% to 23 (=20 x 1.18) ifthe stair fight ‘occupies at least 60% of the span. This will apply to precast stair stabs without landings, The supporting nibs of the precast stair slab may be constructed with elther dry or wet connections (extended bearings). The design of reinforcement of the nibs can be based on: + Simple bending + Strut and tie force model + Shear tition ‘Theories and examples of the various design approaches can be obtained in the Structural Precast Concrete Design Handbook by BCA. Small diameter rebars should be used at the nibs as a result of the structural dimensions adopted. 32| standara Prefabricated Building ComponentsSUT 3.3. Standard Precast Staircase Dimensions In practice, the number of risers and the riser height ofa staircase have always been dictated by the storey height of a building. This would result in different riser dimensions. Prefabricating stair fights with many different riser dimensions would not be economically viable, Standard precast staircases for residential projects have already been developed by Housing and Development Board (HDB) and the private sector The main difference between HDB housing and private housing is the variation in floor to floor height. As most private developers prefer higher headroom, the number of risers and the riser height would vary accordingly. ‘The Committee considered the design aspects related to the aesthetic, fabrication, handling and erection of precast staircases and incorporated the following two distinet architectural features in the standard precast concrete staircase: + Alignment of nosing of the frst fight ished with the nosing of adjacent fight. + Simple and lined through intersection at the sofft of staircases where the fights and landings meet. ‘The Committee also proposed to limit the riser height to 165mm and 175mm, with a tread dimension to 250mm. These dimensions are suitable for fire escapes. For school development projects, 150mm riser with 300mm tread (instead of 250mm) are recommended dimensions required by the Ministry Cf Education, for safety reasons. Standard Prefabricated Building Componente [33STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES. ‘The following sketches show the recommended staircase dimensions for private housing and commercial developments. TYPICAL SECTION AT STAIRCASE LANDING Riser = 165mm, Tread = 250mm | on | TYPICAL SECTION AT STAIRCASE LANDING Riser = 175mm, Tread = 250mm 3.4| stenaara Protanricated Bullaing ComponentsSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES Architectural Reference Sheet STO1 provides the recommended riser flight combinations, which ould be used as reference for designers to select the appropriate floor height dimensions, For ‘example in residential developments, @ designer could use staircases with 175mm riser for a floor to floor height of 3,150mm, for fire escape. In luxury residential developments, staircases with a 165mm riser would be appropriate for a floor to floor height of 3,300mm. ‘The recommended width of standard staircase is ideally sot to allow for a 1,000mm clearance between handrails and edging kerb. In addition, it allows designers to include or exclude an edging kerb (or buffer zone) of 75mm width to one side of the staircase. The provision is intended for the fixing of balustrades, which could be welded to the base plate, cast in the welding pocket, or bolted to the concrete surface by cast in socket. Standard Prefabricated Building Components | 38SUPE ee 3.4. Prefabrication and Labelling Precast concrete staircases are cast on their sides or face down using precision-engineered stee! mould and offformed finished with nosing groove lines. The quality of end product is therefore assured. Dimensions such as the tread and riser should be fixed, to maximise the general usage of standard moulds. The Committee encourages designers to adopt the recommended dimensions as in Table 1, 2 and 3 of Reference Sheet STO1 in their designs The Committee also recommends designers to make use of the dimensions and details presented In the Architectural Reference Sheets, The labelling system for Stair Flight Type based on the following system, sto / 180 Is defined as: ST = __ Standard Precast Stair Flight 10 = Number of Risers per Stair Flight 150 - _ Riser dimension (in mm) 3.5 Reference Sheets 346| stonaara Prefabricated Building ComponentsBZN na eee) rehitectu erence Sheet: ST01 RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS FOR STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE Table | 150mm riser staircase. Stair Flight Flight 2 Flight Floor to floor Height Type (Riser Nos.) (mm) sT10/150 10 3000 sTHriso u 3300 ST12/150 12 3600 Note: Standardised 300mm tread, recommended for school development projects. Table 2. 165mm riser staircase. 1° Flight 20 Flight Floor to floor Height (Riser Nos.) (Riser Nos.) (rm) sT10/165 3300 Note: Standardised 250mm tread, Table 3 175mm riser staircase. 4 Flight 2° Flight Floor to floor Height (Riser Nos.) (Riser Nos.) (mm) ST8/i175 2800 ST9ITS 3150 ST10/175 3500) sTtt75 3850 sT12/175 4200 Note: Standardised 250mm tread, aaBOX OUT CONNECTION DETAIL TYPE 1 BOX OUT CONNECTION DETAIL TYPE2 Dry oints to be used where staircaseSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES Architectural Reference Sheet: STO4 GENERAL NOTES FOR STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE 1. In practice, the number of risers and the riser height of a staircase have always been dictated by the storey height of a bullding. This would result in different riser dimensions. Due to the cost of mould, prefabricating stair flights with many different riser dimensions would not be economically viable, 2. The Committee recommends designers to limit the riser height to 165mm and 175mm. with a tread dimension to 250mm. For school development projects, 150mm riser with 300mm tread (instead of 250mm) are recommended dimensions required by the Ministry of Education, for safety reasons. 3, The architectural features of the proposed precast staircase are: + Alignment of nosing of the first fight flushed with the nosing of adjacent flight + Simple and lined through intersection at the soffit of staircases where the flights and landings meet 4, The proposed precast staircase would be suitable for fire escape. However it could be modified by Qualified Person to suit the intended usage. 5. The recommended width of the standard staircase is ideally set to allow for 2 1,000mm clearance | between handrails and edging kerb of 75mm to one side of the staircase for the fixing of balustrades. | Precast concrete staircases are cast on their sides or face down using precision-engineered steel | mould and of-formed frished with nosing groove lines, | 340| standard Prefabricated Building ComponentsSIEMENS Architectural Reference Sheet: STOS STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE DETAILS (DRY JOINT) TYPE: STIO/65 SECTION 8-8 Standard Pretebricated Building Components | 344a2 BPP eee Architectural Reference Sheet: STO6 STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE DETAILS (WET JOINT) TYPE: STIO/I65 SECTION AA DETAIL E Standard Prefabricated Building ComponentsRUPE Architectural Reference Sh: HDB’S PRECAST STAIRCASE DETAILS France ee eae Su uw fe Standard Prefabricated Building Components | 343BUTT Structural Reference Sheet: STOS GENERAL NOTES FOR STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE (DRY AND WET JOINT) ncret 1. Minimum grade of concrete in all reinforced concrete elements shall be C40, normal weight concrete, 2. Nominal cover to reinforcement shall be 25mm. 3. Surface finishes shall be off-form, 4. It shall have @ minimum fire rating af two hours. Reinforcement 1. Allreinforcement shall conform to the latest BS4449 with a minimum yield stross: + T= Denotes 460 Nimm? high yield deformed bar, Type 2 + R= Denotes 250N/mm? for mild steel bars 2. _Allstee! fabric shall conform to the latest BS4483 with a minimum yield stress of 485N/mme. D nsideration: 1. Walls shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of 88110. 2. Precast stair fight was designed as simply support slab between landings. 3. When completed, stair fight shall be restrained by cast in-situ landing Dry Joint Construction Sequence A Landings shall be cast in-situ before the placement of precast stair fights, Leveling timber or steel section shall be used, to ensure flushed soffit when completed When dry joint is to be adopted at seating nib, U-loops at landings and ends of stair fight shall be bent and interlocked with each other after the placement of stair fight. Alternatively, interlocking rebars could be inserted after the placement of stair fight on landings. (Reference Sheet ST02) Nominal star fight / landing contact bearing shall be 78mm. Wet Joint Construction Sequence Landings shall be cast in-situ before the placement of precast stair lights Levelling timber or steel section shall be used, to ensure flushed soffit when completed, The cast in-situ strip will prevent water seeping through the joint, suitable for staircases subjected to wetting and drying. (Architectural Reference Sheet S03) ‘Temporary props / levelling timber or stee! sections shall be used to ensure cast in-situ concrete infll achieve the required strength during installation Nominal stair fight / landing contact bearing shall be 75mm. 34| Standard Prefabvicated Building ComponentsStructural Reference STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS (DRY JOINT) TYPE: STIO/165 345 Standord Prefabricated Building ComponentFee ae ee Structural Reference Sheet: ST10 STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS (WET JOINT) TYPE: STIO/N65 DETAIL FLIGHT PLAN a46| standers Prefabricated Building ComponentsSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCAS Structural Reference Sheet: ST11 HDB’S PRECAST STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS ak SCHEDULE TRE E be 3 i i ra Ae le BS i é i € EF foo | at a & , Ht ro ouyam—ofhh u Lit ‘Standera Prefabricated Building Components | 347Brn ee ee Structural Reference Sheet: ST12 (Sheet 1 of DESIGN TABLE - PRECAST STAIRCASE FLIGHT AND NIB Live Load = 2.5kN/m? and 3.0kNim? Main Reinforcement Main Reinforcement 88 88 88 Be T1250 R6 @ 125 —] R6@ 100 B10 B12 B12, B12 sTiones - R6 @ 150 86 87 87 87 ST8/175 - - R6 @ 150 - - R6 @ 150 4 86 B6 S 86 86 g Live Load | Live Load Nib Live Load] Live Load Nib (2.5kNim?) | (2.5kNim?) | Reinforcement | (3.0kNim?)| (3.0kNim?) | Reinforcement Finishes Finishes iSie ST14/150 Re @ 12% RE @ 125 @125 iO @ R6 @ 150 sT9n75 Ré @ 150 R6 @ 150 ei : Bu Br sT10/175 Re @ 150 R6 @ 150 87 87 2 < sTiin7s — = R6 @ 150 R6 @ 125 87 88 2 S sTi2t7s RG @ 125 RE @ 125 ee B10 ¢ Note: 1 Design parameters: fou=40Nimm Cover=35mm fy=4B5Nimmémesh; fy=460NImm?Fbars};_y-250NImm (mid ste!) 2 Finishes are taken as 1.2kNin? a [78a] — Denotes Top reinforcement using B9 mesh B10] - Denotes Bottom reinforcement using 810 mesh 4 The proposed standard recast concrete staicase s designed for eacetime use. Nevertheless, where there is nly ene siacase leading to household shelters the Professional Engineer or Qualifod Person would have to ‘ary out e detailed design in complance with Givi Defence requirements, 310) standard Pretabriceted Building ComponentsType | Live Load] Live Load Nib Live Load] Live Load (4.0kN/m?) | (4.0kNim?) | Reinforcement | (5.0kNim?)| (5.0kN/m?) + + Finishes Finishes SUPP al Reference of 2) DESIGN TABLE - PRECAST STAIRCASE FLIGHT AND NIB Live Load = 4.0kN/m? and 5.0kNim* Main Reinforcement Main Reinforcement sT10/150 - RO @ 150 R6 @ 100 BS 57, sT11/180 R6 @ 100 R6 @ 100 B12 B12 BB BB sT12/150 R6 @ 100 Bi2+ B12+ R6 @ 100 Ti0@200 | T10@100 sT10/165 RG @ 125 RE @ 125 ST8i75 R6 @ 150 R6 @ 150 STOITS RG @ 150 R6 @ 125 sT10/175 R6 @ 125, R6@ 125, STHI/I75 RG @ 125 R6 @ 100 sT12/175 R6 @ 100 R6 @ 100 Design parameters: fou=40Nimm?; Cover=35mm ‘ye485Nimm%(mesh): fy=460Nimm2(T-bars); _fy=2S0Nimm?(mid steel) Finishes are taken as 1.2kNim? 89 = Denotes Top reinforcement using 89 mesh B10] - Denotes Bottom reinforcement using B10 mesh ‘The proposed standard precast concrete staircase is designed for peacetime use. Nevertheless, where thers is only one staircase leading to household shelters, the Professional Engineer or Qualified Person would have to carry out a detailed design in compliance with Chil Defence requirements, 4 Building Components | 349Bg eee Structural Reference Sheet: ST13 DESIGN EXAMPLE = - — PRECAST STAIRCASE ST 10/165 | ee ign Dats Material Conerete feu = 40Nimm? Welded Mesh fy = 485Nimmt Mild Steel fy = —.250NImm? Cover to reinforcement = 25mm Fire Rating = 2hours Loading Design Live Load = 4.0kNim? 320 nderd Pretebricated Building ComponentsSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES Consider per metre width of staircase Slope length of stair Weight of waist plus steps Live Load Ultimate Load, F Structural Reference Sheet: ST13 VF 2B 3.415m (0.183 x 3.415 + 0.275 x 0.165 x 10+2) x 24 18.00kNimn 4.0 x2.99 = 11.96KNm = 14x 1800+ 16x 11.96 = 44.36kNim Bending Reinforcement ‘Assuming no effective restraint at support. Ultimate 8M at mid-span M Effective depth, Use d zd Use 2d Therefore z As Use welded mesh type 87 Fxt =e 44.34 x 2.99 8 = 16.57kNmim 163-25 -10+2 123mm 120mm 0.5 + V(O25-M= (Waa) 0.5 + V(0.25- (1857 x 10" = (09 x 1000 x 120" x 40) 0.987 0.95 114mm M O85 xtyxz 16.57 x 10° 005 x 485 x 114 315mmeim (Main reinforcement 7mm dia. @100mm cic, secondary reinforcement 7mm dia. @ 200mm clo) Therefore, provided As 385mmeim Standard Prefabricated Building Components | 224GN eee Structural Reference Sheet: ST13 M_ = 1657 x 10° ba 1000 x 1202 = 115 2 xtyx As ras ia: AS Prov = 2 x 486 x 315 3 385 = 265Nimm? Tension modification factor, ® = 0.55 + _(477- fy) 720(09+ M_) bx@ = 085 + (477-265) 720 (09+ 1.16) = tat Clause 3.10.22, Part 1, BS8110 (1997), basic span / depth ratio of staircase fight = 20x1.15 = 23 Minimum effective depth, d L ‘® x Span/Depth Ratio = 2990 441x23 = 92mm < 120mm ‘Therefore, OK 3.22| stonsard Pretabricated Building Components90 STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES Structural Reference Sheet: ST13 Pe 52, 30 Reaction at supporting nibs, Bending Moment, (At Section x) Effective depth, Therefore, Use mild steel, Use R6 @ 150mm cle, 2H zd As lel 44.34x 0.8 22.47KNIm 90 +30 120mm Vxa, 22.17 x 0.120 2.66kNmim ‘85mm - 25mm - §mm 65mm 0.5 + \(O25-M= OabeTeu)) 0.5 + V(O25- 266 x 10" (0.9 x 1000 x 65" x 40) 0.98 (<2id = 0.95) 61.8mm M O95 xfyxz 2.66 x 10° 0.95 x 250 x 61.8 481mm%im 188mm*im Standard Prefabricated Building Compononts | 323Bere Structural Re nce Sheet: ST13, Check Anchorage Fy 0.95 fy As 0.95 x 250 x 28 x 10° 6.65kN Minimum bending radius, r= Fy X a Where = 6mm a 450mm fou 40NImm? Therefore r BB 85x108 x 1 + 2(6+150) 6 2x40 2 149mm 2 250 Provide ' 2750 > 250 Therefore, OK Check Hang-up Reinforcement Heng-up reinforcement, a v 095% 22.17 «102 0.95 x 250 83mmeim For practical reason, provide at every R6 nib reinforcement a looped R6 as hanger steel, as below. Bending baronet Hanger ete! 3:24 | stangara Protan) sated Building ComponentsSUELO Structural Reference Sheet: ST13 25 400, a TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT DETAILS AT UPPER FLIGHT TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT DETAILS AT LOWER FLIGHT Standard Peefabricated Building Components | 325Berrie Structural Reference Sheet: $713 Check Shear Shear force, Vis 22.47KNIm vez 22.17 x 108 1000 x 65 0.34Nimm? 188 x 100% 00 x 65 = 029% 0,79 (4) (4001e) *(fur25)"2 %m 1.25 0.79 (0.2)"° (400/65) (40/25)"* “ar Pad 1 a hae ee = O77Nimm? — > 0.34Nimm? 3:26| stangara Prefabricated Building Components Therefore, OKSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES Structural Reference Sheet: ST13 ‘eran PLAN SECTION 2-2 ‘Standard Prefabricated Building Components 327