STANDARD
PRECAST
STAIRCASESSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES
CHAPTER 3
Highly skilled workers are required to construct staircases in-situ because the step configuration
of staircases could not be possibly made without skilled carpentry. The result is longer
construction duration,
Using precast etaircasee will shorten the construction duration. It aleo allowe operational access
instantly to all floor areas. When constructed as non-critical structural components, stairwells can be
Used as access for the delivery of construction materials.
3.1 Architectural Design Considerat
‘The proposed standard precast concrete staircase is designed for use in residential, commercial and
institutional developments. It is possible for an architect to specify standardised precast staircases
according to Architectural Reference Sheet STO, instead of detailing staircases, Once the floor to
floor height is determined, the architect would merely have to indicate the type of staircase
Components on the drawings and the contractor can then buy these components off the shelf from
the precaster, Using precast components would also eliminate the frequent construction errors in
riser height in in-situ construction.
Standard Prefebricated Building Components | 34Bree eee
3.2. Structural Design Considerations
Precast stair slabs are usually designed to span longitudinally into the landings at right angles to the
stair fights or span between supporting beams. In monolithic construction, the stair slab can be
designed with continuous end restraints over the supports. But in instances where staircases are
precast, the construction is generally caried out after the main structure, wth pockets or recesses
left in the supporting slabs or beams to receive the stair fights. With no appreciable end restraints,
a precast star slab could therefore be designed as simple slab between supports.
In design, the dead load is calculated along the sloping lengths of the stairs but the live and finishing
loads are based on plan area. If the risers were to be covered with fishes, addtional loads would
have to be added in the design.
The effective span is measured horizontally between the centres of the supports or the actual
horizontal length of the precast stair stab where dry connections are used at the supports, The
thickness of the waist is taken as the slab thickness.
The basic span-effective depth ratio may be increased by 15% to 23 (=20 x 1.18) ifthe stair fight
‘occupies at least 60% of the span. This will apply to precast stair stabs without landings,
The supporting nibs of the precast stair slab may be constructed with elther dry or wet connections
(extended bearings). The design of reinforcement of the nibs can be based on:
+ Simple bending
+ Strut and tie force model
+ Shear tition
‘Theories and examples of the various design approaches can be obtained in the Structural Precast
Concrete Design Handbook by BCA. Small diameter rebars should be used at the nibs as a result
of the structural dimensions adopted.
32| standara Prefabricated Building ComponentsSUT
3.3. Standard Precast Staircase Dimensions
In practice, the number of risers and the riser height ofa staircase have always been dictated by the
storey height of a building. This would result in different riser dimensions. Prefabricating stair fights
with many different riser dimensions would not be economically viable,
Standard precast staircases for residential projects have already been developed by Housing and
Development Board (HDB) and the private sector The main difference between HDB housing and
private housing is the variation in floor to floor height. As most private developers prefer higher
headroom, the number of risers and the riser height would vary accordingly.
‘The Committee considered the design aspects related to the aesthetic, fabrication, handling and
erection of precast staircases and incorporated the following two distinet architectural features in the
standard precast concrete staircase:
+ Alignment of nosing of the frst fight ished with the nosing of adjacent fight.
+ Simple and lined through intersection at the sofft of staircases where the fights and
landings meet.
‘The Committee also proposed to limit the riser height to 165mm and 175mm, with a tread dimension
to 250mm. These dimensions are suitable for fire escapes. For school development projects, 150mm
riser with 300mm tread (instead of 250mm) are recommended dimensions required by the Ministry
Cf Education, for safety reasons.
Standard Prefabricated Building Componente [33STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES.
‘The following sketches show the recommended staircase dimensions for private housing and
commercial developments.
TYPICAL SECTION AT STAIRCASE LANDING
Riser = 165mm, Tread = 250mm
|
on
|
TYPICAL SECTION AT STAIRCASE LANDING
Riser = 175mm, Tread = 250mm
3.4| stenaara Protanricated Bullaing ComponentsSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES
Architectural Reference Sheet STO1 provides the recommended riser flight combinations, which
ould be used as reference for designers to select the appropriate floor height dimensions, For
‘example in residential developments, @ designer could use staircases with 175mm riser for a floor to
floor height of 3,150mm, for fire escape. In luxury residential developments, staircases with a 165mm
riser would be appropriate for a floor to floor height of 3,300mm.
‘The recommended width of standard staircase is ideally sot to allow for a 1,000mm clearance
between handrails and edging kerb. In addition, it allows designers to include or exclude an edging
kerb (or buffer zone) of 75mm width to one side of the staircase. The provision is intended for the
fixing of balustrades, which could be welded to the base plate, cast in the welding pocket, or bolted
to the concrete surface by cast in socket.
Standard Prefabricated Building Components | 38SUPE ee
3.4. Prefabrication and Labelling
Precast concrete staircases are cast on their sides or face down using precision-engineered stee!
mould and offformed finished with nosing groove lines. The quality of end product is therefore
assured. Dimensions such as the tread and riser should be fixed, to maximise the general usage of
standard moulds. The Committee encourages designers to adopt the recommended dimensions as
in Table 1, 2 and 3 of Reference Sheet STO1 in their designs
The Committee also recommends designers to make use of the dimensions and details presented
In the Architectural Reference Sheets, The labelling system for Stair Flight Type based on the
following system,
sto / 180
Is defined as:
ST = __ Standard Precast Stair Flight
10 = Number of Risers per Stair Flight
150 - _ Riser dimension (in mm)
3.5 Reference Sheets
346| stonaara Prefabricated Building ComponentsBZN na eee)
rehitectu erence Sheet: ST01
RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS FOR STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE
Table | 150mm riser staircase.
Stair Flight Flight 2 Flight Floor to floor Height
Type (Riser Nos.) (mm)
sT10/150 10 3000
sTHriso u 3300
ST12/150 12 3600
Note: Standardised 300mm tread, recommended for school development projects.
Table 2. 165mm riser staircase.
1° Flight 20 Flight Floor to floor Height
(Riser Nos.) (Riser Nos.) (rm)
sT10/165 3300
Note: Standardised 250mm tread,
Table 3 175mm riser staircase.
4 Flight 2° Flight Floor to floor Height
(Riser Nos.) (Riser Nos.) (mm)
ST8/i175 2800
ST9ITS 3150
ST10/175 3500)
sTtt75 3850
sT12/175 4200
Note: Standardised 250mm tread,
aaBOX OUT CONNECTION DETAIL
TYPE 1
BOX OUT CONNECTION DETAIL
TYPE2
Dry oints to be used where staircaseSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES
Architectural Reference Sheet: STO4
GENERAL NOTES FOR STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE
1. In practice, the number of risers and the riser height of a staircase have always been dictated by the
storey height of a bullding. This would result in different riser dimensions. Due to the cost of mould,
prefabricating stair flights with many different riser dimensions would not be economically viable,
2. The Committee recommends designers to limit the riser height to 165mm and 175mm. with a tread
dimension to 250mm. For school development projects, 150mm riser with 300mm tread (instead of
250mm) are recommended dimensions required by the Ministry of Education, for safety reasons.
3, The architectural features of the proposed precast staircase are:
+ Alignment of nosing of the first fight flushed with the nosing of adjacent flight
+ Simple and lined through intersection at the soffit of staircases where the flights and
landings meet
4, The proposed precast staircase would be suitable for fire escape. However it could be modified by
Qualified Person to suit the intended usage.
5. The recommended width of the standard staircase is ideally set to allow for 2 1,000mm clearance |
between handrails and edging kerb of 75mm to one side of the staircase for the fixing of balustrades.
|
Precast concrete staircases are cast on their sides or face down using precision-engineered steel |
mould and of-formed frished with nosing groove lines, |
340| standard Prefabricated Building ComponentsSIEMENS
Architectural Reference Sheet: STOS
STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE DETAILS (DRY JOINT)
TYPE: STIO/65
SECTION 8-8
Standard Pretebricated Building Components | 344a2
BPP eee
Architectural Reference Sheet: STO6
STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE DETAILS (WET JOINT)
TYPE: STIO/I65
SECTION AA
DETAIL E
Standard Prefabricated Building ComponentsRUPE
Architectural Reference Sh:
HDB’S PRECAST STAIRCASE DETAILS
France
ee
eae Su
uw
fe
Standard Prefabricated Building Components | 343BUTT
Structural Reference Sheet: STOS
GENERAL NOTES FOR STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE
(DRY AND WET JOINT)
ncret
1. Minimum grade of concrete in all reinforced concrete elements shall be C40, normal weight concrete,
2. Nominal cover to reinforcement shall be 25mm.
3. Surface finishes shall be off-form,
4. It shall have @ minimum fire rating af two hours.
Reinforcement
1. Allreinforcement shall conform to the latest BS4449 with a minimum yield stross:
+ T= Denotes 460 Nimm? high yield deformed bar, Type 2
+ R= Denotes 250N/mm? for mild steel bars
2. _Allstee! fabric shall conform to the latest BS4483 with a minimum yield stress of 485N/mme.
D nsideration:
1. Walls shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of 88110.
2. Precast stair fight was designed as simply support slab between landings.
3. When completed, stair fight shall be restrained by cast in-situ landing
Dry Joint Construction Sequence
A
Landings shall be cast in-situ before the placement of precast stair fights,
Leveling timber or steel section shall be used, to ensure flushed soffit when completed
When dry joint is to be adopted at seating nib, U-loops at landings and ends of stair fight shall be
bent and interlocked with each other after the placement of stair fight. Alternatively, interlocking
rebars could be inserted after the placement of stair fight on landings. (Reference Sheet ST02)
Nominal star fight / landing contact bearing shall be 78mm.
Wet Joint Construction Sequence
Landings shall be cast in-situ before the placement of precast stair lights
Levelling timber or steel section shall be used, to ensure flushed soffit when completed,
The cast in-situ strip will prevent water seeping through the joint, suitable for staircases subjected to
wetting and drying. (Architectural Reference Sheet S03)
‘Temporary props / levelling timber or stee! sections shall be used to ensure cast in-situ concrete infll
achieve the required strength during installation
Nominal stair fight / landing contact bearing shall be 75mm.
34| Standard Prefabvicated Building ComponentsStructural Reference
STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS (DRY JOINT)
TYPE: STIO/165
345
Standord Prefabricated Building ComponentFee ae ee
Structural Reference Sheet: ST10
STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS (WET JOINT)
TYPE: STIO/N65
DETAIL
FLIGHT PLAN
a46| standers Prefabricated Building ComponentsSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCAS
Structural Reference Sheet: ST11
HDB’S PRECAST STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
ak SCHEDULE TRE
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3
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‘Standera Prefabricated Building Components | 347Brn ee ee
Structural Reference Sheet: ST12
(Sheet 1 of
DESIGN TABLE - PRECAST STAIRCASE FLIGHT AND NIB
Live Load = 2.5kN/m? and 3.0kNim?
Main Reinforcement Main Reinforcement
88 88 88 Be
T1250 R6 @ 125 —] R6@ 100
B10 B12 B12, B12
sTiones - R6 @ 150
86 87 87 87
ST8/175 - - R6 @ 150 - - R6 @ 150
4 86 B6 S 86 86 g
Live Load | Live Load Nib Live Load] Live Load Nib
(2.5kNim?) | (2.5kNim?) | Reinforcement | (3.0kNim?)| (3.0kNim?) | Reinforcement
Finishes Finishes
iSie
ST14/150
Re @ 12% RE @ 125
@125 iO @
R6 @ 150
sT9n75 Ré @ 150 R6 @ 150
ei : Bu Br
sT10/175 Re @ 150 R6 @ 150
87 87 2 <
sTiin7s — = R6 @ 150 R6 @ 125
87 88 2 S
sTi2t7s RG @ 125 RE @ 125
ee B10 ¢
Note:
1 Design parameters: fou=40Nimm Cover=35mm
fy=4B5Nimmémesh; fy=460NImm?Fbars};_y-250NImm (mid ste!)
2 Finishes are taken as 1.2kNin?
a [78a] — Denotes Top reinforcement using B9 mesh
B10] - Denotes Bottom reinforcement using 810 mesh
4 The proposed standard recast concrete staicase s designed for eacetime use. Nevertheless, where there is
nly ene siacase leading to household shelters the Professional Engineer or Qualifod Person would have to
‘ary out e detailed design in complance with Givi Defence requirements,
310) standard Pretabriceted Building ComponentsType | Live Load] Live Load Nib Live Load] Live Load
(4.0kN/m?) | (4.0kNim?) | Reinforcement | (5.0kNim?)| (5.0kN/m?)
+ +
Finishes Finishes
SUPP
al Reference
of 2)
DESIGN TABLE - PRECAST STAIRCASE FLIGHT AND NIB
Live Load = 4.0kN/m? and 5.0kNim*
Main Reinforcement Main Reinforcement
sT10/150 - RO @ 150 R6 @ 100
BS 57,
sT11/180 R6 @ 100 R6 @ 100
B12 B12
BB BB
sT12/150 R6 @ 100 Bi2+ B12+ R6 @ 100
Ti0@200 | T10@100
sT10/165 RG @ 125 RE @ 125
ST8i75 R6 @ 150 R6 @ 150
STOITS RG @ 150 R6 @ 125
sT10/175 R6 @ 125, R6@ 125,
STHI/I75 RG @ 125 R6 @ 100
sT12/175 R6 @ 100 R6 @ 100
Design parameters: fou=40Nimm?; Cover=35mm
‘ye485Nimm%(mesh): fy=460Nimm2(T-bars); _fy=2S0Nimm?(mid steel)
Finishes are taken as 1.2kNim?
89 = Denotes Top reinforcement using 89 mesh
B10] - Denotes Bottom reinforcement using B10 mesh
‘The proposed standard precast concrete staircase is designed for peacetime use. Nevertheless, where thers is
only one staircase leading to household shelters, the Professional Engineer or Qualified Person would have to
carry out a detailed design in compliance with Chil Defence requirements,
4 Building Components | 349Bg eee
Structural Reference Sheet: ST13
DESIGN EXAMPLE = - — PRECAST STAIRCASE ST 10/165
|
ee
ign Dats
Material
Conerete feu = 40Nimm?
Welded Mesh fy = 485Nimmt
Mild Steel fy = —.250NImm?
Cover to reinforcement = 25mm
Fire Rating = 2hours
Loading
Design Live Load = 4.0kNim?
320
nderd Pretebricated Building ComponentsSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES
Consider per metre width of staircase
Slope length of stair
Weight of waist plus steps
Live Load
Ultimate Load, F
Structural Reference Sheet: ST13
VF 2B
3.415m
(0.183 x 3.415 + 0.275 x 0.165 x 10+2) x 24
18.00kNimn
4.0 x2.99
= 11.96KNm
= 14x 1800+ 16x 11.96
= 44.36kNim
Bending Reinforcement
‘Assuming no effective restraint at support.
Ultimate 8M at mid-span
M
Effective depth,
Use d
zd
Use 2d
Therefore z
As
Use welded mesh type 87
Fxt
=e
44.34 x 2.99
8
= 16.57kNmim
163-25 -10+2
123mm
120mm
0.5 + V(O25-M= (Waa)
0.5 + V(0.25- (1857 x 10" = (09 x 1000 x 120" x 40)
0.987
0.95
114mm
M
O85 xtyxz
16.57 x 10°
005 x 485 x 114
315mmeim
(Main reinforcement 7mm dia. @100mm cic, secondary reinforcement 7mm dia. @ 200mm clo)
Therefore, provided As
385mmeim
Standard Prefabricated Building Components | 224GN eee
Structural Reference Sheet: ST13
M_ = 1657 x 10°
ba 1000 x 1202
= 115
2 xtyx As ras
ia: AS Prov
= 2 x 486 x 315
3 385
= 265Nimm?
Tension modification factor, ® = 0.55 + _(477- fy)
720(09+ M_)
bx@
= 085 + (477-265)
720 (09+ 1.16)
= tat
Clause 3.10.22, Part 1, BS8110 (1997), basic span / depth ratio of staircase fight
= 20x1.15
= 23
Minimum effective depth, d L
‘® x Span/Depth Ratio
= 2990
441x23
= 92mm < 120mm ‘Therefore, OK
3.22| stonsard Pretabricated Building Components90
STANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES
Structural Reference Sheet: ST13
Pe
52, 30
Reaction at supporting nibs,
Bending Moment,
(At Section x)
Effective depth,
Therefore,
Use mild steel,
Use R6 @ 150mm cle,
2H
zd
As
lel
44.34x 0.8
22.47KNIm
90 +30
120mm
Vxa,
22.17 x 0.120
2.66kNmim
‘85mm - 25mm - §mm
65mm
0.5 + \(O25-M= OabeTeu))
0.5 + V(O25- 266 x 10" (0.9 x 1000 x 65" x 40)
0.98 (<2id = 0.95)
61.8mm
M
O95 xfyxz
2.66 x 10°
0.95 x 250 x 61.8
481mm%im
188mm*im
Standard Prefabricated Building Compononts | 323Bere
Structural Re
nce Sheet: ST13,
Check Anchorage
Fy 0.95 fy As
0.95 x 250 x 28 x 10°
6.65kN
Minimum bending radius, r= Fy X
a
Where = 6mm
a 450mm
fou 40NImm?
Therefore r BB 85x108 x 1 + 2(6+150)
6 2x40
2 149mm
2 250
Provide ' 2750 > 250 Therefore, OK
Check Hang-up Reinforcement
Heng-up reinforcement, a v
095%
22.17 «102
0.95 x 250
83mmeim
For practical reason, provide at every R6 nib reinforcement a looped R6 as hanger steel, as below.
Bending baronet
Hanger ete!
3:24 | stangara Protan)
sated Building ComponentsSUELO
Structural Reference Sheet: ST13
25
400,
a
TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT DETAILS AT UPPER FLIGHT
TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT DETAILS AT LOWER FLIGHT
Standard Peefabricated Building Components | 325Berrie
Structural Reference Sheet: $713
Check Shear
Shear force, Vis 22.47KNIm
vez 22.17 x 108
1000 x 65
0.34Nimm?
188 x 100%
00 x 65
= 029%
0,79 (4) (4001e) *(fur25)"2
%m
1.25
0.79 (0.2)"° (400/65) (40/25)"*
“ar Pad 1 a hae ee
= O77Nimm? — > 0.34Nimm?
3:26| stangara Prefabricated Building Components
Therefore, OKSTANDARD PRECAST STAIRCASES
Structural Reference Sheet: ST13
‘eran
PLAN
SECTION 2-2
‘Standard Prefabricated Building Components
327