a ASCE STANDARD bi lalia Ph Te) SO ommler ar ameese 0a, he NAL ey a Methods for Structural Raingear ase Wis ot BUR oa ncaa Bitcomet vento Rae K(3)) Petar on crA mtr! ASCE aSTANDARDS. In 2003, the Board of Direction approved the revision to the ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by the Society. All such standards are developed by a consensus standards process mi by the Society's Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). The consensus process includes balloting by a balanced standards committee made up of Society ‘members and nonmembers, balloting by the membership of the Society as a whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same process at intervals not exceeding five year. ‘The following Standards have been issued: ged ANSI/ASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design and Analysis of Nuclear Salety Related Barth, Structures ANSI/ASCE 2.91 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in ‘Clean Water ANSI/ASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Design ‘of Composite Slabs and ANSUASCE 9-91 Standard Practice for the Construction and Inspection of Composite Slabs ASCE 4-98 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear Structures Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures. (ACL 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02) and Specifications for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS 602-02) ASCEJSEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. SEV/ASCE 8-02 Standard Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members ANSV/ASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3.91 ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures SEMASCE 11-99 Guideline for Structural Condi Assessment of Existing Buildings ASCEEWRI 12-05 Guideline for the Design of Urban Subsurface Drainage ASCEVEWRI 13-05 Standard Guidelines for Installation of Urban Subsurface Drainage ASCE/EWRI 14-05 Standard Guidelines for Operation and Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage ASCE 15-98 Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations (SIDD) ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Engineered Wood! Construction ASCE 17-96 Air-Supported Structures ASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process Oxygen Transfer Testing ASCE 19-96 Structural Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings ASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and Installation of Pile Foundations ANSVASCE/T&DI 21-05 Automated People Mover Standards—Part 1 ASCE 21.98 Automated People Mover Standards—Part 2 ASCE 21-00 Automated People Mover Standards—Part 3 SEVASCE 23-97 Specification for Struct Beams with Web Openings ASCE/SEI 24-05 Flood Resistant Design and Constructio ASCE/SEI 25-06 Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas Shutoif Devices ASCE 26-97 Standard Practice for Design of Buried Precast Conerete Box Sections ASCE 27-00 Standard Practice for Ditect Design ‘of Precast Conerete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction ASCE 28-00 Standard Practice for Direct Design ‘of Precast Conerete Box Sections for Jacking in Trenchless Construction ASCEISEVSFPE 29-05 Standard Caleul for Structural Fire Protection SEVASCE 30-00 Guideline for Condition Assessment ‘of the Building Envelope SEVASCE 31-03 Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings SEVASCE 32-01 Design and Construction of Frost= Protected Shallow Foundations EWRV/ASCE 33-01 Comprehensive Transboundary Intemational Water Quality Management ‘Agreement EWRVASCE 34-01 Standard Guidelines for Antticial Recharge of Ground Water EWRV/ASCE 35-01 Guidelines for Quality Assurance Of Installed Fine-Pore Aeration Equipment CVASCE 36-01 Standard Construction Guidelines for Microtunneling SEVASCE 37-02 Design Loads on Structures during Construct CVASCE 38-02 Standard Guideline for the Collection and Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utility Data EWRVASCE 39-03 Standard Practice for the Design and Operation of Hail Suppression Projects ASCE/EWRI 40-03 Regulated Riparian Model Water Code steel Wn MethodsASCEISEI 41-06 Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings ASCE/EWRI 42-04 Standard Practice forthe Design and Operation of Precipitation Enhancement Projects ASCEISEL 43-05 Seismic Design Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilites, ASCE/EWRI 44-05 Standard Practice for the Design and Operation of Supercooled Fog Dispersal Projects ASCE/EWRI 45-05 Standard Guidelines the Design of Urban Stormwater Systems ASCE/EWRI 46-05 Standard Guidelines the Installation of Urban Stormwater Systems ASCE/EWRI 47-05 Standard Guidelines Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems ASCEJSEI 48-08 Design of Steel Transm StructuresCONTENTS, Foreword .....2.0++ Acknowledgments. .. 1.0 STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION, 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Scope... 1 1.3 Purpose and Use... 1 14 Referenced Standards. 1 1.5 Definitions 2 20 STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION... 2.1 Scope 2.2 Definitions 2.3 Concrete Walls . . 24 Concrete Floor and Roof Slabs . 25 Conerete Cover over Reinforcement 2.6 Reinforced Conerete Columns. 3.0 STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE, OF TIMBER AND WOOD STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS . 31 Scope 3.2 Notations and Definitions 3.3 Design of Fire-Resistive Exposed Wood Members - 3.4 Component Additive Method for Calculating and Demonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance... cee sceeeevsceesee . . 4.0 STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR DETERMINING ‘THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF MASONRY... a8 7 41 Scope’ “I 4.2 Definitions fu 4.3. Equivalent Thickness . Is 4.4 Masonry Walls... 9 4.5 Reinforced Masonry Columns... sel 4.6 Masonry Lintels . 21 5.0 STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION... a SA Scope a 2B 5.2 Structural Stee! Columns 23 Structural Scel Beams and Gitders.......s.00 . 29 SA Structural Steel Trusses . . 31 COMMENTARY, 2.1 Scope €2.2. Guide to Use of Procedures €2.3 Concrete Walls C24 Concrete Floor and Roof Slabs C25 Concrete Cover over Reinforcement C26 Reinforced Concrete Columns References C33 Design of Fire-Resistive Exposed Wood Members . iS ‘C34. Component Additive Method for Calculating and Demonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance References‘The Structural Engineering Institute (SEL) of the CAL Scope see. C43 Equivalent Thickness i C45. Reinforced Masonry Columns C4.6 Masonry Lintels si References. 5.1 Scope : C5.2 Structural Steel Columns... 5.3 Suuctural Steel Beams and Girders. C34 Structural Steel Trusses References . APPENDIX A INDEX. rican Society of Civil Engineers is committed to prow accurate, up-to-date information to its readers, To that end, SEI maintains a listing of errata at hpsliwww-seinst org/publications/errata.cfm.FOREWORD In 2003, the Board of Diteetion approved the revi- sion to the ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the writing and maintenance of standards developed by the Society. All such standards are devel- ‘oped by a consensus standards process managed by the Society's Codes and Standards Committee (CSC), The ‘consensus process includes balloting by a balanced standards committee made up of Society: members and nonmembers, balloting by the membership of the Society asa whole, and balloting by the public. All standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same pro- ‘cess at intervals not exceeding five years, ‘The material presented in this Standard has been prepared in accordance with revognized engineering principles. This Standard should not be used without st securing competent advice with respect tits suit ability for any given application. The publication of the ‘material contained herein is not intended as a represen- tation oF warranty on the part of the American Society ‘of Civil Engineers, or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general ‘or particular use or promises freedom frorn ining ‘ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all Liability trom such use.‘The Structural Engineering Institute (SED) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) acknowledges the devoted efforts of the Structural Design for Fire Conditions Standards Committee of the Codes and Activities Division. This group com- prises individuals from many backgrounds, includ- ing consulting engineering, research, construction Shuai Ahmad, ASCE Farid Alfawakhiri, PE., MASCE Paul Armstrong, M.ASCE James Peter Barris, PE., M.ASCE Kenneth E, Bland, PE. Delbert Franklin Boring, Jr, PE, MASCE Richard W. Bukowski Joseph Michael Englot, PE, MASCE Richard Alan Farthing Robert William Fitzgerald, Ph.D., PE., RASCE Edward L. Fixen John Anton Frauenhoffer, PE., MASCE Daniel F. Gemery Ram Autar Goel, PE., FASCE Jeffrey H. Greenwald, PE., M.ASCE. Robert C. Jackson, PE., M.ASCE. ‘Waseem A. Khan ACKNOWLEDGMENTS industry, education, government, design, and private practice: ‘The development of this Standard was a joint ‘effort between SEI and the Society of Fine Protection Engineers (SFPE). Although this Standard was developed through ASCE’s consensus process, SEPE contributed greatly 0 its development. Venkatesh Kumar R. Kodur, PE., RASCE Donald Howard Landis, PEE,, RASCE. Barbara Lane nT. Lie Edward F, Martella, PE, MASCE John Herbert Matthys, Ph.D., PIE., MASCE Denis John McMullan, PE., M.ASCE Joseph J. Messersmith, Jr. PE,, M.ASCI James A. Milke, PE., M.ASCE Long T. Phan Walter J. Prebis Joseph E, Saliba, Ph.D., PEE.,MASCE ‘Amal Tamim Philip C. Terry, PE., MASCE Roger H. Wildt, PE., MASCE Robert Judson Wills, PE., MASCE Peter J. Gore WillseStandard Calculation Methods for Structural Fire Protection 1.0 STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS, FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 1.1 GENERAL Building codes specify the fire resistance required for structural members and barriers in identified ‘occupancies and classifications of construction. “The fire endurance is based on the test results of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test designation E119, “Standard test methods for fre tests of building construction and materials.” ‘As an alternative o selection of tested assemblies, this ‘Standard provides methods to calculate the fire resistance ‘of selected structural member and barrier assemblies structural steel, plain concrete, reinforced concrete, limber and wood, concrete masonry, and clay masonry. ‘These methods are intended to provide architects, engi- ncers, building officials, and others with calculation meth- ‘ods that will give the equivalent fire resistance that would have been achieved in the ASTM E119 standard fire tes SCOPE 1 The calculation methods provided in the document are intended to produce fire resistance rating times that are equivalent 10 the results obtained from the standard fire est, ASTM E119, The calculation methods of this Standard are for use as an alternative tothe laboratory test results, 122 ‘These calculation methods are applicable only to structural steel, plain concrete, reinforced concrete timber and wood, conerete masonry, and clay masonry Limitations of applicability are identified in the indi- vidual chapters that describe the methods for each of the materials that compose this Standard. 1.3 PURPOSE AND USE. 134 ‘While the fire resistance ratings calculated by the procedures specified in this Standard are equiva substitutes for the results obtained by the ASTM E119 standard fire test, they do not necessarily describe the performance for natural fires having time-temperature relationships different from ASTM E119. 13. ‘The fire resistance results obtained by calculation ‘methods are for use in building fire evaluations or for building code applications. I isthe responsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate technical or regulatory use forthe results 1a. The procedures for calculating the fire resistance ratings for structural members or assemblies forthe different structural materials ane organized under the ters: Chapter 2. Standard Methods for Determini Fite Resistance of Plain and Reinforced Conerete Construction Chapter 3. Standard Methods for Determining the Fire Resistance of Timber and Wood Structural Elements Chapter 4, Standard Calculation Methods for Determining the Fire Resistance of Masonry Chapter 5, Standard Methods for Determining the Fire Resistance of Structural Steet Construction 1.4 REFERENCED STANDARDS 1.4.1 American Conerete Institute (ACD) ACI 318-95 Building Code Requirements for Structural Coneret Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures ACIS30-95/ASCE S-95/TMS 402-95 1.4.2 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTMC33-93—_Standaed Specification for Concrete Agere es MC67-94 Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Brick tnd Structural Clay Tile ASTM CL40-95a Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates lor Insulating Co (Reapproved 1991) ASTM C331-94 ASTM C332-87STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION ASTM €612-93 ‘Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation ASTM C726-93 Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Roof Insulation Board ASTM C796-87a Standard Test Method for Foaming for Use in Producing Cellular Concrete Using Preformed Foam (Reapproved 1992) Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials ASTM E119-95a, 1.4.3 American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) NDS-91 National Design Specification for Wood Construction 1.4.4 American In Construction (AISC) ite of Steel LRED-94 Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Struetural Stee! Buildings 1S DEFINITIONS, Approved: Acceptable to the authority having Jurisdiction Authority having jurisdiction: The organization, political subdivision, office, or individual charged with the responsibility of administering and enforcing the provisions of this 2.0 STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE, OF PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE, CONSTRUCTION 2.1 SCOPE ‘This Section describes procedures for determining the fire resistance rating of plain concrete walls and inforced concrete walls, floors, roots, beams, and columns by calculation. These provisions shall apply to concrete made with cementitious materials, aggre- ‘gates, and admixtures permitted by ACT 318, except that the specified compressive strength of coner used in the design shall not exceed 10,000 psi (69 MPa). Except where the provisions of this Chapter are more stringent, conerete members shall, comply with ACI 318, ‘These provisions shall apply to conerete slabs cast ‘on stay-in-place noncomposite steel forms where the slab is reinforced to carry all superimposed londs and the dead load of the slab. These provisions shall not apply to concrete slabs cast on stay-in-place non composite steel forms where the form is designed to carry the dead load of the slab or to composite slabs where the steel form serves as the pos 2.2 DEFINITIONS ‘Words and terms used in this Chapter shall have the following meanings: Carbonate aggregate conerete: Concrete made with aggregate consisting mainly of calcium or magnesium carbonate (e.g, limestone or dolomite) Cellular concrete: A nonstructural lightweight insulating conerete made by mixing a preformed foam with portland cement slurry and having a dry unit weight of approximately 30 Ibs per cu ft (487 kg/m’) Ceramic fiber blanket: A mineral wool insulating material made of aluminasilca fibers and having a density of 4 to 8 Ibs per cu ft (65 to 130 kg/m). Glass fiberboard: Fibrous glass roof insulation board complying with ASTM C612. Lightweight aggregate concrete: Concrete made with aggregates of expanded clay, shale slag, or slate or sintered fly ash, and having a dry unit weight of 85 to 115 Ibs per cu ft (1,362 to 1,842 kg/m ineral board: Mineral fiber root insulation board ‘complying with ASTM C726, Perlite concrete: A nonstructural lightweight insulating conerete having a dry unit weight of approximately 30 Ibs per cu ft (481 kg/m?) made by mixing perlite concrete aggregate complying with ASTM C332 with portland cement slurry Plain conerete: Conerete that does not contorm to the requirements for reinforced concrete. Reinforced conerete: Concrete reinforced with no less than the minimum amount of stel required by ACI 318, prestressed or non-prestressed, and designed ‘on the basis that the two materials aet together in resisting forces, Sand-lightweight aggregate conerete: Concrete ‘made with a combination of expanded clay, shale, slag, or slate or sintered fly ash, and natural sand, and having adry unit weight between 105 and 120 Ibs per cu ft (1,682 and 1,922 kg/m’) Siliecous aggregate concrete: Concrete made with aggregates consisting mainly of silica or compounds other than calcium or magnesium carbonate ‘Vermiculite conerete: A nonstructural light ‘weight insulating conerete having a dry unit weight‘of approximately 30 Ibs per cu ft (481 kg/m’) made by mixing vermiculite concrete aggregate complying with ASTM C332 with portland cement slurry. 2.3 CONCRETE WALLS ‘The minimum equivalent thickness of different types of plain or reinforced concrete bearing or non- bearing walls required to provide fire resistance ratings of 1 to 4 hours shall be not less than that indicated in Table 2-1. For solid walls with flat surfaces, the ness shall be the actual thickness, The ness of hollow-core walls oF of walls with surfaces that are not flat shall be determined in accordance with Sections 2.3.1 through 2.3.3, 2.3.1 Hollow-Core Panel Walls For walls constructed with precast hollow-core panels with constant core cross-section throughout their length, the equivalent thickness shall be the net cross-sectional area divided by the panel width. Where all of the core spaces are filled with grout or loose fill material, such as perlite, vermiculite, sand or expanded clay, shale, slag, or slat, the fire resistance rating of the wall shall he considered the same as that of a solid wall of the same type of concrete. 2.3.2 Flanged Wall Panels For walls constructed with flanged wall panels ‘where the flanges taper, the equivalent thickness shall be determined at a distance of two times the minimum thickness or 6 in. (152 mm), whichever is less, from the point of minimum thi 2.3.3 Ribbed or Undulating Panels ‘The equivalent thickness, 7, of panels wit ribbed or undulating surfaces shall be determined as follows: a, Where the spacing of ribs or undulations is equal to or greater than four times the minimum thickness, the equivalent thickness i thickness, b. Where the spacing of ribs or undulations is equal 1 ‘or less than two times the minimum thickness, the ‘equivalent thickness is calculated by dividing the net cross-sectional area by the pane! width. The maximum thickness used to calculate the net cross-sectional area ‘hall nt exceed to times the minimum thickness. ce. Where the spacing of ribs or undulations exceeds ‘wo times the minimum thickness but is less than four times the minimum thickness, the equivalent thickness is calculated from the following formula: 4 1o(2)-ife-0egan where 45 spacing of ribs or undulations ' minimum thickness. = equivalent thickness calculated in accordance with item b, above 2.3.4 Multiple-Wythe Walls For walls consisting of two or more wythes of differ- cent types of concrete, the fire resistance rating shall be determined in accordance with the graphical or numeri- cal solution in Sections 2.3.4.1 and 2.3.4.2, respectively, 4.1 Graphical Solution For walls consisting of two wythes of different types of concrete, the fire sistance rating shall be determined from Figure 2-1. The fine resistance rating shall be the ower of the two ratings determined by assuming that each side ofthe wall isthe fire-exposed side. 2.3.4.2 Numerical Solution For walls consisting of two or more wythes of different types of concrete, oF one or more wythes of ‘TABLE 2+1. Fire Resistance of Concrete Walls, Floors, and Roofs Minimum Equivalent Thickness for Fire Resistance Rating (hrs) Concrete Aggregate Type in Siliceous S ‘Carbonate 32 Sand-lighiweight 27 Lightweight 25 43109 S017 2187708 8140 10246 117,57 4S 66188 33 M3897 a6 sa ot 6 a0[STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION Fire Exposed Wyihe Carbonate Fire Exposed Wythe Siliceous . 285176 102_127__ mm 2s S176 102127 mm 5 ans ea ok nn Ze 7 sP aia 3 s 3 102 4 102 a be 4 a3 w% ab 3 fre a6 2 ia 41 i ast \ 3 28 IF 35 : Lo aN inches tS wae tS THICKNESS OF FIRE-EXPOSED WYTHE IN INCHES Unexposed Wythe Carbonate Unexposed Wythe Siliceous: 2s si 76 02, 127_:«™ 2s st 76 102127: ™ . es ian : g die 4 five the i : ih. % a é 2 & si si 2 z 1 3g sos 1 435 2 1 1 1 1 t t e 1 2 3 4 5 inches s “THICKNESS OF FIRE-EXPOSED WYTHE OF SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE istance Ratings of Two-Wythe Concrete Walls (Sour ‘brams, M.S. and Gustaferro, A. H. (1968). “Fire endurance of two-course floors and roofs.” Portland Cement Association Research and Development Bulletin RDO48. Used with permission.) concrete and one oF more wythes of masonry, the fire resistance rating shall be determined from the formula: RLY 6g. 22) ‘Values of R9** for individual wythes of concrete f use inthe formula are obtained from Figure 2-2. Valu {or R, for masonry are obtained from Chapter 4. where 2.3.4.2.1 Sandwich Panels: The fire resistance rating Of precast conerete wall panels consisting of a layer R = fire resistance rating of assembly, minutes of foam plastic sandwiched between two wythes of Ry, Ry R,, = fire resistance rating of individual wythes, concrete shall be determined by use of Equation 2.2 ‘The R?* value for I in, (25 mm) or thicker foamASCE/SEVSFPE 29-08 wess of One Course, mm 25 31 16 102 127 20 A 1s a Zo let s SAS z ae # sl ps wee s P18 ee 2 eae) ol s s 2 sot a : 2 3 & es ° Li} [ 1 2 3 4 3 Thickness of One Course, inches FIGURE 2-2, Values of R89 for plastic for use in the equation is 2.5. The foam plastic shall be protected on both sides by not less than 1 in, (25 mm) of concrete. Foam plastic with a total thick ‘ness of less than 1 in. (25 mm) shall be disregarded, 2.3.4.2.2 Air Spaces: The fire resistance rating of ‘concrete walls incorporating an air space between two wythes of concrete shall be determined by use of | Equation 2.2. The R°” value for one 0.5 in. (13 mm) wide (0 3.5 in, (89 mm) wide air space is 3.3, The RO value for two 0.5 in. (13 mm) wide to 3.5 in, (89 mm) wide air spaces is 6.7. ifferent Types of Concrete 2.3.5 Joints between Precast Conerete Wall Panels Joints between precast concrete wall panels required to be insulated by Section 2.3.5.1 shall be insulated in accordance with Section 2.3.5.2. 2.3.5.1 Joims Required to Be Insulated ‘Where openings are not permitted or where open are requited to be protected, the provisions of Section 2.3.5.2 shall be used to determine the required thickness of joint insulation. Joints between concrete wall panels that are not insu lated as required by Section 2.3.5.2 shall be consideredSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 102-127-152 178203 76. 4 ¢ Blanket, inches Panel Thickness 3 Inch (25mm) Maximum Regardless a ‘of Opening Rating Ceramic Fiber Blanket /| Panel Thickness =e) Joint Widkh Vinh 25 mm) join with i 102139" 150 178203 5 6 & 3 Hr| 2 Hr st a lie 7 i —)ps = a ghuweight or vig Certs rr ae wa Panel Thickness 218 inch (10m) joint with FIGURE 2-3, Ceramic Fiber Joint Poteetion (Source: Gustferr, AH, and Abrams, M. 8. (1975). “Fire tests of joints between precast conerete wall panel Effect of various joint treatments.” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, PCI Journal 20(5), 44-64. Used with permission ‘unprotected openings. Uninsulated joints in exterior ‘walls shall be included with other openings in determi ing the percentage of unprotected openings permitted by building code provisions, Insulated joints shall not be ‘considered openings for purposes of determining com: pliance with the allowable percentage of openings. 2.3.5.2 Thickness of Insulation ‘The thickness of ceramie-fiber blanket insulation required to insulate 3/8 in, (10 mm) wide and 1 in, (25 mm) wide joints between concrete wall panels to maintain fire resistance ratings of 1 to 4 hours shall be in accordance with Figure 2-3, For joint widths between 3/8 in. (10mm) and 1 in. (25 mm), the thickness of insulation shall be determined by direct interpolation. Other joint treatments shall not be used unless they are determined to maintain the required fire resistance and are approved. 6 2.3.6 Walls with Gypsum Wallboard or Plaster Finishes The fire resistance rating of castin-place or precas ‘concrete walls with finishes of gypsum wallboard or plaster applied to one or both sides of the wall shall b determined in accordance with this Section 2.3.6.1 Calculation for Non-Fire-Exposed Side ‘Where the finish of gypsum wallboard or plaster i applied to the non-fire-exposed side of the wall, the fire resistance rating of the entire assembly shall be determined as follows. ‘The thickness of the finish shal be adjusted by multiplying the actual thickness of the finish by the applicable factor from Table 2-2 based of the type of aggregate in the concrete, The adjusted fin ish thickness shall be added to the actual thickness ot equivalent thickness of concrete and the fire resistance rating of the concrete, including finish, determined from Table 2-1, Figure 2-1, or Figure 2-2.‘TABLE 2-2. Multiplying Factor for Finishes on Non-Fire. ASCEISEVSFPE 29.05 ‘xpased Side of Concrete Wall ‘Type of Aggregate Used in Concrete ‘Type of Finish Applied to Wall Siliceous or Carbonate Sand-Lightweight Lightweight Poland cement-sand plaster 075; 075 Gypsum-sand plaster 1.00 1.00 Gypsum-vermiculite or perlite plaster Ls. 1.50 1.25 Gypsum walboard 3.00. 225 225 2.3.6.2 Calculation for Fire-Exposed Side ‘Where the finish of gypsum wallboard or plaster is applied to the fire-exposed side of the wall, the fire resistance rating of the entire assembly shall be determined as follows. The time assigned to the finish by Table 2-3 shall be added (o the fire resistance rating, of the concrete wall determined from Table 2-1, Figure 2-1, oF Figure 2-2, orto the rating determined in accor- dance with Section 2.3.6.1 for the concrete and finish ‘on the non-fire-exposed side. 2.3.6.3 Assume Fire-Exposed Side ‘Where a wall is required to be fire resistance rated from both sides and has no finish on one side or has different types and/or thicknesses of finish on each side, the calculation procedures of Sections 2.3.6.1 and 2.3.6.2 shall be performed twice (i... assume that each side of the wall is the fire-exposed side). The fire resistance rating of the wall, including finishes, shall not exceed the lower of the two values calculated ich Side of Wall Is 2.3.64 Minimum Rating Provided by Concrete Where finishes applied to one or both sides of a concrete wall contribute to the fre resistance rating, the concrete alone shall provide not less than one-half of the total required fire resistance rating. The contribution to fire resistance of the finish on the non-fire-exposed side of a load-bearing wall shall not exceed 0.5 times the contribution of the conerete alone. 2.3.6.5 Installation of Finishes Finishes on concrete walls that contribute to the (otal required fire resistance rating shall comply with the installation requirements of Sections 2.3,6.5.1 and 2.3.6.5.2 and applicable building code provisions. 23.65.1 Furring Members: Gypsum wallboard and gyp- sum lath shall be secured to wood or steel furring mem= bers spaced not more than 16 in. (406 mm) on center. ‘TABLE 2-3. Time Assigned to Finish Materials on Fire-Exposed Side of Concrete Wall Finish Deseripsion Time (min) Gypsum wallboard V8 in. 10 mm) 0 V2 in. (13 mm) Is S18 in. (16 mm) 20 2 layers of 37 in. (20 mm) 25 1 layer of 4 jn, (10 mim) and 35 ayer of 1/2 in. (13 mm) 2 layers of 1/2 in. (25 mn) 40 ‘Type X gypsum wallboard V2 in. 13 mm) 28 5/8 in. (16 mm) 0 Portland eement-sand plaster applied ‘ iretly to concrete Portland cement-sand plaster on metal lath V4 in. (19 mm) 2 7/8 in. (22. mm) 25 in, 25 mm) 30 Gypsum-sund plaster on 38 in, (10 mm) gypsum lath V2 in. (13 mm) 8 S578 in. (16 mm) 40 ¥4 in. (19 mm) 30 Gypsum-sund plaster on metal kath V4 in. (19 mm) 50 7/8, 22 mm) 0 in, 25 mm) 80 The actual hckness of poland cement-sant plaster shal be included the detcrminaton ofthe equivalent thickness of he concrete for use Tale 2:1 oly wen 8 (160) thick orks 2.3.6.5.2 Gypsum Wallboard Orientation: Gypsum ‘wallboard shall be installed with the long dimension, parallel to furring members and shall have all horizon- tal and vertical joints supported and finished.STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR Exception: 5/8 in. (16 mm) thick ‘Type X eypsum wallboard is not requited to be installed with the long dimension parallel to the framing members or have the horizontal joints supported, 24 CONCRETE FLOOR AND ROOF SLABS ‘The minimum equivalent thickness of different types of concrete floor and roof slabs required to pro: vide fire resistance ratings of 1 to 4 hours shall be not less than the thickness indicated in Table 2-1, For solid slabs with flat surfaces, the equivalent thickness shall be the same as the actual thickness. 2.4.1 Slabs with Other Than Flat Surfaces floors and roofs constructed with hollow-core panels, flanged members, or with ribbed or undulat- ing surfaces, the minimum thickness or equivalent thickness shall be determined as required for hollow core panel walls, flanged wall panels, and ribbed ‘or undulating panels. See Sections 2.3.1, 2.3.2, and 2.3.3, 2.4.2 Joints in Precast Slabs Joints between adjacent precast concrete slabs shall be ignored when calculating the slab thickness, provided a conerete topping not less than 1 in, (25 mm) thick is used. Where a concrete topping is not used, joints shall be grouted to a depth of at least ‘one-third the slab thickness at the joint, but not less than I in, (25 mm); or the fire resistance rating of the floor or roof shall be maintained by other approved methods, 2.4.3 Two-Course Floors and Roofs ‘The fire resistance rating of two-course floors and roofs consisting of a base slab of conerete with a topping (overlay) of concrete with a different type of aggregate is indicated in Figure 2-4. Ifthe base slab of concrete is covered with a topping (overlay) of terrazzo ‘oF gypsum wallboard, the thickness of terrazzo or ‘gypsum wallboard shall be converted to an equivalent thickness of concrete by multiplying the actual thick- ness by the appropriate factor listed in Table 2-4. This equivalent concrete thickness shall be added to the base slab thickness and the total thickness used to determine the fire resistance of the slab, including topping, from Table 2-1 24.4 Insulated Roofs ‘The fire resistance rating of roofs consisting of a base slab of concrete with a topping (overlay) of cellu- lar, perlite, or vermiculite concrete or insulating boards ‘and built-up roof shall be determined from Figure 2-5 (a) or (b). Where a three-ply built-up roof is installed over a lightweight insulating conerete topping, 8 RUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION TABLE 2-4. Multiplying Factors for Equivale ‘Thickness Base Slab Conerote Type Siliccous _ Sand-Lightwe Top Course Material or Carbonate __or Lightwei, Gypsum wallboard 3 225 Terrazzo 1 07s * Applies only 0 roof 10 minutes shall be permitted to be added to the fie resistance rating calculated from Figure 2-5 (a). 2.8 CONCRETE COVER OVER REINFORCEMENT Minimum conerete cover over positive moment reinforcement for floor and roof slabs and beams shall be determined by Sections 2.5.1 through 2.53. Concrete cover shall not be less than required by 318, For purposes of determining minimum coneree ‘cover, slabs and beams shall be classified as restr ‘or unrestrained in accordance with Appendix A. 2.5.1 Cover for Slab Reinforcement ‘The minimum thickness of concrete cover to tive moment non-prestressed and prestressed reinfo ment (bottom steel) for different types of concrete fi and roof slabs for fire resistance ratings of 110 4 hours shall be not less than the thickness indicated ‘Table 2-5. For floor oF roof slabs consisting of two o more courses of different types of concrete, the cove requirements shall be based on the type of concrete used for the base slab, provided the base slab is not less than 1 in, (25 mm) thick. Table 2-5 shall apply ‘one-way or two-way cast-in-place or precast solid o¢ hollow-core slabs with flat undersurfaces, 2.5.2 Cover for Non-Prestressed Reinforcement in Beams ‘The minimum thickness of concrete cover to positive moment non-prestressed reinforcement (hot {om steel) for restrained and unrestrained beams of different widths for fire resistance ratings of 110 4 hours forall types of concrete shall not be less the thickness indicated in Table 2-6. Values in Table 2.6 for restrained beams apply to beams spaced mi than 4 ft (1,219 mm) on center. For restrained beams and joists spaced 4 ft (1,219 mm) or less on center, 3/4 in. (19 mm) cover is adequate for fire resistance ratings of 4 hours or less regardless of the width of ‘beam, Cover for intermediate beam widths shall be determined by direct interpolation.ASCE/SEUSEPE 29.08 SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE Carbonate Base Siliccous Base 25 S176 102 127mm 25517612127 mm KT T_T T_T] 5 mw sf 4 iw 2 we yh 4 3 4 4 he Ie é 23 % yh 3 | % E é2 sia ; 451 1 cr | 25 N LHL ines | 2 3 4 =5 o 1 2 34 SS OF NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE BAS NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE Carbonate Overlay Siliceous Overlay sam 255176 W217 25 5176 1127 17 3 102 ee a¢ 1 56 ° 29 ‘se SI go 25 & ches ‘THICKNESS OF SAND-LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BASE SLAB FIGURE 2-4. Fire Resistance of Two-Course Concrete Floors and Roofs (Source: Abrams, M. S.. and Gustaferro, A. H. (1968). “Fire endurance of two-course floors and roots.” Pordland Cement Association Research and Development Bulletin RDOAS. Used with permission.) inches ‘cover of the individual bars. For comer bars (i 2, .1 Calculating Cover ‘The concrete cover for an individual bar is the ‘minimum thickness of concrete between the surface of the bar and the fire-exposed surface of the beam. For beams in which several bars are used, the cover, for the purposes of Table 2-6, is the average of the rainimum ‘equal distance from the bottom and side), the mi ‘mum cover used in the calculation shall be one-half the actual value, The actual cover for an individual bar shall not be less than one-half the value shown in Table 2-6 oF 3/4 in. (19 mum), whichever is greater.t STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION CELLULAR CONCRETE ‘VERMICULITE CONCRETE . CONCRETE 5 ‘Carbonate Base Siliceous Base ‘Sand-Lightweight Base & (25) (51) (76) (102) (25) (SL) (76) (102) (25) (51) (76) (102) 28 (76) 3 4h. 7) 3 4h (76) 22 : Se 61) 2 2 GI) 2 > 61) eS i 22 es) 1 es) 1 5) z° o o i234 ‘THICKNESS OF CONCI INCHES (mm) = PERLITE CONCRETE CONCRETE 8 Carbonate Base Siliceous Base Sand-Lightweight Bass g (25) (51) (76) (102 25) (S1) (16) (102) 25) (S1) (76) (102) 22, 29) 1 QOD ag9) 4 25) ED IH) (102) gp, 25) E17) 402) y6p, 5& 28 hr he he 22° site 4476) 3 (7) 3 76) Se 2 (ny 2 a Gl) 2 aI on oS 7 ge Coa es) 1 5) Zé — o 123 4 o 123 4 o 1234 ‘THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB IN INCHES (mm) 8 CONCRETE : Carbonate Ba Siliceous Base Sand-Lightweight Base g 25) (51) (76) (102 (25) (51) (76) (102 £25) (SI) (76) (102) Be 4% 1176) (102) yg9) 4 <2) 51) CH) 102) gy. 251 GN CH) 102) yop, 353 be, 076) hr 5 (76) he 16) a Nu (76) 3 > (76) 3 = (76) ee 2 2 (51) 2 (i) 2 on se L q q q3 ol es) 1 es 1 @5) ge 2 o 1234 o 123 4 o 123 4 e ‘Abrams, M. S., and Gustaferro, A. H, (1970). “Fire resistance of lightweight insulating coneretes” Portland Cement Association Research and Development Bulletin RDOO4. Used with permission.) [3 Cover for Prestressed Reinforcement a Beams ‘The minimum thickness of concrete cover to posi- tive moment prestressed reinforcement (bottom steel) for restrained and unrestrained beams of different types of concrete for fire resistance ratings of I hours shall be not less than the thickness indicat ‘Table 2-7 (a) and (b). Table 2-7 (a) shall apply to beams of all widths, provided the beam cross sectional area is not less than 40 sq in. (25,806Carbonate Base )_(76) «any MINERAL BOARD ‘CONCRETE, ASCE/SEUSFPE 29.08, Standard 3-ply Built-up Roofing Siliceous Base Sand-Lightweight Base ey (51) (76) 02) 2S)_(S1)_(76H)_ 102) te? 3 To) 31 (76) ge 25 2 2 6) 2 ws) an 1 es) 1 as) 23 3 & 0 o 0 23a 4 2 3 4 THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES (mm) —— GLASS FIBER BOARD Susiteed: Spy Built-up Roofing CONCRETE Carbonate Base Siliceous Base (25) (1) (76) _(402)_(127) (5) (S16) 402) 27) 3 T) (76) 3 T 6) 4h. 4h Gy 2 (st) : es) 1 08) Zé ° 58 5 2 3 4 ~«5 s8 Sand-Lighwigh Base 23 (25) (51) (76) (02)_(127) Sz 3 TT 1076) & dhe 2 i \ es) ‘ 0 1 a THICKNESS OF CONCRETE BASE SLAB, INCHES (nm) FIGURE 2-5. (b) Fire Resistance of Conerete Roofs with Board Insulations (Source: Abrams, M. S.,and Gustaferro, A. H, (1968), “Fire endurance of two-course floors and roofs.” Portland Cement Association Research and Development Bulletin RDOAS. Used with permission.) ‘Table 2-7 (b) shall apply to beam widths equal to or ‘greater than 8 in. (203 mm). As an alternative, for beams with cross-sectional areas equal to or greater than 40 sq in. (25,806 mm?) and widths equal to or greater than 8 in. (203 mm), the minimum concrete cover specified Irom the 1wo tables shall be used. Values in Table 2-7 (a) and (b) for restrained beams shall apply to beams spaced more than 4 fi (1,219 mm) ster. For restrained joists spaced 4 fi (1.219 mm) ‘or less on center, 3/4 in, (19 mm) cover shall beSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION TABLE 2-5. imum Cover for Non-Prestressed and Prestressed Reinforcement in Concrete Floor ‘and Roof Slabs Thickness of Cover for Fire Resistance Rating Conerete Aggregate Restrained Unrestrained Type throrless The She 2he 3he the Minimum cover for non-presiessod reinforcement in conerete oor oF roof slabs Siliceous “wl SOOT) Carbonate veo 19 Sand-lightweight vw 6) Lightweignt va 9 aD Minimum cover for prestressed reinforcement in eonerete floor oF toot slabs Siliceous v9 1 2 112 38 134 44 298 6 234 7) Carbonate v4 19S BOSS gt DIR SHUT Sand-lightweight Ma SRS HIRD ST Lightweight Ms aw OS IRS TABLE 2-6, Minimum Cover for Non-Prestressed Reinforcement in Concrete Beams ‘Thickness of Cover for Fire Resistance Rating eam Width | Restrained or Unrestrained in ‘im Restrained 3 ra Restrained 7 178 Restrained 210 2254 Uneestrained s 127 Unrestrained 7 178 Unrestrained 210-254 ‘width, Cover for intermediate beam widths of Table 2-7 (b) shall be determined by direct interpolation. ‘When computing the cross-sectional area of beams cast monolithically with the supported slab for use in Table 2-7 (a), the cross-sectional area of the portion Of the slab having a width not exceeding three times the average width of the beam shall be permitted to be included with the cross-sectional area of the beam. Where the thickness of concrete cover exceeds 2.5 in. (64 mm), stirrups or hoops with a cover of | in, (25 mm) and spaced not to exceed the depth of the beam shall be provided. The minimum cover for non-prestressed positive moment reinforcement in prestressed concrete beams shall be determined in accordance with Section 2.5.2 3.1 Caleulating Cover ‘The concrete cover for an individual tendon is imum thickness of concrete between the sut- face of the tendon and the fire-exposed surface of the beam; except for ungrouted ducts, the assumed.ASCEISEUSFPE 29.05, ‘TABLE 2-7. (a) Minimum Cover for Prestressed Reinforcement in Concrete Beams 40 sq in. (1,016 sq mm) oF Greater in Area Regardless of Beam Widths Thickness of Cover for Fire Resistance Rating sional Area LS he 2he 3he the Concrete Ageregate i Type mm? 10) in, mm in mm in, mm in mm in RESTRAINED All 40-190 2697 1238 ®o2 S121 we Carbonate or 150-300 97-194 14238 31ND 813M ak 22 ow siliceous 2 ‘Carbonate oF 300 >I 12 WW Rw si siliceous 2 Lightweight or P10 297 1188 31 sand-lighteight, UNRESTRAINED all 40150 26-97 2 Sto = Carbonate or 150-300 97-194 DRAM Dw siliceous Carbonate oF > 300 a siliceous Lightweight oF >130 97 woe B® 2 5) 3 He 4 MD sand lightweight ‘TABLE 2-7. (b) Minimum Cover for Prestressed Reinforcement in Concrete Beams 8 in. (203 mm) or Greater in Width ‘Thickness of Cover for Fire Resistance Rating Beam Width 1 hr LS he 2 he She she Concrete Aggregate “Type jm inv iim imi RESTRAINED Carbonate or Ce a eT siliceous Carbonate oF S12 S05 12 38 112 Rm aT siliceous Sand-lightweignt Ms 12 1 Rw w 2 51 Sand-lightweight S905 102 1W2 WR Swe UNRESTRAINED, Carbonate or 8 ms 12 ako Carbonate oF S12 2305 112% 11m? siliczous Sond-lighweisht 8-208 112K Ss Sand- lightweight 2 SS 112 1 WS sie 6a Not practical for 8 in, (203 mm) wide Beam, but shown for pupae of nerpreaton,STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION ‘cover thickness is between the surface of the duct and the surface of the beam, For beams in which several tendons are used, the cover, for purposes of Table 2-7 (a) and (b), is the average of the minimum cover of the individual tendons. For corner tendons, the minimum cover used in the calculation shall be one-half the actual value For stemmed members with two or more prestressing tendons located along the vertical centerline of the ‘member, the average cover shall be the distance from the bottom of the member to the centroid of the ten- dons, The actual cover for an individual tendon shall not be less than one-half the value shown in Table 2-7 (a) or (b) or 1 in, 25 mm), whichever is greater, ‘minimum thickness of eonerete 2.6 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS: 1 of reinforced concrete columns ‘of different types of concrete for fire resistance ratings ‘of | to 4 houts shall be not less than the dimensions, indicated in Table 2-8 2.6.1 Minimum Cover for Reinforcement ‘The minimum thickness of concrete cover to the main longitudinal reinforcement in columns, regardless ofthe lype of aggregate used in the concrete, shall not be less than 1 in, (25 mm) times the number of hours of requined fire resistance, of 2 in. (51 min), whichever isles. 2.6.2 Columns Built into Walls ‘The minimum dimensions of Table 2-8 shall not apply 10 a reinforced concrete column that is built into ‘conerete or masonry wall, provided all of the follow- ing are met: 1. the fire resistance of the wall is equal 10 oF greater than the required rating of the column; 2. openings in the wall are protected in accordance ‘with the general building code so that no more than ‘one face of the column will be exposed to fire at the same time; and 3. the main longitudinal reinforcement in the column hhas cover of not less than required by Section 2.6.1 30 STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE. OF TIMBER AND WOOD STRUCTURAL ELEMENI 3 SCOPE ‘Chapter 3 contains methodologies for determining the fire performance of lange section timbers and woe! structural elements. The procedure for determining the fire resistance of a heavy timber member is based on & ‘mathematical model and on testing that demonstrated the intrinsic ability of larger wood members to sustain a structural load during severe fire exposure. The second part ofthis Chapter contains the Component Additive Method (CAM), which utilizes tests and Harmathy’s rules for fie endurance rating. 3.1.1 Limitations ‘These calculation methods are applicable to fire ‘endurance times of up t I hour 4.1.2 Dimensions and Metric Conversion In this Chapter, the section dimensions of structural ‘members are nominal when expressed in in-Ib units, unless iti explicitly stated that actual dimensions are specified. The corresponding metric units are given in parentheses and are always for the actual dimen- sions. Thieknesses of panel products and dimensions other than those of sections are actual values in both systems of units, 3.2. NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS ‘constant (2.54 min/in. or 0.1 min/mm) +b = actual breadth (width) of a beam or actual larger side of a column before exposure to fire, measured TABLE 2-8. Minimum Conerete Column Dimension Minimum Column Dimension The She 2 3he the Conerete Aggregate Type in mm io ram in mm in, am in mm Siliceous 8 23D 29 0 C2 305 356 Carbonate 8 m9 29 10 a 29 12 305 Sand: 8 2038S 216 9 2910s 267 12 ws Fightweight= actual depth ofa beam or actual smaller side of a ‘column before exposure to fire, measure in in, oF mm load factor; see Section 3.3.2.1 the unsupported length of a column, m ratio of applied load to allowable Toad, indicated asa percentage re length; see Section 3.3.2.1 Large Timber Section: a structural wood element having minimum cross-sectional dimensions of 6 in. > 6 in. (nominal) 3.3 DESIGN OF FIRE-RESISTIVE EXPOSED WOOD MEMBERS 3.3.1 Analytical Method for Exposed Wood Members Fire resistance ratings of up to 1 hour's duration, for exposed timber members, shall be determined in, accordance with the criteria contained in this Section and Section 3.3.2.2 for beams and Section 3.3.2.3 for columns, Applied loads on beams and columns shall be determined in accordance with the provisions approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Inthe absence of loading provisions, loads shall be determined using ASCE 7-95, “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” Allowable loads on beams and col tumns shall be determined in accordance with the provi- sions of the applicable building coxe. In the absence of ign provisions, allowable loads shall be determined from the NDS 3.3.2.1 Load Factor and Effective Length Factor ‘The load factor, z, shall be determined from the equations given in Sections 3,3.2.1.1 and 3.3.2.1.2 ‘The effective length factor shall be determined from, Table G1 in NDS-91, the 1991 Edition of the “National design specification for wood construction 3.3.2.1.1 Load Factor of Short Columns: For columns: having a K,Vd <1, z shall be equal to 1.5 when the load ratio, 7, is equal 10 oF less than S0%. When ris sreater than $04, z shall be equal to: 3 os (Eq. 3.3.2.1.2 Load Factor of Beams and Other Columns’ For all beams and other columns K,l/d=11, ¢ shall be equal to 1.3 when ris equal to oF less than 50%, When ris greater than 50% (Eq. 3.2) ASCEISEVSFPE 29.05 3.3.2.2 Beams ‘The calculation forthe fire sistance rating (oe ti failure, 1), measured in minutes, of timber beams wi ‘nominal dimension of 6 in, (140 mm shall be equal to: rarafi-e(2)] eas vaf-(2)} se for beams exposed to fire on three sides. 3.3.2.2.1 Glued Laminated Timber Beams: The ten: sion zone shall be inereased by removing one core lami nation, moving the tension zone inward, and adding the ‘equivalent of an additional nominal 2 in, (38 mm) thi ‘outer tension lamination as illustrated in Figure 3-1 3.3.2.3 Columns ‘The caleula of timber columns with a minimum dimen- jon of 6 in. (140 mm) shall be as calculated by Equation 3.5 or Equation 3,6, Equation 3.6 for columns exposed to fie on three sides shall apply only when the lunexposed face is the smaller column dimension, ic] for columns exposed to fire on four sides; oF (Eq. 35) (Eq. 3.6) for columns exposed! to fire on three sides 3.3.2.4 Connectors and Fasteners ‘Where a I-hour fire resistance rating is required, ‘connectors and fasteners shall be protected from fire ‘exposure by 1.5 in. (38 mm) of wood, 5/8 in. (16 mm) Type X gypsum board, or other approved materials 3.4 COMPONENT ADDITIVE METHOD. FOR CALCULATING AND DEMONSTRATING ASSEMBLY FIRE ENDURANCE 3.4.1 Analytical Method for Protected ‘Wood-Frame Assemblies Fire resistance ratings up to | hour's du permitted to be calculated for walls floor/ceiling, and roofi/ceiling assemblies by combining the individual ‘component times of the assembly in accordance with this section. The calculated time shall equal or exceed the requited fire resistance rating of the assembly.a STANDARD CALCULATION METHOD LI grade L2 grade 20 1ams Go L3 grade L2 grade LI grade ae ‘Typical 6.344" x 30" 24F-V4 beam FIGURE 3-1. Effect of Relocating a Tension Laminate into the Core Zone Tension laminations ae of the sme prade as outer lamination with addtional slope of pun and ko estitions. 3.4.1.1 Component Times ‘The fire resistance rating of a wood-frame assembly shall equal the sur of the time assigned to the m bbrane on the fire-exposed side, Table 3-1; the time assigned to the framing members, from Table 3-2: the time assigned for additional contribution by insulation (for walls and partitions), from Table 3-3 ‘The membrane(s) on the fire-exposed side shall be attached othe framing members in accordance with the applicable building code requirements, The mem- bbrane on the unexposed side shall not be included in ddotermining the fie resistance of the assembly. The time to be assigned to a masonry veneer of an exterior wall, if required to be rated for fire exposure from the exterior side, shall be determined according to the methods described in Chapter 4 and ity 5.4.1.2 Exposed Plywood For a wall or partition where only plywood is used as the membrane on the side that would be exposed to the fire, insulation in accordance with Table 3-3 shall, be used within the assembly, No credit shall be given for the insulation. 3.4.1.3 Unsymmetrical Wall Assemblies ‘When dissimilar membranes are used on opposite faces of a wall assembly, the fire endurance is permit ted to be determined based on the calculations for the least fire-resistant side. 16 S FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 634! ILI grade tension lam* LI grade 12 grade L3 grade L2 grade -Hour rated 6 3/4" X 30" 24F-V4 beam ‘TABLE 3-1. Time Assigned to Protective Membranes Description of Finish 3/8 in. (2.5 mm) Douglas fr plywood phenolic bonded 1/2 in, (12.7 mm) Douglas fir plywood 0 phenolic bonded 518 in. (15.9 mm) Douglas fr plywood Is phenolic bonded 378 in. (9.5 mm) gypsum board 0 1/2 in, (12.7 mm) gypsum board 1s 578 in. (15.9 mm) gypsum board 20 1/2 in, (12.7 mm) Type X gypsum board 2s ‘518 in. (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum board 0 Double 3 i, (9.5 mm) gypsum board 25 12 ~ M8 in, (12.7 mm ~ 9.5 mm) gypsum 35 board Double 1/2 in, (12.7 mm) aypsum board 40 Double 57 in, (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum ‘Note: On walls gypsum Bord shall Be installed with he ong son edge) parallel 0 framing members with lace nye jos Fasteners aished 8.15.9 mam) Type X gypsum board se ling o ronieiling assemblies. gypsum board shal be installed with the long dimsasion at right angles to rang ‘members snd shall have al fae layer joins and fasteners Bish‘TABLE 3-2. Time Assigned to Wood-Frame Components Description of Frames ‘Time (min) ‘Wood studs minimum 2 in. nominal 20 (G8 mm), 16 in, (406 mm) on center Wood joists minimum 2 in, 0 nominal (38 mm), 16 in, (406 mm) ‘on center ‘Wood roof and floor truss assemblies, 5 24 in, (610 mm) on center TABLE 3-3. Time Assigned for Insulation of Cavity Description of Additional Protection “Time cin) ‘Add to the fire endurance rating of wood 1s std walls ifthe spaces between the studs are filled with rockwool oF slag ‘mineral wool batts weighing not less than 1 Hl? of wall surface (4.8 kg/m?) [Add to the fire endurance rating of 5 non-load-bearing wood stud wal spaces between the studs are lass fiber batts weighing not less than 046 Ivf of wall surface (2.9 yim?) Exception: Where exterior walls are required to be rated for exposure to fire from the inside only, the non- fire side (exterior) membrane shall be constructed of any ‘combination of materials listed in Table 3-4 oF any other membrane listed at 15 minutes or greater in Table 3-1 34.1.4 Floor/Ceiling and RoofiCeiling Assemblies Fire-resistant floor/ceiling and rooffceiling assem blies shall have an upper membrane (unexposed side) provided in accordance with Table 3-5, Asan alternative to the unexposed (upper) mem- branes listed in Table 3-5, combinations of membranes from Table 3-1 with a time-assigned value of at least 15 minutes shall be permitted, 4.0 STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS. FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE, OF MASONRY 4.1 SCOPE Calculated acceptable fire resistance ratings of ‘masonry are to be determined in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. Except where the provisions of ASCH/SEUSFPE 29.05 this Chapter are more stringent the design, construction, and material requirements of masonry including unis, ‘mortar, grout, control and expansion joint materials, and reinforcement shall comply with ACT 530-95, “Building ‘cade requirements for masonry structures” (Section 4.2.1) 4.2 DEFINITIONS ‘Words and terms used in this Chapter shall have the following meanings: Column, masonry: An isolated vertical member whose horizontal dimension measured at right angles to the thickness does not exceed three times its thickness and whose height is at least three times its thickness Control joint: A continuous vertical or wanswerse joint placed between units that is used in conere ‘masonry to create a plane of weakness that, used in conjunction with reinforcement or joint reinforcement, ‘controls the location of cracks due to volume changes ing from shrinkage or creep. Equivalent thickness: The average thickness of solid material in the wall Expansion joint: A continuous vertical or trans- verse void placed between units that is used to separate clay brick masonry into segments to prevent cracking due to changes in temperature, moisture and: freezing expansion, elastic deformation, and creep due to loads, Grout: A mixture of cementitious material and aggre ate to which sufficient water is added to produce pour ing consistency without segregation ofthe constituents, intel: A beam placed over an opening in a wall, Loose fill mater ‘material used to com- pletely fill the designated vertically aligned cells of hollow masonry units or the space between wythes in cavity wall Masoney unit, elay: A unit made of elay or shal ‘usually formed into a rectangular prism while in the plastic state and burned or fired in a kiln Masonry unit, concrete: A building unit or block ‘made of cement and suitable aggregates, Masonry unit, hollow: A masonry unit whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing surface is less than 75% of its gross cross-sectional ‘rea measured in the same plane. Masonry unit, solid: A masonry unit whose net ‘cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the bear- ing surface is 75% or more ofits gross cross-sectional ‘area measured in the same plane Mortar: A plastic mixture of cementitious materi- als, fine aggregates, and water used to bond masonry or other structural units Wall: A vertical element with a horizontal Jength-to-thickness ratio greater than 3STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION TABLE 3-4, Membrane on Exterior Face of Walls Sheathing Paper Exterior Fit S18 in. (15.9 mm) TRG lumber 5/16 in. (7.9 mm) exterior grade plywood 12m. (12.7 mm) gypsum sheathing ‘Sheathing paper per building code Lumber siding ‘Wood shingles and shakes | V4 in, (64 mm) exterior grade plywood 14 in, (64 mm) hardboard Metals Stucco on metal lth Masonry veneer None None 38 in. (9.5 mm» exterior grade ply wood TABLE 3-5. Flooring or Roofing Membrane Assembly __ Structural Members Suifloor or Roof Deck Finish Flooring or Roofing Floor ‘Wood 12 in, (12.7 mm) plywood Hardwood or softwood flooring on building oF H/AGin, (17.5 ma) T&G paper: or resilient flooring, parquet floor, ei softwood lumber synthetic-fiber floor coverings, carpeting. or ‘ceramic tle on 3/8 in (9.5 mm) thick panel. {ype underlay; or ceramic tile an 11/4 in. G18 mm) mortar bed Root Wood 12 in. (12.7 mm) plywood Finish roofing material with or without or 11/16 0, (17.5 mm) T&G softwood lumber insulation Wall, composite: A wall in which at least one of the wythes is dissimilar to the other wythe or wythes. ‘with respect to the type or grade of masonry unit or ‘mortar; a wall with at least two dissimilar wythes separated by a collar joint and composed of clay or concrete masonry units, concrete or mixture thereof. 4.3 EQUIVALENT THICKNESS: ‘The equivalent thickness of masonry shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of this Section, 4.3.1 Hollow Unit Masonry ‘The equivalent thickness of masonry, T,, shall be based on the equivalent thickness of the masonry unit, T, determined in accordance with ASTM C140 for conerete masonry units or ASTM C67 for clay ‘masonry units, plus the equivalent thickness of finishes, 7,,n0t considered in Sections 4.3.2 and 43.3 (ee Section 4.4.1). Tou Tet Ty (Eq, 4.1) (Eq. 42) where T= equivalent thickness of masonry unit, in, (mum) T,,= equivalent thickness of masonry, in. (mm) 7 Teebmet betes of fishes. i,m) y, specified length of masonry unit, in, (mmm) #4 = specified height of masonry unit, in. (mm) net volume of masonry unit, i? (mm') 4.3.2 Solid Grouted Construction The equivalent thickness, 7, of solidly grouted nasoniry units shall be the specified thickness of the unit 4.3. Air Spaces or Cells Filled with Loose ill Material ‘The equivalent thickness of filled air spaces or hollow masonry shall be taken as the specified thick- ness of the unit where loose fill materials are sand, pea sravel, crushed stone, or slag conforming to ASTM ‘C33: pumice, scoria, expanded shale, expanded clay, ‘expanded slate, expanded slag, expanded fly ash, or cinders conforming to ASTM C331; or perlite or ver miculite conforming to ASTM C332ASCEISEUSFPE 29-05 TABLE 4-1. Fire Resistance R: ng of Masonry ‘Minimum Required Equivalent Thickness of the Masonry. in!"2) Fire Resistance Rating Period he 3h 2he be the Mahe Whe Agercgate Type in the Concrete = SEN ISI Masonry Unit?” mm in, mm i, mm inom in, mm in, mm in mm Calearoous orsilicous gravel «624137 S.A 13S «42 «107 36) «OTR TH or 20 31 Limestone, cinders, or slag 59 150 50 127 40 102 34 86 27 69 819 aN Expanded clay, shale, orslate S113) 42 3H RO So 18 4b Expanded slag or pumice 47119 40 10232 8127 481s 8 Clay Masonry Unit Brick of clay orshale, unfilled 0 127 43 109 34 86 285 72 23 98 20 SI 47 a8 Brick of clay or shale, routed «66168 SS- 140 4412-37 AD TH DOS. OT 2.3 SH or filed with perlite, vermiculite. ‘or expanded shale aggregate resistance rating between the hour ive resistance ratings sted shal be detenvined by linear interpolation Based onthe equivalent thickness salue ofthe mason 2 Where combustible member re framed in the wall. he thickness of solid ae wall, orbetwcen members stn from opposite ides, shal ote les than 9S ofthe thickness shown i the abe * Minimum required equivalent thickness coresponding tothe hour re resistance rating for wns ade with combination of aggregates shal termined by linear iterolation based om the percent by volume ofeach agareate used i he antactre 3 hetcen the end of each meer an the opposite ace of he 4.4 MASONRY WALLS, added to the equivalent thickness of masonry wall and ‘The minimum equivalent thickness of various types the fire resistance rating of the masonry wall, includ- of plain or reinforced masonry bearing or nonbearing ing the finish, determined from Table 4-1. Where a walls required to provide fire resistance ratings of 1/2 finish is added to the non-fire-exposed side of a hollow hour to 4 hours is indicated in Table 4-1, clay masonry unit, no increase in fire resistance shall Table 4-1 is applicable only to those aggregates for be permitted. which the fire resistance properties have be and documented. 4.4.1.2 Calculation for Fire-Exposed Side ‘Where the finish of gypsum wallboard or plaster 4.4.1 Walls with Gypsum Wallboard is applied to the fire-exposed side of the wall, the fire or Plaster Finishes resistance rating of the entire wall shall be determined ‘The fire resistance rating of masonry walls with as follows: The time assigned tothe finish by Table rypsum wallboard or plaster finishes applied to one 4-3 shall be added tothe fire resistance rating deter- Cr two sides of the wall shall be determined using the mined! from Table 4-1 for the masonry wall alone or provisions of this section. to the rating determined in accordance with Section 4.4.1.1 forthe masonry wall and finish on the non-fire- 44.1.1 Calculation for Non-Fire-Exposed Side Sapaeesiee ‘Where the finish of gypsum wallboard or plaster is applied to the non-fire-exposed side ofthe wall 44.1.3 Assume Each Side of Wall Is Fire Exposed the fire resistance rating of the entte assembly shall Where a wall is required to be fire resistance be determined as follows: The thickness ofthe finish rated from both sides and has no finish on one side shall be adjusted by multiplying the actual thickness ‘or has different types or thicknesses of finishes on ‘ofthe finish by the applicable factor from Table 4-2 cach side, the calculation procedures of Sections based on the type of clay masonry unit or concrete 4.4.1.1 and 4.4.1.2 shall be performed twice (i.e, masoncy unit. The adjusted finish thickness shall be With each side of the wall as the fire-exposed side) wSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION TABLE 4-2. Multiplying Factors for Finishes on Non-Fire-Exposed Side of Masonry Walls ‘Type of Masonry Concrete Masonry Units of —_Conerete Masonry Clay Tile: Concrete Masonry Expanded Shale or of Pumice, Unit of Expanded Solid Clay Units of Expanded Shale and Expanded Slag, Expanded Clay, Slag, Expanded Clays Finish Material Brick <20% Sand and <20% Sand Pumice Ponlandcement-sand 07s o7s os Plaster, ime sand plaster Gypsum-sand plaster 1.25 1 1 1 | Gypsum wallboard 3 228 225 225 Vermiculite or perlite 1.78 Ls 12s 125 aggregate plaster The fire resistance rating of the wall, including ‘TABLE 4-3. Time Assigned to Finish Materials finishes, shall not exceed the lower of the two values, Fire-Exposed Side of Masonry Wall calculated Finish Description Timed 44.14 Minimum Rating Provided by ‘onannwanead Nee 38 in. (9.5 mm) 10 ‘Where the finish applied to a masonry wall con- 12 in. 12.7 mm) 5 tributes tothe fire resistance rating, the masonry wall wanes a alone shall provide not less than one-half ofthe total Zlyen ots (Sein) a required fire resistance rating. The contribution to the ‘layer of 38 in, 05 mm), 3s fire resistance of the finish on the non-fie-exposed side 1 ayer of U2 in (12.7 mm) Of the wall shall not exceed 0.5 times the con 2 layers of 1/2in. 12.7 mm) “0 of the masonry alone “Type Cypean! Wallboard | 1/2 in, (12.7 mm) a5 44.1.5 Installation of Finishes 5 in (15.9 mm) 0 Finishes on masonry walls that contribute (0 the {otal fire resistance rating of the wall shall comply ‘with the installation requirements of this section and applicable provisions of the legally adopted building, Portland cement-sand plaster applied directly to masonry Portland cement-sand plaster on metal lath code. M4 in. (19.0 mm) 20 718 in. (22.2 mm) 25 4.4.1.5.1 Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Lath and [instep a Plaster: For adding fire resistance to masonry wall Gypsum sand plaster on 8 in. assemblies. gypsum wallboard and gypsum lath shall (5 mm) gypsum lath be attached in accordance with one of the three meth- 12 in, 12.7 mm) as ods in Sections 4.4.1.5.1(a) through 44.1.5.1(6) (15.9 mm) 40 (19.0mm) 50 4.4.1.5.1(@) Self-tapping drywall serews spaced at a Gypsum sand plaster on metal ath maximum of 12 in, (308 mm) on center and shall pen aac is if trate 3/8 in, (10 mm) into resilient steel furring chan- TiBin. 222 mm) @ nels running horizontally and spaced at a maximut Vin @54mm) 0 24S {600 me) oat coat "The acwal thickness of portland cement-sand plaster shal be included in the determination ofthe equivalent thickness of 44.1.5.1(b) Lath nails shall be spaced at a maximum, masonry for use i Table 41 when its 7 in, (15.9 mm) et ‘of 12 in, (305 mm) on center and shall penetrate 3/4 in, thickness, 2»Wythe (R,) ASCEISEVSFPE 29-05 ‘Air Space Factor (A,) for widths 1/2" or greater Wythe (R,) FIGURE 4-1. Fire Resistance of Multi-Wythe Masonry Wall ‘Note: Parialy filled collar joits are not considered ai paces. R= Fire existance rating of wythe 1 [Ry = Fire resistance eating of wythe 2 A, = Airspace factor = 3.3 for one ar space 6.7 Fortwo ar paces (19 mm) into nominal 1 to 2 in, (25-50 mm) wood furring strips that are secured to the masonry by 2 in (50 mm) conerete nails spaced a maximum of 16 in. (406 mm) on center. The center-to-center spacing of \wood furring strips shall not exeeed 16 in, (406 mm). 4,4.1.5.1(€) A 38 in, (10 mm) bead of panel adhesive shall be placed around the perimeter ofthe wallboard and across the diagonals, After the wallboard is laminated to the masonry surface, the wallboard shall be secured with ‘one masonry nail for each 2 12 (0.18 m*) of panel 4.4.1.5.2 Plaster and Stucco: Application of plaster and stucco finishes to increase the fie resistance rating to the surface of masonry shall be in accordance with the provisions of the legally adopted building code. 4.4.2 Single-Wythe Wall Assemblies ‘The fire resistance rating of single-wythe masonry walls shall be in accordance with Table 4-1 4.4.3 Multi-Wythe Wall Assemblies ‘The fire resistance rating of multi-wythe walls (Figure 4-1) of the same or dissimilar materials, with, ‘or without an air space between wythes, shall be based ‘on the following equation: +A RIA, (EG. 4.3) Ra (RE tap A) where Ry Ry. R, = fire resistance rating of wythe 1, 2, vey (he) factor for one air space, having a width of 12 in, (12.7 mm) 103 12 (88.9 mm) between wythes; 0.60; fac tor for two air spaces, each having a width of 1/2 in, (12.7 mm) to 3 1/2 (88.9 mm) between wythes 4.4.4 Multi-Wythe Walls with Dissimilar Materials For multi-wythe walls consisting of two or more wythes of dissimilar materials (concrete, concrete masonry units, or clay masonry units), the determi: nation of the fire resistance periods of the dissimilar wythes, 8, shall be in accordance with Section 3.1 for concrete and Seetion 4.4 for concrete masonry units or clay masonry units, 4.4.8 Movement Joints Control joints for concrete masonry and expansion joints for clay masonry in fire-rated wall assemblies shall be in accordance with Figure 4-2. Where walls are permitted to have unprotected openings, fi resistant joints are not required. 4.5 REINFORCED MASONRY COLUMNS ‘The fire resistance rating of reinforced masonry columns shall be based on the least plan dimension of the column in accordance with the requirements of ‘Table 4-4, The minimum cover of longitudinal rein- forcement shall be 2 in, (50 mm). 4.6 MASONRY LINTELS ‘The fire resistance rating of masonry lintels shal be determined based on the nominal thickness of the lintel aand the minimum cover of longitudinal reinforcement in accordance with Table 4-5 4‘STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION, ‘Sealant and Backer Preformed Gasket Sealant and Backer Ceramic Fiber Belt (Alumina-Sitiea Fibers) ‘Vertical Reinforcement Each Side of Joint 4-Hour Fire Resistance Rating Sealant and Backer 4-Hour Fire Resistance Rating Morte ‘Sealant and Backer (1/2" minimum depthy 4-Hour Fire Resistance Rating FIGURE 4-2. Movement Joints for Fire-Resistant Masonry AssembliesTABLE 4-4. Reinforced Masonry Columns he 386 5.0 STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE ‘OF STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION 5.1 SCOPE ‘This Section describes analytical procedures for determining the fire resistance rating of steel columns, beams, girders, and trusses protected as specified 5.2. STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS ‘This Section deseribes procedures for determining the fire resistance rating of eolumn assemblies, In general, these procedures are based on the weight (W) and heated perimeter (D) of steel columns. As used in these sections, W is the average weight of a structural steel column in ths per linear fk (ky per m) ‘The heated perimeter (D) is the inside perimeter of the fire protection material Figure 5-1. Other ter applicable section(s) 5.2.1 Gypsum Wallboard The fire resistance rating of wide-flange, pipe and tubular structural steel columns with weight-to- heated perimeter ratios (W/D) less than or equal to 3.65 (customary units) or 0.215 (SI units) protected TABLE 4-5. Reinforced Masonry Lintels forcing Cover Rei he Nominal Lintel Wieth in, ram in, (182 mm) 112 38 Bin. 203 mm) 12 10 in. 254 mm) 1238. ASCEISEUSFPE with Type X gypsum wallboard shall be de ‘mined in accordance with either of the following 2 (Eq. 5.1) R= 1.60) (Eq. 5.2) where R= fire resistance in hours ‘A= total thickness of gypsum wallboard, in. (mm) D= heated perimeter of the structural steel column, in, (mm) W"= total weight of the structural steel column and: gypsum wallboard protection in Ibs per linear Ii (kg perm), S0nD 44 Wews In STunits W+0.0008hD ‘The gypsum wallboard shall be supported and fastened as illustrated in either Figure 5-2, for fire resistance ratings of 4 hours oF less, oF Figure 5-3, for fire resistance ratings of 3 hours or less, For structural steel columns with weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios (W/D) greater than 3.65 (customary units) oF 0.215 (SI Units), the thickness of gypsum wallboard required for specified fire resistance ratings shall be the same as imum Longitudinal Fire Resistance Rating 2h She he ®o1Md as 376 RoR Me aeSTANDARD CALCULATION M HODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION eo — ¢ > > D we ee T Z yi b > x & Z| t D=%a+b) a+) D=4 FIGURE 5-1. Determination of the Heated Perimeter (D) of Steel Columns the thickness determined for a W14 233 (customary units) or W360 347 (SI units) wide-flange shape. 5.2.2 Spray-Applied Materials The fire resistance rating of structural stee! columns protected with spray-applied fire protection materi= als, as illustrated in Figure 5-4, shall be determined in accordance with the following expressions: w CMe, awidestange columns) (6.53 (ape )e¢ Ne ) (Bq. 5.3) ( nac{(4)nc5 (rine In STunits c Bec) D x tubutar columns) (Eq. $4) In ST units C (4a +C% (pipe and tubular columns) where Re 1h = thickness of spray-applied fire protection material in in, (mm) re resistance in hours D = heated perimeter of the structural steel column in in, (mm) W= average weight of the ste ccolumn in Ibs per linear f. (kg perm) jaterial-dependent constants for wide-flange columns P= heated perimeter of the structural steel column in in. (mm) soss-sectional area of the stec! ccoluma in sq in (mm) aterial-dependent constants for pipe and tubular columns Cy and C, A C4, Ch Cj, and C} ‘The material-dependent constants shall be deter- mined for specific fire-protection materials on the basis, of standard fire endurance tests conducted in accor- dance with ASTM E119. Unless approved by the authority having jurisdic- tion, based on evidence substantiating a broader application, the use ofthese equations shall be limited by all ofthe following conditions: |. Columns with weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios {GV/D) that are equal to or greater than the smallest tested column. Columns with weight-to-heated-perimeter ratios (WWD) that ate equal to or less than the largest tested column.6 ASCEISEUSFPE 29-05 A A No. 8" X 12" SHEET STEEL SCREWS, SPACED 12" si” (15.9 mm) as" G05 mm) OC OS mm 5m sng MIN 7.9 mm SNAP-LOCK PITTSBURGH SEAM CORNER JOINT DETAILS (A) FIGURE 5-2, Gypsum Wallboard Protected Structural Steel Columns with Sheet Steel C Covers (4 Hours or Less) | Structural steel column, either wide- Range, pipe tabla shapes 2. Type X gypsum wallboard. For single-layer aplication, the wallboard sal be applied erally with mo horizontal ois. For ‘muliple-1ayer applications horizontal joints are permitted ata sinirnam spacing of 8 (24 mh, provided that the ons in sbacessive layers are staggered at east 12 in, 2048 mm). The oval eyuired ticknes of wallboard shal be determine oa the basso the spect fed five resistance rating andthe weight and heated perimeter ofthe colar, For fire rexstnce ratings of 2 hours oes. ome of he require layers of gypsum walltard may be applied othe exterior ofthe sect tcl clunan covers with |i. (254 mm) Tong Type S serews spaced 1 in. 254 rum) fom the wallboard edge and 8 inom centr. For such istallations, 0016 in (0.8m) minima thickness galvanized stcel comer beads with 12, (203.2 rm) legs shall eta othe wallboard with Type Sserews spaced 12, O48 min) on enter 3. Fr the resistance ratings of 3 hours or ls, the clu covers salle fabricated from 024 in. (0.6 mm) minimum: thickness galvanized r stainless ste, For 4 hour fie resistance ans, the colin covers shal ie fricatd fon 0.028 in, (0.06 mm) minimumhickess stainless sel. The column covers shal be exeted with the Snap lock o pitsburgh joi det. For fire resistance ratings of 2 hour rls, conn cover fabricated Font 0027 in (007 a) minimum thickness galvanized or sin less tel may be erected with ap joins. The lap joins may belated anywhere around the perimeter ofthe coburn cover, The ap it shal be secured with 1/2 in (12.7 mi) lng No. sheet ma screws spaced 12 n. (388mm) om center. The come covers sal be provided with a minimum expension clearance of 1 in per ineae 11.4 mn Between the endo he cone ad any ‘Thicknesses of protection that are equal 10 oF 7. The use of the wide-flange equation for other col- ‘greater than the minimum tested thickness. ‘umn geometries with open cross-sections (i.e. chan: ‘Thicknesses of protection that are equal 0 oF less nels, angles, and structural tees) shall be permitted. than the maximum tested thickness. ‘The use of the wide-flange equation shall not be Ratings that are equal to or greater than the mini- permitted for columns with closed cross-sections ‘mum fire resistance time for the applicable test (Ge, pipe and tubular columns), series, 8, The use of the pipe and tubular equation shall be Ratings that are equal to or less than the maximum, Permitted for other column geometries with either fire resistance time for the applicable test series. ‘open or closed cross-sectionsSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 3 layer = 1-7/8" (47.6 mm) or 11/2" 38.1 mm) 4 layer = 2 1/2" (63.5 mm) or 2" (5.8 mm ) FIGURE 5-3. Gypsum Wallboard Protected Structural Steel Columns with ‘Steel Stud/Serew Attachment System (3 Hours or Less) 1 Struct sc! column ther wide ang. pipe, or tubular shapes, 2.1 Min, (15.9 mm) deep ts abit fon 21 in. (1.5mm) minimunshckness galvanized tet with, 16 (G43 mam oF | 77649. 365 a egs and Ln (64 un stifening anges, The length of the el studs sal be 172i, (127 mam) less than he height ofthe assembly 3. Type X gypsum wallboard. For singke-Layer applications, the wallboard shal be applied vencally with no heizomal Joins, For mull layer applications, horizontal joint shall he permit! ata mimi spacing of &f (2.4m), provided ‘hat he joints in successive layers ate taggred at least 12, (308 rm). The total required thickness of wallboard shall, te determined on the basis of the speci fre resistance rang andthe weight and heated petineterof te column 4, Galsaniavd steel comer bea (0.016 in (04 ry] minima thiekness) with 112i, (3.1 mals aaeed 0 the i254 mim long Type S screws spaced 12 in (304 8 mm) on center sto! te wite spaced 24 i. (160 mm) on center 6. Shect mca angles wih 2 n-(30.8 mun) legs fabcated fom 0.02 in. (05 na) mininmibichaes galvanized sted “1-Type Sserew Ii (25.4 mn) long shall be used for taching the is ayer of wallboard to the steel tas and he did layer the shet meal angles a 24 in (609.6 aun} on cenit Type S sees 1374 in. (44.5 nan long shal be wsed for aching the second layer of waar to he set stad and the fourth aye to the heat metal angles at 12 £204 8 mm on center Type S serews 2 1/4. (572 mam) long shall be used for ataching the third ar of wallboard to thestect studs at 12 in (3048 mon center, 5.2.3 Conerete-Filled Hollow Steel Columns ‘The fire resistance rating of hollow steel columns (e.g. pipe and tubular shapes) filled with unreinforced normal weight concrete shall be determined in accor- dance with the Following expressions: (i290 (4) 2)” ess In ST units % (+20) pps a(R - a (2) q where fire resistance rating in hours }07 for circular columns filled with siticeous aggregate concrete }O8 for circular columns filled with car aggregate concreteee! e b 4a+2b~2c + ASCE/SEVSFPE 29-05 ee D=3.14b i b Ne 7 t D=2a+b) FIGURE 5-4, Structural Steel Columns with Spray-Applied Fire Protection = 0.06 for square or rectangular columns filled with siliceous aggregate cone = 0.07 for square or rectangular columns filled with carbonate aggregate concrete specified 28-day compressive strength of con- crete in kips per sq in, (megapascals) column effective length in ft (mm) outside diameter for circular columns, in. (mm) putside dimension for square columns, in. (mm) = least outside dimension for rectangular columns, in. (mm) compressive force duc to unfactored dead load and Tive load in kips (kilonewtons) ‘The application oF these equations shall be limited by all of the following conditions: 1. ‘The required fire resistance rating shall be less than for equal to 2 hours, 2. The specified compressive strength of concrete, f’ shall be equal (0 or greater than 2,90 kips per sq in (20 megapaseals) 3. The specified compressive strength of concrete, F,, shall not exceed $.80 kips per sq in, (40 mega- pascal) 4. The column effective length shall be at least 6.50 f¢ (2,000 mm) and shall not exceed 13.0 ft (4,000 mm), 5. D shall be at least 5.50 in, (140 mm) and shall not exceed 12 in, (305 mm) for square and rectan: gular columns or 16 in. (410 mm) for circular columns. 6. C shall not exceed the design strength of the con: crete core determined in accordance with AISC LRFD-94, “Load and resistance factor desiga specification for structural steel buildings.” 5.2.4 Concrete or Masonry Protection The fire resistance rating of noncomposite structural steel columns protected with conerete, as illustrated in Figure 5-5, or masonry, as illustrated in Figure 5-6, shall be determined in accordance with the following expressions R=R, (14-008) (Eq, } +0284 k, son(S D (Eq. 5.8) In STunitsSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION where DETAILA DETAILB DETAIL PRECAST CONCRETE CONCRETE-ENCASED CONCRETE-ENCASED COLUMN COVERS STRUCTURAL TUBE, WIDE-FLANGE SHAPE 4 ft a shop ise pos ben Hh LH he 1 onsen mb FIGURE 5-5. Concrete Protected Structural Steel Columns Now: When the ise perimeter ofthe conreteprowestion not square. shal ete asthe average of Land, When he thieknes ofthe concrete cover snot constant, shall be taken a the average of fh anh * Joints shal be protected with a minigun tn. (254 mn thiknese of ceramic lamisil sensation with a density of 4408 Is per eu (64 t 128 kpcu m), The thickness othe insulation shall a be ess tha one-half he thickness of he coma cover The joint shall ot exceed 1 in. (25.4 mam) maim, \ AIEEE Z ‘i Z i —=4 if——/% LL A 4 ah ak, mks | ase Hp LY HL, 1 4 Lb, At he Lb, t Ly tm Lay : FIGURE 5-6. Concrete Masonry Protected Structural Steel Columns ion Lin Equation 58o¢ 59 shal be the average of Land, The dimension hin Equation 5.8 or 59 shall be hase on the equivalent thickness of the concrete msomry unit For Solid masonry unis, regal the lesser of, and FOr hollow masonry units equals the lesser ofan mest perent old ofthe wit expressed sa devine, W = average weight of the steel column in Ibs per 12%)" som D 7 linear ft (kz per m) o87 459) p= heated perimeter ofthe steel column, in. x|1+31,000f —4_ thickness of the concrete or equivalent thick pah(Lrhy for masonry, i. (mmm) ky perature thermal cond concrete or masonry in Buf ‘Tables 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3) A = fire resistance rating at equilibrium moisture 11 ambient temperate thermal capacity ofthe conditions in hours column re resistance rating at zero moisture content in hours = 0.11W Buu/t°F (ksim-K) equilibrium moisture content of concrete or 'p, = concrete or masonry density in Ibs per cu cy masonry, by volume (%) perm?) (sce Tables 5-1, 52, and 5-3)ASCH/SEUSFPE 29-05 TABLE 5-1. Properties of Concrete Normal Weight? Structural Lightweight “Thermal conductivity. k (0195 Buh-f-°F (168 Win-K) O38 Buus (061 WinK) Spoctic heat. 0.20 Buhs-°F O84 Kkg-K) 0.20 Buh it“F (0.84 KIe-K) Density. 2 185 yt (2.323 kgm’) 110 ye (1,762 kgs’) “Moisture content, m (percent by volume) 4 "Normal weight concrete i carbonate or siliceous aggregate concrete, as defined in Chapter 2 °sirvtural lightweight concrete is lighweight or sand density (anit weight) of 110 hs per cw (1.782 kp TABLE 5-2, Properties of Concrete Masonry Density ‘Thermal Conductivity divi’) kgm’) Buwh-n’F) Wink) 0 1281 021 036 85 1.362 023 oa 0 1442 02s aaa 9s 1s 028 os 100 Leo oat oss 105 L082 034 039 110 1.762 038 0.66 us 1382 a2 073 120 1922 046 os 125 2.002 ost 088 130-2082 056 097 135 2162, 062 107 102288 069 119 as 323 076 132 102.403 os 14s ‘The specific het, for concrete masonry shall taken as 0.20 Bib" (108 Kkg-K) and the equi- ‘ibrium moisture content, ma 280 ¢,= ambient temperature specific heat of concrete or masonry in Btu/lb-°F (ki/kg-K) (see Tables 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3) lerior dimension of one side of square conerete ‘of masonry box protection, in. (mm) For wide-flange steel columns completely encased in concrete with all reentrant spaces filled, as shown in Figure 5-5, Detail C, the thermal capacity of the cight conte defined in Chapter 2, with a minim ‘TABLE 5-3. Properties of Clay Masonry Density Thermal Conductivity ivi’) uma) (Buh) Wink) 120 1922 125 216 130 2.082 225 389 ‘The spciic eat or lay masonry shall be ahen as 0.24 Buu/i6 (1 GO AIAg-K) and the equilib moisture concrete within the reentrant spaces shall be added to the thermal capacity of the steel column in accordance with the following expressions’ H=01W+PS(5,d—A,) (Ea 5.10) 148 In S1 Units = 0s6w 4 PE (5yd—A,) (BS. y= flange width of the steel column, in. (num) 60 minutes ‘Therefore the assembly will provide a L-hour fire resistance. Eliminate one core laminate and add one puter tension zone laminate to the bottom of the beam. €3.3.2.3 Columns Example 1: The column supporting the glued laminated beams in the previous example is 0 be left exposed. A Douglas fir glued laminated column with ‘an actual section of 8 3/4 in, X 9 in, (222 mm X 229 mm) has been specified. The column length is 8 ft (2.44 m). Determine the fire endurance rating of the column selected to carry the imposed loads. The compressive strength and stiffness are F, 1,900 psi (13.1 MPa) and E = 7,700,000 psi (11,721 MPa), respectively: Solution: Area = 78.75 in2 (50.8 X 10* mm") Column load = 65 Ivf? x 35 11/2 x 60/2 14,125 Ths (152 kN) {ODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION Calculate the required compressive stress: F. sag = 34125 Ib/78.75 i. 3 psi (3 MPa) Determine the effective length factor from Figure 3-1: K=10 Calculate the effective length: L=1=8112 96 in, (2.44 m) Calculate the column stability factor (from the National design specification, Eq, 3.7-1) s, 0.957 Calculate adjusted: F! = 1,900 psi 0.957 = 1,819 psi (12.54 MPa) Calculate load factor from Section 3.2.2.1.1 4% Load ratio, r= 433/1,819 = 0.24 Calculate slenderness ratio: X96 in,/ 87S in. =10.972.2=1.5 Calculate the time to failure from Section 3.2.2. Eg. 3.5): 4 nl (5)] 2.5401 sonsr|-(235}] 4.35) = 67.6 min ‘Therefore the assembly will provide a I-hour fire resistance. C24 Component Additive Method for Calculating and Demonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance Example A: Determine the fre endurance rating of 4 wall assembly having one layer of S/8 in (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum board atached to wood studs on the “fire-exposed side as shown in Figure C3-L Solution: Table 3-1 shows that 5/8 in, (15.9 mm) ‘Type X gypsum board hasan assigned time of 40 minutes. Table 3-2 shows that wood studs spaced 16 in, (406 mm) on center have a time of 20 minutesSumming the two components result in fire ance rating of 60 minutes. Ifthe wall is assumed to be exposed to fire from both sides (x. for interior fre rated walls), each surface ofthe framing member would he required t0 be fire protected with atleast 40 minutes of membrane coverings in Table 3-1. Ifthe proposed wal is assumed to be exposed to fire from the interior only total contribution of 40 minutes from the interior membrane coverings from Table 3-1 is required. However, in this case, the exterior side must be protected in accordance with Table 3-4, or any membrane that is assigned a time of atleast 1S minutes as listed in Table 3-1 It the wall cavities between studs had been filled with rockwoo! insulation adding 15 minutes offre ‘endurance, as noted in Table 4-3, the $8 in, (15.9 mm) ‘Type X gypsum board could be replaced by 1/2 in (12.7 mm) Type X gypsum board. Thus, adding the endurance contribution times for the 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) ‘Type X gypsum board, wood studs, and insulation (24 minutes + 20 minutes + 15 minutes), the resultant fire endurance rating for the wall would also equal 60 minutes Example 2: Determine the fire endurance rating of. ‘aflooriceiling assembly having wood joists spaced 16 in. (406 mm) and protected on the bottom side (ceil- ing side) with two layers of 12 in. (12.7 mm) Type X gypsum board and having a 12 in. (12.7 mm) plywood subfloor on the upper side (floor side) as shown in Figure 3-2. Solution: Table 3-1 shows that the assigned ti foreach layer of 172 in. (12.7 mum) Type X gypsum board is 25 minutes. The time assigned for wood joists, as shown in Table 3-2, is 10 minutes. Adding the assigned time of two layers of gypsum board and wood joists, a fire endurance rating of 60 minutes is, calculated war ASCE/SEVSFPE 29-08 2" 4" (38 mm 89 mm) wood stud 5/8" (15.9 mm) ‘Type X eypsum board = 16"(406 mm) ———+! FIGURE C3-1, Fire-Exposed Side (Example 1) Example 3: A private residence is being changed to.an office. The load-bearing exterior walls of the residence (see Figure C3-3) consist of 2 in. X 4 in. (38 mm X 89 mm) studs spaced 16 in. (406 mm) on center, 12 in. (12.7 mm) gypsum board on the inside, ‘and 5/16 in. (7.9 mm) exterior grade plywood, sheath {ng paper, and 14 in. (6.4 mm) hardboard siding on the owiside. The cavities between the wood studs are filled with 1 lbifi (1.2 kg/m) glass fiber batts. The code requires the exterior wall ofthe structure 10 be upgraded tol-hour fire endurance with fire exposure from the inside only: What modification can be made 10 comply with code requirement? Solution: Table 3-1 shows that 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) zypsum board has a contribution tothe assembly fre rating of 15 minutes. According to Table 3-2, the studs have an assigned time of 20 minutes. According to ‘Table 3-3, the glass fiber does not contribute to the fre endurance ofa load-bearing wall, Thus the fie endur- nce rating of the exterior wall of the residence equals 35 minutes. In order to upgrade the wall to I hour, 4 proteetive membrane shall be added on the inside, contributing 25 minutes oF more 10 the assembly rating 172" (12.7 mm) plywood subfloor 27 8" (38 mm X 184 mm) joist Double layer 1/2" (12.7 mm) ‘Type X gypsum board FIGURE C3-2, Fire-Exposed Side (Example 2) aSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 12" (12.7 mm) gypsum board 2° X 4" (38 mm X 89 mm) wood stud lass fiber, 1/4 Ibvt2(1.2 kgm’) f sheathing paper and siding { c Z, Z See + 16" (406 mm) ——_—+} FIGURE C3-3, Fire-Exposed Side (Example 3) For example, a 12 in, (12.7 mm) Type X gypsum board adds 25 minutes according to Table 3-1, leading to a total of 60 minutes. REFERENCES FOR COMMENTARY 3 1, American Wood Council. (2008). National design specification, American Forest and Paper Association, Washington, D.C. Harmathy, T. Z. (1965), “Ten rules of fire endurance rating.” Fire Technology, 1(2), 93-102, (COMMENTARY FOR 4: STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RE! OF MASONRY Introduction: Fire resistance ratings are dete mined by standard test methods and used by the model building codes to address both life salety and property protection, Standards to establish fire resistance are developed and adopted by a consensus group. The code contains mandatory requirements that local jurisdic= tions adopt as law to govern building design and construction, Fire resistance is a property of all types of building, construction and is related to whether the materials are combustible or noncombustible. Masonry walls are noncombustible materials that have excellent fire resis- tance characteristies. The fire resistance of masonry walls is determined in accordance with ASTM E119. There are some instances where a particular type ‘of building construction has not been physically tested TANCE 48 in accordance with the ASTM E119 test method. This, Chapter provides an analytical method to determine the fire rating for building construction not specifically tested in accordance with ASTM E119. This method is ‘commonly known as the calculated fire resistance. ‘The resistance of masonry walls to fire isa well ‘established fact. Its a function of wall mass and thickness. Fire resistance tests have been conducted ‘on walls of solid and hollow units. During the ASTM E119 fire test, the fire resistance of masonry walls is usually established by the temperature rise on the tunexposed side of the wall specimen. Few masonry walls have failed due to loading or thermal shock of the hose stream, “The method of calculating fire resistance periods is described in NBS Report BMS 92 (Ref. C4-1). The fire technology principles found in Appendix B of BMS 92 were used to develop the procedures described in this Chapter to determine the calculated fire resistance ‘of masonry walls. These include: (1) effects of wall finishes; (2) effects of continuous aie spaces; (3) multi- ‘wythe wall construction; and (4) equivalent thickness. C4.1 Scope ‘The scope includes assemblies composed of masonry and other components including plaster and drywall fin- ishes and multi-wythe masonry components, which may include other types of inorganic masonry units. Fire resistance is dependent on the quality of mate- rials, design, and construction, in accordance with the ode. Design, construction, and material provisions formasonry structures are published in ACI S30/ASCE S/ ‘TMS 402, “Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures” (Ref. C4-2) (C43 Equivalent Thickness Recent developments in the clay masonry industry have led to the use of the equivalent thickness method for determining the fire resistance rating of hollow clay masonry. It has been accepted practice to deter: mine the fire resistance rating of concrete masonry units based on the type of aggregate used (0 manufac lure the masonry units and the equivalent thickness Of solid material in the wall. Equivatent thickness for clay masonry included in Table 4-1 is based on the same principle as concrete masonry units The information contained in this section and Table 4-1 is based on NBS Report BMS 92 (Ref. C4-1): NBS Report BMS 143 (Ref. C43): Annual report of the fire rating committee (Ref. C4-4y, Standard fre tests of unloaded holtow six inch brick/block panels (filled with lightweight aggregate: vermiculite) (Ref. C4-5); Fire resistance of various masonry walls (Ref. C4-6); and Fire test report #83-13 (Ref. C4-7), Example: Determine the equivalent thickness and fire rating for a nominal 8 x 4 X12 in, (200 100 300 mm) hotlow clay masonry unit with the coring pat- tern shown in Figure 4-1 1. Determine net volume of units Gross volume = (2X) = (7,625)(3.625)(11.625) = 3213 in? 2. Determine core area volume = 2 [(4.625)(3.625)(2.875)] + (4.625)(3.625}(0.625) = 106.9 in.) 3. Net volume = 321.3 ~ 106.9 214.4 ind 214.40321.3 0.667, unit is 67% solid 4. Percent solid 5. Determine 244 11.625 3.625, 5.09 in, From Table 4-1, hollow clay unit, unfilled, with an 5.09 in, attains a 4-hour rating. Extensive testing has established the relationship between fire resistance and equivalent solid thickness for concrete masonry walls. The relationship deter- mines fire endurance based on types of aggregates used and the equivalent thickness of the unit. Table 4-1 ASCEISEUSFPE 29-05 contains provisions for required equivalent thicknesses fof concrete masonry units manufactured with various ageregate types. Units manufactured with a combination of aggre- ‘zate types are covered by Note 2 of Table 4-1, which is based on wall tests of blended aggregate units. The required equivalent thickness in accordance with Note 2 for a specific fire resistance rating is determined by the following equation: T=TXV)+T XV) (Bg. C41) where required equivalent thickness for a specific fire resistance rating of an assembly con- sructed of units with combined aggregates (ny = required equivalent thickness for a specific fire resistance rating of a wall constructed of with aggregate type | and 2, respectively Cin.) fractional volume of aggregate type | and 2. respectively, used in the manufacture of the unit Example: The minimum required equivalent thickness of a wall constructed of units made with expanded shale (80% by volume) and caleareous, sand (20% by volume) to meet a 3-hour fire resistance rating is 7, for expanded shale (3-hour rating) = 4.4 in, «112 mm) T, for caleareous sand (3-hour rating) = 5.3 in. 135 mm) = (44 0.80) + (5.3 ¥ 0.20) = 4.58 in, (116 mm) C4.3.3 Air Spaces or Cells Filled with Loose Fill Material ‘When the cores of hollow masonry units or ait spaces are solidly filled with grout or loose material as Indicated, the equivalent thickness of the n ‘considered to be the actual thickness of the n C4.4.1 Walls with Gypsum Wallboard or Paster Finishes ‘The information contained in this Section is based. nt to the “National Building Code of C4.4.1.1 Calculation for Non-Fire-Exposed Side ‘The fre resistance of masonry walls is generally determined by temperature rise on the unexposed the “heat transmission” end point, The 0STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION time required to reach the heat transmission end point (Cire endurance rating) is primarily dependent on the thickness of the masonry, and the type of aggregate uused fo make the masonry. When additional finishes. ie applied to the unexposed side of the wall, the time required to reach the heat transmission end point is delayed and the fire resistance rating of the wall is thus inereased. The increase in rating contributed by the finish can be determined by considering the finish as adding to the thickness of masonry. However, since the finish material and masonry may have different insulating properties, the actual thickness of finish may be adjusted to an equivalent thickness of the type ‘of aggregate used in the masonry. The correction is made by multiplying the actal finish thickness by the factor determined from Table 4-2 and then adding the adjusted thickness to the thickness of the masonry. ‘This equivalent thickness is then applied to determine the fire resistance rating from Table 4-1 (C4.4.1.2 Calculation for Fire-Exposed Side ‘When finishes are added 10 the fire-exposed side of 4 masonry wall, the finish’s contribution to the to fire resistance rating is based primarily on its ability to remain in place during a fire, thus affording protection tothe masonry wall. Table 4-3 lists the times that have been assigned to the finishes on the fir-exposed side of the wall, These “time assigned” values are based on ctual fire tests The “time assigned” values are added to the fire resistance rating of the wall alone or to the rating determined for the wall plus any finish on the unexposed surf C4.4.1.3 Assume Each Side of Wall Is Fire-Exposed Some building codes permit exterior walls with specified setbacks from property lines to be unrated from the outside. Thus, in these cases, a calculation assuming the outside of the wall as the fire-exposed side is not necessary. ‘Where gypsum wallboard or plaster finishes are applied to a masonry wall, the calculated fite resistance rating for the masonry alone should not be less than ‘one-half the required fire resistance rating. This is necessary since the application of additional finishes serves to delay the heat transmission end point without adding any significant contribution to the load-carrying capability of the wall Example: An exterior bearing wall of a building is required (o have a 2-hour fire resistance rating, Th wall will be a conerete masonry unit manufactured with siliceous aggregate. It will be finished on the exterior with 5/8 in, (15.9 mm) of stucco (portland ccement-sand plaster) applied direetly to the masonry, so ‘The interior will be finished with a 1/2 in, (12.7 mim) thickness of gypsum wallboard applied (o steel Furng ‘members. What is the minimum thickness of masonry required? First Cafeulation: Assume the int fire-exposed side. tobe the 1. From Table 4-3 the 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) gypsum wall board hnas a “time assigned” of 0.25 hour; therefor, the fire resistance rating that must be developed by the masonry and stucco on the exterior must not by less than 1 34 hours (2 hours minus 1/4 hour). 2, From Table 4-2 the multiplying factor for portland ccement-sand plaster and siliceous aggregate cmu is 1.00; therefore, the actual thickness of stucco can be added to the thickness of masonry for use in Table 2.2. 3. Since Table 4-1 does not have required thick: nesses for | 3/4 hour, direct interpolation between the values for | 1/2 and 2 hours is acceptable, The interpolation results in a required thickness of 3.9 in. of emu and stucco. Since the stucco is 5/8 in. (19.9 mm) thick, the masonry must be at least 3.27 in. (3.9 - 0.63), ‘Second Calculation: Assume the exterior to be the fire-exposed side, 1. rom Table 4-2 the multiplying factor for gypsum ‘wallboard and siliceous aggregate emu is 1.25; there fore, the corrected thickness for 1/2 in, (12.7 mim) of gypsum wallboard is 0.63 in, (1.25 X 0.5), 2. Note 1 10 Table 4-3 allows 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) of stucco applied directly to the masonry to be added to the setual thickness of masonry gather than estab lishing a “time assigned” value. 3. Table 4-1 requires 4.2 in. of siliceous ageregate ‘cinu for a 2-hour fire resistance rating, Therefore, the actual thickness of emu required is 2.94 in, (4.2 = 0.63 - 0.63). 4, Since the thickness of emu required when assuming the interior side tobe the fire-exposed side is greater (i.e.,3.27 im.), this is the minimum emu thickness allowed to achieve a 2-hour fire resistance rating, Section 4.4.1.4 requires that the emu alone provide not less than one-half the total required rating. Thus, the emu must provide at least a I-hour rating. From ‘Table 4-1 itcan be seen that only 2.8 in. of siliceous aggregate cmu is required for 1 hour, whereas 327 in, will be provided €4.4.1.5 Installation of Finishes Provisions for finishes on masonry walls are specified in Section 4.1.5.1 for gypsum wallboard and gypsum lath and plaster. These criteria establish the minimumrequirements for securing these types of finishes to wood furing, ste! furring, or directly wo the masonry wall Section 4,4.1.5.2 refers to a finish of plaster and. 0 directly to masonry walls Inall instances, these provisions are applicable to the finishes that contribute to the overall fire resistance rating of the assembly. The building code of which this standard has been adopted must also be consulted {or applicable provisions that may differ from that contained in this Section. The building code takes precedence over the minimum criteria established in this Section. C4.4.3 Multi-Wythe Wall Assemblies In most cases for masonry walls, the fire endurance period will be determined by the temperature rise on the unexposed side of the wall, and its criterion is what the equation is based on. According to the general the- cory of heat transmission, if walls of the same materials are exposed to a heat source that maintains a constant exposed surface temperature, and the unexposed side is protected against heat loss, the time at which a given temperature will be attained on the unexposed side will ‘vary as the square of the wall thickness. In the ASTM E119 test, which involves specified conditions of temperature measurement and a fire that increases the temperature at the exposed surface of the wall as the test proceeds, the time required (0 attain a ziven temperature rise on the unexposed side will be different from conditions where the temperature on the ‘exposed side remains constant at the initial exposure temperature for any period. It has been found t ‘comparisons fairly consistent with test results can be ‘obtained by assuming the variation to be according 10, some lower power of n than the second, The fire resis- tance of the wall can then be expressed by the formula: R= (vy where fire resistance period -oetficient depending on the material, design of the wall, and the units of measurement of R and V V= volume of solid material per unit area of wall surface exponent depending on the rate of increase of temperature at the exposed face oF the wall For walls of a given material and design, it was found that an increase of $0% in volume of solid mate- rial per unit area of wall surface resulted in a 100% increase in the fire resistance period. This relation ives a value of 1.7 for n, The lower value of n as com- pared with 2 for the theoretical condition of constant eae ASCEISEMSFPE 29.05, temperature of the exposed surface is to be expected, as the rising temperature at the exposed surface would tend to shorten the fire resistance period of walls quali~ fying for higher ratings. The fire endurance period of a wall may be ‘expressed in terms of the fire endurance perios of the conjoined wythes or laminae of the wall as fol lows: 17 RRR, -..R, = fite resistance periods of walls (or Component laminae of walls) having vol~ umes of solid material per unit area of wall surface Of V,, Vy. Vie «Vi, Respectively, also letting ¢ and 7 be as defined above, then for walls in general, Ry = CVPR, = (VAY and Ry = (c,¥,)" “The fire resistant period oF the composite wall will be R= (c¥)" where ‘Therefore: R=(qM+q¥, 40M) (aire ayr Ri)" Substituting 1.7 for n and 0.59 for the general for- mula becomes: = (A+ a 4 OY ‘This equation was developed by the National Bureau of Standards in the early 1940s and first appeared in Appendix B of BMS 92 (Ref. C4-1). Ilis noted that the fire resistance period has been expressed in terms of the fire resistance periods of the component laminae of the wall, which need not be of the same ‘material and design, ‘A composite, multi-wythe wall, that is, a wall consisting of two or more thicknesses of dissimilar materials, has a greater fire resistance rating than simple summation ofthe fire endurance periods of the various layers. The equation developed from BMS 92, permits a calculated fire resistance rating ifthe fine resistance endurance periods are known lor each dis- similar material, From the same BMS 92 report, it was found that a continuous air space separating wythes of masonry also can increase the fire resistance rating ‘of'a masonry wall, A continuous air spac between two wythes of masonry, or two continuous. siSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL Fil air spaces ean separate three wythes of masonry. By BMS 92, a continuous air space of between 1/2 and 3 1/2 in, (13 mm and 89 mm) may be estimated by the use of 0.30 and 0.60 for one and two spaces, respec- lively. The equation provides the formula for calculat- ing the fire resistance ratings involving an air space if the fire resistance periods of the wythes separated by the air space are known. The fire resistance for the various wythes can be obtained from Table 4-1 ‘A partially filled collar joint is not considered an air space. Itis virtually impossible for a mason to keep an air space completely clean if it is less than 2 in, (50 mm) wide. C444 Multi-Wyshe Walls with Dissimilar Materials ‘This section lists the applicable tables from, document that can be used in conjunetion with masonry ‘walls to determine the total fire resistance rating of a :ulti-wythe wall composed of a combination of con- crete, concrete masonry units, oF clay masonry units, C4.4.5 Movement Joints ‘The fire resistance rating of movement joints is based on fire tests of various joint configurations. Requirements for movement joint materials are cov- ‘ered by the model building codes. C4. Reinforced Masonry Columns Fire testing of masonry columns evaluates the abil- ity of the column to carry design loads under standard fire est conditions, ‘Thickness requirements in Table 4-4 for lire resis tance ratings of reinforced masonry columns are based fn ests of both conerete and masonry columns. (C46 Masonry Lintels Fire testing of masonry beams and lintels evaluates the ability of the member to sustain design loads under standard fire test conditions by measuring the tempera ture rise of the reinforcing steel ‘The minimum cover of 11/2 in. (38 mm) required by Table 4-5 is consistent with the code to provide structural and corrosion-resistant protection of rein: forcement, Cover requirements in excess of | 1/2 in, (38 mm) protect the reinforcement from strength degradation due to excessive temperature during the fire exposure period. Cover requirements are provided by masonry units, grout, or mortar. REFERENCES FOR COMMENTARY 4 1. National Bureau of Standards. (1942), “Fire tance classifications of building constructions.” BMS 92, Washington, D.C. 32 E PROTECTION 2. American Concrete Institute (ACD), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and TMS (The Masonry Society). (1995), “Building code require- iments for masonry structures." ACI 530/ASCI S/TMS 402, Farmington Hills, Mich. 3. National Bureau of Standards. (1954). “Fire tests ‘of brick walls.” Technical News Bulletin, No. 143, ‘Washington, D.C. 4, Structural Engineers Association of Southern California, Annual report of the fire raring commit tee, 1962. 5. Williamson, R. B. (N.D.). Standard fire tests of. unloaded hollow six inch brick/block panels (filled with lighweight aggregate; vermiculite), Univ. of California, Berkeley. 6. Troxell, G. E. (1967). Fire resistance of various masonry walls, Univ. of California, Berkeley. 7, Fisher, F, and Williamson, R. B. (N. D.). “Two hour fire resistance test of Higgins Brick Company solid _grouted 5 inch hollow brick units.” Fire Test Rep. 483-13, Univ. of California, Berkeley. 8, National Research Council of Canada, (1990). Supplement (o the "National Building Code of Canada.” Ouawa, COMMENTARY FOR $: STANDARD METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION 5.1 Scope This Section defines calculation procedures that have, in general, been experimentally validated for specific fire protection materials/systems for structural steel. In most cases, these calculation methods involve the interpolation/extrapolation of standard ASTM E119 (Ref, C5-1 fire test results. As a result, limitations on the use of these procedures have been carefully estab- lished. Additional background is included in a related series of publications developed by the American Iron and Steel Institute (Refs. C5-2, C5-3, and C5-4) (C5.2 Structural Steel Columns, Numerous theoretical and experimental investigations hhave confirmed that the fire resistance of structural stel columns is a direct function of the mass of the column ‘and the surface area directly exposed tothe fre envi- ronment (Refs. C5-5, C5-6, and C5-7). As a result, the specified calculation procedures include these variables inthe form of weight-to-heated-perimeter (W/D) ratios, ‘as defined in this Section and illustrated in Figure 5-1 5.2.1 Gypsum Wallboard Based on a series of fire tests conducted by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) and the NationalResearch Council of Canada, an analytical expression hhas been developed to determine the fie resistance of | structural steel columns protected with Type X gypsum wallboard (Ref. C5-8). In order to account for the presence of chemically combined moisture in gypsum ‘wallboard, this equation includes the term W’, which is weight per linear foot of the steel column and gypsum wallboard. Since the fire integrity of gypsum wallboard systems is @ significant function of the support and attachment methods, the use of this equation is limited to two specific installation methods (Figures 5-2 andl 5-3). These installation methods are directly based on UL Designs X526 and X528 (Ref. C5-8). Furthermore, since the largest column that has been tested with gyp- sum wallboard protection is a W14X233, the appli tion of this equation is specifically limited to columns, with W/D ratios of Fess than or equal 10 3.65, For larger columns, the thickness of wallboard required for « W14X233 shape should be used. C5.2.2 Spray-Applied Materials (Wide-Flange Columns) This Section defines a general equation for determin= ing the fire resistance of wide-fange structural steel columns protected with spray-applied materials. Since the vast majority of these materials are proprietary, this ‘equation includes two constants that must be determined for specific materials based on standard fire test results, The database should include at least two tests for each of two different column sizes. For the smaller ‘of the two columns, one of the test specimens shall be protected so as 10 develop the minimum desired fire resistance rating, and the second specimen shall be protected with the maximum intended thickness ‘of fire protection material. For the larger of the two ‘columns, one of the test specimens shall be protected ‘with the minimum intended thickness of fire protection ‘material, and the second specimen shall be protected so as to develop the maximum desired fie resistance rating. These four tests establish the limits governing. the use of the resulting equation. These limits include the minimum and maximum permitted thicknesses of protection, the minimum and maximum fire resistance ratings, and the minimum and maximum columa sizes, Additional tests may be conducted to modify any of these limits, and these additional tests may involve dif ferent column sizes. The material-dependent constants are determined based on all applicable test data using a linear, least-squares, curve-fiting technique or similar statistical analysis, For some fire protection materials, designs in the UL Fire Resistance Directory include a form of this ‘equation with specific constants and appropriate appli- cation limits (Ref. C5-9). ASCEISEUSFPE 29.08 2.2 Spray-Applied Materials (Pipe and Tubular Columns) Especially for smaller shapes, the fire resistance of pipe and tubular columns protected with spray-applied materials will be somewhat less than the fire resistance ‘ofa wide-flange column with the same weight-1o- perimeter ratio (W/D) and thickness of protec- tion. In general, the difference is due to heat transfer principles related to the geometry of the cross sections. As a result, different material-dependent constants are equired, and these constants must be developed on the basis of standard fire tests as explained in the preceding seetion, It should be noted that the distinetion between ‘wide-flange and pipe and tubular columns mentioned in this discussion applies only in the ease of contour protection. For box profile protection (such as the previously deseribed gypsum wallboard system), pipe tubular, and wide-flange columns are interchangeable based solely on W/D ratios, 5.2.3 Concrete-Filled Hollow Steel Columns ‘The parametric equations for hollow steel columns filled with plain concrete (unreinforced) were devel- ‘oped by Lie and Hatmathy based on an analysis of 44 loaded fire resistance tests (Ref. C5-10), The experi ‘mental results were evaluated using mathematical mosd- els to identify important parameters and to generate design equations. Appropriate application limits were established based on the range of tested columns C5.2.4 Concrete or Masonry Protection ‘The equation for concrete-encased columns was Uerived directly from an expression developed by Lie and Stringer (Ref. C5-11). In order to use this equa tion, the ambient temperature thermal conductivity and thermal capacity of the conerete must be known, in addition to density and equilibrium moisture ince in many cases this information is not available (o the designer, a conservative tabulation of these properties is included, which may be used in the absence of specific data, This tabulation was devel- ‘oped from data published by Abrams (Ret. C5-12). For masonry units, this procedure has been modified by including the equivalent thickness concept devel- coped for walls €5.3 Structural Steel Beams and Girders For structural steel beams and girders, the same general principles apply as in the ease of columns In this instance, however, the heated perimeter (D) does not include the top of the top flange, which is shielded from direct fire exposure by Hloor oF roo! decks andor slabs.STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL (€5.3.1 Spray-Applied Materials ‘To some degree, the thermal characteristies of floor and roof decks and slabs influence the fire resistance ‘of beams and girders. As a result, direct design equa- tions have not yet becn developed for beams and gird- cers. A beam substitution equation has, however, been developed by Underwriters Laboratories, Ine. (UL) based on an evaluation of existing test data and basic heat transfer principles (Refs, C5-13, C5-14), This equation can be used in conjunction with approved fire resistance designs and permits the substitution of different beam and girder shapes, provided that the thickness of spray-applied fire protection material is adjusted as a function of the weight-to-heated- perimeter ratios (W/D). Example I: Restrained Floor Assembly Consider a building structured using 30° % 30° bays having a floor plate of 180'% 120’. Floor beams are WI6 x 26 spaced 7' 6" on center and designed to act, ‘compositely with the floor slab. The interior gird ers are W214 composite beams, Lateral stability is achieved using perimeter moment frames and the spandel beams are W24 X $5 with moment connec: tions to the perimeter columns. The slab is constructed using a3 1/4 in, of lightweight concrete (107-116 pet) cover 2 in, deep, gauge 22, fluted deck. Its assumed in this example that the registered design professional hhas determined that the floor assembly (including floor beams) and the structural frame girders and beams are classified as res Problem Determine the thickness of spray-applied fire pro- tection necessary to satisfy the following requirements ed. 2-hour Floor Construction 2-hour Floor Beams 2-hour Structural Frame (includes girders, spandrel beams, and floor beams with direct column, Sok For the floor assembly, the architecUengineer selects UL Design D902 since it includes composite beams, and the floor construction is consistent with that desired. No protection is required for the steel deck. The beam size specified in D902 is W8 X 28 0.819) and 3/8 in. of protection is required -hiour restrained assembly rating. The actual ams and girders can be substituted in this ign, and the thickness of protection required can be adjusted in accordance with Equation 5.12. ‘The relevant W/D ratios can be found in Tables 1-36 through 1-53 of the AISC Manual of Steet Construction (Ref. C5-15). floor b “ IRE PROTECTION hy W,1D,+0.60),, W,1D,+0.60 |"! 0819406 Jy 575 0532 W, (D406 W,1D,+06 For beams WI6 X 26 (W/D = 0.558) 0.832 hy == = 0.459 inches (Use 1/2") 2 0558 +06 For girders W21 x 44 (W/D = 0.746) 0,532 = 05% _ 0,395 inches (Use 7/16") 0746=06 For spandrel beams W24 X 55 (W/D = 0.828) os32 hy >= 0.373 inches (Use 3/8", minimam 2 Gaze + 6 7 0878 nehes (Use 8", minim Example 2: Restrained Floor Assembly and Restrained Beams and Girders ‘The basic composite floor design chosen for this example is a typical corner bay in a steel-framed building (Figure C5-1). The floor system consists of a3 1/4 in. thick lightweight concrete slab, with 6 X 6-WIL4 X W1.4 welded wire mesh, on top of 20 gauge fluted steel deck 3 in. deep welded to the supporting beams. The section sizes for beams and girders are shown in the figure. For this example, it is assumed that the registered design professional has determined that the floor assembly (including floor beams) and the structural frame girders and beams fied as restrained. are classi Problem Determine the thickness of spray-applied fire pro- tection necessary to satisfy the following requirements: hour Floor Construction 2-our Floor Beams 3-hour Structural Frame (includes girders, spandrel bbeams, and floor beams with direct column, connection) Solution For the floor assembly, the architectVengineer selects UL Design D916 since it includes composite beams, and the floor construction is consistent with that desired, No protection is required for the steel deck, The beam size specified in D916 is W8 x 28 (W/D = 0819) and 1/2 in. of protection is required for the 2-hour restrained assembly rating. The actualASCEISEUSFPE 29.08, 1 2 ES Wis x 150 = rn _ NON-COMPOSITE E z wid x26 a COMPOSITE, AE 8 eye z xI18 z £5 g Wis x26 2\6 x ‘COMPOSITE 2 Wid x 26 B COMPOSITE FIGURE C5-1. Steel Frame (Example 2) floor beams Wl4 x 26 (W/D = 0.628) can be substi- tuted in this design, and the thickness of protection required can be adjusted in accordance with Equation 5.12. The relevant W/D ratios can be found in Tables 1-36 through 1-53 of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction (Ref. C5-15), p= { WL 2L4 0.00 ° WW, 7D, 50.60 k ~(cseee "(oe2e +06 }05=0.8 noes (Use 3a") Because of the 3-hour requirement for structural frame, an approved fire-resistant individual beam design must be used for girder W16 X 57, spandrel beams W36 x 150 and W36 X 182, and the beam WI4 X 26 that directly connects to the columns. Here, UL Design N708 can be used with specified W8 X 28 ‘beam size and fire protection thickness of 1 7/16 inches, for the 3-hour restrained beam rating. The actual beams and girders could be substituted in this design, and the thickness of protection can be adjusted as fol ows (here all beam and girder sections are compact). p—{ MLD 060 "Uy, 73.40.60 p={ 8100 Vy gays 2040 W,1D,+06 W,/D, +06 For girder WI6 X 57 (W/D = 1.09) 2.010 “09 +08 = 1.21 inches (Use 1-1/4") For spandrel beam W36 150 (W/D = 1.43) pa 1, 2.080 "a3 +06 00 inches (Use 1") For spandrel beam W36 % 182, (W/D = 1.72) 2.040 nn 20-088 inches (Use 78) “LR2+0.6 “ For beam W14 x 26 (W/D = 0.628) with direct column connection ssSTANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION 2.040 0628+06 £66 inches (Use 1-11/16") Example 3: Unrestrained Floor Assembly Steel framed floor, with W14 X 22 beams spaced 8" on center designed to act noncompositely with the floor slab, spans between load-bearing walls. The slab is constructed using 2 1/2 in, of lightweight conerete (107-113 pef) over 2 in, deep, gauge 20, fluted deck, Its assumed in this example that the registered design professional has determined that the floor assembly (including floor beams) is classified as unrestrained. Problem Determine the thickness of spray-applied fire pro- twetion necessary to satisfy the following requirement |-hour Floor Construction |-hour Floor Beams Solution Using UL Design D902, which includes noncom: posite beams, no protection is required forthe steel deck. The beam size specified in D902 is W8 X 28. (W/D = 0.819) and ¥8 in. of protection is required for the I-hour unrestrained assembly rating. The actual floor beams W144 x 22 (W/D = 0.534) can be substituted in this design, and the thickness of pro- tection required can be adjusted in accordance with Equation 5.12. The relevant W/D ratios can be found in ‘Tables 1-36 through I-53 of the AISC Manual of Steel Construction (Ref. C-15) p= { MLD 060 °(W,7D,+ 0.60 = ( 2S2208 Vo 375 = 0.409 inches (Use 1/2") os3+06 C54 Structural Steel Trusses Existing test furnaces cannot accommodate large tousses. AS a result, conservative design approaches based on limiting temperatures are required in order to determine the fire resistance of these assemblies, In order to determine the required thicknesses of spray-applied fire protection materials, the previ ‘ously described column equation should be used, This, approach has been recognized by building codes for many years since, during fire tests, columns are simulta- neously exposed! On all four sides and the limiting tem- peratures for columns are lower than for other elements, such as beams and girders, Since the bottom chords and vertical and diagonal truss elements ean be simultane- ‘ously exposed on all four sides, the heated perimeter is 56 determined in the same fashion as for columns. In those instances in which the top chords will be shielded by floor or roof decks or slabs, the heated perimeter may bbe determined in the same fashion as for beams. In some instances, for practical reasons, users may wish to specily a single minimum thickness of protection forall {russ members based on the largest thickness deter- mined for each of the individual truss members REFERENCES FOR COMMENTARY 5 1, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), (1995). "Standard test methods for fre {ests of building construetion and materials.” ASTM E119-95a, West Conshohocken, Pa, 2, American Iron and Stee! Institute. (1980). Designing fire protection for steel columus, 3rd Ed, Washington, D.C 3. American Iron and Stee! Institute. (1981). Designing fire protection for sel trusses, 2nd Ed. Washington, D.C. 4, American Iron and Stee! Institute, (1984), Designing fre protection for steel beams, Ist Ed., Washington, D.C. 5. Lie, T.T, and Stanzak, W. W. (1973), “Fire resistance of protected steel columns." American Institute of Steel Construction, Engineering Journal 10(3), 82-94. 6. Society of Fire Protection Engineers. (1995) Handbook of fire protection engineering, 2nd Ed. Quincy, Mass. 7. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (1992). Structural fire protection. ASCE Manuals ‘and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 78, New York. 8. Underwriters Laboratories, Ine. (1975 and 1977). Reports on steel columns protected with gypsum wallboard enclosed in a sheet steel cover, Projects 7INK 2639 and 7ONK 8228, Northbrook, I 9. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (2003). Fire resis- tance directory, Northbrook, I 10. Lie, T.T., and Hatmathy, T. A, (1974), “Fire endurance of conerete-protected steel columns” ACTJ., TH), 29-32. U1, Lie, T.T, and Stringer, D. C. (1993). “Assessment Of the fie resistance of sleet hollow structural section columns filled with plain cone Internat Rep. No. 64, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction, ‘Ottawa, Ontario. 12. Abrams, M. S. (1979). "Behavior of inorganic ‘materials in fie.” STP 685 Design of Buildingsociety for Testing for Fire Safety, American Materials, Philadelphia, Pa, 13. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc, (1984), Fire ests of loaded restrained beams protected by cementi- tious mixture, Project 82K 7962, Northbrook, Il 14, Hervery, FE, and Treadway, JA. (2003). Development of equation relaing W/D and ASCEISEUSFPE 29.05 ‘material protection thickness for restrained beams, File R21012, Project 02NK26449, Underwriters Laboratories Ine., Northbrook, I 15, American Institute of Stee! Construction. (2001), Manual of steel construction, load and resistance factor design, 3rd Ed., Chicago. I 37APPENDIX A The following is reprinted, with permission, from the appendix ‘of ASTM E119, “Standard Test Methods for Fire ‘Tests of Building Construction and Materials.” defining restrained and unrestrained conditions of structural assemblies, X3. GUIDE FOR DETERMINING CONDITIONS OF RESTRAINT FOR FLOOR AND ROOF ASSEMBLIES AND FOR INDIVIDUAL BEAMS, X3.1 The revisions adopted in 1970 have intro- ‘duced, for the first time in the history of the Standard, the concept of fire endurance classifications based on ‘wo conditions of support: restrained and unrestrained. Asa result, most specimens will be fie manner as to derive these 1wo classifi X3.2 A restrained condition in fire tests, a used in this method, is one in which expansion at the supports ‘of a load-carrying element resulting from the effects of the fire is resisted by forces external to the element. ‘An unrestrained condition is one in which the load- carrying element is free to expand and rotate at its supports. X3.3 Some difficulty is recognized in determining the condition of restraint that may be anticipated at elevated temperatures in actual structures. Until a more satisfactory method is developed, this guide recom= ‘mends that all constructions be temporarily classified as either restrained or unrestrained. This classification will enable the architect, engineer, or building off to correlate the fire endurance classification, based on conditions of restraint, with the construction type under ‘consideration X34 For the purpose of this guide, restraint in buildings is defined as follows: “Floor and roof assemblies and individual beams in buildings shall be considered restrained when the surrounding or supporting structure is capable of resisting substantial thermal expansion throughout the range of anticipated elevated temperatures, Construction not complying with this definition are assumed to be free to rotate ted in such a and expand and therefore shall be considered as unrestrained.” X3.5 This definition requires the exercise of ‘engineering judgment to determine what consti- tutes restraint to “substantial thermal expansion,” Resistance may be provided by the lateral stilTness of supports for floor and roof assemblies and interme diate beams forming part of the assembly. In order to develop restraint, connections must adequately transfer thermal thrusts to such supports. The rigidity ‘of adjoining panels or structures should be consid cred in assessing the capability of a structure to resist ‘thermal expansion, Continuity, such as that occur ‘ing in beams acting continuously over more th ‘wo supports, will induce rotational restraint that will usually add to the fire resistance of structural members. X3.6 In Table X3-1 only the common types of con- structions are listed. Having these examples in mind s well asthe philosophy expressed in the preamble, the user should be able to rationalize the types of construction, X3.7 Commitice E-5 considers the foregoing methods of establishing the presence or absence of restraint aceording to type and detail of construction to be a temporary expedient, necessary to the initia- tion of dual fire endurance classifications. Its ant pated that methods for realistically predetermining the degree of restraint applicable to a particular fire endurance classification will be developed in the near future. 30STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION TABLE X3-1. Construction Classification, Restrained and Unrestrained 1. Wall bearing Single span and simply supported end spans of multiple bays” (1) Open-wob swe joists or stew! beams, supporting eoncrete sab, precast units, or metal decking ‘onesie 2) Conerete stabs, precast units, or metal decking ‘uestained Interior spans of multiple bays: (1) Open-web ste! joists, tee! beams oF metal decking, supporting continuous conerete slab restrained (2) Open-sieb steel joists or steel bears, supporting precast units or metal decking unrestrained (3) Cast-in-place concrete slab systems resiuined (4) Precast conerete where the parental thermal expansion i resisted by adjacent construction restrained TL Steel framing (1) Stoel beams welded, riveted, or bolted to the framing members estan {Q) All types of castin-place floor and roof systems (uch as beam-and-slabs, flat slabs, pan joists, tnd wate slabs) where the floor or rf system is secured tothe framing members restmined {G) All types of prefabricated floor or roof systems where the structural members are secured tothe framing members and the pocential thermal expansion of the Noor or oof system is resisted by the framing system or the adjoining floor or roof construction” sestraned 1M, Conerete taming: (1) Beams securely fastened tothe framing members rested 2) All types of castin-place floor or roof systems (such as beam-and slabs, flat slabs, pan jist, and ‘waffle slabs) where the floor system is cast with the framing members restrained (3) Interior and exterior spans of precast systems with cast-in-place joints resulting in restrain ‘equivalent to that which would exist in condition IHC) restrained (4) All types of prefabricated floor oF roof systems where the structural members are secured to such systems and the potential thermal expansion ofthe Moor or roof systems is resisted by the framing system or the adjoining loor or roof construction” restrained IV, Wood construction: Alltypes ‘unrestrained “Floor and rot systems can be considered resirained when Hey are ed ita walls with without te Beams the walls being designed and detailed. to esa thermal thrust fromthe oor oro system, "For example, resistance to potential thermal expansion s considered tobe achieved when (1) Continvous tructra concrete topping suse, {2} The space between the ends of precast units r betwen the ends of writs andthe veal fice of support i filed ith eonerete oF morta, (8) The space between the ends of precast units and the vertical aces of supports or between the ends af solid or hollow cor slab units oes ot exceed 0.25% ofthe length for normal weight concrete members o 1% of he length Fr sructra ightcight conerete members ooINDEX admixtures 2, 33 aggregate concrete 2: carbonate 2, 26-27, 36, 37. 38, 40; lightweight 2, 37, 40; sand-tightweight 2, 35, 40; siliceous 2, 26-27, 35, 38, 40, 50, air spaces: filed with loose fil material 19, 49; in vwythes $, 21, 38, 52 American Concrete Institute (ACD) | American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) 2 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 2 American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) 1-2 analytical methods 15-17, 44 ASTM E119 (Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials) 1, 2, 33-35 beams: concrete 8-14, 9, 35-36, 41-42; reinforeement for 8-10, 41-42; steel 29-31, 53-56; tendons 12-14, 35; wood 15, 43-44, 46 cast-in-place concrete 6, 8, 33, 35, 42 ceilings, wood assemblies for 15, 17, 18, 44,45 cellular concrete 2, 8 ceramic-fiber blanket 2, 6, 38 clay unit masonry 17, 49 ccold-drawn prestressing steel 35, 41 columns: built into walls 14, 42; conerete 14, 42; masonry 17, 21, $2; steel 23-29, 31, 52-83; wood 15,44, 46 ‘component additive method (CAM) 15-17, 44-48) analytical method 15-17, 44; component times 16, 45; exposed plywood 16, 44; floorfceiling and rooffcciling assemblies 17, 45-46; “Ten rules of fire endurance rating” 44~45; unsymmetrical wall assemblies 16-17 ‘concrete 2-14, 33-42; beams 8-14, 9, 35-36, 41-4, cast-in-place 6, 8, 33, 35, 42; columns 14, 42; definitions 2-3; equivalent thickness of 3, 34, 35; high-strength 33; precast 3, 5, 8, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42; slabs, floor, and roof 8, 35~36, 40: spalling of 33) steel columns encased or filled with 26-27, ‘53; walls 3-8, 36-40, see also reinforced concrete concrete cover over reinforcement 8-14, 41-42; beams 8-14, 35-26, 41-42; calculating 9, 12, 14; columns 14, 36, 42, 53: minimum requirements 14, 42: Slabs, floor and roof 8, 35-36, 40; temperature limitations 35; yield strength 35 ‘concrete unit masonry 17, 21, 37, 49, $0, 52 ‘connectors and fasteners, wood 15, 44 equivalent thickness 17; of concrete 3, 34, 35; of masonry 18, 19, 28, 37, 49 fasteners and connectors, wood 15, 44 finishes: on conerete 6-7, 39-40: installation of 7-8, 20-21, 23, S0-S1, $3; on masonry 19-21, S0-SI: ‘minimum rating 7, 20, 39-40: plaster 6-7, 19-20, 21, 39, 50, SI; on sicel 23-24, $3 (see also spray applied materials, on stee); stucco 21, 39, 50-S1; terrazzo 8; time assigned values 39: veneer 16; 0n wood 16, 47-48, see also gypsum wallboard finishes fire resistance ratings: purpose and use of 1; referenced standards for 1-2 anged wall panels 3, 37 Moors: conerete slabs for 8, 35-36, 40-41: spray-applied materials, for steel 5456; wood assemblies for 15, 17, 18,44, 45 fly ash 33, furring members 7, 39, 40, airders, steel 29-81, 53-56, graphical solution, for multiple wythe walls 3, 37-38 grout 17, 40, 49, 52 ‘gypsum wallboard finishes: lath $, 7, 20, $0-S1; thickness requirements 23-24, 31, $0; ‘Type X 8, 23, 31, 47-48, $3, see also finishes heat transmission end point 36, 38, 39, 40, 50-51 high-strength concrete 33 hollow-core panel walls 3, 37 hollow steel columns: concre wallboard protection 23-2. materials 53 hollow unit masonry 17, 49 hot rolled reinforcing bars 35, 41 eypsum 2-53; spray applied insulation; ceramie-fiber blanket 2, 6, 38; glass fiberboard 2, 45, 47: of joins in concrete wall panels 5-6, 38; mineral board 2: polystyrene foam plastic 4-5, 38; in r00f slabs 8, 40-41; thickness of 6, 38 interpolation, di 6,8, 12,52 joints: collar 18, 5 expansion 17, 21; movement 21, 52; in slabs, concrete floor and root £8, 40; in trusses, steel 31; in wall panels, concrete 56,38 joists 8, 11-12, 44, 45, 47 faminated timber beam large timber seetion 15 lintels 17, 21, 52 loads: concrete floor and roof slabs 36, 40; masonry columns, beams and Fintels 52; wood beams and columns 15, 43-44, 46 loose fill material 17, 49 glued 15, 44 6STANDARD CALCULATION METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION masonry 17-23, 48-52: columns 17, 21, 52; equival thickness 17, 19, 28, 37, 4% lintels 21, 52; steel columns encased with $3; units, definitions of 17-18, walls 17, 19-21, 50-52 ‘moisture content 34-35 ‘mortar 17, 40, 52 7 National Research Council of Canada 42, 52-53; “Test Board of 44 ‘numerical solution, for multiple wythe walls 3-5, 38 perlite conerete 2, 8, 18 pipe and tubular steel columns: see hollow steel columns, plain concrete, defined 2 plaster 6-7, 19-20, 21, 39, 50, SI. see also finishes plywood, exposed 16, 44 portland cement 33, 39 Portland Cement Association 40, 41, 42 positive moment reinforcement 2, 8, 10, 12 precast concrete 3, 5, 8,35, 37, 38, 40, 42 reinforced concrete: definition of 2; epoxy-coated 35; ‘minimum cover for 14, 42; non-prestressed 8, 12, 35, 41; positive moment reinforcement 2, 8, 10, 12: prestressed 8, 10-12, 35, 36, 41, see also concrete cover over reinforcement restraint 35, 41 ribbed panels 3, 37 roofs: concrete slabs for 8, 35-36, 40-41; insulated 8, 40-41; wood assemblies for 15, 17, 18, 44,45 xdwich panels 4-5, 38 silica fume 33, slabs, concrete 8, 35-36, 40-41 solid unit masonry 17 spray-applied materials, on steel: for beams and girders 30, 54; for columns 24~25, $3; for floor assemblies 54-56; for trusses 31, 56 stee! 23-31, 52-56; beams 29-31, 53-36; cold-drawn prestressing 35, 41; columns 23-29, 31, 53; girders 29-51, 53-56; hot-rolled reinforcing bars 35, 4 tuusses 31, 56. see also spray-applied materials stucco 21, 39, 40, 50-51 temperature: ambient 34, 35, 37, 45, 53; cold-drawn prestressing steel 35, 41; concrete floor and. roof slabs 40; limiting 34, 35, 56; standard time-temperature curve 33; of steel rwinforcements 41, 42, 52 tendons 12, 14, 35 “Ten rules of fie endurance rating” 44~45, terrazzo 8 thermal conductiv timber: see wood topping (overlay) 8, 35, 40 russes, steel 31, 56 two-course floors and roofs, conerete slabs 8,40 38,45, 53 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. 33, 40, 41, 42, 52, 54 tundulating panels 3, 37 ‘unsymmetrical wall assemblies, wood 16 veneer 16 vermiculite concrete 2-3, 8, 18 walls: composite 17; conerete 3-8, 36~40; defined 17; masonry 17, 19-21, 50-52; wood 16-17 \weight-to-heated perimeter ratios (W/D)> of beams and 24, 53; of trusses, steel wide-flange steel columns 23-24, 26-27, 29, 31,53 wood 14-17, 43-48; beams and columns 15, 43-44, 46; ecilings 15, 17, 44, 45; connectors and fasteners 15, 44; definitions/notations 14-15; dimensions and metrie conversion 43; effective load and length factor 15; fire-resistive exposed, design of 15, 43-46, see also component additive method (CAM) vwythe wall assemblies 3-5; air spaces 5, 21, 38, 51-52; ‘concrete 3-5, 37-38; with dissimilar materials 2, 51: graphical solution 3, 37-38; masonry 21,48, 51-52; multiple 3-S, 21, 37-38, 48, 51-52; ‘numerical solution 3-5, 38; sandwich panels 4~ 38; single 21 yield strength 35