CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the paper

1.1.1 Cultural belief system
Culture is a pattern of ideas, customs and behaviours shared by a particular people or
society. It is constantly evolving. The speed of cultural evolution varies. It increases
when a group migrates to and incorporates components of a new culture into their
culture of origin. Children often struggle with being ‘between cultures’– balancing
the ‘old’ and the ‘new’. They essentially belong to both, whereas their parents often
belong predominantly to the ‘old’ culture. One way of thinking about cultures is
whether they are primarily ‘collectivist’ or ‘individualist’. Knowing the difference
can help health professionals with diagnosis and with tailoring a treatment plan that
includes a larger or smaller group.
The influence of culture on health is vast. It affects perceptions of health, illness and
death, beliefs about causes of disease, approaches to health promotion, how illness
and pain are experienced and expressed, where patients seek help, and the types oft
reatment patients prefer. Both health professionals and patients are influenced by
their respective cultures. Canada’s health system has been shaped by the mainstream
beliefs ofistorically dominant cultures. Cultural bias may result in very different
health-related preferences and perceptions. Being aware of and negotiating such
differences are skills known as ‘cultural competence’. This perspective allows care
providers to ask about various beliefs or sources of care specifically, and to
incorporate new awareness into diagnosis and treatment planning. Demonstrating
awareness of a patient’s culture can promote trust, better health care, lead to higher
rates of acceptance of diagnoses and improve treatment adherence.
What is culture?
Culture is the patterns of ideas, customs and behaviours shared by a particular people
or society. These patterns identify members as part of a group and distinguish
members from other groups. Culture may include all or a subset of the following
characteristics: 1 given the number of possible factors influencing any culture, there

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is naturally great diversity within any cultural group. Generalizing specific
characteristics of one culture can be helpful, but be careful not to over-generalize.
ethnicity
language
religion and spiritual beliefs
gender
socio-economic class
age
sexual orientation
geographic origin
group history
education
upbringing
life experience
Culture is:
dynamic and evolving,
learned and passed on through generations,
shared among those who agree on the way they name and understand reality,
often identified ‘symbolically’, through language, dress, music and behaviours,
and
integrated into all aspects of an individual’s life.

1.1.2 Health belief system

The author adopts a critical stance toward the assumptions, beliefs and behaviours
underlying western biomedical tradition as it is enacted within the health care arena,
in this paper. On the basis of a cross-cultural comparison of how health belief systems
depict the nature of health, the nature of illness and the role of healers, this paper will
analyse the degree to which traditions other than western biomedicine seem to
influence much of our decision making and behaviour as practitioners and recipients
of health care.
Thus, locating our relationship to biomedical thought within the context of non-
dominant belief systems provides an unusual angle from which to evaluate critically

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 the way we think and behave. In concluding that western health beliefs are
powerfully influenced by traditions far beyond biomedical ideology, the author raises
implications for nursing’s future directions as active participants in a global health
movement.

1.2 Purpose of the paper

1. The reader can know the concept of a cultural belief system in Java

1.3 Problem formulation

1. What is the concept of a cultural belief system in Java?

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 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION

2.1 The definition of healthy and sick according to the culture in Surabaya
Health is something that is common, only thought of when sick or when a
health disorder interferes with a person’s daily activities. Healthy means strength
and endurance, having a resistance to disease, overcoming stress and lethargy.
According to UU No. 36 of 2009 concerning health, “health is a healthy state,
both physically, mentally, spiritually and socially that allows everyone to live
productively socially and economically” (quoted from Health Law No. 36 of
2009, 2009: 4). Illness (illness) is an individual’s assessment of the experience of
suffering from an illness. Pain shows subjective physiological dimensions or
limited feelings that are more related to the person who feels it, which is
characterized by feelings of feeling unfeeling (weakness), weakness (dizziness),
feeling stiff and numbness (numbness).

2.2 Cultural belief systems

a. Christianity
In Christianity the treatment is usually trusted by the sign of miracle that is by
using anointing oil that is applied or inhaled for shortness and asthma
The content of anointing oil
1. Myrrh oil
2. Cinnamon
3. Cane
4. Olive oil

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  The content contained in myrrh oil
Myrrh oil (fragrant sap oil) comes from dried resin extracted from the commiphora
myrrha tree, the two main active compounds found in myrrh (myrrh), called
terpenoids and sesquiterpene, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Sesquiterpens specifically also has an effect on the emotional center in the
hypothalamus, helping the body stay calm and balanced.

 cinnamon
cinnamon contains anti-oxidants which help to bind free radicals in the body,
prevent the body from being infected and prevent other diseases.
 Cane
cane contains several amino acids that can balance stress hormone levels. In
addition, these amino acids can also help you overcome the problem of insomnia.
By consuming sugar can water, you can sleep more soundly and make your mind
more calm
 olive oil
About 24 percent of olive oil consists of saturated fat, omega 6, and omega 3 fatty
acids. But the most fatty acid in olive oil is very healthy oleic acid. Oleic acid is
believed to help

Reduce inflammation.
One tablespoon of olive oil contains about 11 grams of monounsaturated fat and
1 gram of polyunsaturated fat. While one tablespoon of virgin coconut oil contains
0.1 gram monounsaturated fat and 0.25 gram polyunsaturated fat. Anointing oil
itself consists of various spices and each - each spice has anti-osident content and
aroma therapy to relax yourself. Therefore, sometimes people who are suffocated
or treated asthma at home are steam with anointing oil mixed with warm water(
kasiat minyak zaitun cal ogey).

b. Moslem
Moslem belief In the Masjidil Haram every day hundreds, up to thousands of
Muslims drink zam-zam water. They believe that the water has medicinal
properties, Zam-zam water depends on the intention of the person who drinks

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 it; if you intend to drink it to treat you, then God will heal you; if you intend to
be full, then God will make you full; if you intend it to eliminate thirst, then
Allah will eliminate your thirst, and the zam-zam is a basin made by Gabriel
and the flowing water that Allah gave to Ishmael.

Rational

very high water content in the human body, which is 60% of the total weight of
a man and 55% for a woman. The distribution of water throughout the body is
determined by osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. In general, 75% of all water in
the body is contained in cell bodies and the rest is outside cells.
Zam-zam water contains both major and minor minerals. Major minerals whose
concentrations are quite high are bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, sodium,
calcium, and magnesium. While minor minerals consist of strontium,
molybdenum, rubidium, zinc, and others.

c. Catholic
Eucharist and sick person
In the celebration of the Eucharist, when we want to receive the Eucharist, we
certainly pray “O Lord I do not deserve God to come to me, but just say so I will
get well”. Catholicism believes that they will be healed both physically and
spiritually ill. Jesus, in the new covenant, gave orders to the Disciples to heal
people by anointing them with oil in the name of the Lord.
In celebration of the Eucharist, Catholics will be given the body and blood of
Christ in the form of a hosti. Hosti is bread used in Eucharistic celebrations made
from unleavened bread. In Catholicism, Catholics believe that the body and blood
of Christ in the form of a hosti and anointing oil on the forehead or
hands that have been prayed for can heal the sick. It is this tradition which then
decreases the seven sacraments. One of them is the sacrament of the anointing of
the sick.
In this case the Church continues the task entrusted by Jesus to heal the sick,
especially spiritual healing.
The Eucharist is preceded by the confession of sins, then the sacrament of the
anointing of the sick, and
the Eucharist as the last sacrament that becomes the basis of our journey.

Rational

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According to the provisions of the Redemptionis Sacramentum art.48, the bread
used in the celebration of the Blessed Eucharistic Sacrifice must be unleavened,
made entirely of wheat, and newly made so as to avoid the danger of becoming
stale.
Wheat is a food that contains high carbohydrates that can provide energy for
people who consume them. Besides Carbohydrates, Wheat also contains various
vitamins, minerals and plant compounds which are also very beneficial for human
health. One example: Increase Body Metabolism When metabolism is not
functioning at an optimal level, our body will experience metabolic syndrome
which can cause high blood pressure and low levels of HDL (good cholesterol).
This metabolic syndrome will increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Therefore, most doctors and health experts recommend consuming whole grains
as an important part of our daily diet. These seeds can improve the overall
digestive system, which in turn can lead to a better increase in the body’s
metabolism so that it can prevent various health problems from the start.

d. Hinduism
Hindu cultural beliefs include daily rites (for example puja prayer and recitation of
prayers), holy celebrations on certain days, and pilgrimage. The ascetics called sadu
(saints) choose to do more extreme actions than the Hindus in general, which is to break
away from worldly activities and practice asceticism for the rest of his life to achieve
moksa. Yadnya anusa
Examples of Hinduism religious culture:
• Otonan, is a ceremony conducted on the day of birth, such as a birthday celebration,
conducted 210 days.
Tooth Brushing Ceremony, is a religious ceremony that must be held for its adherents.
This ceremony is held for adherents who have moved into adolescents or adults. For
women who have menstruated, and for men who have entered puberty. This ceremony
means to find the true nature of human beings who are free from the shackles of
darkness from the influence of Sad Ripu in humans.
Sad Ripu are six types of enemies that arise from the qualities of asubha karma or actions
that are not good in humans themselves, namely:
1. Kama, lustful nature.

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2. Lobha, greedy and greedy nature.
3. Krodha, cruel and bad temper.
4. Mada, drunkenness and insanity
5. Moha, confused and arrogant nature.
6. Matsarya, envy and envy.

e. Buddhism
Budhist vegetarian
Attitudes about vegetarianism vary from sect to sect as well as from individual to
individual. If you are wondering whether you must commit to being a vegetarian
to become a Buddhist, the answer is, maybe, but possibly not. It is unlikely the
historical Buddha was a vegetarian. In the earliest recording of his teachings, the
Tripitaka, the Buddha did not categorically forbid his disciples to eat meat. In fact,
if meat were put into a monk’s alms bowl, the monk was supposed to eat it. Monks
were to gratefully receive and consume all food they were given, including meat.
Vegetarianism and the First Precept
The First Precept of Buddhism is do not kill. The Buddha told his followers not to
kill, participate in killing, or cause to have any living thing killed. To eat meat,
some argue, is taking part in killing by proxy.In response, it is argued that if an
animal were already dead and not slaughtered specifically to feed oneself, then it
is not quite the same thing as killing the animal oneself. This seems to be how the
historical Buddha understood eating meat.
However, the historical Buddha and the monks and nuns who followed him were
homeless wanderers who lived on the alms they received. Buddhists did not begin
to build monasteries and other permanent communities until some time after the
Buddha died. Monastic Buddhists do not live on alms alone but also on food
grown by, donated to, or purchased by monks. It is hard to argue that meat
provided to an entire monastic community did not come from an animal
specifically slaughtered on behalf of that community.
Thus, many sects of Mahayana Buddhism, in particular, began to emphasize
vegetarianism. Some of the Mahayana Sutras, such as the Lankavatara, provide
decidedly vegetarian teachings

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion

3.2 Suggest
In my opinion, cultural belief systems and healt belief systems of cross-cultural
comparisons of how health belief systems describe the nature of health, the nature
of disease and the role of physicians, this paper will analyze the extent to which
traditions other than western biomedical seem to influence many of our decisions.
make and behave as practitioners and recipients of health care.