ميكانيكا تربة-للدكتور عبد الفتاح القصبى PDF

gid + AL aN (sale pled Acie: oll) ill vis TyTN ISIS ae ple dhe ihe + dyyill alSs pled Liss b 33 ail ISSlS a ploy TELM dactigd | cally! ce = By Ste ple pein ENC Rae ba Raa Sa Spl peal -L—___ill + ball gia al oS SI Lake Gasll (Silas ple 8 Leadteul! joey 2 ip blyy ty el gl od abs dyed it) alll sy ieeonase taal | ig gta aa aKa = 3 Tul _} oily _e poate Becancnendodtgrter-grnig: Meda Megha OL Sal » lL ___.» hae Tidal) dalpeal : QI lil + AL gyal: al Seagal te — tlie Randy GLAS: Le cgeesll Wlaall Gesucll GES » Lal, 3 + (ess spi) Hall plyd lal teal pel lly laa pall asl Lash = ¥¥ocaw | ws All peng isin ly Sibel cpanel] pad ll — 5 en . 1 Gall cls JSS = Ye A ‘ ei Sl al ha te ccur eee gree coche © ggh wall pleat ah St Se See ih ull ales 88 vi ae sebsdcsernsbesceincee | pl eagle — Sh Deere sit | eee colli pe aut Gi nll ( 71) memes) Sa) ea plist ( 2) dll Guiea) AASHTO Us (2 ) ~ flat) clay 6 Le - a 2 ett i — atl Gut) bolt A gd yall p ie Sa - Whene L5L_ ant) alas gaat eat Jens USL L811) vs ila gene LOLI LES! (S ) oo « (eoldly) oll SG of —_ 3. » ASUBR!! alae Cy seGd Soll! Leal i — all gL (1) pA JUIN (S ) Mes arnt aoe Qisbll sasaza Lu gli Rua Jalen VANS joyccnngaetenerscerereenee + gH WLS! 2a Shah) usta) Jalaai(4) Votes cowl) ola a ipl! 5H Jalen (Gs) Yeo ried Gp —— lll IG ay vo Linwilace i Ghyll Spa pany BRS - YYi- SF pally QML salad alllan aga AS csi at Se Se cos gap Bsaks jail Gall baal tS. joe Rt i gall Gt ag at Ra lige ates RuSDeaagll GL _itd | Lal » Sl ypall ash L08| lalee cilaaal souls thay val oal! oljL__as yt ities a ee et Ay AM ayaa) JR aya s gaalll call yh al Dt miacstne ‘one b= 5 ais whey, ae -K, XG ics algilaiga ct ay ul “Bubsaha pte! IME ofl jal dbdaall bo aul At yd IMS pel Sd Iga ly a ells pall ove Sal all 43a lye at py Gill 8 aystlin Ha Oe el Stel Gh ell ak Se i asl Ob ll as om chee iS aul gh pull Bah ApAll opal gb pull 3 pSaall hi. Se ee Ayal a lala gists catladl lll Hf theta lay sonnet 8g alla al fl ilgac sega taste Jl alge! = |XX¥ —tate é. saigall onan diccvemges 4 Aaghlis Mens le pte law alga¥l e NA pits dees Tees Ube abe ads ull uly a he + peli, 1 (1) GG) irene a djl yb (S) vA, secie) Cobeaealll cad cobslged Gs laal thats cliiats VAN 3 ve ecb HH SiS Sipe laud Wyle Say coliiae No pe SYST Ges TAN con (S54) Jail ol gaat vAA ees Sve bee ceo) ually eal age oy TipLall F¥e_..g ubrigcadoaeta rr TTY ot gpl Ay att agli glad cull) FE dieveancssevccianea cos Co) Ugislalnag pall Lylis yuu Yre ial! ps UL_2 (1) to wipe] pe — alo! UA (a) TT NL) ¥¥o aon Ui eeeicealle + poll cil ss SEN acetal ‘a bt Mell Gbeall sijLgayl : Yl rr seaneniiantierconan pall coeatly cel gies tad (1) Yrs ne 5 4 yaill UsLat Link t,t py 31 LN ag tall, aall hl as ptt at ver voll Gysi io 5LG8! Lljey Uy ue { VEN, wail Gyaiee jLGS! ile caste ry DLS baal Lal (GS) viv Sa peaiede shat i BEAL Un acts: baa + ipa! cyl Las ig cus ales seipeinars GAG Leal Lat lis — VWWA- OO ,SCS =g——E————=tite £s-——aul Yo. Teer cate et alk tl Yo) ee soyreecenacce» eM pals — a9e Bytla Fa od ee (DH det all L534 (ga oy! Lg3¥) bs NSN HEE ce rl gg = ea call Ghee 9 WR rages Bie Se a as all og Lai Ve cirniisicrncinicait niyo beaaall Sink a thall syle Yoo .. woo (apne yl) opie gail | baal Los | WANE tian os UE dekll jLG8) 8 peal Za Lull as VOM soos DAG Mekal LOY TABAN OL gl S — yo dinle & Let + Gee bill yell! Zyl _ia etl esl: Gy bt oo tl Gal as I ; and 2 dyel oUt bis colle LG etl g (ja—ill dag, jl | ceal! gl; aay Lisa + pg ph Jopll gli ball distal Gyyl5 gust Leal iL 2 Ay na gall Gilt gotta Bakss cles Lana otal ol_al gles + ell 4p Bg» Los! nthe Eal Spr gla va oil yh S - VYA—TA. tt. ty. $f. OL ic BEN oe... £6h, thai ety PEN. tfA ££% to. foe fo\ fol BVT soe bY Rs ease ei #¥o ... #Vo tW: ENN Lies EVA cc tA- $Aa tAN., LAY + datyols jd bu esa » dloall ple 3 351) aly all 2 TZ Goals gle hell ts + gli (pf el eal Gb (lead Lesall (1) Giaeoh) apse. ie Dede ind Ti gHil! ol LLY od Lal gl! - pial pp 9 ot tye — Gy NG atl () settee © Gl clonal (a) (pry deal Gaull Gglasltl Lal Ua Sally oll ne pal Glee cil Lav — 8 Gay ob as - t $9 — BS Fd (1) + SHH! GBS Slee (Y ) Anil! Satbollssl (=) Bi = eat otal » feb. 2 Ayal gab aad 2 ual galthe 5) Usall Ss ¢ [sl a_i Feld] SLM Gt ol gl 5 pl ee sijo tLgal pod up al ail ails Gy saeiill (5.15 9 Lay —__bs eoot ol... ol eva SO VANa sou caeeeeyeni aeecenons ova yt... oY es3——asal - alge LH Tlady ca jail sci ees ea pleat 495 ol « gapall jail! etl — 4 ee ee SaSll polasl Chugh (a) Ail Soe iil a ga cul ok ee a ph ts ey (SAMI af Sab!) sasill Layigll © 95) + yl igs a al a0 eevee col te ve Bagh salad Lash atl alll tes el ll by es Lt jest als CE Siig — a agaglt Ups cupacall cpacaill Je giglly tnosell aid it ele al = SL SA aM pall) Maka: lal) ull Bist Tr CoS ate Ga) ba Sts scar eee ere eer iiree nc all $55) ate oct eivray simemeeme AIF Fyees (eu tt 1 aN baal plihly Jlaill ilall Lawall aglp—SI slat! baal - W\-oAN . ” ONG Sissies AY AA oAK aay NEN VET Vio gn) = plySl Jad] coilell dotuall (1) pul 9S a glihl pailell doiudll ( ) «dat Jamal ge GSU pala! dasucall celal Jat (1) da pill J—iall (w) ee ies A dayall GYD: ye gulsll Gil) yell y= gly gall (a tale! o Ragen a yall Uhl obh Lalys %&___aall &, ul(1) jo ata I) Upatl SLS Lull dele Thy + eaggeall Gy bll) p51 atl Bayh pe (i) een agp (6) ol apstll Leal 53H Sym = le Sis aah ol 5, 5 i) Lyi Sil ate (aby) JLab ol|LipY) Juss 2 Wigs Tih ple Jl! (1) typ Lah ple oat (O) + a RE ae + Real) Ayal: ye itt all gle Ctl att y= gly Gh) Gs yl eles£-—nl ly GaN! 4 sll Gee gla lpn UL all taal p Lpal Ilan) iS cons gligisll UGH & all ays ce glgchl UGH Gall Gaal! 2 slap bli Gl ol lost a Yai! ol Lyi (1 vs gla a 2) el Pe ic ee slog Unt) Gill phe yall SLM Galea ob; LGa yl ( ) soph «she ste MLN al ¢ Lan tt_alt & _. pL ate LL all ll Gelb Clea Chall Gall Ga shy » pats LL__all bs , cliais Ata Gl yal! cola _. GUIRY aLGH Uys Gao re TMH yall Cela! Gebel! ol Load! » CO tad I Ga a . EL a GN Gi lal = 1 soos» PURO GI il daub judd — 7 _ + glgaY ylil Leaall SecpUll olla yl = BA ie ee ih ll bl! & ll Ge Leon ag gt ll ele at aa atl pl Gall a! all a nt » Gull Gab! G sill Glo! Loa! Aaa ale - vy" —tsa ps pull G5 bye pall & pal eall olga fio eee E re talltl ee Be pl Saigo gb Baa PRA Leelee ple Zalja Glaal 29 Glad HA sll ste ale LaLa as Tsay Geab gt Upsle Teenati Sheed dads SIU Gl Lewatall Goll! Gad — + palyall oda ils Shae nitty pranad ip iplacs pale aplenty ZHI Golpd clayles juli - ¥ Taf Tee sLtilly lo latt ly taal + ileal Bly SLY! IME Goa Gall lS aja way yh ple eal — 7 + yi Leilene ole loin pl Le ple Geil! (Sle ale Lats ass 2 GAUGE ols plo Gall Goaey us Gb Lua (1) » YEU Say Soll yo lS! Lanizay Gelane Gila (w) tpl! Lele ple! GU bays Ups chee alll glusy! Glse fi TSLASY) byl pall gon puted 4 all — Uapey. GSiall g sT SY ga gi eal pa elges Glaze lyst ila Glas! Leal ple Syl ace lola Pagan gf Lala gf Ber ol elyew SLU glad] Gye BY Mae Soy se oll Sl est VE Gaal IGS Gti east eae Toad (ot yd Gy] cle Ll Gigs LysLadly al pa Ll Gpapeall sh ple elyee Cs ge Lola dll pF abaya pallies pbtalee cbs oi Iyled ulliS, al ya¥l aR oes.- “Pea | | ea Cop Salas oh YI gles pl LS GySll Ob YY Gael Bale gl LILA Sole cols, + Capea Byblos pg Gopetall Gl Ge GUY) gap dally Deel olptall a= lf oS cons UeStaaly als IA cya asl Leet Yaya ita Unall + QW padded clllay VAN ple LaSiul cedll Aterberg gyi! Cabeerat a aged! sani ead ll SuilSae Cad ys VAN hee gh — OW, Bellenins nil shy pllall Goll 3a it Soar dell ols! Glos Gob UI TayDb Doll) Goaiyll SLM! og WAN) QI VAY. Sa clgiull (a 2 US pel Banal Lal! (8 Gobel! Lal yb ua, coe fiat LS AU ella ples Lal at gop Lal eaay — Shana (gh Lele cle gation 4b Ugh oily VATO ple dibs p55 se Terzaghi tl lila BLY tt tte Lak Light od a Upll kae ple lt b= Ge detall mex URAL Zilysll clysilly ol aig cake LAS, Lala yo sus + pla Ha gall oleh 5 gy Lge olay Bilal sill ig FUN cpokg LoS SIN LAUT LLL yn SIH pgdlnn oh cusmigll lly tual G Eyl Leake gh obbabSl sf GLa oda day + colalY! = 4 Ob pay aptey oly Glin) Goby aliSy giles Go elt p Lal Js RAL gl oLusL ME pannaiys Upilely Lah ttaal gland! S52) ook gl ule Gaus { Wydasllay lead Bully Gl] cae Uysal (Laas GM i od USM le + (A) SS) i eebe Lao pal ae a Ralph ple unease (9) Rama cibaabaal ype re (1) cohen! |S) JSats 7 WL) MLS Lal - ¥ gteall gf TS Ltsl BLS pad tac US) LS Fill pay Bales Gall padded ples Lule Bolelli LGLGG Sales pa sans Us} Les. (vy fst) dol all «(THN SB) Cle flan Hy LAL Regal gle uate GTM oa LL). Uaapeuay er (AP iting bara at ‘Dense Sand t Grivel galas pay Gubll i ASL SLs Gall TA Js Jalal apf Hhee + gdally dull - ¥ fla gf US Jall Dall! ISLAY oe LAS Gy Gal Gall gS Y Le doe Lihly iy Ras Gd she ll at GURL Gy Leal g sll Jos Jacl any sus ga YELL ada gre Gabe ta of US Ypiplle Gaull JSLAL ous jill podtinuay (£1) JSD gt LS pial ils Une ae 3 Lely SIS os] shall ile Ruled Bal Ra yay Ball se ol5ay ple Upipaay LAI! cle Tyas old eM < 7) =o “toe Jaca da, Waitt Olin dikes sie ile aha (Gs) wil eres ed dll (1) Pall pile Say dal! £8 J Bulall eladly Ga¥l eet ola! - ¢ DSvalloLcitl, uladl fis GAY) cad Lay Le CES ge % ie Byles Gl) Giles Bits be LAIN Gaalliag, GUY L Leche oblyally eoLtal ake IS) + eo LSlly spueall oLeledy selpay ifyll Lise) oily tas Me) aly ARAN gy Tegel Gall Leads ae Hy Roatan Ll ee al 6 (oN ISA). Upse ZaGLl cosy Yale | aoe / oilesxSteles (1) ploeeedinane tins gh deny ile tee (os) es28 celles (1) Bibel cleteall o—\ JSS 2 yy Lil le ayy SLRs els gi tw coil! plall ya Soil of Mechanics &3ll (utlSee omealiy LAI RIS Ta ells + gl aye Kewate dtly Solum (pa dad LA.aY 14K gl) Grew pe 5 Soil Uythl SG hall Sls ye TSU Lata fg Lyall Lele coe gilill ype! clad a Lgl AS, Roangy Updo cldlainy Mae ya gar Lay pbslly cbilgually BSI Spt Guo BEAL! Tish clas BoM Gaya Jats LOS USN JE ly af all olay oljlig Silpen ple estat Like Sule dye dies auld lly cay Zeca YI pds + digg ill Lite chaally slay UAV) Chaalyy Satay spec! pacalall oct gua LAD DE SSS Lye EsOlly © cg ll SLI um pu: Lees 4 385 lS Ge pity tap lly Lah dly Fyloall dade ypducll clk dye GSTs cee obs ogle + (Gara gl 4,0) GLeY) js aall glo BS he Ueligl ce ab ys Uys G5 bad GHG TM a lett Ula dy «play al nae ie hla St tasti te aly ate ae Sea ities St + Chg gh Gla all alll gh g sll Lal Ugh 25 pay Ya le yt (ph Leaked Sagal LAY! od LUNN jane 25 coBlly Uyaald Gall — olla pag Spe LayAll gyS5 tue SLL Eyal Jlocly olla SI Lelie .ugau Beeb cline poe Spans lial S55 UL Lally oLkly Uyaill 43H — Lgtulital fytss Del ll Ranch AST ake gas Shy Gayl cody gly) Lala (gd aula cpanel) (giants 9 do ncaa Unsaid Ltt) yak cd yo pad ay eels Lal pay cll Uysal & all La gySh TRA LS Lofys oLiass Tali Uyak SU costal 355 ate Update gS gleall (pb gah ple lls All Ud ASS Soil Structure 43!) WS 5 ab Fine grained Soils Coarse grained Soil Slyall bas slyall Ban ys poe Oe Get hi old ay paces T Gay SH jet oll pay Balad 3 Lal pay Sieg Lal pauty Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil gle — cabal ta Lag = Jal) pcb: Sta INV wee: Particle Arrangement 4,5U pos! cLadl 2 Tubal) Up pasa! ell (1) hy GY BYE phe cog f SU Gad GS Gp old pee all Lull oligaall plead le Bape Gable gS olla sly jbl aLall ga ols! sels olinell og hall ceed BO sy siy Gla Gall cals 13] Lage 586 OG ab Asal gh Gl Wha el shay + (Gebel! Stall) epee clare igs Deghesl Leet Honeycombed jegli ol] Loose Witla ols gl) Dense GAS obs ga Lal + (1+) SS gd LS b. Dene « Honaycambed Ermces fier pervs Ea ia SAY ee} + Lect! YyBll pusall Lill (ys) bagel oe sl ly Sle Coys [tts Lael Teil piace alll cagSe Bees Cad Le Ul dagen apttay chtid Uyityy yall! oluall aoa [bs HF OM Bas Oliell Gobel Rabel 5) cus. USS 4S obit! 2 gl] all peg ol lD pg gle tins baal oe Ge aS All May Dispersed or Oriented 554 oly old Geek G5 — (pclae i she lI Sat Golenl le lint! 4Ltd clad gy all © VVN JS2) tall ol peal fh ade ole tap paLa tll ge petty Le gay Floceulent ilptbe oly old Lacks Lyi — hae gf soll Guus sie eS toy Yodel le lid EY clus = lp) Ws gust Ge lat NMG ae eee2 Dispersed b. Moderotily flocculent’ —_«. Highly floceulant lt water} @: ole Let Al gaye! «Gl (T¥1) Jet THe. | £2P | tb) 1D ee Sa 2 65 == (= See (cy (a) =e Clay structures: (a) dispersed, (6) flocculated, (q) bookhouse, (d) turbo- stratic, () example of a natural clay. eel 8 anal ill (4s VY) JS gua ll puis pigtail 13 Gy non-salt flocculation ally ab pil phe + ~ Salt flacculent elle .ilpsic « cis Leal oy 87 Gay Teckel! Ul gall oll ps AV clu Lay + (VN) Jt weed ple I sins UIs oly ygSy Lea Lael BHAI! Ls LEAS hy ekSl a VER. —+ Clay mineralogy gyal! ime eS ill Zeeks YI Tel hell Soe Cush cre pst le tall Shall iS all (SLi! tsa Alumine octahalron pLuY! G3Lai! GaesMly Silica tetrahedron GLU Kaas Ce5ay + GpShuw 83 yo aS yiohs ai ge cSt Gell = (AN) SS. hydroxyl Sascha sug cpa cil cue Ugly pastatl 353.» cu @ Silicon © Aiuminium O Onygen O Hydroxy! Sites tetrahedron Alumina octahedron fa) Silica sheet ‘Alumina sheet (bt celal phan 8 all (AS) JS Ney Gabe Geel ll lal) Gua Ripe Lan yh Oe OS fxg : Kaolinite eytutylsll ( 1) RAL Gan lWl fe Bide Laat pe Geel SLI Goggle Bape Tas ot Ge Sp aay: Mite eal! (2) + pasealigll Sal ola al oGia dys aonssy Saclay! [Sbeall Ge cpio coliials oSly cul aS yi wid dy: Montmorillonite euish syeatigll ( 2) oe Va es a aSOL GT ageattll gi anol of pala oe cells puss Lull! LaglYl Lae iad LE ce dal Ny UG fiat Rt Al sik os 2 Lally Le » Swell Qaiths coats ygatiyl Jaady wollalell ou pulls LiLol ol asus + ual tsa Sl ISAT (4-1) JS ony — == ieee im ek- Ee H bond ay Hed = * 2 ee (a) (tb) fe) Clay minerals: (a) kaolinite, (b) illite, (c) montmorillonite, ell pall Sa JIA (AN) By Sita os oh Rl jg yl Terms and symbols Relating to soil Mechanics PSB gh coil lly UI) Sait ple gd pt ay gu ILI Rta Tne paSple gh Halll LusLM! Lonsiany Uyall (SSL pall! peel oul tl! Sell ell ollaanay ll 505 Lay Spall Lets (1-1) pte Ga LAlLally «AY ST silly Billy Balas pel abe Slings =; Wiegtd ileal! altri jas Definations and Relatioships Three phase system poll leu! lide dill Gligae 5 ROM) RED oS coo cath ST (pm sy Usa Nigh Gills hall Lestat «Abide yh dyade gab gh upte) Gloall olyall (1) = (Ags st tA) il paall (.) SN sl ela! (>) -olill Mr Gyall gb ol WN US Old ol Lal Tag Gyo Vs iy W go alec anal Guay Ul) cya aS 5 Sy lpedny LEAS sll cligSes Liokay ll ies GT ple ella! ail allay Zaelell Lgille gi Lendl, Lec apaills (NEN) ISS Gh Cie ok LAS Unde sills yk eagte SLySE GS Of ye wctlene Sot) pls 580 tus Two phitse system (Stl JLot! ali ga 5 Ai pls diay Gel pas) SLE all Jang ols Ine Lid Gulls ph Tenet yl oye TR (laselaelly ilgeall pads VG yal Hl pally oe oo Vs tall olal! poe - pare Vw oll pa = (soil) Water surrounding Avi cegutor » Wa elagll ape = ected ene slytll ppa ct olill aoay [sifnice met ing sma Sates eo ae 1 age cold all po (pay ; f We = Va + Vw Uplate (VV) CS Sexy = " ae5 doe CaSiad W Lgl ISI cll La 2 weight of water Woy alll fviy— . Weight of soil solids Ws Glaall cLusall gy — « (NSNYIS iy Lak dead ll ay dats cue Weight Volume Weight Volume pally coisll alist (7-4) SS i Basie defrnitins cuwbul aisles D peal Uy past gif oGe w Weight - Volume Rel, Mass - Volume Rel. (TY) JSUT Gk past ple Tae pally ABS, poly gill Ob oll =i JWeight of oT Voturne of i. | aire, sol % Volume of T Ei voids = V, {Weight ol water= Wy) © = Water Votume of | ass, Nt Mass a! water = My | water = V,, ae PN as eee Weight of solids = W, ee 1 Volume of Mass of solids f i esate | vellds Vy, peallstisit(reny ss Total mi a z 3 3 2 » al LS ait Sty ally Leal oluall als] gpa o8 SI G5sll = W=W,s+ Wy oll aly Solids Uhall elusall sao gyaps gt Tolal Volume HII pall — elyell ppas elt] pom pect clEIally. Voids V=¥,t Vw + Va : Unit Weight y gliy¥l dang « Tilly Yc yarsy pl anal ll lS) Gill Lee pa se We ney 2 GST ab GIVI Bia clingy pef , kNjm? , gm/em3 , ym} 2 LOY) ola] pgdol ele Cy ad GNI Say « Wer unit weight Yer UL Gig s¥l day . Saturated unit weight You, Zand) gigV) Sey -— +: = Ws _ + Ww sat = v aseGl ely (ples) Tepe Gall CLAUS GyS Lous Ulli ode Gasiy Ry Cel yl) Jats oF oll (gf byiatny. lpn py nae + Of/jyp) Submerged unit weight dygaatl gb yY) doay a st Ey Gall ile pi IS SUG WLU Gla UL pate Gall Gy Leas «+ (gilall Sel8) Quast) Sse) Ryall gay) adds WLM ola yy. alll Lialh ell hy tin Leaglee ol aed sal ooy agli Breall Ball sy ol ul + (Gog | Beli) CG pele ill uty G, yagill aol! Yay lam yi doy Yeu = EE = Ms Yu (Gs -1) Viotal Vs (1 +e) yu = oy, le 2 OY) Qa Tod ol EY Yon cased Saws Yeup soll = if Yout Soil Bas You GLewad Lal. LapLal} oda Gusbs gua aL) Und JLaa! a allay 459) clipe psa Youb Soll = Yaa, soil ~ Yw Youd SOU = Your. sou - 62.4 (in pel), Yaub = Year - 1 gem or em Yub = Ysa - 9.81 kN/m3 = Wegaily pda Ube (£1) USS 2 Bagh paul BS yall! Day gett ULL gl Youn » Yr coe Gull Gyaly he adll Gash Ge Leip LI Gy cd Lyall LEI § SL ala ST em + mana s1 Saelll pod5y Byjaie Gall Fat Gisk Ge GAEL Ms ot GU Liga oll Gauite iyi Gall LI Decl AM ph ellS Samay (Aus Mla) LplEL 4 IS HLS GT dl! Gpatll Lolad Leany, Goel Loli yd Lady all ty Ly Spdde GLE sill ppp tom Us MLN adn 3 Gall yySGH OLE a JS gly Hy LBL Ga ope lal Sa wha GBS gS Ry LES GA ole el das ¥ Lekaees (Yr 8 pdt) «(Vary pussies) Tle Whall peally ojpll cilbLe Gi Teadtaull Yoy oLall Sill Bony 51 Late aes 2S aul te gall Sau w=624 pet yo =981 K Nim Yw = 1 gm/em3 Wwe! ym? SSNWater Content w gilall pgtinall w (4) =" X 100 DI lam Sha uel! OLN Gay cre Genlll 5 ‘ Void ratio e clélpall auui * e=u Yuba basal paay ole ill pam ps eal i Porosity n dialuall * qe + pS ppally cilé yall pom Our tenalll a v gly LS led pall Lesadly Ceol by, Sey V=Ve + Vy peeve. See ee ran VitVy v,lv,4 vy, +e Ten : Degree of saturation S guiil! dojo 5 (%0) = Ye x 100 ae All pane gl VN rae Gee aT ew : Air content Ac ulgall yigciagll * o2¥j * + aay + CASTE papal isl! + Eel! pene cate Geel ga : Specific Volume v segill wool # Adel obauoll Jy pel Bony le ceglins coll Lill ASI) penal pa Yei+e : Specific gravity of solids Hyd! GlualGs pegill gjgll ¥ «ela gull Bagg lf Teall Ll elasad yl Bday Obs Leal M, - M W. G,= = or G, = + -— Ve Pw Netw Vite = th: Bulk density p dslia/l# p= « ppally GSI SLSH cps Zeal pn Pw=l vm ell Gls, =1 glen? ply be gl] SIL cam Sail ESM pay Dry density, Pry =e (kg/m?) » May dbus) - «Payers Pe wet (bulk) density — (Ayagulall) Ayana) 44s) — Wet density, Pw = (kg/m?) . Py Saturated density 4estud) Adis} - S=1 = pttll gta Ute ode Sso: Uils Gigi Aya dis be s (Ajapall Mun) Mall si yeyhtt Dan oF» Gi + wy *) SiS Tea : Basic relationships dualal old|le * PGs, Sve. w ey Taal * uN Waly _wGe Yoel fw WG wo Veo. eye = WG, + goAl Bey Ti Lall aay ball 3 Ww = Vw Gu Yw = Vow Yo Rik as Yw = FA re.Ve ale Gehl Landy V. cb pe! bl Gets J + glig! gaag ola|Le * lal IgM) Buoy nig = = Sate v l+e 2g Al Gaby sf Also, since Yary = Vr as Gs¥w . VeGs¥w . GeYw Me Toa Wiahal ca MOPED 6) guts Ula (0-¥) US (0-¥) SS od LAS Se S15! Btany — eae de ee. iuypu ee SW Gi tt ete ae Mh Vv l+e 2 lt US Yaar Ene spl Tha sbay 2 Lolo tenth G all Yi = Wr _ Ws + Ww. st Ve VA Fe) = M1 Gy Yo # Vw Yor = Vs Yu + OVE Yue Vs (1 +e) V,d +e (Gs +2) Yw (+e) Blake = seat (THY) JS Lanaalell sT ie lly) ULL SIH Bay — i yo + Ww _ Gps t+ wGs yor _ Gs Ww (1 +) Vv Vet Ve THe ie _G, 0+) aig ae y= G58, +e Leta Speed gls¥) dey — 4 Unzad Ga oly Leute Gal GS ( Ryall ola! cygeude Geat Ladses cs!) Gy + Yw Gee ly 1+e ie” iw Youd = dled Yeu = Ysut = Yw 7) oligUl dasa) y,5l GLilLe * (UM) Gb oH iaay UledLs (1) da Ve V+ Valea. Ww = WW, = w (L- 1) Gs Ye pote Wee We _ Um Gy tw Ge Gy, dna tw) Vv Vv t iY) = ee Sota =o ee2 Gla! II Soy ee | va co = (1-1) Gy i ereeealie staph G1juH| Bass We = rGenti—m] mo = | aca re Ms =(L-n) Gy yw +n fw = [G, - n (Gy 1)] Ww psna—aital VNUs + UUSIL G. Be * :@,G,,e,A We * :Sin, A Mle ¥ poall = UII « pqall — gill tise Gdn jlasal pealle tholl. p pall = giyll lial pase (At) JCA antesan vaie Foatiw Fatih ate tat Pw Fn ‘teat * ¢Cteat ~ Fe) we Toe tna edy tagtis Ula Utd Example 2-1: A sample of soil obtained from a test pit is one cubic foot in yolume and weighs 140 Th. Calculate the water content, wet unit weight, amd dry unit weight. W = [40lb wie osm weight of water= Wig = 140-125 = 15 Ib weight of dry soil= Wy = 125 — th total volume of sample= Vo =1.0 ie rears tee Vv ay = ary unit w 125.1b 125 pet 1.0 fr? < water content sw = “2 = 151b_ 9,12 = 12 perwent W, | 1251b Here Example 2-2 : Determine the wet density, dry unit weight, void ratio, water con tent, and degree of saturation for a sample of moist soil which has a mass of 18,18 ky and accupies # total yolume of 0.009 mm. When dried in an. oven, the dry mass is 16.13 kg. The specific gravity of the soil solids is 2.70. 5 M=18inke + | Mg = 16.18 ke: t wet density, p= M = 18:19 KE _ 920 ke mi? V 0.009 m? Lgm ec (16.13 kay pee] dry unit Weight, ‘yy, Ws Mew! Pw) ML emis! Roa Vv 0.009 m* =1818 kg/m? =1.82 8™ com? Sieg(1.82 SE) x(o.st my) water content, y= Mwy 199% = 18.18 = 16,13) kg/m? ; 16.13 kein’ = 127% oid sat c= V¥ = 0.0081 13 _ 9.53 ¥. 0.0059 ms [where = ae Pw 16.13 kg ou 6 cms (2.70)(1.0 =a 10) ae X 0.001 kg/em 16.13 kg 2.70 x 10° *8 0.9059 m3 im? an Vy = V,-V, = 0.009 m3 - 0.0059 m? = 0.0031 m3] se _(01279(2.70) e (0.53) ea kan Example 2-3 : A 150 ce sample of wet soil scales 259 g when 100 percent satu raitd, 1 is ovensdried and found to. weigh 162 g, Calculate the dry unit weight (really density, since gram units are used), water content, Void ratio, and Gy Tw FP ow =250¢ Ws= 1622 | degree of stuutation, $9 = x 100 % = 64.7% T VelS0cc Ws _ 1628 1 9g 8 Vo 150cm* om? Yary = = (1.08 g / om?) (62,4 10/f* |_ 67.5 por 2 g/cm? Wy _ 2502-1628 ies a Ws 162g = 0.543 = 54.3 percent = -_ Wy 2508-1622 * Guity (1.0)(1.0 g fom’ Vy for this problem, since for } 100% saturation all yoids are filled with water Vy = Vr- Vy = 150 em} - 88 m3 = 62 emi em Ve. S8.om) _ | 47 Vs 62em Ws 16: ee eee: TS Vsw (62cm')(1.0.¢/ em’) Example 2-4 ; Laboratory test data on a sample of saturated soil show that the void ratio is 0.45 and the specific gravity of soil solids is 2.65 . For these conditions, deter= mine the Wet Unit weight of the soil and ity water content. ‘This sample is saturated; thus all voids ate filled with water. e= YY 20.45 8 but V, and V, are not known. On the block ditigram, assume that V,, is unity. Therefor Vr= Vs + €Vs = 1.04 0.45 = 1.45 ‘AS a result, Wy = ViGsyy = (1.0) (2.65) (62.4 pet) = 165 Ib and Ww = Vwtw = (0:45 tt!) (62.4-pef) = 28 Ib from which Wr= W, + Wy, = 165 Ib +28 Ib = 193 Ib Yer WT = 195b. 133 pot Wa 1450 Wy 2 = Whe 2816 9.17.5 17 pores W. fest O17 7 HT percent enon see Example 2-5 : An undisturbed, one-cubic-foot volume of soil obtained from a lest pit found 10 have a wet weight of 103.2 Ib. ‘The dry weight of the sample is 84,5 Ib, Whar Would be the effective unit weight of such a soil if it were submerged below the ground water table ? The specific zravity of the soit ix determined to be 2. 70. the effective submerged weight is approximately Youd = 4 Ywers + (103.2 pef) = 52 pot — y=ermination is a follows : W. Ya. See 5 © Ga¥w (2.70) (62.4 pef) ae -¥, = 1.018 - 0,501 =0.50 1° 2.50 _ 1.00 0 Got) “hw ee 2.701) (62 wet 53.2 pet or submerged weight, Wau = VsyelGs - Gy) = (0.50) (62.4 pet) (1.70) = and fora volume of onc cubie fost, Wau 53.2.1b _ 53.9 = ref t Ge hie i eeeee Example Assume that a one-cubie-foot Volume of soil similar to the soil from the preceding illustration is exéavated from a location below the water table. The soil is now 100 pescent saturated. What saturated weight would be expected ? Youb.= Year. - Yo or You. = You + Yw = 53.2 pel + 62.4 pef = 115.6 pet kina Example 2-7 : For a soil in natural state, given e = 0.8, w = 24%, and Gs = 2.68, (a) Determine the moist unit weight, dry unit weight, and degree of saturation, (b) If the soil is mide completely saturated by adding water, what would its moisture coment be at that time ? Also find the saturated unit weight. SOLUTION Part fa) : the moist unit weight is oy Sete (14 W) Ive Since jy - 9.81 KN? ; yo ZOSOBI)(L 40-28) og nym? = ane,Weight - yolume relationship for saturated soil with V= 1. fy ~ Sale l+e From Hig. (1.13), the degree of saturation is see Ge (2:68) x 100 = x 100 = 80.4 % Part (b): for saturated soils, ¢ = wG,, ot wih) = 2x 100 = 28 x 100-= 29.85 % . 2: the saturated unit weight is syeay = Sullve + Cts — 98126808) oF aN an! Ve 1+08 Example : In its natural condition a soil sample has a mass of 2290 g anda volume of 1.15 x10 4 m*. After being completely dried in an oven the mass of the sample is:2035 g. The vahic of Gs for the soil is 2, 68, Determine the bulk density, unit weight, water content, void ratio, porosity, degree of saturation and air content. Bulk density, p= Mi = 2-290 _ 1999 kg / m3(1.99 Me /m*) NLS De Unit weigh, y= = 1990 x 9.8 = 19,500 N/m’ = 19.5kN/m* ‘Water content, w = Me 2290-2035 _ 9.125 or 12.5 % M, 2085 Void ration ¢ = Gyl(1 + w)P%—1 = (2.68 x 1.125% 1000). | 1990 = yA= 0.52 Pordsity, n= -E—= en =0.340r 34% Demmee of saturation, SW Gs = ie ao = 0.645 or 64,5 % Air content, A =n{l -S}= 0.34 x 0.355 = 0.12) of 12.1 Example 2-8 ¢ Coinpute'the density, unit weight, void ratio, porosity, and degree of saturation of an undisturbed prism of moist soil, Pig. 2-9 a. Mesurement found a vol- tine of 0.0112 m and a mass of 19.8kg, After oven - drying at 105 C, the mass was 17 kg. ‘The average spe ay 2,69. 1. V—OOLL2 ni, M= 19.8 ke, Gi 2.60, Ma= 17 kg, Pig. 2-9 a. 2. Mw 198 -17=28ke. a a-4 . tw aM 4Ve ¢ = oat Fig, 2-9 : Computing phase relationships. with the aid of block diagrams + (a) example 2-10 (bh) Example 2-10. and 11 with Gs = 2.80, (c) Example 12 after initial Compaction. ane! (d) Example 2-12 after added compaction. dea (1. =) ee = to3 19,8 / 0.0122 = 1768 kg/m’, a 7689.81 = 17,340\N fan} = 17.3.KN/m? = 1.768 g/em* = 1103p / 9 5- Vu =28+ 1000-= 0.0028 ms 6 = Vy= 17/1000 x 2.69 ) ~ 0.0063 7 Vy; = 0.00112 - 0,0063 ~ 0.0049 m3 8 V,-= 0.0049 0.00 9 c= OWNS / 0.0068 = 0.78 10- 1=(0,0049 / 0,0123}x100 11S = (0,0028/'0),0040)x100 % = 5798 12- w= 2.B/IT NIN H16.5% NOTE: Void riaio is usually rounded out to nenest 0.01 ar sometimes 0.601; porosity fo nearest percent or 0.1%; suluration to nearst percent or 0.1%; and water comient to near. eat percent or 0.1%. ‘The accuracy of the measurements seldom justifies more than three significant fivures, veer Example 2-10 : An undisturbed sample of saturated clay from) below: the groundwater table had a mass of 360 2 and 4 volume of 190 ern’, Fig, 2-9b. Dried, Its mass was 270.g. Find the-density, unit weight, weight. water conient, void ratio, porosity, and spe cific gravity of solids. 1- V= 190m} ~ 190 x 10-6 m4 M = 360g. Mr=270 y. 2. p =360/ 190.x 16% = 1,895, 000 g/m4 = 1805'ke / m?. 3— My, =360 27000 9, 4- w= 904270 x 100% = 33%, = 6- Vy = 907108 = 90 x 10% 1! = Va, (saturated) , Vy = 1908 10-6 -90.x 10% = 100 x 10m), T~ e=90/ 100 =0.90 R= n= (0/190) x 100% = 47%, 9- G. = (Mii Vy 0) = 2707 (100 x 10° x 1 x 10%) = 2.70 10 Y= 18.59KN Smt = 1.895 pf/ mi = 118 bs fs eer Example 2-11 if the specific gravity of solids in Example 2-10 Fig. 2-9 b, we 0.1 higher, what wauld the water content, density, and unit weight be, assuming no di ence involumes; TM = 100x109 m8, Va 90x 10° m4, Gee 2.8. 2- M, = 10010 x28 x 1x 10% 52808 -0.28 kg 3- w= 90/2808 100°% = 32% (increased 3%) . 4p =(280 + 90) / 190.0 108 = 1,947,000 p im} = 1947 kg fn} inerensed 2%), 5+ y= 19.03 kN im" (inereased 2%) NOTE ; Sovall changes in Gy do oot influence the other properties. Fur this reason, esti miatex of Cie are adequate for many computations, Example 2-12 : A clayey soil is being compacted in a fill . Its water content is 18% and the specific gravity-af solids 15 2.70. An undisturbed sample of the soil, 1/30 tr" » weighed 4.30 Ib. Fig. 2.9'c. Compute the voiel ratio, porosity, degiee of suluiration, and weight of solids in-u unit volume of soil. * Va 0.0388 10 , Wind. 20 Thy w= 18%) Ge = 2.70. Wie Wee d30; Wy +0.1R W, = 430; Wo = 0.66 Ib, = 0.0105, V. = 3.64 / (62.4 x 2.7) = 0.021683 4- V4 = 00333 - 0.0216 - 0.0105 =0,0012 fe. 3 $= 0.0105 / (0.0012 +0.0105) x 100% = 90% abt N tm ia om6 e = (0.0012 + 0.0105) / 0.0216 = 0.54 _ 7. y= 4,3/0,0333 = 129 Ih t= 207 g/cm =203kNI i> p 8. yyh= 3,647 0.0333 = 109.3 Ib/ f= 1.75 g/ om? = 17.2 kN Lm yt = 1750 kg/m? 2070 kg fm If further compaction can increase the degree of saturation to 95% , compute the In. creased density and reduced void ratio, assuming that the Water content does not change, Fig. 2-9 4, 1- W=430lb; W,=3641b; Wy -0.661b; S$ -95%; Vy = 0.0105 1s Vy = 0.021 1 R= $= Vil Vy2095 =0.0105 / Vy; Vy = 0.01100. 0110+ 0.0216 ~ 0.0326 ft" . .30/ 0.0326 = 132 1b! i = 2.11 gf cn =20-7 Nim? p=2110kg/m? 64} 0.0326 = 112 Ih 13 = 1.79 pe / em? = 17.6 N/m Pg = 1790 kg / mt 6- (e=0.0110/00216=051 langle ja eo Baaly CaaS GLa Le Ll © SITIES GU Slag Say pS dah ee Gs Sl oleae /Saturaed Sol SI, Soil Damp. Sal $< 0.25 Moist Soil = 0.26 10 05 Very Moist Sail 0.5110075._ Wet Soil $ = 0,76 to 0.99 él ill Aasaly Sypll Bakaggl Coal Saat | pel yas © Yy Kyaltiyial od (FP) Sana Dey unit weight yw Void ratio Minimum ___Maximum Soit ype Mitimam SUnimim, Tite iin’ Tain Givel 0b O8 is a6 7 Comme 07S os we 5 wD sind Fine mad 0.8 a oa 4 im ay, Sundin" es a ut no ‘Onno ind Cevelly> 7 oe or i ae Sew ailiy sed 1 a4 ay i We iw Siky said 0.8 ots ” “ ia 03 uowvet vealél ll Guady oppll Baal Lulib sual alll yay Tagall Joos Glyaly 2.65 3 2.57 uy G, Cad gl si Conall Gall p Lat Gl pelt Soil type Gs a} Gravel 2,65- 2.68 G, dysbtiyiul oud (PT) Jgas Sand 2.65 - 2.68 Silt 2.66. Clay 2.68 = peeGel pel tle! Permeability and Seepage eapacillg dy Laill I ng) LAGS ND ope Baye SLitce BSNL BL yey cee SUAS ele Gaus yal Lolly Gelity| si Zyal ole LA Sls oll Say woe Lag MG GL olds, SUIS 5 Leal) PLM aay ule olall oa opal Le lil, clues dye alll so JS iy, ya Wl oad SLAY LLY) Blips le Yaa ce Ups acct LAL ple Lith ola! 835g, Ugale pb pty Lys tue Lal «Uplift pressure olsall ,SGuenytagll Mint ale CRBVI Lawatgll clegedsl pty ead oll pacts UAB La lay « doabl gLy Zao All dys plow T IIA Gye slam — 1 «LY ge LLudll Zadgall oll! — 1 | Eayysagll tl ood bial aoe — 7 e oLLL Dep! Gall bagugll Jee Glau — £ : Capillarity dpc! dielall alll ui! eis cg! ggiuall y2 Ground water table Gaagall oll! Gyeie 6S Ladgall #LU Gayncie cond Sagal! LEI All Jy. Tanke sip ogi Gall iphas olttee! Saas) Submerged Fyyais G3] ySs ULM aa ly oLNl isle casS5 cpne g UY Salsa! LAM! cigaicle Gia Lab, Upall sgl SISLT usa Vide sog5 Gbil| oS Gedy « (Full Saturated dat) UL Spee GA olka gholel jill cle (51) oll, cle ill a 255 S15 olall ol ol getsll Ube Al Tasalall ag ge cle Al oda} culRtil Galpall SLL Cece Gok Ye he JSS . moist soil Us 4,5 ULall ode 3 45H andy Capallarity Gaal Tiga) oll! Gpeede ple oli JUS! Bale pe: Lpaatll LaLa i]. (1£) 2 hes jPl dill oleal sats Tye lL pany Le Js Gypa tll Lislll Ley! 5 alll Lasts NATcecal AM igi Ll pin I gy Say atl ols gps lil ll ga BELL Aagady dd e Capallay rise pasa! oll ¢ lia)! Guilty. Surfuce tension oka GY Gyaadll OLLI ¢ Wajfigue al clay Se A BIN GS Ut ole US Sapettl Giahll clasp pean Say olde Qed ONS ges Tiga Layla Sbll Raya] lll g Uy! Lylass Lise Saul GALI Ground surlace ‘0 rnc SETI ren Dawnwned percowion $< y 04 Golan 2a oapenson By eapilary trees) al artial saturation due 10! 2 ‘se, Goward percotanion anc acct id winter: Hip Bell esis ()-f) a 1 dy pestall ep LeHfl ont abel! of Lably Gy atl! oll ee etd ts glad edged YL SI a ly Lge Gilats tube REN Go Yo pSi je Glee Say ellily . Lp Ue cle Ute al Lal pe sll ot5a! Loskaly olay! (9-8) ESI GIT gas Bal Lally pole ell dongs tae Lill pis) Luly Cod, 2 Manca Fros weater surface Asli Dalal (X-$) sat ~MAE = iaullly Ul spabe ya giavl ease ph ges eit Ua Ty yl gb Gal (AUN plane jad 1s SSL Gol BY tell bd Lakes pjyll Ty pale + cakes Lal Rly, Gall Gynyl (tube circumference) x (Tg) x (cos 6) pelea Ss oll Whe iy Uytyl plang paFll yulon en yl get OF dae Off Lay l har cus Cooa = 1 gh =o oi gel Gust! glam clas ple adil § cggluud Laud 3a! + ggglensh RSH) oll! ager cuiy Le Qm) (1) where ris the radius of the capillary tube . + jglend Lt! roll ayac Gaby Led (xr?) x (h) x (p) * (ge) where l= height of the column of water P = density of water, mass per volume, taken as.) gm/em? or 1.95 slugs/ft? . g = acceleration of gravity, 980 cm/sec or 32.2 fi/sec? . + dia GIT) Uh bk La all ¢ Us! eel ga he GIS 131 eho? Qn yam h, SeeBHD (volume) = RP? De fy where ‘Ww = unit weight of water, taken as 62.4 pef or 980 dynes/em} , ‘oa tll oll p WS, peal cal D2 mg) S28 2 Te ATS (nr?) (p) (g) —@)&) Ce) Cyw) dw) where d= the diameter of the capillary tube . ha 3 Tyludl Uslell li dhaad ipa ola Ty celal! yall yl tums + Os Gall Gans —\o —he= Ce cm. (approximately) provided that d is in centimeters . she plaad yasetal (VE) oly JLLLy Example 4.1 : Compute the height of capillary rise for water in a tube having a diameter of 0.005 cm. In metric units : ee ca) (73 SES) d) (P) (2) _ (9,005 em) (1 2) (989 cin ‘ a ( = aD = 60 cm= 2 feet In customiry or British units : 0.005 em Free or = 1.64x 107 2.54 12 im (50am) (in) n= ATS 2) O.005 IMM) ng d%w (1.64 x 107 fy) (62.4 pel) Ummm 3] YAS gl Ly paetll GY olay aes ota Y Gaya aball ¢ UiiyLy (T-€) St Ball 31,9 ks (Ft) sas / Tension at Uh 4 2ySh Lyall Gasca oLilly hy g bit! puoi dhe tie ull ISany =NA- =ty Lad tae Sly US ol le sth Lysee ual eset Eats quad Sans ay (4-8) JSS V ine JSS Leg aay Guaalete eles yal 1 (0-8) py IS GF LS Lad obeall oy JS - Capillary Rise agi yd gtpentill 2Lic,\II SPE Hy Gye Gul ge REY clus oy oll all Jb Mall ph Utbogual Zeal! gle atl LaLa pees dy pally JEM Space Sule dS 1 UyabeLnay ecg” ary pilary se Cant Ghose plate (pan cool ile te Laat alll (0-8) J Aad HEA gL cc geal ¢ UL DM Hage pall Uday cn (Vt) sans AAV —eel clei) nee gl a5, YN I-2) Jgaa REPRESENTATIVE HEIGHTS OF CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS ‘Apprasinate Capitery Heights 5 LasAll Ah cel p Us gle tha (YL) tha cay Example 4.2 ; Limited laboratory studies indicate that ood @ cer~ lain silt soil, the effective pore size for height of capillary rise is 1 ZOD, . where D,, is the percent particle size from the grain-size distribution curve. If the D,, size for such a soil is 0.02 mm, estimate the height of capillary rise . d =effective capillary diameter = Dig =§ (0.02 mm) = 0.004 mm = 0.0004 em he= 0.3L ad = OS) es a0 0.0004.em - 4-104¢m =7.75 x 10° cm=775 cm= 25 ft. : Permeadility dalaill cetsls SIU Ue Ls tate 5 (ay Lt) Ltt Gly + diya 4.25, Darcy's law q= Aki or blo 4 =where q = volume of water flowing per unit time, A = cross-sectional area of soil corresponding to the flow q, k = coefficient of permeability, 1 = hydraulic gradient, and y = discharge. velocity. ‘The units of the‘coe!- ficient of permeability are those of yeloc- Let ity (rv/s) - ae gue Lys gale Se oes Ge pull clingy .p4 Ching) K USUI Uolany as) yall cada psell call cas ile satay EAU JaLagy , ESL Toayb Geol Gil Jelae gl LS. (cee BILE alee phat Rytall oleae » (Ve8) USE cle All Guat an SS a pica | wit. k gw Ubi (Gob! Uae dk os dele gi LS. Lend JL Lilia! lay she all Lal hind oll Lays! J ooo 200 300 4006001000 she GAL ale Permeability, 10°4 em/anc, ga ghee V+ dao oa peavey Void ratio cold pill aay BSL Sige (VE) J =\AN =vag aT all ple @ V+ Tajo ate SUM les Talal Bball 4 Dio sal! pepe! Goa k Lai! alae slo! 3Seay k= 107 Diy” (m/s) where Dj 9 is the effective size in mm. + WAU sg LoS) Band SUI abe od das (T-£) » (YE) yl gaaty * ayeill eg il aySL_as (TE) Jgn a TYPICAL RANGES OF PERMEABILITY FOR DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES Aelative Degree k, Coat. of Drainage ‘Sail Type of Pormeabilty Parmentelity (cm/sec) Properties Clean gravel High 110 10 Good Clean sand, sand = Medium 1107 Good and gravel mixtures Fine sands, Low 10°? 10 10-* silts Sand-silt-clay ‘Very low 10 to 1077 mixtures, glacial tills Homogeneous Very low to Less than 10-7 Practically clays practically impervious impermeable practically ous A a ae Nore; To convert crass ta fA'min, multiply cm/sec by 2; ie. 1 em/sex 2 fmin, also Riday emlice #34 10" dota Jal es 3) fg ‘Coefficient of Permeability (m/s) (CP 2004: 1972) 1o-' 107? 10°? 10-* 10-3 30° 10-7 10-® 10-? 19-1 1 1 L 1 L L | Clean | Clean sands and [Very finesands, | Unfissured clays and gravels | sand-gravel silts and clay-silts (> 20% clay) mixtures Iclay-silt laminate Desiccated and fissured clays- aydlaill pales gpses Determination of Cocffictent of Permeability (Laboratory Methods.) + Constant cu apes Logie ls¥l « Ceiiisytes Leal! gi HSU fale cpas Falling head jakie spas UL, chal! Gal! Gall head permeabilily ollie UBL alee cpa! p 5g) olyell Leek] Uys padaaye permenbility undisturbed sample Uilia a2 Gaul The Constant head permeability test cul ppp UUall loa! cy Gall k UsUiall Gales creat Constant fevel Goarse-grained Soil olsall Gahall Cone cyt agay GAM! LS! askin GAB ge Gg Sl pally stand head ULB adgy Ueaday Gall tye liad cages gle als Gi lle ole oS Geeuld ¢ Uy! ale SIAN Lela et gall yiligy (ACE) JS Dill Ghee otiy sl Uuilys coll head ob lal hell Ji aly led + Qa cas USL! alongs GLiSall als ae k At q = Gyoill =V/t Ji elt age (Art) Soe PS V1 = ee V =olll ape Gaal gaB3all =\\ =: The fatling-head Constent eval ate (Ke test” ita gos LAW! jleal ( y ) Dall k USL Lalas cpaaity Fine-grained Soil olissal! Cael! pebhe age GSU! LSI put Sue (44) JSA Falling head test upshl oa Tall ILS ol sies aes spell agen pS! pd ptt Tsaly De) a wall ol chs Lyell iy Gel Salty. TI Sally Apel ya US cna; GU delae GF dad Gals = al jy to 9,3 al joy to k Ak ae ees OE CAE ST LS. 856 apy GIL Gyoal ATS (V.—£) JE ey = SU gu 25 SU bee ¢Lal UES Gly (££) « (T-£) queaed sill =NAY =Time whee water fevel Falliog hd tah = fin : ; a BI og pote ae (V8 Example 4-3 : Aconstant-head permeability test is performed on a sample of granular soil. The test setup is as indicated in Fig. 4-8. The length of soil sample is 15.cm and the cross-sectional area is 10 om? Ifa 24 cm? yolume of water passes through the soil sample ina 3-minute period, when Ah is 30 cm, compute the coefficeent of permeability . a(R) (2E= & =(2) (se) Where Q =24 cm? t =3 minutes L-=15em A =Wen? Ah =30¢m « = (24m?) (em __ ( 3min ) Gone x so a4cme cm. 0.4 S. = 0,006 $2 -\ay =Example 4-4 : A falling-head permeability test is performed on a silty soil. The test setup is as. shown in Fig. 4-9 for the test data: sumar- ized below, what is the coefficient of Permeability for this sample 7 Sample length = 8 cm Cross-sectional area of sample = 10 cm? Area of standpipe = 1.5 em? Height of water in standpipe at stat of test period hy =. 100 cm Height of water in standpipe at end of test period hy = 90 cm ‘Time for change from h, to-hz = 60 minutes £2) ah be ie (4) toe) by = @:303) (8 om) ¢ 1.5 om? 100m meee oem?) 28 pan = 0.00212 Sh = 3.5 x 19-5 om min sec + Aquifers Glugyi «loll alalal! Lill PU Alalt olia! pen Lest Goal oliL i Leiyell sll wal Usd) cial 955 aay. Aquifers (olla) Susan ga oll! Gb tum: unconfined Aquifers Suytoe yak Wala olish (1) + Baie gab lL On) Bypuns 2 | VSpbll Gs eum : confined Aquifers Gagioe) Bpemme tlle olise (S ) Tlaledl TRH oe S55 Lal yGRRe ud cpt cys Bjpeane ee Lall Zaladl GT gl St she gins oll ola Maly Sly oa bial Lok pie o Lal Sapam Qld olGabll Sys pS Nia Ui pets yb ae (I eypuls » Artizian well 513,91 LVL | ier Sel eae ose _tiched water table ARVs! SSS < ‘arvicus woler-bea a ML (8) es 05lg Yl Lay all LL (V4) BySlall Jalen gusetl (dyedgall) alas! asLall FIELD PERMEABILITY TESTS LSU Galas wast “4S cohesiontess Soil Muli pall Lal! le a UA Uhay WIAA Lalne SUL ally, all pi Chueh Guo Gis AST eight (pi diay Ugase gpl ULaYL lly e Lasbll ph Golem isis GUUS Loldy Gehl Lalas caus GSany ¢ Saubete pill Qe ill undistuibed Uilke jut The pole Lyall + Uphe Ginko Basay dl (gh LIUGI : Well pumping test, Gravity wells wiell LI 1) ail ola Tela G5 GIL Jolee Riyal Losiyl! Gail! oda cp2t LAT glytyy Ge ell! Gol yb Gat Gadi! eat unconfined Aq, tyyuane Uelad! LN chs tes Leal pSly Legal Leip oll) yuh aanyy Tas “pla he Une Sl ylat amy lly FAALe gual pldeall Mla peatny Cilyall olvall Veale aasmsys ype oda (VTE) JSitll pods. camel q=kiA ‘is approximately equal to dvdr 13.q [log (m/ ni) 1 sn (ns - hi) —\te =Observation Phreating tine during pumping according to Oupuit's essunat ‘Actual phresting line t i voll | 1 impermeable layer seal! SUT bo Ulli athe gia (NPE) the values off), rz, hj, he, and q are known from field measurements R 1c, 433 Vg where 1 = porosity ‘gels La gM 5G ad oyu pea LS R= radius of influence t =timé during whieh discharge of water from well has been ¢sta- blished. tpl osuplly hy &try = ny and ho =H atr; = R, ER hay Uiliall Jules sleal yas je = 2-303 q [log (Ritw) 1 am (1 - he) tll Lal Sea LS I «= 2:303 4 [ log (rhtw) | a me th? - 3) = \A1 alally R goa dal Ge cg) io Dalya oll g Gy! oe b= 4/2308 tog te he nk tw EUS call Malady Rygemoe gail GEL gf Lib m cueall oo Gu Ia] Lal MSVI ULL ya cass GAUL ales ld (VE-£8) ISS 4 | £1 [1+ (0304 Mt) sin LBs] 2.303 log (Ritw) H H | (\E-8) JS i Tias Wala) aha syns Imparmenble I Ua Gy all Gall Ge aml! (VEE) St : Artesian wells Ujlg¥l JUV! ( 9 ) col giy! gfe Gus lly Bye alia Ualad coligall ple Som ade cs se5 | ke USA alae dewey Sup dT Thadte Guia Jae ps (3. Seiyall oll! dhe git ightS =A =Observation | oer Walle Amperineable lover Contined aguilier (Saat all) U8 ga SUI Lg Gast (V8) J qekiA=k Sd get dr he thickness of the confined aquitier, or Solution of Eq. (2.39) gives _ Glog (r/r1) 2.727 T (ha - hh) + Uslall Gs LIU! oles Gued Ladd pSes LS = 4 log (Rib) 2727 TU - by) pal saga ag hy = hy atry ty and hg = FP arrg = R haa+ Maal kaa) slby sat spall ult Oe ) Varlable-head tests by means of piezometer observation wells + plsStouly USUI lakes Cran atch! spall oles Gans (f-#) Jaee (VIE) SISA 3 pase (E#) dasall Jabbe odes ol nus Und sh » (MAB) « (WWE) doped Eppa Lheattt LaF ge UAL alan glee (Int) ee = a | u i ae = F i ‘tip spr niet sone premier sg armed 10 Tee amon see wu ‘asap ‘ati yy Separzug (umnnt so01> ema jo 2m worrauiargd my) tar psy ayqeues ios) Aypqeeuuted yo wererndy cine‘Gicerati wel pecans In amuifer with ingerionr upper ayer ‘Med LS: Mery, 19 Ahmar mabe of Rot 100 fi satis wl beret rs ‘evade (aetna sci alee wry9) Saal ales (VE) SS 4 6810 2 4 688100 2 4 681000 (Unessed lange /reciva, LIF, Cj Sutll Jalan (Wt) J -NV=In generat hope TeetOr Of intake point A = standpipe arse k = mean permeability In HH, 7H), and ty — 1, are obtained from plot of observations Fi, Plot of abvervetions “Eavilibrivm water level Initeal Hy unbslsnced L head Hy Time, t Observation well im isotropic * | Piezomoeter in isotropic soll: ‘Test in anlsatropic sail; wil ‘Obtein shape factor from Radius of intake point, A, Estimate ratio of horizontal to Table 4.4 , differs [ram radius of atand- | vertical permuability and di: onder: pipe, ide Horizontal dimensions of Pe ee ‘the intake point by: a m = Jipfiy to com: eee Fe kaw permentttiry k= tm (LER) In tL/RY ‘condition (C), Tab! d Hh Hy eg tl ep Se aut) AH Fi, —t) 4, in tmU/R) 4 te intinet Jee 2ut,—t) ROH, TMA alan alas (VA 8) Sab + (ft) Lose oll Lat Of kar os a Tle (VA-£) JES aus LS+ oLddall donee yl Tdall ayLaall Joab GMb B pcacs URAL) pa ls Haly. lls Goa gu Lager Lenya Galt ogelally cgBill] cualeaul (gh JAM QUEM alee cna oe + UML ala (A oll UBM! dale (1) aT ete (88) . old ll Saas LG satiny Tiss JS 1518S alnny Upp oly aull algal ple pletY) (gk ep enttl Jarey 2 Hidlalla lors htY! q=o+ @tmtut & dame ad eee Baas cobb yd Glaul! hie Ws Bane ge cla (F-) JS ial S07! caldisbal) gh dale yal | Jaime pe Gedy oles! pay) BAY! ol gaYl (pd GL ull a} backs. cial le 1.2.3 = Waly esGabell JSD ceiglaate .Sily yagl! Jal oS Gl (Ssucll Lyall = kui Hy Lal aM a= Kaa He = kyg i Hy ihe ee + OS Elpll (2. [say and g=Kgyifl where i= hydraulic gradient Rago = effective coefficient of permeability for How in horizontal dircetion H, Hy, Hy = thicknesses of layers 1, 2,3, respectively H= H+ th+ T+... Stab all dy 1 agg pall les 4 TEL pals agatllay =a Nsood Hie fey Hi Kip He-+ by Ht (Kin Hh + ey Fh os Ha+,J= 2428 =H b gultl alae a Atl Usual ule ( y ) OW ON) Use TALIS, SII lb aM olga Lact VeN = Ve= v5 Va, wherevj, ¥2, Vas fire the discharge velocitids in layers 1, 2, 3, .., respectively; W= Korwi= ky ti = ky = key b= igh where Kew = effective coefficient of permesbility for flow in vertical direction kn, Kes Kose = coflicients of permeability of kryets 1,2, 3,.., respectively, for flow in vertical direction. i, in i, hydraulic gradient in soil layers 1, 2,3, .., respectively 1 LV tag OLS aay ‘Total head loss = Hheaid loss in layer 1)-+ (head loss in layer 2) +. iH = iy Hy + ip Fa+ ty igh Wye Y 4 hs YB Fakes ised coll ay Key Ke Ba Bis soit citys ae Sree Huky + Halkvs+ Tales +. Aka ob liv) se BAe tisha saat! Ut+ Flownets jlijaull abet (guts Lis}! Naele) Gall JoLS 489 pel cond obit gluutl gl Sl puupld Goth Gales ULall oS (gig laminar flow pola 3} ab GLuuil pains q=kiA 1 Mayall ILE LAL oh le (NYS8) LEE Uhl Male le GAT GM Gla Gee Teall oLatl Glas Lastey Ayla) Wala ye LdsT aaa Lect) Lat) AS GL River surlace, slavation A | Morizantal distance, L > Sanat Suri ah=8 A868 avraium eo SN pla a cis yall (NE) JS te Example 4-5 ; A river and a canal run parallel to each other bur at different elevations; as indicated by Fig. 4-22. If the difference in the water surface elevations is 16 ft, the horizontal distance is 400 ft, and the thickness of the permeable strarum is 6 ft, compute the seepage loss between river and.canal, per mile of river-canal length. Permeability k= 1.0 fvday. Mh : =kiAek “A= 16 ft q in A= (1.0 fi/day). 0 fi (G ftx 2580 fi/mi) = 1,270 f/day/mile of length wee Shey Dall pf ALUN Ryo las Lela Biase yoo Sl pull oats gh gall GU peal Uke ye hall BO gn) ool pala sll Ges thay, Flow lines jUijos byes G5 i oll! lout! fio laminar a5 lial! ose cla tall yi Glas Gam 15) Hilsea gl) sloue geal io olyll doa oaths =-VYro=tall daghaidy cl paul dyples (YEmE) JS C9St9 + ouled piode JSS le pile Gilets gla ull deglas Ghul Slee of p4dt thee Ay bs cons (1T-£) JSR Clad ped Gall J lal + glare OGLE Op Soy Gb pally 1 (head) spell Gh Gylll clas Gbypawbybd (le Ties bis sey Seipgliass pilates tite BU) Loyalty. (It) Jer gl age old Lal oils pall gs. ee JS Equipotential liner Gaull bybdys (VEL) en Chl 6) es spel bohas dS goty ESL Lb gd ats stile gtyually GLspel lel ally spall byhidy glial bahay Flow Sl jaa! 8 Gy lsSy bee lee ood padiad ol ner tapi] US Gl) oll! ales GST! Gal ath, Ce Spm pea olipaall 8 lb Ll peaks Leal SI Jules alec phy QS Gu wolsth tT SS) Bll! lel Lay «Gl glad ga pall hgh dangled Gyo nbee Cs Talal 2 Flow channel gle pull LG) Sl pull Sah pony! (Glau east eile Ue Glapuall Sub (Yat) US cnaay = ¥=1 Flow lines bb Flow lines and aquigtential lines Tell Saal nd ofall at (Vo—t) J Wipe yy Dh lal eid ay Bis DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLOW NET-ISOTROPIC SOIL : aes Gu pul) Lyall LS Goad! ayes ge Tle ge (PE) ist + obeal geglaude yaAll p GY! cinsh dell gi BSG as USE BUS cpg ball et UAL (al 4 aH TES aya ses lal Ua 1 ca ball Lt. gly bd A cyl Gloate Leas cold , ab dnshesll (¥1-£) abel gall LS ga bd Sl! Laas he gl spell gylit! apall bi ga bd, galaSll gl Les qisll bigs po Tey Wl bold! oddly HO Sl! spel ~(XW—£) JSS ape a8 5319 Us) ga ca. Dbpall gysnyelali Ue (Pt) Jd weniy (pba) Bly LMI olinall dghed) oles Glpeall glad pa gh 9 GUipaall Legh tay ULAR! Ugad gS cell GULL gf Laie jected eAaylutte SEN a Vine.Yor flow, ‘ ore eh —igll Ga ayes (YE) Js 215 EA p85 5H LyglSll pay) spall bybd 935 Glypeall doybs pauy ay Reedy cabal Ga gis (cyl spall Wow hbk & (YA-£) St seeped yb (TARE) JS a gay DLA QL Sl eull oh Us ak ts gq = IA. cashes ail Gilby — ¢ eh Goll gai (hystraulic grad) 4] Ubadke pa gy ga ys UMS as ga yg Dy gf spell gu SbG gas GLAU ple Lyyudis Ah apa! ANAL, (where 1,,'l, are AL) 5 (ple ollS as mest = SG) (1) 00, 2 ate (yy) ) 0, hh Ab yy (1) 04) i =—vA=Raglstis G9St Gl pall pb py olall olecS GU Gaulite elSphll els Ii]s dagladry Glpnull daybhd ty Sypemall LiLull) wlSsl feats «Ab, = Ah, 4 AyLMH aga cyte Uy 381 psy Say Gl gl eae Cee GA GT Gea (aged qi=kAh $paeod Wala! (aly. G91 ell gg. (18) Ng tgall daybed see glo Lagaatle gf! gall ipa Ah an= Be Ni lpi sce ga Nor Gly a BUT US Gail ull giant ga IN QL ally RSG Stall ll Jus od. la paall q=q Neskah Nea ke He ny Na a Nx és fie soll = kHy (35) (Cor isotropic soit es) aul Glilagy + Gael Bat pay olyhed (F--£) USE caay ==ees ° ‘ldesama? ie vab\tt t= ‘08 J. at aldearmaqenl mmurente ta) fa A) Ha = p= opsqeed “vA] ™ (rtbiw Yo 99 1) 2) (31 BE)(yab\ee 1) = rihbiw to sP\yeb\ 1 8 = (o) jgentl woll Ishi (d) :enoltibnos 'o gniwmab ele (a) -lan woll s priwayd ni egal. -noirsiugmoo egaqeee bataiar bre len wel lenit (0) :eenll Labnalogiupe lait; Gk aR, tp alphas (Te) Jt SitesCisum LS Flow nets gly) 168 Gs tegeme (aud (T1-£) JOM LI Nps Ny tell aig (a) Flow net around a single row of sheet piles. Constant hydraulic heed slong an squipetantiat ne eparcnabe lvat N=4 (Q) Flow nel around w single row of sheet piles, Nj=6 1, AB is an equipotentia} line 2, EP isan equipotential tine 3, BODE (\e., thesides of the sheet pile) is.a flow line 4. GH isa flow line Nye é N,=15 impermeable boundary bogeall AS (Tf) Joo =-W-N= a Nos Water surtace ey | Sheet pile watt Flow tines: A side b Foundation: pit Impervious stratum e,giclay @ Conerete am -15 Sheet piting Foe FE /mmeqvens Equipatentiél chp “Sail Nines HH Aya Impervious stratum (da) bi Ny=i3 Rolled (ill dam_ov fine clean ‘Sand impervious stratum ©pial JSS citi dod gh ul) olka 201 (TIE) Ut ye Lis Ob peall Sis pany ale Gale east ts m Seine brome at " _Flow as fot raprananiative nsepage problems: (a) masonry dam with shoot pile cutotl ai hoo); (0) sheeinle: (c) masonry dam wilh shestaia culol! and tilor of toa: () earth dam; (6) masonry dam with upstream impervious blanket and dowivst eam filter, (}) earth gam with downsteam rock tos filter. SUR Ga Yh alll tsb (rvet) IS —viT-25m 28211 wena ep ae a «. Scale drowing shewing boundarles b, Tria! Naw lines & Tal equipotential lines d. Final adjusted Now net sel il alt pasos (FYE) Je Example 4-6 : Compute the quantity of seepage under the dam in Fig. 4.33 if k= 1.5 x 107 mm/cec and the level of water upstream is 18 m Above the base of the dam and downstream is 6 m above the base of the dam. The length of the dam (perpendicular to the direction of seepage) is 250 m. 1 - From the flow nel Np=3and ND =9.5, 2-k=15x 10° mace, ah= 12m, 3-qporm=15x10%% 3.5) x12 qperm =5.7x 10% m/see, 4-g=5.751 0% 250=1.4%1 0" mijsce= 3 fe/min, Example 4-7 : A river bed consists‘of a layer of sand 8-25 m thick overlying impermeble rack: the depth of water is 2.50 m, A long cofferdam 5.50 m wide is formed by driving two lines of sheet piling to a depth of 6,00 m below the level of the river bed and excavation 10 a depth of 2.00m below bed level is carried out within the cofferdam, ‘The water level within the coffercam is kept at excavation level by pumping. If the flow of water into the cofferdam is 0.25 m‘/h per unit length, what is the coefficient tv e—of permeability of the sand ? What is the hydraulic gradient immediately below the excavated surface ? ‘The section and flow net a appear in Fig. 4.34 In the flow net there are 6.0 flow channels and 10 equipotential drops; The total head loss is 4,50-m, The coctficient of permeability is given by : x-a/ 8) =— 0.25 __ = 26x10" mis 4,50x 6/10 x60" (¥-4) JBa(FE-f) Use cose Sulajsagll all 0.9 mm Lagdlly oly sem phd oS co AS Dll 2 gas bh AS = 4505 0.50 Wx09 — We -+ (GLiigl! pale ale betes) uci!) es Seepage pressure (uplift on a structuse) : Gall le Lite 3S Les Ql olne Gul disease GU Hot lel ill Gi uasSs 29, » (Te) cb OL a Let UU iy daha doy Lyall coldly Rabel LAW cnt Gill (Vo-£) Ee ihe inal Nay LAU! p Li le Se Wik LI Maka LAAN ay ay cel leD ll eal oe = (Hy) NA chiles ANZ ek wie agiall ogall gah, « Udtall LUSH dalull A tus nae 5 play gay e ULL daa A + Void area ole! sal] ts Lice pa Ay th GS Neutral stress coofficent «Uy Laied Jala 32.504 N Concrete 05 100.75 Fractoned Rock 05 to Porous sandstone oF limestone 0.75 01 Marble, granite 0.1.0 05 Soil 1 thesS Gea URL! oli LAH aylll ge T pal ll oh! dokaa duly Lotsa Ul dead ea YIy 43g B55 41 EVR yy eoll oT L Wall Gas oF Say us P,=(H,-n. Sh) yw where P, = Scopiyge presiuse ==H =towil head Ah =drop hey! Namber of drop heads a ‘fe = waler unit weight (density), ple Cassy Lal il J Like pian EARS nds (IN AAT aay pls bnals taba) stad) Example 4-8; For the flow net shown in Fig. 4.36. (a) How high would water rise if a piezometcr is placed at ().A, (i) By (ii) C? (b) If k ='0.01 mm/s, determine the seepage loss of the dam in ma(day.m), (c) Draw uplift distribution aiid calculate the up lift force on the structine. Determine mascimum Impermenble leyer 10m ‘Seale seal ont ily all St (AB) SOLUTION ‘The maximum hydraulic head b is 10m, In Fig, 4.36, Ny = 12, Ah = h/Nj= 10/12 =0833 Part (a), (i): ‘To reach A, water has to go through three potential drops. So head Jost is equal to 3 x 0.833 = 2.5m. Hence the ctewation of the water level in the pigzometer At A will be 10- 2.5'= 7.5 m above the ground surftice, Part (a), (ii) : The water lovel in: the piezometer above the ground level ix 10 = 5 (0.833) = 5.84 m. = natura seate datance x /T = natural wale distance» | TULA hae aa (6f-1) JS Example 4-14 : A dam section is showa in Fig. 4.45a. The coefficients of permeability of the permeable layer in the vertical and horizontal directions are 2 x 107 mnys and 4 x 10? mm/s, respectively, Drew a Mow net and calculate the seepage loss of the dam in ft / (day. ft). -1YV -enielnovig on) mont s WOTTUIOR abi V0.e = ane SOF xf = yob\d KET = ean "OL x B= al Penmestte lover Saaergegeae cy a4 (1-<8) bas AO=A don woll ort gniwanb 1071 T (olinae tusinovy OLAS “Olek nse ginoxinolT (oles. lasinay)) = EeOn The basis of this, the dam section is replolied snd the flow net drawn as in Fig. 2.34b, The rate of seepage is piven by q = Vky ky h (NN). . From Fig. 4.45b, Ny =8 and Ny = 2.5 (the Iowermost flow channel has a widih-to-length ratio of 0.5). So, (G67) (LL) (20) (2.5/8) = 50.12 11" / (day. A) Example 4-15 : A single row fo sheet pile structure is shown in Fig, 4.46a, Draw a flow tet for the transformed section, Replot this How net in the natural scale also. The relationship between the permeabilitios is given ask, = 6k,. SOLUTION For the transformed section, Horizontal scale alt (vertical seule) q= L. (vertical scale) 6 The transformed section and the corresponding flow net are shown in Fig. 4.46b. Figure 4/46 shows the flow net eonstructed to the natural seale, One important fact 10 be noticed from this is that when the soil is anisotropic with respect to permeubility, the flow and equipotential lines are not necessarily orihogonal. -vrA =Seale 25 ft Imparmanbie layer (x) impermeable layer to) aiyiteoa ull yl opal Ly Flow net in Nonhomogencous soil : Rade GM) Tighe Spo as US ales ld Ladlode pad Yyill gu Lee Ue (£V—-£) JSS cays wamster condition pasiiy opal Md dagl aa Chay Salas Legh YN Glidubll tas Rayal tals ope gual joe Glayan BU Lae deghS pa gyle pl lg pue Lagau ly 3 paSill Lgl cll le ky QUB ee ' 5 | soi ij : vera \ ’ *) \ ; ‘ ; oss ' aa 1 i ' ee i ‘ \ | ah tpt DL (f¥-£) Jo vo ae pla ce SRAM Sialy ug! gel ipa ah jLaielyy SUGh JOLE pl Jan LG JEAN i nal aD le gl! Bany slelay Et nil Baek. AM ia) Shoo) I 3 | (EV-#) SSA ll esealls 1 =AB sin 01 = AB cos a B sin = AB cos a2 by = AC cos 0, = AC sin bo = AC cos 62=AC sin a2 =xr) =by. cos 8 _ sin 1 sin @, 60s Gli oe) stan Ly tan 6 tp 908 Op sin o9. kk sin 6; C08 Gg PRadlte yill Gall Ghyll oat pny ae gh Le Ble pe cay pty dy VLA 0 Lye Gly a pale pay Ga > els 13 = . L484 GL Yak it, =b, gl alten (eS pew V Tisbell (ci Gl yall umbic f8 lily ie ko = taf ta dls (1 At) Joa TE Rts cS Ula ll lead vey NMG GL bby Gl ee polis py eek DLn=6+10= 16m (90-¢)JS__—_ Diya 1+ (8489474 2=20m Lee tee im Weighted creep ratio
°Inypertneatie suctace DG SALE Up ghd Syl! Jal (T= 6) SS wee (Yo) SS Go call ab phil! gf Lae uy Casagrande ahalls « ($= 0) SSE i dee ga LS a! Aha Ge haw gl impermanbio all WLU (i-0) Joe #2) Wal i Vesna d Gad GLE Load igiy aa’ = 0.3 Ag) bea ©, (0) Sa Gi LS ca! oy GHVI Lal Casagrande's Solution i atLalyis tbr i=dz/dx Sad Gdod Gulu) ple cottil (c) Wall Oh Fy Gh TL Ls La Wl oa GT Cyt iL alls oly 2 (Sa gles is dz /ids gy —oytivie:F Wroermeabia aca 4 ——4} ier lp iISTiyb (0-0) JE A = (bd) (1) =1 si =k G22=ki sn? So q Aas ki sn? B ........ GY | or { vaa-| (1 si? B) ds | ala 1 ; Mise Abo Soak! sls (pa S tum A i? PF sin? By = sn? B (@ -D Hi? - 1? sin? B =2 Is sn? B- 21? sin? B we (A) P-213+H? <0... sin? B vga Mala sdadats 2 1=s-4/ 2a See) PAG patel! LAM GMS gust oy Zo lf f Uday s=lVe+H . lO) 5 = (6) , (5) Wala Sas rata? +H? - ¥a?- H? cot” B..(7) = ATa= ksn?'B. 2 MalLL Leal Glan (Say | Byars fa le Tattiaaly SH ISIS Ghd Leaks La, 5h 9d (1-0) USE asks (7) alee py 33I] Gilboy (yale 1. Determine d/if, 2, For given values of d/#f and, determine m, 3, Calculate = reA/sin 8. 4. Calculate g = ki sin? 8, Cele Us pk SU Op GT LI LL (0) US, Pavlovaky's Solution 1 Sesiglil Tih - ¢ (Ho) JSS Lol) syscall LS opel lina Zab pak Sadly bl US LS ISA ll as SLES OO I ct ll ay Sly oliinte Gp bybs Cali ois tagof Zone I JY) Cabal! — RMT ngs ln Jal [Sucdslil, - vueSesiglil TAL (V0) JS glass dz Regptll OIE pill Jaa dg =kidA dA =(z)(1)=dz _ loss of head, tr 1 ~Tengih of flow ~ (Hy - z) cotBy S . kh) khy “Hy , q= |] dq= 1—— dz =——In So, q { a { (Hq - 2) corBy cotBy Hu But ly =H hy: _k@1-hy) Ha in a ea) corp, Ha~ be . Zone Il ay oghd Tal Taba! - yy Hy Gay cedgays (1) cogans Valens cou GSD oda ok Gla! 11) MLL geauas elliny d GLa Ly Hy G1Ss where L=B+ ov = hy) Cot BQ ..-...(10) = lo =+ Zone I bed GIGI bill — 2 UOT Gt oso TL oda ood Glial dyke la LV Gaba! Ls 2 qak | —de aM Al) J, cotBy cot By 2 (11) Usb ly (10) , (9) Gals eesay =25 af Cayton ho eee Von hh ...(12) 2 Ol pty (12) .O) Wk gay H-hy Ha h, ah ip anche cat By "Ha Bh cor iy fe) daz Lenileu! Sep h2, hI Gilspeee (le Glostes (13) , (12) GblubLl Bagh peal Joes GLE abla 0a Gangs (\—0 JULI bil) Lusky ggilalall +11) 5} 9) a (8) S¥ataLh al ge ale Upeoal! Say seul! fyb rKy eK, Gos dull agua! JY opuill sey call pebie Gld USL efylaad Lia Laslede jad anal day ol 13] + asad wlles ol wiag/E Sasol Gulag pan ys ds ot Sel tne alae Say spall alle le bby 9 cls Lusall ISy pews) (ak lil Gis yee teal Example $-1 : The cross section of an earth dam is shown in Fag. 5.8. Calculate the rate of seepage through the dam [q in m3/ (min. m)} by (a) Dupuit’s method; (b) Schaffermad's method; (c) L. Casagrande's method; and (d) Pavlovsky's method, SOLUTION Part (a), Dupuit's method: From.Eq, (1), a=, FR) From Fig. 5-8, IT, = 25m and H, = 0; also, d (the horizontal distance between points a and c) is equal to 60 + 5 + 10 =75 m. Hence. YM(Ao) Ss q= aut (25)? = 12,5 x 10 m3 /(min, m) Part (b), Schaffernak's method: From Eqs: (2) and 2’), = (6 (si : Ad gf ee =) (sin) Can) ae lS = Using Casagrande's correction (Fig. 5-4), d (the horizontal distance between a' and c) is equal to GO +5 + 10+ 15 = 90 m. Also, B=! 4 =2657° H=25m So, = je 20 Ef cos 26.57 V ‘cos 26.57" — ‘sin 26.57 = 100.63 - (100.63) - (55.89% = 16.95 m = (3 x 10°) (16.95) (sin 26.579) (tan 26.57) = 11.37 xOM4 m3 (min, m) Part (e), L, Casagrande's method: We will use the graph given in Fig. 5-6. d=90m H=25m =50= 36 P=26.57° From Fig, 5-6. for 8 = 26,57° and d/H = 3.6, m= 0.34 and _ mH _ 0-34 @5) _ snp sinz6s7e oO ™ - we4 =KI sin? B = (3 x 104) (19.0) (sin 26.57)" = 11.4.x 104 m3 /@min, m) Part (d), Pavlovsky's method : From Egs. (12) and (13), hg=—B_+ny-,/@3—+ Hee 3 cot Bo : roe Ba = H-ty jy Ha ha cotB, Hu-hi corp, From Fig, 5-8, B= 5 m, cot By = cot 26.57° = 2, Hy = 30m, H= 25 m, Substiuting these values in Eq, (12), we get b= 30- 4G +307 =i or hg =32.5=¥ 1056.25 hp ec (a) Similarly, from Eq. (13), 25-hy tn 30 he @ NSOsH ~o =(25- a) hg =(25 hi) In . (b) Eqs. (a) and (b) must be solved by tial and'error : 2 hy from] hy from hy, | Eq. (a), [Eq. (), 6 m m m 5 2 | 0.062 |1.587 4 ]0247 13.005 6 | 0.559 4.240 4 8}io0 — |s.273 EUsing the values of h, and hg calculated in the preceding table, we can plot the graph as shown in Fig. 5-9; and from that, h, = 18.9 m and hy = 6.06 m, From Eg. (11), a= kh ‘cot Bp 4 Gx 107) 699) 9.09 104 mi(min. m) + yl all sgoudl Js pot! pli eeali bs aig Plotting of Phreatic Line for Seepage through Earth Dams : pall bial) aS gots Yul aoe yl al speed! PE ob pall St peal be gaaci oi Katy. (1.\--2) USE i Gael! sol eS Ui jky ots ly ep gall sal! bh yc dhe 3S po phi gaan! ed bie! pails yglaill yall binall yall beat Lay. ARI, pLAY) gee ate Sasailly pi sall oda OSL chal le cae s0.3.A glaupstream pl¥! sie "A~ Uyljs a sie Tay PEAT SlgLslL al ef b'e! La ps yy ule bls) Ac = AD (y \+re) ES4 gil geal Paula ce! Ailend deat) < + (qhill cline aAc-!x?+Z2 ,AD=2p+X VX? 47 =2ptX an sla dua Cu sl Raley (14) Walall pd Gasyilly X=d, Z=H sey Pad (d?4 Hd) on (15) on (14) 1 Plas (Su Hd Uyaay 2 (14) Dall ga = ¥ X?4+7=4P? +X? 44 PX 2 2 2A x > (16) Ustad plas FaasGll Z pill Uae Lad plas X GLP Uyas ‘Lyas pays te apa GLb pall bebe LE JUSiily ants OSes hill + gle US (22) Malad gpa cusins Tl Zeudy < 30° ate sass == aedee cosB coef sin? B dasny (Sey fo plaill ola b asi sing (1 \--0) JEM T= be ol bay eG Gye crbabStll posal pladtiuli] ud ol Cth si eISIS OU PZ 30° oils 13ly TLE quasi nay. eBIDSAL(1\e-0) US ao, (V4-0) SA id val Cat pay fb yaaa! gli downstream (Mal dagll (gi b Oirsctria Coefficient of permeability = ke | Direct Bill bd cut (0) Jos Example 5-2 = An earth dam ksection is shown in Fig. 5-12. Plot the phreatic lin for seepage, For the earth dani section, k,=k,, - Ys =SOLUTION: f= tart (1/1.5) = 33.69° A=70 cot 45° = 70 ft fa’ = 0,3 4 = 0.3 (70) =21 ft and d= 80 cot 33.69° + 15 + 10 cor 45° +21 = 120 115 + 10 + 21 = 166 ft From Eg. (15), p=lda+ir -d) aL (hie +7F 166) = 4180.16 - 166) = 7.08 ft Using Eqd. (16), we can now determine the coordinates of several points fo the parabola a’ cfb' c' : “—— Te (\\-2)at Using the values of x and corresponding z calculated in the above table, the basic parabola has been plotted in Fig. 5-12. | We calculate | as follows. The equation of the line cb’ can be given =v =by z= x tan Band the equation of the parabola [Eq. (16)] is x = (@? - 4p7)/4p. The coordintes of point b' can be determined by solving the above two equations : _#-4p™ _ (x tanBy - 4 p? = a x? tm? B -4 px - 4 p?=0 Hence x? tm? 33,699 - 4 (7.08) x - 4.(7.087 = 0 0.444 x2 - 28.32 x - 200.5=0 The solution of the above eq uation gives x = 70.22 ft. So cb! = 70.22? + (70.22 tan 33.699? = 84.39 f= 1+Al From Fig. 5-11, for B =33.69°, Al 20).366—~ AV= (01366) (84.39) = 309 ft 1+ Al 1=( + AD - (AD = 84.39 - 30.9 = 53.49 ft = 54 fr So l=ch= 54 ft. ‘The curve portions ae and fb can now be approximately drawn by hand, which completes the phreatic line acfb (Fig. 5-12)2 dag Ul gall JUS copucill Lad) fgoillg iyerilly Jgdall alls Entrance, Discharge, and Transfer Conditions of Line of Seepage through Earth Dams : all (i = 2 lle Gala) Lele) Gell gm tasasy Ge ly palll asp Lee sho Lelany Entrance cond. yall GLa, ULI oda aud key LIU gh bay UWLall oe peudé ky = i pce! po esas ll key GSLH 43 deagy Ge Gb pall . discharge cond. a ill Ube Wha Ui Lyadlly Gyeetlly pda GSU ef Lell gua (Wo) ay JOA shasay gl} ey QALY dhaayy Ga pay Laine pei! LS yee Trsle card peal gall Laitusll bd Ula Gund GSas (WVH0) IS id SVL pladdely: ky Uli algal gale g LS} ub ENTRANCE CONDITIONS #<90° g=90" Horizontal Horizontal to) tb) Upaall yd peal Upmall ole (V0) JSS een —DISCHARGE CONDITIONS te p> 90" Vertical Nertical kom i TRANSFER CONDITIONS toh ok a, 27 a, = 270 th) “7 hy 2 he kK ck, ao a fae w tk) dpmatlly i peailly poi on (Amo) St ats - Yi -¢ Lal All gga Glajuall Tb pay patty Gpadlly Udall ovleg yall ladeall LS Teste Upas aay OY es phaie cay (VE =e) JEAN) Masha gyal @bUGL Glad Sak pay Se ABV yA NN as Gl aul BSL pa ly GO Gee ale eel 5 y gall Lana bs pul = 4 + Gbipw bS ge y btuk bd ya ag gl Bay ¥ fs (ple Thi ool ate pressure head Licall g] Wass yy nal Ga - ¥ « oeabis col ts biuall 4 Gpall Lie gsloy phreatic line yall inal! od go BALAN byglsd LE ate LN! coy capeeill d Grill slog of ee bie (pyle Lid hd Che Sly tig! etc! (8 pails jal! banal! Ah&HIN, Bias Le pe banal bobs palo baiy cull bal bisa yb pus! — ~ equipotential lines biaall Joylos Gly Lit ga yall | LAS Gold psy de lye US ale ps GL pall Buh pay! =o Ne Lal cy ae seal pe SLR pall ine — 9 Na Upediye By) SUR Sue 2.3 Ga Ny Gl pull ely aie (VE=0) JS iy ub suall plete QIK [oy Ns gylad Lill lst Ny + Uylsle G0 0.3. esl Ghat LS iyoill ulaiies pews Upocll chite obi USLAil cium Ge yatlete 2 ULL oye peal tee Gry 083 qz=kh a= htt Ve Led pees See CL ype jue all plat poll Licaall LA ols Ialy elghl Uighy (Yoo) US 8 LeS trial-and-error Thal! UyLath ol —ull +4091 — YVve-7 ‘esparmactle iver gril tevcand Gl pall Bat (180) JER Aeial) 6S Gb oy IL po! deal elo head lines bisall bybS pias! — \ + (1 Nee) JSS jal oie Oe ASL OF (SG V0-0) USA ab Sly Ujlot jo bias ba a yal - ¥ Tapes Obl Bet Sy ca Lis LS iol tne Gl aul eal pa ply ce slene pullin dade ob ol ges Ghyll ols sae IS Ia} pussll bsbdy bial bybds jal) bieall be ob jo5 ed tapes Kad gS a obpuall UISAY G45 LS Gly jeall S86) ASAI ple Usual Sas ci ylee Fae a —T UnSlLy Uy Uayenre Glens clus (VVE0) « (Va) (to ie Arroma show the direction of ee needed correction Nombarof 16 13 10 0.704 ‘how channels Numberof ta 12 12021. flow enannals nema ate aad a pil Sead QU IED (Vena) Jet -— WI ee lllein elf sed leah (WW) ISA eal ght 5Ljall Spd pany OlyhS Gard (\Ans) JS cas LS sya 4. sinh pir Ain ving’ 'aee QD having the min’ AO (pot © Will bee foes GE he erates 2 Draw vertieal tine BC (this will be the diesett af tke parabali 43, Lonate point p midway between O and C, “Draw theivenical line ww-re inthe: general lovitien ieidieated, atid deterenine the: horizontal distance from Sine 136 0 ineasm, 5; Using point © us. cemter ing amas cadinn mo B lo inkareet line wm The itervction tablish pol on the parabolic Flow Hine: & Deaw the venient fine n-n-ia the yencral location indicated, aid determine the distwce w) B; 7. Uring pon Q ax a chien, swing all are with enias 1 10 interseet Tine, ny “Ths, tnloreection another Ga the parabolic Now line: = We&% Continuing the procedure just outlined, estublich as tl Tenth of Blow line between A. and 3; 9. Modify the beginning ceetion wf the flow Vine frestuind, The freshund line must interieet Uhé wpatrean fade ‘of the damn at right angle; 10, The parabolic flow line ix assumed bis follow the doemsirenm face of the dam below poiets; 11. Other flow lines sre sketched 4, ssyuming a shape generally shnilar to the upper seapage line. ny additional points ty nocesuary 10'sketeh the t= colt gt coal SU yall Ld gals? cl phad (VA-0) JER > Zoned earth Dam Q1Uil fi gdpiie Qs Ga ald tel glyadll Kus Us Ge ejetly ky GILG old U5 sual Ga jue (V0) Jed Slyully Ubstly UyLall Uijbs gas Ge pal) Leal bayk,=5k, Gili old 2 gla oY Id GUS le Lal Se dys Ln ky _ byl ke bh If by = hy and ky = Sky, by/ly = 1/5. Number of Full Nay) = 220 Naa) = 8/15, How channels h b ok, okt ae kg Min Shag Nera AL ee om gil dnl SL St (V0) Jt E Rigliee Solel) All saul Leas Ole seall peli pa al eSall dy Fe cena alll Josey qzk ee New= gM @ where Niqyis the number of full flow channels in the soil having a permeability ky and Neay is the number of full flow channels in the soil having a permeability ky - — WA: Filter design gill quai Lull bcs Letnany vagal! IE gpl gd pSotll LaleeS pidge ipod Tae Lll All eine Bagh Gane AIS old GLAMIS all ll ps) yall Oe pia Shay cote! Gp) bole Ljall Leal oa Ged cdg sypnny HAA Ul Teel U5 ope ets (Yoo) ISM cay cad day tye plas ca dal Puss pb eH Bale GLEE Ly « poeey Shape elial 15S Zayas Bphee 69S 5) ee petal Bale dee OLE LLtll po (1) «Yala gd 9S¥I Leyte gh gu Spa peg ay ESL lle cSt GF aos etl Bale (G)) = SUM de Csr ye ~All qual pot aaUk Bertram pl ys glial Le ola gle Lalse, D: i. Dis) 449 (10 satisfy conditinon 1) ....... (17) ‘Das (S) D 15(F) > 4165 (to satisfy conditinon 2) .. Dis (sy where D. = diameter through which 15% of filter material will pass. 15(F) Pi +=» (LB) Dj s;g) = diaineter through which 15% of soil to be protected will pass. Dysis) = diameter through which 859% of soil to be protected will pass. GALS pebyS Hata Gall panel aiglll glues Gly Lall GUlabdly clas! papell quisill tun (0) USE ei Coal! dll aatily .(1V~0) Jel SA le eis 5 Digtsy 5 Dasesy exes ph (V4) USA gt a pine pa Gis (PULL HALAL Gd oady 15] Leas etl lugged pall call x8 (V9) . (¥4=0) JS Bale Dll ja call TEL jase! cash atl Leable Sys LM nds cial gon ge! + pechall paced! 259) otal! 403 U, S Navy USaza4l Gyeally yASail ta ba protected ceAN A seal LS pts pla (Tema) J debe lM Lal Lose Tye toa! — ) pa <20 Disiey/ Dascgy 9 1-5 ge al tales ol LI Uysll C, pls) Lalas GS Lily, OME Ge ST tale all Oya, gLS 1] HAS Vl ut of Gee + Es gl us ol see Di siiy/ Paisisy Dis oy PBN le Whe a ee Os Gla! — tf Dis (sy Nag) (76.2 mm) Bag, 3 Ge ay YYSluue pas GS Gh cane petyll Fula (AM Gd pe Ubaiil oie Sioa! bs, Go QU asp Wy tN a Lee Lane GLE Wall tal + 5% Se #200 Joie wets bes GT as tM OU call oem aye tl Gull pdt Line - 0 Tom itty uel Els ot! Gall ge toch olusall LL) Gut SIEM Log DT AT g5 ay G yaall asl) ll et Sale PO 1 9564.4 2 Py oe slot width hole diameter Poteet 15) Cele GS atl ls pet ppl Lubes Luly aliay + gramullif nature T83 Zab ol3 (Giles sill das Ml a Lal dey tll WAR Diseres Des (5)Doo is) _ 9,4 P10) 9.9 Dictsy Dives) and POM 9.941 PIM. 5.65 Dine) Dios) where Degg) and Djs are, respectively, the diameters through which 60% and 10% of the Soil to be protected is passing; and Dypyj are, respectively, the diameters through which 60% and 10% of the filter mate~ rial is passing. = glass Jit oleae Tubuleds apes (YY0) SSE Cay Dagis) =9.11 mm Cures Range of ‘: {noil te be. protected! 0. 1 0S wo OS oF 0.05 0.0) 0,008 0.007 Grainssize distribution, mm (1B) 07) optlalall pladcianly eats gana ell caaet (The) SS — TAN =Impermaable layer (a) 1.5.41 V discharge tece (b) 0.5 Hi1 V discharge foce 60 40 30. 20 10) 5 2 hy WW =| 05075) 162 3456 Slope. m teal LENT lal 53 pati Bale LAS (YY UES tay ded Ghyll Ws 2 gly LS apsall clang etiyay sa ghodl cay (VT—0) Jat Equipotential BC : @ =- kh Equipotential AD ; 6 =0 Flow line CD : y= gq (algo, @ = - kz) Flow line AB: y=0 The Conformal Transformation r= w? Let the complex number w = @ + iw be and analytie function of T=x+iz, Consider the function : r=w? Thus e+ iz) =@ + iy)? aaNANe= +2 igy—y) Equating real and imaginary parts = x=@—w . (19) z= 26¥ ..- - (20) lel play W gt qgarsnte Cay Habu asoSll glsSos (20), (19) GblsLdl baay (I Vine) JS =0,1,2,3 oye wen Lasidiae tagh> Jasaill + (20) Dalal =e ’ 2n = | SGML VA Wala pean =? x ae WE bsserecccconeee OED (is Z J Lag gl puills . pafrabolas hill b+ Ueyans pals @1) Usblly + (Yi) JS abil | a | ras pall cLa( Kio) 5 — TAT =Geim =0,1,2,...6 due dm UR! byhall Jaya ghae! ley yas (20) Malas 2 (SIL (21) Uslall peau x=mt-2 ., 4m? (21) Malell co RaSUl gLall Tnline pall Sue decgape Shad (22) WLLL God Uhl GHS chill Gnsaaey, (Vina) SS chill Sis Z J Taasll auilly ) + omit JUL jee (4) + Mi Gy pled! (2) | = hapa quanliy call (ce) ‘4 Massnny dom with rll olny fe a eee a gd pL Lg (Fo) JSS apele! tile! yl pt aldol! exis Stress Distribution In Soil aleg) oLtiall urastall ake Gill Se ple gpd Te LV JSLAL Go LS sglacll Aylpaiealy Lyrglly celal! Gass aall Za Lacey faall : oye eidlall cha Ty pll gb alge! cists Lasall Jala aleoull gaat Uae pifine kyl ol 1 Wikyall LL) ayaa oUbaall 5 Dll p98 le - gapowy Coad Tall (pd tae ly o=yH «Apa Ell da 8 «Gall Ugly oR flo ge (pbb leew ~¥ ;Boussinesqis simisggy dupkai Lapa MeL M eg MG ple Cates Lal ood algal cea cladsy BBS api hatte gudy ally. UE ph 5S p0 dam pts Jeet Whe bad Zyytl icy yb 591 alga Gust Guay peal gall Ublicigy Leclatay Dye Qa = 1 » dape Yau Gall Gay «acl HG Ud Rage gab Gall TF «Shag GS Lill papell gall USS, Lal ge acieg Y algal gas f (Tale clita ball gars! bela = 0 «SU deadly UL! jas yll asad dye ABLE Gy olay! — 1 Ra Bee Lee tpn Ga GA gd lols Yl os (1-1) SST cps - YA =asd! ts thay UU gyal Ge aad! go Led UB lated! Gy) beady all le 5 GSU Leal G8 sla) Shu) L28) WoL hues phd ily. Q Q 3 Q oye 3 ee 2 2all+ aye ze = {i NI = ths comnts r= cons ti consi fo, plontew lo, ploties honrontatiy) vertically) Sor acl galt alg ga all (1-1) ed gle i ——auy pel LAS (VV) US% 9h iil! Ge ly Jalially | 2591 allel Westergaard = Q Q Ady = = ef Bafta Ge 2 «Gola JE AN edt eG Jalal ytly Ty tala eas (71) Sao Wy Lett Leal SLL Tp Wadd 2 (VN) yell pha LS THe pa Laake alge YT SLT lla! Chl] oL8la| Shall SenllZy lett can (VN) dpe, Example 6-1; For Boussinesg conditions, what subsurface stress will resulr ata pofiat 10 fv below where a 10,000 Ib point load is applied?r=0, Z=10, 1f&=0 For 1/Z= 0, obtain I, = 0.48 Q 10,000 Ib d Ady = Ty = 20000 (0.48) = 48 pst a ast 8 Gong Example 6.2 : For the Westergaard conditions, what subsurface stress will result 10 ft below, and 10 ft horizontally, from where a 10,000- Ib concentrated load is applied ? = 10,000 r=10, Z=10, WZ=1.0 For 1/Z= 1.0, obtain 1, = 0.065 = 10,000 2 10,000 Ib d Acy = 5 1, = ODOT. (0.065 ata Wonxiom 2 2-10 if ase : Vertical stress due to line load jdeaafl foal just JI slas if YRBaad AN Dh ste eae O/m! hSIt fond) dct yaw algal Gate 1 ASV) Taya 50 (2) © (x2 +2) s obalia|! day sill Joo Mai gual ll olde fl Stress due to strip Area Carrying Uniform Pressure (EA) ISS (She) CLS selpte cS ay pe oem 56 sh Lau pall Len 0G) plate Tang pt aol, coil I alge tl Glue psdiad 209 Wally o=4 {a + sin ce cos (0, +2 B)} NAAGAD cally pS al! Sas algal (EY) US = 4442 RBS yo Osea () Ged aloe dept Jacl Led =A (Ra -} sin2B) # isle dalue ile olvita fos a alaaljl Stress due to circular ayea carrying uniform Pressuse : Jandy IR (eglene shi 4S Tabane 3S 0 vind Z gue ate (paulyll lps! TAYE BIA Sos d ptt sya ie 1 wy o,=q[I1- { Jeal 1+ Ra? © (2M) JEAN ya Te ala cgaay 08 on 07 06 08 oa oa 02} HN cca Pa 5S eel UY (0-1) ISS poked cad TyLeestl Lea N lal peat yy BS ghd (SA) IES ones bulb of pressire (pas 0.2q sp2SI JAI) EAL Taal yea Gubely taut Lealsn). Gluck Slslpas 2S} 08s Lybs (AN) (VA) JILAVI cay Hole Fay cols Ty shy (eS Vly ebsinh gs Live Ti say atao pS any a aad a aa iS Malad CIT) US soli fos lena alder dobud apes yall! abies tf Vertical Stress due to Rectongular Area carrying uniform pressure = : (Fadum) pl Myb (1) piste deooy amen fubtinas cubed OS) Lod Z dae te pelt! sleet! PMslaligoe tale Gamal GS 6-4 (AA) USE pial cya Ty LaLa cass 9% 6 MZ 2 ph pole lag] em Ugsell gyal, Lalatl cuasd Say his Fadum, (1948) gyal andy lly Gilt (3) ==pie abt ae 3S) Jad syed gus psld Baa (AA) Jo (Reproduced from R. E, Fadum (1948) —v.¥—sl ty be dl, fuel! tee (F-1) Jeno Influence factors Is for vertical stress under a corner of a uniformly-loaded rectangular aree Ws ar az 4a es 08 | O7 as 1 14 20 2 50 Q.p047 9.0082 G0132 oorsa 0.0222 0.0242 90270 0.0279 0.0301 $0311 0318 90315 0.0316 0.0082 C0178 ozs 0.0387 0.0435 00474 Q0528 0.0547 0.0589 00610 00616 O.0820 90620 0.0132 00289 0374 0.0560 0.0630 O068E Q.0756 0.0794 0.0858 0.0867 COBSE 0.0801 0.0902 Qorea Oo%28 God7E 0.0711 0.0801 0.0873 9.0877 0.1013 0.1094 01134 0.1150 1186 0.1164 O.0'RB 0.0387 0.0880. 9.0840 0.0347 0.1034 O4158 01202 01300 01350 01368 0.1374 a1375 0.0222 0.0435 0.0628 9.0987 0.1069. 0.1188 01310 01361 01475 0.1533 0.1855 0.7561 0.1562 0.0760 0.0474 0.0688 Q1034 01168 0.1436 0.1481 0.1620 0.1686 01711 07719 0.1720 0.0268 0.0504 00731 artes 0.1287 01537 0.1598 0.1739 01812 0.1841 01849 0.1850 0.0270 0.0828 0.0766 Q11be O1311 0.1436 01619 O.1684 0.1696 0.1815 OMT C1956 0.1958 0.0278 0.0847 0.0794 Q1202 01361 0.1491 O.1634 0.1762 O1S14 01999 0.2036 0.2044 02088 0.0301 0.0689 0.0856 0.1300 0.1475 0.1620 0.1838 Q1914 G2102 02206 02250 0.2263 02708 0.0311 0.0610 0.0887 01360 BASS O1995 0.2206 02925 07378 0.2395 07399 0.0316 0.0018 0.0998 01388 0.1987 0.2034 0.22789 0.2978 0.2420 0.2481 0.2485 0.0318 0.0820 0.9907 01374 0768) 0.1718 0.1955 0.2044 6.2283 0.2395 0.2081 0.2488 0.2491 0.0316 0.0620 0.0302 01378 01562 0.1720 01954 0.2058 0.2268 0.2399 0.2885 0.2482 (See Fig. 69) 0.2500ufo : 2 1 Infritay tong Foundetin ‘Severs foundation Contours of equal vertical stress beneath a foundition on a semiinfinite, homogeneous, isouous, isotropic clastic solid-te Boussinesg analysis. Stressos are given a8 proportions of the uniform foundation pressure, q; distances and depths in terms of the foundation width, B. hata yy Malay Myst sll highs (V1) Jat Vu Ee0.004, 5 Ti Et sw le! be, Square foundation 2 nity long foundation ‘Contours of equal verti thinly stratified mat the uniform surface. pre: 1 stress beneath a foundation on a semiinfinitc, homogeneous, Site sty Syl lye RS habs (AY SS : Newmark dylaui Uyb ( u ) ones Uren Lankewe col Lael ol! slyor! slay Lik, Gib lays way el plagas silyl SHIM peal! coulaiiey Head Label pees ally « pte ¢ hye =) eaeils 5S po ple Uglied olga! oboe alt) Chall Gubss sees (VA) Jos Ni Sly silyall le Lagu gll La leat cin Spall pLUgW! se samy ylegas + gh USO, dye aySss 6, = 9.005 Na. ‘Seale line Newmark's influence chart for vertical sues. Influence value per unit pressure = 0.005, (Reproduced from N. M. Newmark (1942) Influence Charts for Computation of Stresses in Elastic Foundations, University of lllinois Bulletin No, 338, by permission of Profes- sor Newmark), stat cu sya teh (1-1) Js —Yi—Example 6-3 : A load of 1500 KN is carried on a foundation 2m square at a shallow depth in a soil muss. Determine the vertical stress at a point 5 m below the centre of the foundation (a) assuming the load is uniformly distributed over the foundation, (b) assuming the load acts as a point toad at centre of the foundation . (a) Uniform pressure, = 1500 = 375 kN/m? q 375 2 ‘The ‘area must be considered as four quarters to enable Fig. 6.10 to be used. In this case: mz=nz=1m Then, forz = 5m, m=n=02 From Fig. 6.10, 1, = 0.018 Hence, 6, 4q 1, 4x 375 x 0.018 = 27 kN/m? (b) From ‘Table 6.1,\lp = 0.478 since 1/z = 0 vertically below a point ete Soe ee load. = Hence, ‘The point load assumption should not be used if the depth to the point X (Fig. 6.2) is less than three times the larger dimension of the foundation. i ~“Bxample 6-4 ; A rectangular foundation 6 m x 3 m carries a uniform pressure of 300 kN/m? near the surface of a soil mass. Determine the vertical stress at a depth of 3m below a point (A) on the centre line 1,5 m outside a longedge of the foundation, (a) using influence factors, (b) using Newmark’s influence chart. ae ar (a) Using the principle of superposition the problem is dealt with in the manner shown in Fig. 6.11. For the two. rectangles (1) carrying a positive pressure of 300 kN/m*, m= 1.00 and n = 1.50, therefore, 1, =0.193. -v.¥=For the two rectangles (2) carrying a negative pressure of 300 kN/ ni? m= 1.00 and n= 0.50, therefore. I, = 0.120. Hence, G, = (2 x 300 x 0.193) = (2 x 300 x 0.120) = 44 kN/m? (b) Using Newmark's influence chart (Fig. 6.10) the scale line represents 3m, fixing the scale to which the tectangular area must be drawn. The area is positioned such that the point A is at the centre of the chart, The number of influence areas covered by the rectangle is approximately 30 (i.e. N = 30), hence. @, =0.005 x 30 x 300 =45 kN/m? aes +300 | +300 4.50 m) EN/m? | Nim? 1 1.50 | -300 300 mv sim? | een? 1 = a (2) (Magus 2 Gbubulfl cay} Las Yl clus) Suctyigy obi ce cla biun Jiaud Z gan gle Aoy oll spay! aud (1) Sts gia ot Swe Cash of Gea gl GH) SLA da als shag Jao pla Tl lode Use lea Sill alas teal ya pall judi (Say Les TaLly 951) Ge tele taal alt Unatl cila batt pues tae (WAN) SSE 4d Ctl clylags EN pL Jc Guna piel! Aa, = 0.0025 Nq CN‘So, in percent of unitorm fearing presire, @ | & it Z os Be BZ oe Jel z 15 T i : he er @sunitorm 3 foating pressure 5 + Sah 3H - te ia, ee E re i i 2 de ft hele H + Hes T} 401+ : 45] Wuriation of vertical stress bencath a foundalict Boussinesy analysis. (Ueninig) leet ons all olga ud ec adsl (SYA) JSROSEN, Sea EEO Saale 2 CATT SEES, Influence chart for ¢ semiinfinite, hy ‘il stress -beneath a uniformly loaded foundation on a isotropic clastic solid-the Boussinesq analysis. cine Ua ges slg gad (TA) SS —T\kvigiigal pha 0 US yall 5Sp0 ile Upllaad olga oleae al All eas dbs sees Example 6-5 : A foundation supported on the surface of a uniform, homogeneous soil is 5 ft square and carries a loading of 125 kips. What subsurface stress increase occurs bencath the center of the foundation at a depth of 5 ft? a= 125" [ass a ae ce 1 For uniform homogeneous dsoil, use Boussinesq conditions. ga = 225 kips_ A> Gftx5 fi = 5 ksf = 5,000 psf F 7 , depth From Fig. 6,12, Agy in terms of q is 34 percent for = : f= 1.0 therefore A a, = 0.34 (5000 psf) = 1750 pst | f obubal aad aja! Glee! aylagiay clink | (Sty obeys line ua LAR colina abe sy gids Miles Gey (.oA) Bets (NEAT) US plac Bll ola A Sul Gis i sree Example 6-6 : A circular storage tank is supported on soils that satisfy the Westergaard assumptions. What subsurface stress increase | develops 10 ft beneath the edge of the tank ? The tank is 20 ft in diame- | ter, and the stored fluid material causes & pressure of 1000 psf at the ! tank base, - VWa 30) da : Py ae cele — Surface load q = 1000 psf Ratio of depth / width = 10 f= 9:5 atio of depth / wid 0f From Fig. 6.14. Ao, = 23 percent of q therefore A 6, = 0.23 (1000 psf) = 230 psf, veee Example 6-7 ; Compute the stress at a depth of 3 m and 2.4m from the center of 4 footing that is 3 m und which exerts a stress of 150 KN/m? (3,13 kips/ft*) on a stratified soil. 1 - Using Fig. 6.14 (right side for a square foundation). The depth of the point z = B. The horizontal distunce, 2.4 m ig r= 0.8 B. From the chart the contour is 0,09, AG, 0,09 x 150 = 13.5 kN/m? (282 Lbyft2) 2 - Using Fig, 6.15. The footing drawn to Scale covers 36 “squares.” AG, =36 x 0.0025 x 150 = 13.5 kN/m? (282 Ib/fi2), =r1, in oercent af uniform footing pretisure, 20 40 60 80 100 | et | oe He | : Ber eee = : g 2 e ———4 : : a= uniform z er 3 (3s . 4 4 | a i Nees ey 3 id PSiine i i a: as H 40 fae hr as ‘so Variation of vertical strass bencalh a foundation; Westergaard analysis.. (syle steng) Glebe Gat gual I oly) co attll (VEY) a =Inllvenca value 00025 Influence chart for computing vertical stress beneath « uniformly foaded foundation on a semiinfinite, homogeneous, thinly stratifed material-the Westergaard analysis, Sj lp fnag Mh hs ge aa (V1) SE TV -Haag Sill Gobel GLubulf! Jal olds, Yl asl banal ge ttl pull alge! lcad Lasgyiill GLI Ge tke tae cole (Hall Gb spall abel slg l Oe CHL sens teat alee yl yd Bball) JEU pd LAS Bo gh T= Lash ple alee! Quist Gob ada Gy Z yes Gee Teaggll LiasLell) Gy pA¥l glass Ly Tyke pa See Hl Gob eels. (V1) US VO Lead pole Gulawill ace £593 iets (Pyramid approximation tg Z Gar le algal Gh cel (VI) pelt hit a eae (B + Z) (L + Z) f / carne cole cond alpedl gaol Ly ill gh! (ess = = CaS geal celal alle uy (B+ 2 ¥.= total load qpplicd to Foundation member B , L = Footing dimensions Z = depth from footing base to elevation in soil. Example 6-8 : Compare the increase in stress Ao, in a soil stratum I'm thick produced by a surface load of 150 kN/m? (3.13'kips/ft") on 0.5 x 0.5 m square footing with the stresses produced by a footing 3 m x a m square with the same load. The center of the soil stratum is 4 m beneath the ground surface. Use the pyramid approximation. = Vio =1, For the 0.5 x 05 m footing . AG = 1.85 kN/m? (38 Ib/f?) = 05x05 x 150_ (4 + 0.5) 4 + 0.5) 2. For the 3 x 3.m footing AG; SERRE 27.6 KN/m? (576 Ib/f2) + Effective pressure (Sled!) gall alas! in Gees col pine) phy AUS Cage aS oe Cpetigl citlalad gl 434M! pore or water pressure oll! Lid, Effective pr. (JLaill) A41l slay! lygyetl) ada phar ple cayatll Guus Jily , drainage Gi ailly permeability AT Gel ple Ba STL shy Gale Lb 8 free water 3.1 aL jeer gle pop tas Gal els us LU sels re gh GA Tl a gh UY at Ll oda a Ts ELAS 6h 9S ay Ley LEN a ye wee od oll Gy aly Ledge! 1 (BageAl Sh atl! HS Le) Os tetlll banal) Gb effective stress (JLaall) All olpe¥l Gnas DBA ple Gada lf olan al olall Oe Tat Ltusl! 445 pore or water pressure oll dokue bel voll agae diy Ge LabUll bial! Sot (LE All buen) dal ee cis Gi, (lal) ll olga tl args eae ‘gph dale (WA) JS Use Yl cant Gaal! gle Af Sell oS I LI Yad Sayaygll WLI ll yl Bay gay tm pang (Ula Z gee sll Gay gle YALE A casted Z Jae Gl Ball Cals 4l Oy =p Z - Uppal dualall Gayle ge tants Z gee ll Oy = Yon Z sill oi -Y-+ (OLLI ciputia cand gl) LLL Bayaka Z Gane ill Ryall cals of Ov = Yous Z sygh Z ac gle P oll Laas Li} Psy Z v ggKSll Lill: pany oll lated JL Laiacll Eyamas B= Oy +P or Oy =6,-P Ground suetace | | | Ground Stratum A | 2. rhage s ' yy seni pad sil weight tit two unitweeight of 2 Seratum 8 | 2p soil, homogeneous from ground wurface | tadentm < ' | ' | suatume: | 2. 4% Uiit ares oe ne o6* 112s tehy 472 ta) cc) Up A at Lge (WS (laa!) ight basal Glue AS (VAY) JSS crass Spent Stee ‘Sinus | % Tan q a Hemet [Note ya isvetght of sorerged vei) e el teas Lge (VAM) JS =yW-(laall) igh bial) Glad Gad, Utal (\4—7) US ene LS Ground surtace = 1120 72}F10 fh = 1200 pst ~(70.84 895 (3. dsm) vor AY table 8, #92 * weore = Faz sua *125 oct Wwe 2 * Faaee= Fa a e #1125 — 624 pet 112 FD = 254 pal (o) =t1969- 981 Sy (268 my = a5 tN ™ m arm 7 = 12, Yoae Tw 130 pet T1920 poll fal 1190 ~ B24 etl 10) = 480 put» 676 pal « 1156 pat = 58.5 SY (ey Water suelsee Soll surface ca 7 Mani = Il eee = 1110-~ 82.4 pef16 te = 286 pat = 13.7.2 Tout = 0,048 KS: net = 0,157 A ma rm) a ll can al ge tl GLa yo ls (1421) SS Example 6-9 : Compute the change in vertical effective stress at the surface of the clay stratum in Fig. 6.20 if the water table falls 2 m or 0.6 ft. The sand has a void . — Fh0.6 ml [Warer]069 = a =S3m— 164! 4 9 | sotidel 267 g am=t- =0. a, 526.6 1 EO oie)d sand wan Ta =0.7m=2,3 ft O70 nl | Ae 0.18 ml [Water 018 1.0 mt] Solids|2.6/.9 Soturated sand Set. tend Domp send . Initial high b. Ground water €. Black diagrams ground water lewared 2m = 6.6 ft cs Figure 6.20 changes in vertical stresses of Example 6.9 on a clay stratum due to groundwater changes. (vse ratio of 0.60 and a specikic gravity of solids of 2.67. The height of capillary saturation is 0.7 m (2 ft). Above the capillary line the sand is 30% saturated. _ The saturated density of the sand is (2.67 + 0.60) + (1 + 0.60) = 2.045 g/ml = 2043 kg/m? , "The unit weight is 127.5 1b/f? = 20.0 kN/m*, 2. The drained sand density above the capillary saturation line is (2.67 + 0.3 x 0.6) + (1 + 0.60) = 1.78 g/ml = 1780 kg/m? . The unit weight is 111 Ib/ft? = 17.43 kN/m? . . Initially, the vertical stresses at the clay surface are Total : 2.3 x 17.43 + 3.7 x 20.0 = 114.1 kN/m= 2381 Ibi? . Neutral : 3x 9.81 = 29.4 kN/m? = 614 lb/ft? - Effective ; 114.1 - 29.4 = 84.7 KN/m? = 1767 Ib/f? 4, After the water drops the vertical stresses at the clay surface are Total : 4.3 x 17.43 + 1.7 x 20 = 108.9 kN/m? = 2275 tb/fe” (a loss of 5.2 KN/m? = 106 Ib/f?) . Neutral : 1x 9.81 =9.8 kN/m? = 205 Ib/t’, Effective : 108.9 - 8.9 = 99.1 kN/m? = 205 lb/ft? (a gain of 14.4 kim? 303 Ib/ft?), w : + Contact pressure yalgill bees old lh cy gue ules les AGLI paul dl Slee! ga cule Leia -TM-HLM Ge Line gle Shiaiay Candy ula bid ns EA, aliad Lil, So ul 44 ols La « (Rigidity and Flexibility) a5 Gall Uyyey » Lakitte GS @ehslll QL Flexible Foundation pie se Gs8) Qu5 sll old Rigid Foundation pastel (ulu8U Guth Li ally place atl Nha GF GO presi Jleed Jayacly (IA) Jet i Ls Leaked peal Gilgen! pads alli a- Flexible Foundation b- Rigid Foundation c+ Rigid Foundation d- Rigid Founelation Clay Clay - Sand SLada Layee yng pu I oes las alfa GZ gue jae le Gall yas Yel tb qlivs Guu oy ly steal et tle oule gu Tints o, Gaye Gy) ks ulcer pos esl k aba coefficient of la teral easth pid yall aR geal ll aly¥! (WY) USA . presswe - TY. -horizontal soil pressure Gn, vertical soil pressure Gy ped, US pall ole ood eet tle SU bie Glad 8 eS yy cet opal Gall Lats Lalas ga keyg GM g lesT sdaal ky pa (YT) chase «ben Oy ce IS GN Teh hgh pom apt gl LS] digo pe Ube Ko ead (F-3) Jaa Soll Fyne. Granular, tose 0500.6 Granular, dense 0.3 10.0.5, Clay, soft 0.9 to 1,1 (undrained) Clay, hard 0.8 to 0.9 (undrained) sean Example 6-10 : The unit weight of the soil ina uniform deposit of loose sand is 100 pef. Determine the horizontal stress that acts within, the soil mass at a depth of 10 feet. &, = 07, = (100 pet) (10 ft)-= 1000 pst y= Kev = (0:5)-(1000 psi) = 500. pst where ko is obtained from Table 6-2. Example 6-11 ; Assume thar a building foundation is constructed on the fill discussed in the previous illustration, Tf the footing is 5 ft square and carties a loading of 75 kips, what net stress results in the middle of the clay layer beneath the center of the footing (consider effects of fill and foundation loading) 2 - ts? ms Footing 5’ x 5 my eS Eee Gece nated below grade Comipactac fi oi. Sand and gravel 75 ki : rooting = =p oh = 3 ksf' = 3.000 psf depth Sf 3 Ratio of = widih Si ee Estimate stress increase by either Boussinesq or Westergaard, A 6, = 5 percent x q (fron Fig. 6.12 or Fig. 6.14). therefore A a, = 0.05 (3,000 pst) = 150 psf from foundation. Stress increase from fill = (yj 4) (height of fill) = 125 pef x 8 ft - 1,000 psf ase = 150 + 1000 psf = 1150 psf. Example 6-12 : Figure 6.23 shows the plan of a rectangular foundation which transmits a uniform contact pressute of 120 kN/m2 , Using the influence factors given in Table 6.2 , determine the vertical stress in- duced by this loading : (a) at a depth of 10 m below point A, and (b) ata depth of 5 m below B. Total: stress i (a) Consider four rectangles (1, 2, 3, 4) each with a corner at A [Fig. 6.23 (b)] : the vertical stress below A is the sum: of the sites: by each rectangle > Gu (A) = Fett) + Seay + Or 3) 1 cay = 4 dacy + Tea) + Trey + 9 Ta(ay) - yy-(Tt) ca 2=10.0m See Table 6-2 Fig 6-23 Rectangle Liz Bya dy 1 s/lo=0.5 1O/lo—1.0 0.1202 2 20/10=2.0 10 0.1999 3 20/10=2.0 05 0.1350 4 S/l0—05 5/10=0.5 0.0840 Then G4) = 120 (0.1202 + 0.1999 + 0.1350 + 0.0840) = 120 x 0.5391 = 65.kN/m? (b) Consider four rectangles (1, 2, k3, 4) each with a corner at point B (Fig. 6.23 (c))-note that for rectangle 1, L = 31 m and B = 19m. The vertical stress below Bis given by : Gy) = 4 Tea + le) + Ike +4 Ora) The calculations are tabulated below : 2=5.0m ~ SpeSee Table 6-3, Fig 6-23 Rectangle Liz We ty 3ifs-62 195-38 0.2472 6/5 =12 19/5—3,8 o.2ia7 31/5 =6.2 : Then S,g)= 120 (0.2472 - 0.2147 - 0,1849 + 0.1669), - YYt=Gaba ileal peal! Gall da glig Shear strength of Soil gh eos Tayi Bos ged LAG tall Jload Gl G35 Gat Repke ple Syhls Ap Lea loede ylydl gh Lill be obo dad te. ole! - Hayes Lposle guats al I] Yysks UA SAG gS iy Uple atI Lall Shand p pte Lead go gph Le ol Updas a8 cod all alba! Lalas » (X-¥) JS2 Gall Slay L, yo Linke ellSy sell Gall Leslie SHES le She ell S20 pyle aly ually Lull all Lyle Gipsy pt ay Lgl je ctae Ugh le all Gall olga La a he Up olan ¥ * ae § Splint ad Spat ymiill a gle y ging Lae lg ests plaeal Be Uyll oluse gas Kall Lelie gay (pl lall iSiay|— sage ty LiMby deal! cet Load oS internal Friction paul! USca¥! lay ES ya: gOS yo yl} lad Leg ened cela ev io tpemancn Cg Ryall coal gk SYD pled Gyles T Lukes OS ay GUI! lata le Lager N Layee / Friction JlGiay! Jules pau Bsana Legh coaledt T opeSsll ony Teaily + dus Coefficient (u) Tmax =H N £ gph US Gad G sll Sls ply b= tan > JSeh Internal Friction Gall olussad plolall Wow! Byb5 yea 9 tue = (T-¥) Js (1-9) ary sSian Gell) SUEY choy JURY ued int (1) is disrayl (ty) Jes ectual ree e Si contact o \ (eSlallslsay lays (eV) se - ry -algal gy) Lacan Gill 5 8 aU! eal! Leslie phy (cloolaall) Gaaotall — ¥ + yeaah, Faguas Lyalls GySs Cohesion Lia GeatGlly inal! Lylaue ceapaall Sand and gravel Lally best! pb douse Vy Clay cplally Silt cpoball ol Coulomb pylyS Upc oe sg) Ue gd Syl yf Ahal pall Ly lis Dagens 2209) aL ‘Where : t= shearing stress at failure along the plane of rupture .. ¢ = apparent cohesion J, = normal stress acting on the plane of rupture . @ =angle of intemal friction . Ghee aC Gees Lag dam. (AV) IS Gd Ly Uae pale Ulery palyS Habeas. sb! LoS ae pt piShall SSGa Yl Thy Oy T yas co ehh £555 silyl yf yedll Lali» 28l) Total Stress TASII clolged! Ube fis uaaiy aobsd Gl] pou lee c's O19 cya effective stress Ay) sla¥l v hoasill Ua Ta) Mall placdy Gisbeall pals Uolal ae Coulomb's equation wid failure envelope (a) Original Coulomh envelope in terms ef sal stress. (b) Mostificd Coulomb envelope in teins of effective stress. pslstite (EY) 52 =vTre + On tun g! tes or since on =G,-U wae 4(o-n)ung’ Where _¢' = apparent cohesion referred to effective stress. a= effective normal stress on the plane of rupture . u = pore pressure on the plane of rupture at failure . @' = angle of internal friction referred to effective stress. Geol! La M olalgadl Way pie puatll Se gaill Lyle g} Lis ltl Uys a AGL o; . a Laut, y=4 (6 G} - 95) sin20 1 2 = (a}+ a3) + F(a} op cos 26 eMail ytd Jue Zayly oO te 7Cyo Laiialogg pail da glig lid Sead UAE oH) LM Gas Mad 9S yell Lyle Guldd ol Ld) Ga # gh LS oY Le O98 gst ol GU yeatll GYLay. ald! pall i Jlad 8G, 5 us Rex wi Undrained Gyeill gue Ul (7) slat) F8sU5 old ly, oll ey eau Y call pie LES Go i Salgll og Saal Tall iy pore pressure oll iss 4 55L5 Yb tl Ol Jaa) La! 55 b5 U5 cof tas Ly MII ical Zyline oh bins a fe apis Mella Ap If, at the failure surface, Au = Ac; then Ao’ = 0 Giving t=¢+0. fe Cult all Gli sliced! ob AgSle ud olull bid Gy Leuay 1 Gy 9u ell lye ff a C, = undrained apparent cohesion = Sieo> undrained angle of shearing resistance Gna fully saturated soil @, = 0) : Consolidated - undrained Qyusill pas — qladl Ue (uw) gal Sigal adage pb al i paetiy alpen nd bent 9) Cell acon (Aiday deal Ba | es RAH Gail coLales Yuli pa Gall pie — caledll UGA! Ge LAL) + Coys Pay» Cs effective (Lal) :Drained Gyaill Ula (= } Bye pa laottly Ly) Call amas i poll pe — gabaall LSS | gk et ole Laka ee Goel lS ay Thal 8 yah lel Ue yo Js Lets JalSh egal LL decd (yh Ball! Gon ei pect Basis Boy al ogi Sally Moka a BL GN agg poll oll bd Sal days YL Lisy Ga yall oplales G48) AGJ= AG, (ASI alge! pi BALLS! po Sl Lad C,, = fully drained value of apparent cohesion . p, = fully drained value of angle of shearing resistance . : Shear tests gaal! ol,Los] Cag Ball ogi Uglen! Sas obs deal ued ey 25 alll oylos lia + daall osled . Direct shean (shear box) test ,SUL Gail 2425 (1) . Triaxial compression test fol) bial ,lc5! (o) _ Unconfined compression test jyuane pall baal 32! (+) Rang jLaill oy . Vane shear test Lay t} Las! (1) - Penetration test gl, a7 jlas! (G) =i+ What olla: yl + Shear box test (Direct shear test) (Atl wall) gail dye jlas} (1 ) olalgedl oY AL) Gell 5L35) Ulead pany Gall Gyre La) SAH cadll 5p B ptlen oul slaglY) epic ile eill olilgaly Leapeall Saal Chek alse less cpp Ge GySa pa Ve Ls ub, ysis Soe Gite » (O-V) JS all a da ‘hange tear lake, Saurbax an Souiving ae <8 Scharmatic ym OF CIRCE BNeAr APHArAN (9) lAborat Suulpment tranually coer ) (Courtesy ot Saltont, Ine) AU alll Slee (o-V) is = rT(cet LALA a pas lll LF Ly LARA pt Hl Se pay yy cestlly. (Gad worl) Geto oxi St Las pe wtp all celal! dcotll ¢ Lesall ON Alf alagiy vitae ya 1A oll! Gopy poll dple Cand GB xt Qayaall CLE AY Gail «god ObIGF Led LES yy gaily Tall 34s cols usd gl aol SLES olybe 5 S59. GG Layee Oh JS Gale ly gpl ake elt! algaly o Gall! Sled) cay ToL fs ph WES. Lager oosil Cb cp5 ins Slay Jel> US Ball pods OLY) Ciba tego Ss Geil! Gaaiee (12V) JS chy » gall ihiey SUSY! Gly © Cy alagy oliliall po Jolaal a8 (1-V) JIE casas NORMAL LOAD: Applica by bavger EE ana lovey mechaniaen nermars hol —weparating screws ‘yo Hine eerie — EE SHEAR LOAD, Shiran | oan: ried oy Sw joe 5 tes iene stoi Xentocatee 1 enlr tte) Hin dimicnd tesis) alll gehen (LY Example 7-1 : Ashear box test. was-carried out on a sandy clay yielding the following results > Normal load (N) 108-202-295 390) 484576 Shear load at failure (N° 172 227 266323374425 Area of shear plane = 60 x 60 mm Delermine the apparent cohesion and angle of shearing resistance for the soil, | ryThe stresses on the shear plane are obtained by dividing the corresponding load by the area. Area of shear plane = 60x 10.x 10% =3.6x 107 m?, So for the first specimen : hy = 10R.x 10° 30,0 km? Norinal stress, 3.6x 103 Shearing stress at failure, — p= 472810? _ 47.9 nym? 3.6.x 10? Similarly the other values wdill be : Normal stress, o', (N/m?) 30.0 56.1 81.9 108.3 134.4 160.0 Shearing stress at failure, t,(kN/m?) 47.8 63.1 73.9 89.7 103.9 118.1 Figure 6.6(a) shows the shear stress plotted against normal stress, and the best straight line drawn through the points to give Cou- lomb's shear strength envelope. The shear strength parameters measured from the graph are ; Apparent cohesion, ¢' = 33.kN/m2 Angle of shearing resistance, @' = 28° ‘Shaw one Me ae (vey) -YTA-egy Hlly eel cg ty DLA Labs ce SL ys le Ipemall OSegs Aaagaall C= = Usx10" = 32 KN/n? arta 3.6.x 10 « gpaill a glide) Lis dypll glgcl Soil types according to shear strength pail lish Zall pat Say C, Shea aaa + cglt LaS cua lall gosh Uyllis Za! any « (Cohesionless soils) C= 0 tue Bub 2b ds (1) o bishydes!! ea Jites (Frictionless soil) =O tye (RwLas) Wstal Guy G5 () bell pe Ue gh Cpa cally pall Gall ial ag! Lie yall all Ga eld pay (C9 Soil) Ths 23 >) 1 lon celal cpl abel! asl Hasall oll 13a (A-Y) J&A ons Soll types according 10 these strength {e), Cohesiontess tall (B) Frictioniess sail (¢) cxig soi! gall sla ee Lill (AY) IS - YTA=+ had pd ogittlly poll da gli Shear strength and deformation in Sands : cpmles Yl i Caall gi ae coll agtall Jas pt Gaal! {US8) clipe (AY) JES hays, Teall pascal itl] Ge jane ooilly LAV pul tl » bey all AL a yt Smee sane and sacema ewan alll sla ght (tev) Us 2 Angle of repose jfyiin Yl dy glj GUS 35 Leate Gilly (GAY gle Lute Uyl5ll ipa Gaal jl may Lhy Lest Jay I Ue phy pres sh a coh gags pale Gay GLa 2a, all Cae al ode call LAT. G5 ills S35 UF Say aly Ol C= 0 cum in gMab Tyne = TeeClay : Angle of repose +0 = jhmedrrayly (av) Je + ell Ggaie slo! Wliag vont Advantage and disadvantages of the shear box fest = PEST) LIGLG Eyed eda eLabnay Eyles ul gligil cpteae ile azeall Lisally Gail olilgel = % « calalga Yl oLa dyn Gadtall Goa FybUe cs C, Gail Lyall Job G8 cage! slyatl le Bull asa —¥ iysaill pie Tay LiSIy Gap! fie TSiLaie jail Dall jltal bead Ge <7 + aaah oly ft LS 2 Egg Jlgke penal sail oolad pall Ge =f byglt Le Lyall oda nes cob lly Lah! ccs (gle gab sill pia a gayi pail Ge! pie ¥ o gel Lyall GL oid dd pe sill 4s Updpeed cul DIS Tina! dye oll Gi paed gd pSall Sq YT vill cole As law taal Late! oe alll cst SV Use sats F gaperll sla =f gedyll qe GALE Y Gell! Lal Gile Gs ahs Lay yall! Gystea lye — 8 Fall paabll 2 pill yell dyad gle gai! olkyh 1 (N=¥) JSS Ejall Bypll alee guant Sey EAR Ly Gall stg Hidke GS MS, « Rall clade Tals le algal) cept Lend ge cuss (apes! stead! — ¥ = ThSSS Daal phde Talis he alll cod Lad Ga ches yall sly a! » (SY) Ex tangent modulus of elasticity (Initial) 7p Br ™ tangent madulus (general) 27) aE, = secant modulur iganecall Shest train, a [* Shaan diuolacemant _ 5 Sample length L TA Ril Lan naa (VV) Thay yah Teulada jail Lyall ic ipeall bi ally Gail olalys! ou Wlall — 7 Sub all slye! spore ghd sla (C-$ Soil) UakSU Lyall LA ead » (No-¥) (EW). (ATEN) i] Semple area” A i hi [= coll Sleds! — alll sel Js (YY) ust — Viv -Failure anvelope curve t ' t 1 Shear aiesti ry pisicil arom tice ne ee ‘Ares of sample. A Bets Us) gail glact pits (3Y~¥) ‘Shear ress, F Nara stress, @ Et¥ectiva normal nem, pall jl65I pits (VEY) Ubbia Lgl O— TAs (\e-¥) IS flys ae ASI! Stag Mayh3t BLS La all aa (VV) sie Goes Al 5 iy 9 ol (IV) Jo REPRESENTATIVE VALUES OF ) FOR CONESIONLESS SOILS lipase ‘Angie & Degrees Soll Type Urimate Pook Sand and gravel mixture 1-36 40-50 ‘Well-graded sand 31-35 40-50 Fine to medium sand 29-32 32-35 Silty sand T-32 30-33 26-30 30-35 Silt (nomplastic) = Tit =[Normal load ) 119 216 3 Poe lie oes , NTiimate’ Neat load (V4? 66 (31 195 261 oltLall peg tyes Lo Latll FASy gel Ged! (UG8) pil Lavi TAY gas — 6 + Tay pall drantly Lol ARAL! Example 7:2 : A sample of dry sand is tested in direct shear, A normal loud equivalent to 2 ksf is imposed for the test. The sheari ng force applied to fail the sumple is increased until shearing does occur. The shear stress at failure is 1350 psf. What is the angle of internal friction 9 for the sand ? vas0 ¥ dheating stress, pat : Test results on steas strain esordinatcs 1380 T=Shering ‘Test information stress, pt plotted on Mohs Siecle eooriinates Normal siren, pif 40. tan } = 1950 — 0.675 = 34 deg 4 Example 7.3: During.a shéar box test on a compacted. sand the following results were recorded , Peak shear load (N) 85 Determine the angle of sheuring resistance for the soil : (a) ina loose state, and (b) is a dense compacted suite, Figure 6.9 shows the plot of these figures. Two envelopes are drawn (a) Using the peak shear lead values to represent the compacted or _Gaiise State. Chae ree = Vite(b) Using the ultimate shear load values (o represent the loose state. From the graph > igs) = 38° O fog) = BLE Since both envelopes pass through the origin, the apparent cohesion of the soil = 0. Example 7-4 he readings given below were taken during two shear box tests carried ont on samples of the same sand. In both eases the constant normal stress was’ 210 kNi/n?, In Test 1, the sand was in a loose state; in Test 2, ir was compacted into 2-dense- state. Drdw the shear stress/displacement graphs for the two tests and determine the angle of shearing resistance for the loose and dense states. ‘Test 1 - Loose state > a e Horizontal displacement Qo? mm) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400° 450 500-550 Vertical displacement (10% mm) (tye=up) 0 6-12-15 A? -18 19.0, 195 20.0 -20.5 -205 -20.5 Shear stress (kN/m2) 0 59 78 91 99 105 112 3114 6 616 - Vio -Test 2 - Dense state : Horizontal displacement (0%mm) 0 30 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 Vertical displacement (10? mm) {+ vo =up) o 3 1 DRC QE Ly SSrre Wierd ese 4 Shear stress (eN/m2) O 73 118 143 150 149 139 133 126 «122 «120119 dees dag! gl gad I IS ga Basly « (IVY) USE ple Ladys gill Tayth peal Us Lay po @ lle Gal5! ple Critical state Tall tLe (Af Hoxtrontal dlaplacarnant (10°* ment ‘Vertical diaplecement (10°2 me) (WA Se Loose stute 1 = 6), ta Dy Then 116 = 210 tan go) Giving © Qogee) = arctan 116. 29° =Dense state = t= 6%, 10m Py cna) ‘Then 125 = 210 tam acne) Giving Pioas) = arctan 192 36° : The Triaxiat compression test jolt] bisatl juz! ( ) SS alin GY Lilac! Goll S138! AST ya ltl! niall Las Tilpbasl Slise le GLSEYI (Aa Sigs Leal TABS coy Lal JL, Gell p Lh Vee oe g VARTA cpl Bata! oI gt le + shill Gis p Lb Ell a + (SAM) JS (od Cree Steals PN all UL (Ve) ab : Undrained Tests ped ese olLos} Lng dog MI go plbaully ceslall ogSiNl gy Jollee eLAS gi pall Quast Palo Tall uty any ph. (MAPY) JSATL coe gt LAS « Tall glely Jit Gable -TtV=Ay asa gl WALI ene Que Call 4s aU 5 USM oshiy Sal WLS Shell wel Ga saya Jest B3l5 pe cu bids Medel! bl Lula Sl SORIA SE LGR By (Ged slips le 96) laleal pall ll Tall ya ya + dial gauge Jladil julie ladle Gaal! p Wy! od yall — } , Proving Ring Jem while pl iSiub wpa! lanl! — ¥ Pore pressure measurement Syall slit bid yulid UU [Sallie Goes gi baths GS Fell Lu bis Gul Sag oll Mie JON aged a LGN Suc. Baal alps she Stat!) jaally i » (NAHV) Jos. manometer : Drained Tests .dyeqall of,Lua) ALS Baad LAs Go peal 2A SLY pee ee GL Laat i Tall Bae Gt Si a hell Laka lye (VAY) IS - Tha-Volume change yasell jill ea ee SS ST Le TT el tal ay Late PUT paul ual jolt a pal ele cody Gell lisa! We iy aall gladly oll gB pabll a cans peamall pall GG Let sub Taal! cals + SMI Leal Ls) gilt : Principal planes and principal stresses tagS J] elygiaally Lasush Jl clap! Lagglans gple Mead GiL ge ull ADA dada UGS) (a oball o tt ULGTY| gine i TALI ois hat plasty Gaal oo sh sayy. Bll Eyal ol loots LAAN gi alll eas geal oy = 2-403 La tas O5 OS) fecal) Lead ala35 GLGAYE sly cteal gle gb th, ll (Gmail pe UL pl) athe 2 Glaglatde Gls ll Glalgad! shure, = 93 +4 0; iol gl AG, Lab perso! algal S38 Gaal ley! 455 Lesigg O2= 05 = LEI poll bee pall oUt bind, deviator stress anc lly Oy estat Gud aly Rag a =v HS Uy poses Oy tage Oia mie: 1 fin scat ed loes 5, ‘ #ys . . 24 a= Ala = 8 Te ee scioina ej aR te tb) te) Straing and stresses in the triaxial tesh, (a) Principal straing ALT. pals phen (ple Spite HUB! candy ell Gye Lidl i = 5taegj (ple Thea M lileg yl igs Mant! olilgey! OU ,DUI sal bas) ile posse a Nay ple plants olf clolaenal ada duped sang ullily- slp Tapht cll py-sull oS) (VIEY) GERI gb LAS Ce aisll olay aoll ae + (oleLtsy| Slalysttl 35h (HeY ES 2h aed tushy p23 blo uated by t=h 6; - 63) sin 2 & om=h@; -0) +L} - 03) Cos 2. +: Mohr-Coulomb Failure theory jLuei\W aglgS—sqe pon a sila layne ogle D Unik ulldly 0 Tesla ams cosas ple cele bed Hall (cll plait de pyle Sad le A GT ae thay - otal this fs ape 2dilales 2 ol aad (SY-Y) ESS ll costly = C'+Gp tan > DCB=20=90+6 =45 4% ie ghee cesta a Oh bam = Yo\=AMAT baud Las! a olybygsil ba Failure envelopes for ‘triaxial test results : Bie OB TUS Heia tly ay Sd pay VS Leal Lad! (aC! u9e TANS [pia SS pany GO Ye I Gay Lp 695 ud ye Le coll gt) bak Ge gyn sil ISI pel al BAN pesays spell yallh ple A USC" cya! padiin colll pslS Lod Le dal Ses gay . Failure envelope Ball GS ay siya 08 al Bs 8) 308 ila ase aly (VY) JCI 1 (NEV) Sih Ups sails wot seSnln Ge jol fm 9 woe pals hk tet (TEV) Jt Example 7-5 : A drained triaxial compression test was carried Out on three samples of thé same soil. The results were as follows : ‘Test no, 1 2 z Cell pressure (kN/m?) __100 200 300 Dovistor stress at failure (kNin®) 210 438 ou — ToY -—_ Determine the: shear strength parameters of the soil, assuming the pore pressure at failure to be zero. The principal stresses are obtained as follows : Minor principal-stress, a3 = cell pressure . Major principal stress, 0, = cell pressure + deviator stress. Since up=0, 4, =0) and ;=03 1 (kim? 100 200 GCN?) 210 a38 core ‘The Mohr circles are shown plotied in Pig, 7-25, when the best common tangent is drawn the Coulomb line is obtained. From the graph: c=0 poe : Types of triaxial test S| Lezesll sLa3} elgil 2S atlas PO bial LSA dasadall¢ (Nl Ay aatll pie GLASp eS A pengll sayy, Ge peal pets cay Coates Coals Que Rael gate tam slit) i jaail Loa AIS (ghia Y tye Les esp! baba lbs Talal baked = Yor =esd LGR YT May. dias Yo). Aide ped GLEE YI peas GI oy Tall ga (Undrained) C, , $i, Apaaill psc Melee Quail + Consolidated-Undrained test Gail! pie — Ghalll Ut! = ¥ lis oP GIN abd cot lll eae) Gell Ys) LSS Yl od ee pe Us pd) coral ally Jay (Glial! se Lt! ¢9 58 Gig le) Gail + Ryall LUI eid 43d Qullal Za,gtde oLull Gos Shiny dal dys, (Gyacal ceheben MgB Ve Gye SAL oll) Ua yay Lely VE JSG Bale Gbeatll la pay AS, Cg! atl alge) eotales olds JLAEYI Ida Gay. Zyall pg) aus + Cyr Oy Rpeatll pie edlalen i drained test Gyaill jis] - 7 ol cok Bie Of oo TN Jae os5 eat peal) Tall aay Balapll Aap ipbey liner dyanil clout gw eupetl Laall lbs Situs lpia dal + glecall Lyylse & yall Lil) Load 3 trbdll odd Un pay Lele VE pity URN Ma a thoy! lal + opened ll Jay bing atta 2 Cyn Qy tyaatll csbalen uli JLI89) Na iy + DO bial 5lya elaludtiul «coh Legh ANON Littl 50581 Gye psd » RL Aw FL S3 Sell) alll ols + Syall oN bss coleles gues glad! —¥ + oUaledY) S38) Ube! Lak) —¥ Wall la - £ fH haaall Lael yi LAS yi Line Sourses of error in the triaxial test : bdpaill pas ebjtaal (1) ~ Mell oh iS Fly Ugh! Se LSU Ball olayts — | = Yet —= HasAlly ppballall cLetall ogy sels aH cell elygll lel ~ ugly oblall oad oe ap a al el yllol 7 e Liglell gf Galisall Bac) ae apg do all GEL) oll! ~ | bids of Lila OES le cesta YG Maly yds pF GS AEs ~ 0 + dywaill al bad! ( y ) » ede) GaSlill de pull sie sisal ple cpus ¥ AG Ball oll! Lica — pepe gat lau Ms Ga yy BALL aL ages = V Boat Lue Ts pe ae easel Jel! dual Lud! dyes pat —¥ + wage 2 (pgpenne yall) aaa pill Easel Lis] The unconfined compression test : Aekeall LEAT goo Leal Us ga (ype ull) qqans jl Lkaall Las) ~ ayn THe pny Sang Gy =O pieall Lyglins GAR bid cuSs Lege tl Soils Boel Dae WLS! GSe Gay (VY). (1 VY) Jab (od LS gSLanll aly 9, = 0 Sam quill Gate gull eghll Ula pi id GER emis Tay 0, = 9) = mek coments ena gps yl 28!) JLERY pylsS— ype Tisle (HY) IS - Yoo=Pm axial Force | e ita eA : : cohen } cae. fides a aor to fall | frie a «1, 4,78 eT pee Normal ped geese gl bea U8 | gd Couns (tV-V) JE 4 sol Inia | BOLI a ie en (aidunar) Ae ‘ fenibeo! aot = nee iat rol spuRp led we Nurs orunepaen 1; = exam Sica bunoaauenY tivnestge) pee ont bea grids! monae ini a pm eee and fey (3) Répresdhtitiod of unconfined compression test { {@) West arcangement. (b) sirosses acti aesae gill Gel Iga (TA-Y) JSS = Yel =paclans Dali Sle plabtiely pease lll bivall Lal eee cl OSs Gh aS 5 cghllath LAR gy Semel TAR yy oly GDH taal Slt + (NACY) USE - ppl peeled doe See Lon Vasey pepe lls 3lyall | gol busall la! gf ppally GL! ut Ua pF Lad Lay Ups! Ga Tall gle pel I ALANIS ee coi gatll ogy dial gauge JLGH! GoLiiay - ais ppl 6b Aineilly cll! spall gpl oil ult Say Sell idle Hane cohinay ay OH LS» Gall CLL! gh pal Ue Tall pa TS UIT ALAN LS GS Slip! UL jy ASAI Call Spa Taal leks Tal Gd 9H ae oS leg AV gl 1-AVNVo = 1 = Allo ‘Where A, = original cross-sectional tres of specimen befor increase A= V, = original volume of specimen: 1, = original length of specimen, Al= hange in length AV = change in volume In the Case OF af undrained test, AV may be taken ds zero, ae ~ Alfle eho! I-€ or A Where ¢ = axial strain = Alf, + HMRI kal SY BAL ofLall pls — ype le gly 1 tyne Mlb aes ae yl SLES ML ad nen OSap age Bal ISAT ES eft gully yall olabl biicay ~ Gh paaill pe — hot Ue ya LAST OIE bh ep My LAS olsLg olle LMT ast GS GHls pay Sey GLI — yell Hae od ple Baill Le LB8! gyal sla (YAW) SSA. Mbaall gl hla ty luadll gM Ube] Ul lube yl San ly 53ls gS LAAN! Lbs ky all - To¥ =aml olalga then Goll cuSuy Gyuedll UL LG8) ga yell Uys «bt Glee ASL = Sigal pac cba Ue ph Up eal! lB Gs 5S) Lys aie Gant tl effective ULeally Luk olabpey! gs US) SLA (T--¥) US tye Sa LES C's Q! slau] Sas Leday it peatll pe — Ghai Ula yi Litsoll feb ood Lally true Lait GB yeatll ja? cola 5 /38p oftllyC., 9, slau! » Gl Byes pal ped LyglEl Gals Sal ‘conspideted-unchnined test nttoctiva stress circle (tots! syaae eieela) geal peg peel cg LB tae Tha (NV) USL sy tol sites envelope: etloctive stteas wweiope: 1 Sa + 2 Ne, iyeaill pace luni LEE (Hy Wad Iga (T-—Vp Js coh gga ties (TAY) SSE gi gli Bp yall Gall Gul USitay UY gay. Meulate Bal spill Gyo! pe Ube gb LEY! Sls ais JCM doe (phd yall! Lyle) jg i = Cy +94 tan Oy of ale pall 3S Cy J coh Us A SY pee ud Ja GSI ~ ToALavGaY! [ing iti DE bie Ge yh BAW oles ie ol LESYI cupal Liss ally sspgSall oll ge nll ll Lol! oT all Lala ene UIC, pag: Senhll Vall Jost pds al aC, J Saal Gals. isl - plall gqll | lak sparen envelope: tus undonad envelope Fee. +o, ang, 10F eatveind sal 5) = aypeetke all URI ol get! LS (TV) Bt ele Fae 2g S81 NE. Gall Ula ol EY Lasill, Tiles JSUbe aris psa! Jad Layall Leal! caluay Sf yl] cobt2 gl (=e) Hall Waals ob | Pee Ehaty pas Gage drained-strength Ti proil| Lali! Ld gli pail + gS Bhaay (TNH) USE ‘pank sterarh sovalopa Wego, ney 1 cttteat or sttirate 1 amangth envalonn: “2, 188, pasate jail fl aL ga GLE (FY-Y) J 965 Critical state Zp pal! Ul! = JS/aL alall A Saal guSs Leusy — : + ped Ula ga Myla pal LER gL T= Cy + Op tan bg cobestl Goa cpblly dense Sand Jeloall Jatt Ox JS gle Gube Mas le P aby. (quell Whall |] sees GI aoe G/Wly) overconsolidated- clay =o =GUSH Gad il) Gall Uses! gpl oy ACN ha all hs (YAY) IS Gd pass y Mey!) Gaba, 1 Shear strength of clays gabe yoall ita glas Goethe - abel! Via cole abgen dl Gash Cadell Alon od BASE Lalgall cya atl Lis ayd LI Shy Coat sled Led ae Gill Ga ponte GS Cane vgratall Wha 58 S59) ela ple ata Jee (2 Ge yb aly es TaLayh: OB phy Lalas tySd ol BT lets tae onl gli JLadll algal Jia fT oat, + Consolidated condition Glcaal! UL. gt WE cal gS UL po coll coll! 44. normally consolidated clay aba! .cale abil Ll Miles dle 5ll Lal bial os 8) Ld Le GG i Gens ot ca Sue sill opbll g44 over consolidated clay Ladi 3. sf cubed! isd galally Syle aU Jill bial So Sh ld bial 205 gi lel Uy ota ad Ue + Normally Consolidated Clay qleall yrole gulall GMS pSII Meta opi 555 Gol ude Tegitie The Gis P gine Gipaaill GIS Ia Woks» aah Gags JLB alge) Sing Dabs p28 Byes lH Bye! ot! bes, 6ape2 bid wie Goll GG Gall oA gee ilo ply wie Bal LGN LS pilsys cylucie dévintor stress Cy tn eed pats eleadll gale (plall Laylben Ge gant Migly (V¥=V) fat ostis Gleb jie ie clita! So due 255) Cabiaall jose geal Gall ese LER (MPV) SA =~. =eka GLa pals Clad ga elgg al Cod yaa Late Te G46 Uastey LS yaly GM bal Ugline Staal ball Sy, deal Liglins a aa! oll Lill) Cys aba ll gale opblly Lay (TE-Y) St eel! Aha, Logit wee daglane (Jal ailective stress Siciore S clot ile gy bla nail Las) (Ftv) de : Ovevconsolidated Clay (asleciall gg4) lec gylu yubll vagy cual ccalle Gull ge pineal Lege Jit Glas! Gils gpl! Le phy. poke TAS LES he (pel di jad sie stall ela ke Wee) reer) all La RL GLa Hay Slaw! i all Say lL Sym oles Laid ity iy alll pe ead gale pbll ease Le yuSe Hing Tau Laglill Gyo x6) CaS Ui pactta GLI sgn! slgas Tipe ology! JS ga dal bial! GS) Lites LSifse edeally wenee Spa Lue ils gig pall oT ius Unally op uleadll Watts yas gop Ledany ST Jae dl Quo} > 0, Gy Leds (oY) Ub Leal pd ha pila ans Tair ghd Lagi gaits Gl cape ll tiny deol sibel galall leslie calell Si eatll JUS! (TeV) JSS -W=-Example 7-6: A dry cohesionless soil is tested in a triaxial test to determing the angle of internal friction @. A confining pressure equal to 1000 psf is used. The sample fails when the axial load causes a stress of 3200 psf. What is the value of 2 ‘Stowst values ptoried fon Mohs circle Shear Soordinetes 2, 3200 est =o, - 1000ps! Radius of circle = 2200-1000 — 1100 Center of circle = 1000 + 1100 = 2100 From the Mohr's circle plot. i = 1100 - sin > Sao 0.525 = 31.5 deg + ae «> - Example 7-7 : The following results were obtained from a consolidated - undrained test on a normally consolidated clay soil. Cell pressure (kN/m) 100 200 300 Deviator stress at failure (KN/m2). 137 210 283 Pore pressure at failure (kN/m2) 28 86 147 Determine the following values of apparent cohesion and angle of shearing resistance for the. soil : (a) cand g'. (0) Cong Nd Poy « = Sie eT‘The effective stresses at failure are: 6, = 6} - Ur 03 = 63 - ur So 6-3 =) - G3 a3 100 200 300, a 78 14 153 kN? Oy- 93 137, 210 283, Sue Oy (reyes ‘The Mobhr-Coulomb plot is shawn in-Tig. 7-36, from which the following values may be obtained : (a) In terms of effective stre: c= p= 298 (b) In terms of total stress: = 24 KN/m? gh, = 16° Example 7-8 : The following results were obtained from a consolidated-undrained test on an over consolidated clay sail . ns Cel pressure (N/m?) 100-250-400 Deviator stress at failure (kN/mi7) 340. 410 ATA Pore pressure at failure (kN/m*). ~ 42 64 qt Se Determine the apparent cohesion and angle of shearing resistance for the soil, referred to effective stress. Os 100 250 Aw) ‘Ur ~42 64 177 oy aos ur 142 186 223 pert 6 -04=0- Gs 40 410 474 -YWw-Note : the effect of the negative pore pressure is to give a} > 04. The Mohr-Coulomb plot is shown in Fig. 7-37, from which are obtained : 7 Wier (Tv-Yyss Example 7-9 : In a consolidated-undrained tiaxial test on a normally consolidated clay at a cell pressure of 150 kN/m? , the deviator stress at failure was 260 KN/m?* and the pore pressure was 50 kN/m? . Draw the appropriate shear strength envelope and determine the other vorresponding parameter when : (a) a> Qj and (b) ¢' = 0. Figure 7-38. shows the envelope plot . hr 8 100 20 moe, (TA-y) 8 =e(a) when @, = 0, the envelope is parallel to the ©, axis. Giving t= 130 keer? (b) At failure G3 = 150-50 = 100 KN/m? . Since c’ = 0, the erivelope passés through the origin, Giving g' = 34°. ' Bxample 7-10 : A normally-consolidated clay was found to have shear strength parameters ; ¢' = 0 and @' = 26° . The soil was tested under different conditions, but at a constant cell pressure of 200 KN/m? - Assuming the soil to behave ideally, determine + (a) The deviator stress at failore under each of the following sets of sconditions + (i) consolidated-undrained : pore pressure ar failure = 50 kN/m? . (ii) drained : back pressure = 0; (b) The pore-pressuré at failure in the immediate-undrained test if the deviator stress at Failure was 148 kN/m? ‘The envelope plot is shown in Fig, 7-39. | (reyes i (a) @) 6) - 0) = 02 - 63 = deviator stress at failure 63 = 3 Ue = 200 - 50. = 150 k NA? To obtain the Mofr circle, first draw the chord line AB at angle a = | 45° + @/2 from 63 = 15¢kN/m? . The bisecting normal to AB cuts the G's axis at the centre of the circle C, and the citcle ridius is AC = BC. © - 6; = AD = 235 kN/m? ==Altematively, the solution may be obtained analytically. In Fig, 6.30, sin g'= BC = S1- 9%. 0) + Oy Fromwhich 2 = 1-88" = waoa (ase ©) 3; 1+sin @’ 2 Then if @' = 26°, tan? (45° - 13°) = 0.390. and — = /0.390 = 150/0,390 = 385 kN/m?. and. a = 5 =385 - 150 = 235 kN/m?. (ii) Pore pressure at failure = 0, therefore o', Moer circle is drawn as before, giving . ©, 05 = 313 kN/in*. or analytically : 0}, = 200/0,380 = 513 kN/m?. giving } - 0; =313 kN/m*, (b) The deviator stress at failure is the diameter of the Mohr circle, 1 which the strength envelope is tangential, giving : 0, =243 kN/m? and 0} = 95 kN/m?. mh So that the pore pressure at kfailure was . 63 - 6} = 200-95 =105 kNim*. . Example 7-11 : In a shear box test on a clay soil the shear load wis applicd immediately after the normal load. The following results were obtained : Normal stress (kN/m*) 120-230 340-450 Shear stress (kN/m?y 183 150 168 186 200 kN/m?. The (a) Determine the opparent cohesion and angle of shearing resistance for the soil. (b) If an tmdrained triaxial test were to be cartied out on the same soil at a cell pressure of 150 kN/m*, what would be the expected deviator stress at failure ” {c) If an unconfined compression test were.to be curried out on the same soil, what value would be obtained for the apparent cohesion ? - Siyr tote, = Waint e.9 2 AN/ a F (a) The shear stress may be plotted directly against the mormal stress as shown in Fig. (7-40) : Since the test was carried out quickly the undrained parameters are given by the plot : ¢,=L2kHin? 9, <2. (b) To obtain the Mohr circle, first draw the chord line AB at angle 45° + @/2 from A (OA = 6; = 150 kN/m2). The bisecting normal to AB cuts the G,, axis at the centre of the circle (C). Drawing the circle tangential to the strength envelope gives : 5, = 468 kN/m?. Therefore deviator stress at failure + oy - 04 = IIS ki. (c) For the unconfined compression test, Gy = 0, The Mohr circle is constructed as above, giving : Oh - 63 =O, = 263 kN/m? ‘The unconfined value for the apparent cohesion is C=} 6, = 122 ENIa? Example 7-12: Ina consolidated-undrained test on a sample of sat- urared clay using the shear box apparatus. the following data were recorded : Shear stress at failure, = 90 kN/m* Normal stress at failure = 180 kfm? {f the effective stress parameters for the soil are known to bec’ = 25 |KN/m? and (p' = 27°, what was the pore pressure in the specimen at the time of failure ? The shear strength envelope has the equation G, tan @ = 25+ 0.51'6, tC Then for a failure shear stress of 90 KN/m? , the Corresponding normal stress will be : &, = (90 = 25) 0.51 = 128 KN/m?. (Es-Yjdes Since o, was recorded as 180 kN/in? , the pore pressure at failure must have been (Pig. 7-41): Gq Gq = 180 - 128 = 52.kN/m? : Sensitivity of Clay gall tule Ryesdy. SSAA pra Upaedy Cue Ui Lvl GS cabal & [sil Gees pull diysate jill Lylatl iI remoulding SAI ay Byuaie pail Laylil call! Tools G03 undisturbed daits Ti AGS remoulded undraided strength Sensitivity, S,=———_ Ser at tndisturbed undrained strength a unconfined compressive strength, undisturbed clay unconfined compressive strength, remolded clay Haskin leaill Sula gabelly £ ll Y cya Haba A cea cual clety eat quick GLica!l asso duh dliny, insensitive Gulue jo2 yess Jil = TU Sensitivity, S,=+ qh Lessluun clays cays (VV) Usdalls Ver gl} Gaulon qld! GeLie (06¥) Uae Sonsitivity of clays Sensitivity 5, Description 1 Insensit 14 ‘Low sensitivity 48 ‘Sensitive 8 16 Exta-sensitive >16 ‘Quick + By) liq) bats oYaled ld Measurement of pore pressure coefficient A and B : Sell gh gape quill LAN 98 gall ye gl Gall oll bias Gi gill PULA gga yall oN Lied (bya! cpaay lagall (gd gh BLL Maal Au=B [Ao, + A(Ag, - A9,)] In which A and B are termed pore pressure coefficients. cubeailly Raa! pany tum A,B colli odd Je dell bicall bas pays Spall oll bid git yas back pressure Gl gid cud pe Jase GH) Lansley oll dokaes Wa tl Sally Lsengll Glad) baal eset! ASLAN ye aja Guile Gold dedaall Gi LS. (Leadize pi Vinal (78 Bapege als coh MUG BoLgl ly CASI Lats 5, bball La po JL sy Eyl ge Jail > ye B gle dynos play (Aug) cise Spal! oll das B= AuJAo, GA Gap et baicall 92 SoS! pS Taal le (say tl all alts © USUAL Gye A cnaay (Au,) gt Spall obit! Lata 4 tally (Ao, - doy) AB =A=A1u,/ (Ady - Aas) B= (Ang + Au)) (Ao, =B [1-0 - A) 0-2 SaitBally GE coil cl path pall Ja te gale Jpall Bde tes D3 0; Aixample 7-13 : Using the triaxial test apparatus, a soil sample was ‘st of all consolidated at a cell pressure of 600 kKN/m? under a maintained back pressure of 300° KN/m?. Then with the drains closed the cell pressure was raised to 720 KN/m?, resulting in the pore pressure increasing to 415 kN/ ny* . Following this the axial leod was raised to give an increase in deviator stress of 550 kN/m?, while the cell pressure remained constant. Now the pore pressure reading was 562 kN/m?. Calculate the pore pressure coefficients B, A and B. Following an increase in isotropic stress (Cell pressure) of Ao, = 720 - 600 the pore pressure change was Au, = 415 - 300. Therefore “B= 2% 413-200 29.958 Bes 720-600 ‘Then an increase in deviator stress of (Ac, - Ac,) = 550 produced a further change in pore pressure of An, = 562-415. Aw 562-415 siving A = 2267 — gill 0.267 giving A = 222 =0.279 Therefore AB = oa ‘The overall coefficient # is the ratio of the overall change in pore pressure to the change in the major principal stress, Fe SL At 562 4 DD 3 Theres Ba Gaetan seen Example 7-14 : During a consolidated-undrained triaxial test, the fol- Towing data were recorded ; Change in length of sample(mm) 0 0.75 1.50 3.00 600 9.10 106 Deviator stress (kN/m?) 0 120 200 «780360420400 Pore pressure (kN/m?) 0 103 153 92 21S. 232 24g Cell pressure = 250 kN/m? ~ Original length of sample =76 mm Determine the relationship between the pore pressure coefficient A and the axial strain of the sample . Axial strain, e= Al//,. = YY. =For Al=0.75 mm, € = 0.75/76 = 0.01 Pore pressure coefficient, A = _A"__ [assuming B = 1.0] AG, ~ Ady For (AG, - 6,) =120 kN/m?, A = 103/120 = 0.858 . ‘The complete set of calculations is tabulated below : 2 Sana (ho, - Act) (kim?) 0120 20 ©6280 360 420460 Axial strain, & 0 O01 002 0.04 908 012 ond Pore pressure coefficient, A 0858 0.765 0.686 0597 0.552 0.539 nnn n ee Figure 7-42 shows a plot of A/e. Ail stain (8-V)s Example 7-15 ; The following data were recorded during a series of consolidated-undrained tests on an overconsolidated clay : Cell pressure: (kN?) 100 200 350 soo Deviator stress at failure (kN/m7) 268 374 513 652 Pore pressure ‘at failure (EN/m") 43 12 39 87 ees Determine : (a) the shear strength parameters c" and ' for kthe soil, and (b) the relationship between the pore pressure parameter A, and the overconsolidation ratio R,,, if the preconsolidation stress, 6, = 600 KN/m? . =v =(fry) (a) The Mohr-Coulomb plot is shown in Fig. (7-43) (a) from which ; ¢! = 27 kN/m? oy 225° (b) The overconsolidation ratio, R, = Gia Aui AG) = AGy ‘The results are tabulated below and a plot of A,/R, shown in Fig. 7-43 and A= {assuming B = 1,0] (b) . -vVT =oy 143 212 311 Al3 R, 42 2.8 19 145 Ag 0.15 0,03, 0.08 013 Example 7-16 : By means of consolidated-undrained triaxial tests the shear strength parameters of a saturated overconsolidated clay were foumd to be: c= 10kN/m® g'=24° Ap=-0.18 In an unconfined compression test, a sample of the soil failed at seom- pressive stress of 162 kN/m?. determine the initial value of suction pore pres- suré in the soil . Max. compressive stress = 6, - 6, = 162 kN/m?. Let initial pore pressure =u, ‘Then at failures! _ 5, yy + 29,16 = 29.16 - uy. 6} =-29.16 - uy + 162 = 132.8 - uy. Now from the Mohr-Coulomb plot : © G0t G+ 3. an2( 450-2) c'cot 9’ + 6) = L Now c' cot’ = 10 x cot 24° = 22.46 KN/m?, adn tan? (45° ) = 0422 ‘Theli 22.46 + 29.16 - wo _ 9 22.46 + 132.8 - uo te Civing uy = =O ee = -24.0 KN/ma? Example 7-17 : In a triaxial test on a partially saturated clay the sample was fully consolidated at a gell pressure of 150 KN/m? , after which the cell pressure was raised to 300 kN/m? and the ceviator stress increased until failure occurred, Determine the values of 6; and Gj at failure if the shear strength parameters for the soil tire + = NEc'=12 KN/m? —g'=22°" B=0.9 A, = 0.25. Pore pressure at failure, Up=u, + Uy) =B Ad, + A; (6, — 65) =0.9 x 150 + 0.25 (3, - 94) Then y= G3 ~ lap = 300 - 135 - 0.28 (y+ 63) =165- 0.25.0) +£0.25 *. Gy = (165 - 0.25 0}) / (I - 0.25) =220 - 0.333 0} Also pear Ae steak (43°-2) C cot’ O' +o, Now — c' cot p'= 12 cot 22° = 29.70 kN/m?. and tan, (45° - ae = 0.455, Then 29:70 + 05 29.70 + 6, Giving 04 = 13.51 +. 0.455 6] -29.70 = 0.455 o} - 16.19 Equating 0.455 oj - 16.19 = 220 = 0.333 = 0.45: oh ‘The fe ee LGD = 2 Sl Sistas cas ees aiid o's = 0455 x 300 - 16.19 = 120 kN/m?. Consistency of clays Geskall alg Soft Lees dysS> df cyl! pls. Gall dylan Ble Sy Lal als (be sl) (La sh meduin stift or med firm (4sL_oall) SL bigs i sleohesion hulls julie pola Gli Laulell U6 Luby. Stiff or firm or hard esas alan ol lane Aaa SL coach (Sess. spun pill dll Zallag 1 She Uassaill Spm) (day patted Cpdal] aly ~ Yvt-(HEAVY) JS eal! Vane shear ail Zaypo Pocket Penetrometer ual 3/384) 54> pls Se Rees Hak, BSH psd Big oy Pocker penetrometer for estimawng stranatt of held or lab samoles Vane-shear for determing shear strength of undesturbed: sou in barings or fe Jb sample Torvane device sheae strangih 0! semples Seb pled old silyl (Lt=¥) JS as Had Consistency Very stiff of hard Stiff Firm to stiff Firm Soft to firm Soft Very soft Call pall MUG pLyall clays (V—¥) Uysal cases pall olan (HY) dat Undrained strength (kKN/m2) = Ve =Ss + Vane-Shear test’ gail dxgpa Lal Ui ple HeLa UY ULSoft teal Laval Gab Bll (i OY alll, That oh Las¥! pis le deal pd U LEE) LaLa) ate olin! OST Ss ling. play Lpmdine oh GSI ple co pou pail Loupe G8 SU pel! aval (£0-¥) JSAM tuys Uilhe p22 clive ple Uewoall Sa Ugeuly SASSY Nha i pak! GEAMLI ab qgtll cada Thesis pall Lag) Grad olde LGR! hay + quell pela! ly erty tall Ge JS bine tyy aT Goa G4 Gell Layy ay Ge TALL Gl pla ops Leal plasall le: Gp pj laa ls cahiy Lall gd Zonal poll Syl, Theis pail! ell Caylee le Jyemall GS Heats Eells Gayl! T= Gy (nhd xfs 20 4 x) eek MS nil aa poe oes Lhd? +143) eee ce tee 1 gnd th+ 2d) ers Torave Bh _ indie = In ‘eval h pes b41si ten ve torn weal days La (Fev) Sb = Vi: Pocket penetrometer test guosll glcis yl sLeist pate phy pall GLAS sles pol (£1-V) JSR» (£E-¥) JS Od Weslo UM ak lise (ple SV gpl pi padi cellly. SLaciaaill Upau poral gb Byala Lode gl} Gall ood Slee] Gast LGA! spats ola Lec! Gast cole Re Ley ll ySSiy GU cy tla MLL Sela iy. Slee! ue + (Bapeoee ganll dag EBLl) qu Leal! cell LRSM Le (BV) SS + gigdl pd Layll pblall SL Yl aval aes allay &ptilan gat Lajas ll gd dao cB Lal aad! Gls Yaad Se pal coe pes LAY! ag (SPT) aulsill GL3591 SUS8) «Le! Gok oe GUAR TALS ay ps GLEAN Mags Gla tl yA Legliie Teg yao clas) Bagels Jota (EVM) JS (oliuall L47 Zeal,) split spoon sampler yeulsall NEe ih) Gps Ll Gall psy. oatie LaglAUl cyst ylLU eggs! sie Lene] Ul fb GLASS Lege olball gue dinsy. paVerg lity! Ge bis Lusk (thy (Bia (CAV) JSAM cyays Esl dagle Ge lial! ase yatsg(N) + peat Tie + AP US puma dl cos Vo be lial! ase cal) Waly @ cued Neon = (8 +15) of) Copal GS Noom day SS he ol tall atk (fev) Sob = TW75 44 42 40 ae 36 34 32 ae 4 of 20:38 40 Se bo fo oo oe Novof blows, N ‘Angle of internal friction, @ N- Gite (£A-¥) IS Example 7-18 : A shear yane used to test in-situ a soft clay soil had a diameter of 75 mm and a length of 150 mm. An average torque was recorded of 25 Nm. Determine the undrained shear strength of the clay. = _ x10" —__= 16,2 N/m? $m 00.075" (0.150 +4 x 0.075) RaLA RY ell dtalee pul Udder (TV) (0-¥) « (E-V) stall eaity pba lag BY oe (E-V) Jo APPROXIMATE RELATION BETWEEN Nt AND COHESION OF CLAYS: Relative Condition ‘Appronmate Value of Gotesion, c Value of N* ‘of Soil oa km? lod soft 250-300 1228 4108 medium so0-1000 24-48 Fw 15 atift 1900-2000 48-96 15 9 30 very stiff 2000-4000 96-190 above 30 hard above 4000, above 190 NW, the andard penetration teat, is the summer of blows required (o drive 2 slandard two-iach pene ecw) same 1 we pees Ts es ery ed For addivonal information on the standard penetration lest, refer 10 Chapter | - YA =$.N aa}p—e (0-¥) Jan APPROXIMATE RELATION BETWEEN N° AND # FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL Relative Condition ‘Anpronmole Valve Valua.ot N® ‘of Sou of 4, Dagreos 10 Loose 30° 20 Medium dense ws 30 Medium dense to dense: we 40 Dense a= 30 Dense to very dense aot a Very dense avs Mery eae Tin the so-called Mandard penetraiion fest, Vi the number of blowa required to drive » wandard 2 in, outside diameter split barrel sail sampler 12 in, snfo. undisturbed sont with x L40htb. weight ‘ailing. 30 in, For funher inforrnation on the standard. penetration test, refer to Chupler 1 Oa (TY) Jee Representative valocs for angle of iacernal friction ee et Type of test” ee Uneonsclidatcd- Consalidatcd-, Consolidated- undrained undrained drained Soil vu cu co a te Medium sine SS ws" Sandy 3550" 35-80" Sand Loose dry 23-M Loose saturated BS Me Dense dry 386 a0 Dense sajuraied —1-2° leus than abo" dense dry Bil or sihy sand ‘Loose 22 2 ; Dense sw 30-35" Clay Of if-saturaicd 20 20-42” ee * See a laboratory manual on roi! testing for a complete description pf thext tentn cg. Bowles {1970} —yvA-(pt etl nila f Soil Compaction wall a5 : donde IS Sine Legsall aye) obs gh lath Tay Lena pill he Gall ules dye wooly RESELL LI) ple lilggad ly Jlaal! cpa Spa sled yaya Yall cles Lie wheat Guiee Bae GI So pi lest Glad opi tuted! ad apee Gals. Estate cot Lega aka!) GSLAYI Sy. Ugg LISI! Tigh Gedy La Yy 8 aes JEaLE VAYY ale Sle Proctor g92S yp pd Gh gl] Le Bs ily Sa ale «flak! Ida gd pala ala 2 deal! Uy ADS pay Tall Eg pe ARB gg 9 phy GAIT ile 88 Bale] ya clad Ga Babdy elpgll CLES pom pi pad eld Ge gis TENE s Joly plas . oaiuts plea peayt ash ya j284l gl consolidation abaill je cloall afday e peal pi Gai lS Go lingy pete slpeT pladtul Gehl Ol be + pew hans olagl! Zeaal Las oll) SUM) hele sah seal i pall G5 eles GU Lal all gael las ogi ld gle we Lid Tage paste pal Yell Syl GF LS die Lagan oll! CaaS Ll + BYSA GaylEy papll [ia (Gl Canal) Lge 255 Caasigll laetl ae gli cl Wally apbll Slee isis 1 agp elgaen Gale ple oct] BLAS pl gh cans Bale cabal open Ll col Lagu olleall gal Gua cboall « :Laboratory Compaction test Gla! dal! jb5 Fatt staly Leslaat cass wl cats abel gl! Galea! wlell les as - iy -Aoted SM Caleatl pled ye assall + ah A cba Lee olay ile Ala vale stall sassy ut 1 cla g shy Mayle Caples Gall Unsolys obeall pis Gus Dynamic compaction Sita! glaall — «gad g Ubig| oye daass Sepill pily> GIGS! Taealys elall Sue Kneeding compaction Gaal clesll — = AL OT ll Saal a Ga ob am cod Ili gb Goal! de tue Static compaction Sibiu! Joos clea — + Sita! SISA Uganda, ola pS Suen Vibratory. rhcthiod Sql eleall — GSEs cle g.3t Sa hil Gay lLT8 ple Gs oI LSS pa pay + (OtLGR YT el lang) Standard Proctor test ywlill gSys jla3! Spherical rubber handte Metal guidesleave to |] contol drop of hammer 10.12" (or 189 2° hugh coir (mold exierssior: fo keep sail from) spilling over top al mold 2" diameter 5 to {o# 10th) drop hammer for compscting wit # diameter mold Bite plate has volume of Leu (or) S damater mals has volume al yyy cu. ft claall slid (VA) Sab - ivy =8 jhe ged) Lbs a 9S Ga Gea OF dey Gall be Due cies uss Uzeall posh ue oll Gs ES LS Ss pats td JE GL as AK coy Cal iS Lang Gabel Stly Gale Gul LV AN 78 on Le Usha pls Cee SSL CAESN gh SRL SROE cgi atl go ees > Maas sal) ae al 721 lt celle Lae plans) pas VV lB Id ce Lat ly ps Ve ¥ sb3 Ze, 2o Tlybusl (NA) JSS pee VOL! cole laa Gl Dipbawdl oda Gt LoS (pea AEE ¥.0 S3thaminer GWybar Us Vo gall Uasilys St lA ye Vib JS elasty coolall sla aaYl loo pb pun Poo GLAS I Ge Li ty pov 0.) Laghy pas US Ge yptnn Ley Sob cad) IGN Sogo ph Ugly Ul cep auly Dlylesntl + Uel AU cosy Gina! Geb ESI Lasa sie = Gre, W-Tew , Ya ia TAU ops Usa! pgs ZV thas patel Talgeols LE eal US WANEAY IEE cgtll castenlly yy Sila Water content. % Loa (Las! BUSI Stoll tak (HA) Use Max dry density wseodll talal! GUSII ined (YA) USA (8 UL! Say - Optimum moisture content Sal BAY SU pesky zero, $% , 10% air voids curves Gilg! SUL AM oliats pun, Lisl ay » (TA) US —tiwsWater cerntent. ve all = Agha N ay ey cena Aly Ball yee (FASS at =) Ga Ye Ya T+ We Oe a (ta) Oe 1+G, We - fe ny = Percentage air voids = a al Vv, ty = Air content Veoida ag=0 ar $= 100% : Modified Proctor test dad! ss%jy slaal Yased A Lusk AASHO TasSall Gb! city See slg! wal Coe deka pS 69 Cyy Tiplally cline 0 ple Gall aadry Jat Lauleill 455Sa UALS 55) Gli cL iy ab LAK Gl (£-A) US Oe ey. paw £0 US, 1 JE Lysine Lasley polly 53 La Guill Gl - t-Vistr conten, 9 aallyjaalll caall 4281 linda JE (EA) ISS aly yee Lill asbES YT cn Sy Lhe (XA) dle ce LS Stasi! ol yal obo (I-A) Jans Elements of the standard compaction tests Standard (ASTM D698) __ Modified (ASTM D1557) Hammer 24.5 N (5.5 Ib) 44.5 (10 Ib) Height of hammer fall 305 mom (12 in) 457 mm (18 in) Nuinber of layers 3 5 No. of blows/layer 25 3 Mold volume 0,000 42.2. m (1/30! fe°3* Soil (No. 4sieve Compaction energy (CE). $95.Ki/m? (12400) 2698 kfm? (96 250 Ib, fit") a sec cs ee eee Ean © Using the 102mm (4-in) diameter mold. - t¥o -Aas SR Be gH A LLY SILI al all gyS yp G8 | pts ail jUbdly : Compaction theory dail Ubs Bal go Le Gf cles ste haps GLI GBS! Gf clea! oI LASI pth Ge cas HUSH ARS 6S gp ell! Gyh Nl Cand AL5 SF oll les ge gl Sad Ugh Lad oS jasadtl 5S ol billing. Guo) soll wie taghitl (i ab5l! aay GLI Gon CAR, Whaley ARS UpSlnnm GLP Laman be Li gd Gob Als 15] 4G) Ugie esl Gh elydl cyS eas Lge tats ut liarall oda ends ill Lglly ell elygll Dlses! pitas toy Lens oo clnpeoll Sed LE. salle Samia pa¥) fetal! ge 5) OLE gd Gupta Ml olygll bie’ Gli gall SLEL i a ayoyll cet egal eleell poy Leet Gye cobaael! LE Ley le tigi Laas egal OS LAS LaaS aged olagll poe GE UKs. olursll Gli go HSU gual epee uSally [aden died TAL LN Lila has abs tle Lod pL EA (pie Ul cope Land Bulasay casey alldy coluuol Ma Raglbe Go Ly Low volgen GAM 6 (UN TEU baal hl! Jul — olusall Ge lass) ele hall gf Tisdale Ss LAS Lal sgl gall sae Bab5 — ¥ - Glupall Gy SSGa | Zaglis Gace Teas TRS (peal pd ved) Solel Gael di nell lagi Ga —¥ (silly — TES ole es od lead age Gaiam faatng cle ele! aes Cah. BpeSI cpls Cpy cole yal gb — ale el! Tale hen pS) Lay lbe LT SS seal ol abe coll taal Lyle (pb Lit SLi heal ape Se ASU o Sell OY Ung ode holy! bias gf gle Gude: as Sluoll Ses LAK Lilygll ==Lol go Jil dys Gaus oly i UK cL oh US Kae ba ai Ls asad BIL pe ASSIA Gaal oa pated. UST yy Ugh, Cat ate peal Gol) ARS all Mb dies Zayas Tigh) umd Gye 2bs Gi ll Ligh! Raglin gaySS lly Uae Zaps Sal og] ola Gabi) AU Saglad cos leull wold Lill Jao obec Gill obiwall Gla ly, gSa G Ja onal gus din y See cep LAG Gay. cleill agyoe Ga gutso nj AG cot TRS lua! on age Oe Las b5= ol Say oll tes Bobs Lilo! ole all gi AU Laat « plse Laeci Jil HiLy GUS 4S) gash MALAI fa gle 0 itty clea situs cheall pe G2 5SYl eal GG sae eal Ge Gaphll ey Lesiey De pi Lal ge STG) sae oily Gane e Lol! bake pa 5)! gle all EAU call LA agp cog Canad Gd GAUA gt Lee gpenlll yb Il Laat oliggall gps Spsteall eG! Layla le lll op ais J GLE clelll Age be pha pata Gilall AES! (pa (SSS) WL, PLAN Gas 2 Bib) die pi Lee Lily! LLL AN Gad Laake St Lgl Maes Oh ll Gh Bb cs lel + he le fal baal) se doa ST. cx crpsa dl eLygll Ui all [ha Ge Tghell aly Ly Wha leg. olusall cps elton! le uleall sh pial Lagi Lie a tks ill le Lil Tuas pled od Bags WGN Syl! GUS i LAS Lal GS + kell Tide S Lithygll ole all i wll atl Lawall G} Gta! Se Gee Ley J Gggall TK gle eal ghande SEE gd aS Tass abs coil! ga baal lll pudgy clalecal el yan! Sky Leal Una! ght (=A) JSD cass = tYv—Compaction Teat Outs Sheet Compaction matted 1-= 4400.6 Ft mod, 5= 172 hammer, 12" 00. 3 layers 25 bomutayer BY cult mold, 51/2 tb hammer, 12° gop, J ayere ® $6 bloenliever ANG eu. maid, 10 ls hamenae, 18" drop, §layart @ 28 Blows 075 cu,tt mold, 1010 hammer, 18° drop, Shiver @ 58 Blows Teal Weight otra and emt al | 13.86 [reir ote Wright of wer vai (Wy) Wet orate Gop laantitcation Weight of cup piss wet toll Weight of cup plas ary sail Weight of cop fee ot ary soit Weight af mater Wacer content — % [Brann & Zorarer woken Guna eG, =37—] gall telicavon: Bebe te es 7 fas t 1] i | ~ Sol sample fre: rst—4—t-| i Jeo 15270 & f ed w20r 120 + 118 ied Yona 405 pet De SOP ae wW NIM ay Water content = 1% F aha SUR oles lle (APS + elaall gle ByAgll alpall 7 plage — 1 Buby, Ta GALS) as GA deed OF gl AU cogil! Gaol) Losi! oo!) SUI Lal gio Ory density ot ary neigh, y dey (PEE, gues, KN/m') Wane come w. GUSH yaaa Lay S OMC ALES plo SU cept a 5 {V-A) IS + All esin I S4b5, Gites — &YA —2 eleall lus — ¥ Land ga wagt clo! UUs Sulgy « heal Ge Ud ole cee es Las tgs aby Gls Leley. OMC Ube! SU cepa Yabiays ccpeaall GALI! UES) B Je Lak ol yaa yy ~ Ww Vdkall ate Jae ules GGUs yf vlaall ‘, Nc Zero sie woes curve : i oa zee Se gee — SEB ~ 6 ie “Ss Winer contents we % Effect of compaction procedure on dry density. Curve 1 represents results from method using heavier compaction hammer and greater compaction chergy than used to obtain curve 2. dalla ats (A-A) IS alles o¥ BAM Shpall old Uyally, Lyd ES ple Law qpaill GLI LS abally. Tact) clase!) ld G sll al cya ST gpind Tle WES UG! Gy Gail! vig US (cya WLS Jil 4 ‘Type of Soil heavy clay 15.2 KNim?® Silty day 16.3 KNim? a ‘Sandy lay 18,0 KN/m? Na Sand 19.0 KNAn? a Gavel, Sand dy 203 KNAm? relasll Zaye — € lye wlaall CEaybe etsy (ya max, OMC) ulesll pul gle 355 cladll Uae gh gone + Sail gl Sealy) oles Cais y Ul 5p ile Ulta! gh laal sthnall Hada Se tadly abaall Seay (uaa = tYA-:elibarl—o ocho olive youn palidiol gS olay! odes tao 2 Ug yale yl dalla | Bil padll Zaglie ge chaall ayy — 4 + Asal aed Byala + ag ly helices) le Syd) Bd ys Wada - voll yd le Uyak GAB ENG Q ll L515 ga all tes £ + Field compaction Method gigi! yf chal git ASH) SSW SLI cael pill 4 5a sll clas : Compaction by rotlers otal gl eal ( |) te Lil due Gayl! oT G2 ta = Smooth-wheel rollers aelill Yaall olul ja — 1 APA) SS TBS SI5s7 Uke doses CSE cael) oluil yyy Gyyall pany Ron eh Smiooth-dras roller compacting # hase course for a roadway: (Courtesy of Galion Bi- vision of Dresser Indusiries, Inc.) petit Jel e-lealya (A-A) 5.5 - tf. -+ Pneumatic Tyred Rollers bua oat dail ol ylby! old luulygll — Ta gtill ALLY! old Zyateall colaall ge de doe SST Las ots « ggill btsally Leal pl od yyy aie Higdays Qh T-- glee is dual cous (Ve A) Sy (APA) SEE All clan Zbl Leal! Upya de Gal ple dass Phéumatic roller being used to.compact sand base for a fighway, (Courtesy of Galion Division of Dresser Industries, Inc.) ght ol Weil ofS clea! (4-0) ES Fifty-ton pocumutie tire compactor showing soil-filled weight box, poalh Gyan col Ley lb SLalsglI (VA) ISA = t=pall psc MY ld ola yl (VA) Seat gals sskalya (NA) ae — £87 -: Sheeps foot Roller pial asi ol pa — qilnee ple Lege eae pli] ID Me sd leo abil pled a SS ty L(NRA) JSS. LLL Gila Gale ge bilgi jy yaks Say. oblpawtl Closeup of projecting fect on’a sheep’s-lvot roller. pall plaihotulye (VA) Jet asl : Compaction by rammers gjUth dail (y ) pes Vor AIT s pe tesbll yy calites Gillen, Gall Gaok Ge cleall poy + GEN ll tis dams be pins : Compaction by vibration 3b eal (» ) bac ce gas ot Le Uydeg. colgizianl Bane yen} plasiucls Gall clad pos pasatlle pans Le Bipeo¥l wd cays (\Y-A) USE. phat ph Le Lyigy a patina Lash | tio ¥ lsh U5lsaal Glplal le pesiay cellly Vibroflotation (cyljia¥! ALL pa Gazbe ge Gegall (pb Vibroflot G5 ljia¥l Gilpluwi!! Lot paw £7 ya lel GLASS chal! pS Leas Ysa Hy sill cbeath 5I5RASU Tyla! cod 03 pb Lelie de Bye Gall 65 Ba Te glade Biya Gas Giga yo w STG Aka FIV, 0 ce las U5 pa Gly! as ps La bell od gy, gp Sl Sub cpus LS (VTA) USES Le 8 ll aes Glo] cea ¢ sill 1a padinuay 1 gall Wgy wlesll Zale jlp3) Jaualis (£—A) - £ty -Hand-maneuyered vibratory compactor far working close to structures: {Courtesy of Dynapak, Stanhope, New Jersey) Sallpelaall (VA) ots Step L Stap 2 Suge 3 Step 4 Vibroflotation equipment and proeess. (Courtesy of Vibroflowation Foundation Co., Pinsburgh, Pennsylvania) ce lstadl ppl call (VA) = §f¢ =a Cylinder of cotnparted silane fron thee, niface to comipaaibiely for the ioss of rakume ~-galuauel ep the Increase of donsily of the compudted sail ee
et dowelExample 8-7 ; An embankment is to be compacted to a dry density of 1.84 g/cm! at a placement water content of 15%. The in situ bulk density and water contant in the borrow pits are respectively 1.77 gem? and 8%. How Much excavation should be carried out in the borrow pits for each cubic metre of the embankment ? Solution ; w= = LiL = 1.64 go fm? > 1.64 gfe? Vv + L84 gem) » Wa Lie o toV's BE Sta Example 8-8 ; Determiné the degree of saturation and the percentage air voids of a soil samle-at Proctor's maximum dry density of 1.89 g/em’ if the optimum water content is 13% and the specific gravity of soil is 2.71, Solution + yg max = Gry l+e 1.89 = 2211 I+e L¥e= 1.43 2€=043 =e = 043 St = Wena 0.13 = 9558 S,=81.5% atime) Gy a Tw Leng = Es SD 2004 m= 1-034=6% Example 8-9 ; In a compaction test, the porosity of the tested sample at optimum moisture content was found to be 40% & the degree of saturation to be 70%. Determine the optimum moisture content, the maximum dry density of the compacted soil & its water content at LOO% saturation, if the specific gravity of the tested sample was 2.6 . Solution : wi =04. capil =04=0.67 - toh —wa ere B= 1.55 gic? a Sr 2067207 — Wort re 26 18% we (av Si) = G6) = 25.8 % Example 8-10; In carrying a compaction test, it was found that when the soil cor ed its Optimum moisture content, the weight of the wet compacted soil in the mould was (1569 gms), the voids ratio to be (0.667) and the degree of saturation (75%), Calculate the optimum moisture content of the maximum dry density of the soil. The specific gravity of the scil G, = 2.50. Solution : at p= = 2 Ve mould =3, f° ==2". = 950 om Yaoit. = Se? = 1.65 glom? Ne =S&: = 1.6220.5.-20% Ya onax) = HS = 1.38 gfom? Example 8-11 : In a conpaction test, the following data wére obtained; voids rstio al 100% saturation for a dry density equals the maximum dry density .. 0.832 unit Seeight of wet comp ted Soil at 100% saturation ..... Degree of saturation at optimuny moisture content. 80%. It is required to : 1 - Draw (he saturation curve of the soil samplé 2 - Determine the maximum dry density of the tested soil & Its optimum moisture content. 3 - If the same. soil was compacted in other conditions & the following data were obtained, determine the new optimum moisture content & maximum dry density, State how could these new values be atmained. 1.874 om? Data : Porosity at maximum dry density 53% Degree of saturation at O. M, C. 80% = fh. =Solution + = 2.59 g/m? 2:39 = 2.29 p/em? ER cee et wer 259 = 2:06 g/cm? 1.295 259 =2.86 g/em* 1.3885 2.59. =2.71 efor ASLS. ee \| = G+08% 1.874 = ~"\932 G, + 0.832 = 3.42 G, = 3.42 - 0.832 = 2.588 = 2.59 anh ‘= Ya mun =H Te = fay = NAL gle? «26. Sr 0832 X08 o. mc, Sora OR AOE 0.251= 035 — & aT 068 0,54 Ye (oun = 7 = BS = 1.687 gin? = 054x038 _ = cs pe 0.167 = 16.7% Example 8-12 : The following data ware obtained in a standard Proctor test on a silty sand : omc. =% wn Trial 1 2 3 4 sellin mould 6) | 439 | ass | a7 | 46s | 454 sample for water content {g) 1009 | 106.1} 1292 | 1249] 137.7 for water contant | 964 | ore} 1191 | way | 1234 Plot the moisture-density curve, and determine the values of dry density (Ib/f*) and optimum water conten, On the assumption that G, = 2.64, calculate the values for % saturation eure for this sample. Solution : = fp Vmould 6 fr i eee Ww boa as W, ww [9d [ae | 45 |Moisture Content - reExample 8-13 : Specifications for a proposed earth fill require that the soil be compacted to 95% standard Proctor compaction. Tests on a sandy borrow material adjacant to the project indicate a dry density. of 115 lb/ft at 100% compaction. The borrow material in its nstural condition has a void ratio of 0.65. The specific grsvity of the solid matter is 2.65, How many cubic fect of borrow will be required to make | ft’ of fill ? Solution : Gey a Bes i YWa=T,q, fee * O24 100 Ib/fe y =0.95.x 115 = 109 Ihre? vale = 1.09.m3 - t=Ge scl Consolidation of Soil ai,i| led i id he NSLS! US phe Upload G5 ll Uplate Ga oUt as 6h USS e be Cg) Get So QE ta Gall Sls Cu SI Bile] Wyle gy fins Mag if CAL GIGI cuba ayes oll Testy MSA Ay cll dass o Goll dots leat Gs Ses : Types of ground movements gail aljsc5 elgsl sa si adie otf at Diya days eB ells a lenny ola) (cle Yiline shied sill oe 25 Glee yay clea!) = ¥ ieehee hy pcealliad Slee! pA SL) Wat she YU Capetins Cee ls Lill ils 3]: cables — ¥ Vast pall 3 sl hay. oles ak Galles peal gi tt ous voll ES AIS se SIRT Say oll Upmnsll lf ell cad ge Baby ge vail sh Sobsll Goes pth abl! p sh vans: Spb a — 7 Ficplall fio Lysis sf dyoheII aly polialls oles SU + glad! pie Leelay les Shh Gall Flu! Qual! Ss + oles Stl SG & ELI Ge SI slate ll peat uke pA Syly jhe ies oes aky EI deedy Spo ste SUN ge yloctyly Leb tl la! Gey. Bp! + Byqutll Bjall ol (egies SUSI iG — 0 deigedy lla (ye ealy Le Unga Uysal) HS yan Ledge! o LM costae (yd » Gsll oda 4 Settlement Spats LU Sony Gilly Expansive clay Re oh Ge PBL ye oN Gas ate: = {Vo -ts Ga le Laat we By Lal lags A997 By lpall days ol pads 8G 1 Da ALl TAM ph deol Zags Wl ByMoall Gays GALE Loe Lalas, Bld : voll Sits Wing oll Cael yy Leslee U5} ga geil spall cpu gt — ¥ ILS ol pilly ¢ My otlratly lawl! boll Kal Gaal al Like . Piping Lut lg Glas) esas Ye ol cpa Laud tio tall iat LAM Lea ype Ld yall RS j0Il's Lobel Gad all yall BGA he nee Support Cale) Led pall AS pall guys way (ileal! Lath Vy tjuat » (NA) SSB he aad ste sheil apaty sh dhe cu gd ull lag Uneupporiod excavation shaat aig 7, lar ‘ Settlement due to slope movement Aygll (1-4) a BL, pall Ugo LSI cSt pp lihl Ubeel gs git ais pabill Joel gt — 4 aeg USA Spe Tell atl Leja Uhesll oad pall Jleed yd Goad «pail gs Gayl GLeay Lali Luasigll Slack) 3B Rips JAG Upland Rall le Late 8s Us ygll st: Ion tls A. «isa SLY up) as ie: Compressibility Hk Lec fl LUA) taety peylS bid os yas! Gaitll 4 GhLiasy Hays CELA pam ph gail lisy. (546 May) ola pee gh ail Lach GAGE eal ee Gee ULLLES Ge Sally SF Sal! a does “Hagtll Gall SULA Ge oll Gog lee of GEN Lal tb) inierpeetation of compressibility using soit modal (4) Batore (8) Attar loading Ubuayl (Ys) os : Consolidation uwlhiodl! ee == ESS (b Q @) Gunill) lewi (AeA) ag DL (GaN ase TL Linmediate Primary Secondary Ysllolua Toll! | pected | ott te BUN uo ple Ss (ee pale Ray Lagph peer elall paicane lta og be tie Meal AS taal Jatiay tall | OW gfe hts Lae yal | Lat to eer iit tll bie gc (Staal pe Utd Shetek) | Gd abo tus P yall WW -120 SLAY le Leal pat allay GS as line coed LL Ayu! A=0 che A Roles | LULL 645 bay Sa slall sUlhes =P tl ga Lak AL Pe todal bt, Shell hive Preo to awarage curva {or swelling! rocompression. t= 2, - Clogo! a eee TLUL2y I Lolaay C- logo! tau A), - vA -2 EGY) Ulead! SYotell ye buasy) Lales uaay C, = 0.54 (e, - = 0.35) where e, is the in-plave yoid ratio, Cy = 0.0054 (2:61.35) where w is the in-place water content, 2¢ = 0,009 (LL - 10) where LL is the liquid limit , SVL oda sgt) ees! MoLLly ines (1-4) USS i Swelling-reconpression jiait Lousy tll dull, + Swelling index Cyg U5¥/ Jale easly ala god Lobes Hl LET (roballg gall) acuabeiall acl Agls AB pail C0 ssn LEGS ay Ul ye (ple i yatlly Soa gh Ta Gaya da gagll 5 gh US plat BoB i bless pu ol Cyd piaiz cue paall GLH es tussyImmedicte o yyill bULaiy! (1) tel! BOI eagles GUY Ga Ryo! il Te gay. LEM a ga Immediate gapill Lagegth Ua Ul ada i bgt caning. peal ll legal » Settlement (28 Ua ogy Primary 084!) LL acyl 4) Consolidation alsa all (G) Goede Ce bok be Gill poo gh till Bb San5y co spill elaaiy! et Goleta Ge Thal! oll! ae oT Unpdebl oll coy plat se Sims Secondary ceili! bliwaiy (+) veuoll MH olSIL sii olayay | Jes! «aye Geleall daa LSS pa TisLadl 508!) Jaulgll gf keashyy : Maximum Past pressuse ,5ga glu sles! ood Riehl ZH le Bp ULM oLaglall ye yacay Hye Gulee dlpal peal = the =casSiy Lapa tae e log o inte 33 sues peill apo ga gles algal (jaaily ob gl All Lasll Gyaty. LM col aibtie Lady ae alpetl (a ams inl! Virgin clay eLiall & lb gsladl aod) Apt sl ov! alld Gy alah bla PEBYT SL dons Gules she al all yous ot Gla yey bee yall gi gall Gagk ge GSH! ples yale pa V srl algal path giSty Wil Sdgmee cals Gall de ys Sled JUSSI > dagall gf Gall Ud Ga Yl plea Gye poet SELL effective pressure clio! ple it! deel! Sue Zaligel lo LU! col oad SBE ga Gols She lye! peedl csSay abit! Ul apee dy3y fale Ui Bab atl G3 hb pul! Na GySh o) cle Geis Laat Gets GY 2 heed esto als Uabily Gopal gh eal) LAV Alp fhe gl Lda 4 Sp Lull Lc tinal Jlac¥tl — « (hgzall Sled a) Gall} Lats Gaby sul bball + Gels pogo obdhal pod] ayaa! Casagrande ailpaljls aiiypbo Gold! slay! sand thalsiS Muy b (V8) Usa - §A\ -ea oh bl oss ol Gia Vay tags A a aa et es yes Jay peasy LUST Ups oi phot) Go ARM eSall Ss Shy Ue gg DLLs It PRAY olphdll § pad thy Gily GLalyls ti jby (VER) JS e= logo taptall pau — 4 phi Goi tio! we cl) pinta Gast pod] te IP a wi 7 (bat LPT gSuly Laake (cintall yules WHS, P Unk we PQ 28¥/ ball uy — 1 «PR ball 54) QPT tushy nate pany — Ublas gill) SUh% ow CB bLican/! tats ital aa ciel! phils — 0 + Ope Gila Ags alga! pail Mle gan] gh Gall eS5 MeN Syl! bial! Lak ge 0! po Lah Gyllayy iy! wl Sipe = 6), dua Normally consolidated clay ulacll ale tule (1) SUH lal bial! Gy by dndd cosas ob Ud Gael ak Uo + Uppland Bacay pl ode G5 esl col Gale 43. gl ole < Oh dam Preconsolidated clay Ghaall gil gh (o) 33 decal! |day litle Cale Ast! baaall eb bind) cuajeg ot gue sll alas py Ol esl O'pe < G, tus underconsolidated clay clued oa3 tb (+ ) Tolar OY TiS 505 Y Oly Landy baal Jal ye gi clljle Gall Ryall sleet! : Terzaghi's theory of consolidation whoa pislj dubs ileal Ligh opal. audy (POA) Kd pi alent LSE oll Talon! 229] Gay ll = ty =« Lalad Liciledgy Lents Teall — 1 bla UG yb aolye ely obll—¥ Guhl pln Ul Jyle all glad Daray's law gayle gil — 7 + all Zalae Ste LU ley GIL oles — £ Tob gal. Ee, BE ole all Gad 535 LU papal! cll — 0 DES GyS ol UT Gedy ols gle Ag Lindl! cs btdditd lable Distribution of excess pore pressure in a clay layer subject to uniform inereass in vertical stress («) Sectiunal clevation. (b) Excess pore pressure distribution. like Junot sn cols Gah Syl sl Lad (A-8} Si Gap wing AG, pil IW alge pi Sag Layee cle Tie (AA) JES Cray Titel close cle lth Au, = Ac) Sua Any Gai Byall oll bid slajs sive (i i eeill yaa t wsfode dyes Goa} dary cabed Ta Lath JOU Gi Gall oy Talal Gaull gay Ryall OLN Les 5l5 gi ued aes cll! Jdoaly ple} Ue! bed Ut = €Av =toweont «(48 (Blaney oe A jAll puma Joe alas | gated shoyu! (44) UES piety dx. dyedz: Salas) Cask Gab gs junie: qui (4-4) JES Gay t ggmagha Gall Gey 5M Sal yin seas Z olesl ga saly last yi oll 84 qolall glpull Flow out: qg=VvA=KIA (A= area of flow path) =k Slax ay k Slax ay UElulgbaall Flow in: dia =-k 8 ax dy +k & (B) dz dx dy 1 gSs puma! ye ql pleat GLa Joey =- Koh =- kElhdx dy dz bog pualall Nha gi ol all paoy + dfs lel all pam b paeall Janay S (_s_ abel Aa dx dy dz) Be 1, dxdydz Lee 1+ ee. io de dy de ee PN Jota cela) Gan eal Cpa SLE! Ghyll Jaraay &h_be 1 roar koe a dae rol | ill — At =tu , = et But ae and my ae Tre = Fy SN ist whet -Su Bi bt Aegis gala Lala gh dany fu-o, eu i 62 lect Seas LBL LAL cok Leal any 2 ADVI Lol pall psec TH baal Galas all Dalal aly Degree of consolidation, U,= 222 = ™=t sei sacilitersa Time factor, ay + Cal ba ba — Drainage path ratio, zat 2 Gzeetll glu — Where eg = initia! void ratio ‘At depth 2 e€ = void ratio after time t when © and = final void ratio “t o1 remain ug = initial excess porewater pressure = Ao, : constant u = excess porewater pressure after time t t =time. d = length of drainage path + SY) USAIG GV! Wall gucad yds sally #U; 8 Uy 6z 8T, + Gy sysall a¥loy T,=0-00 Z=0 u=0Ty=0-% Z=2 u=0 T,=0 Z=02 usd, au + GAY doll gloss fay Uz== > ie sin (Mz) 2M m=0 Where M = 3m +1) m=, 1,2... etc, 2 gl LAS gland TL Chait luca Zag $, = consolidation settlement at time t corresponding to a particular value of T, , 8 = final consolidation settlement . soles daily! alballg tyocll Sis Tigh gad YL Thad yay cle Se Neale Guns Gj) Tall 5a, Leste Ge Utes Guat i} Uk (Say Lestey. d= HL 4835 open layer tain JS d =H SsSty hull - closed ate 2s tal, ca (il bi Fly Yo Gs sta LAM 6 iy LS a as ile Gold! sey Ula ge Lal (V+=4) (NN) SSA od GS 5S od eel exg8y ay Gab] Gee ple pleiie 2 QOV e9CH SVL jUiely Lalo Gas Talal! Waleally + Gal) CULM algo last py sill babs : Case 0G sdcall ULall =thepermeable Saree! low panh, pefmeatsle (a) Open and hi () Open closed layers eri = H/2 (b) HaH-closad tayar: d = Af iat 48 (VA) See { ‘Oven inves Way Cy Malena tayars Linton esting = pt ded ‘Basic types of stress distribution in Consolidation problems {a) Uniform (&. g. wide load). (b) Linear decreasing, with depth (e. g. surip toad), (c) Linear : increasing with depth (@. g. self-weight of newly placed ). (a) ‘Uniform, (e) Linear : decreasing with depth. {f) Linear: increasing with depth - cplceal ane syst teas lp ApH (8) JS — tv =8 By Cy cobagaie stl (VIA) JSS MHAM! hues Labll oi a5 sll pleilly set 5 (eo euayT, the OWI Ts tes MIT. +...) Gadts polly Uyimtl Ges Tit) ip soll gad! Gab: Case 1 1 WGI © (@@) \\-A) JS Baill ao U; a (eet, - + Sort +e e esr T. +.) Sabo coilly Uphill ined Vial dp oll sal Gabs Case 2 Y Wlall CO NSH9) SSA Ball go U2 =1-18 [or -2) @ PMT LL 3p - 2) OMT Up=1 el 2)e Hy Gm- 2) Ox +1 (5-2) OSmtH) 4...) 5 I ean also be shown that U2 =2U,-U; U,,U, & U2 sebum (Sey BypSY) Usb Jay (AA) eae (gf GLa oP T, pact ouloe| wilh obLicall lee ugadly ied jl fa Lees oe (1-4) Jone Values of time factor Ty Time factor Ty Cae 2 ces Ween =a Tse bE | butions in open Layers Ol Q.008 0.047 8.003 02 0031 0.100 0.009 03 oon 0.158 boas 04 0.126 0.221 0.018 Os O17 0.294 0.092 06 0.287 0.383 0.160 oF 0.403 0.500 oz os OS6F 0.665 O44 09 ORAS 0.940 0.720 10 00 cs) 0, Whea'T Us 0.994 0.993 0.996 Gisoa Tecgat GSacb aaa CE Js Gk pSAN Gg arate eat 2 sl oYslall Cases 0-1: Ty = Tyg) + (Tv@) - Tyq)) 101 Cases 0-1: Ty = Tyo) + Ty@ - Trey) 1 ‘peal g) LS 0,1, 2 o¥t_all LAN a Tig), Tyeay , Trea) + (3-9) cloned coacTgale clpamall See Ti i etl fee gcd (F-9) Jagan N Coefficients to find T, in trapexoidal cases Cases 0-1 Casas 0-2 cy ow Ag toy Ao loa 0 10 10 19 O1 2} 15 083 02 0.69 20 071 03 0.56 25 062 04 046 wo 0.55 os 0.36 38 0.50 06 0.27 4 045 07 0,19 5 039 O8 0.12 7 030 09 0.06 10 023, 10 0 20 013 olsedl Ge Fal Ul bina! Gabe tT YLT a fle Dynal oe LS 2 (VN-8) Jab i — AK -veel s | Wh | note fe 1 ; Y oso) + L. Z a = Lil i . ae | — = LI E t i H | [ | | aa Sor =m i "i nes (TA) SS hot Ll 05 Jaleny abet Usa cre Mikal (VFA) JS Curve 10) Curve (0) Curve 101 {a} Open tayars, GAZ) Cone 19" Cures (2) Curve (b) Half=closed layers (VT9) 8 fs ll ol bins oye (WEA) Js ==: Consolidation test (Oedometest) olevill sla! eben) LEI ge gpa Utne gh apg) SaaS eyes Ql GE LAH! li » (Vor) SSatys (VERN) JS sla plaid Fags ULI pI JS (Ve) USS | laa jLoayl dale (i cdg undisturbed URRY a2 UI) dhe Seay POTOUS [a3LE cyoypom dpe Libel! ode pudss tus pa Vole Lye laiyly peVo Tides ole jLG8) Glial! au pi Se LS yiegsalll Cle Jala stones LoS Lad pout olesth 3 Call JSS 355 Gf le Lat Jandy, Remoulded = t=Vay Uncle lls Gall Jha lf AS aU obeall cll le SUH jal ow dam Tull (de tye LS, double drainage Cs, U8 gts Lyall gl ae ae SAN ple Se JABS polaey Baal BLS i ttl oliyy geal Salad S yay (elu fA Chal) ils VE Hays dS Bits Joly ple LES eye » gal Ll ple LUE olalge tl Gem Sly Risall 45 a Ua yu 0.25.05. 1.25 4.58 kefeme a A ns sly TeaulpeS 00 sped Ball Gayo ULM pull Ga et AIM Gps Jeoad Una IS oly. IiSay Taeu/aoS +00 oIate sleet Gaya Shs ol sh le dial gauge JLg) ula Tall lose oof Gall allies GLA + de Sile Las \e.1.2,4.%, 15,30 min, 1,24. 8, 24 hows, coteg Goll gah le yD Yaad Jas Jala sie oF Useable Gauy + CRS A aad Slee aa dis oy oil coke gh Ban ly Bs gal! Laall Uljy Jas pS fea lke ae alas) aay OSs Caley Silgall GSU (estat Gans ot. CUYL Tall Site eeu ol ya Ste ch 8H ald ps Jade ole. Ges all aly bd Lgllne ¢ LiDY) inte « Rall alae Oe eG os Leas Uae IS OL i lS etl ole all tas ASMA Saal BGS cyay kM SUL petal Moisture content after swelling period = w Void ratio after swelling period =e)=wGy (since t ‘oil is saturated, S, = 1.0) Thickn Lend of stage =h, ‘Thickness at start of stage eh, Void nitio at end of stage =e Change in thickness =Ah Change in void ratio = de= (¥en) 4 Void ratio at start of stage = €y = cy; - Ac ==racompression \ hema curve LULL Le eLaT =A) deposition starts virgin. consoldation curve: during deposition and ice surcharge {i.0, norrnally-comsolidated soil) ‘erosion and/or ‘normal consolianon Tea roaltiog canis |{s01) now over-cansalidaiedt! oy 2. Present-day peeconaotidation, ‘overburden rus stress +O (fas (Wet) es USO" sels SEL all tas doy RSA) pau LGR) Nie git bay JURY y RA alge! oye LaLa!) pet ly « (WHA) « (V4) SIEM Ga 3 Ky my, Cys dalgall yet Ses lisa! ole Fy09 peul ll nt of consolidation €, = coeffic m= ©» ofvolume change k = » of permeability. = tirFare e—wt | -epe gee] eg : Coefficient of Volume change my papell pill dale glam - 1 gD LS Goo yaks AKL TA TE Ld Gl My papell ull ole 4 2 gpl USERS Ja LL se my pal cued leas LRA gil paddy | (ual GES 44 sat!) jug! Se= AH = my Ao’ H Ke ae PTL Gey +l a saga hs aoe * curve My ie Tag Where ae slope of the e/o’ curve Example 9-1 : ‘The following readings were obtained from an oc- dometer test on a spectinen of saturated clay. ‘The load being held constant for 24 hr before the addition of the next inerement. Apptied stress (kN/m?) 0 25 50100) 2) 400-800 ‘Thickness (mm) 19.60 19.25 1298 1861 1768 1724 = «17.92 At the end of the last load period the load was removed and the sample allowed to expand for 24 hr, at the end of which time its thickness was 17.92 mm and its moisture content found to be 31.8 per cent. The specific gravity of the soil was 2.66. (a) Plot the e/o' curve and determine the coefficient of volume compressi- bdility (m,) for an effective stress range of 220-360 kN/m?. (b) Plot the e/log o' curve and from it determine the compressibility index (Ce) and the preconsolidation pressure (a'po) (c) Plot a m,/o’ curve for the soil - (d) Use the data obtained in (a) , (b) and (¢) to obtain and compare the values for consolidation settlement for 4 m thick layer of the clay when the average effective swess changes from 220-360 kfm? - tht =Firstly, determine the final void ratio. Since S,=1.0 ¢,=m,G, = 0.318 x 2,66 =0.842 Change divroed vedio, c= * +e) e.g. during swelling stage : Av= Soy (1.842) during 400-800 stage: Ae = {24 (1.772) = - 0.045 The rest of the resulrs and calculations are tabulated below = he o Aa’ h Ah be e log of rd m Ch [o?) (Nee!) devon) Corre) 40"? (oe! MN) o 19.60 Lod 25 035 -0.036 1.40 OTIS 19.25 0.978 1.40 25 =0.27 =0.028 1.120 0.566 18.98 0.950 1.70 0 ~0.37 -0.038 1.760 0.380 100 18.61 0.912 2.00 100 047 -0.088 0.480 0.251 200 1814 0.864 230 20 0.4 -0.047 0.235 0.126 400 17.68 0.8)7 2.60 400 -0.4 =0.085 4 0.113 0.062 5 i te “ Aa’ h thee lee omy CN au!) Nia) Cems erm) m10°' (mim) 800 174.24 0772 2.90 0.68 -0.070 a 17,92 0.842 ee en (a) The e/o' curve is shown plotted in Fig. (9-18) = tho =(MA) a From the curve ; for o’y = 220, e¢ = 0.858 for o'| = 360, ¢= 0.825 = Ao’ 1+ey 10° sou gq 77 0-127 m?/MN ~~ 60-220) (b) The eflog G' curve is shown plotted in Fig. (9-19), Compressibility indes, Cv = slope of straight portion = — 0864-0772 fog 800 - log 200 hoe =4A¥eToo co) (kN (Mea) 08 o7 06 END:STAGE VALUES 22MNI 05 02 or ater) (X-= 4) es — tiv -Using the Casagrande method, the preconsolidation stress 0°, = 43 kN/m?. (c) The column headed m, is obtained from : nv= 26.1 Ao’ 1460 The m,/o' curve is shown plotted in Fig, 9-20 with the values of my located at the end point of euch stress stage, (Alternatively, the mid- point values of m, could have been calculated, corresponding to the median e for each stage.) (d) From dam (a): S,=my Ac! H : = 0,127 x 109 360 - 220) x 4.x 10°=71 mm From data (by; So = —©<— log (0', /e'y) Ho L4eo = 9183 log (360/220) x4 x 10? =70 mm From data (c): , the value of corresponding to the end-stage stress (6°; = 360 kN/m?) = 0.13 m2 MN. Then 5, = 0.13 x 10° (360 - 220) 4x 10° = 73mm Example 9-2 : The following compression readings were obtained in an oedameter test on a specimen of saturated clay (G, = 2.73) : Pressure (kNym?) Q 4 107214 429-858 1716 3432. 0 Dial gauge after 24h (mm) $000 4.747 4493 4.108 3.449 2,608 1.676 0.737 1,480 ‘The initial thickness of the specimen was 19.0 mm and at the end of the test the water content was 19.8%. Plot the e-log o' curve and deter mine the preconsolidation pressure. Determine the values of m, for the stress increments 100-200 kN/m? . What is the value of C, for the latter increment ? Void ratio at end of test =e, = w, G, = 0,198 x 2.73 = 0.541, Void ratio at start of test = eg =e, Ae Now,Ac leg 1+ + de 4u Ho. Ho ive. fe _1S541+Ac 3500 «190 Ae = 0.350 eg = 0.541 + 0.350 = 0.891 In general the relationship between Ae and AH is given by : Ac _ 1.891 AH 19.0 ie. Ae = 0.0996 AH, and can be used to obtain the void ratio at the end of ¢ach increment period (see Table 9.3) The e-log a’ Curve using these values is shown in Fig, 9-21 Using Casagrande's construction the value of the preconsolidation pressure ig 325 kN/m?. 1400" Gig For o'y = 100 KN/m? and.c' = 200 kN/tn’?, = 0.845 ande, = 0.808 Table 9-3 Pressure (kN/m?} 4H (mm) Ag ¢ 0 0 0 0.891 54 0.253 0.025 0.866 107 9507 0.050 841 214 0892 0.089 0.802, 420 1551 0.154 0.737 858 2392 0238 0.653 1716 3.324 os31 0.560 3432 4.263 0.424 0467 o 3.520 6.350 0.541ES 4 s * 810 é rb So] ¥ t + Bao! of tkM/m?) (Wass therefore =—1_ y 0037 — 9 4 m2kN = 0.20 m4 ™y = Teas * 100 2.0 x 10“ m2/KN = 0.20 m@/MN For oly = 1000 kNém? and o'y = 1500 kN/m?, cp = 0.632 and e = 0.577 therefore =_1_ 0.055 = 5 nak = 2 My = Tay * § 6.7 X 10° m2/KN = 0.067 m?/MN and = 0632-0.572 . 0.055. cS ahaa Ing 1500. 1000 Note that C, will be the same for any stress range on the linear part of the e-log o' curve; m, will vary according to the stress range, even for ranges on the linear part of the curve. : Cy, Coefficient of consolidation hail Jailer yuu - ¥ UG! 8 Juss GARE Jail gps Tis Us ys se Gall oles gu falall (3a Quast otis po allay leat The Root Time Method gajfi le Wyk (1) haw p55 he Fyiabl) dial gauge Jlaaiv! yulie delpd ca Lidlall ass ell aes pitas dns Lista! 95.0 Ty (URAL) LeU Coal gay sill sadly (RilleR ball plane Ge jail pints Cantal oda eaees pb bed 7A- lps byl LSA, Ne lates £ (WKN) IEE ga AB =09.x4/ CP) =0.976 AC=10.848 (see Table 10.1) = 0.9209 = 02209 = 1.15 0.7976 2 ell Gs i Floor vane | erin) i i 3 a ‘ eiparimaztal 700 uns coll cpl abel! ists (14) SG Sab sip Giyh (1-4) Je Get ple tases cg ill beaT Ne J QuIGM call as Ba ySAll ipLall cong 1 yp LS Cy ld bey candy alas AN the paul SII eV. Ne lalla Toy = ete = BahGata ” too conte » gS Upsala Tyo Lead slabs aya” » (YERA) SS ood Tinlad oa cole Chall Glee al yo tad fy fe Ent consolidation “e— 1,15 @ Dial gauge reading (mm G5 gp Ugh (TN) Je + (Shabls Gh) The Log Time Method galh pi,ti tsb ( y ) =e Nesompiassion pimere secondary Somevession Sill efsal Bh (Yona) dial gauge J] lel@ ga — Wendl ge Tree Haye wie — Lashed! fir bail cya TdLal) oda ples. (VON) JSML ThesL! LL ahaa Ga5ll pL ylealy oUbe Sagy pplaill lay ook ge} et AL allay U = 0 lead Uh pe ly La RG gid US. (11Say dylek Gilde GURY of GELS easly Whsds Me) V4 tay Tbgiy Glos SEE cogs USA pb LAS U = 100% ate laa! Maps lel ULM Gyaay U = 50% Uaglae Gleas Led UL! Mea) toil) ple qd Gleall dla 5 gph US cabceill olan cas p8 U50o8 GySak UY) UL Sya5tt C= int so + GaSe Sgt Gs Tso Lad canny C, = 0.19602 oi iso (log t, VEY 25 ge GLY! Vad So gill! A GA ajay Bashy + Oni pall 9 ToS Lage G37 Taos cl dliay :Calealation of Setllement time byyll ga glan (+ ) SUS ge ages GY LotGt gall Glue (Sos = ot = 0.05 emiPykg pail Firm clay m, >0.02- 0.05 cm/ky ge ‘ 9 ayaa Stiff clay m, >0.02"em7/kg 2 kelen? Example 9-3 : During one of the londing stages in a consolidation test the following changes in thickness were recorded : ‘Time (min.) 000 O04 025 050 1.00 225 4.00 625 . 900 Change in thickness (mm) Qo 0.121 0.233 0302 0300 0.551 0.706 0859 0970 ‘Time (min) 12.25 | 1600 25.00. 36.00. 64.00 100 360. 1940 Change inv thickness (mm) 1065. 1427 1.205 1,951 1.300 1327 1401 14R2 Se ny ES ak eae =nbirtcn,| H Atuhe end of the last stage (1440 -min,), the thickness. of the specimen was 17.53 mm, the stress had been raised by 100 kN/m? and the moisture content was 24.7 per cent. Using the root-time method, determine : (a) the coefficient of consolidation (C,), (b) the initial and primary compression ratios, and (c) the coefficients of volumé compressibility (my) and permeability (k), as- Rot tie sein (Chang in yrs tt (ns. ng appropriate scales, set up the root-time and xes, and plot the points of the experimental curve Firstly, choo: change-in-thickne: (Fig. 9-26). Now, draw the best straight line through the points in the first 60 per cent or so of the plot. The intersection of this straight line with the thickness axis (point F) locates U = 0, which corresponds toa change in thickness of Ahg (Ahg = 0.078 mm). Next, draw a straight line with abscissae 1.15 times these of the gefirst straight line, This ‘corrected’ straight line is assumed to intersect the experimental curve at U = 0.90 (point C). (a) From the plot, Vtyy = 3.79. typ = 14.36 min. From Table (9-1), Tyg, = 0.848 Average thickness of the specimen during this stage = 17.53 + i = 18.27 mm * length of drainage path, d= 18279 14mm Two d? _ 0848 4 9.147 too 14.36 = 4.93 mn¥/min, (b) From the plot, Ahog = 1.108 mm and Ab = 0.078 mm Then Altyoy = MOR=DOTS + 0.078 = 1,222 mm Total Ah = 1.482 mm Hence, initial compression ratio, 1, = ae = 0.053 and primary compression ratio, r, = pee as, =0.772 (¢) Final void ratio, e, =m, G, = 0.247 x 2.70 = 0.667 Tnitial thickness, hy = 17.53 + 1.472 = 19.00 mm Change in void ratio, Ac = $4 (1 + ea) = 1482 L667 = Lot = 0.130 Initial void ratio, ey = 0.667 + 0.130 = 0.797 AS ed Ag L+ey = 0.13001 2, 100 x 1.797 0,723. mtiMN k=Cy my Yy = 4.93 x 10% x 0.9723 x 107x981 = 3.5.x 10% mymin, cs my =eExample 9-4 : Rework worked example 10.5 using the log-time method. Firstly, choosing appropriate scales, set up the log-time and change-in-thickness axes and plot the points of the experimental curve (Fig. 9-27) . (a) In order to locate U = 0, two points on the curve, P and Q, are selected so that to 0 wr 9 | (SA) =4 tp. Since the curve is approximately parabolic then parallel to the thickness axis : EP=PQ. From the plot; att, =0,.25 min., Ah, = 0,233, atig= L00min,, Ahg = 0.290. =h:¥=So that Ah; = Ag = 0.2: (0.390 = 0.233) = 0.076 mm Two straight lines are now drawn ; one through the final few points of the curve and the other through points in the middle portion. At the intersection of these two lines, point E is located, at which U = 1.0. From the fplor: Ah, og = 1.224 mm Then Abs, = ee + 0.076 = 0.650 mm Now locating Ahs, on the plot, log tsy is Found to be 0.525, giving ts = 3.35 min. From Table 9-1: Ty, = 0.197. As in worked example 10.5, d=9.14 mm ad? = 4.91 mn? Anin (b) From the plot Ahjpp = 1.224 nim and Abg = 0,076 mm Total Ah = 1.482 mm f , 2 2 Hence, initial compression ratio, |r, = Fat dhs gi 50 : and primary compression ratio, = 0.775 224. B Lage (c) This part of the solution is identical to that given for part (c) of worked example 9-3 : Example 9-5 ; The coefficient of consolidation (¢,) for a elay was found to be 0.955 mm/min. The final consolidation settlement estimated for a 5 m thick layer of this clay was calculated at 280 mm, Assuming there is a permeable layer both aboye and below and a uniforminitial excess porewater pressure distribution, calculate the settlement time for (a) 90 per cent primary consolidation, and (b) a settlement of 100 mm. Since this is an "open" layer, the drainage parh, d= at =2.5m =2.5x 10? mm ~oA=as uniform, m= 848. and sirice the initial Au distribution (a) From Table 9-1) for U ='0.90, To = a Time for 90% settlement! tj, = = a 2 0848 (2.5 x 101)? eine iO955, = 10.55 yt = 5.55 x 10° min. (b) For'100 mm settlement, U = eS 0.357 From Table 9-1, T35.7 = 0.102 (interpolating linearly) _ 0.102 (2.5 x 109? Time for 100 mm settlement + t,. 5 = = 0.668 x 10° min. Example 9.5 : The following compression readings were taken during an oedometer test on a saturated clay specimen (G, = 2.73) when the applied pressure was increased from 214 to 429 kN/m?: Time (min) 0. x 1 aby 9 16 s Gauge(mm) 500 467 462 453 441 428 401 375 349 Time ¢ 36 oo a 81 100 200 400 1440, Gauge(mm) 328 3.15. 306 3.00296) BBA 256 After 1440 min the thickness of the specimen was 13.60-mm and the water content 35.9%. Determine the coelficient of consolidation from both the log time and the kroot time plots and the values of the three compression ratios. Determine also the value of the coefficient of permenbility. ‘Total change in thickness during increment = 5.00 - 2.61 = 2.39 mm Average thickness during increment = 13.60 + 2,39/2 = 14.80 mm Length of drainage path, d = 14.80/2 = 7.40 mm From the log time plot (Fig. 9.28) . ; — oetgp = 12.5 min cy = O16 _ 0106x740? , 1440 365 = 0.45 m/ycar 150 125 10° From the root time plot (Fig. 9-26) tyy = 7.30, therefore yg = 53.3 min c, = O88? _ 0.848 x 7.40" , 1440 x 365 _ gy 4g, m/year too 33.3 10° In order to determine the permeability, the value of m, must be calculated. Final void ratio : e, = w, G, = 0.359 x 2.73 = 0.98 Initial void ratio : e =e, + Ae Now, BS ite AH Ho Le. Ae _198+A¢ 239” 15.99 Therefore Ae =0.35 and eg = 1.33 Now, ioe t 2-0 1-9 Tro’, eel 035. + m2 gy ® S33 = 7.0.x 10 m? fa = 0.70 m? /MN Coefficient of permeability : kam yy = —045x0 70x98 60x 1440 x 365 x 10° =1.0x 107 m/s ara ioeGauge resging (mm) fo, manna} ft Pokey as ae TEE compression Primary consolidation Theoraties! curve: -o- Fig (9-28) The log time method. 10g tenia): The drainage - Time relalionship pail tynill alle cll Gales Laghld Wye! A Bob! Gut) ola Gadd Ge Gls Gude 15] Lag) BE Te Rag A Wy cl cul G9 lel Taya gal Roe Cy dh dh Where T), = settlement tite in sample/layer A ¢ corresponding to same ty = settlement time in sample/layer B - OF Ty. d, = drainage path in sample/layer A dy, = drainage path in sample/layer B Example 9-6 : On a particular site a. layer of clay occurs of 6 m thickness and an estimate is tequired for the time to reach 50. per cent of the final consolidation settlement. In a laboratory odometer test On a 19 mm thick specimen of the clay, the 50 per cent compression point was reached after 12 min. Determine the site scttlementtime for 50 per cent compression when the clay layer is : (a) fully drained top and bottom, and (b) drained from one surface only. {a) Laboratory T, = 12 min d, = 120° mm 2 Site th d= So mm td B= BR = 2.28 yr (b) Laboratory (y= 12min, dy = mm Site ty=? dg, = 6000 mm ty = ROO x 28-912 yr Example 9-7 ; Using the data from worked example 10.8, determine both the laborawory and site imes for 90 per cent consolidation . — ol\¥=The time taken for 50 per cent consolidation is Known so Ts, must be obtained either from Table 9-1 or using U =¥ (4T fm) since U< 0.6. 2 T= 05? B+ 0.196 From Table 9-1, Ty = 0.848 Now c, = teks Iso tbo v, but d = constant Therefore thy =tyyx Te — 12020818 = 5) 9 mi Tso 0.196 and for an open layer : Site ty = 51.9 x 6000? = 5.175 x 10 min. = 9.85 yr and for a half-closed layer : SUE fog = 5.175 x 10° x4 = 20,7 x 10° min, =294 yr : Settlements Lgudll Leguglly » Lute cols ge Wl aly Laut tale eles pf Galassi! ga begigll ze lg Zoe «Immediate Settlement (elastic) $; (SyL!) qysill Leysgll — «Consolidated Settlement S, clued!) Lges — Secondary settlement 8, ¢gsittll Lyyagll — tga BIT baal! oy S=S45, +5, fll eet GUN gibi fe Gall de Usb JlLad eo) e flioe clylytavlly yl) ple lS 16 Hyaitly Gall Jaa) dag ¥ Sigg GUN Shall olga Bs casks coll A WN cee » Rpll olbe ile slyn | = o\¥-sh GATE AM lib le flail gn gue ytd ally GLO pa Ll JLecl ~ € «Slee £ (GAL gl AY!) ceasill Lyall sau) Immediate (intial or elastic) Settlement S; : 5-08-99, PASYI WILL ye quay i Ea Where q = intensity of contact pressure (kN/m?) east lateral dimension, e, g. breadth (m) Poisson's ratio d modulus of elasticity (kN/m?) dn I = influence factor . + (EA) Lote Ge Ip Lot Guay Ty o5 (2-9) Jans Influence Factors for Various Types of Foundation Flexible Footing Footing Right Footing Shape Centre | Comer | Avene Square ‘Circular gular 15 — olf —Bites gyulsQl ng Gabel hd jis (£4) Ups gd Uy ple Upaoall sey ela yd j0 dud Gye UI) Ld) tytee Mahl elaaw C95) Ladany, Vole full eTanbu (Sle Gandy ll 259! Sista! Ce cys co rll degagl | GL tal g BC v4) oe EB + (VRE9) GSS ob Stead Se Ly cable lall Quai Coofficionts for inunediate settlement under a Moxitle foundation (After Junbu et al. 1956) Ho Hh Shale cna (FS=4) J cases (VA) SS i LoS ype dad Gl yay ll ola} le Gay plaRteale based! Gasanuy Her Gill Mjeqy Jalal Casto ab Hy Ul! jt, (B) Yl Hy = Bacay Hac i ye Hy dell — 6te —Uniform toad = @ aa, 1a (y.-1) ist By Ragtl eptelatl ple po pill beagle BL linda pg siaty : Modulus of elasticity E Ujll tye ales poull gph LOS ASIA LaklT LSS! gb ULAR Ly algal cos UESall Soe Cpa Bysshe cgp8T Gols Lelall faa cua oS LS. (TIA) ta, a seeunt modulus * ¢ aop— 5 Principal stress cifference Ae anal stain aj, Uladil— sail pats oa, glee (M8) JCS + Polsson's ratio y gaily qlalas 2 yg Lyk ge ala Ia cgay es v=o + gl deatThus fora saturutedclay where K,= 1.0, y= 0.5 and for a sand where (typically) K,=0.5, y=025 5 Ug! oSllal Walt iui pull yaw Clay : very soft 2 +15 Clay > sowurated Solt : unsatunated Meduim 5- Sanily slay Hard Silt Sandy dense Sand Silty : coanss Suunsal loose Fine yrained dense concrete Savi and geavel lowse dense 96-192 sit de : Consolidated Settlement hail! kya : Wit Sts) as) ge cleealt sited gat aciattl Inyee Ga, f Ses { my , Aoi AH cally (pablo Nl Ms gy se wie Lgl LF Bolg! a AG Se . AH YSaue m,. Ag. Gyuall oda plead Loe V be wy YT cee willy Gabi has ge te Upia JS! Gaus Byadea cbipb ll paid Le Te paSTH oy be ULe ily « Bygheall olisall oLbgagll ¢ game gh fll Lasgll dasSa9 byugll HG. ioe Si = Se We logs i oj=G,+ Ao «TL ye whe SIchY) ABN ball tall pa 0) ta teas+ Secondany Settlement ¢ Qi) bug! ; WO Teall ody We Lall ¢ LY Go Gone SSI eS Lgl Gla ab § Cay cell Gi oes GE esl basil 5 atall rdifferential Settlement pusdll Jayagll wale gh pill Wha Gla gluta ys2 dagegl Qulal yh pie yayad Lite Foden lS SIs (.piad Angad) Gulia lay Lada oS »Balloliey ob i jill —\ gala! Ulead 43 pall ¥ RM LAY) cle posi eal — eldayl a5 Gps = £ + dead plighl Uk 3 to Allowable Settlement Ys Cyasubl cpiusdll lesiglly bya! ha Max. Settlement Tsolited Footing clay Sand ential, Seulement clay Sand 8-13 cm 5-8 on Example 9-8 ; A footing 6 m square, carrying a net pressure of 160 kN/ni*, is focuted at u depth of 2 m a deposit of stiff clay 17 m thick: a firm strum lies immediately below the chiy. Prom oedometer tests on specimens of the clay the valuc.of m, was found to be 0.13 m?/MN and from triaxial tests the value of A was found to be 0.35, The undrained Young's modulus for the clay is estimated to be 55 MN/m? , Determine the total settlement under the centre of the footing . In this case there will be significant lateral strain inthe clay be- - oAneath the footing (resulling in immediate settlement) and it is appropriate to use the Skempton-Bjerrum method. The section is shown in Fig. 9,32. (a) Immediate settlement. The influence factors are obtained from Fig. 9- 29. Now : H/B = 15/6 =2.5 D/B = 2/6 = 0.33 LB=1 f= 0.91 and jy = 0.60. Hence , § HH, 4B : K, =0.91x0.60x 160x6 =95 mm 55 = 8m E60/nNimt iii 3-1 5m 9-45 (rs) Tabte 9-5 Soa (mm) 38.1 304 148 $2 51 116.6 =o:(b) Conslidation settlement..In Tuble 9-5 Ao’ =4 x 160 x I, (kN/n?) Seog = 0.13 x Ao’ x 3 = 0,39 Ac’ (mm) Now, A=0.35 #2, 8. = 0.55 x 116.6 = 64 mm Total settlement = 8, + S, =9 464 =73mm Example 9-9 : A conerete raft foundation of length 32m and breadth 18 m will transmit to the soil a uniform contact pressure of 240 KN/m? ut a depth of 2.0 m. Determine the amount of immediate settlement that is likely to occur under the centre of the foundation. Tt may be assumed that the foundution is flexible, B, = 50 MN/m?, v = 0.4 and y= 20 kN/m? . wa Immediate settlement, S$, = et" tp ce sve 7 1,36 + (1.53 - 1.36) 4B=L20 — 1.46 From Table 9-4 (interpolating) : 20-130 F Net contact pressure, q = 240 - 20 x 2 =200 kN/m? 20) x 146x107 2008 18 (1 ae 410° 98 nam 50x 10 Then Si= Example 9-10 : A foundation of dimensions 6 x 3 m, is to transmit a uniform net contact pressure of 175 kN/m? at a depth of 1.5 min & layer of clay which extends 10 a depth of 5 m beneath the surface. As- — atesuming E,=40 MN/m° and v= 0.5, determine the average amount of immediate settlement that is likely to occur, rig. 9-29. R=li= Logs See Fig 9:29.45 = Onl ag 2 Hy = 0.9 Has pe Baar iay bao | Sess Thea 09 x 055 x175.x3.x 10° = 0.54) 3; < 40 x 10° =49 mm Example 9-11: A flexible foundation Of dimensions 12 x 8 m is re quired to transmit a uniform contact pressure of 160 kN/av? at a depth of 1.7 m_ below the ground surfice. A layer of sandy clay is located between 5 and 10m below the ground surface for which E, = 35 MNém?, y= 19 kN/m3, and y= 0.3. Determine the average amount of immediate settlement that is likely to occur due to the elastic compression of the clay layer: Net contact pressure, q = 160-1917 = 128 kNym*. See Fig. 9-29: Ballo deals = See Fig. 9-29 oad 0,2 sas 1.5 : ty = 0.97 For layer between Q and 10m, i. ©. Hy = 10.0" 1.7 =8.3. m Hp _83 . Le Eo 104 5 15 © gy = 0149 For layer between 0 and 5m, 6. ¢. Hy, =5.0- 1.7=3.3m Hr 43.5 Le aap mol 5 2 yey = 027 Then py = 0.49 - 0,27 = 0.22 And sg, 097 X0:22 5 128 8x 10" 0 35x 108Example 9-12; A clay ldying on an impervious rock and having pervious overburden is 10 metres thick. Calculate the final settlement and time required for 60% consolidation due to construction of a structure at the top of the stratum, importing a uniform load of 20 tonnes/m* . The initial and final void ratio of the clay were found to be 0,752 and 0,722 respectively. Clay is saturated and the structure may be considered infinite in any horizontal direction . C, for the clay = 16 x 10% sq. cm/sec. and for U = 60% ,T,=0.16, Solution : Settlement: S$ =H. Ap. m, ow 4° | my =—8—-=——, and T+ey Ap” T+ey [A e = 0,752 - 0.722 = 0.03] = O0F eo L 2000 "1+ 0.752 n 20 tim? = 20.5 10000 x 1000 — a9qq gener? 100% 100 003 —_- 2000 «1,752 os Ss =e 10x 100 x 2000 S00 sz 3 Lis = tb em. y H? = 016.510.5100 x 10x 100. 35.x104 = 16x 10x11 35 x OO x 60x 24 x 365 20K) s 10K) “35 X36.x5 x 365 Example 9-13 : A mat 15 mx 15 mand weighing 2 t/m? is to be constructed on surface of a soil strata. The profile is given below. The number of squares enclosed by the plan of the mat on a Newmark's diagram is 90, Calculate the settlement at the centre of mat, The influence area of each square is 0.005. = 14.5 years, Ans. =oor or SAT UAT wi. 1-5 gine. bin4ey me90% 61265 (FTA) is Solution . The intensity of vertical stress. ata point Numbers of influence atea x Load per unit area ar the surface x Influence factor . =90 x2 x 0,005 = 0.9 im? . Pre-louding pressure atthe centre of the clay: stratum =2x 1547 - 2)x 1.945 (19-1) 425.4 (1.8- 1) =349544542 = 19 t/m? ie é (1+ we) Ne 1+e {gaoast ete : y lee Les eee 1 815 © = 0.915 oe Cz = 0.009 (L. L. = 10%) = 0.009 x 34 = 0,306 gx HCe jop), DHAP ee see 0G Jogld 19+0.9 1+091 oe aL) — off -x. 1915 = 0.01608 em. Ans. Example 9-14 : Time tken for ¢onstruction of a building above ground level was from March 1982 to August 1983, In August 1986 aver age settlement was fond to be 6 cm. Estimate the settlement in Decem- ber 1987 if it was known that ultimate settlement will be 25 cm . Solution, Here loading period is from March 1982 to August 1983, ie. 10 + 8 = 18 months. For caleulating setlement, time 1 is taken from the-middle of the loading period. Thus 6 cm of setilernent occurred in (ea 12.x.3) =45 month. And it is requil 4 +4) = 16 months, d to know settlement which will occur in ie +12x Let us assume that at t = 1.5 months degree of consolidation U will be = 0.6, awe 2. Under this condition, U =1.13 VT, Let S, = settlement at time 1, and S, = settlement at time t, { is same [or two eases o $= Sal — GATE = 6b8 om, >. Degree of consolidation U = ae 0.465 Since U is less than 0.6, the relationship used is valid. If U > 60% this relation will not be used. = OVEThe required setdement is 6.98 cm. Ans. Example 9-15 : ‘The loading period fora new building continued from July 1985 to July 1987. Estimate the settlement in July 1985 if it was found that the average settlement in July 1980 was 7 cm. Ultimate sctile- ment is expected 10 be 16 cm. Given; For U=40% Ty = 0.207 U = 50% Ty =0.281 and U=15% T, = 0.54. Solution. Loading period = 2 years. The time for settlement calculation is taken from middle of the load- ‘ing period. at A At t=34 2° 24 yeurs settlement ig 7 em. = 9 years settlement is required Let after 9 years Ube <0.6. Tov) $2 tak ga¥ .S=25=105cm. Degree of consolidation = oe = 0.656 Which is more than 0.6. Hence above relationship cannot be used. We shall proceed as follows. 8, =7em, at t=4 years. § = 16cm = ultimate settlement. <. Pordegree of consolidation (att = 4 years) = 0.438 [From given value of Ty for U =40% and 50%, val- ud of T, was keululated for U =43.8°%] Cyt T= St =034 wl) ie Cy 024 9.4 [putting t= 4 years in wo abave equation (1)] For t=9 years. T= Sra 0.06% 9= 0.54 [Taking value of from Eq, (1)] = oto =Since it is given in problem that at Ty = 0.54, U=0.75 U=075 after 9 years -» Settlement in July 1975, i, e. ufter 9 years =0.75 x 16 =12.cm..Ans, Example 9-16 : A foundation was constructed 5 metres below the surface of a sandy stratum, The profile of ground with soil property is shown below. From consolidation test it was found that the clay was just consolidated under original overburden and rel: ionship between the effcetive pressure p ing kgfom? and the void ratio “e" of the clity was ex- pressed by the formula. = 1.3- 0.32 logy p. If gross pressure inerease caused by the weight of structure be 10 t/ m? at the top and I yim? at the bottom of clay: stratum and pressure re- lease due to excavarion is $ t/m? and 0.75 t/m? at the top and bottom of the clay stratum respectively, calculate the settlement expected due to compression of the clay siraum, Assume the pressure within the clay stratum to be linear. Density of sund 2.4 gm/e. c. and densily of clay 2-1 gmc. ¢. Solution. Effective pressure at mid dépth of lay layer = [2.4 x 8] 4+ (Q4-1) x 2) + [21-1 x 5] =19.24174x2+11x5 =19.242.8455=27.5 ym? L_. gmve. ¢. = tonnes/metre?| = 2215x1000 _ 5 sh 100 «109 = 2-79 kale? ~. Corresponding void ratio e = 1.3- 0.32 log), 2.75 = 1.3 -3,2 x 0.4393 13-0404 = 1.1596 (resuse - orPressure increase at top of clay stratum = 10 ym? Presstire increase at bottom of clay stratum = tim? Since the pressure increase is linear, Pressure at mid depth of clay = ant 5.5 ym? And pressre decrease at-mid depth due to excavation = S408 = 9.875 tn? » Net average pressure increase Ap=5.5 - 2,875 = 2.625 thm? = 2625x1 tee 3 2 625.5 1000 = 02625 kg/om We have got the formula that change in void tatio E 5 Bea cy 6 =Coloe,y “5 Ae = Cy logig BEAP ? = 0.32 logy 22402005 2.75 = 0.32 log, 1.09 = 00119 Settlement S is given by S=m, HAp de A aid “ge erg ll [aa] T+e Ap ite Ap At ve st: tee xHx Ee ap i Here ¢ is the original void Saat ratio, ¢, ¢, void ratio before Now putting numerical values in the above equation, Sertlement $= _O01N= x 10x 100 i ime ae aise 3.52:cm. Ans. - ov -Example 9-17 2A boring was done ata eund 15 metres thick slay stratum was found above a sand stratm. The clay was found tw be just consolidated under its present overburden, The hydrostatic pressure at lop of the clay stratum was found to be 5000 kg/em*, Due to pumping of water from the sand stratum (which was under the cl it was found that pressure in the water below the clay layer reduced permanently by S000 kg/m?. If initial and final void raito of the clay before and ofter pumping were 0.92 anc 0.9, calculate the ultimate settlement at the ground surface and settlement after 2 years of pumping. Assume C, for the clay 40 x 104 cm/s Solution. Here the seulement is caused due to reduction of water pressure. The water pressure dingram before and wfter settlement is as follows : aa? FDiocokef m? een RN Bete Sp] Comers cico0) kgf mb 4 (recto) agp mt —{ seaky/ af BErORE SETTCEMENT ATER SETTLEMENT PRESSUBE TRANSFERED 1D SOU GRAMS =0p. (Fess) Jet We know that Ap = 5000 kg/m? = 5000 x 1000 = 599 gener? Toux tog, = 20 enver Settlement Saipan = hy afe 1 “Tee Ap” Te (0826s) | soo T+ 092 = 02 y_1_ 500 1,92 = eth =‘ = O02 4. 1 cB s 15x 100.x 5004 Bo + oy = 15,62 cm. + Ultimate settlement = 15.62 n. Settlement after two. years of pumping : Putting numerical values Tats 10" x 2.5 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 13x 100 +45. 100 [Assuming double drainage] = 0.0448 We know that ‘Ty =" U? for U < Gow re Us yit=2 HZ = Ws = 0.24, Hence degree of consolidation U is 24% and ultimate settle ment is 15.62 em. +. Settlement after 2 years = 15162 x 0.24 =3.75 em. Ans, Example 9-18 : A water tower footing carrying a load of 800 tonnes is 4 metres tquore and rests 2 metres below ground surface on dense sand which exists upto a depth of 10 metres. Below the sand there exists 3 meters thick layer of compressible soil below which there is rock. The effective overburden pressure at the middle of the compressible layer is 14 tonnes/metres”, Estimate the settlement that will undergo as SyoN5. =a result of compression of the compressible soil. Liduid limit of the com. pressible soil = 52% and average void ratio may be taken as 1,13. Solution. The lateral dimensions of the foundation are more than one-third the depth at which the pressure is calculated, Hence the column load will be taken as U..D. L. Now U. D. L. is a = 50 tonnes per square metre. The loaded area will be divided in four equal squares and the pressure below the centre of the foundation M will be calculated which is on corner of each of the four squares [Fig. 9-35 (b)} . It is assumed that loads on smaller squires are acting at their C. G, La small squares Al M4, 4M 3D, M2 C3 and M2 BI is. 50x 2x 2= 50x 4 = 200 tonnes. Now radial distance x. Pressure at point M, (due fo one small square) 9-5 me- ues below bottom of foundation. (v4) 65 = 2x K = 2x 0.445 wh 5? = 0.986 fm? . ’. Pressure due to four squares = 0%. ==4x 0.986 = 3.942) im? C, = 0.009 (LL. + 10%) = 0,009 (52 = 10) = 0.009 x 42 = 0.378 ar Total settlement $ = £S login ao =5x037R 14 43.942 413 O80 Ng =1b4 28 57q Ogio 1.281 340.1076. 3 = 0.0574 metre =35.74em. Ans. Example 9-19 : Abuilding was to be constructed on a compressible clay stramum. Preliminary settlement analysis indicated a settlement of 5 cm in 6 years and an ultimate seitlement of 20 cm, The avernge in- ¢rement of pressure in elay is 2 tonnes/m*, Following variations were obtained from the assumption used in preliminary analysis : (i) During construction, a permanent lowering of warertable by 1 metre took place. (ii) In previous estimate loading period was not considered but the loading period was 4 yeurs. (iii) The compressible clay stratum was 25% thicker than assumed in original analysis. Estimate (a) Ultimate sevlement . (b) The settlement ut the end of the louding period, (c) The settlement 3 years after the completion of the building. Solution: Ap =2/m?, 3; =S envin 6 years. 20cm, = or\ =Lowering of watertable - 1 metre, Loading period - 4 years. Thickness is 25% more than assumed one. Now, due to lowering of watertable increase in pressure will be Ix t= 1 vim’, Settlement S a thickness of stratum. S= Hs Th siete 125 Ho or + Ultimate settlement will be 25 eny instead o ness of stratum being 25% more than assumed. one). 20 em. (Duc to thick- Increase in settlement due to lowering of watertable, Ap =2 Ym? and due to lowering of W.T, A'p = Pum, <. Total change in pressure fer lowering of W. T. =241=3 me? Seulement S o increase in pressure. = 0apenta! ile! ap pilaf cell Lateral Earth Pressure Rabeas Jad ooh Gayl thas Up Bh Lp eusigl LM bo SI aoe sLayady Logg iCall y Sie! Lilgall Lota! sia yey, Gall Gye Ua Earth loll dt call pats oi ti edn gle Gy GI jo gSl_ ll Li ally wctatell adhe (gle puuleul aoS Jos GY pcactll Jai Gued oor oilly pressure : Lateral Earth presure at Rest ggaull Sic ayyill bes Bay UG shay (S-\+) Sb pi LAS Hg Lash als tle BL gol ses) 9 gulgll pbtts Jam bilall yyloll Qo5Y/ phu wie Se LS ylisl 2 geet se Yl GySs ee Yl chew Ge Z Gee, Laas gl ol Upc Tass gh Qual Uy 4b Spe ely bila pony Y Lagay 2 Gall CS ple JE! Y Saas YG all ally piel! Lyle Sy pile! ULI oda po GU piled akaall ySyy at rest state 4 Suall UL (gd WEI! oda ge OY GMM eal Mi Uge ooll Wa pSlall Lkeall Suey Gull hind ga 0, Ky cgSuall ie Sle % sll Inti Jalen K,=9,/ 0, eae 2% Gee sie clad btaall ys (\— 3+) Sh Gaal Lalla ay 9,-K 0, K, = coefficient of at-rest tarth pressure = 0ov=a/z TH JraeK io lar tb GipSll ste Sle eel (44+) iat daytall; loose sand GeoLul! diay! GK, alall ded Gusasy o=l-sing dill Go K, tad uti dense sand GASH GLH all Li Ko= (1 -sing) rT = 1) 55 Samp) Tatas Cad Jal 8 Ycinigy «eal Centgh! ial! Baas pe Vy Sas e das abil K,=095- sin > Gab & silly « agll lB lall disiaasls 6 yous « Gidall Jladll Gall Lg 6! PI Gag ales Gye Koy leu Seal Gp Le i Saas K,=0.4 + 0.007 (PI) 0. (See ‘Table 10°5) The active and passive pressure distributions are shown in + (V=1 +) eds JL (0-1) Joe Soil Depth (m) : Active pressure (kN/m?) 1 0 0-24 x 50 =120 1 6 (0-24 « 50) +-(0:24 x 18 x 6) = 12-04 25:9 =I79 2 6 0-36[50+(18 x 6)]—-(2 x 10x /0:36)=56-9-120 =449 2-1 9 0-36(50+(18 « 6)]—(2 « 10 036) +(036 x 10:2 x 3)=56-9—12:0+11-0 =559 Passive pressure (kN/m?) 10 0 1 PS 417K 18x PS = 1126 2 VS (278 x 18x 1-5) +(2« 10 x /2-78) = 75-1 +533 = 108-4 2 45 (2-78 18 x 1-5)-+(2 % 10 x 2-78) + (2:78 x 10:2. 3) 75143334851 = 99S = oVA=Sa (i) 600m me f1.50.m. enh a Soi (2) 300m Passive : Actwa (¥a¥) Sta VVV5) JS + folate! egliallg Jledll puuilal! bacedl! ake Sly $6L WL LAC aI Ss ps I ele gal eben SIS 13! Laat! pola bh s.sil Jooles GGG ye aad! te all Esl5n(C = 0) Oe naa eos ee= ree cos + Yoo Kg = cos at = 2% a laa pital baaall ghd Gas del shay pid lM dlSiad! Gyl5 pa) cum 5 Dea ani gS) o,=77k, + Tislall Go Jost ypilell Liall Laney Pi WayHK, Eee es Gel Oh pal gh 9S jl pele Jane pulls Jae de aM sing Oy Ubysl UAL K, a plas (1-1) Ups GT US (VAN +) JS « bila! = oVi—col LE pa Sled cad) ical (VA 4.) Jet intl Jel ky soe (T= 1) gee (deg) = batéeg) 28 30 32 4 6 38 0 0 0361 0.333 0307 0283 0260 0238 0.217 5 0.366 0.337 O31) 0.286 © 0.262 OO 0.219 10, 0380 0,350 0.32). 0.294 0.270 0,246 0.225 15 0.409 (0,373 0.341 (0311 (0.283 «0.258 0.235 20 0461 0414 0.374 0.538 0.506 0.277 0.250 25 0573 0494 04% 0385 0343 0.307 0.275 Nou: With a & 6, K,~ cova. So, c= p= 20, K, = 0.4K) 2= 6 = 30". K, = 0.006 age 32K = 0.868 ang = WK, = 0629 zag =, Ko 089 amg = 35, KL = 0785 ame 40", KL = 0.860 = 0A. =a poll gE Ld Les lll pL yal ea cat Say gles) yalliy 29S pelaaal 4s} Pp= 1/2 yi Kp sites * 2 BLN Gye Ky tens Ce cos + Yoo? a -can™6 608 &h- Yoos? ct cos" > play OF ALA al) Gucity Jas pull poll 2,3ll bd a Linas, f ULI ol Ky pad plans (V-V=) gdally Lila! pi cya 1/3 Lice K=cosa, pill J sal Kp eal (V1) Jona ¢ (deg) = Latdeg) 28 » 2 4 6 38 0 0 277 3,000 3255 3537 3.852 4.204 4.509 5 2715 2943 Bie6 3476 3.788 4.136 4.527 10 2551 2775 3.022 3.295 3598 3,937 4.316 15 2284 2502 274 3.003 3.293 615.977 20 198 2132 2362-2612 «2.886 3.189 3,526 25 146 1.664 1.5 2.135 23842676 2,987 : Coulomb's Earth pressure joglg 5 [i+ (Sees |? H height of the wall cold ALI pally B= 90? Sane peel IH SLU Ka al (A-1~) Lote iphony Bacli igh Ho ate G45) Pr theal! Uae LS gf There apy = 0" tine Lal spe le pill apaall ye 8 sly ay Lobel eslg—S)=90 .ol= 0: ask, (A-1) Jone 4} (deg) 0 5 10 15 20 25 28 0.3610 0.3448 «0.3% 0.5251 0.3203 0.186 30 0.3333. 0.3189 03085 0.3014 0.2973 0.2956 32 0.3073 0.2645 0.2853 0.2791 «0.2755 O.2 745 u 0.2827 (0.2714 0.2033 0.2579 O.25a9 0.2542 % 0.2555 0.2407 0.2426. 0.2379 0.2354 0.2350 38 0.2379 0.2292 «0.2230 0.2190 0.2169 0.2167 o 0.2176 0.2098 © 0.2045 0.2011 0.1994 0.1995 a 0.1982 0.1916 0.1870 O11 «0.18268 0.1831 2 $2 ca 8 Ailall dISinl Ul Lag 15 SLatl Lilgall pads ey B=? 0.8.0. pall LUI Ke asd (8-1-) ote phen LS — 0AY —469s (note 15 = 7/5 6 inal cases) Ky pai (I-1-) Jans (deus 0 % O33 0.3588 0.4007 044A) 0.5028 0.5662 300.2977 O39 O.3769 0424S OAT 43S of 02790 0.3125 O.3545 ONG OATTH 0.5220 02503 O.2016 0.5335 0.3813 04ST 0.5017 % 02349 0.2719 «O37 «03615 OMIT 0.4825 a 02168 02555 02950 OMA OseRe (0.4642 “0 0.1999 0.236] 0.2778 03250 0.3805 (0.4468 a Oigad 02007 «0.2807 «0.308163. s B Ost 0.3845. 05861 0.6191 * 0.3165 0.3578 05194 0.5926 2 02010 0.3329 0454s (0.5678 M O21 0.3097 O470T 0.5443 ¥ 0.2479 0.288) 0.444 0.5222 ie a 22R2 0.2879 04275 0.5012 ® 9.2098 0.2489 O474 (0.4814 a 0.1927 O2ME O38 0.4626 10 ~ 0.3702 0.4104 O52 0.6834 30 03400 0.3857 05676 0.6516 2 0.3123 0.3575 05382 0.6220 “ 0268 0.3304 OSi07 0.5942 6 02633 0.3072 0.4849 0.5682 x 0215 0286 o4egT (05438 0 02214 0.2637 0.4379 0.5208 a 0.2027 0.2441 04164 — 0.4990 15 B 046s 04585 0688S 0.7571 0 93707 0.4219 Osz1 0.7266 R 0336 0.3387 09930 0.6895 M 0.3091 0.3584 0.5599 0.6554 6.2825 0.3306 0.5295 06239 u 02578 0.3050 9.5006 0.5949 o 0235) 0.2813 04740 05672 a 02145 0.2595 0.4491 0.5416 20 a 0.4602 0.5205 0.6715 07600 G.aKI0 xe oad? 0.4728 0.619% O71 0.8303 2 0374? 0.4311 OS5T&l 0.6667 0.7800 u 0.3388 0.3941 05336 O6261 0.7352 % 6.3071 0.600. 0.4970 0.5857 0.0008 « 0.2787 0.3308 0.4637 0.5837 0.0580 0 0.2529 0.3035. 0.4331 OSHS 0.6243 a 024 0.2784 6.4050 0.4889 0.5931 (SHV +) JS tase 5a LS pMIBI! pill Gnd G plitie pm dams Uh ucts — pAt — Pill G4 esi P, 6mae 8] CS) xin (Bt a) Surcharge = s sin’ K.yH sin B (Sara) i (e) pita ee apse pls? flea lngeall (T+—') ES © ps USD ps: call iaall ( ) ce ELAN (Clip) dyn Leste pg lil pSlgl! bial! cygse UL yd Gl Di cys Sing yall BRAM gh myth ae Une glelyy Ld dl Lest poss GAB te (WIN) JES pals Gi sll pola beescll Usa UES UyLaUl ada gi GoSiy. Ula agus gle BC) Sify yepiewe sligi¥l gous 2 get Upule 25 caallly ABO. pa glgst! AGL & » WabSH ah) — } » R yay BC, AAI! ple (ple ell cxgly Le geal cg sfll Uae = ¥ oP, palald sila ata Uae — ¥ P,, glade Caan OSa Gay P, RW coll capil! wife pays GIy! hey ahah Mingle GON gaits — oho —25S) ene (ABC ABC Sie Lill Ge csp Si aS) eal la Say BV gpd ny (YIN 6) USAIN let gi al pial ple Ughove SI AGLI PY Las v peolySl glGLl gall! Matnll Uma Lad yo Sy Py Rall Lai Tinka pylySl pli piled! dada! Taare sles! OSes Leleams B, =p YH? Ky 2 AYP Mull ge ae K, ta K, = Coulomb's passive pressure coefficient sit? G-4) Eat ‘tiny 5)_nin (era) 72 si? B.sing-8) [1-9 ern epee | Wall movement ——$> torrid the soil 4 pulySl patil aivall (P1—N 4) Jk ele sy Pro Barly = 0", P= 90° Mle a8, 6 pull EhUIK, ot le LA ap eel go B Lgl ty ba pe gs PL mer) ee *GP pl Bae nun F855 pee cell yal By (WV-1+) JOE. bt! (MSN) dase B= 90° , cc =0? ills ya Ky di (1-1 -) Jame Example 10-8 : Consider the retaining wall shown in Figure 10- 19. Given : H = 4.6 m; unit weight of soil = 16.5 kN/m?; angle of friction of soil = 30% wall friction angle, 8 = 2/5 ; soil cohesion, ¢= 0; a = 0, and B= 90°. Calculate the Coulomb's active force per unit length of the wall. Solution, P,= "fp YH? Ky From Tible 10-8. for a = 0°, B = 90°, = 30°, and 8 = 2/3 6 = 20°, K, = 0.297 Hence Py = Mp (16.5)(4.6)* (0.297) = 51.85 kKN/im + ejgall orooiell gue abil tailed! ested | oo fe gall BusLud) SLAM (ple alg lndaall cquadl Ugg Gb pads RABEL gay Upaaill g Ll —iohViw: Line Load yall yaall (| ) casey (VIAN) ISS ype gl ad phat Lal gl GL LO fa PAY shall a Dans Glide ean USN LS Lege ple! Lia) = Pb c= fora> 0.4 mH @+bi ai o= 402036 fora sod. H (0.16.4 0°)? (WYN) Seb oi Tiyan culled oka ob Tada spall ppl eal! (1-1) Ut aug ggtilall Lakadll ila Point load Uaii 4 38 y0.Jaall [ia cySs Ldany 2209 olivlall ya Wb LI glactY| ple fora > 04 a o=02kP i —forn. Sect a SSSA, pitta ee SS ‘wendoncy FW, normal for movement grainy tree steanh mest Leong a Inte slope a oe He £7 eet inpae Be roe Temoceny ot permanent ‘staked foe continual scan atin for coretverion ‘poRIT co ground sate prope! (patina, bulcing ‘Sr chwnea! Ware Iwochata taserensl aid td a (i = so (1D) ttl say yall JISatdy (A) tl cae (7-11) Jsgl Lag all Sam gL Ley eptnne gle Uglied clihll ga 2435 UES Jleaisl yay Slide Glog gl Ja! — Epill laay Bye LA] ge Lyall ad Leslie pandT Gale Side, cepanill [ay + giabell Gast IS all i tae syne pula ple LH Ge US Sli sas: Rotational slides _il gysll Jlaay¥l - cong) US Jad ne TES Lag | ga + Block or Wedge Failure ,ghsll jLigiv! — ah deals of 5855 US) Lge) oe pylll Iba Gans dy. GB olike UI Oil ol aie thd Eph gle LEAS) Cap dos put anny USI! Juels bagles ic pH) Taploy)| Bosnich Goa Leyla UES! Lan yall tS all ge Glens « Flow lad! — © (TENN) JSt aldol! Bayt ol} fysill Wang Bp usSe US) Ryd pall LS pall 5a al): Spreads al EY) — Tall slgils LGN cos ggill Ma ha aac J5 0 GF Las gla pall Uplate 2 ESV) JIGAY dye aly Jabs LedLeall + pelill epbll pf Sto yity : base, Failure jell Lov) — \ ol UyAll pa Epa Ayal Paes gay : Toe Failure pall Lay! - ¥ «edad! plalall alsa! =ih=La gay Slope Failure Ul, Lig! gh: Face Failure yalaull slgsvl ~ (LEMS) Sib, Teas Cagh lhe las Loum pally glial Ge Leal he! p byl (F-89) Ue «gl I Steal pte yl Teall algal! (V9) Late cba sein one Jualge' (1-11) Jomo FACTORS IN INSTABILITY 1, Lateral loads such as buildings, wa- | *2. Swelling of clays by adsorption of waler, or snow, ter. #2, Tnerease in unit weight by increased | *2, Pore water pressure (neutral stress). walter conicnt. 3. Removal of part of slope by excava~ tion. #3, Breakdown of loose or honeycombed soil structure with shock, vibration, or seismic activity. . Hair cracking from alfernale swelling and shrinnking or from tension, * 2 *4, Undermining, caused by tunnelling, collapse of underground caverns, or seepage erosion, 5. Shock, caused by earthquake. or blasi- . Strain and progressive failure in sensi- ing. tive soils and brittle meks. 6. Tension cracks. "6, Thawing of frozen soil or frost lenses. “7. Deterioration of cementing material. +8, Loss of capillary Lension on drying. *9, Weathering-chemical or biochemical deterioration. “7, Water pressure in cracks. * Waler involved. -VYTe-sasgesa piell Jgeall LS iulj= Stabitity analysis of infinite slopes : b padi pe Badu Loy pt de GGT ob B dle apie pad ew col GAS] 13] « Ugale: 38h cell ly Aauayehll nS.a caw (0-1 N) Sty Z ye ist * Slope composed al uniform, ‘cohesioniass soil, where Sal hapidaee aa ee es Note: Forunitorm slope oiatnie mien ene. TY, gsi Na yor eon § onyron’ S + yor wind rage sin Boone B = Slope angie whan mass incon verge af sliding dpsl Lan ja (0-91) IEE :Cohesiontess soil tutall Ul ( 1) bei deal gle 5 5U esl Luly =F, 70 Scos B=Nsin B s=n “2b Nuanf cos fi f iph BUST cele gle Tall Unuulgy LAT Layle gual t (AD) = 6 (Al) tan ele Sy 6 laeall (plo ASIN Bhs Layee Esk ual ya 0! Al Gt cue SAAD (ph URS ed Lay ldl peeill colic da pl Sue ld S =a (Al) Nian B=N tan = hipssup GURY! Let ual G15 geal Ge lay tan B= tan} f= 6 (for dry cohesionless Soil) oll Layla ple SH GLAY! Lalas Of play Ia O40, Bi csslaits Leng UM Jala Gi gj! Lad Ge LAT JM gy Lakag’s VEglinn cuss Mal SUNT Sales gu ata dual) pistol Lull of aa al 1s « Vga eS Os 7 WLIL die yas Fame anf ‘ ty sls ake Gall alga ly Te Ga LAT) ell Lyle Gan Ula shy 5 Ge gous OY! Lala Poi te + Cohesive Soil Q=0 Salall Yall ( y ) lygally ahd GumigL, dlgle pinks JSS ple Lagi celass gi WAST 13] cules Se Fall oll Lage S95 S157 we Gla. (AHN) SSB 0 5S 5U Uae did 5 Ugute b Ue jus gd! PF + ay O Up pada Slybaaeay . peill Laglil Gaull Lal ales ga F Gem Wa=Gur z gal = Colst Feowd BeoLectl Tall ph gall lage (1H1¥) SSS -lo-dlyull china! Stability’ coefficient Gljavl dale» Taylor .yL5 pad aaly (aT gL) ale dus jligsYl pl LM falas oli H celity! aly . Laaslaall nips 2S Till Ge yas ghey Le FrH eMldy Daal! oles B Gall Gayl UY (VN) JS tll oe cas N, tu (8-19) USS as Stability Number LSI pis y9L5 alas peasy sly 0 =O she » gla g.s3 aN, Guat cS] oldie Example 11-1 : A 45° slope is excavated to a depth of 8 m in a deep layer of saturated clay of unit weight 19 kN/m?: the relevant shear strength parameters aré Cy = 65 kN/m? and , = 0, Determine the factor of safety for the trial failure surface specified in Fig. 11-7. In Fig. 11-7 the cross-sectional area ABCD is 70 m?. Weight of soil mass = 70 x 19 = 1330 KN/m. ‘The centroid of ABCD is 4.5 m from O. The angle AOC is 89.7 ° and radius OC is.12.1 m. The arc length ABC is calculated as 18.9 m. The factor of safety is given by : FoGubat = 65x 18.9 x12) — ests oe This is the factor of safety for the trial failure surface selected and is not necessarily the minimum factor of safety. The minimum factor of sactor of safety can be estimated by the following relation. From Fig, 11-6, B = 45° and assuming that D is large, the value of N, is 0.18. Then Fa—G_ ee O.18x 19x8 =237 a GN0.30) 028 020 0.55 o10 008 “2, w a rat le Br Ul oe é ‘Taylor's stability coefficients for $, = 0. LRU gh alan (V1) dS (AV) Uta (ARN) es ==Slops angle . Chait for slability number, Al No ol ll ay (4-11) se Example 11-2 : An unsupported slope is planned as indicated by the sketch for an area where a deep uniform homogeneous clay-soil deposit exists. What is the factor of safety against sliding for the trial slip- page plane indicated ? SS el kf jMalgne Sot ef Uniform homogeneous t slay, 77-110 pet e291 kal 8 ic ae Trial stippage plane ‘Aaa of sliding mass © 2270 st (by planimater) ‘W = (2270 af 1 fr}(100 pet] = 260,000 It, Ae langth = (wD) » Se (2.140050 te)» 112 (FW) dER(S 1) ues TASCalculations for Factor of Safety Gi) FS based on ratio resisting to causing moments + eLr_ (1 ks) (112 ft) (7S fe) CL tk. width) wa 504 3 n.) FH1.12 F= (ii) FS based on soil shearing strength + let tyeq = shear strength required for slope equilibrium. Wd tea Lr = Wa = 202 3 - 9.085 k'st Tea Le da 15 tt =tme = -C = Lf — Baga he osiser One Example 11-3 ; Find the safety factor of a proposed slope of 30° ‘on an embankment 20 m (65 ft) high with rock 13 m (43 ft) below the base of the embankment. The soil weighs 19 kN/m? and the shear strength, t = 225 kN/m?, in both the embankment and the foundation, Long = OB = 17 2, N, = 0.17 from chart. a; 35. = 7 24__= O.17 x 19x20 Saget | Ls ail seal fet Le ity phe General method for analysis of stability of slopes : gee dag gel Yo) ge Tal Jat LS Culjal Gobel Gilda all aias (VNKVN) USA EHS Soe ee BT aple: slags) leas Tis pall alta Uo sty poll sll, Overtuming Moment Mo glassll phe ga Ls! tua© pil sie 1 Miblall (ya GLY! falas cuauy Resisting Moment Mr plat! F= Resisting Moment Overturning Moment — WAMo = Wb; - Wan di - Wwy do + Vb3 —- M, =R YE tr AL =R (tq ALy + tyr2 ALa +.) see center algal gle Last al HAG AR LI (V.—1 1) sat Example 11-4 ; Calculate the safety of the following assumed segment (Fig. 11-12) if the crack, kwhich is 1.5m deep, is filled with water. The arc radius is 9.9 m. (EN) Utes 1. Divide the arc inte two segments, AB and BC. Determine the length of each. -We =AB=3.7m BC=13.4m 2, Calculate the resisting moment. M,=73 x 3.7% 9.9 +97 x 13.4.x 9,9 = 15.542 kN/m 3. Calculate the weight of the segment and find the centroid by methods Of statics. W = 1109 kN a=3.1m The moment caused by the weight is 1109 x 3,1 = 3439 kN/m. ‘The resultant force of water pressure in the crack, P is a a * = 11 kN>It acts horizontally at a distance of 3.3 m from the center of the are; M = 36 KN/m. 6. Thé total moment tending to cause overturning is M, = 3438 + 36 = 3474 kNim. 7, The safety factor F is given by + =4,5 = (Ggmggaill Sitygball) atl yfll ays Method of slices (Swedish method) : Uneal ge cuaghe pil patil Ga yey dlgull CLS Zeal jal Gipbll al gpa Ly yh! oda Bhs Gaede slugs! elas Gl 4d pik Us pbll oda yy. Fellenius guiulad pllall PHABCD UHSH UAC jig plas yal pil ley 7 Lob indy Lass OF ata (\TNVN) JS Ge pall Gyles Lee tl tll ye Lape l Wh gyal she Wgelitglyer Upiae li am Gla day cy palin Lad daa ptll Buell Resisting Moment + tee LAY! alee i yary Overturning Moment : SS phe Bibl Caylly «col AT IS) peaglainn 45) ple SLAW) alee jay Tye tay Way bh tony W das ptll any — coe OSS Roll okay (G1 ccglad ally) N Sac Lill ple Luss) It Luyoall ces! — U olall Bye SLE y (Ol coglaat) N' Sot Cngnall Byill ga Qs sm = We = 13a x 4474 F=+ gall tl eas aU tise (UI x yl) Ta tyy Le gay T Bell le (alll 333 — + Ea, Ey Guilell ple Laseall xsi — + Xp Xy celled ple alll (gsi — + Galyall AAA ot oe Lak gp AT bel oly Eee ‘ 4 Latah (WN sa + GMO dsm papell 5h, LD Tr= > Wrsin a iGliduay T=t1="1 oak EEL = EW sine Feel ee owere + gall Laglis Ge GayyTlys poE@ rome oe ~— EWesing paCletmn ge EN “ EWasina ASI RL le Jamas - WeAC slg) pelos Ugh yt L, tam + onl da (1) Ugly piaall agline O95 Zest USI cll Unooee 4) yo sid Jol) Ia yh tata Sael le ycaganll elas ph dag Lau yet IS ook ccs OY N'= W cos a - ul PROT Byguall ple GUYI ales cuSay Fat Lat tan gE CW eos oul . EWsing sapsO,=0 , UO abe oiy Feels EW sine Bishop das! updy Um ( u ) bggh Maal SasS5 Tay pat inl pple (coll Teams os) yet all Iba yd X,+X,=0 F Fgh Reap gh Bel le el 9d Ss GIT shey T=1L(cl+N' ng) F eel Ms LasWT oF cogil Lilac W=N'cos a+ ulcos a +E! sin a + tan @! sino s Na (w- lina -ulcoa) / (cos a +2#s22) l=bseca Susy UGH) sb ple Joes as all dalely pargaillyy Fo syare "UCD POW ch) hee) ie 2 Unis col aie yall Lads Quads Ge jars (y] GSag all Litt daddy ne yh Aaaph GMs = Eblgall Uaball tl Jat AteSwing [ich WA - i) een 0) Site] Example 11-5 ; Using the Fellenius method of slices, determine the factor of safety, in terms of effective stress, of the slope shown in Fig, 11-14 forthe given failure surface. The unir weight of the soil, both above and below the water table, is 20 kKN/m? and the relevant shear strength parameters are c' = 10 kN/m? and 9' = 29° , ‘The soil mass is divided into slices 1.5m wide. The kweight (W) of cach slice is given by : W=ybh = 20x 1,5xh=30hkN/m. ‘The height h for each slice is set off below the centre of the base and the tiormal and tangential components hcos « and hsin orespective~ ly are determined graphically, as shown in Fig. 11-14. Then W cos %= 30h cos a ‘W sin @ = 30h sin o ‘The pore water pressure at the centre of the base of each slice is taken to be y, zy, wl zy is the kvertical distance of the centre point below the water table (as shown in the: figure). This procedure slightly overestimates the pore water préssure which strictly should be y, z., where z, is the vertical distance below the point of intersection of the water table and the equipotential through the centre of the slice base. The error involved is on the safe side. (eM ))ute (=) ds = Wi=The are length (L,) is calculated as 14.35 mm. The results are given in Table 11-2. (0-18) ey JL (F-B) Jige ————EE Slice hcosa ws t no. (m) (kNjm?) (a) KN) 0-75 39 15s OL 1,80 18 150 17-7 270 i 155 25-1 325 4 1-60 29:0 345 1-70 291 #10 b 1-95 22-0 1-90 Mi o 055 9 132-0 EWeos @ =30 x 17.50 = 525 kN/m YW sino = 30 x 8.45 = 254 kN/m DCW cos o}- ul) = $25 - 132 = 393 kN/m Ly + tan ip D CW cos ot = ul) EWsina (10x 14,35) + (0.554 x 393) + 24 = 4354218 = a] 142 Example 11-6 : Using the Fellenius method, calculate the factor of safety against sliding for the slope and trial failure surface shown in the sketch. = Wo-Center of rotation te Slope ange a5" | I 50° Cie tiga Sale ight = 50) Computing Weight ot Slicer — a er eee Reet maa, = (28° x 27° 110 pel rege + EIB x 120 et) = 08 1 x 26) x 110 Bet) thas We {LEE 110 pet} SEE xan’ x 120 ost) + TS i = nee te £ 26 X19) x 120 pet) ’ 120 pet] = 40.3 (T=1N) pale (V0=19) Sat C1 1N) a8) J 1 Je ‘Base cb |W, coma fan ht) 3.06 WW, sito fa) 17.95 pe tiee ies Wise aes) fy sal Swi + ee where L,=2 b seco - WeExample 11-7 : Eight metres high embankment has a slope of 1 : 2 Find out factor of safety of the enbankment along a slip circle through the toe of the embankment a central angle of 129° with radius of 16 metres. Properties of the soil which have been used for construction of the embankment. Unit wt. =2 gmc, c., 6=5° and cohesion = 3.24/t/m?, Solution : Radius of the are for which factor of safety is required is given as 16 metres. and XOY = 102° x0 = 102 = 51° Now XB = XO sin 51° = 16x 0.777 Chord XY = 16 x 0.777 x2 = 24.9 metres. (V=NN) pag Sta (11) at Finding the length of the chord, point Y was located. Now centre of the circle O was located and the slip circle XY was drawn. The analysis will be done by the method of slices. Factor of safety = wee a oxi x tan PEN =T where ZN and LT are sum of normal and tangential components. Width of the slice perpendicular to the plane of paper is taken as on metre. * XOY = 102° = 1.78 radians. = WyLength of the are XY = 16 x 1.78 = 28.5 metres. (WV) ents JL ee (E-1) Jee Slice Width of Unit wt. Normal bxexd | Tangential bacat No. slice of soil | Component component a b ¢ b ¢ f é slices is 4 metres and thickness of last slice. is 3.4 metres. The result has been tabulated in table 10.3, Factor of safety, F = ih 2. 28.5 + tan 5° x 120,88 102.96. 34.68 464 =2,965 . into 6 slices. Thickness of first five Example 11-8 : The stability analysis by method of slices gave the following values per running metre for an embankment 10 metres high : (a) Total shearing force - 50 tonnes. (b) Total normal force - 198 tonnes. (c) Total neutral force - 27 tonnes. (d) The length of the are - 22.5 metres. (e) Angle of internal friction - 5° _ (f) Cohesive strength - 2.5 t/m?. -MWA-Calculate the factor of safety with respect to strength. Solution : afery = REC wn Factor of safety = = ST where N ig normal component, T is shear component and 1 the length of the'are. Putting numerical values in the above expression 5 5.22.57 (198 £27) ian 5? RSs B = S33 417i xO0875 93.34 14.98 30 30 = 6828 5 B28 = 1.364. Example 11-9 : A culting 8.5 m deep, is fo be made in a cohesive soil whose shear strength increases with depth. The slope of the cutting is 2 (horizontal) to 1 (vertical). The properties of the soil are : effective cohesion 3,0 /m?, effective angle of shearing resistance 20° and bulk density 1.9 Ym}. Determine the factor of safety fora trial slip circle passing through the toe of the slope and whose centre is located by Fellenius directional angles. Solution ; ‘The slope and the trial slip circle are drawn to scale in Fig, 11-17. Fellenius directional angles for a slope 2:1 are (B, = 25° & Bp = 35°). The subtended angle 2 € at the centre of rotation (< AOD) is measured as 113° and the radius of the citcle is 16.75 m. The are length AD is given as: =L=2hrt = 2ane leis — RO=L=2E on 33 ms ‘The sector ADBA is divided into 7 slices. The first 6 slices are cach 4 m wide, and the 7th slice is only 2.6 m wide. The weight of each slice can be reprosented by its central ordinate (height at mid-width) which is resolved graphically into normal and tangential components by drawing a normal to the slip circle through the point where the central ordinate of the slice intersects the circle. — VWs(K-44) pda (WY-1 1) Ba (9-11) eis JL ts (0-11) Jenn Slice N T Summation ‘No (metre) (metre) (tonne) 1 2.10 122 N=42.44 x44 19 = 322 2 5.74 “1.0 3 8.68 - 0.28 T=11x4x19=836 4 10.08 +220 5 930 +470 6 5.50 4525 7 1620.65 | +3%0.65 (1.04) (= 1,95) Total 4244 11.00, ec Lt tang! EN _ 9x 33-+ tan 20? 2 322 a =T 93.6. = 99-4 :0,364 x 322 _ 83.6 ae Example 11-10 ; In a 10 m deep cutting with a slope of |: 1.5 slip is lifely to occur. If tension cracks have appeared on the upper ground surface and the clay of the cutting is having unit weight of 1.9 gm/c. c. and =ishear strength 0,25 kg/em?, calculate the factor of safety taking consider- ation for the tension cracks, Solution ; With the help of Fig 11-22 yalues of By and B, for slope 1: 1.5, i. ¢. slope angle 33.8° were found out. (V--¥9) plate (VA-3.1) cas Value of B, and B, are 26° and 35° respectively, They are plotted and centre O is located, and critical slip circle XCY is drawn. Due to tension cracks shear resistance will be mobilized along the slip circle from X to C. Now depth of tension crack in purely cohesive soil he = 2 Since the soil is purely cohesive y=0 a c=0.25 A C=0.25 kg/cm? = 2.5 tonnes/metre? * hy axee = 2.63 metres Now the analysis will be done by the method of slices, Factor of safety — 2(¢x1+ W.cos 0 tan 9) Lwsine = Wh) +Since tang =0 Puaees! See Twaad ET Now length of are will be are length XC. Angle subtended at centre by the are X C= 95° = 1.658 radians, Radius R of the circle = 16,9 metres (measured from the diagram) -. Length of the arc = 16.9-x 1.658 = 28 metres. The width of each slice perpendicular to the plane of paper is 1 metre. The result has been tabulated in table 11-6 . (1-1) dy Sls (1-11) Sg Slice} Width of the | Unit wi | Tongential] Disuitbing moment | Remarks No. | slice inmetres} of soil component dacxh a b c a s f 1 4 -04 - 3.04 2 4 19 grae.c 05 -3.80 3 4 1.9-ym* +048 +365 4 4 +18 + 13.70 5 4 +26 +19,79, 6 3.6 +23 + 15.65, ‘Toul 46.05 Factor of safety = ti : The center of critical slip circle jlumi|U dayafl aptlall joy gS ost Ud pall Lats i il atl ot ylas (fb E,GEU ESlall SS Gis PASTS alae oly GIS ple SSL lige (ple cist tue GLY Jalen leas igi UsLabl © pall SLASH! claws 5S 0 SLES) Gs Laley . Till UES poy Gail! lai alas (1 gia pgSll slagivl lacs 38-0 gins lupo plas 3S py, Lal + gplall slg ¥l 5S 50 909 =9H byl pay Uplat Ye Lgl! Shs Gly 3S pall Kut oe JS, Bingh pladinal o¥sLall edny, Lal Lalas il cpap Uyay SLT ales quil Taye oh pal pad taal gli hil, Sally eal Gee ll ca pL atl lena Je snes pluie Sag US. Sgally ill punting ig tabs pl atl /(MNAM) JS Suge GS clinlay pla yet Vaud AS) Moment exir "6" S for moment {o establish FS contgurs 10) help locate mont critical slip ait (AM GLAM ales ua (94-11) Jat abl sLepSSH all saga pola 3S ye gully Lejplll blll ayLt pai sly fe pak LS all Sagi dagl5ll Lead le bibl! ode (T-\N) ges Tap AL all Ll yd lgidU Le yall BBall pipe Ctund pds Ugie lubes adalld = (VMS) US Gastest USE Lal asl gat tl pais (eh) oliieds yutullis pay » (N49) Wr"Critical cizcle is 2 bane circle, not = toe circle peel sgl SS uot (1-1) RC Values of a.and 8 es 88 38 b, Centar of critical tos circle: «Angles for locating critical toe circle (Chart for estimating the safety factor and location of the critical circle in a homogeneous paturat: ed clay in undrained shear, (After D. W, Taylor and W, Fellenitis, ) (ol cell ll — asl olin (V9=19) od eoLogating the Center of thé Mort dangerous rupmare Surface in Pure Cohesive Soils for Slope Failure. (=O) asta) all acaba oles (11-14) Js SSlpo Cale pit gill Line of centers 5-SI,M bs gues yu of Ls cass clad! sags 5S ps cua Una lly Ayla! ky gia aly data! of LY! C= coiled By8ls 3S.y0 O abs cps Gam. SLU LS caus LAS (YN) Je + SAU gd US peel, 2H y ail 4.5 HW calBlaa Yd old K ea caad 64 0) eats Le gle gi Loyal lps yha sls 5850 G14 ceaelilll Lyi Lally, « (SENS) JS 4 AB ull = WeePosition Lins of Centers Critical Centex for equilibrium of critical cir cle when @= 0 + Locating Center, Ov . for critical Circle, SSI AIS Guat (SPV) JSS ==6th hang gil pl gh (94-1) Js etion-Circle Method oLiis|J| dptls ditysbe poole gle) piel ily Lola gt Lyle Lyall ol gust Teall ae + Uae agli Gogledd Ga ps yay G15 oy late ae i ROY) called yd L5Lull Gy bl asiny pb Sats W dal! 2S 55 cp eaten, O {Lsyl Fils S50 ysl ail — \ bole poke 1 (VOVN) ISB 6 5S Lb yas apa dale pip L’ gh Sly AC ill Yass — 1 = Wisites T fghell (C) Rgledll 4 Tica Galcal| yall gh abs ¥ Ape Coy Lull colt Zaps edll ps5 Jac BS Gia duns goay Byilall wdgly te sin cesses yl dad Sia Ayylh fbi 4S I ate — £ poled [San flags SGA! Fy8lal soles psy) (D) Gall gs cael! lis This RES Ia aye (Say oly W Cy. LR pa esl oth AG cand Uae Yysll Ths gy - 0 Loa) ie Said Laglea GIS cibalesd | 1 duuay oo gd ALE!) ala 8 Ups 1 MES Sy gga Casal glad Dyke W Gb Lule Cy, L Gaal! agi jhe pet PMLA ye GLa alee Quast — 0 Ce iiss Be pans Fy SGM Lally Gled) falas paid pe Guu be 51 Sy) — V alee ties Feely oy Ube punts Fo aad Way: Oy vais aliSeasl (TANN) SS chal! y IS oy ISD aial ALA L.= Length of chord L = Length of aro R= Resltent Sia 5 la Bs (VON) JES — WA-Exampie 11-11 : The slip surface for a cutting has been shown in Fig. 11-26. Determine the factor of safety with respect to cohesion. Giv- en: Unit wt. of the soil 2.1 gm/c. c. S=1S": c= 03 kee’: -F-namq Eo ' t L 1 { { (MURA Solution ; The problem will be solved by @ - circle method. < XOY = 64° = 1.118 radians. “ Are XNY = 1.118 x 20.25 = 22.61 m and chord XY = 21.75 (measured) Now area XNYP = 79.47 sq, metres. [This problem should be solved on graph paper. Area of XNYP is found ‘out by counting the number of small square enclosed inside the area). Lood Seale tem. = 30° Seale lem = 3 m. Scale tome tm. (MEN) aye (VE) - Whe‘The area XNYP was plotted on graph paper. ‘Total number of small squares were 883. No, of big squares = 8.83. Now scale of the drawing was taken as 1.cm'= 3 metres. 1 Sqvem = 9 sq) meres. 8.83 sq.cm=9 48,83 = 79,47 sq. metres. Wi, of the area (per unit length perpendicular to the plane of paper) = 79,49 x 2.1 = 166.9 tonnes, [2.1 gmye. ¢, = 2.1 t/cubic metre] Replacing the cohesive force acting round the arc XNY by a force C, acting parallel to chord X¥ at a distance m from:O such that m= 20.25 x Ar AN = 20.25 x 28F = 21.1 metres. The $-circle is drawn. uae mae Resin g, ie. 20.25 x sin’ 15°-= 20.25 x 0,259 = 5.25 metres) The weigh W is acting 11.4 metres from the centres, From intersection of W and ©; a line tangent to -circle is drawn which represents resultant R (resultant of the normal and frictional forces on the surface XY). Force circle is drawn in which direction and magnitude of W and di- Tections of C, and P are known. C; comes.as 55.8 (scaling from force ti- angle). + Taylor's stability Number GLU jglei oi + GUN falas Cpa oi sol alae gh gph ply plas tad Las Lays Gase (Ba tpaady UaolS olsiniay Uylie aadigl Sia) ila iayh yyL5 pad ial aly ll LAM! 3H (V1) Lane oh dearly « (VAN) Sty (VMN) Ut pl + pall sles Gadd YI (gil, Lh. Buel slysy Leola caustics -We-AAU sag ily eal CW 1N) Jae TAYLOR'S STABILITY NUMBE 0.075 (0,156) 1s* | (0.145) | (0,068) | (0.023) STADILETY 70, SLOFE MGLE B LEH hi ply olsdade (YA-11) JE = Whe=. Mire +H 415) Jal mobilized cohesion | iia5U Cilla! clsLall ga Crm tum 5 gem ha ill Cecil LA La lee asSaay Fro cohesion = for cohesion = Uji pasa dala) ga C tye, HigLall Wlall You ptdGed Ryall oLtG Ls Tyke ll os Labay cll 8M OL Gall Ceol Ll Lats tl Lek. Lit! yl estes ul Sa aie eae Ceo yall Lull plead fala 2 UREGYI sin padiaas weighted frictional angle 6,, (ijg)] ellSiaY! yly padindd yeaa AVI, oLIL 2 RGN Ge eel ow eg OLE gly opel Gy pseu ULall oka gy Factor of Safely respect clutaill Zul gle} Ualrs glass olsll ss Fwith re- 4} true factor of safety jadall {LAI alas {IS ly « 0 Cohescon mobilized angle of (I) Gsasiss Gos > gla spect to friction and cohesion | Giblall Ge Gucedy Jul [tay Lago! [fall isi yl dagls friction tort 2p pladieul Littl aay onary Go (Les cheulcilly tS go SSI) lade GLI ales uae GS LS GLY oles cnet dealt! Ue Ge fo piuas bday Fo. Fe oxy Gall pay (84-19) Sud F dada! -WY-Van MSin yy ebacbaill tsa AS) Aaland LAME Jalen at (Y4—1N) JS sill pads oll ol ply cpl cy} laa (1-1) JSeb plasys shel Goa SPILL Hs ally cee ly pli LST] Gye USI C - soil UAL! Bao, Lys lypalll Depth Factor D la} For ¢ * 0" soils = g ‘ i z a AL Ube fal fines of hart: [or dashed lines give n vale, ‘Chur B Use Long dashed tine of chert. YUE A Lad Lt a dauat (4-3) ~ Aerptarer| 028 om a2 " = oe f otek doh 2 otab 3 0.10) i. oo ae ou 0.04 002 000 | o 06 0 3% © 5 6 7 8 MO ‘Siooe Angle, B Ab) For ¢ plus ¢ toile MABEL Aya clad LM (2 caus (TN) URE Example 11-12 : Aslope 40 feet (12 m) high has a face inclina: tion of 50 degrees. Undrained shear strength tests on the soil indicate that the cohesion is 500 psf (24 kN/m?) and ) is deg, The unit weight is 110 pef (17.3 kN/m?). What is the factor of safety (in regard to cohesion only) ? For Pi =50°, @ = 15%, get N, = 0.095 [Fig. 11-30 (b)]. sip yy (110 pet) (40 fi) (0,095) The critical height (maximum height) is Fnac = F Hact = (1.2) (40 fi) = 48 ft= 15m or, since. N,=—G—, Y Amex = =__ 50 ___ Tmax ¥ Ny. (10) (0.095) ane Example 11-13 ; What inclination is required where a slope 10 meters high is to be constructed and must possess a factor of safety of - Wt-1,25 (this factor of safety is to apply to both ¢ and 4)? The soil properties are YHl6.5kNim3) C=168KN/im, g = 10° — 16.8 kN/m?_ (16.5 8) (10 m) (1:25) ji 10° 2 Fagas — *9 For N, = (0.082, @ = 8°, obtain slope angle Bi = 28° [Fig. 11-30(b)]. and Gomer = Example 11-14 : What is the factor of safety for a 45-degree slope 40 feet high in a clay soil (=O , ¢=1000 psf, y= 110 pel) where a rock stratum exists 40 feet beneath the toe elevation p=bH a +40 a i 40 ft For B = 45°, D-= 2, 6 = 0°, obtain Ne= 0.78 (Ti. 11-30(b)}. BO To pat eat Nyy Hae (0.178)(210 petyead 1) Also note nH = (1.6) (40 ft) = 64 fr Example 11-15 : Determine the factor of safety (in regard to.co= hesion only) for a submerged empankment 100 feet high (30.5 m) whose upstream face has an inclination of 30°. The soil properties are rotat = 120 pef (18.85 KN/m4), | ¢ = 700 psf 7.6 KN/nt%), @ = 10° For B= 30°, ¢ = 10°, obtain N, = 0.075 [Fig. 11-30 (a). gt Ney Hee (0.075)(42(100 fo 1.56 What is the factor of safety if the empankment experiences, the af- fects of a sudden drawdown ? = Yom (gy = =5° ua 5 ® 120 lot = For B = 30°, 6 = 5°, obtain N, = 0.11. 4 700 pat Ny Han, (11) (120 pet} (100 fiy = 0.53 (failure) -— Wo-Example 11-16 ; A 5.7-m deep cut is to be made in a cohesive soil with a slobe of 1 The soil has cy = 3.5 Ym*, by = 10° and y = 1.8 Vm", Find the factor of safety with respect to cohesion. What will be the critical height of the slope in this soil ? Solution ; For @ =45° and oy = 10° , stability number = 0.108. =o MN Foy ee O18 Pex 18x75 Fe=2:4 He 18m a se 8Ni 1.8x0.108 Alternatively, He = Fe H = 2.4% 7.5 = 18m Example 11-17 : Find the safe depth of a cutting, at a slope angle 40°, which is to be made in a soil with oy = 3,2 t/m?, O. = 15° and y= 1.82 vim?. The required true factor of safety ix 1.5. Solution : =% = 15 — 19° Mabe eer ract = 40° and Om = 10°, 5, = 0.098. =o =a Neer) OF Mae H =l2m ma ~ TSx 182 x 0.098 Example 11-18 : A canal, 6 m deep, runs through a soil having the following characteristics : ¢, = 1.8 vm? , 6, = 10°, ¢ = 0.8 and C= 2.72, The angle of slope of the banks is 45°. Determine the factor of safety with respect to cohesion when the canal is full upon the top of banks. What will be the factor of safety the case of sudden drawdown ? Solution ; ={G49)% _ 2722408 _ feat OE ai o55cahms =ary== Year - Yo = 1.955- 1.0 = 0.955 vm? Submerged case : a2! 9, =0955 x 19-4188" ere tn 1ssg ete For §=45° and 6=4.88° , N, = 0.137 F. 1,12 ee in, 0.955 x 6x 0.137 % Example 11-19 : A trench with vertical sides is to be in a cohesive soil whose buld density is 1.8 /m*, apparent coh m? and apparent angle of shearins resistance 9° . Solution = For 6=90°and $,=9° , S,=0.222 as EE Sal He= TN, idxoma >> Example 11-20 : A cutting, 10 m deep, is made in a clay at a slope angle of 30°. The buld density of clay is 1.85 /m’ and the angle of shearing resistance is 10°. What is the value of cohesion necessary to give a factor of 1,5 with respect to cohesion ? Solution : For @=30° , >=10" , N,=0.075 N,=—% Fey 6 C=NFo¥, = 0.075 x 1.5.x 1.85 x 10 = 2,08 t/m?, Example 11-21 : The true factor of safety of a cutting, 7 m deep, made in a cohesive soil at a slope angle of 40° is 2. The soil has ¢, = 11.5° and y= 1.88 Ym*. Determine the unit cohesion of the soil . - W-Solution : mn = Oy fF = 11.5/2 = 5,75° For 6=40° 9 =5,75°, .N,= (0.125. N, Fyh =0.125x2x 1.88x7=3.3 vm’. Example 11-22 ; A fully submerged slope, 18.3 m high, has a factor of safety of 1.5 with respect to cohesion. The soil has ¢' = 2.5 ym”, p= 15° and y= 1.1 Ven®, What is the angle of slope ? Solution ; Nees ae YBN MIXLS XIBS From Taylor's stability number o=15° Ng = 0.0825 we 6=45° = 0.0825 Example 11-23 : An embankment, 15 m high, is to be subjected periodically to full suhmergence and drawdown conditions. The slope angle is 45%, The specific gravity of soil particles is 2.7 and the voids ratio of soil is 0.9. The angle of shearing resistance is 20° . What is the value of cohesion necessary to give a factor of safety of 1.5 in the ksubmerged condition ? What is the new value of cohesion, if a factor of safety of 1.3 is specified for the drawdown condition ? Solution : = (G0) = 2.2409 Yer = Te) =" 09 =36— is 19 vm Your = Your Yw = 1,921 = 0.9) vn 8=45° , 9=20° | N,=0.162. ie Fea sah = WA =+ C= say h Ny Fe = 0,9 x 15% 0.062 x 1.5=1,25 vm? Example 11-24 : Calculate the safe height for an embankment rising 70° to the horizontal and to be made with a clayey soil having unit weight of 2.1 gmc: c. = 15° and a cohesion of 0.2 kg/em?, Factor of safety may be taken as 2.5. Value of Stability Number N, corresponding to slope angle a = 70° and # = 15° is 0.14 (From Toylor's curve) . Solution + is == From equation (10.9), Ne= pS Here ¢ = 0.2 kg/em® = 0.2 x 1000 = 200 gm/en? Fo25 y= 2.1 gmve. ¢, = _ Oe, 2Sx2IxH = 200. i Nes Bx2ie0e "= Isxaia0e =2.721 metres. or H Example 11-25 : A 10 metre high cutting has a slope 40° to horizontal. The soil was tested and its cohesion void ratio and angle were found to be 2.5 t/m2, 0.81 and 14° respectively. Determine the factor of safety with respect to cohesion against failure of the slope. (i) When water level rises upto the full height. Gi) When water level goes down suddenly. Given : G = 2.7 and for 40° slope values of stability Number for different values of 5 z 6 oN 6° 0,122 7 O16 14° (0.074. Solution : i) When water level rises upto the full height; = AYA—— Factor of safety F 7xHaNn Where = -¥ = submerged unit wi. of the soil. = Tackle. 2 satiated ‘unit tof the soil: We Know that e= 4 For saturnted soil $= 1 oe e=wG fe =f= ttl : waeeee ots Now saturated unit wi, _ Glew) OTe _ 270403) — 1+081 mete ss 1418 = 1.94 gmic. c. Submerged unit wt. = 1.94- 1 = 0.94 gnc. c. = 2.5 vm* = 2 100x100, eve a Foon YxHXN eps ad 0.94 x 10x 100 x 0.074 Sense 3:76 © 0.074 =3,59 Gi) When the water level goes down suddenly : In this case the friction angle will be reduced by L 4% 61 = 084 x 14 = 6.78" Now value of stability number corresponding to slope 40° and angle of friction ' = 6.78°, will be found out. For @ = 6° , N = 0.112 and for 6=7°, N, = 0.116. =i*. For $= 6.78", N,=0.1173 .. Factor for safety F oe yRHRN = 250 ae 1,94 x 10% 100% 04173, a 7 uN 35 i Potential swell = vertical awell under a pressute equal to ‘overburden: pressure ee a ——— npiled trom ONeill and Poormonyed (1980) - WesicadHl Lisyle pMsdiauly pug (VAAN) ial ualSab ge nal aySll LI » CaSae V doe LAV) call lassen copie Gaecly LHe lilly Tipall) alae ple Laat + (APN) dst = SLi | a Lill ally dell aloof! lL ff Upie, Sodnigy Le pie ELLY ALI GL Lolal! Gball ol Laay! flseWl polis! LSS |p yall CLinyl jLss| Ste thal tle pill ol RY! bss | Laas pill Lalall ols Laky! Upigg . Larue! Galli quad ol Lis}, coh) apSena Sally Gikped| TAY! planes GU) pall Sal ple A yall SGU col Lis y) ¢ Usa Uta! Gall Gabel ol LAY Gay Lajas has iSl¥T balgeY Giagly ¢ Uns! bid TF aes OL Lsd| fle Pliny gated juLal Call plan Laaghy cul Stl pmol Lis shes Gest! LASY| Lil shoes LACS egal ST cole US ol Lael oa GLI! [ba Llgs i cogs) ally. gga Bal Gy Batlae Sepa ete eS, (GasSee dye JM Rll Call) als cell inn ea a tl a (AY) — VE -+ bleu | allel ayall daJlea Bigllly Midy peed GLAM! GLb Lakes GUS) MLL pleas & Il lS 13] coh Bell RSS Gipe GU alle Las) aL ps Lad cls 13) Lad. pull! MGI SI) aun Lala) peti Lge a lal ly Gall od gle Ladiilly praca! 2 ply Lad Upale patel ie ¢ Licinyl whl LAY clas ¢ lial Glad Stl flataat = § cob Saath gh Gall! Lully clea gi pS & Uist Tyla! AI deal js ~ ¥ cal glSTh captall gf sLall Bahl a LA gySy CUDY! pyldy tune Leal Lepatll olleLiay! Jac — ¥ head Uipee clebaad aple cygael ll 3} slags Canty CoalGl ¢ Lay | pyle Bam ea Ua at ; Soil Replacement glam! Ula Gall Jlyial — 1 ela Della gush baad ge LuLu aud ¢ Lisi Ula ya Jlaeaal slaialy acs Load! Lc psi team doe Ula Liles Lisle oaoy. Gall coll Malady Gh Ge Cols Lesdcaill Gall Cy Le aleg s cleall Giayhs Jaded! Sle Wl cya Ue cols pha +0 Ge i HT pak Slain! Gee La Caley 45 Y lgde IS AST] Lae V0 llvay CBYS Une sttl a ae = lbs cues Tighe USP anal ball gaa paw To Ge aie yeu UH Yyll Gay yuki - 7 ROHL gphll sats ¢ lity TUG) Ga Geel uss (Sey gle UES JY Kyaae Ua oe GS Leste Uh Gall ¢ Us] = abel! (1) UpleyI| cgptee pled 7 — 1) SAW Spy ball ogg Sol ge! Lol - (OMC fall! Soe Gill SU eid Bala) pads caplMl faa: Spall MT (G ) plat GY Udy ABU yaad SN Raney olga sane La gS] ST Ut Labs GSU gall = faeGl Say LAAT oN pk Ugh yo pSaSll : yb ll Splge Lal] (2 ) V0 Goat Laaaly GSS od Yall Selyoy + paul GUY, ¢ UY! Ul Lhd line Lawl Selpall oda pats aplaall ym lall donot! Ue ye coe Maha AR Leo tl 5a [yall ALAS] OSegy al Ll yl) Upecll BARS APY GF BEL Saat = eksoltl GB pail Tete tall gm LGA pSaall japan Lali] Sas LS ony pach A jal! sgl Se Taplel pl pSiadll Say LS chnmily LL) pein GAA Sell Bl Lah! lesen Aig] ely Leal! parla 2 Al ol Ts LU Sm Giles all Sead ll Sayed el Salle Challly jaall fe alll pen Lal ott LN) ont (3) Sati Bae LIS (gia pl By all yds pays Zell E UBY! GALS V Gyo lee Tia hl oa platnal GSayy GS 95 La dye Llall Ally coll seal Jullees injection gial! Las] outst ab yay 13a 1,0 Gl] yall ey5Mly syd Hall gus (AVY) Sng Lal © dl ues Glee! + gual gloss + @UBYl Uyat Lan Uys! othitedl - 1 SD ey OL GUN UAL et od 0) Lal LIL GLa ss OULLGaY! slays Lill oda le GLAM Getty ppd ate Lal! olLiay eolaiLal SS pb lena ene SES Single injection Lint yall de (4-19) Bs = VV —:Soft Clay Soil aiulll duiskel! ay il AUREL Gab Yglts Ji Lucca IG & all oe Tall Rada, OT Ube coastal she Lalla Satie SAG Lj ashny « GAME e Ug plyll Lalas lass + gice alll + Cull Lik Uyill eluns MAN oda Cagle gol (gIh Lp Gall Lad Gaal Gelios ae Bihar! (Cervo en/na LS 0+) Vom/peS - 60 cota Ya Gilly pail baleen Ol pS Mele Salat ta Tyas Uganda alba yl ot} nS cali Saas yal ola cola + Gl Whi! Gall Leyla LL gf Gy Glal gf Ly gl ee UI sot 1) G5 olla al aoe All cane se all Sal a gpa Thee lia ap |yiys Gysnall jh Usa s ggllactll tplLithl ple SLUM aay ipky GL + Tigll Gust all bal :Normally consolidated clay balial! gile gbdl - \ V3 Rabi ya Lasulaue hy Lip Lined cagliigy plydll daase ll xl cule 1A (ote leg Bye Tak) agi ith eal! (oh LG! Gaya :Fibrous Organic Soils dull Upaall Ul) - ¥ Ra gle Als oly Uypadall aly ll Se Bias Gas gle ephad Loi ity coun ya Unga tis Liga Sl ke Gye Guay ysl sd Tine le gl GLI » daall ,23sU5) 85 +Peat oull -¥ SUV y oLedll (68 gS petal Gay Sy pod Ladb Usls La yay 6 fSUa yp gh al Leg! GS lay Zt eMuck (dil) dydall Sybil Yall - ¢ = Wal Ayyedall pl pm YpiggSs pln Ul Gite U5 pay = ‘Ww -:Sensitive Quick Clay iLgl gulill yoLaall, ill - » (el els oe ART gh Vo URAL LAN 2a Gall Chaglin £155 gell calall gay Fh ST cag cule Mgt maalell (pSU eggtall Gl LaS ¢ Ula pail ULI gk + Ugueall tal Uylon :Sabkha tual! - © COA coe Ryu Tad ple cgi gyal ale ye Ryle gy + Call Luh! Lilt Gadet Rag ile SAU ob LANL ngs le Beli Rall Saal Ayal as sggfla LS ins Tall LAL Laat pal esl algal eagle :Very Soft clay tip wl tab - Mashie glamss goleal!! coe coe gpd GHd aul Jala Gale bill ate cab gay + Qepatia/ Cain lS Yo Ga Jil dials yb yak :Soft Clay gg! cae ~ olny Gillen) cpa cdadd aRal dad pai ake LAS Sa cell gyal! ony + Geta afin Gls 0% ol V0 Ge i puade git yall Leglie + Gyll Gull ys Glad leat ah Bale ge All lel uk ya Rl Raab 2 leat Lal -golall lll All Sl Yalan + Upie iS Gols Lpaald panty Ball GLI UI Talla ps :Precompression gull Juaill (|) ARAL) Lt a pall path ne dng elon Janes ps Tapa oka dy AIS « cesheal| MB Leal paula MELAS Ge gilt byea deal [Sa ge gitay + Sput Cisde Ciel yall La glia i 345 :Sand drains (july! Uylall) Jay! aylas (o) Gig oka antag Mreall cla liabl Zul ll dy Liatl Zyl padiuc - UA-Byeall shun gusts Gayhe je ME LSS de yu Salas! ally Gard! Leva! Tia gle ps oluall (pleut allenic, (V--V¥) SSE Led I) Bola BUS saa SBjbeal! Jlaaies! ake ooLaball ode cpuet Gos ally lea Jalery Lalit! Jalen ~ drain wells dust J} Shall oye Cash Cull pada « (V-—TN) UES. Gla It Gla Ula iy BSS tee Tt AG a Cs see Glacls US pee £o INA Spo shel «Call Gall Taylin g Ey beat! Fag Tala Leal oe Yo ool GA, UAtY Yass ay AIS GU jaaS hepa Spt Ds 9 6) LS oy ball Ja Ul as Gal dat! oad pall Geli le soa ¥ Sand taver 19 rain water feo surchege area (6) Oren-well patiaen Tila My eal MG Lent (11) cs :Dynamic Compaction ySsliull dost! (+ ) Boe dye gL! cpm dees alt age Upale Hall Ua ALAS Babs bSe2 - a=BG cs Ryall Lyell Uitiy Ga pall Gyles ya Th ball oa wy ole phil p Lig ly cies SLE Vow I NY ~ Ga tlaxtaall GMI cyl tty dla bie Yelle ? FILLS gagll ao Dads pal CagSo Foley « GSA Gyilly polRY ly Lead! p> baal ga pal 1 Kans) Blood! LLG ose pall cisSs ody, Legs sl Base pal CoS wis Gal opacy Hirst hye num esis pd) El. ileal! gilyiy pulse ce dss ay 6) dys SULA! claw 5 gay Sanitary Landfills posal pall pes Le elliay US . Rubbish Fill palas¥! pa, Last diay. SLudyl deus gle Lhd pus poy giClay Fill cyball poy Sha Tanrpbe 5 ple (ep tad pall oo gly oh as - 1iSay , Sand Fill Las! pu, giGravel Fill LyJi pce La ULI pas (ple coped oe Gall Coll ps LUA olay sla Sy. Fylaally caplell te Sl) olilegy dally OLEY Ly Willy Gall cbs (VNHNY) SS Gat Go Ties oS uate gle y aaah JSS 05M pe coblal! ole GsiesiglsS Vo ll 0 Goa tpden gh LU GT Toy Gist pall TS youll Lal ALM ooh Tally pall Lae 5h eles gg Lebel pal any aeeSLl gall Raa GLAM (ye cele a MUA a pts GALES ph Sayles ll Baal * elyaall pasll ga AM) Gee ge JS oblate ll GLaYT olaly oll pal Plas ¢ Uy! ay yesigll Jala ay spay!) tas ple «Lill Ae.Lall lS 2M oda Lite lS Lge poall Lagi and Ry bgagll Upnal USUAL ga sasall pall ga dala + EGY Lal pall Goal ja oy pagll Gazt go Jalal] aes « Glatl dsi Gh ykiy payll Gee — 4 «poll Bale Zag — ¥ veal pe“ «pall gx Tesh E «pial cn3 anal cll jae — 0 mathepoll cand Gagubell lp! palySy Zaygle — 0 1 pasll ptey ced djlumay Layalinay oll! ~ V pemeall idl Gay (VV USS 2 gol aj bogie te Canany hapagll Jones. dap Goa) le Lyctines Legrand pall as : tila! madle at where m = settlement rate H, = maximum height of the sanitary landfill MAdLAN ye ns Laga gl Jide GU Lala IAAL oye Lal ple Lins :isY! m= 0,0268- 0.0116 log t; (for fill heights ranging from 12-24 m) m=0.038- 0.0155 logt; (for fill heights ranging from 24-30 m) m =0,0433-0.0183 log t; _(for fill heights ranging than 30 m) + at J @ Walang m Sue 5 dea cans I pl pa ty yat- = where t = time from the beginning of landfill =- We{, = time for completion of the landfill Tike tay AY GIV> uy Utes Coys ol ot ale ably gle bly + degugll lowed cc981 Al = EL iog (2) where H, = height of the fill ¢=yoid ratio @ =a coefficient for settlement sues imes: AH = setllement between times t' and t” FORTY) Spall cay GIO tam a = 0.09% (for conditions favorable to decomposition) and @=0,03e (for conditions unfavorable to decomposition) asagll ileum iyi Lesdbuall pop]! dashes (VINNY) USS easy Height of sanitary landfill pial Bp hagee (VV) J - WY-pall Uys Tellus s hyetll GAR Lend EF Babe pall 28 Ly pads gobi oa A + Gohl sha oay «Guan Lasalle wall chal = ¥ + Guaall clea! —¥ Byles ada Uysal —t » Slall cussll — 6 ALR (Il Ligne! Gohl tall — 1 gle WSS ys Gnggle Gages gall pay!l gle LALS ganaill gle Bel ye Gnas BipSy HLA SLU AAS UU ile coping gill gf cbatiangy dy Oa gtd! pul Lagats SR) VMI oa U5) Gay GU ol Golatay Uapt Tike de DU ay » EY! eyes! Gab! oda cus ahs aloe yl i Sayashll Gaal oad Lpale: aru ill payll 23 go dala! sie Lepees pale camabll G3ISaLy 5 al] SLEShy Ua ade SLAs Tella wl Wy Leal pally Aene Cpe - WN =

ميكانيكا تربة-للدكتور عبد الفتاح القصبى PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ميكانيكا تربة-للدكتور عبد الفتاح القصبى PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like