3 = N <- ry cS 4 = » NO eet MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad Maisammaguda, Dhulapally Hyderabad-500014, AP Under Student Chapter IETE & Technical Association Electro Spikes PAU Nee) iN PROGRESSDEPARTMENT OF ECE DEPARTMENT VISION * Ourvision isto develop the department into a full edged Centre of leatning in various fields of Electronics and Communication Engineering keeping in view the latest developments and to invoke enthusiasm among the Students to continually renew their education in rapidly developing technological scenario. ar DEPARTMENT MISSION * Our mission is to inculcate a spirit of scientific temper and analytical thinking & train the students in contemporary technological trends in electronics and communication to meet the challenging needs of the industry by providing versatile sound knowledge in the field of ‘engineering and technology. About Department ‘The Dept of ECE with an intake of 240 in B.Tech Programme also offers M. Tech programmes in EMBEDDED SYSTEMS & VLSI and EMBEDDED SYSTEMS, The Dept established IEEE, IETE & ISTE student chapters and organizes National level Technical Symposium - FUTURE SASTRA and State level Technical Symposium—MEDHA every academic year. The Depthas state of the art laboratories with latest softwares like MATLAB, XILINX, CCStudio, Keil, PSOC, RTOS, RT Linux and Multisim with well qualified and experienced faculty members. The Dept. organized Faculty Development Programmes on Analog & Digital design using CADENCE tools, Embedded system using 32 - bit processor, Programmable System on Chip Mixed Signal Microcontroller, Refresher Course Analog and Digital Communication and national conference on SPCOM-SD and Student Development Programmes like workshops on DSP implementation using ARM Processor, Robotics, Circuit Design and Implementation using PCB, Digital Circuit Design using OSCAD and Adobe Photo Shop. intra college student conferences on systems, signal processing and communication, conference on Embedded system, VLSI, Signal Processing and Communication, The Dept. also organizes regular student seminar sessions of two hours per week for |tolVB.Tech student to enhance their all round performance. The Dept. also offers value added certification courses on BEC, Microsoft and CISCO certification through Center for Development of Communication Skills, Micro Soft Innovation Center and CISCO Networking Academy respectively within the College Campus 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 1DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX PEOS PEO1 - PROFESSIONAL ENHANCEMENT To develop in the students the ability to acquire knowledge of Mathematics, Science & Engineering and apply it professionally within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, ‘manufacturability and sustainability with due ethical responsibility. PEO2 - CORE CAPACITIES To provide ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems with hands on experience in various technologies using modern tools necessary for ‘engineering practice to satisfy the needs of society and the industry. PEO3 - TECHNICAL CAPACITIES To equip the students with the ability to design, experiment, analyze and interpret in their core applications through multi disciplinary concepts and contemporary learning to build them into industry ready graduates. PEO4 - PROFESSIONALISM To provide training, exposure and awareness on importance of soft skills for better career and holistic personality development as well as professional atitude ‘towards ethical issues, team work, multidisciplinary approach and capability to relate engineering issues to broader social context PEOS - LEARNING ATMOSPHERE To provide students with an academic environment and make them aware of excellence, leadership, written ethical codes and guidelines and the life-long learning to become a successful professional in Electronics and Communication Engineering 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX, MESSAGES rod MRECW has made tremendous progressin all areas crossing several milestones within a very short span of time, And now | feel very happy to know that the students and faculty of the ECE department of MRECW are bringing out the first volume of the Technical magazine Technitronix. As | understand, this magazine is intended to bring ‘out the inherent lterary talents inthe students and the teachers and also to inculcate leadership skills among them. | am confident that this issue will send a positive signal CH. Molla Reddy to the staff, students and the persons who are interested in the educational nd literary vse rede Ceopetsnaens activities Principal's Message {congratulate the department of ECE, MRECW for bringing out the first issue ofthe prestigious quarterly department technical Magazine, Technitronix , | am sure that the magazine will provide a platform to the students and faculty members to expand their technical knowledge and sharpen their hidden lterary talent and will also strengthen the all round development of ‘the students. 1am hopeful that this small piece of literary work shall not only develop the taste {for reading among students but also develop a sense of belonging to the institution as well, D¥ ¥. Maghavee latha ‘My congratulations to the editorial board who took the responsiblity for the arduous task rmosteffectively.l extend best wishes forthe success ofthis endeavour. Dean's Message It gives me immense pleasure to pen a few words as prologue to the first volume of the quarterly technical magazine Technitronix exclusively meant for churning out the latent writing talent which bears immense potentiality of sharpening the student skills as part of their overall personality development. congratulate all the contributors for bringing out sucha beautiful magazine. J Dr. D. Raghurami Reddy Dean HOD’s message itis an occasion of great pride and satisfaction forthe department of ECE, MRECW to bring out the first issue of the quarterly of the Technical magazine Technitronix it gives me immense pleasure to note that the response to the magazine has been overwhelming, The wide spectrum of articles gives, usa sense of pride that our students and faculties possess creative potential and original thinking in ample measures, Each article is entertaining interesting and absorbing. | applaud the contributors, for their stimulated thoughts and varied hues in articles contributed by them. K. NiranjanReddy HOD & Asoc, Profesor Editorial Board K, Niranjanreddy, woo, ece K, Suma latha, Assistant Professor, ECE V. Veera Babu, Assistant Professor, ECE 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 3DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX, SCIENTIST OF THE QUARTER Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, CSI, CIE, FRS (Bengali:30 November 1858 - 23 November 1937) was a Bengal ipolymath, physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, as well as an early writer of science fiction He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent, IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science. He is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. Healso invented the crescograph. Born in Bikrampur (present day Munshiganj District near Dhaka in Bangladesh) during the British Raj, Bose graduated from St, Xavier's College, Calcutta, He then went to the University of London to study medicine, but could not pursue studies in medicine due to health problems. instead, he conducted his research with the Laureate Lord at Cambridge and returned to India, He then joined the Presidency College of University of Calcutta asa Professor of Physics. There, despite racial discrimination and a lack of funding and equipment, Bose carried on his scientific research Jagadish Chandra Bose He made remarkable progress in is research of remote wireless signalling and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio signals. However, instead of trying to gain commercial benefit from this invention, Bose made his inventions public in orderto allow others to further develop his research Bose subsequently made @ number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to various stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues, Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions due to peer pressure, his reluctance to any form of patenting was well known, To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as Bose's demonstration of an apparent power of feeling in plants, exemplified by the quivering of injured plants. His books include Response in the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (1926) 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 4DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX, FACULTY ARTICLES HIGH PERFORMANCE MEDICAL IMAGE RETRIEVAL USING MULTIPLE FEATURES Mecical images ae important dognestic evidence becouse they | an provide imperative information about anatomical pathology. Se | Thegourhof¥esicalimagesin database ienrmousinthepast | 1 few years when the medical digital image equipments suchas CT, MRI, and PET.CT are used inthe clinic works. The goals of medical Oretine | information systems have often been defined to deliver the £ + Process | i ‘needed information tothe right personsatthe right time, the right haps Feerre Beacon + place in order to improve the quality and efficiency of care | process. Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems allow | users to query based on the image content (colt, texture, shape ) | eto, which are analyzed and exacted automaticaly by computer 1 toachieve the effective retrieval, Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems feature can be samc extracted using image content (color, texture, shape, etc).in CCBMIR for diagnostic gray scale images will be used on this concept texture & shape feature are extracted... Now medical images are mainly gray images, Texture isa fundamental important visual feature in image description that refers to innate surface properties of an object and their relationship ofthe surrounding. Texture describes the structural arrangement ofa region andthe relationship ofthe surrounding regions. Avwide variety of texture analysis methods have been developed, Wavelets quite appropriate for texture description but can' distinguish the texture patterns with similar spatial directional properties. To overcome these drawback dual tree complex wavelet transform (OT- CWT) is introduced. A new Texture features along with shape features an integration with clustering which provides good retrieval performance. To perform CBMIR, entire image considered as amosaic of different texture regions and representation ofimages at region levelis more close to human perception system, Each textured region of the images in the database can be characterized with clustering segmentation and feature vector were formed describing the texture for retrieval purpose. ‘Shape features have been one ofthe most important and effective low level visual features in characterizing many pathologies. Shape feature extraction methods can usually divided into contour- based and region-based Contour based shape feature extraction methods ‘extract shape information from boundary of entity which contains boundary information. However, region-based shape features ‘extraction methods which extract the interior shape information from all the pixels within entity. Commonly used contour-based shape feature extraction methods include Fourier descriptors, wavelet descriptors, curvature scale space descriptors, shape signatures, movements and function of movements et, Fourier descriptor method is one ofthe most elementary and widest used methods among these contour-based shape feature extraction methods. Dr. ¥. Madhavee Latha Principal & Professor of ECE 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 5DEPARTMENT OF cE TECHNITRONIX, RIDING AN ENERGY BEAM TO SPACE Beam-Energy Propulsion-asing a beam of energy directed at a spacecrafteitherto heat upits propellant orto deliver electricity to its engine, By removing the energy source from the rocket itself, beam-energy propulsion has the potential to make launching spacecraft cheaper and more reliable, In conventional chemical propulsion, massive amounts of energy are stored in a rocket's fuel, which makes up a significant amount of its weight, In addition, chemical systems are heated to temperatures above the melting point of some materialsin the rocket itself, says Alexander Bruccoleri, a researcher in the aeronautics and astronautics department at MIT, who recently received his master’s from the Space Propulsion Lab. Bruccoleri presented a paper at the conference on August 3 on a comparison metric he invented to test beam-energy systems. Beam energy was dreamt up in the late 1970s by NASA Ames Research Center and the California Institute of Technology. “The idea was to use lasers as a heat cexchangertake the energy and make a hot fluid that can expand ut ofthenozze,"Bruccoeri says. Now researchers are exploring ground-based lasers systems that heat fuels such as hydrogen to a temperature thats easier to manage. “The hydrogen molecules can be accelerated twice as fast as water molecules with the same temperature, providing better exhaust Velocity-the thrust you get forthe rate at which you are burning the propellant,” says Bruccoler, Using light as an external power source canalleviate the weight and mass of having an onboard system, leaving room for scientific payloads, for example, and it provides more propulsive power, Such systems could bea reality in5 to 10 years, others are skeptical, Kevin Johnson, a space exploration and spacecraft propulsion manager at Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver, for example, expresses concern about the potential for atmospheric interference with the beam, Greg McAllister a senior staff propulsion engineer also at Lockheed Martin, agrees and says that an energy source powerful enough to propel rocket could also bun it up. (MeAllisteris presenting a paper atthe conference on testing the pulse throtle thrusters used forthe “Mars Phoenix mission.) while the system could generate enough power from a ground-based station and reduce costs, itis "20-plus years" from being feasible. K. NiranjanReddy HOD & Assoc Professor 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 6DEPARTMENT oF ECE ‘TECHNITRONMIX ENERGY HARVESTER & POWER MANAGER IC EXTENDS LIFE OF PRIMARY BATTERIES Linear Technology announces the LTC3107, a highly integrated DC/DC converter designed to extend the life of a primary battery in low power wireless system networks (WSNS). The LIC3107 combines energy harvesting and power ‘management capabilty with a primary battery cell to extend the battery's usable lifetime. The L1C3107 harvests energy from thermoelectric generators (TEGs) and ‘thermopiles when these sources are available, storing excess power in a storage capacitor and seamlessly transitioning to the primary cell to power a wireless sensor node when harvested power is unavailable, The {TC3107' internal boost converter combined with a small step-up transformer, harvests energy from input voltages as low as 20mY, commonly found from sources such as TEGS and thermopiles, and delivers an output which tracks the battery voltage. An additional 2.2V LDO output provides power to an extemal microprocessor. If harvested energy is not available, the system is powered directly from the battery, requiring only 6uA, The ‘combination ofa small step-up transformer, 3mm x 3mm package and minimal extemal components ensures a highly compact solution footprint The LTC3107 is designed to use the primary battery to startup the IC and power VOUT and the LDO with or without any available power from the energy harvesting source, When the energy harvesting source is available, the {T3107 seamlessly transitions to run only from the energy harvesting source with only 80nA of {quiescent current drawn from the primary battery. Ifthe energy harvesting source goes away or ifthe load ‘exceeds the energy harvested, the {T3017 transitions tothe primary battery to supply the VOUT and VLDO. loads. The BATT_OFF indicator can be used totrackthe battery usage. The LTC3107EDD is offered in a 3mm x 3mm 10-lead DFN package, priced stating at $2.95 each for 1,000- piece quantities. An industrial grade version, the {TC31071DD, is quaranteed to operate over the -40°C to 125°C operating junction temperature range and is priced starting at$3.45 each in 1,000-piece quantities, Both versions are available from stock, V. Madhavi Assistant Professor NEW SPACE TIME 4-D CLOCK Scientists have proposed to build the first ever 4D space-time crystal clock that they claimwill keep accurate time forever, even after the heat-death ofthe universe Thisis, the “wow” factor behind a device known as a “space-time crystal” a four dimensional crystal that has periodic structure in time as wellas space scientists said -Researcher Xiang Zhang from Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division, who led this research, and his group, have come up with an experimental design to build a crystal that is discrete both in space and time- a space-time crystal However, there are also practical and important scientific reasons for constructing a space-time crystal With such a 4-D crystal, scientists would have a new and more effective means to study how complex physical properties and behaviors emerge from the collective interactions of large numbers of individual particles. ‘A space-time crystal ould also be used to study phenomena inthe quantum warld, such as entanglement, in which an action on ‘one particle impacts another particle even if the two particles are separated by vast distances", scientists said Scientists from the US Department of Energy (DOE's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has proposed the experimental design ofa space-time crystal based on an electrc-field ion trap and the Coulomb repulsion of particles that carry the same electrical charge. The concept ofa crystal that has discrete order in time was proposed earlier this yearby Frank Wilczek, the Nobel-prize winning physicist atthe Massachusetts Institute ‘of Technology While Wilczek mathematically proved that atime crystal can exist, how to physically realize sucha time crystal was unclear ¥. Sharath Assistant Professor 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 7DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX STICK-ON ELECTRONIC TATTOOS Researchers have made stretchable, ultrathin electronics that cling to skin lke a temporary tattoo and can measure electrical activity from the body. These electronic tattoos could allow doctors to diagnose and monitor conditions like heart arrhythmia or sleep disorders noninvasively. prototype that can replicate the monitoring abilities of bulky elecrocardiograms and other medical devices that are normally restricted to a clinical or laboratory setting. This work was presented today in Science. To achieve flexible, stretchable electronics, Rogers employed a principle he had already used to achieve flexibility in substrates. He made the components—all composed of traditional, high-performance materials ke silicon —nat only incredibly thin, but also “structured into a serpentine shape” that allows them to deform without breaking, The result, says Rogers, is that "the whole system takes on this kind of spiderweb layout evices that were either flexible but not stretchable, or stretchable but not flexible, In particular, his previous work was limited by the fact thatthe electronics portion sof his designs couldn't flex and stretch as much as the substrate they were mounted on the electronic tattoo achieves the mechanical properties of skin, which can stand up to twisting, poking, and pulling without breaking. Rogers's tattoo can also conform to the topography ofthe skin as wellas stretch and shift witht. It can be worn for extended periods without producing the iritation that often results from adhesive tapes and rigid electronics. Although Rogers's preliminary tests involved a custom-made substrate, he also demonstrated that the electronics could be mounted onto a commercially available temporary tattoo, The prototype was equipped with electrodes to measure electic signals produced by muscle and brain activity. This could be useful for non-invasive diagnosis of sleep apnea or monitoring of premature babies’ heart activity. To demonstrate the device's potential as a human-computer interface, Rogers mounted one ofthe tatoos on a person's throat and used measurements ofthe electrical activity in the throat muscles to control a computer game. The signal from the device cantained enough information for software to distinguish ‘amang the spoken words "left," “right,” "up," and “down” to control cursoron the screen, The device included sensors for temperature, strain, and electric signals from the body, It also housed LEDs to provide visual feedback; photo detectors to measure light exposure; and tiny radio transmitters and receivers. The device is small enough that requires only minuscule amounts of power, which tcan harvest va tiny solarcells and via a wireless coilthat receives energy from anearby transmitter Rogers hopes to buildin some sort of energy-storage ability, like a tiny battery, inthe near future. The researchers are also working on making the device wireless. Veerababu Assistant Professor 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. aene TECHNITRONIX, STUDENT ARTICLES. HUMANOID ROBOTS ‘AHumanoid may be defined as something that resembles otooks like a human and having characteristics like opposable thumb, ability to walkin upright position, etc, These robots are called Humanoid Robots or may be simply “Humanoid” In general Humanoid robots have a torso witha head, two arms and two legs, although some forms of humanoid robots may ‘model only part ofthe body for example, from the waistup. Some ‘humanoid robots may also have a face, with eyes' and ‘mouth, Features of Humanoid Robots ‘The characteristics features of Humanoid Robots include: Selt-maintenance Autonomous learning Avoiding harmful situations to peopl, property, anditself Safe interacting wth human beings andthe environment Working and Control Mechanism Concept of Zero Moment Point: This concept explains the dynamic balance of humanoids during walking which requires information about the contact forces and the currentand desied direction of mation. As perthe 2MP Theory, the pressure under supporting foot can be replaced by the appropriate reaction force acting ata certain point of ‘the mechanism’s foot Since the sum ofall moments of active force with respect to ths point is equal to zero, itis termed as the Zero Moment Pint 2MP). Conclusion Though the technology has advanced much nthe field of Humanoid Robotics, there are still several problems which need attention. The ‘technological briliance of the humanoids is required to be sharpened more and the shortcomings in the results must be deak with properly T. AISHWARYA YADAV "2RHt A088 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 9ene TECHNITRONIX, TONGUE DRIVE: A TONGUE-OPERATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM Assistive technologies playa criticalrolein the lives of people with severe disabilities and help them to lead independent sef-supportive lives. Persons severely disabled asa result of causes ranging rom traumatic bran and spinal cord injuries to stroke and cerebral palsy generally find it extremely difficult to cay out everyday tasks without continuous help. Assistive technologies that help them communicate theirintentions and effectively control theirenvironment. Cre cme a Tongue Drive System Inthe Tongue Drive System (TDS), the mation ofthe tongue is traced by an array of magnetic sensors, which measure the magnetic field generated by a small permanent magnet, the sizeof a grain of rice tat is embedded in a biocompatible material such as titanium, and attached tothe tongue through piercing, implantation, or adhesion. The magnetic sensors can be either mounted on a dental retainer and clipped on the outside of the teeth (internal TDS or TDS) or on a headset (extemal TDS or €TDS) positioned near the cheeks. Sensor outputs are amplified, multiplexed, digitized, and transmitted wirelessly toan external controller unit. Signals received by the extemal controle, which can be a portable computer ora smartphone are processed to indicate the mation ofthe permanent magnet and consequently the tongue position within the oral cavity, We can assign a certain control function to each particular tongue movement in software and customize the system for each individual user. These user-defined control functions may ‘then be used to operate a variety of devices and equipments including computers, phones, and powered wheelchais ‘The signals from the magnetic sensors ae near functions ofthe magnetic field, whichis continuous postion-dependent property. Thus a few sensors are able to capture a wide varity of tongue movements. This mechanism provides a tremendous advantage over switch based devices in thatthe user has the options of proportional, fuzzy, or adaptive control which can offer smoother, faster, and more natural controlover the environment. Y.SWAPNA REDDY "aR A0489 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 10DEPARTMENT OF ECE BUBBLE POWER TECHNITRONEX Sonofusion is technically known as acoustic inertial confinement fusion, In this we have a bubble cluster (rather than a single bubble) is significant since when the bubble custerimplodes the pressure within the bubble cluster may be greatly intensified. The centre ofthe gas bubble cluster shows a typical pressure distribution during the bubble cluster implosion process. It can be seen that, due to converging shock waves within the bubble cluster there canbe significant pressure intensification inthe interior of the bubble cluster Thislarge local liquid pressure (P>1000 bar) will strongly compress the interior bubbles with in the duster leading to conditions suitable for thermonuclear fusion. More over during the expansion phase ofthe bubble cluster dynamics, coalescence af some of interior bubbles is expected, and this wilead tothe implosion of fail large interior bubbles which produce more energeticimplosions.. 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. The apparatus consists ofa cylindrical Pyrex glass flask 100 mam, in igh and 65m.m in diameter Alead-zirconate-titanate ceramic piezoelectric crystal inthe form of a rng is attached to the flask’ outer surface. Te piezoelectric ring works like the loud speakers ina sonoluminescence experiment, although it creates much stronger pressure waves. When a positive voltage is applied to the piezoelectricring, itcontracs; when the voltageis removed, it expands toits original size. The flask is then filled with commercially available deuterated acetone (C3 D 6 0}, in which 99.9 percent of the hydrogen atoms inthe acetone molecules are deuterium (this isotope of hydiragen has one proton and one neutron ints nucleus). The main reason ‘to choose deuterated acetone is that atoms of deuterium can ‘undergo fusion much more easily than ordinary hydrogen atoms, ‘Also the deuterated fluid can withstand significant tension (stretching) without forming unwanted bubbles. The substance is also relatively cheap, easy to work with, and not particularly hazardous, P MANISHA iR1A0687DEPARTMENT oF ECE ‘TECHNITRONMIX SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO (SDR) Software-defined radio (SDR) i a radio communication technology that i based on software defined wireless communication protocols instead of hardwired implementations. In other words frequency band, air interface protocol and functionality can be upgraded with software download and update instead of a complete hardware replacement, SDR provides an efficient and secure solution to the problem of building multimode, mult-band and muttfunctonal wireless communication devices. An SDR is capable of being re- programmed or reconfigured to operate with different waveforms and protocols through dynamic loading of new waveforms and protocols ffcient and effective SDR design requires a standard programmable hardware platform that allows designers to navigate these tough system requirements. The Applications Processors leverage the ARM general purpose processor to complement highly- efficient, programmable T digital signal processor (DSP) and a rich set of 10 to address the needs for software defined radio communication devices Complex functions in wireless protocol-speciti algorithms are perfectly suited to programmable Ps since they combine number-crunching power with intelligence to enable muttitasking. The DSPs math capability allows it to handle the various modem processing functions lke filtering, ‘modulation, demodulation and ero correction encoding and decoding The TMS320C6657, TMS320C6655, and TMS320C6670 DSPs are particularly well-suited to SDR applications because of the inclusion of Turbo Decoder (TCP3d) and Viterbi-Decoder (VCP2).The ARM926EI-S™ Processor on the TMS320DM64x the ARM Cortex™-A8 in the OMAP35xx SOC, as well as the ARM9 and ARM9-plus-DSP architecture of the OMAP-L1x are especially well suited to handle the networking, media access control and applications processing in a wireless radio ‘communication product, The ARM processor also helps address the control functions involved with ‘man machine interface inthe radios. PADMAJA V.K. Ren A0683 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 2DEPARTMENT OF cE TECHNITRONIX, NANO ROBOTICS Nano robotic is concerned with (1) manipulation of Nano scale objects by using micro or macro devices, and (2) construction and programming of robots with overall dimensions at the Nano scale (or with microscopic dimensions but nanoscopic components) [Requicha 2003}. This covers both of these aspects, Nano manipulation is the most effective process developed until now for prototyping cof Nano systems, and rapid prototyping is important to validate designs and optimize ther parameters. Nano manipulation isalso useful to repair of modify structures built by other means. Nano robots have dimensions comparable to those of biological cells, and are ‘expected to have remarkable applications in health careand environmental monitoring. For example, they might serve as programmable artifical cells fr early detection and destruction of pathogens. The initial research is biased towards Nano manipulation, Work on Nano robot construction has begun at alow level and willincrease as the projectevolves. The reliable and accurate methods for Nano manipulation s by using the tip ofa Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) as a sensory robot, in ambient air or in liquids and at room temperature. These methods involve a human in the loop to compensate for the many spatial uncertainties involved in the manipulation and which are due to such phenomena as thermal drift or piezoelectric creep and hysteresis. Experience at LMR with assembling ‘ single electron transistors, nanowires, Nano waveguides and other Nano device prototypes has shown that automation is needed if SPM manipulation is to be used for building the complex patterns required by new nano devices and systems, The current project addresses automation issues across the board, from high-level path planning for the assembly of nanoparticle patterns, to eror compensation for PMs. "Nano manipulation is being studied in the context of concrete tasks such as assembling chemical sensors, or building of 3-D nanostructures by Layered Nanofabrication, a patented process invented in a previous NSF grant to LMR. The theoretical and experimental results of this work will contribute to the understanding of robotics in domains with large spatial uncertainties, and to the development of NEMS (Wanoelectromechanical Systems), The software willbe very useful to scientists and engineersinvolvedin nano manipulation and nanolithography. VANDANA spats 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 8DEPARTMENT OF ECE WAKE-UP-RECEIVER IN ENERGY EFFICIENT WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR SECURITY APPLICATIONS Wireless Sensor Networks TECHNITROMIX, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged in the last ten year asa revolutionary technology for querying the physical world and provide manifold opportunites in a wide varity of applications. Basically tan be sen asa group -from afew up toa large number-of small low-energy units, with limited computational and memory resources that operates autonomously to accomplish a specific task. Wireless Sensor Networks are easy to deploy and ths is animportant sellin point: no wies, cables orather infrastructures necessary to begin operation. Nodes ae indeed self supportive meaning that sensing, processing, storage and communication capabilities are from the startallincluded WSN for security applications As a result WSNs can be used to build very efficient, powerful solutions for security applications. Security applications are generally event-driven, meaning that the distributed sensors only inform the sink ofthe network when a specticevent occurs. Typical examples are fre or smoke detection systems, target tracking or surveillance systems, Whose duty can be trespassing detection (building orborderforinstance). The Fraunhofer Emst-Mach-isttute (EMI) has already seen the need forthe development of such WSNS in security projects such a AISIS (a BMBF Project wwwaisis innovation org). Here energy self-sufficient nodes are being equipped with pressure sensors, placed in a railwaytunnel, and triggered in case of any Catastrophic event such as explosion for example, The collected dataisthen being used to evaluate the integrity ofthe structure This information is citical to plan evacuation and rescue operations. Event-driven applications do have specific requirements regarding the network, namely low and variable data rates, and WSNs in general pose formidable challenges, the fundamental one being power management. 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. V. AKARSHA ‘1 1RWTA04@9DEPARTMENT OF cE TECHNITRONIX, MONEY PAD THE FUTURE WALLET joney in the 21st century will surely prove to be as different from the money ofthe current century as our money is from that ofthe previous century, Justas fat money replaced specie-backed paper currencies, electronically initiated debits and credits will ecome the dominant payment modes, creating the potential for private money to compete with govemment issued curencies."Justas everything is getting under the shadow of e" today we have paper cutrency being replaced by electronic money ore-cash. Hardly a day goes by without some mention inthe financial press of new developments in “electronic money", In the emerging field of electronic commerce, novel buzzwords lke smartcards, online banking, digital cash, and electronic checks are being used to discuss ‘money, But how ae these brand-new forms of payment secure? And mostimportantly, which ofthese emerging secure electronic money technologies willsurvve into the next century? These are some of the tough questions to answer but here's a solution, which provides a form of security to these modes of currency exchange using the ‘Biometrics Technology’. The Money Pad introduced here uses the biometrics technology for Finger Print recognition. Money Pad is a form of creditcard or smartcard, which we nameso, Every time the user wants to access the Money Pad he has to make an impression of hs fingers which will be scanned and matched withthe one in the harddisk of database server, If the finger print matches with the user's he will be allowed to access and use the Pad otherwise the Money Pad isnot accessible. Thus providing a form of security to the everlasting transaction currency ofthe future 'e-cash" Money Pad - A form of credit card or smart card similar to floppy disk, whichis introduced to provide, secure e-cash transactions. SUSHMITHA int A0e2@ 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 5TECHNITROMIX, DEPARTMENT OF ECE LASER VIDEO DISPLAY Laser color video display utilizes two or more individually modulated optical (ase) rays of different colors to produce a combined spot, thatis scanned and projected across the image plane by a polygon-mirror system or less effectively by optoelectronic means to produce a color television display. The special case of one ray reduces the system to a monochromatic display as, for example, in black-and-white television. Ths principle applies toa display as well as toa (front or rea) projection technique with asers a laser video projector. Lasers may become an ideal replacement for the UHP lamps which are curentiyin use in projection display devices such as rear projection TV and front projectors. LG claims a lifetime of 25,000 hours for their laser projector, compared to 10,000 hours for a UH Current televisions are capable of displaying only 40% of the colour gamut that humans can potentially perceive. A Laser TV requires lasers in thee distinct wavelengths: rd, green, and blue, While red laser diodes are commercially available, there are no commercially available green laser diodes which can provide the required power at room temperature with an adequate lifetime. Instead frequency doubling can bbe used to provide the green wavelengths. Several types of lasers can be used as the frequency doubled sources: fibre lasers, inter cavity doubled lasers, external cavity doubled lasers, VCSELs, and OPSLs (Optically Pumped Semiconductor Lasers). Among the inter cavity doubled lasers VCSEL have shown much promise and potentialto be the basis fora mass-produced frequency doubled laser. AVECSELis@ vertical cavity, ands composed of two mirrors. Ontop of one of thems a diode as the active medium. These lasers combine high overall efiiency with good beam quality. The light from the high power IR-laser diodes is converted into visible light by means of extra-cavity waveguide second harmonic generation, Laser-pulses with about 10 kHz repetition rate and various lengths are sent to a Digital Micro mirror Device where each mirror directs the pulse either ont screen or into the dump. Because the wavelengths are known all coatings can be optimized to reduce reflections and therefore speckle, D. KEERTHI aRatA0623 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 6bene oF Ee TECHNITRONIX HOLOGRAPHIC INFORMATION STORAGE SYSTEMS The Information age has led to an explosion of information available to users. While current storage needs are being met, storage technologies must continue toimprovein order to keep pace with the rapidly increasing demand. However, conventional data storage technologies, where individual bits ae stored as distinct magneticar optical changes onthe surface of a recording medium, are approaching physical limits. Storing information throughout the volume of @ medium and not just an its surface offers an intriguing high capacity alternative. Holographic data storage isa volumetric approach which, although conceived decades ago, has made recent progress toward practicality with the appearance of lower-cost enabling technologies, significant results from longstanding research efforts, and progress in holographic recording materials. Holographic versatile disc (HV) isa holographic storage format capable of storing far more data than DVD. Prototype HVD devices have been created with a capacity of3.9 terabytes (TB) anda transfer rate oft gigabit per second (1 Gbps). At that capacity, an HVD could store as much information as 830 DVDs or 160 Blu-ray discs, B. HARSHINI sapaaggty 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. ”DEPARTMENT oF ECE ‘TECHNITRONMIX PHONE INDUCTION STATION ‘Areyou Sick of fiddling about with wires and micro USB connectors when recharging? Then slot your mobile into a wireless charging shell and you'll never have to bother with them again. Simply place your phone on the compatible wireless charger provided by the same company andit wll charge your phone automatically, Justlike magic Inductive charging (also known as "wireless charging’) uses an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. This is usually done witha charging station. Energy is sent through an inductive coupling to an electrical device, which can then use that energy ‘to charge batteries orrun the device. The main disadvantages of inductive charging are its lower efficiency and increased resistive heating in comparison to direct contact. Implementations using lower frequencies or older drive technologies charge more slowly and generate heat within most portable electronics. Slower charging -dueto the lower efficiency, devices can take langerto charge when supplied powers equal S. ISMATH SHIREEN aR ROAM 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 8DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX, GRAVITY LIGHT \When you hear the phrase alternative energy” chances are your mind goes to windmills and solar panels, or perhaps fields of com. The Gravity lamp is powered by the faling motion of some weights, also known as gravity. ts an interesting idea, using a (presumably) limitless resource like the pull of gravity to generate power. And while the Gravity lamp requires some advances in technology before it becomes a viable product, the concepts worth checking out. In this article, wel get into the Gravity lamp and see what makes it glow, and well find out why a gravity-powered lamp may be an alternative-energy gadget to keep an eye outfor ‘Aperson attaches ive 10-brassbound weights toa ball screw near the top ofthe lamp, The platform immediatly starts dropping along ‘the screw, whichisaligned along the length ofthelamp. As he platform makes its way down the screw, the screw spins. This converts the downward motion of gravity (acting onthe weights) into the rotational motion needed to spin the gear near the bottom of the lamp, The spinning gear inturn spins agenerator--arotorstator assembly that converts the rotational motion into electricity The electricity powers 10 LED bulbs, which light up and illuminate the acrlichousing ofthe lamp. L. MALIKA (NTT Data, Tech Mahindra) ToRET ADAG 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 19DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX, GI-FI Gi-Fiwillhelps to push wireless communications to faster drive For many years cables ruled the world Optical fibers played a dominant role for tshigher bit rates and faster transmission. But the installation of cables caused a greater dificulty and thus ed to wireless access. The foremost af this is Bluetooth which can cover 9-10mts, Wi followed it having coverage area of 91mts, No doubt, introduction of WiFFiwireless networks has proved a revolutionary solution to “last mile” problem. However, the standards original limitations for data exchange rate and range, numberof changes, high cost of the infrastructure have not yet made it possible for Wi-Fi to become a total threat to cellular networks on the one hand, and hard-wire networks, on the other. But the man’s continuous quest for even better technology despite the substantial advantages of present technologies led to the introduction of new, more up-to-date standards for data exchangeratei.e., Gi-Fi Gi or Gigabit Wireless i the world’s fist transceiver integrated on a single chip that operates at 60GHz on the CMOS process. twill allow wireless transfer of audio and video data upto 5 gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transferrate, at one- tenth ofthe cost, usually within a range of 10 meters. tutilizes a Smm square chip anda 1mm wide antenna burning less than 2m watts of powerto transmit data wirelessly ove short distance, much ike Bluetooth, The development will enable the truly wireless office and home ofthe future As the integrated transceiver is extremely small, itcan be ‘embedded into devices. The breakthrough will mean the networking of office and home equipment without wires will nally become a reality. alow cost low power and high broadband chip, which will evita in enabling the digital economy ofthe future, R. SOUNDARYA oReA0699 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 20DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX, Li-Fi: A New Paradigm in Wireless Communication Lighting reaches nearly everywhere, o communications can ride along for nearly tee. Tink ofa TV remote in every LED light bulb and you'l soon realise the posibiltes of communications using visible light also dubbed as Lif. Most of us ae familiar with Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity), which uses 2.4-5GHz RF to deliver wireless Internet access around our homes, schools, offices and in public places, We have become quite dependent upon this nearly ubiquitous service. But lke most technologies it hast limitations. While Wi-Fi can cover an entirehouse its bandwidth itypcally limited to 50-100 megabits per second (Mbps. ‘The more we become dependent upon ‘the cloud’ or our own'media servers to storeallofouriles, including movies, music, pictures and games, the more we wil want bandwidth and speed. Therefore RF-based technologies such as today’s Wi-Fiare not the optimal way. In addition, Wi-Fi may not be the most efiient way to provide new desired capabilities such as precision indoor positioning and gesture recognition. Optical wireless technologies, sometimes called visible light communication (VLC), and more recently referred to as LiF (Light Fidelity) on the other hand, offer an entirely new paradigm in wireless technologies in terms of communication speed, flexibility and usability Imagine yourself walking into a mall where GPS signals are unavailable but the mallis equipped with ceiling bulbs that create their own ‘constellation’ of navigation beacons. As the camera of your cell phone automaticaly receives these signal, it switches your navigation software to use this information to guide you to ‘the ATM machine you're looking for; you conclude your ATM transaction and notice the Giga Spot sign forinstant digital movie downloads. You pick out that new Tom Cruise movie using your phone's payment facility, and then download within a few seconds the high-definition movie into the Giga Link flash drive pluggedinto the USB port of yoursmart phone, As youwalkaway, your phone notifies you that the leather jacket Tom featured inthe movies on sale nearby, You walkover towards the show window and your image comes up on the screen, wearing that coveted jacket, You tum and pose while the image matches your orientation and body gestures for a ‘digital fitting.” When you walk into the store, the clerk hands you the actual jacket in exactly your size. First applications of Li-F have been put to use already, ‘or example, in hospitals where RF signals are a threat due to interference problems with medical equipments. B, SANGEETHA oni A083 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN aDEPARTMENT OF Ece TECHNITROMIX COMPANIES VISITED CAMPUS DRIVES INFORMATION S.NO COMPANY NAME DATE 1 AGS TECHNOLOGIES 413,14. 10-2012 2_|[_ OPEN Text 11-06-12 3__|__ TERA DATA(2012 BATCH)-4 to 5 TIMES for 2012 passout Batch 4__[_ microsorr 17-41-2012 5 |_uNisys 1412-2012 © _|_INDIAN ARMY 1412-2012 7_|_viRTUsA 22-12-2012 8_|_ APPS ASSOCIATES 21,22-42-2012 9_|_ MAGNA QUEST TECHNOLOGIES 28-12-2012 10 | ADP 18-01-2013, T1_[__MAHINDRA SATYAM 23-01-2013- 12_[_NITDATA 21,23-02.2013 13__[_ INFOTECH 27-02-2013 14_[__ SOUTHERN 25-03-2013 15__|__In Rhythm Solutions 19-03-2013 16_|_Ges 28,29-03-2013 17_|__IBM TECH SUPPORT OFFICER 29-03-2013 18__[__ TERA DATA(2013 BATCH AT THEIR OFFICE) 17-04-2013 19__[ HCL TECHNOLOGIES(2012 BATCH) 18-04-2013, 20_[__IBM (TECH SUPPORT OFFICER) 20-04-2013 21_[_RISE Inc 18-04-2013 22_[__ TERA DATA(2013 BATCH AT OUR CAMPUS) 23-04-2013 23_[__ MAHINDRA SATYAM(2013 BATCH lind TIME) 25-08-2013 24 [HCL TECHNOLOGIES(2013 BATCH) 3,4-05-2013 25_[_pestaes 28-05-2013 26_[__ HYUNDAI MOTORS 23-07-2013 27_[_TECH MAHINDRA 27-08-2013, 28 [TERADATA 03-03-13 29 [Mag 16-09-2013 30_|__ SEMANTIC SPACE 28,29-09-2013 31_[__ZENSAR 3,ath 10-2013 32 | _ SYNTEL 26,27-10-2013 33, [_NITDATA 17,19-11-2013 34__[_ MICROSOFT 12-05-13 35 | _TECH MAHINDRA 27,30-12-2018 36_|_eM 23.27-01-2014 37_[__TECH MAHINDRA 30-01-2014 38__|_INFOSYS| OF-01-14 39__[__ SEMANTIC SPACE 0-02-14 40 [ta Ties 13,14,15 th Feb 2014 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2bene oF Ee TECHNITRONIX COMPANY PROFILE Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T) is a technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing company. It is one of the largest and most respected companies in India's private sector. More than seven decades of a strong, customer focused approach and the continuous quest for world-class quality have enabled it to attain and sustain leadership in all ts major lines of business L&T has an international presence, with a global spread of offices. A thrust on international business has seen overseas earnings grow significantly. t continues to grow its global footprint, with offices and manufacturing facilities in multiple countries. The company’s businesses are supported by a wide marketing and distribution network, and have established a reputation for strong customer support L&T believes that progress must be achieved in harmony with the environment. A commitment to community welfare and environmental protection are an integral part of the corporate vision. n response to changing market dynamics, L&T has gone through a phased process of redefining its organisation model to facilitate growth through greater levels of empowerment. The new structure is built around multiple businesses that serve the needs of diferent industries. In every sphere of L&'s ‘operations, technology isthe key enabler, reinforcing its leadership position, and sustaining its competitive strengths. While for some, technology is a means to an end, for L&T, technology represents endless possibilities. In engineering and construction, L&T's technology capabilities include a strategic mix of in-house strengths and the expertise of ts joint venture partners, Engineering Centres at Mumbai, Vadodara and Delhi carry out process design and simulation, analysis of computational uid dynamics, mechanical design, failure analysis and trouble shooting L&T has set up an engineering and project management centre in Abu Dhabi, to undertake oil and gas related projects as well as engineering and consultancy services. 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2DEPARTMENT OF ECE CROSSWORD PUZZLES ACROSS DOWN 2). Multiple antennae arrangedin an 1) Nextafter gigahertz 3) ‘Spread Spectrum‘ AKA Frequency 4) %Modulation AKA Modulation 5) Diode ike the Chunnel 6) Zero Vector 9) waveguide (metric) 7) Opposite of amplifier (48) 10) plot = imaginary vs. eal frequency response 12) plot = magnitude vs. phase 13) The inverse ofimpedance 8) Similarto a LASER (operates with microwave frequencies) 11) dB 14) James Clerk think coffee) i l2 g 4 5 Gg 7. 40 eB 13 1 1 12 I 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX RIDDLES 1) Whatword, when written in capital letters are the same forwards backwards and upside down? 2) Twoboys play checkers. They play 5 games, they win the same amount, How? 3) Whatisthatwhen you take away the whole, you still have some left? 4) Thereisa common English word thatis nine letters too ong. Each time you removea letter from it itstil remains an English word, from nine letters right down toa single letter. What s the original word and what are the words that it becomes after removing one letter ata time? 5) _Thereis only one tenletter word in the English language which can be typed using only the top row of the keys on atype writer(or keyboard) whatis it? 6) Theday before yesterday was 25 and thenext year | willbe 28.Thisis true only one day in ayear. What day is my birthday? 7) What mathematical symbol can be placed between 5 and 9to geta number greater than 5 and smaller than 9? 8) Whatcan youbreak but not touch? 9) Saymynnameand disappears what am I? 10) What kind of pet always stays onthe floor? ANSWERS, 1) NOON 6) Bornon Dec31stand spoke about iton January 1st 2) They did notplay each other 1) Decimal-5.9 3) wholesome 8) Promise 4) startling 9) Silence 5) Type writer 10) Orpit 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2NITROWIX, DEPARTMENT OF ECE MEMORABLE MOMENTS NATIONAL LEVEL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM - FUTURE SASTRA - 2K14 MEDHA — 2K13 STATE LEVEL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2TECHNITRONIX. DEPARTMENT OF ECE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIGNAL PROCESSING COMMUNICATION AND SYSTEM DESIGN SPCOM-SD INTRA COLLEGE STUDENT CONFERENCE ON SIGNAL PROCESSING & COMMUNICATIONS 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2DEPARTMENT OF ECE MATHEMATICS DAY GRADUATION DAY 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2DEPARTMENT OF ECE ONE WEEK REFRESHER COURSE ON ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2TRONI DEPARTMENT OF ECE TRON SAVE INDIA FROM FINANCIAL CRISIS 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 30DEPARTMENT oF ECE ‘TECHNITRONMIX ALUMNI TALK | wouldlike to convey my thoughts about the time spent n college and also about my ‘wonderful experience at MRECW. At first | was quite apprehensive about joining 2 new college but when |had first visited the college on the Orientation Day | was very ‘much impressed bythe infrastructure of the college -the lush green campus, the huge college buildings, big playground etc. Academically the college has given me alt of knowledge and understanding of subjects not just theoretically, but also ina very practical manner. Allthis was possible dueto the hard efforts putin bythe wel trained faculty who ae vey skilled in whatever they teach. The four years of callege was nat Justalearing time butalsoa personality developmenttimeforallof us ‘We have had ample opportunities to hone our skis by taking part in all kinds of events such as debates, quiz, powerpoint presentations, seminars, being part of the elite student body chapters IEEE, ISTE and IETE; organizing various cultural activities ‘such as a grand traditional day where we could showcase our singing, dancing and ‘acting skills; we organized technical and cultural fests and still do every year. | am also proud to say that | was the IEEE student chapter President and also the President of Technical association Electro Spikes. Last but not the least, we have had a good yearinplacementsin big MNCS, We owe an excellent stat to our creer to this college, Al this was only possible due to only one lady whose dynamic thinking and emphasis in averall development has led to this success. This success is fruitless without the hard efforts and toll of our beloved principal who has been my guide and mentorin college, take ths opportunity to thank our Principal, DrYMadhavee Latha Mam for helping Thanks 8 Regards ime achieve what | am today. | am extremely overwhelmed and grateful to this Prerna Waghray institute for giving mean opportunity to share my thoughts about my Beloved cllege (Rol NoseReTADAAs) Malla Reddy Engineering College for Women, | am very much happy to be a part of this college, Itis because of the college | got placed into Ntt Data. Firstly, | would lke to thank our Principal Madam, Without herit ‘would have not been possible to have got so many companies to our college. Our Principalmadamismy inspiration, ‘The dedication, the commitment which she shows towards her wark s very much required in everyone to reach thelr goals. If our college isin such a high positon today, itis only because of her. Secondly, our lecturers who have given us so much of ‘supportin each and every aspect. They have given us the required training to achieve ur goals. Next woud Ike to thank our Training & Placement officer. He wasthe one Thanks & Regards vwho took the responsibilty of us to be placed into good companies. Finally | would K. Snigdha like tothankthe clegeasa whole fr giving mesucha wonderful opportunity, (oll No:o9RHA0457), 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 3DEPARTMENT oF ECE TECHNITRONIX IMPORTANT WEBSITES http:iwwwieee org/india http:/fwwwengineering,careers360 http://www.technologyreview.com httpswww.mathworks.in/products/matlab hittp://www.microwavest01 com http://www. ece.utoronto,ca/student-life-links https:/www.ece.org http://www.Science Commons.org httpilwww.MathGV.com: http:/www.engineeringchallenges.org http:/fwww. engineering. stanford. edulannouncement/stanford-announces-16- online-courses-fall-quart http:lfwww.tryengineering.org http://www engineergir org http:www.discoverengineering.org hittp:/www.eng-tips.com hetp:ytwww.efymag.com httpi/fwww.efymagonline.com http://wwevelectronicsforu.com httpilhwww.dspguide.com hetp:y/wwwhowstuffworks.com http/www.nptel itm .ac.in http://www opencircuitdesign.com http://www.futuresinengineering.com REFERENCES 1. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems — E.C.Jordan and K.G.Balmain,PHI, 2nd ed,,2000, 2. Electronic Instrumentation HS Kalsi- TMH,2nd 2004 3. Principles of Communication Systems — Simon Haykin , John Wiley, 2nd Edition. 4, Linear Integrated Circuits ~ D.Roy Chowdhury, New Age International (p)itd, 3d Ed.,2008, 5, Principles of Communication Systems ~ Herbert Taub, Donalod L Schiling, Goutam Saha, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008, 6, Microprocessors and Interfacing — D.V. Hall, TMGH, 2nd Edition, 2006 7. Discrete Time Signal Processing — A Oppenheim and R.W.Schaffer, PHI, 2008. 8. CMOS VLSI Design — A circuits and System Perspective, Neil H.E-Weste, David Harris, Ayan Banerjee, Person, 2008. 9, Foundations for Microwave Engineering —R.£,Collin, IEEE Press, John Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2002 10, Electronic Devices and Circuits — .Millman, C.C.Halkias, and Satyabtralit, 2nd ed,, 1998, TMH, 11. Electronic Devices and Circuits ~ RL Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Sed. 2006, PEVPHI 12. Integrated Electronics - J.Millman and Christas C Halkias, 1991 ed,, 2008, TMH 13, Signals and Systems — A.\Oppenheim, A.S.Willsky and S.H.Nawab, 2nd ed, PH. 14, Switching and Finite Automata theory —Zvi Kohavi, ed., TMH 15, Fundamentals of Logic Design — Charles H.Roth, 5 ed., 2004, Thomson Publications. 'MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. 2MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTU, Maisammaguda, Dhulapally Hyderabad-500014, AP