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Leveling Theory PDF
Leveling Theory PDF
Chapter 4
1
Old Datum: Mean Sea Level
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
2
Operators at Father Point
Leveling Terms
3
Effects of Curvature and Refraction
The earth’s curvature causes a rod reading taken at point B to be too high.
The effect of refraction is to make objects appear higher than they really are
thus making the rod readings too low.
Effects of Refraction
4
Curvature Equations
Cf = 0.667 M2 = 0.0239 F2 (in feet) (U.S. Customary Units)
And
Cm = 0.0785 K2 (in meters) (Metric Units)
Where:
M – distance in miles
F- distance in thousands of feet
K – distance in kilometers
Refraction Equations
Rf = 0.093 M2 = 0.0033 F2 (in feet) (U.S. Customary Units)
And
Rm = 0.011 K2 (in meters) (Metric Units)
Where:
M – distance in miles
F- distance in thousands of feet
K – distance in kilometers
The refraction correction is about one-seventh the effect of curvature
but in the opposite direction.
5
Combined Equations
hf = 0.574 M2 = 0.0206 F2 (in feet) (U.S. Customary Units)
and
hm = 0.0675 K2 (in meters) (Metric Units)
where:
M – distance in miles
F - distance in thousands of feet
K – distance in kilometers
Under the most adverse conditions (very hot humid conditions) the
error associated with refraction can be as high as 0.10’ for a 200-foot
shot.
6
Eliminating Effects of Curvature and Refraction
Trigonometric Leveling
Used in areas of very steep or rugged terrain or when you have
inaccessible points.
7
Trigonometric Leveling Procedure
Equations:
If S and the vertical angle are determined:
V = S sin α or V = S cos z
If H and the vertical angle are determined:
V = H tan α or V = H tan z
The change in elevation between points A and B is:
Δelev = hi + V – r
where:
hi – height of the instrument above point A
8
Equations (continued):
and:
r – rod reading at B when the vertical angle is read
If r is made equal to the hi, then the two values cancel and the
computations are simplified.
9
Equations:
Δelev = hi + V + (C – R) – r
where:
(C –R) is computed from the equation: 0.0206 F2
10