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PiliIh - II Psychology - An Introduction II

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Psychology

Psychology - An Introduction II

Mr. K. Sivanandamoorthy, B. A. (Hons.), Cey, M.A. "Easwaryl'uri", Puttur East, Puttur.

Mr. K. Antondias, B. A. (Hons.), Jaff.

157, Power House Road, Trincomalee.

March 2002

To the Authors 1000

'Ambal Publications', Puttur, Jaffna. Unie Arts (Pvt) Ltd.,

48B, Bloemendhal Road, Colombo - 13 Telephone: 330195

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Reference

123

Forward

I am proud and privileged to write at a time the book on "Psychology: An Introduction" II, co-authored by Mr. K. Sivanandamoorthy and Mr. K. Anton Dias, lecturers in the Department of Philosophy of the University of Jaffna, is getting published.

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Knowing how to create, encourage and sustain the right pattern. of behaviour is the critical factor in determining the success. The more confident we are about our ideas, the more ideas we will have. Our life is what our thoughts make it. And, we can control our thinking by increasing our control of the mental frameworks we create. Further, when Sir Isaac Newton was asked how he made his great discoveries, he aptly replied, "By thinking about them". Moreover, 'Knowledge' is a process of piling up facts, 'Wisdom' lies in their simplification, said Martin H. Fisher.

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This book has been well-designed and written in such a way that this is focused not only for reference for the undergraduates of Universities and other Colleges, but also for professionals and others interested in 'Personality Development', 'Behavioural Modification, and so on. It is much appreciable that this book has been authored in Tamil at the right time for the diverse needs of the students of University, other Colleges and Institutes of higher learning, who had to hitherto refer books in English language to prepare for their examinations in Tamil Language. There was a long-standing language barrier for common readers to quench their thirst of knowledge in this school of thought on the other. We are well aware of the difficulties the students who studied in their secondary schools in Tamil find it

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difficult to understand books in English Language, and on top of it, to get their equivalent Tamil technical terms. Hence, we can confidently state that this book, meant for higher learning in 'Psychology' and is first in the series to have been written in Tamil, would doubtlessly receive a wide coverage, and would be greatly welcomed by those target users.

'Knowledge Management' or 'Knowledge Sharing' is more about 'Psychology'than 'Technology'. The most essential quality we will need is confidence; and modesty and humility are sharing characteristics. While reading the book, any reasonably thinking person would generously come to a conclusion that the authors had taken strenuous efforts relentlessly to share their knowledge for the wide benefit of undergraduates of many degrees and diplomas. It is rather. certain that even the present day mana~ers and professionals who look forward to develop their personality would appreciate this book and be benefitted immensely.

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Provincial Audit Department . North-East Province, Trincomalee.

Dr. K. Thiyagaraja MBA, PhD Deputy Secretary - Audit

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While expressing my pleasure and pride for their vigorous steps in this regard, I wish them success in their similar furtherance,

23 January 2002

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a=@ffi ~61T 6lJl UJ 6U SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

1. 0 IT{!Pffi fL6116U1 UJ 6i:> IDrr 6\)$b~rr 6i:> Lll!i>~ UJ ~~rrrr ID!D6U)ffiGlDdil 6T6O'iI~tD ~~6lIT <!p6liT~601rrll}.iF 8l!i>~m>601ID6ir ffil~lJa,a; IDrr6\)tD G~rrL~L IDrr~uuCB.$l6OTlD !fil6O)6\)UUrrLIl}.601rr6i:>, ~~6U)601~UJrrrr UW6O)LD6lJrruJ!D~ ffi !D6O)ID G!6!61 6T 6lIT lD6lJ rr lD rr ID6lj tD, !D 611601 $b~6lJ torr 601 ID!D6U)ffi G!6 n5l 6T6liTlD6lJrrlDrrID6ljtD ID®~6lJrr. [i611rrL~Lrr6U16M [Plato] [B.C 427 -347] @)Il}.UJlJffi 6T6OTffil6liTlD !9JT6\5I6i:> w6O'iI~ ~uj~ID61'il6liT IT{!PID ~UJ6i:>urr~6U)LD @)n5l $b ~ fL 6U) IJ UJ rr L U U L Il}. ® ffi ffil6ll'r lD ~ . ~6lITlLD6lITl ~ rr ffi 61fl LID ffiUJ ~UJ~LDrrlDrr!DlD6i:> ~urr ~UJ6116U16i:> ~6i:>6\)rr ~~6lJTlT6i:>, ~6lJrr ID61'ilLtD IT{!Pffi ~6U)L6U16U)601ID6ir 6lJ611rr iF81IDGrirL G~601 li611rrL~Lrr @)!DluUlLCB6ir611rrrr. U6\)6lJ6U)ffi~ ~~6U)6lJID®tD, U6\)~LL.a®~ ~~6U)6lJID®tD LD6O'iI~6U)601iF ffirDdJ ~®!i>II>1E601rr6i:>, ~6lJ6liT ~IJ ITrrlliJa;ffiJa;6U)611U.jtD, ~6U)LDU4a,a;6U)611l1.jtD fL®6lJrr <'i..$l601rr6liT 6T6lITffillDrrrr. Ul611rrL~Lrr( 1) ~!i>!fil6O)6\)UUrr~L IT{!PID fL6116UlUJ6l5l6M UllDu4ffi@) IDrr~IDrr611rr601~. 6T6lI1l~tD Ul611rrL~Lrr6iB6M uUJ6lITUrrLIl}.6M ~~rr6lJ~ ~~6U)6lJuJl6liT, ~Il}.UU6O)LuJl6i:> ~lJffi fLLULL torr 6O'iIL ~6U)LDU4a,a;6ir fL®6lJrr .$lUJ G~6liT.$l6liTlD ID®~rr <'i.ffi~6U)601 ~if16TU~lJrrLIl}.6i:> [Aristotle] [B.C 384 -322] LD!DI~6Uli>~rrrr. ~6lJrr LD~ ~rr ID6U) 611 ~IJ 6lUJ 6U till}6\) rlil@)ffi6ir 6T 6M ffil lDtr rr . LD~~rr ID®ffi ffil6O)LuJl6\)rr601 IT{!PID ~6O)LpUl6U)611ID6ir, LD6lI1l~ IT{!PID~6OT Gurr~6lJrr601 6lJ611rr iF81<'i.@)$b ~~6U)6lJUJrr601 G~rr6ll'rGlD6liT!DItD, LD6O'iI~ ~6U)L6Ul6O)601ID6U)611 6J!DuCBi>~ffi GIDrrGir®~6U. ~6lJ6M fLL6lI'rUllD!i>~ uGrirGU6lIT!DItD @)dJwLLrrrr. IT{!PID ~6O)L6ti6U)601ID61'il6OT ~~6U)6lJID6ir @)dJ~ ~®6lJ®ffi@) uSl6O)LuJl6'i) ffi®~~U~rlilID6ir ~®!i>~ ~UrT ~tD. LD6O'iI~ .9J,!DlD6i:>ID6ir

!9JT6Ul6liT !L®6lJrr8;a;$b~!D@) 6TLDffi@) ~!DI~6O)~UJrTID6Ul®!i>~ ~60)601~ ~6lIT46ir611rlilID®ffi@)tD 6TLD~ LD601UY,rT6lJLDrT601 !66lITrDlID6ir. @)dJwrrlD 6T~ ~6U)lDlTrrrr 6ti~6O)IJUJrT611rrlD®tD, 6TtD lDIT~6lJrrID®LDrr601 ID. ID~6Ul!i>~6lIT, LD. LDrTlUJGIT6i:>6lJtD ~.$l~UJrr®<'i.®tD 6TLD~ !D6lITrDlID6ir. 6T@i>~U UlIJ ~ L®6lJrT ffiIDi>~6U fL~till}UJ ~. ~LDrr ID6011Jrr@2 ~6lJirID®<'i.@)tD, GIT6i:>6iB u5601~6\)rr~6lI1l @)LDrTlJ@,rTlUJir ~6lJirID®ffi@)tD, ID~6lffluJl66 GUrTrrll~ ~~ ~~ ~ S.T.P Computer World !fil!DI6lJ601~601®ffi@)tD 6TLD~ !D6lITdJID6ir. 6TLD~ !9JT6i:>ID6O)611 6Ul®tDUluGu!D!DI G6lJorfluJlL CB6lJ®..n 4~ ~TR-, ~..n urr sri utl U10rflffi ~ID~~ !fil!DI6lJ601~601®ffi@)tD 6TLD~ !66lITn5lID6ir. ~WffilUJ <!P6O)lDuJl6i:> ~iF~lT!Ddil !9IT~®6lJrrffiIDU) GlTuj~ ~~~ GIDrT@u)4, l1.j6lJfl ~rTL6'lU !fil !DI6lJ601 $b~601ir ffi@)tD 6TLD~ !D 6lITrDlID6ir.

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®rDl~ ~uJ6l.Ia;6lJ)6lT (glO!DGa;rr6rirCB U6U 4~UJ a;®~(ga;rrsira;6lJ)6lT G6lJ6lTluJlL.Lrrrr. .g)I6lJ!DrDl6lJ)6lJT.i. a;LCBuuCB~Lb !DLIi>6lJ)~a;sir ®rDlli>~LD ®rDluUlLLrrrr. 8'e!Pa; L6lTGUlUJ6Urr6lT!Jrr6llT (glDrr6lU. [E.A.Ross] An outline and source book 6T6&rffillD ~rhl.$l6U GlOrrW16lJW1 ~6\) ~61iJrDl6lJ)6lIT G6lJ61'i1u3LLrrrr. ~!i>!J)JT6\) 8'e!Pa; L6lT6iiUJ~ffi® <!pcixfJUJLDrr6lJT un.iJa;61'i1U6l1'>U 6lJWrhl®6lJG~rr61iJlDrruJ.$ a;rrmruuLL~. 8'e!Pa; L6lT6lJlUJ~.$®1i> 8'e!Pa;GUlUJ~.i.®LD ~6lJ)LuJl6Urr6lJT G!D®rfiJffilUJ G~rrLrr6lJ)U ~!i>!J)JT6\) 6TCB~.i. a;rrLCB6lJ(g~rrCB 8'e!Pa; L6lTGUlUJ~.i.a;rr6lJT e!P6UrliIa;rn 8'e!Pa;

L6lT 6lJl UJ 6l5I5O ~ ® Iii ~ Ii> , 8'e!Pa;6lJl UJ~.$ a;rr 6lIT e!P 6U rhl a; 6'ir 8' e!Pa;

fL6lTGUlUJ6\Sl6\) ~®Iii~Lb GUlDuuCB.$l6&rlDG~61iJffil61iJlD UJ~rrrr 1i>~1i>6lJ)~ G~61'i16l.1UL 6TCB~.i. B'n!DIffil61iJlD~. ~6lJ)6lJ ~®u~rrtbJbIr!DlDrr6rirl9-6\) 8'e!Pa; L 6lT GUlUJ 6\SlfMiI 6lJ srrrr 8:<!fl.i.® ~ rr GUllfl6lJ rr 6lIT ~6lT li>6lJ)~ 6J!D uCBIi>~.i. Ga;rrCBuu6lIT6lJrr a; .g)I6lJ)lOJi;~6lJT.

1.1 a;rr6U(g6lJrrLL~6\) lO6Oll~ !DLIi>6lJ)~a;rn ®!6~u U6\)(g6lJ!DIULL a;®~rr8;a;rliIa;sir L®6lJrrffil6lJT. G~!JuSi GU!iiiLb [Jeremy Bentham] (1748 -1832) UUJ61iJurrL6lJ)L .g)Il9-UU6lJ)LlIJrra;.i. Ga;rr6rirCB - ~61iJu~6&ru lO6lJTUurrrlil®a;6lJ)6lT 6lJ)lOUJuuCB~ ~6&rU6lJrr~LD [Hedonism] 6T6&rffillD Ga;rr sir6lJ)a;6lJ)UJ (!P6&r 6lJ)6lJ~rrrr . ~.i.Ga;rr rn6lJ)a;(gUJ 8'e!Pa; fL6lTGUlUJ 6\Sl6&r ~!JLbu~lD® LBa;u Gurr®~lOrr6lJT .g)Il9-UU6lJ)LUJrra; .g)I6lJ)lOUJU GU!DlD~. lO~ ~ 61Jrr W 6lJl UJ 6\Sl6\) ~!J .$ a; Ii> <!p~ 6l5I L Ii> Gu !DI.$l61iJ lD G~61iJ .$l6&r!D a;®~rr.i.a;~6lJ)6lIT lO!DI~6'SI~, lO6Oll~ 6lJrrW6l.l ~6&ruli> (g~L6lJ)6lJlLJtb ~6&ru~GUlrru6lJ)ulLJLb 6lJ)lOUJlOrr a;.i. Ga;rr6rirCBsir6lTG~6&rlDrrrr. GuJi;!D~LB6&r a;®~rr.$a;Ii>6lJ)~ (g~rr6&r 6lU!J®6lJrrL uSi6\) [John stuward mill] [1863] 6J!D!DI.$ Ga;rr6rirLrr~LD LL6\)8'rrrr lOffilWG6lJ6&ru~ 8'rr~UJuSi6\)6lJ)6U 6T6&rlDrrrr. ~Ji;JbI6lJ)6U GuJi;!D~u5I6lJ)6lJT ~6&ru6lJrr ~Lb ®rDlli>(g~rrrr 4~UJ a;6fflUUL6lJ)L.$ a;6rirCB Ga;rrsir6lT1i> ~6rirl9-6lJT. Gu6&r~rruSl6&r G~rrLrr ~!JrruJ8:§la;rn lOffilW6l.ILD ~6&ru<!pLb G6lJ6iJ(g6lJ!DI ~!JrliIa;6lJ)6lT.i. Ga;rr6lfOJL G~6&r!DILD, (g6lJ!DIULL zsnso IbL<!fl, a;6lJT~, iJLIi>~6&r6lJ)lO, ~uJ6lJ)lOli> ~ 6O'r 6lJ) io G a; rr mr L 6lJ) 6lJ 6T 6O'r !DI Ii> 4 ~ UJ a; mil LJlj G L rr 6O'r !D16lJ) 6lJT (!P6&rGlOrrWl~~· ~~6lJ)a;UJ u®wrrtiJ6l.lu urrrr6lJ)6lJa;sir 6l.I6rirL, ryliF§l6lJTrr (gurr6&rlD L6lTGUlUJ6Urr6lTrra;rn esnsu 6lJ6lJ)!JuJl6\) Ibl9-~. ~6lU®L6lU [Osgoods] (gurr~6lJrra;sir Lmrrr6l.la;rn ®!6~ lD6nTuurrrlil@)a;6lJ)6lT 8'e!Pffi IL 6lT 6lJl UJ 6Ul6O'r <!p.$ .$l UJ to rr 6lJT a; rD 6lJ) a; .g)I6U ® a; 6lT rr a; .g)I ru 6U ~ urrL6lJl~rr6lJTrhla;6lTrra; 6lJ6lTrr~~8: G8'W6U (glOW ®rDluUlL~Lrr!J~. a;®~rr 8;a; a;6lJliTCBUll9-u4.i.a;sir L.~GUl6llT.3

1.2.1 1924 ~6\) ~6\)(gurrL [Alport] G6lJ61'i1uJlLL 8'e!Pa; L6lTGUlUJW 6T 6&r .$l61iJ lD ~ 50 ~~Ii>~6lJ .g)Ili; ~6lU 6lJ)~ 8' e!Pa; L 6lT6lJl UJ ~.$® 6lJwrlil@)6lJ~rruJ .g)I6lJ)lO~. u6U u61<88'rr ~6lJ)6lJTa;61'i16\) <!pl9-6l.Ia;61'i16&r C&ulDrruJ 8'e!Pa; !L6lTGUlUJ~8;a;rr6llT .g)Il9-Uu6lJ)La;~6lT 6lJwrlil@)6lJ~uJ ~6\)(gurrl.Jg.6GT ~uJ6l.Ia;rn .g)I6lJ)lOJi;~®Ji;~6lIT. ~6lI'ilUJrrrr ®@GUl6\), ®@ ~6lI'ilUJrr6lTl6\) G8'6\)6lJrr .i.®u(gurr6GTlD 4~UJ ~6l.Iu Gurr®~rliIa;6lJ)6lT ~!i>1bIfw (8lO~lO 6lJWn!.J,$l6llT.'I- 1928 ~6\) 6T6\) (8~6TU<&!Jrr6GT [L.Thurstone] G6lJ61'i1uJlLL

Sophisticated statistical method 6T6&rffillD !PfTw 8'e!Pa; L6lTGUlUJ~ffi® (8lO~LD 6lJ~6lJ)6lJ 6J!DuCB~6lIT. 1921 a;rr6Uuu®~uJl6\) (8lOrrrrG!Jrr6&r Ul!D16O'rrD61U [Morton Prince] 6T6O'rU6lJ!Jrrru 8'e!Pa; L6lT6lilUJru U rr L 6lil ~ rr 6lJT rhJ a; 6lJ) 6lT !L sri 6lJ rr ffiJ .$l UJ 6lJ rr lD rr ui 8'@J 516lJ) a; a; ® Ii>

G6lJ6lTluJlLUULL6lIT •

1.2.0 (8jDrrrrlO6&r rDlUGUL [Norman Trippett] 1897 <!p~6&r<!p~6\) 8'e!Pc$ L6lTGUlUJ~.i.a;rr6lJT(8~rrrr ~tiJ6l.I B'nLIi>6lJ)~ rfil!DIGUl6lJTrrrr. G~rrLrrJi;~ 1908 ~6\) GUl6\)6'SIUJLD lOffiCB6lJ6\) [willam Mcdougalls] 8'e!Pa; !L6lT6YiUJ~rrrr .g)Idil<!pa;Lb 6T6&rffil6&rlD !PfT6lJ)6U G6lJ6lTluJlLLrrrr. ~~(86lJ 8'e!Pa; IL6lTGUlUJ6\) ®rB~ <!p~6\) ~rfiJffil6U GlOrrWl 6lJWl !PfT6Urr®Lb. ~Ji;!PfT6'SI6\) runffiffila;rn

1.3.0 ~!J6O"G1LrrLD L6Ua;U(8umjl6\) 6JdJuLL C86lJ6O"G1L~rr~ 6Yi6lJ)6lT6l.Ia;61'i16&r Ul !J ~ B'n 6U rhJ a; sri 8' e!P a; L 6lT 6lll UJ 6Ul6O'r 6lJ 6lT rr B= 51 ffi ® ~ if) if> <!p.i.ffilUJ~6lJIi>6lJ)if>lLJLD (8if>6lJ)6lJUUrrL6lJ)LlLJLb 6lJ WrliIffil6llT (8a; L ~6llI6&r [Kurt Lewin] (8urr6&r(8lDrrrr ®@8: G8'6\)6lJrr.i.® , if>6lJ)6U6lJ)lO~~6lJLb, io 6lJT u U rr rhJ ® a; 6'ir , io 6lJT U U rr rhJ ® io rr rD !D rhJ a; 6'ir (8 U rr 6O'r lD 6lJ rD rD1 ru

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1.1.0 8'(!pB> 1L61T6'lllUJ615l6U !6mrL ~W~B>~61T lDLrr~iJUJ Ul~UJBiib (Sears) (1991) .9I6UfJ ~ 8'B>urr~B>®tb 8'@B> !L61T6lS1UJ~6U (!pffi.$lUJLDrr6lST ~IDIGc!f>rr6ir6U)c!f>B>6ir ~LtbGuIDI$lmlDGlDmlD6lSTrr ~6U)6lJ (!P6U)lD~UJ.

1. B>!DlD6UGB>rr6ir~B> (Learning Theory)

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3. ~llJGUld.ffiffiffi GffirTE;IT6lJ)ffi (Motivational Theory)

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6. 8'(IjlffiuUni!ffi61'i1ullffi Gffirr6TIGIDffi (Social Role Theory) ~®tD.(3)

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18

1.2.1 GUIT ~6lJrr ffi lO6n'il~n- ffi6TI tSilD!T ~ ~®6lJ)lOuJl6lli c!pffiffilllJlOrr6iJT ~llJ6\)lIffi6'ir ®n)l~ urrrr ~~ffiGffirr6'ir6lJ~6\) .!)lif;l8'uJlffiffi~~ffiffi(g~rrn- 6lll®utJ]GID6nT ffi Gffirr ~CB6TI snrrrr ffi6TI. lDuG!Trr ®6lJ6lJ)1J c!p~6liT c!p~6I)rr ffi tJ]n)lG~rr®lDun- 8'!bif;lffiffillD(gurr ~ ~IT ffiffitD ~6llin)lGID6nT !L®6lJrr ffi®$1lD G8'llJ6\)C!PGIDlD 6lJ~llJrrffi (Impression Formation); ®n)l~ .!)l!b~ lDUGIDIJ 6Ul®tDlIffillDrr(g!Trr? .!)lGU6I)~ G6lJ!DJffiffillDlT(g!Trr? 6T6nT ~n-lOrr6n'il~~6UlCB6Un-. (glO~tD ~~GIDffillJ 6l'i®UL.J G6lJ!DJUllB;a;6lJ)6TT ~®6lJn- ®dj~ 8161)6lJ!DGIDlD .!)l ro 61) ~ 5161) G 8' uj ¢l ffi GID 6TT (g ffi sri 6lll U u CB.$l6UT lD (g u rr ~ (glOrDGffirr6'ir®41(glDrrtD.

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19

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20

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3.0 a;!DtJl~ffi8"nIDl~GU (Attribution); ~®6U6lI)IJUU!Dn5l ~!!5Iri>~ IM.IDl~GU ~GUGU~ a;dii~tb Ga:.rr6TrGlT6O)GU ffidii~ffiB"nIDl~GU 6f~6\)ITtb. Gl6lJ!!Il6ii~lOrr a;ffi ®dillLiL9-6lfr ~®6lJ6O)IJwrDdilw ~dil6O)ffi ~®tb. ~!Durr ~®6lJIJ~ !6L~6lI)~6lI)GlT ~6lJ~rr6diluu~6lfr6lJl:tilwrrffi ~~ QUlDuuCBtb. ~®6lJIJ~ ~®6lI)lO ®nfl~ ~ a;pj Ul~~ 6lI)~ 6f6lJ 6lJrrlDrruj (8lOrDQffirr6Tr®.$l(8lDrrtb 6f6&ru~tb ~~~6ll ~Lr&J®tb a;rDtJl~ffi8"nIDl~GU ~rT IF&>a; ~n5l6ll)a;iF QIFwrDUrrLrr®tb. !6L~6lI)~ffi a;rr1J6lIOTIffi6ll)GlT

~L9-uU6lI)LWrr a;ffi Qa;rr6rirCB ~~ lbliFlFuJlffia;uu{Btb. !6L~6lI)~6Tr"

6lJl:tilwrra; ~®6UIJ~ ~@J>6lI)lO ~WGUlJ,ffiffitb (8urr6lfrlD6lJrD6lI)lDffi ffi6lrMCB Qa;rr6TrGlTGUrrtb. (5) ~®6O)lO ~WGUIJ,ffia;iF QIFwGUurrCBffi6ll)GlT lOiblu[iCB~GU (8urr6OTlD~ UGU r616lI)GUffi61TlGU 6lI)6lJ~ GllO!DGa;rr6TrGlTUuL6mtb. lblGU6O)lOffi ffirrIJ6lI!Ifla;6l'r (Situational Factor) Q6lJ6lt'lWITrTr6 ~ @!,W6lI)GU L6Tr GlTLffi®ffil6lfrlD~. ~6iJ6lJ rr(8lD iLGlT iFGIFW GU iLifl6ll) lOffiffirrlJ 6II1l'ilffi6Tr (Disposition Factors) ~6nllQwrr®6lJIJ~ ilL6irGlTrrrrri>~ ~®6lI)106O)W L srr GlT L ffi ® ffi16lir lD ~ • ~ ® lO 61ri1 ~ 61ri16lir !6 L ~ 6lI) ~ ® nJl ~ ~ ~rrlOrr6dilffi6ll)a;uJl6i> ~6lJ6OT~ !DL~~ iL6TrGlTITrrri>~ ffirrlJmTlffiGlTffGUrr ~6U6U~ Q6U61Tlwrrrr~ a;rrlJ6II1l'ilffiGlTrrGUrr iL®6lJrrffillD~ 6f6OTu~6lI)~ 6flO~ Qurr ~UL.J~ UGU~L6lI)6lJffi6Tr ~GU51uurrrr ffi®tb.

3.1.0 ~6dil10601l~rrffiGlT~ ~wGUL.Ja;6Tr @?!DI~ ~!DIri>~ Qffirr6Tr6lJ~d>~ IF@a; L GlT 6lll ui GO Q ffi rr 6Tr 6lI) ffiffi6Tr .#lGU6U rD 60) lD (!p 61Ii 60) 6lJ ci ffil lD ~. ~6lJd>!!Il6Tr iLL6lfrUrrL{B ~~lOrr6OTffi QffiIT6Tr6ll)ffi (Correspondend

22

23

Inference Theory) QP~6DT 6lI)LOU .. HT6M G~rr6DT !IHT@)W.. ~®6lJ!J ~ !bL~6lI)~6lI)UJ ~6lJ~rr6dil~, t5l6GT6mrr ~6lJ!J~ !bL~6lI)~uJlEiU a:.rr6UllTwCBtb ~UJ6ix..ja:.6lr, ~®6lI)LOa>6lr @)d)~ ~®JLOrT6dil~, ~ ~l9-w6ll)LuJlEiU ~6lJ!J ~ ~UJEiU4a:.6lI)GlT a:.~CBGa:.rr6lr®~EiU 6T6GT!D6lJrrlDrr a:. LL6GTUrrLCB ~ ®I LO rr 6m .!i. Ga:. rr 6ir 6lI) a:. uJl6DT G If UJ 6i) QP 6lI) lD 6lI) LO ~ 6lI) LO.$l6li! lD ~ .. LO 61ITl ~ rr a:. 6lI) GlT U G u rr !J)J1i> ~ 6lJ 6lI)!J IilGU @)!Dl u t.5l L L 6lJ 6lI) a:. Ii> ~ rr 6M !bL~6lI)~a:.61Tl(8GU B'nCB~GUrr6M @)6)]l6ll)LOUJ~~6lI)6mffi· Ga:.rr6lr ffillDrrrr a:.6lr L06dil~rra:.6lr Gurr~6lJrr6M UGU ~UJ6ix..ja:.6lI)GlTffi Ga:.rr~®ffia:.GUrrtb 6T6dil®ltb ~®6lJrr Ga:.rr~l9-®ffiffil6GTlD ~61!TlIi>~·6lJLOrr6m ~UJEiU4a:.6ir @)n5lIi>(8~

a:.6lJ6M ~~EiU 6TCBffia:.uuCBffil6GTlD~. ~uuCBa:.6ir ~LtbGU!J)J.$l6GTlD6m.

~6lJrD6lI)!D 6lI)6lJ~~ffiGa:.rr ~(8L

6) 6lI) 6M(8 UJ rr 6lI)!J ffia:.rr L 19- ~ tb ~ ~

G6lJ61TlUJ rrrrJi; ~ GIfUJ6i)~ ~CB6UlITrr a=1il(8UJ rr ~®6lJ!J ~ !b L~6lI)~ct.@) a:.rr!J 6lI1fILOrr a:. ~ 6lI)LOJi; ~ a:.rDtJl~~ffiB'n!J)J~~ffi@) uSla:. L~6lJffil!D~ 6T6GTU~6lI)6M ~!Jrrw6lJ(8~ ~~6GT (8!brrffia:.LOrr@)tb. a:.(8!JrrEiUL Ga:.EiU~ (Harold Kelley) ~ffi Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:.6lI)UJ QP6GT6lI)6lJ~rrrr. ~ct.Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:.uj6OT t.5l !J a:. rr !J til (!P 6lIT !J)J QP ~ .$l UJ a:. ® Ii> ~ rr ffi a:. rliJ a:. 6lI) GlT a:. 6lJ 6m Ii> ~ 6i)

6TCBffia:.(86lJ~CBtb. ~6lI)6lJQP6lI)lD(8UJ,

1) a:.®~G~rr®6lI)LOuurrCB (Consensus)

2) Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:. LOrrlDrr6ll)LO (Consistency)

3) @)n5lutJlL~ffia:. (Distinctiveness) ~@)tb.

6T6U6lJrrlDrrw ro~UJrrlfLOrrw ~6lI)LOffillD~ 6T6GT.$l!D ~l9-UU6ll)La:.6lI)GlT a:.~CBGa:.rr6lr6lJ6lI)~(8UJ ~uuCB ~ffiJ@) (8!brrffia:.LOrra:.ffi Ga:.rr~CB6iTGlT~.

(8 LOrD @)!If1 U t1l L L (!P 6lIT !J)J a:. ® ~ ~ rr ffi a:. rcj a:. 61fl6Oi

~l9-W6lI)L6lI)UJGUJrrL!9-(8UJ L06dil~!bL~~GUJrr~6lI)6m ~~ L6lrGlTrr~ GIfUJEiU ~~CB6lmrra=81UJrrEiU 6)rDULL(8~rr ~EiUGU~ 4lD6lJUJLOrr6m GIfUJEiU ~6!lMCB6UlITrr a=81UJrrEiU 6)rDULL(8~rr 6T6OTU~6lI)6M ~d)Ji,~Ga:.rr6irGlTQPl9-ll..Jtb. (8LO~tb ~6lJrD!DI6lR ~l9-uu6lI)LuJlEiU !bL~6lI)~uJI6GT (8~rrrDlD~~rDa:.rr6M a:.rr!J6lI1fIffiJa:.6lr @)!Dl~tb a:.~CBGa:.rr6lrGlT QPl9-ll..Jtb.

(8UJrr®Jtb (8L~LCBtb (John and David) (8LO~~ B>®~ffia:.tb urDdil (8LO~tb ~rr urfld;~6lI)!JuJl6lI)6ma= Glfw41lDrrrra:.6lr. @)n5l~(8~rrrr QPffi41UJ~6lJ~6lI)6m ~EiUGU~ ~UJEiUt5l6ll)6ma= Ifrrrrd;~6lJrr(8lD !bL~6lI)~ @)d)~ (8!brrffi@)a:.6lr ~6lI)LOll..Jtb. 6TCB~ffia:.rrLLrra:. a:.ro~rr 6T6GTU6lJ6lr 4~UJ G~rrW1EiU ~6GTn5l6ll)6MU GU!J)J416GTlDrrrr• ~d;~ G~rrWlEiUGu!J)Jtb ~a:.6lJEiU @)n5l~ UGU a:.®~ffia:.6lI)GlT QP6OT6lI)6lJffia:.QPl9-ll..Jtb.

1) 4~~rrw (86lJ6lI)GU GlfwUJu(8urr@)tb ~Ltb ~~ro(8GU(8UJ Uila:.6lJtb a:.6lJrr a=81a:.!JLOrr6M(8~rrrr ~Ltb.

2) L06M~ffi4161!TlUJ (86lJ6lI)GU ~ffiJ@)6!lMCB,

3) uSla:.Uila:. ~~a:.LOrr6m stousmb ~ffiJ@) 416l1)Lffi@)tb.

a:.®~G~rr®6lI)LOuurrCB 6T6OTU~ 6T~6lI)6UlIT~!Jtb ~®6lJrr ~(8!J urr6ll)~EiU GlfUJ6U.JCB416GTrDrrrr 6T6GTu6ll)~ @)d)ffi@)tb. Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:. LOrrlDrr6ll)LO 6T 6GTU {;9J 6T ~~ 6lI)6lm ~!Jtil ~ rr 6)]l L UJ tb 6T u(8u rr {;9J LOrrw LOrr!J)Ju rrl9-6GT!l5l ~(8!J6lJW1uJ1EiU @)!Dl~!Bl6ll)GUuJlEiU GIfUJEiUuCBtb 6T6lRu6ll)~ffi @)!l5lut5lCBtb. @)n5lut5lL~~ffia:.~ 6T6GTU~ @)n5l~~ 6)]lLUJtb @)!Dl~~ !BlGU6lI)LOu5lEiU 6T6U6lJrrlDrr a:. 6T6U6lJ6TTGlj ~!Jtb GIfUJrDuCBtb 6T6GTU~6lI)6Mffi @)!l5lffi@)tb. !bL~~GUJrr6GTd)EiU @)6lI)lD~ a:.®~G~®6lI)LOuurrCBtb B'nl9-UJ Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:. LO rr lD rr 6lI) LO ll..J til @)6lI)lD Ji; ~GlT 6UlGU rr 6m @)n5lu t.5l L ~ ~.!i. a:. ~ 6DT 6lI) LO ll..J til a:. rr 6UlIT U G u!J)J LO rr uJl6DT ~ Ji; !b L Ii> 6lI) ~ uJl6ll) 6m !L 6ir GlT rr rr Ji; ~ G If UJ 6\) ~~CB6UlITrr a=81uJ16mrrEiU GUlDuuCB6lJ{;9J srsersomo. B'nCB~GUrr6M !Bl6ll)GUu5lEiU tJl!J ffi 6lI)@)ll..Jtil B'n 19- UJ GlT ro 6i) a:.® ~ G ~ rr ® 6lI) LO U u rr CB Ii> B'n 19- UJ GlT 6Ul6i) @)!DIu tJl L~~.!i. a:. ~6DT 6lI) LOa:.® Ii> a:.rr 6lI1fI u uCB.$l6DT lD !b L ~ 6lI) ~a:.6lI) GlT 4lDffia:.rr!J6lJlfila:.GlTrrEiU L®6lJrr ffia:.UULL6M 6T6OTlD6lJrrlDrr a:. Ga:.rr6lrGlTGUrrtb 6T6OT41!D{;9J a:.rDt5l~ffiB'n!J)J~EiU @)!l5l~ B'nLCB(86lJ!J)JurrLCBffi Ga:.n6lr6ll)a:..

4if,lUJ (86lJ6lI)GU6lI)UJ 6)6OT ~6lJrr a:.6lr ~®Li>4.$llDrrrr a:.6lr 6T6OTU~rD@) (8LO~d)~ a:.rr!J6lI1fIffiJa;6lI)GlT ~L6ljtb <86lJ!J)JuGUGljtb ~®ffia:.GUrrtb. ~6mrTEiU usorr a:.ro~rrGljffi@) U6ll1fl~6lI)1f t5ll9-~roLLG~6GT!J)J B'n!J)J6lJrr.

3.1.1 a:.rDt5l~ffiBn!DJl>EiU @)!l5l~ ~CB~ QPffi41UJ~6lJtb 6lJrrwd;~ Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:.UJrr a:. B'nLCB (86lJ!J)JurrLCBct.Ga:.rr6lr6ll)a:.(Co- Variation Theory) ~6lI)LOffil6OT!D~(6) L6irGlTrrrrd;~ GIfUJEiU~~CB6UlITrra=81(8UJrr ~EiUGU~

24

25

3.1.2 a;rDUl~~ffi8'fl.!J)J$fi6lSlGU uffia;8'rrfr4 (Attribution Bias) GJrDuL6l.jLb r61GIDOJllJ 8'r5$fifruuffiJa;siT ILGriTCB· UlOJ[J~ jIiL~GID$fi @)dil~~ 6Ululflffi~ c!prDuCBLii&urr~ .,g}I~a;6lTG{iGU ~®6lJ[J~ W6nTlf8'rrfr4a;6I'il6O-r uri.!@) @)~~~$fi, @) n5l u u rr a; ~ (@J GID W ~ llJ 6D lJ.1i. a; lliJ a; 6lT ~ u rr GOT OJ 6lJ oJ GID OJ ~ llJ C!p$fi6O-rGIDwuuCB~~ 6Ululflffia; c!prDuCB6lJfr. .,g}I~GIDa;llJ 8'r5$fifrUU~~GU ~®6lJ[J ~ jIiL~GID$fiuSlGU @,Y;>GUr616\)GIDwa;6ir 6lJ.$lffi.$l6O-rOJ c!pffiffilllJ~~6lJ~ @)!I9~ ~1~1D .,g}IMGIDOJuurrLJ-9-GID6nTffi IDrr6riTUluu~6\)GID6\). ~6iJ6lJrrOJrr6nl rElGID 6\) LJLJ rr L GID L ~ llJ ID oJ Ul i> ~ Ii. 8'fl. lD 6U $fi 6lJ !J)J 6T GOT .$l lD rr fr a; 6lT. L6lTG{iUJ6\)rr6lTfr 1D6ir. .,g}Il9-WGIDLllJrr6nl a;Jiii~cixrnlD6\) $fi6lJ!J)Ja;6ir @)~~ ~ [Jrr 6li) (R os s ) 6T 6O-r ffillD 1L.6lT 6UlllJ6\)rr6lTfr 1977 GU u 6\) ~uJ6l.ja;GID61T lfiIa;m6nlrrfr. ~~ti.J6l.ja;6I'il6U ~®~ 1D6JSl~ffia=n.lD~6\) GJrDuCB.$l6O-r!1J .,g}Il9-UUGIDL~ $fi6lJ!J)Ja;6ir 6TCB~~ffia;rrLLUULL6nT. 6TCB~~ffilDrrLLrr a; r9JT 6\)lDfr ~®6lJIflL Lb 6Ul6nTrrG6lJrr 6O-rp)1GIDrn ~®6lJfr 6Ul6OTrr 6lJ ~6lJGriTl9- uJ ~ $fi GID 6lJ ~ llJ rD u L L ~ U rr ~ , ~ 6\)a; fr .,g}I6lJ 6Ul rn rr 6l.j ffi a; rr 60T 6UlGID L GID uJ 6lJGID8'uurrrliJlDrr a;6l.jLb a;CBa;CBuurr ID6l.jLb G6lJ6I'iluuCB~rnrrfr. r9JT6\)ID[J ~ jIiL~$fi@)~~ffi IDJiii~cixrnlD C!P!iJ_JCB&lD~urr~ .,g}I~ 8'~frW~6\) .,g}I6lJ fr .,g}I6O-r!J)J GID rr GriTl9-® r5$fi ~!J)J ffia;r616lJ) 6\) .,g}I6lJ GID [J .,g}I6lJ6lJ rrlDrr a; U~6\)8'fl.lD GID6lJ~~ 6T6O-rlD6lJrrlDrruJ a;rDUl~uurrfrffia; C!PrDuCB6lJGID$fiffi a;rrL 19- ~Lb .,g}I6lJ [J ~ ~ ~[J rr ffi ffilllJ WrD lD wffil It> 6lJdJ lD ~(@J GID w~ llJ .9I6lJ6lJrrlDrruJ U~6\)8'fl.lD GID6lJ~~ 6Trn .,g}I6lJ[J ~ jIiL~GID$fi@)p5l~~ffi a;rDUl$fir5Ja;6lJ)61T ID6lJMCBGlDrrsiT~6lJrrLb. ~~G6lJ$fiGIDrnffi a;rrLCB.$llDG$fi6O'ilGil 1L.6ir6lTrrfr~ ~llJ~ID~6lT IDrDt3~OJ~6\) c!pffi.$lllJUuCB~UuCB.$l6O-rOJ~ 6T 6O-ru$fiGIDrn~llJ 6TCB~~ffilDrrLCB.$l6O-rlD~. ~~GIDa; llJ r616lJ)6\)a;GID6lT~llJ a;rDUl~ffia=n.lD6ISl6\) $fi6lJ!J)J 6T6O-rlD6lJrrlDrr IDffi 8'fl.lDuuCBffil6O-rlD~. (7)

L 6lT .,g}I6lJ)wuUl6O-r .9Il9-UU GID LuSl~ 6\)~lLJ w6O'il$fi6O-r G8'lLJ 6\) uCBffil6O-r lDrr 6O-r ~ lJi® ffilDwrr IDffi @n5luUll9-6O-r ioseruu rr ffiJ@)ID~6lT G8'lLJ 6\) urr CBID(@JffilDrr6OT 8'ffi~GIDllJ 6lJy;>ffiJ@ffil6O-rlDrn. wrnuurrffiJ@)IDGID6lTU 41flr5~ Ga;rr6ir6lJ$fi6O-r 6lJW1llJrr a; w6O'il$fijIiL~GID$fia;GID61TU 41flr5~ Ga;rr6ir61T6\)rrLb.

a;[JLl9-6lJ)rn 9®6lJfr G{i®tbu6\)rrLb; a;~IflMrTl.[jGID6OT G{i®tburrw6\> 6UlL6\)rrLb, mrnrr ~ui>luSl6O-r ~(@J6lJ)WGIDlLJ 9®6lJfr 6Ul®Lbu6\)rrLb ~rnrrGU .,g}I6lJ[J~ .9I[J§llLJ6\) 8l~GIDrnGIDllJ G6lJ!J)JM6\)rrLb. 9®6lJ[J~ 6TGriTmrm6ir Lmrfr6l.ja;6ir jIiL~$fiuurrffiJ@)lD6ir .,g}I6\)6\)~ ~urr ffi@ja;6ir [j~G$firr®6UGID[J ~jIirr ffi.$l .,g}I6\)6\)~ Ulp5l~$firrfr Gurr®GID6lT ~jIirr ffi4l .,g}I6\)6\)~ a;®~6lJ)$fi ~jIirr ffi.$l ~6lJ)wllJL.Gu!J)JLb. 9®6lJ[J ~ LDrnuurr6O-rGIDwa;~6lT LDrnwrrrlil®a;siT

~@)Lb. w6OTuurrffiJ@lDsiT a;rDlD6ISlrnrr6\) GUlDUULL 9@ffiJIDGIDw6l.jlDsiT

~@)Lb. ~6lJ)6lJ~lLJ w6O'il$fiGIDrn $fi6O'il~6lJwrrrn jIiL~GID$fia;(@JMrruJ

6lJW1lDrrLCBffillDGif>6lfl ffillDrrfr srr 6UliD (S ha vi tt) 6T ~Lb L6lT 6UlllJ6\)rr srrrr. (9)

w6OTuurrffiJ@ 6T6O-rU~ a;rD!J)JffiGlDrr 6ir6lTUULL~Lb 8'rrfr46lJ)LllJ~Lb r616lJ)6\)~®uu~wrr 6OTG$firr 6O-rlDrr@)Lb. $fi6O'iljIi UGID [J ~6\)6\)~ 8'Lbu6lJ~6lJ)$fi ~ GU 6\) ~ 'W fr r616\) GID W GID llJ @)n5l LJl5lL i> $fi ffi a; 6lJ WI LLllGU W $b1 LlIj CB G8'uJ6lJ$firDlDrr6OTG$firr® C!PrD8'rrfr4 ~@)Lb. ~~~6lJrrfr W6OT~61frr61GID6\), ~~L6lfl UldJG$firr®6lJ[J ~ wrnuurrffiJ6lJ)a; G6lJ6lflGlDCBuu$firDlDrr6lll~$firrfr 6lJ ~ C!p 6lJ) lD l1.j io rr @ uS 6T 6lIT lD 6lJ rr lD rr a; 6l.j uS W 60T U u rr lliJ 6lJ) a; 6lJ6lJ)[J 6Ul6\)M6lIlIIUuCB~6\)rr Lb (10)

U6\) L6lT6UlllJ6\)rr6lTfr 1D6ir L6lT6lJGIDWUGIDU L®6lJrr ffi@)6lJ~GU wrn U U rr ffiJ@ C!p ffi ffilllJ W rr rn ~ L ~ $b1GID rn 6lJ ffilffi ffil lD ~ 6T 61fr U $fi GID rn G6lJ61flu uCBib ~rnfr. W60TU U rrlliJ @)a;6lT ~GID wi> ~Ii. Ga;rrCBib if>

4.1 wrnuurrffiJ.$I6lfl G8'llJGUurrCBID6lJ)6lTU Gurr!J)J~$fi6lJGID[JuSlGU; w6lfil~ L uSllfla;6ir u 6\)6lJ GIDa; U u LL ~$fiGID 6lJ1D GID 6lT ~ ~$fiffiffilGID6lJ ~~6lJ rrlD rr uJ a;rrmrwCB.$l6O-r!1J6OT. ~!WJ6\) §l6\) ~[Jtbu r5lGID6\)WLL <Sif>6lJ)6lJa;6lTrr@)Lb. ~6lJ)6lJ ~l9-uUGIDLlLJrrrn LuSllflllJ6\) (8$fi6lJ)6lJa;6ir ~@)Lb. lLuSllflllJ6\) ~~GID6lJa;6ir C!PGIDlD(8lLJ u§l, $firra;Lb, unso, LlDMLb ~@Lb. LuSllfluJI61fr ~CB~r61GID6\)UULL ~$fi6lJ)6lJID6ir 8'(!:pID~~$fiGID6lJlDsiT ~@Lb. .,g}I6iJ)6lJ C!p GID lD ~ llJ 8' (!:P a; ~ lliJ ffi ID rr [J t.D 8' (!:P a; ~ rf; $fi 6lU ~ .91 ~ ID rr [J t.D ~Urr6O-rlDGID6lJID6lTrr@Lb. wrnuurrl1il®a;siT @)~~ ~[JrruJ.if8lt.t36\) Lrr6O'illlJGU a;riJ6li) (Daniel katz) (1960) wrnuurrlliJ.$l6O'J G8'lLJ6UUrrLffili.

4.0 8'(!:p1D 1L6lT6UlllJ6\Sl6\) wrnuurrffiJ@) (Attitude) 6T6lfl.$llD 6TGriTmrM®.

I

c!pffi.$lllJ~~6lJLb 6lJ rruJr5~G$firr 61frlD rr@)Lb. 8'(!:pa; L 6lT 6UlllJ sorr 6lT[J rr 6lIl

~a;rrGUL61fr ~6\)~UrrL w6llluurrrliJ@) 6T61fr®JLb 6TGriTmrffiffi® uSllD6l.jLb ~6O'il~6lJwrr rn ~Lb ~ 61frp5llLJGIDwllJrr ~~wrr rn G$firr 6lflGlD6lfllDrrfr . 8

26

27

Gffirr6Tr6O'>ffiGwm 96&rrDl6O'>m (!p6&r6O'>6lJ~ ~~6&r6lJWlWrrffi LDdil~ITffi6Tr 6J6&r 516\) LDmuurrrliJ@)ffi6O'>61Tffi Gffirr~®ffic6llDrrITffi6Tr. (8LD~tb 6T~6O'>ffiW LDmuurrllil®ffi6Tr LDdil~m~ ~~UU6O'>L (8!Drrffi®ffiffiOO61T fFL~ffiGffirr6Tr61T 2L~GllffillD~ 6T6&rU6O'>6lJ ®rfj~tb ~ry-rrw (!PlDULLrrIT. ffidJ81601 t51ry-ffirrry-tb LDmuurrllil®ffi6Tr 22IILg)J~iF G~6i:>6\) (86lJ~~W lDrr6&r® 6lJOOffiUULL

,..(l •• Clr.:-..n· • (II)

2L61T6lllW6\) G~W6\) UrrCBffi6O'>61T Ii. ®!Dl~~ ®l!.I'u ul\9(:blmlDrrrr.

~6O'>6lJ(!P6O'>lD(8w,

1) ~1f1G.5uJ~6i:> G~w6i:>urrCB (Adjustment Function)

2) fF(8ffirr-urr~ffirruLj G~wlDurrCB (Ego-Defence Function)

3) GUg)JLDiJ-G6lJ61'iluurrLCBiF G~wlDurrCB (The value expressive Function)

4) ~!D1GlliFG~wlDurrCB (The knowledge Function)

ffiry-CB(!pry-Lrrm ffi~uurrm L~OOLDffi6O'>61T ~~rr6lJ~ w~rrIT ~~~60'>~ ~601rDl6i:> 6JlDg)JffiGffirr6Tr61T ~~rr6lJ~ ~llilffiffinl~ffi Gffirr6Tr61T6lSiLrr ~6lJrr!!ll ~OOLuuCB~iJffi Gffirr6TrffillD~. ~6iJ6lJrrlDrrm G~w6i:>urrCBffi6Tr urr~ffirruLj Gurrp)l(!pOO!D 96&rrDimrr6i:> G~w6i:>uCB~uuCBffil6&rlD~· ~iFG~w6i:>(!POOlD 6lJ~Wrrffi 6TLD~ 1L6Tr61TrrITdi~ ~6&rUffilffi6Tr ffi6lJ~tliILuuCBffil6&rlDm. fF(8ffirr urr ~rruLj G~w6'i:l(y>OOlD L6Tr61TrrITdi~ ~~uu6O'>LlUl6i:> LDLCBtb rbIffi!i>6lJ~ ~601rn6'i:l6u. 4!D6lJWLDrrffi6ljtb G8=wEi\:uCBffillD G~rr601rnrr®tb. 6T6iJ6lJrrGlD6O'i1ru dlDry-~ ®6mGl'iW6\:lLjffi6Tr 6TLDffi@) L6lJUUrrm6O'>6lJWrrffi ffirr6mWLrr~(8urr~ ~~6O'>ffiW ~w6i:>Ljffi61Tl6&r ~rrffiffi~6I5l®di~ ~6lSiIT~ffi Gffirr6Tr6lJ~lD® ~uurr~ffirrULj Gurrn)1(!pOOlD L~GllffillD~·

4.1.0 ~If1G~uJ~6i:> G~WrDUrrL~oomU GU!!ll~6lJoory-u5l6i:> LD6lfiI~ Ltillnl LWITdi~61T6lSi6\)rrm GU!!lILDiJffi6O'>61T 6lSi®tbLj6lJ~tb ®OO!Ddi~61T6lSi6\)rr6llT ®lDlDllilffi6O'>61T LDLCB(8LD Gffirr~~®ffiffi 6lSi®tbLj6lJ~tb ~w6i:>urrm~rr®tb. ~di~ffi ffi®~~rrffiffi~!bloom (8lDrrffiffilw6lJrrlDrrffi(86lJ LDdil~6&r ~m~ LD m U u rr r1iJ ® ffi 60'> 61T 6lJ 61T IT {b ~ ffi G ffi rr 6'Ii.61T 6lfl ® u) Lj ffil60T lD rr 60T . 6TCB~ffiffirrLLrrffi ~6lfiIlDuGry-rr®6lJIT 6J6&r 'WIT ~ry-§lw6i:>6lJrriJoow ~rrIT~ lDL~ Gcr,rr6Tr61T~®tbLjffil601rnrrIT 6T6O'i16&r ~®6O'>LW ~LITd6&r t!P6\)LDlTffi ~m~ Gurr®61Trr ~rrry-~~ (8LDtbuCB~ffiGffirr6Tr61T6\)rrtb 6T6&ru~rr6\)rr®tb. ~6lJ6lJrrlDrrffi ~rrIT!i>~rE1nJffillD G~w6Ul6Ul®!i>~ ~6lJ~ ~~6O'>m ~~IT~ffiGffirr6Tr@JJ.$llD Gurr@~ ~iFG~w6i:> ~6lJ~ffi® 6TiJITLDrrlDrr6llT ~6O'>61TGllffi6O'>61T 6JrDuCB~tb. ~di~ ~rrry-rr~tliIw~mrr~rr601 9®6lJ6&r

~6lIT~ LDmuurrr!iJ®ffiOO61T ~m~ (8lDrrli.®ffiffiOO61T ~6O'>L!i>~

Gffirr 6Tr 61T ~~ffiffi6lJrr lDrr ffi ~ If1G~uJ~ Gffirr6Tr@JJ.$llDrr6&r. ~ 6lJ6lJ rr lDrr ffi

G~WrDUL 6lSi®tburr ~(8urr iJ6i:> 6lSi®uurDlD rbIffiWGllffi6Tr 6JrDuLrr ~6lJrrlDrr ffi ~6UToom ~iJ6\S1®di~ ~6lJrDrDl6\S1®di~ ~6lSiIT ~~ffiGffirr 6Tr61T(86lJ~W 6lSi®wLj6lJrr 6UT .

4.1.2 GulOltO~ G6lJ61'iluurrLCB G~WrDUrrL~6O'>mU Gurr!!ll~6lJOOry-;

6T LD ~ 6lll ® u u nJ lD rE1 m r&I ffi 00 61T LD ffil Ii> 6lJ nJ lD rE100 so U u rr CB ffi 00 61T

G6lJ61TIuuCB~6lJif;l6I5l®di~ fF(8ffirr urr~ffirruLj G~wrDurrCB ~6lSiIT~~ffi

Gffirr6Tr@JJffillD~. ~di~ rbI6O'>6l)tillru 6TwtliILLDrruJ L6Tr61T LDrD6O'>lDW

t06lIT u u rr r&I ® ffi 6ir 6T LD~ G U!!llLD ~ ffi 6ir 6lll ® u Lj ffi ffi 6ir ® !Dl i> ~

(8p;llffiffi6Ob1lwLDrr6llT (!POOlDtti6i:> G6lJ61'ilwCB~ffi Gcr,rr6Tr@JJtb. ~dirfJOO6\)ttiru ~~OOffiW LD6lITuurrffil®ffi6Tr ~®6ii~ BiWL6mIlGll G6lJ61TIuurrL~rD® LD!!lI6lJrri. ffiu) G~uj 6lJ~6\) IL~Gllu). ~6lJ 6lJrr!!ll GUlDu UL L to!!lI6lJrrffiffi~~~6lJWlwrrffi BiwuUlry-li.oo(® 6JnJuLCB 6TWOOLD lDrr(8LD urr ~ffirr ~ffiGffirr6TrffillD(8~rrll ~wruUl6O'>m ~61TItyL~ffi Gffirr6Tr(86lJrrtD ~ru6\)~ (8urrry-rr~ GUg)J6lJ~!iJa;rrm t!P6\)ffiffilffi6O'>61T GffirrmrL6lJ1l ffi6lTrr a; 6TWOOLD lDrr(8LD ffinJUl~~1i. Gffirrm(86lJrrw. ~ffi, ~~~OOffiUJ G~w6i:>urrCBffi61Tl6&r 6lSlOO61T6lJrr6i:> 6TWOOLD ~Il ~~ G~w6\)6lJ~6lJrrffiffitD GffirrmrL6lJrT 6T601lD6lJrrlDrr ffi ffirDt51~ffi Gffirr6ir(86lJrrtb.

4.1.1 fF(8ffirr urr~ffirrULj G~WrDurrL~6O'>m Gurr!!ll~6lJ6O'>ry-uSI6i:>; §l6\) LDmuurrllil®ffim 6Tffilffi6O'>61TUUrDrDlw ~~UU6O'>LWrrm L~6O'>LDffi6O'>61T 6JlD!!lIffiGcr,rr6Tr6lJiJ6I5l®~ 1D6O'>LuuCB~ffil6&rlD~ ~~ 6lJrrwa,6O'>ffiuSl6&r

28

4.1.3. ~!DIGlliF G~WrDUrrL~OO6lITU GU!!ll~~6lJ6O'>ry-uSI6i:>; 6lJrrw6lSlru lDrrtD ®!Dl u Ul L ~ ~i. ffi 61T 6lll nJ ® ~ @r&I ® G ~ 61fl6lJ rr nJ lD 6\) rE1!!l1 ~ L LLD ~c61w6lJrDOOlDffi Gffirr~~®u(8urrw. lDrrw 6Tw(8LDrrCB G~rrLrTUrr6lJT ~WU6lJffilffiOO61TU Ljlf1di~ Gffirrm61TGllW .!)I1DrDffirr6llT .!)lIT ~~60'>~ ffi~ffi Gffirr 6Tr61TGllW (!pwrbff]u(8 urnb ~6iJ6lJrr lDrr 6lIT LDiJ UUCBffiOO61T if G~uJ~ Gffirr m6lJ~rD® LD6lITuurrllil®ffi6Tr IL~GllW.

29

5.0 LD rr 6TTrr!ii~6l.JrTWffi6IDlI>uSl6U LD6lfil~ LD6GTUurrrlil®II>6ID6TT LDrrlD!PI6lSlffi.$l6liTlD (!p UJ rD 51 II> 6ID 6TT 6Ul6lT til U !J r!il1I> 6ir , G ~ rr 6ID 61) G ~ rr L rT 4 8' rr ~ 6GT r!il1I> 6ir , ~6mITCB uUl!J 8i!JrlillI>6Tr , fL6TT 6lSlUJ6I)rr 6TTrTlT 1I>6Tr (!pUJ6liT!PI 6l.J®.$l6liTlDrrr'r 1I>6Tr. ®fij~ Gurr®LII>6ID6TT (8LDrrffi.$lUJ6l.JrrlDrrlI> 6TLD~ LD6GTUurrrlil®II>6ID6TT~ fhl®uu6l.jtb, ® o5l~~ ~!J c!FlUJ 6U6l.J rr ~ II> 6lJ)6TT (8LD rr ffi.$l UJ6l.JrrlD rr II> 6TLD~ LD6GTUurrrlil®II>6!J)6TT~ iJ®UU6l.jtb (8LD~tb G6l.J6i.J(86l.JlDrr6GT 6l.J!:lil1I>6Ol6U 6TLD~ LD 6GT U U rr r!il ® II> 6!J) 6TT !'b ~ ® U U 6l.j til (8 LD rD ® !ISl U U1 L L 6!J) ~ (8 U rr 60i !PI fL6TTliiiUJ6I)rr6TTr'r lI>~tb 6J6lJ)6GTUJ ~LlI>rlillI>~tb (!pUJ61HlD6l.J6mIT6lmLDrruJ fL6Tr 6TT6GT. ~ 6i.J6l.JrrlDrruJ LD6GTUurrrlil® 1I>6!J)6TT LDrrlD!PItb G8'UJ6liT(!P6!J)lDuSl6U 6T~6lJ)II>UJ 6l.JWl tBlI>6l.jtb §llD~ ~6'\)61)~ G8'6U6l.Jrrffi® G8'~~6l.J6'\)6I)~ 6T61HlD6l.JrrlDrr6GT ~!JrruJiF§lII>6lJ)6TT 1L6TT6fiUJ6I)rr 6TTr'r 1I>6Tr (8LDlDGCDIT 6miTLrrr'r 1I>6Tr. ® n5l u U rr II> e!P 61H !PI Jbl6lJ) 61) U U rr CB II> 6ID 6TT 6!J) LD UJ U U CB!'b ~ UJ 6l.J rr lD rr uJ

G8'UJ6UULL6GTrT. ~6lJ)6l.J (!P6lJ)lD(8UJ

1) G~rrLrTUrr6TTrT (Source of Communication) (The communicator)

2) G~rrLrT4 (Communication) (The Message)

3) G~rrLr'r4uCBu6l.JrT (The Receiver of Communicationj'T

lL~rr!J6lmLDrr II> ~®6l.1®ffi® 6T ~!Jrr II> ~r'r LD~6))l6U 6J 6ID6GT(8UJrr 6!J)!J 6!J)II>GUJrrwa G8'uJUJ <SII>rrrTlffi6ln1I> 6fiCB.i.$l6liTlD(8urr~ ~B;(SlI>rrri18;6!J)II>6!J)UJ ~ r'r II> 6l.J r'r 8= dllI>!J LD rr 6GT LD 6!ifl ~ r'r (!p 6lIl 6lJ) 6l.J ~ ~ rr 6\l ~ 6\l 6\) ~ 6lJ)II>GUJrr@~uGu!PItb (8LDrr ffi(8lI>rrCB 6TCB~~8=G8'6liTlDrr6U ~~6!J)II>UJ6l.Jr'r GUlD!PIffiGlI>rr 6Tr.$l lD 6IDII>GUJrr uurlillI>6Ol61H 6T 6mIT6lIdilffi6!J)lI>, 1I>6l.J r'r 8=c!Fl UJlDlD6l.JrT GlI>rr 6mITCB G8'6U6lJ)1I> uSl6U GUIllI.$l6liTlD 6ID II>GUJrruu~6!J)~ffi II>rrL19 ~tb 6T6mIT6lmllffi6lJ>II>t.Ci6i)tBlI> ~iJlI>LDrrlI> ~®ffi®tD. ~~LDLCBLD6i)6I) Gurr~6l.JrrlI> LD6lfil~r'r 1I>6Tr 1I>6l.Jr'r 8=§lII>!JLDrr6GT LD6ll'i1~rT 1I>6lJ)6TT(8UJ ~~ c!Fl(86GTffiI~r'r lI>6lTrr.i.$lffi GlI>rr 6Tr6TT 6))l® tb46l.Jrrr'r 1I>6Tr ~6l.J r'r 1I>6ID 6TT LD tbUlffi6IDlI>ffi® rfl UJ 6l.J r'r lI>6lTrr II> 6JlD!PIffiGII> n 6Tr6TT 6l.jtb G8'uJ6l.JrrrT 1I>6Tr.

5.1. 1981 ~6U UldJdillI>rr §l(8urr (Petty Cacyppo) LDLrr~UJ ~uJ6l.jII>6ir G~ m.rru rr 6TT 60i ®n5l~~ !bl6ID 6I)U um, 19 6!J) 6GT G~61f16l.juCB~~6l.J~rr II> ~6lJ)LD~. G~rrLrTUrr6TT6liT !bl46lm~6l.Jtb 8'e!P1I> ~~~ ~ffilUJ6ID6l.J G~rrLrTUrr6TT6!l'il6GTrr6U· G6l.J61f1uSlLuuCBtb G8'uJ~ffi® (!p~6I5lL~!hl6ID6lJTU GUrD!PIffiGlI>rrCBffi®tb 6T6liTffi!lD 1I>®~~rra:.lI>tb GUlDUULLIf)I. ~!ii~ r6lUJiJt.Ci6GTrr~rr61H 6fi6TTtbu!Jtb G8'uJU6l.Jr'rII>6Tr 8'e!PII>~6U fLUJr'r!ii~r'rII>6Tr 6T 6GT a:. II>®~ U uCB U6l.J r'r 1I>6TT ~tb c!FllD!ii~ 6))l6!J) 6TTUJ rr L CBru!Jr'r 1I>6Tr 6T 6GT ffi 1I>®~wCBu6l.Jr'r II>6TT ~tb 6l.JrrlillLDrTWlII>(86TT ~6lT ~ 6I'i6lTU:u!J <S8'6ID6l.JID6'Ol6U

5.2 G8'uJiJ ulDfij (8LDrrffi@)6lJ)lI>uSl6U G8'uJiJUJrr6Ui~ 4~6!J)LDUJrr6GT~rrlI> ~6IDLDUJ(86l.J6mITCBtD. 6JlDlI>6GT(86l.J G~rrLrTUrr6TTrT 1I>6Tr GlI>rr 6mIT19®li.ffiI61HlD 1I>®~ffiII>6lJ)6TTa:. II>rrL19~tb 4~UJ G8'uJlf;l 4fhlUJ 1I>®~ffiII>6lJ)6lTffi GlI>rr6mITCB 6lll~UJrr 8'LDrr6GT6lJ)6l.JUJrr II> ~6IDLD!ii!hl®ffiII> (86l.J6mITCBtb. 4iJUJ

G8'uJ!hl6lJ)UJ !!mr'r~~uuCB~~tb 8'rr6liT!PIII>®tb ~~~L6lir (88'r'r~~

6l.J y? rlillI>UUL (86l.J6mITCBtb. 6T 6U son 6l.J lD!PIffi® tb (8 LD6I) rr II> G8'uJ~lI>6Tr

6J~rrG6l.Jrr® 6l.J6IDII>~rr6GT l.06lITG6l.J@8=§l6lJ)UJ 6Jri>uCB~~6lJ)6l.JUJrr II> ~6!J)LDUJ (86l.J6lllfrCBtb. G8'uJiJII>6Ol6lir (8!Dr'r ffilI>6lIdilUJ ~rr ffilI>rlillI>6Tr ®n5l~~ 19896U !J~§lli.ffil (Rajecki) (8LDlDGlI>rr6mITL ~!JrruJ8=c!FlII>6Tr G8'uJiJlI>6Tr 6TU(8urr~LDrruJ uSl~LDrr6GT6lJ)6l.JUJrrlI> [Sot sell] G6l.J6OluuCB~~ (86l.J6mITCBtb

6T6lirU~6lJ)6GT 6TCB~~ffi II>rrL196GT. ~!ii~ !bl6lJ)6I)UUrrL196ID6GTU 41j1!ii~

GlI>rr 6Tr6TTrr 6lJ) LDuSl6GTrr 6i) U 61) 8'LDUJ6l.J rr 6lir lI>®tb ~!J §l UJ 6U surr fhllI>~tb ~r!ilII>~ 6lJ) L UJ G8'uJ ~ 1I>6Tr LDffi 1I>61f16lJ) L (8UJ (88' rru U ~dJ ffi ® U u~ 6U (8~rr6U6lSluSl6lJ)6lfIffi II>6mITLrrr'r 1I>6Tr 6T6lirlDrrr'r !J~§lffiffi! •

8'rr 6liT(8lDrrr'r 1I>6TT ~ sun ffi®1I>6Ol6GTrr ~tb Gu rr ~6l.Jrr II> LDrrtb G8'6U6l.Jrr ffi® G8'~~uuCBffil6liT(8lDrrtb. ®o5l~ 6))lLUJtb ®o5l~ (8LD~LDrruJ ~!JrrL§l G8'~ 6lJ)8'ffil6liT (Chaiken) (1973) ~6GT~ ~!JrruJ8=c!Fl1I>6Ol6liT (8ulDrrlI> uSllI>6l.jtb 1I>6l.Jr'r 8=§lII>!JLDrr6GT 6T6Ol6lJ)LDUJrr6lfl LD6lI'i1~r'r 1I>6Tr G~rrLr'rurr6TT6lfIrr II> GIfUJlDuCBffil6liTlDcgurr~ 6TLD~ LD6GTUurrrlil®II>6!J)6TT ~!Jrr6U ~6I)®6l.JrrlI> torr lDo5lffiGlI>rr 6Tr6lT (!P19lLjtb 6T 6lir.$l6lirlD 1I>®~6lJ)~ G6l.J6OluuCB~6lfIrrr'r •

GlfuJ!hlII>6lJ)6TT 6l.Jy?rlil®.$llD (8urr ~ ~8=G8'uJiJffi®IjIUJ ~®uffiII> II> ®!'b ~ ffi II> 6lJ) 6TT lLj tb 6l.J y? r!il1I> (8 6l.J 6lllfr CB til G If uJ ~ u5l6lir If rr r'r U rr 6GT UffiII>~~LDLCBtb 6l.Jy?rhl$l6GTrr6U (8urr~(8LDrr 6T6liTffillD ~rr6l.jffilI>rr6GT 6I'i6!J)L

GlfuJiJ6lJ)UJU GU!PIU6l.J!J~ LD6lfIUurrrlilffi!(861)(8UJ ~®ffi®tb 6T6lfil~tb

G U rr ~6l.J rr II> 6J rD 1I>6GT(8 6l.J Gif uJ ~ 6ID UJ U G U!PI LD r'r 6T LD~ (!p r6?b1UJ

G 8' uJ ~ II> 6TT rr 6\) FF r'r ffi II> U U L L 6l.J r'r II> 6TT rr II> ~ ® r6 ~ rr 6\) G 8' uJ ~ u5l6liJ

30

31

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6.1 LD6IfIUurrffiJ@)a;st'ilGir !L®6lJrr ffia;tb @)!!5l~ C&!!)rr ffi@)GUla;u5l6i:> ~® LD6lITl~GUl6lflffi @)!!5l~~ ~6i:>6\)~ Gurr®GUl6TTffi ®p5I~~ ~6lJ!iJ!!5l6lir u rr ffiJ ® a; GUl 6TT ~~rr 6lJ~ LD6IfI U u rrffiJ ® a; GUl 6TT 8' ry'llLJ rr 6IfI u tg. G~ry'l Ji; ~ Ga;rr6ir6TTrr~6U1LIi>~ ~~®JL6lir !LlD6lJrrL ~606\)~ ~6lJ!DGUl!D !LLQI}LDlLJrrffiffilffi Ga;rrEiIT6TT li!B~rrrT LOOfiI~6liT ~®tbuLDrrLLrr6liT. ~a;C&6ll LD6IfIUUrr ffiJ®a;6ir 6T 6iJ6lJrrlDrruJ Gu!iJlPI8:. Ga;rr 6ir6TTuuCBffilGirlD6IfI ~6i:>6\)~ 6lJ6TTrTffia;uuCBffilGirl;D6IfI. 6T6liTUQl}~ ~lJrruJ~6i:> Gurr®~~LDrrliJ ~6lJ)LDLljtb. @)!Bwrra; 8ljDrrrT a;st'ilLtb 6T6iJ6lJrrlDrrliJ ~GUlLDLljtb lD6IfIwrr~a; ~®6lJrr cixf,l ~6lJ!iJ6O>jD 6lJ6TTrT~ 6lJrrw !!)rrEiIT u!fllLJ~tb ~6lJrTa;C&6TTrrLrrliJ ~~QI}a;lLJ u rr ffii @)a;61T !filGUl 6\) Ii> ¢l ® ffi a; 6lJ W18= G 8' uj W 6\) rr Ii> 6T GOT u ~ !L6TT6ll1W6\)rr6TTrT a;®ffi@) (!p8:.ffilWLDrr6lJJ 6ll1LwLDrr a;uuLL~. ~~!iJo$rr6IJI (!pQI}jDa;EiIT 8l6\)6lJ!iJ6lJ)jD ~6TT6iiW6\)rr6TTrT a;6'ir (!pGirGLDrrWl~rrrT a;6ir ~QI}6lI (!pQI}jD(8w

6.0 Ql}LDffi@)uJ16l1Tl6lir [Mcquine] (1985) ~uJ~a;6ir LD6IfIUurrffiJ® !L®6lJrr ffia;tb ®!B~ !6lQl}lDW8:. a;®~ffia;GUl6TT G6lJst'illiiCBffilGirlD6IfI. ~6lJrT LD6IfIUurrffiJ®a;6ir C&!!)IJtg.wrr6lfl G~rrLrT4a;6TTrr6i:> !L®6lJrr ffil6liTlD6IfI 6T6liTjDrrrT. 6TCB~8:.a;rrL_Lrra; ~6TTQI}LDffia;rr6\)~6i:> ~®Ji;~ !!)rrliJ8:.@) a;CBGUlLDWrr a;u ulLJuuCBffil6lirlD Biurr6lJ~GUl6lflffi Ga;rr6O'OrL6lJlJrr a; ~®6lJrT ~®Ji;~rr6i:> ~6lJrT 6lJrrw!!)rr6ir Id.lJrr a;~tb !!)rrliJ8:.@) uwuuCBtbutg.lLJrr6lfl LD6lfluurrffiJQI}a;ffi Go$rr6O'OrL6lJlJrr a; a;rrGmuuCB6lJrrrT. LD6lfluurrffiJ@)a;6016i:> Gu® iou rr 6\)6IfI Ql}6lJ tJl lDrT a;!D!DI ffi Go$ rr CB~~~6IfI rr 6i:> LDGUl lD (!pa; torr a; !L®6lJrra;a;tb GU!DIffil6liTlD6IfI. 6TCB~a;a;rrLLrro$ tJljDry'l6liT a;!iJ!DI8:. Ga;rrCBu4 ®!Bwrro$ GU~jDrrrTo$st'il6liT a;!DJJJffi Ga;rrCBll4, G~rrGUl6\)ffi&rrL8l urrrT~6i:>, <'In.tg. 6ll1Q1}6TTwrrCB6lJ~!iJ®a;rr a; !!)6rirUrT o$QI}6TT if C&8'rT ~ffi Go$rr EiIT®~6i:>,

1) Classical Conditioning (G~rr6i:>#rT !6luJi;~6lJ)6lfluurrCB)

2) Operant Conditioning Approches. (a;®6ll18'rrrT !6luJi;~6lJ)6lfluurrCB)

32

33

6.1.1 Classical Conditioning 6T6&iffil!D(8UIT ~ ~~ 9® 6lJ6IDffiWLL ffi!i'J6IDa; (!p6O)!D llJ IT ® tb . ~!ii ~ (!p6ID!D uJl6i:> ~® ~ 61Jlir L ~tb ~ 6lir G6lJT1T ® ~61JlirL~L6lir ~6O)6lrnT!ii~®ffi®ID .9I~IT6lJ~ G~ITLrr4ULI9®ffi®ID. ~6iJ6lJIT!DlTuJ ~6ID6lrnT!i;dJ®ffi®ID !6l6\)6O)LD ~® ®!6UtSlLL ~6\)rli!ffi6\Sl6i:> L®6lJIT®ID. ~~6lJ)6lJT Pavlovion Conditioning 6T~6\)ITID .916i:>6\)~ Respondent Conditioning 6T~6\)rr!b. ~~6lJlTrr .9I19W6O)L GB=llJ6U (!p6O)!D ~®ID. ~ffia;rD!D6U (!p6O)!D6O)LDllJlT6U LD~UUITrli!®ffi61ll6&i L®6lJITffia;ID .9I~Glfi 6lJ6TTrriF§l (8UIT6&i!D6lJrD6ID!D 6l'il6TTffiffi6\)ITID ~~6lJlTrr .9II9W6O)LllJlT~ ffirD6IDa; (!p6O)!D6O)LD ~®ID. ~!i;1D (!p6ID!D6IDLDuJl6i:> 9®~61JlirL6i:> ~6lirG6lJTrr® ~61JlirL~L~lTuJ GUIT®~1DuULI9®ffi®ID. ~6iJ6lJIT!DITa; ~ 6ID 6lrnT!ii ~ ® ffi ffil6lir!D !6l6\) 6ID LD (!p6\) LD IT ffi ~ 6\) rli! ffi 6i:> L ® 6lJ IT ® tb. ~~6O)ffillJ G~IT® Gc!FllJ6i:>(!p6O)!D6IDLD(8llJ u6iJ(86\)1T lBlTuJffioir ®rfj~ uljI(8c!F1T ~6O)~u5I6i:> (8LDrD GffilT6rirLlTrr. LD6lIlI1liFc!F~ID (8ffiLffil6&i!D (8UIT ~ lBlTuJa;oir Lu'ilWJb6O)!J if 8i!J!i;~~ ~dJ6'5l®!i;~ 6T6iJ6lJIT!Dl LD6lJTUUITr&J®ffioir L® 6lJ IT ffil6lir !D ~ 6T 6lir U 60) ~ffi ffi!D!Dl ffi Gffi rr oir 6TT 6\) IT tb. (8 lB!J I9llJ rr 6lJT (8lBrr ffia;6lIlI1lllJLDrr6lJT GUIT®~!6l6O)6\)ffi6ID6TT ~ffia; r616ID6\)U.,J!Dl~UULL ffiJD!D6i:>(!p6\)1i> 6lJ6TTrr ~ffi Gffirroir6TT6\)rrw.

6.1.2 Operent Conditioning Approches to ~~6l.J(8LDlTrr ffiJD!D6i:> (!p 6O)!D 6ID LD ~ ® tb . t.6' 6ir 6lJ ~ 6l.J!Dl6lJ IT ffi ffi Ii> G c!F W 6lJ ~6lir 6lJ WlllJ IT ffi lBL~~6O)llJB; ffirD!DlB; GffilToir6TT6U ~®ID. ~Lrr!i;<8~rrB=§lllJrrffi .9Il9ffiffil9 ~ tb (!p 6ID !D 60) LD 6ID ui G c!F llJ !D U CB ~ ~ U U CB 6lJ ~ IT 6i:> LD ~ U U IT nil ® ffi 6ID 6TT .9IdJffiljlffiffiiF Gc!F~6U 6lJW1llJlT ffi LD~uurrrli!6IDffi L®6lJ1T ffiffirulTID. 96&irfj6i:> GB=rrriJa;61llGlfi 6lJW1llJrr ffi .916\)6\)~ GB=tiJ6IDa;t.dGlfi 6lJW1llJlT ffi ~WITrliJ®ffi6O)6TT L&ir6lJ6\SlU.,J!Dl~6i:> Gc!FuJ~ Gffirroir6TT 6\)ITID. 14

6.2 lD6lJTuurrrli!®a;oir lBL~6ID~ffi61ll6i:> Gc!F6\)6lJrrffi®iF Gc!F~~ffilGlfi!D~. LD6lJTUurrrli!®ffi(86TT lBL~6O)~6O)llJ 6lJ196lJ6O)LDffiffilGlfi!D~. 6TCB~~ffia;ITLLIT ffi 9®6lJrr (!p<!!>ffiffirliJa;1T6O)llJ L~6ii®lix.j~ .9I6lJ®6IDLllJ 6ii®w~~ c!Frrrr!i;~. [The effect] L6lI1iT6lrnT6ii®lix.j6lJ~ G~!JITL§l (!P®ffiffirliJa;rrllJrr .916i:>6\)~ 6lJLLD!JITL§l (!P®ffia;rli!a;rrllJlT 6T6&iU~ .9I6lJ!J~ lBL~6ID~ffi c!Jn!D6ID!DiF c!Frrrr!i;~~ [Behaviour Component] (!P®ffiffirli!a;rruJl6i:> 4!J~ID ~®ffiffil6&i!D~ 6T6lJT lBID46lJ~ .9I6lJ®6U>LllJ ~rfj6IDffi ~6\)6O)ffiiF c!Frrrr!i;~~ [Cognitive componaent] ~~6IDa;llJ ~6\)®ffi61llGlfi Gc!FllJ6i:>uITLI96lJTrr6i> ~6lJrr (!P®ffia;rli!a;IT6U>llJ c!FrrutSlCBffil!D (!P196l.Jffi® 6lJ®ffil6&i!DlTrr•

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6T6diI~ID ®rBk> lD6lJTwrrrliJffil!b®1i> !6L~~ffi@)1i> ~6IDLt.d6\)rr6lJT 6lJ6\'iI1Drr!i;~6&i6O)LD (86lJ!DlUCBID. Gurr ~6lJrr a; LD6Oll~rr ffioir lBL~6O)~B;®ID LD~ U U IT rli! ffiI!D ® u516O) L (8 llJ 9 ® GlB ® ffi a; rfil6ID 6\) 6ID ui L ® 6lJ rr ffi a; a;CB6U>LDllJorr a; L6IDwffiffil!Drrrr a;oir. §l6\) c!F!i;~rruurlila;61ll6i> §l6\) ~ffiffiLLIT6lJT r6l6\) 6O)LDffi61fl ~ lB Lib 6O)~a;61fl~ LD~U U IT rr,j ® Gc!Frr ~ surr c!i. ® GB=~6lJ{f)6lJ)6lJTU.,JID lBL~~oir lD6lJTWITrliJ®a;6O)6TT 6lJ196lJ6IDLDW6O)~ID c!JnL a;1T 6lrnT 6\)rrID.

6.3 6\'iI(8llJ1TGlfi G6lJ6TUljlrlilffirr [Leon Festinger] 1957 ~6i> lBLrr~dJllJ ~!JrrL.iF8la;oir ~6dillBuG!JIT®6lJrr (!P!J6lI1iJurrLIT~ ~!J6lI1iTCB ~WITrliJ®a;6ID6TT .916i:>6\)~ 6T 6rir 6lrnTniI ffi6ID 6TT ffi Ga;rr 6lIM19®ffiffil6lir!D (8u rr ~ ~ ~(86lJ rr rr

34

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46

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6Trflli.ll<E[Trnb (Ericfromn) 1956 lJ'e!J)ffiif @!,WGUl6liT !L!Du~i;l<Ew LD6lI'i1~6liT 6T6liTUJITir. .9ICB~~ LD6lIll~<EEmITCB !LUJ61Sl6U6l)IT LD6lI'i1~6liT ~6lIllLD[Ttb <EuIT6liTrD6lJ6liT ~UJw ~irffi®L6liT !LUJ6l.jGa;ITsIT®6lJ~IT6Ol 6lJ~ffisIT .9160) Em ~ ~ ~ Ii> u5l ffi~ G~6lfl6lJ IT Em ~ Ii> ~ 6'i:lGUl W LDIT 601 ~Ii> ffil.19- W ~60)6lm ~~6liT6O)LD, ~61IllJ'6l.j~~6liT61IlLD GffiITGrilL~tb 2LsIT6TTITirri;~~tb ffiIT ~<E so ~@ tb 6T 6liT ffilW ITrT ., esrr ~6'i:l u5lffi ~!!)lli.ffi LDIT Em UlI9- U 61Il U .9ICB ~ ~6lJ rfl6'i:l 6JrD U CB~!filc!i. GffiITCBc!i. @Ii>. IS ll<EW IT u51GIDEmLL GUIT!!)l~~6lJGID[Tu5I6U 6lJITWIi.GIDffiu516U GlJ'W 6l)IT!DW GO uSlli.ffi<E~lTir ffi6lJEm 6TCButJlEmIT6U 2L®6lJIT@6lJ<E~ ffiIT~6U 6T6liTffilWlTir. ~Ii;e;IT~GO 6T6liTU~ Ul JI5l<E ~ IT IT u5 ~IT u:. 6lJ 6TT ® 6lJ G ~ IT 6ni W IT @Ii> . ffi IT ~ ~ ffi @ !Jj IT 6liT @ iJ1wutJlw6UllffisIT 2LGrilCB. upGIDUJ<Ew .9IGID6lJ .9I!Dl6l.j (Knowledge) .9I6lJ~ITEmtb (Care) GUIT!!)lull (Responsipility) LDr11WIT6O)~ (Respect) . tJldil<E~ITir !JjU ir~ITuJ llrflri;~6lmir6l.j 6J!DuCBffil6liTUJ<E U IT ~tb ~1i;e;61Il WUUIT CB 6J!DuCBffil6niW<EulT~tb 6lJ6TTn-!b~ GlJ'6'i:l6lJ<E~ ffiIT~6\lIT@Ii>. <ELD~1i>

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5.3 .!)IGOlj6liT umb (Albin Pam) GWIT<EUL 116Un?la; (Robert Pluitchik) <EffiITUGffilT6liTrfl (Hope Conte), 1975 <EulT6liT<EWlTrfl6liT ~[TITLiJ1ffi6Tr ffilT~6U G6\J!Ddilli.@ mJi;~ ffilT[T6lIlI1lffi6Tr .!)I6lJiJ1wtb 6T6liTu~61Il6lJT G6\J6lTIuuCB~6lJT. ~61Il6U UP61IlW<Ew LDrflWIT61Il~ (Respect) LD6lJTG~IT!fil2> ~61IllJ'6l.j (Cingeniality) ljWirli;Ge;6lJT 6U1T@tb l2>6liT61IlLD .916U6l)~ GUIT~!1>6l)Uu6llUa.j (Altruism) 2LL!iJa;6UirifiJ1 (Physical Attraction) G!1>®Bxr.wITCB ~~ U!D!!)lIi.<EffiITL6U (Attachment) ~@tb.

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48

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6TCB~~UUlTfr ffiffiUULL tJl~(gU @rIil® ffilT lD~ffiffilT6M .!)l!!5l®!!5lffi6Tr ~LwGuWlw. @{bif>6lI'>ffiUJ ffilTlD60 <'!p6lI'>!D6lI'>LDffi6Tr @1Jm.CBw @® ~®6U !b16l1'>6Uffi6ll'>6TT GffilT ~L6lI'>6U @6UrDn5!6lH UIT 6lI'>1Dffi®W G6U6U(g6U!D 1T6M 6lI'>6U. LD(g6M1T1J ~UJffi ffilT 1D(g6U1T .91606U~ UJlDlTfr sblDffi ffilT 1D(g6U1T 6U1T!:t>ffi6ll'>ffi80 lfci;a;1J ~60 G6llrDrfilu.ll6ll'>6M 6J!DuCB~t.O 6T~UID6l!)6M <9.bIJITL§I <'!p19~ffi6Tr GID6fll~uCB~6l1l606lI'>6U. 6T6U6UITG!D6Ollww !b~L 6U1T!:t>ffi6ll'>ffi ~LL~60 ffilT 1D60 @)rfil{bif> LD6MUUlTrIil®ffi6Tr LD6MUUIT6lH6IDLDffi6Tr LD6Muuffi®6UrIil&6Tr LDIT!!5lL(g6U GlfuJlLJLD •

5.5 GffiG6MlTc&6ro (Knox) 1920 ~6M~ ffilTlD60 ®!!5l~ .!)J,IJITL§lffi6Tr LDIT!))JULL(glDrTfr <8UIT UW6Tr Glf6\)6lJID6ID6M .9I6UIDIT 6Ollci;a;ffic!f"n19UJlDlTuJ IL6Tr6TT~. ~6Ufr ffilTlD6\SlEiGT .!)I19UU6IDLffi6Tr ®rfil~1D1T .91606U~ <81D1Tdl!DLD ®rfil~(81D1T ~lffiffi6IDlDUULIT ~ ffilT 1D6lI'>6U 6U6IDffiUuCB~6U~60 .!)lffiffi6ll'>lD ffiITLCB.$lEiGTlDlTir. Gcr.ITG6MlTffi6ri) LD(g6MITIJ~UJffi ffilTlD6ID6U (Romantic Love) UJlDlTfr~ULDIT6M .!)l6\)6))~ ~®ULDIT6M (Realistic) ffiITID6&\) @®~ (g6UWluCB~~.$l~lDlTir. LD6O'ilIDir ffi6Tr GUIT ~6UIT ffi LD(g6MITIJ ~UJ.t. ffiIT 1D60 LDfrLDW 46ID1Dr61D~, LD(gffilT6lH6MIDLDIT6M~ 6T6Mffi ffi®~.$l!DlTfrffi6Tr. (gLD~W .!)l~ ffiIT6U!bII>IT60 ~WlUJIT ID~ srr 8i6UIDLDIT 6M~ 6lJIT!:t>!DIT 6fll6i:> 9®IDL6lI'>6U LDLCB<8LD 6U1J ffic!f"n19UJGID6M~LD ffi®~.$llDITfr ffi6Tr. @~(g6UITfr UlDffi6fllu4 IL mT Ih;ul6liT 6T @B= Ifl UJ IT 6U 6J!D U CB r.D ~ 12 iT r61 ffi W ~ 6T 6M ~ r.D 6JrDWlffiGffilTm.19®ffiffil!Dll[r ffi6Tr UJlDlTfr ~ffi ffilT 1D60 ~606U~ 1D~®Ua:, ffiIT lD60ffi6Tr !D6lI'> L<'!p6ID !Dffi® srr ~~ UJLDIT 6M 6ID6U .9I6lI'> LD~UJIT 6M6lI'>6lJ ~ir !D6l!)L<'!p6ID!D80 srr ~UJWIT(gL @6'iJ6U6IDa;ci; ffilT 1D6&GT <.!pBx:Glt.u .!)lLbc!flDlT®t.O. !D 6lir ® <9.b IJ IT uJ !b ~ LD I'bl u Ul L L Ul ~ 6M (g IJ @ ~ ID 6ID ffi UJ ffi IT ID 6U

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50

6.0 ffiITd>U60 (Hat Field) 1988 ffilTlD6ID6U (gu®mTfr80§l ffiITLCB.$l6lHlD ffilT 1D60 (Passionate Love) (gIDITW6IDLDUUITrIilffiIT6M ffiIT 1D60 (Companionate

Love) 6T6M @1J6lrniCB 6lJ6lI'>ffiuuCB~~ffi1!DITiT. GffiITG6Mffi6l'O @~.-

6U6lI'>ffiUuCB~6\Sl60 ffiITmTUGUrD!D LD(g6MIT!J If;lUJ ffiIT 1D<86U ffiIT!D060L <8Ulf UP!DuCB.$llD (gu®mTir80§lffi ffilTlD6UlT®t.O. ~6MIT60 Ga:.rrG6Mffi6ri) ®rfillJjLL ffi®~1T ci;a;rIilffi®ffi® ffiITrD060 <86U!))J §l6U 4~UJ .!)lLbc!frIilffi6ll'>6TTlLJW ®dilutJlCB.$l~!DITfr. LD(g6M1T1J If;lUJffiffiIT 1D60 ~6liIJLDIT ffi (gIDIT6lH!))Jw lf~ 6lJlTuJr6ID(gIDITir LD6MG6lJ@80§l GlfUJ!DUITLIT®W 6T~.$l!DlTir. @~ UIT6ISlUJ60 6ii®u4ffiffi6ll'>6TT IL6Tr6TTlTirriiIDLDIT ffiffi GffiIT~L~. <8LD~W ~ci;a;IT 1D60 ~6IDlD (Elotion) ulI>!D.Dt.O, (Anxiety) t&r. t.ocG~ (Ecstasy) ~~ffi6Oll~ (Tenderness) (gUIT~!D ®mT6iiUJ604ffi6l!)6TTlLJW 1L6Tr611'LITwffi Gffi IT ~ L~. ~ rIil@) !L uJlrflUJ 6U 6T@80 6lffi6Q- uSlffi~ ~6lllIJLDIT ffi !LL!Du6U~ID, IDCBlDIT!D.D r6l6ID6\)C&6lI'>6TTlLJt.O !L®6UITffi@)t.O ~6iJ6U6lI'>ffiWLL ffiIT 1D60 !L!D~!f;I6lI'>6\) ~LDIT IDrIilffi6fll6\Sl®r6~ 30 LDIT IDrIilffi6Tr 6U6lI'>1J !b19~ Lll~6Mir ~~ (gIDITW6lI'>LDUUlTrIilffilT6M ffilTlD6UlTffi !L®LDIT!DlDW G u!D 6U ~ w 6T ~ ffi1!D IT ir ffilT rD 060. (gIDITW 6lI'> LDffi ffiIT ID 6\) 6U ITW ffi6ll'>ffid; ~6IDmT!D6U ILrfi6ll'>LDffi6ID6TTffi (Conveal) GffiIT~ LGID6M~r.D

®!!flu U1CB.$l!D IT rr , @~(g6UITrr ~WLDIT6M U16IDmTU U16l1'>6M.$

GffilTm.LGIDIT~!DIT @)w. LD(g6MITIJ a=;IUJffi ffilT 1D6lI'>6Uffi ffiITL19~W lL6lmir~ (g LD 60 L 1.9 60 61 r:6l (g1D @) 6ID!D!b ID GIDIT 6liT!D IT uJlW r.D r€ 61I'Oi L ffi IT 6U~ ~ Ii>@) !C 1.9 ffi ffief; c!f"n 1.9 UJ U IT 6liT 6lI'> LDffi 6lI'> 6TT ef; G ffi IT 61I'Oi CB 6Tr 6TT ~ . <8LD ~ ill ~ ~ !b6llUTLffiIT 6Ud; GIDITLfr4ffi6ID6TT !L6lr6UITrIil.$lUJGIDIT ~!DITuJ ffilT 6lmuuCBill.

51

6.1 ®t5l~6T\)fJm (Ruben sten) 1983 a;ITII>6'\Sl6il @mC!ll (!pci.cLlUJLDITQIT 8'nC!llffi61T L6rirGLmjDITfr. .916lJ>6lJ (!p6IDjDCZUJ .!J)L4 (Friendship) c!flfJ~6lJ>iI>CZUJITLITQIT ~UU6lJ>LU4 (Devotion) 4~~Y,fr6lJLDIT601II>ITQIT LC!lI~LuITCB (Intellectual compatibility) (!p6lJ>jDCZUJ CZU®6Imfr8=c!flGf, ffi IT II> 6ID GU LD CZ 601 IT fJ tbl UJ ci. a; IT II> 6\) 6T 6n'r C!lIID CZ II> IT W 6lJ> LD ci. a; IT II> 6lJ> GU L6rir6IDLDGf,ffiIT 1I>6il 6TmC!lltb ®!DlUtSlLGUITtb.

ffiIT~~6il lDITtb 6TiI>6lJ>QIT 6T~iruITirGf,ffilCZjDITtb 6T~ ~6l'i6lJ)QJT G U oJ C!lI ci. G a; IT 6l'r 6TT GU IT ID <:916\) GU ~ .916lJ> L Iii ~ G a; IT 6l'r 6TT GU IT ID • ~6iJ6lJITjDITuJ 6T~irUITfru4 LBa; ~6il~UJLDITffi GlI>rfI~ Ga;IT6rirLII>IT6il ffiITII>6il 6TtiMffiltiMjD ~IJ LDQlTG6lJ@8=c!fl6lJ>UJ Qru61Tluu(B~CZ6lJITID .9I6ilGU~ .9I~U6lJUu(B~CZ6lJITw.

ffiIT 1I>~6il 6TUCZUIT~ 6l'i@cOOjDlTtb .916il6U~ ffiIT ~UJUu{BlfJ<8jDITtb 6T 6n'r .$1 lD CZ U IT ~ 6) oJ ffi QIT CZ 6lJ ffi m. (B G ffi IT m. L U 19 .91 ® ffi IT 6lJ> LD llIID ~~m6lJ>LDllItb 8lGU6lJ>1J ~6lJ>6ImUJ 6lJ>6lJUu~6il ~6lJ>LD 6lJffilGf,ffil~JD6UT. LD (3 QIT IT fJ ~ UJ ci. a; IT II> GU .91 !hi a; LD IT a; L L!i> CZ II> IT oJ jD .9119 U U 6lJ> L uJl6\)

6T@8=c!flGUC!lIW ~tiMjDIT®w. GlI>rfI~Gf,® 6lJITuJUUITQIT @,W6\) ~tiM1OI

6) !i> U CB ID CZ U IT ~ <:916\) GU ~ G II> rfl ~ G tF u.:. 6lJ 1I>!i> a; IT QIT tF Iii II> Ii UU ID

6lJwnilffiuuCBWCZulT ~ LLrDCZII>ITrDjD <:9II9UU6lJ>L6lJ>UJCZUJ (!p1I>~LIT a;Gf, G ffi IT m. (B ffi IT II> 6\) 6T@8= 61 ~ L ID G U 10IID • ~ 6iJ G 6lJ@8= 61 uJl6n'r <:9Il9uu6lJ>LullCZGUCZUJ GlI>rfI~w ~LwGu1OIW. 6TGUm CZuir6L (Ellen Berscheid) 1983 a;ITII>6\S]uulI>!i>® 6lJITuJuuITa; GUIT®d>II>UUITL(BGf, ffi®~rrCZ6TT (Matching Hypothesis) .9I6lJ>LDffillD~ 6TmjDITir. 6TUCZUIT~W II>~ 6lJ>QlTGUJ IT ~II> ffi6lJ ir 8=c!fll46ir 6TT6lJ fr a;6lJ> 6TT <:91 II> IT 6lJ~ CZII>ITrD jDU UIT(B L6iT6TT6lJirffi6lJ>mCZUJ ffiITII>~Gf,a; 6l'i®lit.j6lJITirffi6ir. ~ITCZlD ~~w ~~ a;6lJir 8=8Ml~ <:9Il9uu6lJ>LullCZGUCZUJ ~LWGUC!lIW.

2. 6TLD.$@) GUIT®~UUITLITQIT ~GUn.:iIa;6il 6)rDuLIT~6lJ)IJu5l6il 6TLhLDIT6il a;IT 1I>~Gf,a; (!PI9UJIT~. ~~ CZuITmjDCZII>ITir L6ImirQJ6lJ>QIT .9I6ilGU~ GUIT®~UUITLITQIT ~GUn.:iIa;6lJ>GU lDITW a;ITII>6'\SlGf,a; c;{j®W46lJirffi@}W .9I6lJ)LII>6il CZ6lJ6lIM(Bw. ®!IiuUIT ffi ~®tFITIJITrflL(!PW GlD®Gf,a;W, ~~ II>m6lJ)LD, LL!Da:.6lJir8=c!fl 6)dJUL6il CZ6lJ6rir(Bw.

3. ~1OI~tfj6il 6T~ LL~UJ6il 6T@8=81ffi61T 6)JDu(B.$ljD~. ~1I>6lJ>QlTCZUJ a;IT 1I>6il 6TQIT (!pj,{iJ6lJ)1J ~CB.$lCZjDITtD. ~6iJ6lJITjDIT a; (!Pj,{iJ6lJ)lJtfjL6il @'W6lSlUJ6il .9II9Uu6lJ)La;6lJ)6TT ~LI9UJ6lJITjDIT a;CZ6lJ .9I6lJ)LDllIW ~®6lJir w~ lfiru4 6)rDu(BffillD .9I6iJCZ6lJ6lJ>6TT ~II>UJ~~l9u4 ~6UlIJLDITa; .9I~a;rfI~abQuIT ~ .9I!i;r6I6lJ)GUtfj6lJ)QlTaUJ a;ITII>6il 6lJWUULLlbl6lJ>GU 6T QlTGUlTw.

1. '6TLD~ ffiITGUIT 8=tFITfJ ~~ITLIT ffi lIiITtD (!p1I>~6il esn 1I>6il 6T tiMjDIT 6il

6T tiM QIT 6T QIT ffidJ C!lIGf, Gffi IT 61T .$ICZlDITw. GlhlT L ir 8=c!flUJIT ffi U L nil ffi61T ,

~ 6lJ>tFffi 61T , ~6Ul UJ nil ffi 6ir , !bI IT 6il ffi6ir , a;6lJ) II>ffi 61T ffi IT II>GU fr ffi6TT ~

tF rfl ~!hI1J ~ ~ 6lJ> QIT 6T LD ci. ® 6T (B {b ~ ci. G tF IT GU .$16n'r lD QIT <:9IGU GU ~

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52

7.0 (Jw6il (Yale) uGUa;6lJ)6\)MWffi{b6lJ)II>8= atFir!i;1I> 61UCZlJirtiM auIT.t. (Stern Berg) 1986 a;ITII>6il ®!Ii~alhlTir (!pGf,aa;IT6ImGf, Ga;IT61T6IDffi6lJ)W

(!p6n'r 6lJ> 6lJ ~ II> IT Ii . ~ 1I>6M UlIJ a; IT IJ ID a; IT II> GU @6M C!lI 8"n C!lI ffi 6lJ> 6TT ci.

Ga;IT6rirCB6iT6TT~. <:916lJ)6lJ (!p6lJ>jDCZw GlIi®n.:iIc$lw LjD6lI (Intimacy), u5l®a;ITLDW (Passion), ~irLDITQlTID (Decission) 6T6MUQlT6lJIT®tb. GlIi®~!Da:.rr61JT lD61JTQru@8=81 6l'i®w...r.sn1Ol ~Ii a;ITII>GU LlD6l'i6lJ>QlTd> ~IT6lIM19 GlD®M~6lJ)1iIJ L®6lJIT.$@)w. ~!i;!bl6lJ)6\)tfj6il LDrflWIT6lJ>II>, LDffilW8=81, 4rf1~Ga;IT6iT@}Ih6il, ~II>IJ~ .9J,ffilw6lJ>6lJ L6ir6TTLniI®W. GlIi®MLDITQlTalI>lTir GII>ITLir4 6)rDu(Btb. ~!i;r6I6lJ)6\)tfj6il 6)rDuCBtb a;IT 1I>6il GII>ITLir4 LL[Jrfl6lIa;6lJ)6TTGf, Ga;IT6rirL~. uSla; <:9Ia;tiMlD .9I6TT6lll601~tb, 6lJ 6lJ)a; CZ6lJ1OIUITL IT 61JT a; IT 1I>6il !bl6lJ>6\)a;®w ~ a;lGU L® 6lJ IT If>GU IT Lb. ®!DlUUIT a;u Gu!DCZjDITIT WlI>IT601 a;IT 1I>6il, tFaa;IT II>IJIT u5sf,IT61JT a;IT 1h6U,

6.2 ~®6lJrT a;IT 1h6'\SlGf,ffillDCZUIT ~ @6lfrC!ll .9II9UU6lJ>L r61u!i;II>6ID601a;6ir r616lJ>~tFuJUJuuCBtb 6T~ffiljDITir 6lJIT6il61UlJrT 6lJIT6il61UIJrT (Walster walster). ~ ~ r614iiiI>6lJ)QIT<'D®tb ~rflLib.'f;l6il tF~6IiJrD(gUIT~ ffiIT~Lu~ tFIT ~UJLDIT ffiljD~ 6T6lfrffillDITir.

53

p;fMlMufra:.6iT u5~IT6OT a:.1T~OO, LDEMJ)6OT6lll u5~IT6OT a:.1T~OO 6T6lITJD6UlTlDlTa:. ~EMJ)6U ~EMJ)l.D6l.JlD6UITW. <l:LD§WW uSl@)a:.ITLD~EMJ)~ 6T@iJ:61LLJJDiF G8'uJffil6lITJD JWIo!i.dJ ILLOO 6T@iF6la;EMJ)6TTLLJW 6JriJuCB~<l:6U G8'uJffillD~. ~~6UW1UJITa:. UIT6UlUJoo 6lll®uuli>i;!EMJ)6lJT !L~CBu~~ffilJD~. <l:LD~W uSl@)a:.ITLD 6T@iF§I<!i.@) c!1iUJlf)l'hl~ (Self esteem) ~6ID6mU4 (Affiliation) G8=6OO.JITc!i.@) G8'~~~OO (Dominance) <l:UIT6lITJD6ID6Ua:.®W !L~6lll4rf1ffil6lITJD6lJT. ~fr a:.1T~OO ILJD6llloo tB@)a:.ITLDW c!p~6Uloo 6T@iF61LLJ(!)lffilJD~. G~ITLfrJi;~ .!>I~6lJT~ GP;CBffiJa:.IT6U ILJD6l.J ~~6ID6lJT rfi~La:.IT6U~ffi@) 6U6TTfr~iF G8'ooffil6lITlD~. 616U 8'Ji;~fruur!ila:.6ii100 uSl@)a:.ITLDW LDLCB<l:LD ~6lI1lUJIT6lJT 6lll® U UlTuJ .!>IEMJ) LD6U ~ W !L~ CB. 6TCBIi>~ ffia:.1T L l: ITa:. 6lll EMJ) 6U LDIT ~fr !LJDGii6liTa:UIT ~

6JJDuCBw. ~6Ufr a:.6iT l'hl®LD6lIlITc!pW C!Pl9uulTfr a:.6iT. a:.1T6UU<l:UIT ffi.$loo ~6lIT!ijoo ~6Ufra:.®ffi.$l6IDL<l:UJ GP;®axr.w ~i;!a:.rfIffi@)w ~6U6U~ ILlD6l.J C!Pn5lJi;~6lllCBw.

4. c!p@EMJ)LDUJIT6lJT a:.1T~OO (Comate Love) ~~oo' !L6iT6TTlTfrd>~

G~ITL fr 4, uS!@)a:.ITLDtD, ~fr LDIT 6lJT tb 6T CBIi>~ 6\) ~ffiI UJ @6lIT1DI

~6U@)a:.®w a:.1T6muuCBtb. ~~ ~rr ~6UL61UJffi a:.1T~6UITa:. ~EMJ)LD14tb ~ujiDItb ~~ !b6UMLa:.IT6U~JD@) ~lTffi@)uUlL9~6\) a:.l96lJTLDIT6lJT a:.lTrflUJLDIT@)tb.

7.1 61Ua:1J1T6lIT <l:ufrffi.$l6lIT 1987, 1989 a:.1T6U U@)l'hl ~lJlTuJiF§la:.6iT a:.1T~6\5l6lIT @6lIT(!)l c!pffiffilUJ @6UBxrn(!)la:.6TTlTuJ !L6iT6TT G!D®r!il.$lUJ !LJD6l.J, uS!@)a:. IT LD tb , ~ IT LD IT 6lJT tb 6T CB Ii> ~ 6\) ~ ffiI UJ EMJ) 6U ~ EMJ) 6lIlIT rii ~ 6T L CB 6U EMJ) a:. U U L L G 6U 6lJ <l: 6U JD IT 6lJT a:. IT ~ 6l'l 6U EMJ) a:. a:. EMJ) 6TT !L®6UlTffi@)ffil6lITJD~ 6T6lITUEMJ)~ G6U6ii1uuCB~6lJT. 17

S. ~6U6UIT~ a:.1T~OO (None Love) '- @6lIT(!)l .!>I6U@)a:.®W ~rliI® a:.1T6lIlITUULLDITLLIT~. 8'@a:. ~EMJ)L6lllEMJ)6OTa:.6ii100 ~6\)6U~ 8'@~ G~ITLfr4a:.6lTl6U Ga:.IT61JliTl9®ffiffil6lITlD a:.1T ~6\5lEMJ)6lJT ~6iJ6UEMJ)a:.UULL a:.1T ~6U 6T6lJT6UlTtb.

6. 6lll®tb4~6U (Liking) :- ~r!il@) GP;®axr.r!ila:.6iT ffilEMJ)Lffiffil6liTlD<l:ulT ~ 6li®uur!ila:.6iT 6JJDuCBtb.

1. LD<l:6lJT1T1J l'hlUJffi a:.1T ~6U :- LD<l:6lJT1T1J i;!UJffi a:.1T ~6\5l6U G!D®ffiJ.$lUJ !LJD6l.J, LB@)a:.ITLDW a:.1T6lIlITuGulDIw ~6iJ6UEMJ)a:.ffi a:.1T~6\5l6U ILLJi>a;6UfriF61 c!p~6lITEMJ)LDuuCB~uuCBw. ~rJiJ@) LD6lJTG6U@iF61 !filEMJ)6U BnCB~6U1T a:. ~®uu<l:~ITCB ffCBuITLCBL6lIT BnL9UJ a:.LUUITCBw ~®ffi@)w.

7. lD(!!)L§ltyLCBffillD a:.1T~6\) (InfatulatedLove) :- ~~6lJT ~!ij~~

~8'uJffil6lITJD a:.1T~6\) 6T6lJT6l.JW @)!DluUlCB6Ufr. ~rJiJ@) LB@)a:.ITLDtb

~®!B~IT60 LDLCBtb (gUIT~LDIT6lJT~. ~~~EMJ)a:.UJ a:.1T~60

<l:~1T 6liT (!)l6U~!D @) G6U(!)lLD6OT<l:6U fL L6\) 6T@iF61a:.6ir LDL CB tb

<l:UIT ~LDIT6lJT~. ~~ @)EMJ)lDrii ~a:.IT6U !LlD6l.JL6OT LDL CBtb

G~ITLir4EMJ)LlLJ~.

2. <l:~ITWEMJ)LDUUlTrJiJa:.lT6lJT a:.1T ~6U ':- <l:~ITWEMJ)LDUUITr!ila:.IT6lJT a:. IT ~6U LB@)a:.ITLDW .!)IWlJi;~<l:ulT6lJTIT~W a:.1T~OO ~lDaxr.IT~.

3. uUJ6lJT!DJD a:.1T~6\) (Fatuous Love) :- ~~6\) uS!@)a:.ITLDtb

~ITLDIT6lJT~6liTEMJ)LD <l:ulT6liTJD ~6U@)a:.6iT LDLCB<l:LD a:.1T6lIlITuuCBw ~~ . 9® :8iWJDa:.ITJD(!)lu<l:ulT6liTJD LD<l:6lJTITIJi;!UJw 6JJDuLCB ~~~LITa:. <l:8'ITL9a:.6iT 8'rt;i;!~~ffiGa:.1T 6'ir®w. 8'rt;i;!uUl6lIT 6lllEMJ)6TT6lll00 a:.1T ~oo

8. G6U(!)llD6!JT<l:6U a:.1T~OO (Empty Love) :- G6U(!)lLD6OT<l:6U a:.1T~6\) fLJD6l.Jffia:.1T6IJl' 6U1T ffi@)ffiGa:.ITCB~~ r61EMJ)6U ~~6U1T @)tb. ~i;!6\) G!D®axr.<l:LDIT LB@)a:.ITLD<l:LDIT 6JJDULIT~ ~~ ~EMJ)8'UJIT~ .: ~{J1iI 6l6U a:. 6U IT 8= 8' IT IJ rr,j a:. 6rll6l'l ¢l ~t~ 'Ai; ti~ ~~ i& ~ 60T a: IJ

'1 ',~.:.:t,

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theorists) C!P1'D6GT6If)1Ouu(Bsb~4lGMlD Gc$IT6Tr6lf)c$uJl6nTrr, @)@,$c$ori1GM

(8I'DIT!DlDli> ®n5l~ 1OIT!!lIUITLIT6nT c$®~6If)6nT,$ Gc$IT6lfdTI9-®,$ffil6GTlD6nTrr• 'BiUJ c$L(BWITL!9-6GT6If)1OUJIT~1i> @)6lJ)lD~6iiG\) 1OL(B(81O GUITg)JLi&U!D!!lIB; Gc$IT6Trffi1!D 106lI1l1'D BiUIT611~6GT 6lll6lf)6lT6l.jc$ori16nTIT~1i> @)@ lDLsb6lf)1'D 6J!i>u(BffilGMlD~' 6TGMffillDITrrc$6Tr. 8 ~,$Gc$IT6Tr6lf)c$u5l6lf)6II1B= c!f(y:lc$ .!)lrDlC!Pc$,$ Gc$IT6Tr6lf)c$uJl6ll1rr (Social identity theorists) lO!!lII'D6l5l,$4lGMlDlTrr c$6Tr"

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62

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l2)QI)6\)QI)IDi> ~6Ui> ~6lIi (gl2)IT!iJ lDtD (Origin of leadership)

l2)QI)6l)QI)IDi> ~6Ui> ~6lIi (g~QI)6U (Purpose of leadership),

~QI)6l)QI)ID~6U~6lfr ~UJ6U4 (Nature of leadership), ~QI)6l)QI)lDffi@)w ~QI)6l)QI)IDQI)UJ6 c!FITr'r~ @)@61'.i1rb@>w ~QI)Luj6\)IT6lIT G~ITLr'r4 (NaN ature of the relation of the leader with the followers) 6T6lfruQl)6U .!)J,@)w. toofiIl2) c!Fc!p&IDIT61fT~ ~QI)6U&6iT 6J!DUCB.$IlD (gUIT~, @)@M61!)6lTll..1W ~~dJa;IT61fT l2)QI) so QI) 1D~~6U ~ QI)~ll..1tb L®6U IT ffi.$l.$ G&IT 6iT ®.$llD (g6U L QI)& ~ITIJ61!MuSlUJ~6!J)~ ~UJ6\)UIT &(g6Ull..1Q1)LUJ~. @)@6UIT&~ ~WQl)ID ~QI)mr~ffi G&IT6iT.$IlD (g6ULQI)& ~UJ6\)uIT61fT~uj6lfr @)!6~ c!Fc!p&~~ 6UI:PlIDL~W ~IJ c!FITr!ila;w ~~QI)&UJ Gc!FUJ6\)a;QI)6lT 1WIffi@)61'.i1~W &LCBuuCBi>~ll..1tD Gc!FUJ60uCB6UQI)~ ~6U~IT6lIfl$& (!P19-ll..11i>. l2)QI)6l)QI)ID~6U~~, .!>I~&ITIJ d>QI)~U uUJ6lfrUCB~.$llD, ~~&ITIJ ~~ UIJ6U6l)IT ffi@).$I6lfrlD ~UJ6\)CiQl)61fTGUJITLI9-LLjW Gc!FUJ6UuCBw (!PQI)lD&QI)6lTll..1W Gc!F UJ 6\) U CB ~ ~ 6U~ 60 Ul6lfr u!D 1DI.$l6a'J lD 6U W16U QI) &&6!J)6lT @L 19-1l..1 tb

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l2)QI)6l)QI)~6UW, ~~&ITIJ~ ~QI)6\)6!J)ID~6UW (Autocratic

leadership) c!F61fT!6ITUJ&~ ~6!J)6l)QI)~6UW (Democratic leadership) ~6lfr<&~IT6lfr!6~ ~QI)6l)QI)~6UW (Laissezfaire leadership) 6T6lfrjD6UITlDIT es 6U QI) & U U CB ffil6ll'r lD ~ . ~ ¢l & IT IJ ~ ~ 6!J) so 6!J) ID i> ~ 6U Ii> .!)J, 61fT ~ , &CBtb(guIT .$@)6!J)LUJ ~~&ITIJ!b ~QI)6l)QI)ID!b~6Utb(Strict autocratic leardership) GLOOil<8UITffi@)6!J)LUJ ~ITIJ~QI)6l)QI)~W (Benevolent autocratic leadership) ~lDQI)IDUJ!DlD .!>Is'hl&ITIJ ~ ~QI)6l)6!J)ID!b~6Utb (Incompetent autocratic leadership) 6T6lIT6ljW 6UQI)&uuCB~uuCBffil6lfrlD~· c!F61fTIDITUJ &d> ~QI) 6\) QI) 1Dd>~6Utb .!)J,61fT ~ (gID r'r QI) IDUJ IT 61fT c!F61fT!6 ITUJ&d> ~6l)6!J)ID~6UW (Genuine democratic leadership) (g~IT!DlD~6\)IT61fT c!F6OTIDITUJ&~QI)6\)QI)ID~6UW (Pseudo-democratic leadership) 6T61fT6ljW 6U61!)&uuCB~uuCB.$I6lfrlD~·9

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!Bl61!)fD<86l.JrD!!)Itb l'b61!)GU6l.JIT (The administrator) rfilIT6l.Jrra;tb ~61!)GU6l.Jrr (The bureaucrat)

Ga;rr6ir61!)a; 6l.J®Uljtb ~61!)GU6l.JIT (The policy maker) ~61!)fD~rrlT rfillj6m~6l.J1i> l'b61!)GU6l.JIT (The expert) ~GULSlUJIi> s2)61!)GU6l.JIT (The ideologist)

70

a;6l.Jfr80SlIi> l'b61!)GU6l.JrT (The charismatic leader) .!)I!f SlUJ6il l'b61!)GU6l.JIT (The political leader) .!)I61!)LUJrr6TT~ ~61!)GU6l.Jfr (The symbolic leader) l'blii61!)l'b 6l.J196l.J~ s2)61!)GU6l.JIT (The father figure) ~LDUJIi> s2)61!)GU6l.JIT (The religious leader)

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71

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G5liJ(g6llrr<!!>&@tD L!!)J~6lI)6mlUrr ffi rfil6lfr!!)J G5w!i>uCB6lIrrr'r. 516U ~ 6lI) lD ffi 61fl ro !6l4 6lm i> ~ 6U Ii> 6lI rr uJ rfi ~6lI r'r ffi 61T rr ~ 6U rr ro ~ 6U r'r ffi 61'r G&rr6'iT6lI)&ffi6ll)61T~ ~rr@w{f;I§l2lw 6U@w{f;l§WW rfiI!DI6lI6lIT~GU ~~LW 6lI.$luur'r. ~6lI)lD5rrr'r rfil46lmr'r ffi6ll)61TU GurrlDl~6lI6lI)1J !6l!DI6ll6llT ~6lir 6lI61Tr'ra=516ll)w ~l9-uU6lI)LlUrrffi& Gffirr~CB ~~6lfr GlfwwurrCBffi6ll)61T 6ill1D r'r 6l u U 6lI r'r ffi 61T rr ffi 6lJ Ii> 6ill61T ~ .$l !6l!!)J 6U 6lIT i> ~ EMir 6lI61T r'r 8= 6l Ii, ® 1L1DI~6lI)6lmlUrr ffi 6lSl61T1lil®6lIrrr'r.

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72

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INTRODUCTION

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108

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109

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110

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III

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!L.6TTr5l61l)6\)61I)UJ !fia.,@)6lJ~rD@)U uUJEiliruCB~~uuCBu61I)6lJ. 3. Anti Anxiety Drugs. U~!D!D~61I)~lLILD u~ffi6'lflU61l)UlLILD !6li;@)6lJ~!D@) .916il6\)~ @)61I)!DUU~!D®U uUJ6liruCB~wCBu61I)6lJ. 1950 ffi61ll~ITEilir ~tl:w®~a;6Tr ffi~CB tJll9-ffiffiUULL6lJT. ~LDLD®Iii~ffi6'lflEilir ffi~CB tJll9- utJl61JTIT 6il fL6TTlD6\) LD®~~6lJ LD61I)6lJT ffi6'lflGU .!)IGU6\) WrDlDla., ct;l L Iii~ ~ u511J a., ffiGm' a.,ffiIT 6lJT (3 lDITUJIT 6TTrr ffi6Tr @)rDlutJlLtb~ffiffi (!pEilir(361JTrD!Dtb61l)~ffi ffi~L6lflrr. ~l'f>Eilir 6U1611) 6TT 6lJ IT ffi (3 lD IT UJ IT 6TT rT ffi 6Tr !L. L 6lJT 19- UJ IT ffi !L. 6TT lD 6\) LD ® ~ ~ 6lJ LD61I)6lJTffi61ll6\Sl®Iii~ 6UlCB6UlffiffiUULL61JTrr. Bi®ffiffiLDIT ffiffi BnrDlEilir 6lJ®UB ffiGm'a.,ffiITffi LD®~~6lJ LD61I)6lJTffi61llGU @®!i;~ (3lDITUJIT6'Iflffi6Tr @)Gm'UUL (3 LD !D Bn!rl1 UJ LD ®!6 ~ ffi 6lT !L. ~ 6ill6lJT 6T 6lJT 6\) IT Ii> . ~ ~ 6lJT fT ro Deinstitutionalization 6T~LD (3UfTffi@) m(3IJITWIT LDiDJ:uLD .9IGLDrTlffia:.fT6Iiro !L.®6lJITffilUJ~. @~Eilir ffifT!JGm'LDfTffi ~6\)Lc!fa., ffiGm'ffiffiIT6lJT (3lDITUJIT6TTrrffi6Tr GUIT ~ L6TTjD 6\) LD®~~6lJLD61I)6lJT ffi6'lfl6\Sl®!i;~ 6U1CB6llla.,ffiUUL L6lJTrT • @!i;!fil6\)61I)LDffi6TTIT6U uSlffia., ffi CB 611) LDUJ rr 6lJT !L. 6TTU Ul!D W 6ljffi@]}a.,@)L ULL6lJirffi@)&@) ..!>J,IJLDU r5l61l)6\)u516il G6lJ61ll(3lDITUJfT6TTrr 6lffilif61l)c!f (!P61I)lD 61I)ffia.,GffiIT6Tr6TTUU LL~. ~6lJ rr ffi61ll6il ffiLLITUJLD LD®~6lJLD61I)6lJT ffi61llru .9I~LDdJ~if 6l.$lif61l)c!fUJ61lla.,ffiUUL (3iru~l9-UJ6lJrr ffi@]}a.,@), @)lDl41UJ ffi rr 6\) LD LD® ~ ~6lJ LD61I)6lJT u..ll6U .91 ~ LD~ ~~, tD 6lM CBIi> .916lJ IT ffi 6Tr c!fc!pffi~a.,@)tb dJ®utJlUJ~uuuuCBct;lEilir!D6lJTir.· @6lJrrffi@]}a.,@)if c!f(lpffi !L.6TTlD6\) !fil61l)6\)UJrhlffi6TTfT6il (Community Mental health centre) G6lJ61ll(3jDITUJIT6TTrr !L.6TTLD®tb~6lJ(!pLD (Out Patient Psychotheraphy) LD®~ffi®tb 6lJwml.J..J(B.$l~6lJT. @~ c!f(!Pffi !L.6TTlD6\) .9I~(!P61I)!D 6T6lJT .9I61I)wffiffiuuCBct;l!D~. ~6lJ6lJ~@) (!p61I)!D (3lDfTUJIT6TTrrffi@)ffi@) uSlffi6lj LD !L. ~6U1 UJ IT ffi .91611) LD Iii ~(3 U IT ~ LD 6ll ~ffi6'lfl §llI LD U IT W 611) L Iii ~ 6llCBffi61ll§lllLD @~61I)ffi(3UJfTir 6lJIT@1b!6l61l)6\) G~ITL!J<36lJ Gc!fuJffiI!D~.

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112

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!LL~UJ6OO=ITrr 6ii61Tffia;1b (Somatogenic View) <8{bIT!bIDIb Gu!blD~. UllDW6l.t u!b!6UJ LuJlrflUJEii>8'lTrr (Biological) Ga>IT6iJ6IJ)a>a>6ri16lir 6l'i®~ u6\)(86lJWI LtfirilUJEii> .!)J.IJITuJif81a>®ffia;IT~ UIT~~6l!)UJ~ ~ID~ ~6lirWJIb G{bIT L iT .$lID~. 1950 a> 61T1615l ® r6 <8 {b 6) 6IJ) 6lIT UJ G8' Gil 6lJ IT ffi ® u511i> a> Ga>IT6iJ6IJ)a>a>61TIT6lIT !J)L~6l!){b6UIT {b <8!J)IT ffi® (Behavioural View), ~!661J)a>8'ITrr <8!J)ITIi>® (Cognitive View), LD~~ITUJ ~®U48'ITrr <8!J)ITc!i>® (Humanistic Existential) 8'@a> a>6UIT8'ITIJ <8!J)ITIi>@ (Social Cultural View) ~.$IUJ6lIT <8~IT!iJ.D1b GUr:D!lJ6lIT. ~6IJ)6lJ [ilDW6l.t ®~ <86lJWJUL.L GlJ6l!)a>uJlEii> ~6TT 1i>®6lJ~L6lir <8GlJWlUL.L 6U6IJ)a>uJlEii> 8l.$lif6lJ)8'UJ6ri1ffia;~Li> G8'uJ.$l6lirID6lIT• U:P6lir4 !L61T6iiUJIi>a>6UIUJEii> <8!J)IT Ii>@ 8l.$l8:6IJ)8'!h ~6l!)lDtfi6i> G8'Gil6UIT ffi®a: G8'~~~UJ6l!){bU <8UIT6lir!DJ {b!b <8u IT ~ 6Tr6{bGGlJIT® Ga>IT6iJ6IJ)a>ll.j1b G8'Eii>GlJIT li>@if G8'~~6iiEii>6l!)6U. ~Ii>Ga>IT6iJ6l!)a>a>6iJ .9I6l!)~~<8LD [iIDW6l.j~ G{bIT!:Pl!buITCB u!b!6UJ 4rf1d;~ Ga>IT6iJ6TT~~Ib, .9I6lJ!bWlffia;IT~ 8l.$lif6l!)8' ®!6~ {bdJa>IT6UU 4rf1d;~ Ga>[T6iJ61T6\SIt)2ILi> G8'6\)6lJIT li>®if G8'~~ll.j6iJ61T6lIT.

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!L61T6ll1UJ6UIT61Tira>6iJ (Clinical Psychologists), ~dlWJuuCB~~w L61T6illUJ 6UIT61TIT a>rn (Counselling Psychologistsy), a> 60 Gill !L61T6iiUJ6UIT61Trra>6iJ (Educational Psychologists), !L61TLD®~~GlJ~ {bIT~a>6ir (Psychiatric Nurses), !L61TLD®~6U 8'@a><88'6l!)GlJUJIT61Trra>61T (Psychiatric Social Workers) .!)J.chlUJ6lIT ®!J5lutSlqi;~ffia;6l!)6UUJIT®Ib. ~6lirroJ1b ~6lJ!Dj)6lir <88'6IJ)6lJ ~ITLfr.$l~. Ga>IT6iJ6IJ)a> rr~UJITa> ~IT® @i@6l.j1b <8GlJIDIUL.L GlJW!uJlEii> §I.$I8=6l!)8'UJ6ri1~IT~1b UJ~ITrr~~Eii> ~6Urra>®ffi.$l6IJ)L<8UJ ®n5IUtSlL~a> ~6l!)6ImU4ffi a>IT6ImuuCB.$IlD~.

9.5 UlIDW6l.j ®!6?f,~ ~IJITuJa:§lu5l~1b 8l.$lif6l!)8'u5lWIb 6)lDULL tBa>~UJLDIT6lIT 6ii®~ (!p6IJ)lDuuCB~uUL.L .!)J.IJITuJif81a>®ffia;IT6lIT <8 ~ 6l!) 6lJ ll.j W ~ {b dI a> IT 6lIT 6U dI 4 WI ~ {b ~ LD IT @i W • 6T 6lIUT 60lIfl IDib {b Ga>IT6iJ6IJ)a>a>®1b 8l.$lif6l!)8' GlJI9GlJ!!ila>®1b (!p6lirGLDIT!:PlUJuUL.CB6iJ61T6l!){bU <8UIT6U, [iIDW6l.j !J)L?f,6IJ){b6l!)UJ 6l'i61T1i>®6lJ6ID{bll.j1b 6T~rr6l.j UnIDl6U6IJ){bll.jW r61rr6lmtfiffia;6l.jW, ~~L6lir ~6l!)6U ~®~UJ6l!)LDffia;UUL <86lJ6OlitCBLDIT? ~ 6U 6lJ IT ID IT Wl6Di 6T 6U GlJ a> 6l!) WlGil 6T 6Di U 6IJ) {bffi a>6Im CB UlI9 ffi a> 6l.j W ~IJITuJ681UJIT61Trr~6iJ UPUJ6lir1Dl Ga>IT6Olit19®ffi.$llDlTrra>6iJ. ~6lir1Dl L6Ua>1b (!P@6U~~(!p6iJ61T a>Eii>Gii8'ITrr !filIDlGlJ6lITlliJa>6iJ, ~ti.I6lj UnLlliJa>6iJ, L61T!J)6U LD®~6lJLD6IJ)~a>6iJ, L61T!66U !fil6lJ)6UUJlliJa>6iJ, 6)6l!)~UJ 8l.$lif6lJ)8'8'ITrr ~6IJ)LDu4axr.6iJ .!)J..$IUJGlJ!b!DlEii> !66lir® utfi!DIDUUL.L .!)J.IJITuJ681UJIT61Trra>6iJ ~IJITuJif§la>6IJ)61T <8LD!bGa>IT 6iJ .$I6lirlD6lITrr. ~6lJrr a>®6l!)LUJ .!)J.IJITuJa:81 [iIDW6l.j L61T?f, G~ITlPJ!bUITCB ®n5I~ U6\) a>6OlitCBLJl9u4a>6IJ)61T 6J6U<86lJ {b~6iJ6TT~L6lir, UllDW6l.j ®d)~ 6TLD~ a>®~ffia;6iJ 6T6lJUI6ImlliJa>6TI\Eii> U6U6U!D6IJ)ID LDIT!b!J5lll.jtb6UlLL~. UlIDW6l.t !L61T6ll1UJ6\SI6lir ~IJITuJif8'ltfi~1b if).$18= 6IJ) 8' ufl ~ LD IT ~ G {b IT L rt 8= if) UJ IT 6lIT (!p 6UT <8 ~ !D lD ~ ~!D @i (!p6l!)lDuuCB~uULL ~IJITuJif8'la>6iJ ~~UJITGlJ8'lUJLDIT~ 6IJ)GlJ 6T6ljJU6l!){b (!j6lJ)6lJ 46\)uuCB~.$I6lirlD6lIT.

9.4 tSlIDW6l.j !L6TT?f, G~ITlPJ!bUITL.6l!)LU 4rflJi;~ Ga>IT6iJGlJ~§)2IIb, 8l.$lif6l!)8'UJ6ri1Uu~~1b 6JrDuLL 6ii®~a>6ri1Eii> ®d)WL~. u6\)(g6lJWJ Ga>IT6iJ6l!)a>8'ITrr <8!6IT ffi®a>6iJ (Theoretical Perspectives) .!)J.®Ib. 1950 a>®ffi® (!P6Di4 !6 6lIT 6ll1615l (!PIJ ~UITCBa><861T L61T<8!6ITuJa>®ffi®1i> a>ITIJ6ImGLD6lIT GlJ!D41D1~1b !L61T6iiUJffia;6iiUJEii> <8!6ITc!i>® (Psychodynamic Pers pecti ve ) G8'Eii>6UIT ffi®tBffia>{bITuJ 6lll61T!!ilchlUJ~. 1950 a>6ri1Eii> Psychotropic LD®r6~a>61T16Di a>~CBUll9uUl~ITGil UllDW6l.j udlnSlUJ

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Social Psychology ff@& ~6TT 6l1'UJ 6U

1. Gardner Lindzey, Elliot Aronson, The Hand book of Social Psychology

(2nd Edition). Amerind Publishing Co Pvt 1968 - p. 1

2. Ibid Gardner Lindzey, Elliot Aronson 1968 p2.

3. Ibid Gardner Lindzey, Elliot Aronson 1968 3.

4. Steven Penrod Social Psychology (2nd Edition) Prentice - Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 1983 p7

5. Ibid Steven Penrod 1983 p.l1

6. Henry Clay Lindgren, An Introduction to Social Psychology (2nd Edition)

wiley eastern Limited New Delhi 1973 p.6

7. Ibid Henry Clay Lindgren, 1973 p.6

8. Ibid Henry Clay Lindgren 1973 p.9

9. James W. Vander Zanden Social Psychology (4th Edition) Mcgraw hill

D.C. New York 1992 p.3

10. Vatsyayan Social Psychology Kedar wath Ramanath New Delhi 1983 P5

11. Opcit Henry Clay Lindgren 1973 p.lO

12. Opcit, Henry Clay Lindegren 1973 - 98

13. Opcit Steven Penrod 1983 p.18

14. Opcit Henry Clay Lindegren 1973 p19

15. Opcit Steven Penrod 1983 p.18

16. Opcit Steven Penord 1983 p.20

Attitudes and Social Cognition wmuufJrbJ@W ff@& ,g)/!B6CD&U..lw .

8'LD!fil6lDrullJ6G)LllJB= G8'u.JllJtD c!prurliJffi6lr 6lJWlup6G) lDffi6G)6lT 6lSlrfl6lJ rr ffiffitD GUUlItb(8urr ~ LlllDW6ljffi®tD ®6lD!D6lJ6G)LllJrurrtD 6T61JT 6TsfilirurrirffiffirurrtD.

1. Terry F Pettijohn, Psychology. (3rd Edition)

The Dushkin Publishing Group Inc New york 1992 P - 348

2. Ibid, P-348

3. Ibid, P-348

it6

117

4. 5. 6. 7.

8. James VanderZanden Social Psychology, McGraw Hill Inc Newyork 1987

p-178.

9. Opcit Terry F Pettijohn 1992 P-352

10. Opcit James vander Zanden 1987 P-174

11. Ibid P-175

12. Opcit Terry F Pettijohn 1992 P-353

13. Ibid P-353

14. Ibid P-352

15. Robert S Feldman, Understanding Psychology The MC Graw - Hill

Companies Inc Newyork. 1997 P-467

16 Ibid P-349

Ibid P-348
Ibid P-350 11.
Ibid, P-350 12.
Ibid, P-251 13. Vol- 1 The Macmillian Company Newyork P - 122 Ibid P - 122

Opcit Terry F Pettijohn, 1992 P - 171

James W Vander Zanden Social Psychology (4th Edition) McGraw - Hill Inc Newyork 1987 P - 284

14. Opcit Terry F Pettijohn, 1992 P - 242

15. Ibid P - 242

16. Ibid P - 243

17. Ibid P 243

18. Ibid P - 245

Leadership l!:t Its Multifarious Forms U6lJlir@8iUUL~UULL ~W~6lJ .g)l6IDwuljdxMir

9.

Ibid P - 93

1. Gardner Lindzey Eliist Aronson. The Hand Book of Social Psychlogy Vol 4, Mohan primalini Amerind Publication Pvt, Ltd. New Dehil. (1969) -P-205

2. W.J.H. Sports, Human Groups, Penquin Book. (1969), p-69

3. Henry Clay.Lindegren, An Introduction to Social Psychology Willy Eastern private limited, New Delhi. (1974), P-380

4. Ibid, Henry Clay, Lindegren, (1974), P-380 .

. 5. . Ibid, Henry Clay, Lindegren, (1974), P-38I.

6. J.A.C., Brown, The Social Psychology of Industry, Nicholls & Company Ltd. Gt.bt. (1954), P-24I.

7. Napier Gershifled Groups, P-241.

8. Dominic Aberams, Ruber Brown, "Consciousness and Social Identity.

Self regulation as a group member" Social Psychological Quarterly A Journal of the American Sociological Association. (dec-1989). P - 311.

9. Opcit J. A. C., Brown, (1954) P-22

10. David KrechRichard Crutchfield, Egerton L. Ballachey, Individual in

Society, Mcgraw - Hill Book Company, New York. (1962), P-436.

Interpersonal attraction - Liking &:. Loving $bofi'6IDL& 8i6lJhlt§1 - 6ll'c!!)uuw - 8ifJ~

1. Terry F Pettijohn, Psychology, (3rd Edition)

The Dushkin Publishing Group Inc 1992 P- 241

2. Ibid P - 242

3. Ibid P - 242

4. Ibid P - 242

5. Ibid P - 242

6. Paul Edward (Editior) The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Vol 05) Macmillan Publishing Company Inc Free Press New york 1981 P - 81

1. Ibid P - 90

8. Ibid P - 90

10. David L Silly (Editor) International Encyclopedia of Social Science

118

11 9

11. Ibid-436 11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.


18.

19.
20.
21.
22. 120

Ibid-436 Ibid - 436

Opcit, Henry Clay, Lindgren, 1974, P-383 Ibid P-384

Ibid P-385

Ibid P-385

Vatsyayan, Social Psychology, Kedar Nath Ramamath, New Delhi. (1983), P-191.

Opcit Henry Clay, (1974). P-389 Ibid P-390

Ibid P-392

Opcit David Krech. P-446.

Mark Stasson, Tastzuyakameds, 'Effects of assigned Group concerning requirements of Group, Problms Solving Group members learning' Social Psychology Quarterly. A Journal of American Sociological

Association. (March - 1991). P-25.

Propaganda rifT ff<'ffTfTW

1. Vatsayan, Social Psychology kedar Ramanath New Delhi. 1983 P-185

2. Ibid P-186

3. Robert P Gwinn (Chairman) The New Encyclopedia Britannica vol-26

(15th Edition) Encyclopedia Britanica Inc 1990 P-166

4. Ibid P-167

5. IbidP-168

6. IbidP-186

7. Bernard Scard Scayne (Chief Edition) The Encyclopedia Americana.

Encyclopedia American Coporation U. S. A. - 1971-p-658

8. Opcit Vatsayan 1983 P-187

9. Ibid P-189

121

10. Ibid P-192

11. Cliford T Morhan Richard A King Introduction to Psychology (3rd Edition) MCGraw Hill Book Company New York - 1971-p-539

12. Ibid P-540

13. Terry f Pettijohn Psychology Dushkin Publishing Group Inc New York - 1992.

1. Baron Byrne Kantowitz psychology Sandrs 1980.

2. Brown JAC The social psychology of Industry Great Britain

3. Colin wilson origins of sexual Impulse panther Books London 1970.

4. Coner Ronald JAbnormal Psychology W. H. Freeman Company New

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - HISTORICAL York 1992.

INTRODUCTION (f!D~ 2L.m6li'UJru

5. Das.G.General psychology kings book Delhi 1995.

6. Dennis coon, Essential of Psychology (6th Edition) West Publishing Company New York 1994.

7. Dolf zillmann connection between sex and aggression, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates publishers London 19.84.

8. Douglas H powell Understanding Human Adjustment, Little brown and company. Boston Toronto 1983.

9. Frank R Scarpitti social problem (3rd Edition) United states of America 1980.

1. Coner Ronald.J (1992) Abnormal Psychology, W. H. Freeman and company New York. p - 3.

2. Mangal S. K. (1999) Abnormal Psychology Sterling Publishers private

Ltd. L.I0 Green Park Extension New Delhi p - 4.

3. Opcit (1992) p.2

4. Opcit (1999)p. 6

5. Rosehan David L. Seligmen Martin L.p Abnormal Rsychology W. W.

Norton & Company New York 1989 p.7

6. Opcit(1992) p.3

7. Dohrenwend B.P & Dohrenwend B.S. Perpective on the past and the future of Psychiatric epidemology. 1982

8. Opcit (1992) p.9

9. Halgin Richard. P. Whitbourne susan krauss Abnormal Psychology

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College publishers London. 1993 p.9

10. Opcit (1989) pp 25-27

11. Opcit (1993) pp 11-13

12. Ibid p. 12

13. Opcit (1992) p. 23

10. Gardener lindzey Elliot Aronson The hand book of social psychology (VoI4) Mohan primalini Amerind publication. PVT Ltd New Delhi 1969.

11. George W kisker Disorganised personality Mc Graw- Hill 1964.

12. Glifford T Morgan, Richard A king, Introduction to psychology Mc Graw Hill book company New York 1971.

13. Harry Helson William Bevan (Editor) contemporary approches to psychology van Nostrand company Inc Toronto 1967

14. Henry Clay Lindgren An Introduction to social psychology Willy Eastern private L.T.D New Delhi 1974.

IS. Huffiman Vernoy, Willam. Vemoy Psychology in action, John wiley sons

1991.

122

123:

16. James Fadiman, Robert frager personality and personal Growth Harper. & Row Publishers New York 1976.

17. James P. Chaplin T. S Krawiec System and theories of psychology (3rd Editor) Holt Rinchot and winston Inc new york 1994.

18. James W vander zan den Social psychology (181 Edition) Random house New York 1992.

30. Napier G. Reshifield Group.

31 .. Price Glickstein Horton Shermen Fazie Principle of Psychology Scott Fouesman and company London 1987.

32. Robert M liebert, Michall D. Spiz Glew Personatity, The Dorsey press

19. Larry T. Tbrown Evota a weinel Introduction to psychology winthrop publishing Inc camperdge 1979.

20. Lawrance S. Wrigtsman social psychology in the seventies brooks cole pubishing company calitornia 1972.

21. Leonard D Goodstein Richard J Lanyou Adgustment behavior and personality, Addison- wesley publishing company - 1975.

22. Leeroy Beach Psychology, Holt Rinehart and winstan Inc New york 1973.

England 1974.

33. Rosehan David L Sligmen Martin Abnormal Psychology W. W. Norton

& Co. New York 1989.

34. Robert S Feldman, Understanding Psychology, The Me Graw - Hill compannies Inc new york 1997.

35. Steven Penrod social Psychology (2nd) Prentice - Hall Englewoud Cliffs New Jex sey 1983.

36. Terry F pettijohn psychology Dushken Publishing Group Inc New York

1992.

37. Trevor Til verstone, Paul Turner Drug Treatment in Psychiatry Routledge

and Kegan Paul London 1974.

38. Vatsayan Social Psychology Kedas Rammanath New Delhi 1983.

39. Weiten Lhogd Psychology Applied to Modern Life I TP, U.S.A 1994.

40. William Epstein Franklin Shontz Psychology in prosress, Halt Rone wonstan Inc New York 1971.

23. Lindal David off introduction to psychology Me Graw Hill book company New york 1987.

24. Ludy T. Benjamin J.Roy Hopkins Jack RNation Psychology macmetlan publishing company New york 1990.

25. Mangal S.K Abnormal psychology sterling publishers private limited Delhi 1999.

26. Mark sherman Personality pregamon press New York 1979.

27. Melvin H. Marx William A Cronan -Hillix; System and Theories in Psychology [4th Edition] Me Grawhll International Edition 1987.

28. Michael S. Gazzanigo Psychology Harper & Row publishers sam francico 1980.

29. Nandasena Ratnapala Drug and dependence in Srilanka city printers Mortuwa 1985.

124

125