‘he idea of matrices was given by br Cayley. an English mathematician tisinteeth century who first developed, Arey of Matrices” in 1858. Qi. Define the following terms. ) Matrix “a rectangular array or a formation dlacdecon of real numbers, say 0, 1, 2, jaml 7, such as: } 3 and then exe by brackets “| Tis said to forea a 134) simi ; 48 4]: Simitany [4] -aather matrix. The matrices are denoted carenionally by the capital Setters ABCouMN ete. of the English mit ate (Order of a Matrix ‘The number of rows and columns inamatix specifies its order. If a matrix Mias m rows and 2 columns then M is sso he of order, m-by-n, For example, 2 a1 i 2| (ii) Equa! Matrices is onler 2-by-3, Exer 1. Mind the order of the following matrices. ol ‘| ghromterof A is 2-by-2 j2 a} . ml sl order of B is 2-by-2 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Let A and B be two matrices, Then A is said to be equal to B, and is denoted by AB, if and only if; () The order of A = The order of B ii) Their corresponding entries are equal. @ A ja a and B is 2 are equal matrices “We see that (a) The order of matrix A = The order of matrix B (b) Their corresponding clements are eque, Thus A=B . 2 3 Gi) a 5] are not equal matrices. We see that: order of L = order of M but entries in the second row and second column are not same, so L # M. se 23 234 ii) p-|4, 2 and o-[?, 2 4 are not equal matrices. We see that onder of P ¥ order of Q.s0P#Q onder of Cis I-by-2 onder of D is 3-by-1order of Bis 3-by-2 F-[2] order of Fis I-by-I j2 3 0 G=|1 2 3) ,order of Gis 3-by-3 204° 5 23 |; 0 ‘| order of H is 2-by-3 2.” Which of the folowing matrices are equal? A=[1, B-[3 D=[s n-{) ab ya[2t2 2-2 “[2+4 240 Ans. Equal inattices are A=C Bel BsH=J F=G 3. Find the values of a, b, ¢ and d which satisfy the matrix equation. ate at2b]_[o 7] c-1 44-6] 13 2a] ate=0. i) Ans, : a+2b= Gil) c sevssses-liii) 4d 6 = 24 ......liv) From (iii) c=3el From (iv) 4d-2d=6 Patvaiu —442b=-7 Qb=-744 2b =-3 ‘Types of Matrices (e) Row Matrix. A matrix is called a row matrix if j hhas only one row. egs the matrix M=(2 9-1 7] is « row matrix of order I-by-3-— ant M-=[1 -1] is'a row matrix of order i by-2. (i) Column Matrix. ‘A matrix is called a column mattis i if it has only one column eg., we)2 ani N=[0} are column matrices of. order i 2by-1 and 3-by-1 respectively. () Rectangular Matrix, A matrix ig catled rectangular if, the number of rows of M is not equal to tle number of columns of M. 12] ea Aalt 1): 2al o-|: be def {7 8) are all rectangular matrices, The 10. arder of A is 3-by-2, the order of B is 2: by-3, the order of Cis 1-by-3 and otder of Dis 3-by-1, which indicates that in each matrix the number of rows # the number of coltinns ©) Square Matrix. A matrix is called a square matrix if its number of rows is cqual to its number of columns. C=[1 2 3) ang D= 24 2 ~1 cael? adh 3 Slo . oO 1 3 C=[3] are square matrices of orders »Pby-2, 3-by-3 and 1-by-1 respectively. ©) Null or Zero Matrix, A matrix M is called a null or zero matrix if each of its entries is 0. vefo oh 9% (h [os9) oo 0 and }0 0 OJ are null matrices of 00 0 orders 2-by-2, I-by-2, 2-by-1, 2-by-3 and 3-by-3 respectively. Null matrix is represented by 0. (vi) Transpose of a Matrix. A matrix obtained by interchanging the rows into columns. or columns into rows of a matrix is called troxspose of that matrix. If A is a matrix then its transpose is denoted by A‘ 192 3 eg. WD) If Ast2 1 9 14 2 12 41 ¥ then A‘=[2 1 4 3.0 -2 Note: if a matrix A is of order 2-by-3 then order of its transpose At is 3-by-2 (vil) Negative of a Matrix. Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, —A, is obtained by changing the signs of all the entries of A, ie, was!) 2) een-a-f 2 “ia 4p AT Ly (viii) Symmetric Matrix, A square matrix is symmettic if it is equal to its transpose ie. matrix A is symmetric if12 3 eg @ Io Msi2 -1 4 304 0 is a square matrix, then 1 2 3 M=/20 -1 =M. Thus M is a 3.4 0 symmetric matrix. 2013 Gi) Ie 2 2], 13 2 then A'=|1 20 1/#A 3.92 3 Hence A is not a~ symmetric matrix. a (s) _ Skew-Symmetric Matrix. A square matrix A is said to be skew-symimettic if A'=A. Since i = —A, therefore A is a skew-symmetric matrix. (x) Diagonal Matrix. A square matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if atleast any one of the entries of its diagonal is not zero and non- diagonal entries must all be zero. 10 0 1 0 0 eg,A=/0 2 0|,B=|0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 and C=/0 1 0} are all diagonal 00 3 matrices of order 3-by-3. eam eh | are diagonal matrices of order 2-by-2«, (xi) Scalar Matrix. A diagonal matrix is called a cali matrix, if all the diagonal entries are same k 0 0 and non-zero, For example |0 k 0 oo k where k is a constant #0, 1. 20 0 Also A=|/Q 2 0}, a-[) 3m 0 3 o 0 2 C=[5] are scalar matrices of order 3-by- 3, 2-by-2 and I-by-1 respectively. (xii) Identity Matrix. A diagonal matrix is called identity (unit) matrix if all diagonal entries are 1 and it is denoted by I. 10 0 eg, As|O 1 0) is a 3by-3 oo 1 identity matrix. 1 0} % 2, x B=). | isa2by-2 identity maui. cs[i] ig a L-by-1 identity matrix.Ans, (a) Ligier From the following matrices, fientify unit matrices, row matrices, cohmn matrices and null matrices. Ans. af al: Null matrix 0 0 B=[2 3 4], Row matrix 4 C=|0], Column matrix 6 10 . . D= , Unit matrix o 1 E=(0], Null matrix 5 F=|6 Column matrix 7 1 From. the following matrices, identity 3 @ Square matrices (b) Rectangular matrices (©) Row matrices (@) Column matrices () Identity matrices () Null matrices Square Matrices: Gi) fe 3 {3 2 flo ™ Lo 4 Ans. (b) 2 Ans. (c) o Ans. (d) Ans. (e) Ans. (f) 1 24 Wii) j|-1 2 0 [o 0 1] Rectangular Matrices: 827 ® 12.0 | [3 a {o 4 p12 w 34 56 Row Matrices: w) B 0 -] Column Matrices: 3 Gi) fo ul fi wi) 10 0 Identity Matrices: 1 0 @) 14 | Null matrices: 00 Gxy [00 003. From the following matrices, identify diagonal, scalar and unit (identity) matrices. 4 0) A= 0 2 0 1 oi 3 0] o of 5 Ss 0 E= 0 J+1 Ans, Scalar matrices: 4 0 A= . Oo 4) 1+] Unit Matrices: e 1 0 cu oo. Diagonal Matrices: al* Lp-[2 ©], 4 9 -1 9 1 0 3.0 c= Deo o 1 [: al 5- pf ° 9 141 4. Find negative of matrices A, B, C, Dand E whe 1 A=|0), -1 Ans. -As| 0 . 1 ‘ 1 Ans. “I =| ‘Ans, ah —2 Ans. he | 5 Ans. | 3 5. Find the transpose of each of following matrices: Ans. (i) 0 A=|1]|,> At=[o 1 2] -2 5 B=[5 1 -6]= BY=[1 6 12 . Ca|2-1) = \2 > 2-1if a ay i) @ dns, (ANS A LHS =(A' _ft 2 wl] /! 9] = A - H| «(2 ay-[i-3} (A)! =ASRHS, Hee OL.HS =RHS. Ans, Gi) LHS= (BY! olf (BY =B =RHS Hence = =LH.S =R.HS. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices Define Addition of Matrices. Let A and B be any two matrices with real number entries. The matrices A and B are conformable for addition, if they have the same order 230 ~2 3 8 A= | and B= ane are 106) 123] conformable for addition. Addition of A and B, written A+ B is obtained by adding the entries of the matsix A to the comesponding entries of the matrix B. [230] [234 “oe ase 0 iti 2 3 24{-2) 343 044 064 | IHL 042 6+3 [: 2 ‘| Define Subtraction of Matrices. Tf A and B are two matrices of same order then subtraction of matrix B from matrix A is obtained by subtracting the entries of matrix B from the corresponding entries of matrix A and it is denoted by A—B. 234 022 eg, A= and B= are l150 -143 conformable for subtraction, 234) [0 22 ic, A-B= — 150 las -| 2-0 3-2 7) I-CD) 5-4 0-3 Muttiplication of a Matrix by a Real Number Let A be any matrix and the real number k be a scalar. Then the scalarmultiplication of matrix A with k is obtained by multiplying cach entry of matrix A with k. It is denoted by kA. t -l1 4 Let A=) 2-1 0] be a matrix of -1 3 2 order 3-by-3 and k=-2 be a real number. Then kA=CDA 1 -1 4 =Q)2 -1 0 = 3 2 Cat Caen C2xay =| 22) 2-20) (2-1) 28) GQ). a2 8 =4 2 0 2.6 4 - Commutative and Associative Laws of Matrices (a) Commutative Law under Addition If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A is called commutative law under addition. 3.0 ‘Then 2 3 A+B=/5 6 2 65 4 41 2 1 3} |4 2 ~4 5 2 243° 3-2 045 s =|5-1 6+4 I+ ]=|4 10 6 2+4 i4+2 3-4 i | Similarly 3 2.5] [2 3 0 BHAs|-1 4 +{5 6 1 4 2 -4| [artes 5 1 5 t s|4 10 2 63 -1 Thus the commutative law of addition of matrices is verified, A+B=B+aA (b) Associative Law under Addition If A, B and C are three matrices of same order, such that (A+B)+C=A+(B+0) is called associative law under addition. 230 Let A=|5 6 1], 2 1 3 30-205 B=|-1 4 1 4 2 4 and 1 3 0 4then 23 0) f3 2 5 (A+By4C=|/5 6 ifef-1 4 1 M2 1 3) ha 2 4 23 47200 4 12 0 f2+3 3-2 o+5 =\S-1 644 0 Ltt |+ 24 142 3-4 51 123 e410 2|4/2 0 4 6 3 -1) {1 2 0 6 3 8 =|2-10 6 1 =I 2 3-0 AtB4Q)=|5..6 0-1 + 213 I ~~ s]fi 2 ti-l 4 1 /4f2 0 (|: 2 -4f [1 2 [2 3 0) [341 -242 +5 6 t)t-1-2 440 21 3 L4et 242 23 olf4 0 8 |S 6 14-3 4 5 21 3,15 4 -4 6 3 8 =|2 10 6 73-1 Thus the associative addition is verified: 23 0 4 20 0 543 144 440 Jaw of (A+B)4C = Aa(B40) Additive Identity of a Matrix If A and B are two matrices of same order such that A +B = Ba then matrix B is called additive identity of matrix A. For any matrix A and zero matrix O of same order, O is called additive identity of A as A+tO=A=O4+A sol! sh thf oan 9], f7 af 21a o of sf [as Additive Inverse of a Matrix «« If A and B are two matrices of same order such that A+B =O=B+A then A and B are called additive inverse of each other. Additive inverse of any matrix A is obtained by changing the signs of all the non zero entries of A. 12 4 Leta=|0 1 -2 301 0 then 1 2 1-2-1 B=(-A)=-|0 -1 o 1 2 304 3 -1 0 is additive inverse of A. It can be verified as:O+D @+e-2) =| 040 Cn+a +3) +0 0 0 0 =|0 0 ol=0 o 0 0 -1 2 -17 71 2 1 B+A=| 0 1 2/410 -1 2 te +2) o+0 3 1 0] [3 1 0 are conformable for addition. 2. Find the additive inverse of following matrices. 1. Which of the following matrices are conformable for addi =|1+1 -4 342 241 2 1 A= , and EB Ans. (i) =i 9 are conformable for addition, 3 241 Be a e | a } . are conformable for addition. 10 30 2 =|2 -l}and F=| 1+1 +4 342 241 (ii) 12 O+O CD)+Q Ch+0) =| 0+0 M+) (2)4+(-2) 3)+8) +a) 0+0 0 0 0 =|9 0 O;=0 9 0 0 Since A+B=O=B+A Therefore B is additive inverse of A. Additive inverse of Matrix A is file [al v t* 1 o 4 Gi) B=|2 0-23 3 2 1 Additive inverse of Matrix B is % _|4 w ef] Additive inverse of Matrix C is o-[s] ef 1o @y) D=)-3 2 24 Additive inverse of Matrix D is ro 10 D=-|3 2 =-0-[3 d 2-1 o el ‘| Additive inverse of Matrix E is of ets » ele o |" i Additive inverse of Matrix F is oe ett a lt 2 ft 3 IE AS ) B=] |. 204 -1 1 3 c=[1 -1 p= > 3) nen find, 102 (it) C+[-2 1 3 i, O10 . (iv) ba 0 il (vy) 2A wi) CIB (wii) 2)C (viii) 3D {ix} 3C ‘Ans. (i) alt ‘| [at 2]ft 1] Jett 1+27_Jo 3 TL2a ty tp paar ti] |3 2. 0, Gi) CH[2 1-3] [I -1 2]+ [-2 1 3] =[I-2 -141 243] =[-1 0 5] . 010 aoe 0 ‘] 1 oft 3 e3]_[! 3 -142 040 241 1 7 w) ra=al z if oy 1-0] SE] wi) CQC=C-H[l 4 2 =|2 2-4] ca apo 1 0j|_[o 3 0 oan w=qe 4 9-(0 2 9)Gx) 3C=3f1 -1 2] =[3 -3 6] 4. _ Perform the indicated operations and simplify the following. ji 1 o},fo 2)f 4 & o if" oft o . 1 oj] fo 2] f 1 @ to ihs olf al @i) [2 3 a +([t 0 2]-[2 1 2 z tot Gvy|-1 a -afaf2 2 o a 2 303 2 8 1 0 @) 2030 Vi+}-2 0-1 i3 1 2} ,0 2 © ERP HE Gi) 14041 04241] _ 0+3+1 14+0+0] ~ 2 7 4) 10 02 T= [0 8 a] t H 140-1 042-1 043-1 140-0 Pil (2 3 q+(( 0 Y-[2 2 2) a [23i]+fl-2 0-2 2~2] [2 3 t]4[-1 -2 oO} {2-1 3-2 140] fii q] Gv) w) (wi) 5. i: & Tait 1-1 -1) +/2 2 2 o12 333 l4t 241 341 = 142 142 -142 0+3 143 243 1 2), f2 11,fra [o Er oleh) 1424) aul] O+1+1 14041 > by For the matrices 1 2 3 A=|2 3 1], 1 -1 04 -1 0 0 C=|0 2 3] verify the 1 ot 2 following rales. @) A+C=C+A Gi) A+B=B+A ii) B+C=C+B (Gv) A+(B+A)=2A+B () (C-B)+A=C+(A-B) (vi) 2A+B=A+(A+B) (vit) (C-B)-A=(C-A)-B (iit) (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) (x) A@B-C)=(A~O)+B (x) 2A4+2B=2(A+B) Ans, @ = A+C=C+A LHS=A+C 1.2 3] f-1 0 0 4 Se} 2-3 1 fe) oO 2 3 1-10} {1 1 2 1-1 2+0 34+0 =}24+0 3-2 143 141 -1+1 042 023 =|2 14 202 14h 0+2 043 O+2 -2+3 3+1 Itt 1-1 042 1 2 3 Li+}2 1-10 301 141 2-1 341 =) 242 3-2 142 143 -1+1 043 Ale =|41 3 403 RHS=B+A i aan 123 =|2 2 24}42 3 1 3 1 3] [1 10 141 -1+2 242 341 214 413 403 1-1 3+0 LHS.=RHS Gy B +C=C+B LHS=B+C IL Si 3 1 1-1 =-1+0 140 240 -2-2 2+3 Btl 141 3+2 ise -2+3 2+) -1 22 1 1 3 1-1 -1 0 0 2 2 2/+,0 2 3 I. 2 . ¢fo -14 =|2 4 5 425 RHS=C+B {-! 0 Oo} 1-14 =|0 -2 3|42 2 2 la 1 2j[3 1 3 [-t4t 0-1 3] O+2 2-2 342 ,1+3 let 342 fo -1 17 [24 5| 42 3] LHS = RH (ivy A+(B+A)=2A48 LHS = A+ (B+A) 43 ay w) RHS. 337 =6 4 4 5-13 LHS = RHS (C-B)+A=C+(A-B) LS. = (C-B) +A f 0 | [: | =|}0 2 3]-)2 2 2 112 301 3] -1 0+!f-1+0 043 042 =} 040 245 3-1 li-2 1-2 2-3 “13 2 =]0 3 2 LHS = R.H.S. (i) 2A¢B=A+(A+B) LHS=2A+B 9 | 0 0 2 3|- 1 2 1 3 1-1 1] W+B=2}2 3 1/4/2 2 2 Ul -10 x £ 3 [a+ 4-1 +2 6-2 43 241 [3 3 2, jo 44 jae RHSr= A+(A+B) 12 A+(A4B) {3 3 12 3] f21 =2 3 1/4/41 u 40] 40 244 341i 143 144 -140 043 [i 241 344 303] ff tel 2-1 341) 23 1|+|[242 3-2 142 1-10 [isa -i+t 043) 6+! 242 O+3 4 O+1 242 1-1 1 2 3 o-1 -1 2 1 | 253)2-23) fi -b 1 (C-A)-B=|-2 -5 2/-|2 2 2 0 2 2) {3 1 3 ~2-1 -2+1 -3-1 -2 -5+2 2-2 O=3 Z-f 243 3 -1 4 3-4-3 0 3 1-1 LHS =RHS. (vill) (A+B) + C= A+(B+O0) L.H.S = (A+B) +C 123 itd A+B=/2 3 1)4)2 22 oe 1-10 3 01 3 l+l 2-1 341] [24 4 =|2+2 3-2 I+2)=|4 13 o 143° 1+1 0+3) [4 0 3 1-1 -14+0 140] [0 -1 1 240 -2-2 24+3/=/2 4 5 3+1 1+) 243) [4 2 5 1+0 2-1 341 =|2+2 3-4 145/5 [1+4 -1+5 0+5 RUS=RES fix) | A+(B-C)=(A-C)+B LHS=A+(B-C) <9 J B-E =? 3 301 I+] -1-0 1-0 =| 2-0 -24+2 2-3 {| 3-1 I-l 3-2 2 3 i420 2-1 3413 =|2+2 340 #2 -1+0 041 |* Zed 4] =|4 3.0 A-c 1 =|2 | 22 (A-C)+B=| 2 0 241 2-1 341 =| 242. 5-2 -24+2 [043-241 -243] 301 47) =a 3 ol [3 -1 1 LHS.=RHS, (x) 2A42B=2(A+B) LHS, =2A42B“1 0 3°01 3 24 6) f2 22 =|4 6 2/44 4 4 220} [6 2 6 2+2 4-2 642 = 444 6-4 244 2+6 -2+2 0+6 428 =|8 26 806 RHS= 2 (A+B) 12 3) f1 41 WA+B)=2|]2 3-1 ]4)2 2 2 1-10} )3 1 3 itl 2-1 Z4t =2}(2+2 342) 142 1+3_ -141 043 2 4 123 1-11 ap =2]2 3 i +2)2 2 2 1 6 If a 3 find () 3A—-2B (if) 2A'— 3B, Ans. @ 1 -2 07 2 3A-2B =; ak A’, a bal i] [3-0 -6-14 “|9+6 12-16 li Gi) A At 2A'—3BE =| 18 61 er 48 6 2a ah 1 ake dan 2 J7 10 “U8 1 ee 20 = —3B' Ht id “bi [4 ‘ 8 3 24 b 4 3b 12. ]443° 8+3b 7 10 ~6424 2a-12] [18 1 [rs lel "| 18 20-12} [18 3 => 843b= 2a-i From (i) 3b=10-8 3b = 2 “3 From (ii) 2a=14+12 13 Z t 2] 1 & of al) if B iI then verify that o @ (A+B) = ABT iy, (A=By' = At_Bt A+A‘ is symmetric A-A‘ is skew symmetric B+B' is symmetric B-B‘ is skew symmetric (A+B)! = AB! LHS =(A+B)! (ave)-[5 ik a [ots 2) 7] (A+By -[3 ‘| RHS=A'4B at ve wi) type fl OL fr 2 eB! “(3 teh 0 _f1+1 042 “|2+1 140 “Ei LHS. = R.H.S. Gi) (A-B)' =a*—Bt LHS. = (A—B)! © _fiay py ¥ AB [6 Tb al V=1 2-1 (a-w=[)7 1 ] (A-B) [2 H > t ron wa ® Boe a ; 7 2 =) u + rors d on =o Bab Gil) = A+A‘ is symmetric _fi 2 a=[5 |wd] wa)-F al er alg ih | = (B4B) is symmettic =o 3H (vi) B-B' is skew symmetric 0+2 141 fi afr 2y_fien f 31 Bn +: ork alle ool fo -1 aavayie| (' a - So, A+ A‘is symmetric. (ea) -[° and of "7 fiv) A-A' is skew symmetric -1 0} LL O ¢ a(t 7 =~ (B-B') is skew symmetric | Multiplication of Matrices. atl, | Two matrices A and B are Pt conformable for multiplication, giving analy Hee a product AB if the number of columns of A 0 1 (plas b is equal to the number of rows of B. = i-1 2-0 1 2. 4 0-2 1-1 eg, let A=], 9} amd Bo, |. Here [8 4 number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. So A and B matrices (ana = o 2 are conformable for multiplication. 20 Examples a-aye-|° ? ® wai Jans? ° (aa) = 20 3 if =-(4-a') is skow i 2 0 5 s symmetric then AB=[1 2] 4 4 (9) BAB is symmetric nent thf! A [i 142 =[1x242x3 1x0+2x1] Jo of Lt of7)241 o+0 =|246 o42J-[8 2] _ [; al {tis a matrix of order 1-by-2. 30ap) “pt 2 2 -37 13 2 _[ xep4+3x31x0+3x2 | © [2-D+C3)3) 2x0+-3(2) (4° Ore) [8 6 “[-2-9 rela 4 2-by-2 matrix. Associative Law under Multiplication If A, B and C are three matrices conformable for multiplication then associative law under multiplication is given as (AB)C=A(BC) 23 on exit =|? a | jm 1 304 2 2 C= + then [" al LHS. = (AB)C {oa WE @ [frevea Soccoas a [ma Scel ] fA 9x245x(-1) 9x24+5x0 Ox24+(-Dx(-I) 0x2+(~1)x0, 18-5 18+0] [13 18 041 040] [1 0 ti xuis=aco=[7 al Hi ‘) _[ 2 3]fox2+ix-) 0x2+1x0 “[L- Of|3x241x(-) 3x24+1x0 [2 3] 0 “[-1 O56 _ A-1+3x5 2x0+3x6 “LEDED+0x5 — -1x0+0x6, [ee oe - 140 040 . 13 18 = = (AB) t [Py pape The associative law under multiplication of matrices is verified. Distributive Laws of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction (a) Let A, B and C be three matrices. Then distributive laws of multiplication over addition are given below. @ — A(@B+C)=AB+AC (Left distributive law) (i) (A+B)C=AC+BC (Right distributive law) 2 3 oo. Let A= » B= -1 0 31 _f2 2 ad C= -1 0 LHS. = A(B+C) fale MG 2) Ls ) {id 042 142 3-1 14+0 then in (i)[2 312 2, ale _| 2x243x2 [pete _[4+6 1 RHS. = AB + AC 2 ayo “ll als 2x043x3 “ -1x0+0x3 ee Db -1x2+0x(~1) 19 “lo [eel 544) f10 at2]" [2 * "Which shows that 6+ -1 a , 2x343x1 eae Saks 3] HH ae 3 ers —1x1+0x1 navel x2+0x0. wl al LHS 4 A(B+C) = AB+AC; _[-6+0 0-6] [+ + en tole 4] RHS.=AB-AC 2 3y-1 1) f2 392 1 “pile He an! 2-1 +30) 20) +3(0) ae 1) +1) eeu | 2x243xi me Ox14+1x2 8] _fi-7 2) [ia i; ) Which shows that A(B-C)= AB-AC Commutative Law of Multiplication of Matrices 2-8 0-2 oot Consider the matrices A ch ‘| and octane | . 23 by) Let A= ) te als and, eft i} then in (i) LHS.=A(B-C) 2 34 1 f2 1 edt He a) 20 3]ff-1-2 1-4 fal 63) 2 3-3 0 “6 ale 3 _/2X-9+ BNO) 2(0)+3(-2) “| Oi-3)4 1x0 coral wet a “lo -2/%" wf Oh L2 35,0 | Ox1+1xX. “[2x143x0 2043-2) £ and “il 1 BA =| 0 +o 0 0 “ mori IP 1x0+0x2 : 1x3+0x3 xO+(-2)x2 Ox1+H{-2). Aa ¥foo a Which shows that. AB # BA. Note: Commutative law under multiplication in matrices does not hold in general ie., if A and B are two matrices then AB ¥ BA, Commutative law under multiptication holds in particular case. 2 0 eg. I A=|) and B= then 2 off-3 0 AB ah i [ 0 ‘] [xe 3)+0x0 al Ox(-3)H1x0 _OxO-Hbed. 6 [a] 3 lo alle 3x240x0 -3x0+0xI ees doen | {° | Which shows that AB = BA. Multiplicative Identity of a Matrix. Let A be a matrix. Another matrix B is called the identity matrix of A under multiplication if AB=A=BA 1 2 1.0 As . B= sth waft 2meft Yt 4 x BA 1 AB= [ 1 0 1 “Lo 1x1+2x0 © |Oxt+(-3)x0 2 3 ‘he 3) [ee Ox1+1x0 1 0 fl 2 | ‘ll y 1 x0+2x1 Ox2+1x(-3) panne Which shows that AB = A = BA. Verification of (AB)' =BA\ ireaol » If A and B are two matrices and A‘, B' are their respective transpose, then (AB)' = Bi A‘ eg, A=|" 8, A=| 5 LHS. = (AB) £ 1 1 Ine Ales 2x1+bx(-2) “Loxt+(-Dx(2) _[2-2 0 6 RES. =Bi AY, a -2 60] ~10+2 0+0) — 0 2 1 3 2 0 ) 2x341x0 0x34 (I) a) 0]at ma 5 tok aC Joareaxt 0+ 2-1) “| 2401 3x040x(-1) [2-2 0+2 [640 0+0 0 2 =| =LHS ed LHS =RHS ‘Thus (AB)'= BAL 1, Which of the following prodnet of matrices is conformable for multiplication? me fal Number of Columns = Number of Rows “product is possible. of wr 3 Number of columns = Number of Rows. ‘product is possible. for @ 3 ‘Number of columns # Number of Rows. product is not possible. 1 2 ] 2. fy 0 i; 9 4 gilo 1 Namber of columns = Number of Rows. product is possible. + wn vy), ‘r ¥ ot Aho 0 2 7 “ul. | 203) Number of Colamms = = Number of Rows. *. Proxduct is possible, 6 2s . o-{\. find (i) AB Gi) BA (if possible). @® AB (3 ols) [8 38 =|-1(6)+2(5) “Leh Gi) BA= ie 2 Product is not possible. Because number of columns # number of rows.Gi) (iii) (iy) ) Find the following products. ® pay) =[1(4)+2@)] =[4+0] =] i al 5 ] =[16) +214] =[5-8] =] wd) os =[-3(4)+0(0)=[-12} « eal =[64) +O] =[24] t 2 Tas sag 6 |e + 1(4)+200) (5) +2(-4) =| X4)+00) — -3(5)+0(-4) 6(4)+-100) 65) +(-1(-4). 440 5-8 =)-12+0 -15+0 2440 3044 4 3 =|-12 -15 24 34 4, Multiply the following matric 2 th - (@) 3.0 o 2 1 2 ©) : 2 | 304 45 6) | 1 2h © |3 4 2 3] 11 |b 5e 6 5 * fe ae = 6 4}, 4 -1 21f0 0 © F ‘lle | 2 3 Ans, (a) {1 if; al 0 -2 2(2) +313) 2(-1) +300) =| 1(2)+1(3) 1(-1) +1(0) 0(2) +(-2)(3) O(-1) +(-2) 0) 13-2 =|5 -1 6 0 1 2 ) [! 2 | a a 45 6) | 1(2)+2¢4)+30) _[ 10+26)+3(-p 7 AQ) +15(3)+6(-1) 4(2)+5(4) +60) 146-3 24843 4+15-6 8420461(2)+2(5) 3(2)+4(5) 1)+2(4) =| 3) +4(4) fo 12 15 =|19 26 33 333 ba a (a) 8(2)-+ 5-4) re learacay 6 13) +2(6) 3(3)+4(6) -10)+1(4) -1(2) +15) -13) +106) = 4) 8 Sh se S 2) +44) _[i6-20 =20420]_[-4 0 P1216 -15+16] [4 1 © 2ife oO 30 0 (0) + 3€0) i 43 : eft I Verify whether ai) (ii) (iii) (vy AB=BA. A(BC) = (ABYC A(B4+C)=AB+AC A(B-C)=AB-AC 3 al” [i ‘ 1(0)4+2(0) —1(0) + 2(0) 1(0)+3(0) Jana | w Ans. {i) AB -BA. To check whether AB = BA Or not “1 3) P12 ABS/ 9 | [3 3 fam +33) $2) “| 20) +03) 2(2)+0(-5) _[-1-9 -2-15 “[2-0 440 _fa0 -17 » “L2 4 Ji 2 ]f- 3 v mals Slay. _) We0+2(2) 13)+2(0) | © | =3¢-1)+-5(2),, -3(3) + (-5)(0), _[-t+4 340). =|3-10 -9+0 [3 3 “|+7 9. So AB¥BA Gi) A@BC)=(AB)C LHS = A(BC) 1 2721 BC=|_, ai 5] 4(2)+20) 1) +2) | “| -3(2)+-S0) 30) +-5G), _[2+2 146 *|-6-5 -3-15 f4o7 *\-11 18 1 3\[4 7 AGO) =| 4 ah Isl _f-1@) +31) 107) +318) “| 2¢4)+0(-11) 2(7)+0(-18) _[-4-33 -7-54 “| 840 1440[37 -6r “L814 RS =(AB)C =! 3)f1 2 a fF alls 3] =[TID+3C-3) ~12)4.3¢-sy 1204063) 292)400-5) a[-l-9 -2-15 “L240 440 =| 10 -A7If2 1 came=| afin 3 + ~102)-4(-17}0 poe L 22+4¢) 20)+43) =)729-17 -10~517 OL 444 2412 | | 737 wl “L8 14] Hence A(BC) = (AB)C (i) A(B+0) = aB4Ac LHS =A (B+C) ty 21 aronf) a1 1 {710-17 “i 2 4 os [JO Wine 2040-3) 2(2)+-0¢-5) al!-9 -2-15] _f-10 —}7 “(240 440 | 7] 9 4 ace{7! 3]f2 1] “12 off1 3 =/7H2)430) 109.4303) me ~L 2(2)+00) 20) +013) J" fq 8 2 “10-17 18 aseacefe It 9) ~{ 1041 W748) [9-9] [244 442) “Leg 6. For the matrices. 1 2 te A { 2 rt e 39 sy fa =| of k3. Verify that@)(AB)'= Bt A'GBC)' = CRE Ans, (i) (AB)'= Bt A‘ LHS = (AB) 1311 2] AB =| [2 dlls 3) 71) 436-3) -12)43¢-5) 2D+0(-3) 2(2)4.0¢-5) 1-9 2-15 240 440 i 7) roofs yf 2 ww GY =| CD+(-3}@) 1(2)+(~3)(0) ~2ED+(-3)a) 2(2)+5(0) [ee He i 72-15 4 Flay 4 LHS=RHS Hence (AB)'= Bt A! - ]f) @ci=CB LHS =(BC' [i 22 6 wl 315 S| “[1-2428) G+ 2-9) =) 3-24-58) —3(6)+-5-9) fase 6-18 =le-15 18445 Fit 3 692! _[-20)432) -2(-3)43-5) = [6+ 26-9) 6(-3)+-9-5) [246 6-15 “6-18 -184+45 jt4 9] “[-12 27 LHS=RHS Hence (BC)'= C' BY Determinant of a 2-by-2 Matrix. a b . Let | il be a 2by-2 c ure matrix. The determinant of A, denoted by det A or IAI is defined a ¢ b as|Al=det A= det h | 4 -be=he Rez 1 2 Let a {poe Bidet B =1x3-(-2)()=3+2=5 If uel? Sl eis 1 3 l2 ae mf paxsaxseo . Singular and non-singular matrix. A square matrix A is called singular if determinant of A is equal to zer0. i.e. JAI=O. 1 2 For example, al) al is a singular hatrix, since det A= 1x0-0%2=0 ‘A square matrix A is called non-singular if the determinant of A is not equal to zero. ie, IAL4#O Ui a singular, since det A =1x2—0x1=2#0. Note that, each square matrix with real entries is either singular or non-singular. Adjoint of a Matrix. b]. is 4 obtained by interchanging the diagonal entries and changing the sign of other entries, Adjoint of matrix A is denoted as Adj A. For example aly Adjoint of a square matrix A oe ¢ ie, Adj a|s | -c a 1 2 gif A= , th eauit A, ijn v t1B [; | ten Ad Be $ 4 3°44 3 2 Multiplicative inverse of a non-singular matrix, Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices of same order. Then A and B are said to be multiplicative inverse of each other if -2 Ad A=| ° 301 AB=BA=1 The inverse of A is denoted by AT thus AAT=A7A Inverse of a matrix is possible only if matrix is non-singular. Inverse of a Matrix using Adjoint ab Let M= ibe [Se Anh matrix. To find the inverse of M, i.e. M™, first we find the determinant as inverse is possible only of a non-singular matrix. IAT wenrval Te ATs 5 5 gl 2.2] - 55 55 “ 38 1.6 o3t5 Ag] Verification of (AB)? = |, tecaal’s freely 3] Then det A=3x0-(-I)xl = 140 And det B = 0x2 ~ 3-1) =3#0 Therefore, A and B are invertible i.e., their inverses exist. Then, to verify the law of inverse of the product, take AB 3 1}fo -1 {} alls 2 3x041x3 — 3x(-1)41x2 -[Nevoes cnebron| =(3 ~ “le | = ae cany=p 320wi LHS.=(ABY -{ 2x0+5x1 eos | way fe ~3x0+0x1 ~3x(-1)+0x3 ‘aBy'=5| +3 310 3} |g ut (°s" | 1 310 3 RHS= BTA, where Bt |: yi ay qt of 0 = |; 3 3l-aBy? wef 3] Io i 3 ‘Thus the law (AB) “= B? AT is « if2 tfo 4 verified. “313 oir 3 t * Exercise 1.5 1 Find the determinant of the 2% Find which of the following {ollowing matrices. matrices are singular or non-singular? “1d oo 3° 6 Ans. (i). oe ‘| Ans. (i) al) # Li _b beg wep =—1)-2() =3(4)~2(6) =0-2=-2 =12-12 singular a: 13 o aft 3] a, 2 +2 @ B=, B =1(-2)-20) wf i=5 =4(2)-30) =8-325 non-singular a Git w off J] -9) a-f =1(5)-3(-9) =35+27 D]=3(4)-1(2) =12-2=10 =62#0 non-singular5 -10 (iv) D [ 4 | . 2 5-1 pl i 4 =5(4)—(-2)(-10) = 20-20 =0 singular 3. __ Find the multiplicative inyerse (if it exists) of each, med =—1(0)— 203) a 2 «6 Gil) oC -| 3 | =-2-9)-3(6) =18-1850 C™ does not exist. ¥ i 3 (iv) D=|2..4 1 212 zz = and! Jaunel? - (i) A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = (det AT @) BB'sI=B'B Ans. (i) A(Adj A)=(Adj A) A = (det AT Ji 2 ma gl [6 -2 asia-[6 ‘| saanr-[ LS 7 | MO+2(-4) 1-2) +20) “|4O)+6-4) 4(-2)+6(1) J 6-8 242 “124-24 -8+6 [2 0 “Lo. =2 sow asinra-| § rit ‘ [6 +-2(4) 6(2)-+-2(6)] “| 40) +1(4) m4(2) 416) | [6-8 12-12 “| -4+4 -8+6 [eS Also (det AJL i 3 det A “| él =1(6)-2(4)=6-8=-2 5)! O;_f-2 oF (ut ayi=-2) [3 | Hence: A(AdjA) = (AdjA) A = (det A}L [3 -1 Gi) al 3 Bi Hp oh 23@2)-2- =-64+2=-470 AdjB 3 5] Bad age Bi _1f-2 tape -1 4 sap 3] BBt 1/3 -1][2 -1 “42 -2j/2 3 _ TR Ae 3D +EDH “Al 2(2)-+(-2)(2). W+c2y3| He 343] 4-4 246 -1yf3 -1 a2 2 1/28)+(-YQ) 2-)+-DE 412)+(-3)2) AD +(3) ao 4] 5. Determine whether the given matrices are multiplicative inverses of each other. Ans. (i) [\ | and (2, 3 ¢3 5/[7 -5 4 7\|-4 3 [3D +54) 31-5) +503) “a+ 7-4) 4(-5(+78) [21-20 -15+15]_[1 0}_y (28-28 -20+21|7|0 1 <. Given matrices are multiplicative inverse of each other. Gy [! Planal 3 2 D2 sf {2-1 232 al [128 es3-) —= “[2(-3)+3(2) 2(2)+3(-D). _[3+4 2-2] fi oy “L646 4-3]"[0 1]> hele » Ba| . 2 1 -L i then verify that 4 6. wa-| 4 3 le @, i) Ans. (i D * (AByt=B7 At LS = (AB) 4 oy-4 2 4B i a 7] | 44400) 4(-2)+0-1) -i-4) +20) -(-2)+2(-D fas -# “L6 90 Li6 6 0 =-16(0)—6(-8) =044854840 AB) =| Aai(AB) ad (ABY! =; Adj(AB) “a 8 -tfo 81j° “4-6 -16)")-6 — -16 4 48 RHS=BlAT _[-4 2 et ol [Bl=—4(-1)-1)(-2)=4+2=6 it if 2 BispyAdiB= Wa “ als 3] “th $-4a)-cno=8 xtadasa~ ie ‘| i ait 4] “on “ih —1(2)+ 2) w Blac = 18 nals Sy, -&, tid LHS=RHS Hence: (AB)' = BAT —K(0) + 2(4) 1(2)+-4() -1(0) + -4(4). Ai @Ayt=At DT LHS = (DAY m [2a “| -2(4)+ 2-1 [12-1 042 “|-8-2 OF4 | 34) 4-D) 20) +12) —2(0) + 2(2), fu 2 {10 4 i pal tio 4 =11(4)—(-10)(2) =44+20 =64 Adj(DA) tis 2 u eal> Sl=alb I P|=3(2)-(-2)(0) 642=8 i a AdjD 200 al 5 3 ] api f2 0] af2 4 ap ii ak 4; H Rola? el “| 641 4ji2 3 1,2(2)+0(2) 2(-1)+0(3) 64 |1(2)+4(2),(1)+403) _1[4+0 -2+0 “loss in| f4 2 1[4 -2|_|6a 6 alto ni 1 64 (64) 1 = lis 32 3 ou 32 64 LIS =RHS Hence: (DA)! = A“D™ Solution of Simultaneous Linea Equations System of two linear equations in two variables in general form is given as ax+by=mnumbers, simultaneous methods of solution. @ Gi) linear equations. extdy=n Where a, b,c, d, m and n are real This system is also called jinear equations. the We discuss here following w Gi) Matrix inversion method, Cramer’s rule Matrix Inversion Method Consider the system of linear questions Cramer’s Rule. Consider the following system of ax+by=m extdy=n We know that AX = B, where af? ¢ “ft or Example 1 Solve the following system by using matrix inversion method. 4x —2y =8 axty=—4Step? 4 ‘The coefficient matrix wl} sonsingulr, since daM=4x1-3(-2)=4+6= 1040.80 Mis possible, Siep3 et 2 x] [0 = 4 Ly 3 xe Oandy =—4 Example 2 Solve the following system of ineer equations by using Cramer’s rule. 3x-2y=1 2x 43y =2 Solution 3x2y 2x4 3y Wehave 3 2 3 3 | 3 1 Arlo 2 tals tnioo Example 3 ~The length of a rectangle is 6 cm less than three times its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is 140 om. Find the dimensions of the rectangle. (Gy using matrix inversion method) Solution If width of the rectangle is x cm, then length of the rectangle yem According to first condition =3x-6, According to 2™ condition ‘The perimeter = 2x + 2y = 140 => at 0 & and 3x—y=6 Ta the matrix form 1 ]/x|_[70 3 -1lly] L6 i u i ae 4 = 3-1) BH =1x(-l-3x1=-1-3=-4#0 We know that: -G) - Gi) a Adi A X=A* Band Ata ialtenes y “Le! 16 _-if-70-6 j 4 |_f “Fee “| 204 [31 1. Use matrices, if possible, to solve the following systems of linear equations by: @ the matrix inverse method (i) the Cramer’s rule, @ — 2x-2ya4 3x4+2y=6 Matrix inverse method =2(2)-(-2)3) =44+6=1040 As |AI 4 0 so solution is possible Adj a2 ‘| 58 ‘Thus, by the equality of matrices, width of the rectangle x = 19 cm and the Iength y = 51cm. Putting the values of A“ and B in equation (i) . 1f2 2i[4 tha apa) a [ | 10[-3(4) + 2(6) 8412 10| 12412, > {9} ={(2.0)} 2,0)} i) Qety=3 6x+5y=1 In matrices formAs|A\#0, so solution is possible 5-1 AGA = 62 A xAdj A a Sl 4/5 hk ats Ls | Puting the value of A”! & B in equation i. x=a'B LR 21 5G+CDO 4| -6G)+2d) -j[iscal “Aen (iii) Spelution set ssn{{t - -4)} 4x+2y=8 3x-y=-i ‘Tn matrices form EES =4(-1) ~32) =-4-6 \Al=-10#0 As |Al#0, so solution is possible1-2 Ag a “5 ‘| 1 A) = xAdjA lal eetf[t 2 “10/3 4 Putting values of A’ & B in equation. X-A'B 1 f-1 2178 ala th _ 1 [-1@)+-2)-) 4) -3(8)+4-D 1 [842 10|-24-4 e i In matrices form [Fab =3C2)-6)2) =-6410 |Al=440 As |A|#0, so solution is possible Adj a. Putting the values of A & Bin equation i. ‘x]_1f-2 2 me 4l= (s}2 2 er y, —5(-6)+3(-10) 1 “ds 2+(-20) 30-30 Ss=> x=-2 y=0 SS ={(-2,0} San 2y=4 ~6x+4y=7 In matrices form Ue ib] =3(4) - (6) 2) 212-12 =0 As|A|=0, so solution is not possible wi) axty=9 -ax- Jn matrices form (3 EH) ofS Spill) AX=B X=A'B L ae’, =4-1)-(-3)0) =-140 As |Al#0, so solution is possible <1 et “ ‘Adj A= 3 4 ell o A =e 1 f-1 -1 =| 13 4 Patting the values in equation @) of At and B X=A'B rt, =1 -1\[9 “TiL3 tIbs _ 1-1) +-DCS) “ail 3)44(-5) i 945, “T4\ 27-20 mal) ty4 _|-l Aya(vii) 2x-2y: ~Sx-2y=-10 Im matrices form =2(-2)-(-5)(-2) % =+4-10 [Al=-1440 As |Al# 0, so solution is possible 2 2 5 2 Atel cagja lal 1-2 2 =x a4 [5 2 Putting the values of A” and B in equation @ X=ale 1 ails aL] Adj A 1 f-2)42(-10)] =14] 5(4)+2C-10) | __1 [-8-20] 4 2-265 1 [-28 —14) 0 > « SS.={(2,0)} (iit) Bx-4y=4 x+2y=8 Tn matrices form [3 -4][x]}_[4 la 2jiyy ts Let aw? ~4 ixal"]ie [2 » AX=B => x=a's. 3-4! Ma) x = 32) C4) <6+4 |4|=10%0 As |A#0, so solution is possible24 Adj A=| Lal at xAdjA lal ol i 24 Ata. 10 {7 | Putting the values of A! & B in equation (i) X=AtB ola all Xe aes? ] 10| -1(4) +318). gat. [ “ 10| —4-+ 24 “alan a 0| 20 3 oe ad Ww x 4 Ul i => x=4 ys2 SS={(4,D} ‘Cramer’s rule di) 2x-2y=4 3xt2y=6 Tn matrices form b ICH 3 2 =2(2)-3(-2) =4+6 \4|=10#0 As |Al#0, so solution is possible. Ax; - (Determinant No. 1) In determinant 1 we change first column to constant matrix. 4 2) lo 2 | =A(2)=6(-2) =8+12 |A,J=20 [Ar] _20_ a “10 2 x=2 |A,|( Determinant No.2) In determinant 2 we change 2 column to constant matrix, 2 3 6 =2(6)—3(4) =12-12 Aro |, * [Asis $.S={(2, 0)} .ans.Gi) 2xty=3 6x+5y=1 In matrices form lean) 2 || | | 6 5 =2(5)-6(0) =10-6 lAl=4 #0 As |A|#0, so solution is possible. 3 1 ae 1 5| 30-10 |A,|=15-1 |A,|=14 fy dx+2y=8 Bx-ys-1 Gi) In matrices form basta Let ts te 3-1 y 1AE4(-1)-302) =-4-6 lal=-10 20 As |Al#0, so solution is possible. xalAd \Al 63 ws 5 4 8 Fi | =4-)-G®)tiv) In matrices form is ally “faba 5 -2 y -10 3 —2| Sd =3-2)-5¢-2) =6410 |4l-420 ae) As |4l#0,, so solution is possible. 6 a lL igs = 6(-2)=(—2)(-10) =12~20 \A 3 id s ~10 =3-10)~(S) (6) =-30+30 y=0 S5.={(2,.0} (V) 3x-2y=4 bxtdy=7 In matrices form oth) =34)--6-2) =12-12 “ |4|=0 As |4|=0, so solution is not possible (wi) 4x+y: Br-y=-5 In matrices form 3 ID) =4-1)-C3)) S443 \Al=-1#0 As|A|#0, so sotution is possible. .(vii) =%-D-K-5) =4 yall 44 \4) AL S.S={(4,-7)} 2x-2y=4 —Sx—2y=-10 In matrices form [5 saul Let 2 -2 [x 4 Az| :X=|“|B= [Ss ab} [, oe 4 e152! = 2(-2)~(-5) (2) =-4-10 \Al=-14 20 As |A|#0, so solution is possible, =4(-2)~(-10)(-2) =-8-20 =-28 old 420 ia) A x=2 i204 Ls -10 =2-10)-(-5X4) 20+20 A| y=0 S.8 ={(2,0)} ans. 3x-4y=4 x42y=8 In matrices form “PH of lof Meh =32)-I-4) =644 |Al=10 20 As |A}#0, so solution is possible. 4 8 2 =4(2)-8-4) = 8432 =40 4,SS.={(4,2)} ans. Q2. ‘The length of a rectangle is 4 times its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is 150em. Find dimensions of the rectangle? Let width of rectangle =x. and length of rectangle = y According to first Condition 4 yadx ALY =Oa re 3 According to 2" condition Perimeter =150cm. xt y) =150 iso x+y a xty STB ase ii) An matrices form 1 1 Wx] [7s [EH AX=B = X=a'B lal te tl =1-)-40) -1-4 -540 i: i Se fia vio 1 1 4f7s Falls] 1(75) +10) Slane 10) )Q.3. Two sides of rectangle differ by 3.Scm, Find the dimensions of the rectangle if its perimeter is 67em, Let required sides of rectangle are x and y. According to first condition x-y=3.5 —() According to 2“ condition Perimeter =67 Uxty) =67 = oxty =335—a(i) Tn matrices form. 1 -1]fx]_[35 [V1 ssl ‘We have A |! “At LA, a3 4 i 6 of 33.5 1 | =1)-1CD =1+1=2%0 x os < 133.5)-1.5) 2 35 => xS185, y=I5 QA. The third angle of an_ isosceles triangle is 16° less than the sum of the two equal angles. Find three angles of the triangle. Let third angle of triangle = y and two equal angle of triangle =x we know that xtxty =180° Qxty = 180". According to given condition. y=2x-16 2x-y=16 In matrices form (i) na Ja] =2-1)-20)x+y=90° (i) According to given condition xa2y412” 4-2y=12” —a(ii) In matrix form 1 1 1x]_J90 1 -2i|y} [12 We have ida 90 1 © A= , AY= [i 4 a hs =| © “fl 90 => x=alp C4 hh a2 “ ta x] _1ft 1 ffiso yon a ltt) y] ~4l2 -2]| 16 L 2 n lb =1-2)-100 _ if 1480)4106) 4 =1-2)-10) ~ 4|2080)+ -2)06) 4 1180416 “4| 360-32 * 3 1 fis6 ~ 4/328 a] 48 _ 90(-2)— 112 y 82 og Hence: x=49° , y=82" x Required angles are 49°, 49°, 82°, QS. One acute angle of a right triangle is 12° more than twice the other acute angle. Find the acute angles of the right triangle? Y Let acute angles of right angled triangle are x and y We know that6 Y 954 x = 14 6 +1 A = » A, =| I, at s |i 9 | A = tL 6 * “|9 954 Now tl +g . =26" Requited angles are |) =1)-(-9) 26° and 64° =049=0 => x=64° =1840 > y=26? al Q6. Two cars that are 600 km apart Ad [954 9} are moving towards each other. Their rn ¥ “Tal 18 speeds differ by 6km per bat ang the 1954) _ 544954 1008 _ cars are 123 km apart after 4 hours, 18 i 18 Find the speed of each car. Solution: 1 6 > Let requiced speed of two cars are x and y 9 954) According to given condition FS 1B 3 ey a 99 = 1954) 6(9) yt 99 7600-123 = 477 18 _ 954-54 ~ OK = O98 soni 18 > In matrix form 1 .The order of matrix {2 1] is . (a) zero (b) unit (a) 2-by-1 (b) L-by-2 (©) scalar (@) singular (©) L-by-L (A) Dby-2 3. Which is order of a square mattix ? v2 0 (a) 2-by-2 (bo) [-by-2 2 |g sealed... Mate. (©) 2by-1 () Bby2 v24, Which is order of a rectangular matrix? (@) 2by-2 (b) A-by-4 () 2-by-1 (@) 3-by-3 201 5. Order of transpose of 01 | is ..: 3.2 (a) Sby-2 (b) Dby-3 {c) L-by-3 (d) 3-by-1 fi 6. Adjoint of sino @ [° 1, [o 4 1 2 © ib 4 @ 4 1 Ke =0, then. x is equal to: wl ‘ (db) ~6 © 6 @ 9 *s 2 8. Product of [x y[ | | is 4 ml f@) [2x+y] () [x= 2y] © Px-y] @ — [x+2y] =I 9. If x4] 0 then xisequal to... bal (a) 2 0 2 0 lo 2 i 10. The idea of a matrices was given by: (a) Arthur Cayley (b) Dr. Aslam (©)Dr. Ali @ Dr. Khalid 11. The matrix M=[2 -1 7]is a— matrix, (a) Row (>) Column (©) Square @) Nall 2 12. The matrix N= f is a____ matrix. (a) Row (b) Column (©) Square (d) Null 13. The matrix From (1) a From (11) 4 A [i 1 find the following, Ans. @ « 2A43B aav3B=2, fd: 2 _fig L-4 Gi) 3A + 2B= lt 22 0. 6 | 2 hes 4] ofl 15-12 6 -3 [aris 6-12 “[2-6 0-3 0. a ort mad 4 7 (iil) —3 (A+2B) 2 3) 75 A+2B=| +2 [i ofa 2 3)_fio = + 1 0} [4 _[2#10 3-8]_f12 -s “[1-4 0-2) [3 -2 -3A+2B) =a . (iv) 202a-38) 2 2a.an-21 _[4 6 [2 0 5 -3 -2 0 rt i 15, it 2 [-4 0-2 | | |_[-36 PL -9 5s 4 j 2 12 =i -1 3 5 -4 al 4 4 fio 3 a [3 [see oa [ 15 6 »18 wl [ae ae 3444 “1246 043 | 5(0)4-22) SU) 4-24 “1 18 [8 -1s “le 3 4 oil “an 48 ABBA Fea- aa)-4 32 8 3 1. wal) 4 and =22. 36] [22 ~ a oajs ” pel? ‘4 then verify.that =| 3 =| 3 , then verify.tha |* 6) ie 78, 3°03 3 i) (ABy'= Bi AY . 5, Find the value of x, if Gi) (ABy 1 =BA AT . 2.4 [4a 2 Ans. @ (AB)'= eat 3-3/1 al LBS = (ABY 4 F 2if2 4 201 4 2 = Ans. [; ‘eli a se [ Alls 4] ~2] [2 a _[32@)42-3) 34) 2-5) } Ske | 1(2)+-1-3) iets) 6-6 12-10 2430 445 oti 0 1 6 WA= »Bs i ] ; ae ee 1 sl then prove that cay’ -[; | iD AB#BA 29 Ans, ABBA RHS=B' A‘ ap al? Elf 4 are[? | 2 3|[5 2 2-1 _f 0(-3)+15) 04) +12) Bt +i 3 ~ 2-3) 4-365) 2(4)+-3(-2) 4-3 = [2 3773 1 i: “la -s|[2 -1 Lov] 4|fo 1 _f2G)4+-32} 2) +-3-1) 2-3 © |43)+-82) 4()+-5-D| 6-6 243 “12-10 445 fo 5 “(29 LHS=RHS Hence: (AB)' = BY A! ji) (AByT=B7 AT oft (3 4] LHS =(ABy! fs 2y2 4 wl -ll3 4 _f3029+20-3) 304) + 20-8) ~[1@)+-163) 1(4)-10-5) _[6-6 12-10 “(243 445 4 _fo 2 “ls 9 1d (AB)! = agjaB |B} ap Yeo sc 2. Aas 3%) 5(2)=-1020 i 179 2]aps alto 5 (AB) Al’ oral: oF ' = © 2 RHS=BT At by |Aj=3-1)-102)=-3-2=-5 20 AdjA = m= = [Bl=2(-5)-(-314) =-10412=240 pt=1 pgp Bi 4 _ ifs | 3 re )OFS 2 0-3-2 2 10, = —10 91 a 10-1 LHS=RHS. Hence: (ABY" 2] =Bl,A7 I 9 1-27 ol 34 —S-I+-4(1) -5(-2)+ “0 4-1) + 2-D 21.3 3(-2)+2@)