FOR MORE EXCLUSIVE CIVIL ENGINEERING E-TEXTBOOKS AND GATE MATERIALS, NOTES VISIT www.CivitEnNccForALL.cOM AN EXCLUSIVE WEBSITE BY AND FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND GRADUATESCIVIL ENGINEERING For UPSC Engineering Services Examination, GATE, State Engineering Service Examination & Public Sector Examination, (BHEL, NTPC, NHPC, DRDO, SAIL, HAL, BSNL, BPCL, NPCL, etc.) STRUCTURE ANAL I.E.S MASTER Institute for Engineers IESIGATE/PSUs Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016 Phone: 011-41013406, 7838813406, 9711853908 Website: www iesmaster.org, E-mail: ies_masterfyahoo.co.ini i ES Master Office: F-126, Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016 Phone: 011-41013406, 7838813406, 9711853908 ‘Website: www.iesmaster.org, E-mail: ies_master@yahoo.co.in ©No part of this booklet may he reproduced, or distributed in any farm or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior permission of IES MASTER, New Delhi. Violaters are liable to be legallly prosecuted.CONTENTS a Bee Kanara Bg ew Da TE ES MASTER Website: wwe snasior or, Bama es. materyabus coin ence Phone 01110136, 76a818406, 9711858008Determinacy Indeterminacy and Stability of Structures INTRODUCTIO! - ‘The aim of structural analysis is to find forces/moments in v: components of structures, If these forces can be found out by the use of equation of static equ! ‘ueture is called statically SQUATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM ve -0 * Ina2-D structure or planer structure (in which all members and forcesarein Sp =o} nog one plane only) the equations of equilibrium are Sno * Ina. 3-D structures or space structures (in which members and forces are in 3-D). ‘The equations of equilibrium are YR=-0 YM, =o] YR=0 YM, 6 nos. XE=0 YM,=0 + Ifhowever, member forces cannot be found by equations of static equilibrium alone the structure is called statically indeterminate In this case additional equations needed are obtained by relating the applied loads and reactions to the displacements or slopes known at different points on the structure, These equations are called Compatibility equations. DEGREE OF STATIC INDETERMINACY (D,} ay Nocol ‘unknown Degree otsiternal static indetertninacy Degree ofnternal ‘Thus total indeterminacy ofa structure in excess of external indeterminacy is cated internal indeterminacy.2 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Ba AS Restraining of deformations at support gives rise to support reactions. Plane Structure ~ 1x Dyed Ax(p, -~¢ el fo +e SING EES eR aD a i be ty A tou Stir alles support Support reactions are ‘Support reaction is AR, Ry, Ry 3 nos (B} 1 no Total no. of support. ‘No een reactions in the structure |"|available leterminacy OUiee Fae ina Se Nee TT TES MASTER _& Nets eeomaaiore ae masnthoncia aaneee Prone: CHL AALS, Wosel BANG, LSTA } kCIVIL ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 3 DEGREE OF STATIC INDETERMINACY FOR FRAME! Frames are rigid jointed structures, All the joints are made rigid by providing extra restraint R’. The structure is then cut to make it, Open Tree like determinate structure. Ds = 3C-R’ —> for plane frame 6C - R’ — for space frame No. of cuts to make structure determinate R= no. of restraints applied to make all joints rigid OPEN TREE LIKE STRUCTUR ‘The structure is’cut in such a way that each individual cut part looks, Ike a tree as shown here. Note that 1. Tree should have only one root 2, Tree cannot have a closed looped branch. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE FORMULA ‘To prove Dg = Ino. at A ie. wipes tnos.at F ies Ry and thus, Total ng: of added festrain = R’ = 1+2=3 This R’ =8,c8FeRGonds to 3 known reaction conditions ie. Mg, = 0, My, = 0, Reo When the ‘Mtyeltte 8 cut it gets divided into two parts. a> 3 z c tet) g \t+—— 6 x6 DG. p}—44L) x bee ny & wok, Open Tree Like Structure E.S MASTER ‘Office: F126, Katwaria Sarai, New Deihi- 110016 Sarees Mette vr mater Ere x nase cia iesenterue hope 01-0154, 158515406, 711853984 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING ¢ Ifthese 6 reactions at the cut section are known, the structure becomes completely determinate ice. forces in all members AB, BC, DE, BF, CD, BE can be determined. Thus, no. of unknowns are: (6 reactions at the cut section—3 known conditions ieR, =M,, = My =0) As the no of cuts are © = 2, the n of unknowns can be written as 3% 2-3 ie. 3xC_R’ ‘Note: The above structure is externally determinate, because the number ‘The degyee of static indeterminaney = 3C ~R-3 where C= No of cuts req. R o. of restrain added ® ® 3=No. of aquation of statiqséins Acute required Jo, of support reactions | No. of restraint required to make ajomt rigid [re Se | No, of support eel of actual support ope Cem FAL ee HAVING HINGE IN 2D FRAME,| If the joint O bad been rigid, rotation of one member with respect te other will be zero as shown in figuce below. AL B o D f SFR as Ka TTT pg ES MASTER este vevtnsay Boake moron ene These ton ase ca6 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Peer icr, ee ‘Of Fs, Rebvana Sani, New Dols DUTT oe Webs wore iesaster oe vai is masersyabon en iesgatensue Phone 01141013406, 18812106, 971855008CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 5 However, with joint having hinge, OC, OB and OD will have rotation with respect to OA, To make these three relative rotations zero, we need to apply 3-moments. Thus for 4-members meeting at a joint, no. of restraining moments required = 3 = (4 — 1). ‘Hence, for m-members meeting at a joint, no. of restraining moments required = (m ~ 1). On similar lines, it can be shown that in space frame, each member has 3-rotations possible in 3. different planes. Hence with respect to one member no. of rotations possible are 3m-3= 3(m-1) To restrain these we need to apply 3(m ~ 1) moments. ing moments required at joint with hinge in 3D-frame = 3(m-1). * Hence no. of restrai Example 1 (Case-1) added = 2. They are ®) & R,rostreins ralative moveny Example 2: (Case-2) Example 3: (Case-8) to be addec indeterminacy) ‘tiie Fah, Ketrara Sta Naw Dek 0G Website www iesmastar org, ‘renee hove: 01-41013405 7638340CIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy Ce ‘ies PIER Habra Sora Now Bani 1V001S Wibske: wwe ieenastrorg Bats. masteryahon cain Phone: 01-4010, 185883405, STI8539088 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING E.S MASTER ‘Olivos Fr, Katwana Saray New Dain THOOT6 son Website: wow ismastarog, allie martrahoneoia icceureraie Phone: 11-101 9406, 789861306, 0711888408 \ |CIVIL ENGINEERING LES MASTER ‘enero TESGATERSUE Determinacy indeterminacy ‘ite: 16, Rawara Saat New Da“ TOOTE West ww eamastr oe Ema i Phone: 11 1013406, THO881005 ST10 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING \NOTHER METHOD [FOR RIGID FRAME] In plane frame, every member carries three forces (BM, SF, axial force) Hence, Total no, of unknows = 3m +r where, m = no. of members and 1 = no. of support reactions. At each joint, no. of eqs. of equilibrium available = 3 [BF, = 0, SF, = 0, 2M, = 0] Total no. of eq, of equilibrium=34, J = no, of joints Hence, degree of static indeterminacy ae Ss & ome € However if the frame carries hinges, then Ds is reduce tangle wl ae meeting at the hinge. Summation term has components’ ne wgach hinge Similarly for space frame X6+3-3x6=3 If we make frée body diagram of the structure, it will look like this: (Note for each Joints one free body diagram has beam made) (OMe oe e enero, Phone 0111013406, 78818406, 11858808 pe ere es* Each of the cix components of free body diagrant Has tobe in equillibrium. * Hlenoe foreach component three equation§ @fequilitn are available eine are 6X3 =6Xd lence total no, of unknown member forces ° Hence total number of equatior Hf il nbs m uations of ea ne CIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy indeterminacy 2 a —— Me Ry : ® B M Wa Pe @ & My R, Ra * The structure has heen divided into 6-parts which ids o no, of joints, “My, Rio: Ruy Myz Rags Rig Miss Rye: Bay, My) # Total no, of unkown support réaétions'= 3. They are Ry, Ryg and Ryy * Bence itll the components of Free dy diagram are considered then tal no, of unknowns ~ * Had the joint A been rigid, the degree of static indeterminacy would have been (@m +r~ 34), + __Due tothe presence of joint with hinge, additional independent conditions available are as showy, Dice FF Rawat Sr New BART TOTS ‘Webste: wir maser or Ema emacs Phe 81-4003 FHNSH0G 971889908 0,12 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ee M; ‘Moment equillibrium of joint i.e. 3M, = O gives M, + M, + M, = A) but we know that due to presence of hinge at A, M,=0 sssene(B) 7 M, soun(C) M;,= 0 sevenee(D) ‘out of three conditions (B), (C) and (D) only two are independent equation (A). Hence no. of independent additional conditions are two ieq( at joint, Thus, ¢ D,=3m+r—3j-(m'-1) © However ifthere aremame than cn hie ae ‘Thus, D,= 3m +r—3J —Z(m'~ © Note that the hinges that we = _ not the support hinges. They are member or joint hinges. On similar lines, itcante Nba 8D-frame. LES MASTER Tore 5 asterSyahoo coin iESoATerSue Phone 01-4101 405, 1258813406, 3711858808CIVIL ENGINEERING Determinacy indeterminacyi 14 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING STATIC INDETERMINACY OF HORIZONTAL GRID MEMBERS SUBJECTED} OAs e er er) Cy Mae M) If the members of the horizontal grid are assumed to be rigidly connected loading only, M,, F, and F, in all members and all supports will vagish. Henoe in members and supports only M,, M, and F, will remain ‘Thus external unknown support reactions are = 8 x 3 = 24 + Even by knowing F,, M, and M, at all supports, font out. © + Hence if we cut one of these member 8 that wilfppear will be #, M, and M, ina member and member forces can be = Internal unknowns will be three in numbe: Meaningful No. of equation of static égilibriuim’ IR =0; 3M,=0 ; 2M,=0 fie I be three in number ie., D, = (No of extemal) (eee ‘statical equilibrium] - (No of additional) S=(" “reaction equation condition, E ‘ioe F195 Kaew Seat New BINT T10OT6 ieseaeraie he OF 013106 75381506, 911850908,CIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy STABILITY OF STRUCTURE Stability is characterised into (a) external instability, () internal instability External Stability Ifa body is sufficiently constraint by external reaction such that rigid body not occur, then the structure is said to be stable externally. Necessary condition for this is that: 1. There should be three reactions that are neither concur 2, Reactions should be non-paraile!, non-concurrent and [Concurrent means meeting at a single point,] Concurrent Reaction: Hence whstable “a Concurrent reaction: Hence unstable. Example / a t t Non concurrent reaction: Hence stable. ie Fs wan ALY, 1£.5 MASTER ‘Website; wow itsmaster org ao Paes: o11003400 78881546 m= Da vitae or smn geal,16 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Example Concurrent reactions: Hence unstable. _ Lee €& When part of the structure moves appreciably with respect to the ¢ be unstable internally. Ce a" Example feeds 23 Example thr stable TES MASTER ice FIR Ravana Sra Nw DAN TIO inte aaa Sun aasteryahoo cinCIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 7 snd fat ‘pplication of a bracing has ensured that ane part does not move appreciably with respect to the other p Example lace with respect Note: Figs (a): Unstable if all diagonals are of equal length, (b): Stable, ‘ice FBS, Rewara Sara New Dent T1018 Website: em esmaster org Bovis waster@ython coin Prone 01. 013405 03013106, 9718589518 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING + Figure (a) is unstable because if1 kN load is applied in any memberby tum buckle application, equilibrium will be satisfied at all joints without developing any joint reaction [Turn buckle is an arrangement which is used to apply A tension. By rotating the turn buckle, end B and C will Pres om be brought closer. hence tension is created in AD.] Torn mI buckle Now if 2-kN load is applied, again equation is satisfied at all joints withg reaction. be yrtture is unstable or stable. In such cases check is to analyse the structure an fution is achieved, the structure is unstable. STATIC INDI ‘RMINACY OF TRUSSES! A truss is designed in such a way that members! Sihlways carries only axial forces. Hence de Artin 2 nos. for —> Plane truse (3k 8 nos. for —» Space truss [EK where, Hence, statically determinate plane-truss () statically indeterminate plane-truss @) 3) ‘unstable truss checked os or analytically. mh mbtar nr Determinate but unstable Ny LES MASTER ‘Difice: F126, Ratwaria Sarai Few Delhi 110076 ue Website: wos jsmasta org, mate mastnaboon reagan Phage: D1-41013H06 85855406 97863508CIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy indeterminacy 49 Externally unstable because of parallel support reactions. Example Determinate but unstable externally unstable because of parallel support reactions, Example = no, of support reactions. But, m +r~2J = degree of static indeterminacy & + m ~ (QJ -3) + 4 ° |External Internal [indeterminacy __indeterminsey © Basic structure of a planer truss isa triangle. L\ Ofices Fah Ratwara Saray New Dat T10 O16 Website www iesmacar ort, Bmx masteryshoncoin Phage OI-s1O1308, 789881305, 71785300820 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘To this triangle two members and one joint are added to build up the truss further. Hence stable configuration of this simple truss is obtained when m = 3+ 2(7 ~ 8) = 23-3 ‘Thus, if m > @J ~ 3), truss is internally indeterminate and stable if m < (J ~ 8), truss is internally unstable for simple truss. If m = J ~ 3), truss is internally determinate and stable, SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX TRUS: Simple Truss Ina triangle when two bar and one joint are progressively added to for the truss is called simple truss. Compound Truss ‘Two simple truss connected by a set of joints and bars. Complex Truss ‘There is no joint where only two bars meet. Simple teyss 2 —> Compound truss Shaded portion is a simple trus ‘Complex truss aibtar Jn alnpl stress [m ~ (23 ~ 3)] = No. of panels with double diagonals. mal indeterminacy) + (No. panels with double diagonal) In this case without using the formula Dy = m +r ~ 3j, we can find out Dy. Dg = external indeterminacy + no, of panels of double diagonal = 0+ 4 = 4 This can also be varified by usual formula m = 29, r = 3, j = 14 M4r-9)=294+3-28=4 TES MASTER ‘ices FH, Kanvana Seay, New Dan 110 OTS or aie Wott wv jrnater rg, Eales. masteryehoncoin eseareoLe Phone 01141019406, TS88405, 71185908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy indeterminacy 24 2, Truss having members which cross-over each other or members that servers as side for more than two triangles are likely to be indeterminate. A B Space Truss In Stiffness method of analysis, joint displaceinents are taken as unknown. Load displacement equations (ce. relation between load applied and displacement of joint) are written and by using equilibrium equations these joints digplacements and hence member forces are found out. ‘Thus no. of unknown ointiiilacement are required to be known to proceed with the analysis. No. of these unknown joint displacements are called unknown degree of freedom or degree of kinematic indeterminacy.(b,) aE A, A,, 0 = 3 nos Rigid jointed space frame joint | > Ay, A A, 0, 8, 0, = 6 nos. Pin jointed plane structure | -—> A,, A, = 2 nos, | Pin jointed space structure —> A, A A = 3 nos. 7 ‘fee FID, Katana Sora New Das T1078 LES MASTER Website: ww essing, Bam. mora 0in hoe (001340 T9985 9116560822 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING | | | | \ | 3D - (ae eoeracees Braced frame ‘ice FI, Rawara Sar New Dob TOOT6 LES MASTER ‘env rma nrc ‘eeaners Phone s01 8106, T4941 505 HSNCIVIL_ENGINEERING 23 Note: If inextensibility of mem, have linear displacements, * adopted, the joints of triangulated rigid jointed frame cannot by il onsen v8 £ 4 where, m= no of nexnSible member For Gabled Frame Ay,= © Out of Ax,, Ax,, Ays, Ax, 6, inextensiiy of meine 2470 ndependent because from the “n¢9-4 to equations canbe derived P.=9~ 24 ng BEE of free, *+_Bech internal member hinge wit eet a ‘dom is created ‘degree of freedom in plane frame. ice FRE Karwar Sart New Da TOUTS else ww spinster org Elles. masterahon cit FPooe 05-1073406, 758819406, 971180008,24 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING They are Qj, Oy5, AY, Axy. where, m" = no, of member meeting at joint. Each internal hinge will add 9-DoF in space frame. They * Each joint hinge will add 3(m” — 1) additional DoF in me: Hence, D, = (33 ~ r) + addition D= GI st to If inextensibility is also considered then RTICAL LOADS ONLY§ Ifa rigid-jointed grid is subjected to loads in Lr direction to the plane of the grid only, each joint can have there displacements components. 7 They are oe to be plane of the grid and rotation —4 about two orthogotial” the plane of grid. Thus the grid is D ic kinematically, itidetermini to 12th degree. Siler Ka Sa ex BT ES MASTER Mo wt eater Fea enacetiminCIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 25 eee Seger Wott: wen iesmater org, Eze. msterdyahoocain ieseareue Phone 01141004 793812408, 9711853908 | a { :26 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING TES MASTER Ties van See TUT SM Wasi vrvamcnsee Pa outro ee Phone: 011-41013406, 7838812406, 9711853908,CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 27 |. The total degree of indetermi given figure is @ 3 4 © 5 @6 ‘Cie Fas, wana Sata Naw De OO Website ww isonater org Brnaib masergyson nin Phone 01410190 18988406 9718580828 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 8, What is the total degree of indeterminacy (both internal and external) of the triangular planar truss shown in the figure below? @) 2 m4 @5 @6 4. What is the total degree of indeterminacy (bcth internal and external). shown in the figure below? < ilever plane truss @2 ws 4 @5 & 2, 5. Consider the following statements with respect’ ie ly as well as externally determinate. riernally as well as externally indeterminate. se Sthtéments is/are correct? ® &) Land2 iC) @ Band 4 6 The of'Static indeterminacy of the pin-jointed plane frame shown in figure is Ww w Ww Ww @i 2 @ 38 . @8 ‘ices Fae Katvava Sarat New Dale T1DOT6 Ste oaes Woke wn esa or, Bsa, asteryahoo cin ‘egoateraus Phone 01 1H10n9 8, AMALADG, STHGSO0SCIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 29 7, The frame shown below is redundant to 108 SkN SiN L ar (@) single degree 0) two degree (© three degree @) four degree 8 Match List-I (Type of structure) with List-II (Statical indeterminacy),ane using the codes given below the lists: Number of members = m Number of joints = n Number of reaction elements = r List A. Plane frame = B. Space truss 2 ©. Space frame 3 4. Codes: B 2 3 1 1 25 @ 10 Se ou @ 12 @ 10, The total (both internal and external) degree of static indeterminacy of the plane frame shown in the given figure is co V1 @ 18 16 ou @j 13 Office FIR Kawa ane Tos LES MASTER Walshe: meee one Be sanyo ain Soe Phone 011-0106, TeG888408 71850908: 14. ‘The number of unknowns to 30 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING LL, The degree of indeterminacy of the beam given below is (a) zero (b) one ©) two @ three 12, Consider the following statements: 1. An indeterminate structure js not economical from the material stand-point in comparison to a determinate structure. 2, If'x’ redundants in a statically indeterminate structure of ‘nd the structure will become statically determinate but unstable. compared to bending and shear effects. Which of these statements is/are correct?” (@) Lonly © Land 2 © 38only (@) 2and 3 8. Which one ofthe following is true example of (b) Both the ends are fixed © ‘The beam overhangs over two (@ The beam is supported on th atic indeterminacy and static indeterminacy Hinge Hinge of supports ou wb, whe @u 16, Which oite‘0f the following structures is statically determinate and stable? @ — ® Rey Tae eS TT TES MASTER Qasescme ey Pa ernst tnch i i i [ t feyCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 34 11. A prismatic beam is shown in the figure given below. Hinge Consider the following statemente: 1, The structure is unstable. 2, The bending moment is zero at supports and internal hinge. 3. It is a mechanism. 4, Ibis statically indeterminate. Which of these statements are correct? @ 1,2, Sand 4 © 1, 2and3 © land 2 @ Banda 18. What is the degree of indeterminacy of the frame shown in @4 (©) 2 19, A determinate structure : {a) cannot be analyzed without the correct knowledge of modulus of elasticity (b) must necessarily have roller support at one of its ends (©) requires only stati¢al equilibrium equations for its analysis ‘ oh at its ends structure is the one which © can alyzed using equations of staties and compatibility equations @ can be analyzed using equations of compatibility only 21, What is the statical indeterminacy for the frame shown below? @ 2 @u es FE Tata Soa Ne TTF TES MASTER Webster wovswncurang Bool eu maueryahosn od Fone tone athe msn32. Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 22, What is the total degree of indeterminacy in the continuous prismatic beam shown in the figure below? Hinge p Hinge @1 b) 2 @3 @4 28, What is the number of indopendent degrees of freedom ofthe twospan continuous beam of uniform section shown in the figure below? 1 w2 3 @4 24, What is the kinematic indeterminacy for the frame “me @ 6 @ 2 fixed at base? @ 2 O4 26, For the plane fraxp degree of static tnd ao zg overhang as shown below, assuming negligible axial deformation, the jacy, d, and the degree of kinematic indeterminacy, k, are ca a oe @ d=3andk=10 () d= Band k= 13 © d=9andk=10 @ d= 9 and k= i3 27. Considering beam as axially rigid, the degree of freedom of a plane frame shown below is, 1 Ratwara Saal New Dekh TIO OTE TES MASTER 7 TESTES Phoye O-A0/3406, 8312406,CIVIL_ENGINEERING Determinacy Indeterminacy 33 @s ©) 8 @7 @ 6 28, The degree of static indeterminacy of the rigid frame having two internal hinges as shown in the figure below, is, @ 8 oT © 6 @5 29, The frame shown in the given figure has | | : - . ‘unit length i | | | i | (a) one unknown reaction component (©) two unknown reaction components (© three unknown reaction component: ListIl Six i i : D. - 4 Four Weta: ew innastrorg, Email sz msteryshon.coin aera Phone O1-013405 789881906, 9711853008 x TES MASTER ‘fee F105 Ratwara Seat New Dele T10 078 v > MASTER34 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Codes: A Bc »D Cy ele areas ~ ® 8 1 4 2 @ 3 4 4 2 @ 1 8 4 2 31. A perfect plane frame having n number of members and j number of joints should eatisfy the relation @ n<@-9 @ n> (2-3) @ n= (3-2) (@) statically determinate () statically indeterminate to the first degree (©) statically indeterminate to the second lt (@) statically indeterminate to the ghird dege 33, How is a truss, which undergoes! rigid Iv translation for an arbitrary load, classified as? » Geometrically unstable structure (a) Structurally unstable structure @) Determinate structure (©) Statically unstable struct 29. (e) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (e) 33, dd) ee eee| CHAPTER Force Method of Analysis Statically Indeterminate Structures Purposes of chosing statically indeterminate structures as compared to statically determinate ones are as follows: ~ (a) For a given loading, the maximum stress and deflection of an indeterminate structures are generally amaller than that in statically determinate structure. For example: seen Pr Pl Pe = «BM == Pt 4° A8ET a 3"° \92ET (b) Indeterminate structures have a tendency to redestribute its load to its redundant supports in case where faulty design or overloading occurs. ‘As load Pis increased, plastic hinge will form at supports first and hence it will be treated as simply supported structures. Further load can also be resisted. However, in case of simple supports, hinge will form at centre hence collapes will be early Although there well be cost saving in material due to lesser stress in member, the cost of construction of supports and joint may some time offset the saving in material. Differential settlement of supports, temprature variation, change in length due to fabrication errors in indeterminate structures will introduce internal stresses in structure. Note: In statically determinate structures internal stresses will not be introduced because of these factors: : 36 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING In any statically indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy : 1, Equilibrium equations 2, Compatibility equation 3. Force displacement requirement ‘There are two different ways to satisfy these requirements. (@) Force method ©) Displacement method org sma iestnteeie Phone O11 4101346, 186408,| | CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 37 ‘The total displacement or internal Jealin $s) at a point in a structure subjected to several «extemal foading can be determined by add ether the displacements or internal loading (stress) caused by each of the external parately. loadin ‘Two Requitementa for Principal of igetiption ae 1. Linear elastic response i.e., Hooke’ law valid. => Load « displac spt 2 Small displacemétiéeory applies ie., geometry of the structure must not undergo significant change whest ade axe applied tare also the requirements for Linear Ist order analysis, Hence in our course suotder analysis. is stress « strain i.e., Hooke's law valid. ‘+ Istorder analysis means the ascumption that, Length of ABC = length of A'B'C in the following figure. Similarly ES MASTER ste vwv naser org baat asain 8 mien se rs the st; 38 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Length of ABC Length of CDE. + Ist-order analysis is valid for small displacement, as otherwise, for large displacement, axial forces as shown below will also produce moment like P-A. Thus P-A effect is neglected in Ist order analysis. ney * However, the effect of P-A is considered in 2nd-order analysis, [ARIOUS FORCE METHODS: 1, Method of Consistent Deformation Examy ‘© Any one of the three reactions © Let us take R, as redundant, At this stage we,¢oribider the beam to be composed of: (a) Primary strueturéf whith is obtained by removing the redundants and loading the resulting beam with.¢ternal loading only. @) A beam With Toading as redundant reaction, c B 4 an Let the deformations of beam due to these loading will as under. ES MASTER ‘fies FIGE, Kaiwara Sua Now Del-1i0 016 ri Es ‘Website ww ixmastar oe mai ik. aiterpsb0 cain iescaTer Ste Phone O11 ALO 06 45881405. 511185308CIVIL ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 39 where, dyg = deflection at B due to unit oad applied at B By compatibility condition, ic. net deflection of end B = 0 [ai it is hinged] we have, Soc = Rebse > Y# If we take M as redundant, then actual beam can be thought of as being composed of primary structure & beam with redundant loading, ie. P M P Ge taf X Er a RE Cae ty sutton /h,Potarystocte Oyo + MB 4, = 0 e ~ where Oo rotation at A due to external loading in Pei 0,42 rotation at A due to unit couple at A (unitifple) {ag = deflection at B due to unit load at B deflection at C due to unit load at B : = deflection at B due to unit load at © jeflection at C due to unit load at C ‘Office Fas Kawara Sam haw DoT TDS Website www iesnase ng Bath it aseryaoo oi Phone: 11-1012 TH 4091858 fea foc fee resale40 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING From compatibility conditions net deflection at B & C are Zero, > 45 +R -fop + Rofac = 0 mC) + Rs feat Roloc =0 (ii) By solving (i) and (ii), Ry and Rg is calculated. 2, General Reciprocal Virtual Work Theorem (Betti’s Theorem) The virtual work done by a P-foree system in going through the deformation of Q-Force system is equal tothe virtual work done by the @-force system in going through the deformation of P-force system. {Up Tocation of @, due to P-system of forces. | Heneé, as per Betti's theorem: oe FAngt edna = @iAgr + Map| Proof of Betti’s théorem & : a Let Q, @, is applied Ist on the portal frame and then P, and P, are slowly applied 1 i 1 1 > 1 Work done = $Q4qq +5 @bqe +z Rane + 7Pebar Sqr +Qabq.n Now if P, and P, are applied Ist on the portal frame and then Q, and Q, are applied 1 1 1 1 Work done = 524.0 +2 Pdge +5 Sao +5 @dqe + Rdno + Pibng Equating the two works done (as sequence of application will not have any effect on final work done). TES MASTER ‘Diver Kawars Sra New DO TOTTE Seer Webste wre amasororg mate materyabeoin Senet one ovina one, sbaie mene a ere cm ae re re A CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 41 [Hig Hng -Aage“gp] ‘The works are called virtual work because 4p, is not the deflection at P, location due to Pit sel. 3. A Special Case of Betti’s Law (Maxwell's Reciprocal Theorem) If only two force P and Q are acting and magnitude of P and Q are unity. where, i.e., deflection at the Jocation of Q due to unit load at of P due to unit load at Q. Example i.e, Downward deflection at B due ttlockwise unit couple at is equal to clockwise slope at A due to downward unit: loadat'B. 4. Theorem of Lies a Ay For any statically indetorininite structure, the redundant should be such as to make the total internal energy within house 2 minis ey TRew. Ws ae Cay : 1 {OY 0} taking Ryas redundant * f a i, °0| tne Ras reunion R R Bs ‘Taking M and Ryas redundant where U-= strain’energy in the beam AB and BC due to combined Action of external loading and reactions, Th ‘Office PIPE Katwara Sara New Du -TTOO1E LE. 5 MASTER Website: www esmaster org Bena es masterdyabeaseie ‘ema Eie Phone 01141013406, 7598612406, S73285598,42 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING + ‘Thus theorem of least work is a special case of Castigliano’s 2nd theorem. ‘+ This theorem applies to heam, frame, truss everything. 5. Castigliano’s Theorem Bip @A, SG | lst thoerem Wy, 5 Ma 2nd thoerem Note: ‘+ Castigliano extended the principal of least worl ‘tiie self straining system. + If4=Small displacement in the direction of. (force R then, LES MASTER ieseatepus Website www insmaster arg Bailes mastrB¥aboo eo Phone D1141012406, 1688613406 9711855008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 43 ihn marmite mer iiiistemtine nome44 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Draw shear and moment disgram for.the i i ie 5 E.S MAST ‘Difce: F126 Kabwaria Sera, New Deihi- 110016 SSameaue ‘Wetss www seats ag, Eat et. maste@yaho coin fescarerste Phone D11-A01406 7808013406, TBSCIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 45 | ‘Ores Fas Kaivana Seva New Dani 110 O16 one Website ww iesmasterorg Brit es masteryaboncain Phone O1- 1015408, T68815408 9786000846 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING wee SMASTER Hex Fie Navas Sal New Da TTOE Phone: ose s013408 T88681808, 971153808CIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 47 pe ae, IESGaTE pour Phone: 041010405 743861206, 97186390848 ‘Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING : a TES MASTER Gist sr mee bani mbna Ewer Poste anosCIVIL ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 49 : TES MASTER ‘ities Fi Raovare Sura, ew Dei- 110016 OS aeawauree Webster esmater org Ena, maseyaheos0i0 eouiersis Prone 0171012406 89881908, 97118300850 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING | 3 a ‘Oilice: F186, Katwaris Saray New Dalai 110016CIVIL_ENGINEERING Be aE ES MASTER Force Methad of Analysis ‘Orie F 76 Ratvaria Sarat Now Dei ‘Webs: www israstr er Bal em Phone 01141013408, 7894813406 STIS ioe eryabooco.in 852 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘Office FIDE Ratwana Sea Now DOT TTODIE Website wm easter org Banas astern Phone 0111026 789881806, 0785568CIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 53 ne ‘Website: weet org, Eon ies. mastery IeScATESUs Prone -Ua406 728851608, 97883808, TES MASTER GfecF i Kaa ey RT |54 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING TES MASTER Tiics Fis Rowan So or D110 078 Samm Aste er mtn Bren mater ye Benes Phe of eats aids soCIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 55: 56 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING 3 MAS Rin Sa eT wae IESGarESye smsterorg, Basi: 8.esterGyshon co ia Ponte ShasCIVIL ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 57 TES MASTER : ec ave Fv WT ol Website: wince eg ais masteryao cain IESATERSLe Phove 01013105 Take, 183508} : 58 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘rgcarereeCIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 5960 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Example 11] TES MASTER Scarves em atria ieee ‘eon 14 OLA, 78881306, 971185398,CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 61 Wels: woo inmuster org Eales. masteryaboocoin hove O11 1101546, 160481306, 37) 85520862 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ga ES MASTER oo aur oe eee fesicitersie Phone: 01-4 O13106 785869405 91112598CIVIL ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 63 ee we TES MASTER Meste evr lcruaeore Emel er masta cia esgatersye Phone 1-410, oe T8408, 971183908| i | Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING LES MASTER fesenreraus ‘ifn FIDE Ratvara Sarat New Dein T1001 Website wer insmaste arg Boman. acters hoo coin Phone 0114101308 769865408 STLLRSSE8CIVIL_ENGINEERING Force Method of Analysis 65 (NALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE FRAME BY FORCE METHOD} Cece . i Phone: 114101316, 1258519106, TH1253908i Structure Analysis CiViL_ ENGINEERING E.S MASTER Tater (eSihter Ue "TR, Katwara Seay New Da THD 16 Website wna iesmaser or, Boal. mas-niyaboo.nin Phone 0111013408 Teseisa0e, Tasa008Displacement Method of Analysis: (Slope Deflection Method) + Slope deflection method is useful to analyse indeterminate structures like continuous beams and plane frames, + ‘The unknowns in this methad are degree of freedom ie. slope (0) and deflection (A). * Combinedly these slopes and deflections are known as displacements. Thus slope-deflection method is a displacement method. * This is a classical method on which moment distribution method, Kani’s method and stiffness matrix method are based. Analysis of a beam and frame means determination of bending moment and shear force throwghout the length of the member i. determination of BMD and SFD for the member, BMB and SFD for a member of structure can be drawn if we know the internal end moments of a member. For example: if we have a fixed beam as shown below. 1 F a 3 The BMD and SFD can be found if we know the internal end moments of member i.e. Myg and May * Thus, in slope deflection method we establish a relationship between the degree of freedom (@, 8) and the member end moments. This relationship is called slope deflection relationship. * Finally by using equillibrium equation we find the slope deflection relationship to abtain the member moments. - * Tofind out slope-deflection relationship, method of superposition is used.68 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING IEXAMPLE: (CONTINUOUS BEAM} 0, and 05 Internal member end moment at ‘A’ - Internal member end moment at B To find out the effect of external loading, rotation 04, ‘we follow method of superposition Steps in the determination of slope defleation’ lationship are as discussed below 1. Consider all the joints to be fixed. The member end noment luc to external loads are My, and M, as shown in figure below. ‘below. 3, Allow ena A to rotate. The member efid moments are as shown below. Axial deformation are neglected. Shear deformations are neglected. + Clockwise moment is taken as (+) ve. + Clockwise rotation is taken as (+) ve ES MASTER Giiee FS Fara Sa Noe DTS eat Ea Webs: wn eonasecorg Baral es. mateOyahoo cain ieSenTErSue Phone 114101008 788888406 STHBCIGCE iCIVIL. ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 69 + If'8 gives clockwise rotation, it is taken as positive ((#) ve). For example in the above discussion if end support B settles by amount ‘8’ with respect to A, it is taken as (#) ve ‘Thus, from the principal of superposition, we have Mpap= ABO +2 a SETS a5 shown below. z 3EI0, Ff an amount ®,, The member end moment will be ——7~* as shown in the If we use this equation, rotation at far end need not be taken into calculation, we ES MASTER Mele we enue an Boh aero ‘esenre sus ‘Prone: 01-10 3406, T8RR8N2A0, 9TLA85200870 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING RE a In this case, although the degree of freedom is 4 (ic. 84, @y, 9p and,Qp), we need to consider only O ing the ends to be hinged. @) Shear at A = As per sign convention of conjugate method, (-) ve sign means that slope at A is clockwise SEIO, Hence, for clockwise rotation 0,, moment introduced is —]—* in clockwise sense ‘Dike FS Raveena Soak Now DoT WOT TES MASTER We eee emer al on maton ean hone: s1013406, 6541005 97 eae08CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 1 Caleutation of fixed end moments in case of one end being hinged from the fixed end moments corresponding to the case of both end fixed. @ 1 © frome, Sol : If corresponding to both end being fixed, the fixed end mor in the figure below. and Myyy 88 shown 2 Hence, fixed end moment at A oitianee the loading shown below will be ced where Myyg and Mh being fixed. o TESMASTER SET ea OT ieealerue ‘Prone 011-4101 3406, 7898613406, 971185990872. Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING IEQULIBRIUM EQUATIO! We know that in elope deflection method; slope deflections equations are written which relates member end moments to the slopes and deflections (ie, degree of freedom of the structure). Hence, if values, of slopes and deflections are kno snd moments are calculated, To find out the slope and deflections, equillibriu are to be written. No. of such equilibrium ‘equations, required for complete solutioniaggual he no. of degree of freedom of the structure. ‘The equilibrium equations are classified ae 1, Joint equilibrium equation. g 2 Shear equations The following example, illustrates how do We write down the joint equillibrium equation and shear equation. Gi) Equillibrium of Joint C (ii) Shear equations ge LES MASTER ‘Difices F126 Ratwavia Sarai New DeIN- 110018 eer Website ieamster ng Boal ee asteryabo coin iesorrers Pune OTs S405 7838815406, 71186908CIVIL ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method B ————— Note: (a) If unknown displacement (6) is horizontal, the shear equation is LP, ©) If unknown displacement (6) is vertical, the shear equation is ZF, = 0. where Summation of all horizontal foree 2Fy = summation of all vertical forces = ero) TES MASTER Sear ees ieSoaTensue Phan: Ge HONEA, 1538812406, YT 18539084 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Persea! TE.S MASTER - SEF ives a Res VT eae Webi: wee ister og sma tstraben coin iesearerss Phone OL- 1015408 1636518506 97158606CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 75 Step for Analysis in Slope Deflection Method @ Computation of fixed end moments : The formulae are given in Table onthe next page. The sign conventiog ~ positive and anticlockwise — negative. o) © condition (@) Solve the equations Back-substitution : In the expressions for end moments formed in step (b), substitute values of known displacements as obtained in step (d). This gives final end moments for each member. Form thie, the support reacts a also be calculated.76 [ em Structure Analysis owt? (FEM a= Oe CIVIL ENGINEERING iesgate rae ‘Office: F186, Katwarla Sao New DON TOT Website: www: iesmasterng Emi in mestevayoo coe Phone: 011-#1013406, 783881506 s711650908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 77 Bor ety OS IESUTEPSUE78 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING TE.S MASTER ‘ifcn Fae Kawa Sarat Ren et 150018 Sanne Website wow iesmaster org, Ems s.mastr@yahoocn it IESOATEPSUS Phone D130] 34, 748810406, 9711859808CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method L E LES MA MASTER SCRE SUS Offer F126 Rawat ara, New DUR 0a Weds wwe ie Phone oh t0 eof mal i, masterdyabtocain HSBHLSS 9711855908, 7380 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING i (Oe F125 Ratwara Son, New Dalt- TOI sand Website we seemadter ore Bai es masterabon cain IeScaTePeue Paone 014012405, 7538810406, 9711858008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method Note: No, of unknowns are May Mpy Myo, Oe nfs) and no. of equation available are 4 nos. Hence solution can be obtained. :82 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING erie ‘Orie a6, Raras Savas New DoT TOUTS Website ww esate ar. Eanai io. masterdyho cin Phone 0114101310. 88865408, S71188908 lescarerstsCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 83 Mow Myo Mew Moo foe Io 8p can be obta 1 S MASTER Se84 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘Ottis F-26, Karwar Sarai Now Da TOOTS Weds woe irmstr 78, Bal ee mastery cnin Phone: 0111018106, 78881006, 1a35808 q inCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 85 LES MASTER Aste vevinnntray al eatery "ESeATEPSUe Phone 0114101340, 138515406, 71185300886 Structure Analysis: CIVIL_ENGINEERING isplacements do not take place owing to the restrained ‘The following examples represent the restrained frame. ily. The unrestrained frame will not side sway ifit is symmetrical | etry (section of member, support ete.). 4 if the structure is completely symmetrical [i.e. both with respect to 18 and support conditions} then they will not_sway to the sides. ja Sara New Del T0018 ‘anna Wats mw esate ort. ms iescaTeeae Phan 0-013406, 83881940CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 87 eto, ‘Office FE Katwavia Sar New Dei 1007S ae Website: wow iesaster oe rma x maseryahoo coin TeBearer Sue Phone 11901840, T8H51605, 71880508Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING LES MASTER teeagae IeSGaTEue Ges Kawa for ey DTT Website ww iesmadter masta Phone: oft 0738 9881508, 1186s abcoeninCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 89 ‘Office F 5 Kotwovs Sara New Beh TWO Website wm easier og Eva ie, mateyabo xin Phone 61-1012406 765861306 9785008: 90 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING LES MASTER Ta TESenreroUe Phone: 114113406, Tee 13405, 871 aso Tow Doi 10016 nal ie wasterivabeacoinCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 1 ‘Offee Fins Ratwara Sora New Dei NOUS Wee wwe ester Ems i. masteryaoo coin Phen: O11 1015406, 765813406, 7159808 Teepe lesareraue92 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING ies Pik Fro ray TOE LES MASTER (aie wee eern sy Baul ageyeonco mares her oan ahsSlope Deflection Method LES MASTER maar cape iebcresu (ile: F186 Ratwara Soa, New DA TIOOE Website iemecler arg. ihe matertyabo cin Phone: 011013405 763580406, SL1863008Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING LES MASTER ESGATEPSUE ‘Oiee Foe, Rawwara Son, Rew Da TOUTE Website we joumater org Baltes maerdyrboo seis Phone 01110105 7808406 9711855908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method Phage OL 013106 783ITN D Se MES SULT VARU p TNT ie ge! ‘| Z| 96 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING | : TES MASTER : icc PR Rea hs OT TOTS LES MAST ee a IESeATEESUE Phone O11 s1013¢05 TABH13406, 9711858008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 97 TES MASTER Gee Fas tae No THOT ieee Webs: np ismtsecorg Barat es mesteyaben.cei, eeaeeae Fone: o11-101 3405, 18983405, 730098 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING esmastr eg el Phone 01-(1015%05, T696613106, 71188508CIVIL ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method ‘Note Note that from the condition of symmetry we can make the following observations io 36,000 N/a. ie ES MASTER ikec FE a Sa or DTT S MAST ieee ean ume Pweg aeStructure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERIN New Dain T9015 Walshe wun sesmanter org, E-alis.masteyabvocain Phone 0b1-41012406, 7838810406 97 Oiiiee Pda, Reiwarie 5aCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 101 ae TES MASTER TESCATESUE ‘Office Fink Ravwar Sora New Die DOTS Website: wee iesmaser arg. Eales masterSrahogcain Phone 1410136, 88881506, 9711855908ue Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘ite FD, Karwara Sua New Del 10016 ig asterayaboo 798815106 971863908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 403 ‘Dilion 6, Retwara Sarai New Debi 110016 Welt: wore easter org Frail it maseraboo cain Phone 0114101346, Ten 806, 711958008Cnet Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ES MASTER IeScTErale ‘iio: FR, Ratwara Sara New Dol T1OOTS Website: wrt iesmaser rg. Ena ns maseryaoo in Phone: 011-410) 3¥8, TERS. 971185908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 105, ce ‘itce F106 Rawwar Sra Wee Do 110016 Website: wwe esmaster on, Daas maserlaeesin Phone (7 s1049406 780R) 9005 ITSOStructure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING fer Debs T0018 Website ww isnasterorg Banat ex astern cin howe: O1-H1OU406 [8380106 9711860008CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 107 ‘Office F126, Ratwara Barat New Dn GTS Webs wn smastr erg. Banat nessa ein Prone 01-1107 $006 FOSSSA06 715506‘Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING LES MASTER Sara, New Dalhi- TOOTS an ae ag Email e.mastaryoo cain IescvrePauePhe 11046, T2880, 7108Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Stricture Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERINGCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 144 where, Ry Fee Ruy Orie: Pia6, Kawwara So Now Dev ‘Website wr jcwadtor og, Ena. aseraboo.cnia Phone O11-H1015108, THSH81305, T1508Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERINGE bi oe deflection method we assume member. 10. be oly rigid be bo in nelecied 1066678,, + 533338,, ~ 400 Tian eae i Far a atetyahn ct weereeee Ph a pAb 06, 9711880308CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 113 ‘ilee F6, Katwara Sani New Do TI0016 LES MASTE R Website woe eemastr org Emil es asteryahoo coin Sor ‘Phone: 11-1013, 198515606, 2711853008414 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING pa we - fon we mein a nt ona EScerals Phone: 011-0038406,rasagi2in6, 971863008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Stope Deffection Method 145 ‘foe FiN5 Katwaris Sarat New Del T1OUIE ESHER sree ons: we esmiser og ma es maatr@yabvosnin Phone 01141015405, 7858813406, 911882008116 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING GES essa A LEMAR Winicore cman ate naweriie ‘ aaa Periinie setierntnFOR MORE EXCLUSIVE CIVIL ENGINEERING E-TEXTBOOKS AND GATE MATERIALS, NOTES VISIT www.CivitEnNccForALL.cOM AN EXCLUSIVE WEBSITE BY AND FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND GRADUATESCIVIL_ENGINEERING Stope Deflection Method 417 ES MASTER serve easy Phone 11013405, TeS881406 99285908 | eSErOLeee 148 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING st LES MASTER ERIE ‘ee Fe, Ratna Sara, Now Doni TTV OTS else: wwneeaster ory, Bais. nastr@ythooco9 Phone 011101346, 7388 13106, 971859908, prCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope. Deflection Method 119 LE.S MASTER fone venenatis ieeearesSus hove OM 0136, 6H 91185008120 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Ofc Fa awa Sk Wo Do 100 maser org, Bal ie ustyahon. cn Phone oui keine a i i i ieee ec NEE a ORR esCIVIL_ENGINEERING TESMASTER IESeAIEPOUE Slope Deflection Method Dies Fah Ratvans Se New Del 1007S Website woes ong Rate astoryaho nin 1105, 541408 OTL8S908122 Structure Analysis. CIVIL_ENGINEERINGCIVIL ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 128 ee enue Ea IESIATeRSUE :124 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Pee TE.S MASTE! ie Fae Re yD TTS Website wn esmasterarg Emit es maserGpaboecoin eae Phone 010408 3881406, 183008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 125 ‘Offiee:F17H Katwarsa Sarat Now Doli 110015 Website wwe insmasarory, Baa es master@yabon 00 hope 001306 T8241 eeCIVIL ENGINEERING Structure Analysis 126.128 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘Dif FID5 Karan Sor New Ba TOUTE LES MASTER ‘Wels we samster any Ea ex nsteryabo cin Lend Fone 0 eee 1TH ‘eueneesueCIVIL ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 127 eee Ouse FC ire ee aos TES MASTER ee esCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 129 Ors ‘Oe Fa8 Ravana Saray New DONT TH0TS Welate awortimaste ort Ean astniyahoo cin ‘ane rie aii han a430. Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 1. If there is no sway but sway has been assumed then E16 will eome out to be zero. . Ue direction of Ais wrongly assumed it will come out to be (-) ve.CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 134 ‘ilies Ft Rrtwana Sari New DOT TUOIO Wobste: wire satetr og Esme te astra coin home 011410896 7806810405 97008 SoneainStructure Anal CIVIL_ENGINEERINGSlope Deflection MethodStructure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERINGCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 135 TES MASTER ‘Offiee F120 Katwona Sra, New Do “1100 ‘Website: we iesmaster ore, Bailes. asterraboeen in Phone O1- M0154, 755882306, 97118508136 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING i ‘amc \eogeteeteCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 137 {a) Continuous beam ES MASTER teore Ena nase maerreie hve Oot onto 88Structure Analysis CiviL_ENGINEERING ‘ans oa ieseateane “iiea oe Kwan Sorat Now Dan TOOTS Wetnte:wert eomaste ong. B wales nasteryabon coin Pune 0114101346, 7538818196, 711855908_4 CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 139 ‘ew De -T10 016 ister oe Beatie master raion Phoye 0141015406, 749815406 S71889008140, Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING ‘Off Pt Ravan Sara New Del Website ww issn og, Ema Phone 0171673405, T8612105, i 2 | 3 |NG 3 CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 444 ee cet “fee Fs Katwari Sora, New Do T10OT6 WWetnte wor ieemaserorg Pm es maerdyibeosnin Phone 010018106, es881906, 971153008Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 142 jeg elaennachisl erin i : Se Fa oa SE TTCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method —i 144 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ES MASTER iesearensue ‘Ofiee FIDE Ratwars Seay New Do TIDOTS ‘abste wu aster org. Erma asterSyaho coin Phone 01-4010, T9818406, 9711853908 i :CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method146 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING _ ‘Oi P26, Kross Sra, New Do TOI ‘Wetsite wwniespater ng Eth es wasertyahonon ia Phone DIL sH01318, 85661906, 971853908 LES MASI EQUATESCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method148 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ee ee 3 facia were Cen eianorariac mast JESIGATEIPSUS Phone: 011-s1013106, 7838815906, 9711859908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 149 ‘Offices F1D5 Katwana Sea New Deli T Website wr esmaser er, Eel es masteryaboco in scarce Prone O11 s1O1805 Tessi3e0e, THBCIVIL_ENGINEERING 3 < é & 2 z 8 aCIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 151 1o SG Sel eee os re ‘Ofiet FIUE Katwarn Soa New Diy 110 01 Website: iexmaster org Ema a: mastery bon coin ‘Pape 1410135, 75861806, 5711853908152 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING ae ee ane 5 es PES Saonewetanenc ot bs | Oreos ne 11 TTD, T88105 S715 4CIVIL_ENGINEERING Slope Deflection Method 153 RT at ETE LESMASIER Wontar fest maurice ae Fost i ngsCuapTeR 40 Displacement Method of Analysis Moment Distribution Method TE eee) _ Moment distribution method is the most suitable manual method for analysis of continuous beams and plane frames. The method was presented by Prof. Hardy Cross of USA in 1929. © The method consists in solving indirectly the equations of equillibrium as formulated in slope deflection method without finding the displacements. This is an iterative procedure. This is also known as relaxation method. IBASIC CONCEP’ Tn this method the analysis begins by assuming each joint in the structure to be fixed. Then, by unlocking and locking each joint in succession, the internal moments at the joints are distributed and balanced untill the joints have rotated to then final or nearly final positions. The following ‘examples has been given to illustrate the basic concept. se al ayaMoment Distribution Method civit ENGINEERING 3 to be fixed aiid corresponding to ext convention adopted wil be same #2178 ment is.taken a8 (*) ‘pe fixed in step 1. But in eality it ia not. fixed: Hence due tof ‘nd moments there ie an unbalanced moment at joint B of magnitude: im but in reality. net moment at B must be zero. Myx t Mae = 2 ‘This unbalas slanced by applying *$a00kNm_ moment "hy such that May + Ma “Hic Fine Kwa Se, No Sra we emt Meco sani. 7 “Joint Bhas been assumed t0 Dain HOE at astern 88 95306, 185008 -CiVIL_ ENGINEERING ioe (Qilee 126, Kawa ra Ney Da TTT site: meister ve ona i-mastersy hasan hone 0110 40K Tasgiseoe 9711859908i E CIVIL ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 157 ae fx ah Ravana Sn New Des TOT LES MASTER ‘incr wee ole Ba nner abonca Pond Poon 0-104, 58110, 788008158 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING Ea Tike TIE Tawa ton te TT TESMASTER he wrpsmeutey bel pater ee Pwr hiss seCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 159 TES MASIER : a MAST Website wwe nsmaser rg. Brak mastyehea cai iescatepaue Phone O11 4l013106,1te8)306, 971855018160 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING cCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method hoe 1220191, 793861208, 912285308162 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING TES MASTER iia FS Reesor) So TOT mee Pe sores eh aes |CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 163 ISIGN CONVENTIO! clockwise moment is taken as (+) ve anticlockwise moment is taken as (-) ve ice. the sign convention is same as that in slope deflection method for member end moment calculation. PEO Ee ee ete ej @ alae oe PEED NI IN As joint ‘A’is rigidly connected, all members at joint ‘A’ the same amount @,f a moment ‘M’ is applied at joi gete distributed in all the connected members. As all rotate by same amount 0, at.A, We have | ahi Ip, by B= constant a) | i 4B Joint stiffness fe M80, = Ko" Mow 4 Sets, SE 9, KO, = Moan bac May abet in AC ‘Moment distribution in AB I, Jy 31, Mow Mow? Moaa = BSB l, - ua = Relative stiffness of AD 1, = Relative stiffness of AC Bi are eee Naan164 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING civ 3h 41, = Relative stifiness of AB > Relative stiffiess when far end is fixe‘ tl Relative stiffness when for end hinge’ How “Note: Meaning of far end M « Near end cae & — Near end Farend ——# 8 —______ GVA, Stiffness of member . ffiness of all members at the joint 4EL, - 5 PF = 4EI, ,4ET, , 3El, aay IF of a member = Total relative stiffness of all members at the joint mre Bern carried over moment ’ ‘ ) EI=constant throughout AB L ose M= Applied ae Fron overCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method ‘When moment 'M’ is applied at pin, Moment carried over to fixed far end . Carried over moment > Cony over factor = SSE SMERE 1 = > in this case 5 € Howere, In the following ease, carry over factor = 0, DEPUTY Co a ee heh ee) ee PR eS At end ‘A’ two members, Wall and AB joins. Hence, distribution factor at A =—Aas_= G 4K yy (BF of ix 165 SMASTER ‘ich Kates Sv Non Deby TOOTS EIS ese wav esate ne vanes Phone: 04 018605 783961408,166 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING (FEM) ag EIA, —4)) ase Ga. fb } na TES MASTER ikea is Eaves Soar ew OE ] leSenreraue Pune: 11-41019406, 729881308 97 1685808CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 167 all forces about R, we have Mala b)00+))- gy beng BE TES MASTER fee FG Fara SNe eT” LES MASTER rate worn esmaner ore Ba is astrsabon coin ieSoATE Sue Phone 091-013404, 888833405, $7 1885808168 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 10018 ster org. Emails nasteryabon Phone OU LOL G6, TBR 86, 711659908 {CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 169 ‘ee 195 Katara Seay Now Daly IDE Website: wor esate arg. Boal ix pasteryahuo coin Phone 01015406, 185813406 ST IBE908170 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING eee i i pare MASTER Se ogee Phone: 11-9015, 18461910, 971853008cIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 474 = 88.05 KN = Eocene s LES MASTER Cre are Rromrar Ei ratryen8 Phone DIL-s101346, 298813406, 911850905 Tecate172 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING e ¢ TES MASTE eae dl Website wa esauster ore mall IEReATERSUS oqo 011-0013, 7859815406 $71853506CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 173 LES MASTER Welk gretimamen Pat eaateDoct474 aig CE a) Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING MASTER ‘eager IESGATERSUe ‘Ons F1a6,Rewavia Sova New Deli T0018 Wet: www somes ore, Ema ie masteryahaocnin Phone OF 41019408, 7838810406, 91 esee08A cose asemcxey CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 495 ‘Ne esi: west er, alles asteyaoo coin Phone 01-0155 65881566, 3715858508176 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING cooker Paras LES MASTER HESGMEyS Phone: Ui none, ea69u06, 118508 Sa ey DB HT nal i matey cnin lo Tryon fl pee)seals ainicaemiee 7 - CIVIL ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method Sete a NR oN ee ee i Itbeam is symmetrical both with respect to loading and geometry, be symmetrical. Ae 4 reault, a modification of the stiffness facl made, s0 that moments in the beam have to be distributé th half of the beam only. ic. by modifying the stiffness of = 8=Slope 2BI T= modified stiffness of central span M 6 > a 4 and only 1/2 of the beam will be analysed. Hence for span BO, stiffness will be taken as p TES MASTER Mee wen emaore heat mean ‘(oemeneuy. Phone: 031-41013406, 78388 718906 EESCIViL_ ENGINEERING civ Structure Analysis 178 Bc v ey Cae ce seein TES MASTER eo eee eesRING CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 179 TES MASTER eee ones180 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING SEC OO Gr Urey acti y sue Va eo we ES MASTER Wess wi nostra Brot ee anya ‘eocurenss Phone 011-41018106, 18881408, 97185308 saesiad Laas militate 5 aintCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 184 ‘Hence conjugate beam loading can be shown as below. ae EI Canjugate beam 7 Ry i Shear force at support in conjugate beam is equal to slope in real beara. 1,ML2 1 M1 Ml ae R= yer“3" 2” BT "3 GBT LES MASTER ies hone 011-1012, 7B810406, 971185905182 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Bis sai ES MASTER a, eSGATERSU Phone 01141012406, 798813606, 9711852008shoocoia Moment Distribution Method 183 ‘Office F106 Katrarie Saat Now Doki 10076 Wet www samaserorg Bani is. wasterpabeosoe Phone: 1140108 69861208 S708184 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Sas ees s = eu Sees |ALYSIS OF FRAME WITH NO SIDE SWAY WHEN AXIS OF SYMMETRY IPASSES THROUGH A COLUMN Y © Henee total mo) >CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 185 2M ‘Webs www srmaster org Bmai ies mastertyahe iescaTersi Phau 011-1016, 7299613406, 911853908 TMASTER ities F196, Karwar Sarai New Delhi THOO16 |186 Structure Analysis. CIVIL_ ENGINEERING eros Weteite wor easter or. Emi ee Sasoase org. Balls, mastrrabeg cain iesgutee Phone: 11-1103, 7808619106, 1858808 gr cree = Tie FA ean Nee TTCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method Dic Fon Rotman Sra, New Delis HOOTE “imal es anstergyaboocaie LES MASTER Webste ve ome a ‘Phone: 931-s1013406, 7838813406, 9711868908 eecarerselo 188 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING TLSMASIER Cink we eouatag aul rnueeimcnNG CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 189 penne jee Fas Kotwava Sari New Debi -T10016 Mebse wwe maser org Ea astern eb Phone 017420904 TARRSADG STAR a i190 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING cl Divee FANG, Kawwurn Boy Hen Dey HOE Website wo emsster or, Rai x maetensyahoa cin Phone 01741013405, 78613406, 9717858008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method TES MASTER Rees Fa bh nae le ‘\eecmersus Phone: 011-41013406, 7888813406, 9711859908 2.192 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING CIVIL ‘Office F128 Rotwaa Sarai New Dols 110018 Weta: wwinemastr ore Bal je. asteryabaenin Pron 11055406, TSABLSHCE, 97183908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 209 Ea ane eocrhinren rerStructure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING TES MASTER TESGATE SUS “Offer: F128, Kawans Saal New Deli TIO016 Wels ww iemastr rg, Bra es aster@yabnocain Phone 01141012406, TSHeLSt06, 971653008CIVIL_ ENGINEERING ati Moment Distribution Method 2tt ‘Office Fah aware Sea New in Webs ww insmaster rt Bales nasterdahun coin Phot 0114291818, 89881106, 9732859908212 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING civil E TES MASTER Testo wex easy wg Bmoitierateg ahah aire owe th vn 8081806 7 iBING | CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 213 ‘Office 16, Katwana Saray New DiRT THOT18 ‘Website: we ienastar or Bal masteraboacoia Phage 112012106 (eIB6H06 ST CGsSa08214 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING cIVIL_EB IESGAIEP SveCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 215 es ‘Die Fs Raa Sat Now NTO LES MASTER Wine wrest oe x sro Pahead Dhow of oie Tesoro |216 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING — | civ TE.S MASTER ‘Orie Fz, Rewana Sai New Delt TID016 TEI ‘ran rere Webs {ESIGATERSUe Phone: 011-41019408,T398515406, 8701863908 jw woe sesastr re, Basal 2s mastenSyabon ciCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 217 M ew Delli- 1001 LES MASTE! Watt we ns etn aternbocain OS Seancegeees iesaurese Phone O1L n012406 ebiS4o,ST4E5008i : 218 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERINGCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 219 ari Sara, Now Den 11006 ies. uasteraboocoin saa Website ww iesmacter org IESIcEPSte Phone 01 105 763881405, STHBGIOO8220 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING y re. emai es. easeryabo coin Phone 141018406, 788815406, 1953908 reCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method ‘Office: 125, Katara Sarm, New Du T10016 Web we esse org, Erma es astern cin ‘Powe: 91141038408, 7a618106, 3711885908Structure Analysis ‘CIVIL ENGINEERING le Fart reSGaTerCLeCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 223 wes So eta ses eaei : 224 Pee sO Stricture Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING LES MASTER IeSGaTePSte uw ‘Offices F108, atwara Saray New Dal TOUT Webs: wn eastern Phone: 01-4034, 758810606, 971863508 ‘Ema ios masteroyabuosniaee CIVIL ENGINEERING cae {Moment Distribution Method 225 “Sawer _ esate TES MASTER Off FE Kear Sr Hew TS 8 on, Ema ie, erteyehio ean hove On 14,8830, TL85R8226 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING i i T0oTF ies maserdyabocoin Phage 0111015306, 72365406, 11868508ING CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 227 ‘Oifien 136, Keovana Sara New Des TUOTO Website www esmastr org oma mastery ens Phone O1 1406 763881005, 971 1851908228 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE FRAME DUE TO YIELDIN ‘Office PIDs Katwara Sura New Dal HOOTE Welste wr esmastarorg. malt: es masterSyahocain Phone 014013405, 743813406, 971 1853908ERING CIVIL ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 229 [ES MASTER sie wena ee Phone O11H101 8 765809406, 711853908 TSenees: Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERINGCIVIL. ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 2641 kN 70.44 KN 26.41 + 70.4 81.834 kN ‘Offices FTE, Katwara Sarat New Dob TOUTS Webs wer esate xg. Pall masterdyabg cain Phone 1101516, 18981508, 1118508,232 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING2 4 5 3 CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 233 - ¢ TES MASTER ‘fete we neato Ban agaeyehnein ooueres. Phone 111013406, 75961506. 9711855908234 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING cly > MASTER ‘Offe= FIT, Ratwara Sua New Deby“ T10 018 oe aa Website ww ema ion. oaterSyabno nin ieSeaiorsue Phone, OH -1013H05, TSIGHU6 S7880008 3CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 235 ES MASTER ‘Orie Fs, Rrowata Sara New TS HOO fe nese hone 01141013406, 7088236 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING civ ie Pe a Sw AT TT TES MASTER “ee mnt aarti a ar Ieerat et Phone 0101346, 71898815108 209985808CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 237 SMASTER ‘se we eros Ba ea aye ain IRSGATEBSte Phone 0114101544, 798813406, STLL8S0908238 ‘Structure Analysis. CIVIL_ENGINEERING i lue of FEM in sway analysis ‘Oifie Fas Rawvara Sori New Doi 11DoTS Webs wow name ort mat ie. nasteyihoncnia| ‘eSgaresue Prone O1-161310,T83H13405 971853808CIVIL ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 239 is gan lesicuiensue240 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘ex FI Rar Sa ew DTT LE.S MASTER ‘esi weeny Bast enya Sega Fine alan fe eseCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 241 LE. MASTER = ‘Office: F-126. Katwars Sarai, New Delhi - 110 016 Watse wn eomaterorg Emi es mantexesoo coin ae Phooe 0171101206 TSUBN3106 $711 BSSN08civil 242 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING ee FT an ov TT LES WASTER et enn ante iaCIVIL_ ENGINEERING LES MASTER iecnete Moment Distribution Method 243 Has Nn ‘Offer: P26. Raters Sar STEN ie Delp 10018 ‘Website wow esmaster org na ts nasteryahoo coin Phune Ul sR TAN681908, T1858 ;| Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING lesecaesus ‘Dilice P0 Rewana Sir New Bel TOUTS ‘Website: wu iesmaster org Bra es aseryahoacoin Pose O11HT0334 T8815 40, 973008 CIVILCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 245 et ES MASTER Qanste we eons Eats mae Wevcarenss Phone DL A1O1846, T4836, 97119908244 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL 24 Srv cture Anaysis_ «tress -_~ ence) ‘ifce: FID Ravana Saat, New Dani T016 Wels: ww esmaster org Bk emer cain hon O1-5101 946, 794815106, 971 1852908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 245 EA eFC LES MATE Fee Sere Pak otausiimn Feber Pesriiieiei teriaCIVIL ENGINEERING Structure Analysis gas MASTER Webte ww eset eee PhoneCIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 247 TES MASTER PF Gr eT Vig © 9 MASTER tt reat ft sac AESIGATERSUS Phone O11-4007S406 188881408 9711853005 a248 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING cwviL E ®P DIRECT ‘The follo ‘Reason ‘using the Code @l @: oA a 3B Asse dunt Rea aubje Asse duet Rea toth Ag! ‘belo es shown below x, y and z are the deflections under A, B and C due to loads P and Q. x,y" and! are the deflection under A, B and C due to unit load at C. The deflection z would equal to @) Px + Qy ) Px’ + ay’ | I ‘Ofiee P26, Rawaria Sara New Dan TTO DTS Website wo sesmastr ore. mal ox masteryahoacnit Phone 01741018408, 70681306, 9711659908CIVIL ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 249 © Py+Qx @ Py +Qx" DIRECTIONS : ‘The following items consists of two statements; one labelled as ‘Assertion (AY’ and the other as ‘Reason (RY. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answers to thes» items using the codes given below: Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A ©) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A © Ais true but R is false @ A is false but Ris true Assertion (A): The total virtual work done bya ystom of fore acting during a virtual displacement is zero. Reason (R): If a system of forces acting on a deformable an iuibiim, as the body is Subjected to a small deformation, the external virtual work, fbtee will also be zero, ‘4. Assertion (A): In the analysis of rigid frames, the usual due to flexure only. Reason (R): The strain energies due to axial an to that of flexure 5. Asymmetrical portal frame ABCD fixed at A and D/¢irries a point load P as shown in the figure below. Elis constant tof conteaflexure in the frame will be ® oo @ four . jected to moment M, as shown in the figure below. The fixed end moments will M My | ce h E vy > I ee LE L L 4 2 4 () ver OM, © My2 @ ™, 7. A propped cantilever of uniform flexural rigidity is loaded as shown in the given figure. The bending Moment at fixed end A is 4 TES MASTER far ove easy Penton oaacaia 4 Fett Ps 0 8186 880)250 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING 3 3m im (@): 150 KN-m hogging (©) 300 kN-m sagging © 150 kN-m sagging @ 300 kN-m hogging 8. Match List (Actual beam) with List-II (Conjugate beam) on the basis of analogy and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List Listil A. Curvature 1. Shear B. Deflection 2 Load C. Shope 3 Moment Codes: A BoC ~ @ 2 1 3 ® 2 3 1 © 3 A 2 7 @ a 8 9% PL ® oe Py oF se, 10, Ifa point logtlactine a the midspan oa fixed beam of uniform section produces xed end omens of 60 kNsin, thgn the same load spread uniformly over the entire span will produce fixed en! moments eudal toi (©) 30 kN-m @ 45 kN-m 11. A uniform’beam of span L is rigidly fixed at both supports, It carries a uniformly distributed load ‘w' per unit length. The bending momient at mid span is we we o> ) 3 o> wl a © 76 @ 12, Consider the following statements: ‘The principle of superposition is not applicable when ae TES MASTER ‘Offee Fe, Rawat Sart ow Dali T1OTTS Sous ae ‘Webs: www nsmaster ong Fs: masterishoo coi” ue hore: O1-41012405 22889406, 971185908CivIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 254 1. the material does not obey Hooke’s law. 2, the effect of temperature changes are taken into consideration. 3, the structure is being analyzed for the effect of support settlement, Which of these statements is/are correct? @ Jonly () Land 2 © 2and3 @ 12and3 18. Principle of minimum strain energy is 1. aparticular case of Castigliano’s first theorem 2, aparticular case of Castigliano’s second theorem 3, applicable only when the redundant supports do not yield 4, applicable even when the redundant supports yield Select the correct answer using the eades given below: (a) land 3 (b) land 4 © 2and 3 @ Qand4 g 14. Mateh List-I (Ascumption/Theorem) with List-IT (Angiysig and Strength) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: 2 a" List al ov ‘A. Plane section remains plane before and after ‘bling dbformations B, Elasticity.and small deformations me C. Uniqueness theorem D, Large deformations List 5 1. Elastic analysis and superpasttio Strain distribution and plastic, moment of resistance 3. Non-linear analysis and bucl 4, Collapse load 15, A uniform beam of length 2L and flexural rigidity EI is fixed at both the ends. What is the moment required for unit rotation at the centre of span? t 261 41 o> OF 6El SEI Ona o> DIRECTIONS : ‘The following items consists of two statements; one labelled as ‘Assertion (A)' and the other as ‘Reason (R)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answers to these items using the codes given below ese TR Hace “Phone: 011-41012406, 7848813406, 9711853906 : 5252 Structure Analysis Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (©) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation-of A © Ais true but R is fals @ Ais false but Ris true 16, Assertion (A): In the elastic-plastic behaviour of static load can be calculated from equilibrium considerations without any reference to the characteristics of the structure. Reason (R): The ultimate load of a structure is influenced by a stress and residual stresses, 17. Consider the following statements = regarding the analysi 2. ‘The stiffness method consist in formulating equilibrium “ae ti + nodes, Which of these statements is/are correct? a4 (@) Only 1 © Only 2 (© Both 1 and 2 @ Neither 1 nor 2 18 A beam carries a uniformly distributed load thydlighout its Téngth. In which of the fol configuration will the strain energy be maximyinn @ Cantilever © Spy sun Ea (© Propped cantizever @ Fixed: “Ss 19, When a load is applied to a structure with rigidipints {@) there is no rotation or displacéent of jobs (©) there is no rotation of joint q © there is no displacement of joint @ there can be rotation and digplacerent of joint but the angle between the members COR to the joint remains same even°after application of the load ributed load of q/unit length. In this ¢ 20, The propped cantilé¥ér AB carries a uniformly dis qv the momentireaction M, = 9 unit lee : tpt What is th clockwise moment required atB tomake the slope ofthe deflection curve eat i. we o% ® 4e wv w © 12 @ 7 - 21. For the propped cantilever shown in the figure below, a hinge is provided at C. A and Ba same level. What is the force reaction at the fixed end A? ice FT, Kwara Sra, New DE Website: wv emai og, Bai Sg Fone 0110013406, 7898819406CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 253 P c fis, - 9 La ag | (a) 4P/3 & P © 3P4 @ PR 22, A fixed end beam of uniform cross-section is loaded proportion of the bending moment at the centre to the @ a1 1:2 @a:4 @23 - 23, The stiffness K of a beam deflecting in a symmetric mode, iniformly throughout the Span. What is the . What is the elastic conditions ? as show in BER, EI @® Tr 4EL ot 2%, The unit load method used if striictiral atialysis is (@) applicable only to statically indeterminate structures ©) another name for stiffness method js theorem 25. For a linear elastic struetiifal system, minimization of. (2) compaitibility conditions ©) copstititive relations © equ Nbxiuitedquations @ strain-digplacement relations 26. The plane frame below is analyzed by neglectin with respect to the analysis: potential energy yields sto? UHI ai: axial deformations. Following statoments ans mide is she ie LES MAS ieSexTePoue ER ‘Oiiex FIDE Fatwa Sead aD Webs: wo ira254 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 10 KNim ——_—_— om BI=81380 Nw? 1. Column AB carries axial force only, 2. Vertical deflection at the center of beam BC is 1 mm, . ‘With reference to the above statements, which of the a aD (@) Both the statements are true (>) Statement 1 is true but 2 is false (© Statement 2 is true but 1 is false @ Both the statements are false 27, Vertical reaction developed at B in the ‘sl itebelowiié'to the applied load of 100 KN (with 150,000 sm? cross-sectional area and 3.125 x 1G iti LN we wo ©) 30.2 kN © 66:3 RN @ 94.1 kN 28, The following methods are used for structural analysis: Macaulay method 2 Column analogy method 3. Kani's method 4. Method of sections - ‘Those used for indeterminate structural analysis would include (@) Land 2 ®) Land3 © 2and3 @ 2 Sand 4 29. Ii the flexural rigidity of the beam BC of the portal frame shown in the given figure is assumed Wed woreroaster or Beat es. masterdyabooaia Phone UU Taio 5406, 7398619806, 71653608 TES MASTER Oiiee FR Rama in aT TE civ tob @ ¢ aL DIE ‘The Reabi lates es eie CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 285 ta be zero, then the horizontal displacement of the beam would be <5 2h ) Phe Ph? © 3ei on Ph’ Ph? © oer ® i 80, A fixed beam AB with a central hinge C is built of pwo a moment of inertia I. When support A yields and rotates 4 ae ig the moment at B? ED L 318 © aT 81. Acontinous beam ABC is loaded! @ .conéentrated moment at B. End reaction at € is calculated ‘the end is fixed , what is the reaction (R,) at C? 7 m c @ Zero 2 by Bqual to Ry © Greater than Ry, @ Less than R, &, < ‘The followings Woms consists of twa statements; one labelled as ‘Assertion (A)’ and the other as ‘Reason (RY’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answers to these items using the codes given below: Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (®) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A © Ais true but R is false @ Ais false but R is true 82, Assertion (A): The principle of superposition for deflection of beams subjected to a number of londs can be applied in the case of large deformations, ut TES MASTER i cat a nuetena] ESgueraae hone: 411 101S406, Es881EAN6, STETESG006256 Structure Anal CIVIL ENGINEERING Reason (R): In the principle of superposition, the resultant deflection due to all the loads willbe the algebraic sum of the deflections due to each load acting separately. 83. A member coordinate system is shown in the given figure. The symmetric stiffness square matrix obtained for the member AB of length L with flexural rigidity ‘EY’ by using the slope deflection tL equation and rules of matrix multiplication is as follows: ‘Symmetric]|® 21) Stifiness || “L | Square |} 65 Matrix || Se t ne @) 2,3, 1and3 () 2, 3-1ani © 2,3, land -3 @ 1,3, 3and 3A. Match List with List-II with respect using the codes given below.the liste: ‘The correct sequence of elements of the first SG symnielrie stiffness square matrix is As ae given below and select the correct answer. ListI 2 A. Moment at B aa dwt aE "OL : 3. 1.50 M where M= "= 12 - 4 Me here m= ME 4E] AB c D @ 2 1 4 3 ® 3 1 4 2 © 3 4 1 2 @M 2 4 1 8 aaeeee Tras ieseurensus "igor, T3H818106, 9783008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 257 38, A fixed beam AB of span L carries a uniformly distributed load w per unit length. During loading, wit the support B sinks downwards by an amount d, d= 7, what is the fixing moment ot B? wl? wi? E - o> ® GEIB om (® Zero 36, What is the value of qy for the beam shown in figure below ? 104N lamp D g a 1 @) Zero © F © Bf anticlockwise @ 10 ga’ © 20 © 25 @ 30 38 The rigid portal fYame shown in the given figure will not have any side sway if the moment of inertia of the column cross-section 1, = the rioment of inertia of the beam cross-section / - @) itis subjected to vertical loading only ® I= 2, ©) the loading is symmetrical about its centre line (@ loaded in any manner wal LE.S MASTER abe wenseayrre ina] eSenreraie Phone 011-1013, 798518406, 9711853008258 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 89. For the portal frame shown in the given figure, the shear equation is amc ni al @@ Mac*Mes sp 9 ) Mas *Map .p <9 4 4 Ge Map +Myy M, Me Lo qe) ean Moo sp = Meo .p = (~~ © “MBB ee =0 @ “PsP =o Cee 40. A steel frame is shown in the given figure. ee Ys : i AR ale 8EL oF 41. In the frame shown in the figdire below, the value of Mcp will be A wnt tength oe we wit @ 0% wH? ‘ oy @ zero : 42. For the rigid frame shown in the figure below, the force required for moving the girder AB throug a horizontal displacement D is given by ir See romanian Serer Phone. 011-4101:3406, 7898812406. 97 : fescueFOR MORE EXCLUSIVE CIVIL ENGINEERING E-TEXTBOOKS AND GATE MATERIALS, NOTES VISIT www.CivitEnNccForALL.cOM AN EXCLUSIVE WEBSITE BY AND FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND GRADUATESCIVIL_ENGINEERING 259 Mingo fc The end moment at Mg will be (@) 10 kNm © 30kN-m 44, The moment at the indeterming support at the ends carryin same for both the g sa @) 90 kN-m hoggin i ® 45 4NG (© 45 kN-m sa ® sali mm bogging show: * avin’ the figur, respectively (AgSiime | 28 conan) the distribution factors for members CB, CD and CG are of a two-szan continuous beam of 6m each with simple KNim over only the left span is (lexural rigidity is the 45, 15kNim Dice Fe Torco Da TOUTE ‘ste an xonaura Pai assert) hone 00 08006, SE260 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 46, Which one of the following steps is NOT correct in the application of moment distribution method? (@) The distribution factors are first computed. © All supports are assumed fixed or locked and fixed end moments are computed for each span, considered separate from every other span. © Each support is now unlocked and the unbalanced moment is distributed to each adjacent span, ‘Then each support is relocked. @ After distributing the unbalanced moment to each adjacent span, one half of this amount, with ‘opposite sign is carried over to the other end of respective span. 47. An applied couple ‘Mt is moving on a simply supported beam of span Las chown in given figure. ‘The absolute maximum bending moment developed in the beam is. @ MR (©) 3M/2 DIRECTIONS : x ‘The following items consists of two statements one labelled as’ “Assertion (AY and the other as Reason (RY. You are to examine these two statements cargfully:anithselect the answers to these items using the codes given below: Codes: (@) Both A and R are true and R is the’ corr () Both A and R are true but Ri@'not 4 gdtrect explanation of A (© Ais true but R is false @) Ais false but R is true % 48, Assertion (A): The slope-deflettjon method isa stiffness method in which the joint displacements are found by applying the equilibrium conditions at each joint. Reason (R): The ‘didplacements at a joint of a member are independent of the displacements of the member at the faif-enid of the joint. 49, Match, List-hwith List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists dee List A Sain ry ethod 1. Successive approximation 2. Flexibility method c distribution 8. Iteration proves D. Kanie method 4. Stiffness method Codes: A BoC D @ 1 4 2 3 ® 2 3 1 4 @ 1 3 2 4 @ 2 4 1 3 50, What is the ratio of magnitudes of moments in the member BC at the ends B and C in the figure given below? LES MASTER ‘Dice 06, Ratwaria Sarat New Doli“ 110018 ‘anon ‘Wehste: waist, Ball is, astrSyaboo.co in ESIGHIEPSU Phone: 11012406, 738813005, 971185908CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘Moment Distribution Method 264 ‘wun feng | y. (B)iscmson a @in wae © a:4 @is BI Consider the folowing statements & Hardy Cross method of moment distribution can be applied to analyze 2 1. continuous beams including non-prismatic structures ? 2. continuous beams with prismatic elements 3. structures with intermediate hinges 4. rigid frames Which of these statements are correct? (a) 1,2, 3and4 (b) Only 1, 2 and © Only 1, 2 and 4 @ Only $ and . 52, What is the carry-over factor from A to Byhile using mbitent distribution for analyzing beam as shown in the figure given below? @ 12 @ wl? @ 6 ‘iter F06, Ratwara Saray New De T1OOTE ‘Website ww smal rg. Sales mastergaho coin Phone 11-110)5408, 13881506, 711858005CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 263 59, In an otherwise symmetrical portal frame with one end fixed and the other end hinged, the hinge support sinks by an amount D, The fixed end bending moment induced at each end ofthe horizon member of the frame due to the sinking of the support will be (given that L is the length of the member and El is the flexurai stiffness) ss nt 3EIA 4EIA @ ® Dp 2 2BIA any aE oT oa 4 DIRECTIONS i The following items consists of two statements; one labelled as ‘Assertio, : ‘Reason (RY. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select using the codes given below: Codes: & (@ Both A and R are true and R is the correct, cont Od © Ais true but R is false @ Ais false but R is true for end hinged, when a postive moment Mis applied to the hinged end of the beam, a post ey: ‘M/2 will be transferred to the otter end Reason (R): As the fixed end remains horizontablajid the hinged end does not dele, a tangent at the fixed end must pass through’ ‘the hinged Fend, that is, the moment of the area of the total bending moment diagram about the hinged end must be equal to 227 61. Members AB and BC in the figure stown are identical. Due to a moment 2M applied at B, what is the value of axial force in the member AB? (xm al (&) MIL (tension) © L.5M/L (compression) __@)_‘1.5MIL (tension) 62, What is the horizontal sway of the point A of the portal frame shown in the figure given below? esl on El EI 1 L Cc" bd TES MASTER OT eer an ‘scare Phone 07746105 STH264 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING » PL PL? © Ser _ on PL? PL’ © ter © set 68, What is the fixed end moment for the beam shown in the figure given below? pONM Mt | J 2 a c Ts in oa U4 = (o aMys @ Mys hi a at EVIE a pure moment of 20 KN: i@.moment at the fixed end A? 0)57.5 kNem @ 2.5 kNea (@) 10 kN-m (© 5 kN-m 65. Consider the following at ements: In the stiles methid of analysis leterminate structures alone are considered oth statioally determinate and indeter-minate structures can be considered eget to identify the redundants the displacements are considered as the unknowns to calculate the displacements and establish the equations of equilibrium, it will be convenient to develop the stiffness matrix for the structure Which of these statements are correct? (@) 1, 8and4 ) 1, 3and5 © 24and5 @ 23, 4and5 ‘Dior FTP, Karas Sorat New Dl T10 076 LES MASTER Westerns Ea nubs ieocaie le Phe DTI 2a, 99860106, 711836CIVIL_ENGINEERING Moment Distribution Method 265 a 2 & 2 © a) 5 @ & © 2 @ a) 2 w © n @ BR @ B © uo) un © mR ® a. (b) 2 @) Lo) 2B. (@) 2» @ 0. © 33. (e) uu ®) mn @& 38) i @ a 45. () « @ a @ 50. @) 53. (d) 54. (by 2 6©@© 58. (b) a @ 6 @) 6% © a ae FeSntes, Pane O01 19/008 T3106, TELECIVIL wae ‘ ‘A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at end points by bolting/Rivetting or welding, Ends of the, members are joined to a common plate called gusset plate en ee ean é Y Gusset Bottom fei plate chord IROOF TRUSS! + Roof trusses are often used as industrial building frame. The roof load is transmitted to the truss at the joints by means of a series of puslins. The roof truss along with its supporting columns is” termed as bent. iz TES MASTER ex Fn oon a ew TTS i i vl ‘cae ae West: wrwseamaster org Temes masteryabontsi IeScATEPSU Phone Ot s015408 7436610408 £711859008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 261 «To keep the truss rigid, and thereby capable of resisting horizontal wind forces, knee braces are sometimes used at the supporting columns. «The space between adjacent truss is called a bay. «Bays are often tied together using diagonal bracing in order to maintain rigidity of the buildings structure. + ‘Trusses used to support roofs are selected on the basis of the span, the slope and the roof material ‘Some of the more common types of trusses used are shown in figure below. © The scissors truss can be used for short spans that require overhead clearance. +The Howe and Pratt trusses are used for roofs of moderate span about (18 ma) to (30 mn) For larger spans, the fan truss or Fink truss may be used. ‘+ Ifa flat roof or nearly flat roof is to be selected, the Warren truss is used. * Sawtooth trusses are used where column spacing is not objectionable and uniform lighting is ‘important. «The bowstring truss is sometimes used for garages and small airplane hangars. ‘4 The arched truss is used for high rises and long spans such as field houses, gymnasiums and 80 0. Scissors @ Cambered Fink oO truss towstring thres-hinged arch ne is ® ; o icc FT Raat Soat ew Da TOE ona LES MASTER isis rectcrasare Boel estas WescuerSy Phone 04) #018406 758813406, 9713853308CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 268 Sey ET ‘The main structural elements of a bridge truss are shown above. % Load on the deck is first transmitted to stringers, then to floor beans: ant oly to the joints of the two supporting side trusses. ‘The top and bottom cords of these side trusses are conneéted by top:dnd bottom lateral bracing, which serves to resist the lateral forces caused by wind lid the sidesway caused by moving vehicles on the bridge. fs, Additional stability is provided by the portal andisway, bracing A roller is provided at one end of a bridge triids tg‘allow for thermal expansion. ‘The typical forms of bridge trusses used ows Warren (with verticals) © West: wwe strong Ema ie masterSyshencoin hone O11 1013406, T38873406 STIRS i TES MASTER ‘ilies FI26 Katwara Soa New Del TOUT ’ 5 MASTER om i a inCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses 269 Parker @ Baltimore © subdivided Warren © Gere «-ThePrat, Howe, and Warren trusses are normal tee spans up to61 min length, The most als. Ror larger span, Parker truss is used. Jy diigonals have slope bebween 45° and 60° with z truss and Howe truss and ove the cut truss onthe Jeft side of section zy If we cut a seation both in Pratt .r member which carries tension and diagonal (1)-(1), we see that diagonal in Pratt truss case is a Jone jn Howe truss case is @ longer member which carries compression hus if longer mismber caries compression, theres likely chance of buckling of truss member, w TES MASTER Or a i neo ‘gowns owe 0102405, 89815106, $71189908,CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses Howe truss © Thus Pratt Trus is better, Note: In case of trusses shear is resisted by inclined members and bending is resisted by: moment generated due to axial tension and compression in members producing moment, Note that shear Vis resisted by force in member ao and 36) C and T separated by a distance ‘h’ 1, The members are joined together by smooth. pins. 2. AllToadings are applied to joints é 3. Self wt. of the members are negligible, Assumption 1 : This assumption means that ccnife Lea af joining members are concurrent. Thus momel FP, and F, about 0 is zero. ie. jolt atts as a pin Fy o¢ =} Dr Assumption 2 a a Normally satisfied in roof and bridge trusses if purlin are at joints and in bridge #¥S transferred at panel pointsCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses ] Assumption 3 ince force supported by members are large compared to its weight, th ; , the self ' geglected. For example if self wt of a member of truss is 65 kg it can cet mat Tinie O00 bg NALYSIS OF STATI De UO LSC Zero Force Members 1. Ionly two non-colinear members exist at a truss joint and no external force or support reaction is applied to the joint, the memebers must be zero force members For example in the figure shown BC and CD are rnon-colinear members and no force exist at joint C, ‘hence BC and CD are zero force members, Similarly, ‘AB and AB are zero force members since A is not carrying any force and AB and AE are non-colinear. Note: These members (CB and CD) ic. zero foree members, are provg construction and to provide support in case the applied loading change ‘three members join at a point and out of them, two are) ck or See a point and out of them, two are giles asso no external ed as ee 1E.S MASTER Dike FTA Kaan fer ‘oie Been cite ww ras Ea nase ti lester Pon Oo Tn hgCIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses m cw E ABLE TRUSS . = ® ‘Thus tw [4 = no. of unknown support reactions Ry, Hy, Ry, Hy) joints an no. of eq, of static equilibrium) are at 1 External indeterminacy = 4 — H, H, Internal indeterminacy = [m - (2 ~ 3] a i8-@*11-9) 2 As ; tO pds [m = no. of members, J = no. of joints] on Overall indeterminacy = internal indeterminacy + external indeterminacy for = -l+1=0 ‘The truss is overall determinate. + Ne In such cases, Hinge ‘A’ will provide additional condition for calculating external reactions i.e. BM at A=Gile. moment of all forces either to the left of the section or to the rightsof the section is zero, 1. Method of Joint 2. Method of Section Method of Joint In a planer-truss, at every joint there are two conditio 1 EF, = 0 r EF, = 0 ts cs Uhrayigh a single point, moment about the joint 2 maequence. Sign Convention: In Method of Joint Analysis should start at joint hair example in the following figure, i as ‘A then free body egram of joint A can be drawn a8 in Figure (i). i fap 2 2 whe Fig. (i) Now from the equillibrium of forces we have a BF, = 0 = Ry + Fypcos = 0 ner LE.S MASTER (Oiice: 128, Katwata Sara, New Dan 110016 Sree Website: essterong. ema steve eeeaiesste hone onion toakisiog sniieansCIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 23 (3?) 0 > Rysinds| FJ 0 ‘Thus bro unknowns can be found out from two equilibrium equations Likewise we can proceed to other Joints and find out member forces by using eguillibrium equation if no. of unknown fares at the joint are at most two in number. METHOD OF SECTION] * A section is eut through the truss euch that its cuts atthe maximum of three members in Which, forces are unknown, * Thus, if truss is et into two parts at section (a), three equilibrium equations can be written for cach part, If max no. of unknown forees in cut members ave three, they ean be found Out * Wote: Hence max no. of member Gz which forces are unknown) cut shoud be at most three. @ Bret Geechee tne) / a A } t | P ® 1. Fop= Found out by taking moment about Cobal ireeb bbe cut part of truss. AS Pre and Fc ate passing through point 'C, there moamént #bost\O’ will be zero, Hence only one unknown Le, Fop temains, which can be found owt, 6" oe 2. Similarly, Foy is found by taking moments abot’ or from equittibritun equations like 3h =0, Le. Rye + Boo 08 6 + Kop EI BF, =0, 2 ie, Foc sin 9 =P oF Where, a= deflectian at the point of application of ¥ and inthe direction of P U = Strain energy in the system. 4h the case of truss, strain energy in the system is given by stain energy’ due to axial forees in the ‘members only. Hence, a 5 “Dies: FIDK Katwavia Sara New Delhi 110 16 LES MASTER Wee: vn ema anal i masteiyto coin Sera: Phone: OLinct0g40s, 7838929806 91118530084 CIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 24 civiL_E 24, where p,=foree in the ith member of truss due to combined action of external load and applied load () at the point at which deflection is to be found, als Hi] Note: For the truss shown below, if deflection is to be found at F and H, ie. the point at which external load is acting (0. F) or the point at which no external load is acting ie. H), the procedure will be as follows. © pr @ Pe 1. If deflection is to be found-at ® 2. If deflection is to be found at @, appli afore at @. (@ Find member forces due to Gombined action P,, P,, P,P, and P, @) Find ii) (©) Set F, i equsion Gi), hence i) Tensile force is'taken as (+) ve Compressive force is taken as (-) ve If deflection calculated in equations (i) and Gi) is (+) ve, itis in the direction of applied load at the point of desired deflection. Otherwise opposite to the direction of applied load TES MASTER Dice FIRE Rates Goat Ry TOT ‘Website: www iesmaster org, Email smash cain Phone: 1-101 546, T2819106, 71185108,fom evensenne tages Trusses 275 ple-2} wae: — ‘fie apna Toa 7 Wen de rerasterne Rnatis ase aho rain meno aie, 88CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses LE.S MASTER iesanteecur ‘OE Fah Ratwann Sara New DoT“ THD O16 ‘Website wn emastes ar Hannes masterly theaca Phone DI1-440106 TaHN613406, tn VewaneCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses aT ‘Website: ww esmaster ont nai is. masteryaoo coin Phone O11 H113405 26406, 711653008 iegentesueCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 2m civiL E When t Ha uni of the x and dis is A th LES MASTER ‘Office F126 Ratwaria Ses New Dib 101 ad ets wan naastero. mae pastedaousat % IESGMTESUs Phono 011015208 S510. 971869008 eCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses ee (2) MAXWELL METHOD {UNIT LOAD METHOD) From virtual work principle we know that [External virtual worl Whon the external virtual loads is multiplied by real displacements we get external vittual wor) {fa unit virtual load produces internal lading equa to ' in various members and the teal diplagem of the member is ‘df; the internal virtual work done is Eu, Thus if virtual load at any payne and placement at tht pint det external ect ike, external load tmp. change ck ot ce) is A then . a dl, Virtual Real Virtual Real load ——_lgplacement load displacement This principal can be applied to find out deflection of a truss joint. BPeceert ao TES MASTER oi Tria Res iA sti: ww esas ort Eales mastery Phone 0111038405, T6SS1946. ST AseCIVIL_ ENGINEERING ect Ceres Trusses 280 ‘aa exes IESeare Bob ‘Ofer Fah, Ratwaa Sua New DN -TIOOIE Website www iesonete og Bale maseyabnnit one O1 4101308, TSHHIS46, 9711853908 CIVIL |CIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 281 else: wi sensor ory Boma: miserdyahoncoin hone 11-1101 38, 158813406, 971858008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 282 CIVIL, TES MASTER ‘ie 25, Kawa Sara New DN TTOWE eee Websites samaster ong Esl: mastery coin ESCATE PSL one: 011 4101516, 18615406, 9711859908CIVIL_ENGINEERING T russes 283CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 284 cae Ea i i ee es J s 3 TES MASTER ‘Dies 126 Katara Sora Rew Te TO OTS Weteve:wew.vemaster org Bins ie mastesyahio iescnteur Phone O1-s10140h SBA 10, 7185908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 285CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 286 ‘Offi FIRE Ratwaa Set New Dal TOUTE Websie ww iemaser arg Besa ete@yahooce ia Phone: 01-1011, TAN681406 STL St008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 287 A ‘ce FIBT, Knrn Saa ew Bei 170016 oe Webste wn msec org val sey ahoocait one 01 D136 e805, 7859808 SIARCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses SF Kama es DTT ES MASTER |F civiL_ENGINEERING — 289 TES MASTER IESGATESUECIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses ‘sane eSewreroue ‘ice FIFE, Ravan Say New Bay TOOTS Welore vn iesmastr org Ema. sasteryaboo cot Pome 01-0138, 1538813406, 9711851908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses Sie Fk Ras a OUT Wetstes mney Bio ase Powe on 06 TH| CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses. ‘ter Ear iEseareroue clCIVIL_ENGINEERING RCN ees is Band Fy abe fod j member fees ca aor be fn Fes ER edo OE, eg Fn at FESCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses 294 civil Se AR a Malt eeaaaey has cnet ieseareous Pune O11 4101805, 158813408, 561185308 Bo einCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses “62545 F | 1554108 F 256 F -52 ‘ies FRE Sawa Sr Webste mewiesnaer oy we sg TNEi : CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses __ 296 combinations of fo due to force Pip Let the forces in ies smbers be F,o, Fagy Fag» Fpg: Let these forces in the members are due to Forces in thembers due to external load W when member BO ig:removed is as shown. ‘Ofiee: Fah Kawwaria Sra New Doi T10 O16 ‘Website wn iesmaster or, ai ne mateahoo Phone 011-4101005 ressi3106, $71185908 civIL, Hence Foree j below Ime: below Heo ForCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses. 291 Hence the member forces in this case can be tabulated as: [Re Pas [Pra PP 10] Force in members due to Force ‘R’ in member BC when external loads are removed are ay shown below ‘Webste: wowieenasterorg Baa anata ‘Oe Ge, Rawat Sot Now bal 1008 Phone: 041 $5015, 530% PHSCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses : ‘The steps given below are the stops for single degree of redundancy. Step 1: Remove the redundant and find out member forces due to external loads (py, Py Py ~)- Step 2: Apply unit load in the direction of redundant force.and find gut member forces (,, ty ty Note: That either member force or support reaction can be taken as redundant. Note: (2) When member is taken as redundant équal and opposite:unit loads’ are applied at the ‘opposite joints as how below : (© Tfno, ofextemnal reactions are greater than three, rection ieaken ssradundant and anit oad is applied in the direction of redundant reaction. . - Step 8: Find Step 4: Final member forees are calculated as (p, + wee Sign Convention + Tension (#) ve compression (-) ve Base a A ‘Oley FR, Rawat Sort New Dn 11DOTS LES MASTER : + Website wn seamaster ong Bima is masteryhoo oll eeaensie Hie g11 1018106, 798819406, 971850008CIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 299 TES MASTER TESTS ES NT teams idee we nomostr org Banal es mastrevabooesia iesextersus hoo 11-1305 9881006 THOCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 309 cmt !300 GIVIL_ENGINEERING_ Trusses aot Tie Fi Raw om We nama 1101105 is SSO i manasa ioCIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 302 civ i : i 7 THOT LES MASTER rm inamaster or. Etna iex_masteryaboo in iebenre Pays Phone D1t-4101316, 789880800, 9711853008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses x noe s oe vig suey tee EY ecm el to ‘When temp. of members change, stress are induced in the indeterminate structures: Re due to temperature changes is given by R where undant free Eee meinem Scns Pn 0 organ ss, TSj i CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses, 304 , = coefficient of thermal expansion of the member AT, = change in temperature of i member Sign convention : 1 AT, (4) ve if temp. increase 2 AT—> () ve if temp. falls 3. Tension —> (+) ve 4. Compression-—» () ve 5. Ris in the direction of applied load if it is (+) ve,otherwise opposite to the direction of applied load. Note: If truss is externally determinate and internally indeterminate, then 1. iftemp. of all member changes by equal ammount, no stress will be ind rigid body mation, ie 2. If temperature of part of member changes, then only stress wi in this cases. ‘There will be only. ‘This true is internally indeterminate but externally delerimijate. Hence, temperature change by equal amount in all members will cause rigid body:inovemenfithereby introducing no member force but if temperature of a few members chang nay Byintroduced in members. Bal + Yuh+ Today] wh x AE ‘This vedunday forge J member force or joint redundant reaction. + Once rédidafit force is known, member forees are calculated as below. RrR tuk Po+wR GR tuk Fy=Pituk 7 Daten FE Katara Sar, New Day TOOT iesenrersae Phone O1}S1012405, 7388154 1853008 By ta Aftur of fitCIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses Member force due to external load Redundant force = Member force due to unit load. P R u Note: A r= B cl E='Ip ¢ By turning the turn-buckle distance between B and C can be changed. Ifturn buckle is turned such that member length becomes smaller, the probl of it case in which member is too short. 4 VANS So) LUE PRES LL st ST Beatles Poesia sentra eitriiareraiiew ‘iter: F128, Ketwari Sara, New Delhi 0016 ‘Website: wo esate og, Ema ie. maseryshnc | 2S Phone 01410905, 758645406, 9L185S908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 306 iw TESMASTER SST ee ion ETO Gare ‘Welste-ewa issmster og Bsval ies mastery eoeerue Fone: O11 1013406 743815:06 71785908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 307 LACK OF WITH EXTERNAL IND! ASL Fe eee Webi wwtsmisean, Pas Powe 9-135 76391108 STSi i CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses 308 Sites Fs Eas ey T-TaHT auer Periihmearettet rnCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses| CIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 310 civil | TES MASTER Pano3tt CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses een ‘od MERCED aed CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 312 ow ‘ies Fa Rava Wott wor esmaster. Rone D1T-A101316, 75CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 313 “Sie Pa Ravan a New Du 110018 bse wav essere Baie masterhon coin Pome 017015, 8881106, 011859908 TES MASTER ‘esgarepsus pouGIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 314 civil SETTLEMENT OF SUPPOR’ If trusé is exteinally determinate, settlement of suppo However, ifit is externally indeterminate it will indues.miémb 2 Procedure y where 3 is yielding of support in t ection of restraint R. . ow. ie. Apply R at the support in the in of yielding and write 3-=4|, From this find R. * Apply unit load in the direction of support settlement. ib + _If Ris (+ ve) it will be in the direction of support settlement, otherwise opposite to it. a ‘Ofee PIPE, Kawa Sra New BON TH TES MASTER Setiecwynseater ne mm nares i mee Fone 011012408 T686iso, T1068CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses 35 Note: Note: \" 1 y Pil og, Fat = Settloment due to external load in the divin of ppied unit od WR ew ban T0018 TES MASTER ee oe heat eanasibncia ieSearensus Pha 60 G18 STSCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses Phone 0111101316, 798813406, 71181908, CIVIL,CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Trusses str Toe TES MASTER “oc FIR Tatars Sar Hoe Dh ee Qa ee mamteerg tases Rebs otas cndaie sae TeSGATESO{ i i 1 CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses LE.S MASTER Scmerste ‘fee F126 Katana Sori New DoT“ TTOOT6 Wet: ww esmaser org Innes mastenSyabeoc08 Phone 01410196 169868405 9711859808CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses a 319 re SO Consider the following assumptions: 7 1, All members have same cross-sectional area. 2. The bending resistance of ali the members is small in comparison wit 3. All the external loads are applied directly or indirectly at the j 4 All joints are idealized to be frictionless hinges. Which of these are the assumptions made in the force analysis of simple () 1, 2and4 @) 2, 3and4 trusses? (© 1,2and3 @ Band 4 Assertion (A): In the analysis of pin-jointed plane frames, the force meth, to the displacement method. ‘od is generally preferable Reason (R): The degrees of freedom for pin-jointed plane frames arg C the degrees of static indeterminacy and thus force method requires lng jn much larger than than the displacement method ‘lation and computation Of these statements th thei Sata A free resistance @) doth A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of (© Ais true but Ris false é @ Ais false but Ris teue : — What is the most appropriate method for analysis of diskels lta plas ra PAH frame shown in the figure (@) Slope-deflection method (®) Strain energy method” (© Moment distribution method @ None of the above Assertion (A): Ir thelantalysis of statically determinate planar trusses more than tyfo uakiiown bar forces can be determined. Y the method of joints not Reason (Bt): Titre a6 only two equations of force equilibrium available fo % ™ co-planar concurrent OC tede, stateinients (a) both Aand R are true and R is the correct explanation of 4 &) doth Avand R are true but R is not a correct explanation of 4 (© Ais true but R is faloe @_ A is false but R is true TES MASTER (ee mae: ee Mos stasisCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses, 320 5. A plane pin-jointed truss is shown in the figure below. The force resisted by the member AD ig @ zm (b) 500V2 kg (compression) © 500V2 kg (tension) @ 100012 kg (tension) 6. The force in the member AB of the truss shown in the given figure is SON A B Gpancls @15m=9m Ge (@) 25 KN compression © 252 kN tension (© 25V2 kN compression (4) 25 KN tensigfi” A 7 Consider a loaded truss shown in the given figure: Gees ‘= hn List 40 KN (Tension) 2 40 KN (Coinpression) 3, 60 KN (Tension) S02 kN (Compression) TES MASTER ‘ioe FD, Ratwara Sra New DOTS TOOTS ‘lear Website: wn ieoastr or Emit ee masier@yabon coin iesentercue Phone 01-013408 788819405, 7118008 @ ( ir 10.CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses - gat Codes: A Bocg @ 3 2 1 4 ® 3 1 2 4 @ 4 1 2 3 (Olay aaa eeeeeeeers A loaded pin-jointed truss ig ven figure. The AC is 8& A loaded pin-j is shown in the given fig force in memb e force in membe: we we © 12 EN Censily — e105 wy (Compressive, We @ 10KN (renciley 8 In the truss shown’in the figure given below, whic induced in it? the following members has no force @ cD © OF 10. Member(s) ofthe fra; Oiice FR ava Sm Wew 1018 Webi uy intra ema mera Pon 0-605 ti SIRS esoureesueCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 322 : (@) EConly (@) EC and AB © EC and AC @ EC, AC and AB 1. Consider the following statements: Williot-Mohr diagram is used to 1. an areh 2. a truss 3. arigid frame Which of these statements is/are correct? @) Only 1 ©) Only 2 - © Only3 @ 1 2and3 ermine the deflection in 12, What is the force in the vertical member CD of the pin-jointed frame shown below? (@) 127 (tension) ©) 2T (compression) (© 7T (compression) @ 57 (tension) (b) 60 kN @ 80kN © KN Gt gee, : 14, The figure fle, pin jointed frame. (@) 30 kN Ms 10KN B we A > am am wa TES MASTER Weise vrnensety Ema ev nayehecde IEBCATEPSUE hose 011 019405, 7988806, 71189018 CIVIL wi @ © 15. A méCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 323 What are the forces in members BE, CD and ED? (2) 10 KN, 5 KN and 5 KN) 10 KN, 5 KN and Zero (© 5 KN, 10KN and Zero (@) 5 KN, 5 KN and Zero 16. A truss, as shown in the figure, is carrying 180 KN load at node Ly. The fe inthe diagonal member M,U, will be U,_U, Us Us _Us astast sb ET) Le a | _180kN panels @im=24m (@) 100 KN tension (8) 100 KN compression a (© 80 KN tension (@ 80 KN compression Se 16, For a linear elastic structural system, minimization of potential ener Fs (@) compatibility conditions () constitutive relations (© equilibrium equations (@ strain-displacement reat 17. The pin-jointed frame shown in the figure below is @) a perfect frame © a deficient frame above at the point 2 as shown inthe given fi The truss has only three horiaontal members sare. ThE AC, OG and GZ, i 4 D ‘The nature of force in member AB @) is tensile (0) is zero © is compressive @ cannot be predicted LES MASTERCIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 24 CIVIL 19, Axial force in the member BC of the truss shown in the given figure is (where a = 30°) 23. If @) 15 kN ©) 10V3kN ‘ ‘ © 15V3KN ~ @) 30 kN 20, Consider the following statements: Assertion (A):In the analysis of a truss by the method of joints, it should be ensured that the selected joint does not have more than two unknown member forces which are not collinear, Reason (R): The method of joints employs the two basic equations of equilibrium SF, = 0 and SF, = O for the free body of each joint, Of these statements @ both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of © both A and Rare true but R is not a correct explanation,gt? © Ais true but R is false % ( @ Ais false but R trve 21, Inthe plane truss shown below, how many member: x ¥ 25. @3 o 7 ie 22, In the pin-jointed truss as shown below, the horizontal deflection of roller support willbe the sum of deformations in members ey 1oKN sin z z > 26, @) BG and DG () BC and CD © AGandGF | @) AB, CG and DF TES MASTER ‘Dicer FRE, Karwar Sar New Don TOUTE i Sammie Website we iemasterer, Bm is mastryabioca IeSGniee Plone 01-0138 THH940, 7690608CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 325 1m short, by how much will point C deflect vertically? 23. Ifthe member CD has been fabricated 10 m1 Amy 4 @ 10.00 mm down 833 mm up © 1667 mm up @ 16.67 mm down port B due to the given load? 24, In the following pin-jointed truss, what is the displacement of sup 505 kN (Cross-sectional area of each member = 50 m (@) 3.25 mm @) 2.50 mm © 150mm @ 0.50 mm 25. Which one of the following is the correct statements Fe in trusses 1 and 2 shown in the figure? @ ‘) stion at B compared to 2 @ 1 will have less member foreBiand less deflec' (b) 1 will have lessamember force tnd more deflection at B compared to 2 © 1 will have wire’ member foree and deflection at B compared to 2 @ 1 will hgye sigfSutember force and less deflection at B compared to2 26. A bar AB of pin ji true ling in the x-y plane has the coordinates of A (, 0) and those of B (3803) neta. Joints A and B ave displaced the x andy components of displacement Deine = 100 Nim. The force induced in the (64g, Vge lly Vp) = (05 ¥3,2,2V3) mm. For this bar, wh bar by the end displacements is (a) 273 kN @) 200 kN (©) 173 kN @ 100kN rey ut TES MASIER eT or foak cee rears Toone 11 A013 set, STSCIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 326 2%, The members Ed and IJ of a steel truss shown in the figure below are subjected to a temperature rise of 30°C, The coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is 0.000012 per °C per unit length. The displacement (mm) of joint B relative to joint H along the direction HE of the truss, is ‘oe abo mm 3000 ma @ 0.255 (b) 0.589 © 0764 @ 1.026 28, The right triangular truss is made of members having equal cross sectional area of 1550 mm? and Young's modulus of 2 x 10° MPa_The horizontal deflection of the joint Q is » 1m @ 247 mm ©) 10.25 mm (© 1432 mm @ 15.68 m Common Data for Questions 29 and 30: A truss is shown in the figure. Members are E. A vertical force P is applied at point C. eScarersur Phone: DL 1012406, D307, STH 1853908 wae -S MASTER Nesp ene nt mutonbo civiL 30, De @ © 3L In Ur an th @ (9 32. W @ 33, Ml2 CIVIL ENGINEERING Trusses 327 Deflection of the point C is é (fer) 5 FA (b) = ree © Dex PL PL. © @tsne @ iw 31 In a redundant joint model, three bar members are pin connected at Q as shown in the figure. Under some load placed at Q, the elongation of the members MQ and 0Q are found to be 43. mm and 35 mm respectively. Then the horizontal displacement ‘w’ and the vertical displacement 'v’ of the node Q, in mm, will be respectively, (@) ~6.64 and 56.14 © 0.0 and 59.41 @ 3.0 © 1.50 33. What is the shear force at s osP 0.25P © Oe ‘Semmeones Webste pwv eenstecarg Ball e.maseFyaboocnin Sonera on 0 Ne, Ta5881306, 9711853008 LES MASTER Moe Fie Naowaria Sara Now Delis- T1001i : CIVIL_ENGINEERING Trusses 328 34, What is the vertical deflection of joint C of the frame shown below? (@ PUAE (@) 2PLIAE (© PL2AB @ 3PLIAE | TES MASTER aE FI Rava a ey RO TOT Pare Website: wrmeanasteorg Ema ee masteyaheoo® IESSAIEPOue Phone 01-1101 08 TAS855406 971185308Influence Line Diagram ction ata * An influence line represents che variation of ether the reaction, shear, moments or dflecto specified point in a member as a concentrated unit force moves over the member. eee * Influence lines eepresent the effect of a moving load only at a specified paint on a aa shear and moment diagram represents the effect of fixed loads at all points along ae * Thas influence line helps in deciding, at a glance, where should the moving loads be pl structure so that it creats greatest influence at the specified point Influence line for reaction > (4) ve if reaction acts upward. * Influence line for shear and moment [Jowaee C7) crete asm -line segment. # Influence lines for statically determinate structures consist of straight i ee oe # Influence lines for statically indeterminate structures will consist of curved: ‘The following example illustrates the construetion of influence line diagram.330, Structure Analysis CiVIL_ENGINEERING | LES MASTER ‘iice PGs Reorana Sar New Do T00TS j Sea weeaes Webs: www iesaster ore mai is maseréyabocoin (escrersue Phone: 012-1013108, 73881806, 9116559084 | CIVIL _ENGINEERING. Influence Line Diagram 331 Pence BERS LES MASTER ie Pin a Sa es Da TOT Webster eamsstrore Bona ix sey cit ‘ani eg (a ve a ansaie sriste332 Structure Analysis LES MASTER Tee LSGATER US ‘Offs: Fae, Katara Sar, New Den TOTO Weise www iesmaserorg. Eat es masteriyahocein Phone 11101306, 70881206, 011 1850008ClviL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 333334 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING es ‘fen F106 Ratwara Saray New Dan TOUTE SM ‘Website: ww iesmaster orf, Bima asteryaboa nin Saree! Phone 0111013406, TS8H15406, 911883808F CIVIL ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 335 Wetste wwe master arg, Eales. master@yanocei ‘ites ne Rawara Sar, New BINT TOUTS Phone OU -s1013408 793881806 971185909Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Bi 7g ae -olling loa I forces to the right of E about B & F. We ge! x LES MASTER fone wr emcene cts mnt IeSGATESUS Phone. 1-41013406, 7838618406, 9711883308CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 337 LES MASTER ‘ioe FIT, Faw Sr Now Des TOOTS Sewanee ete ven eame ng, Baal teasterOabeaco 9 TeScaTersue Phone sq E185 STADE338 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING owit the SF and BM at-will bez within sp: Ris axe 260, hen 7680, buh yw My = —Ple pear ‘emonrereoeInfluence Line Diagram 339 os TOO Webster ww esate, Bal is maeraho cain Te toot 38196 11808 Offer Fs Kann iesexteraue340 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING p10) = 0 : Ciera TT TES MASTER ctor mae Bont moh | Bane hes ie boCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 3M Las 8 : a x © @ ALD tor ¥, (SF at ‘Dice Foe Faars Sari Nev Dob iV Weta wees ng, Ba ease aha in ‘Phoae on 10510 EN115, 9180698| i i i Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Beast ul LES MASTER gates ‘Otter Fz Revwenia Sara Now DAT T100T8 Websites ww iesmastor ng Banal: ies masteraboo ein Phone 1710106, 13881306, 9711853608AEE REA Ne RRR BG RS CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 343 Once influence line for a stress function (reaction, shear or moment) hai structed, it will then be possible to position the live loads on the beam which will prodtice gum value of the function (reaction, shear or moment). Thus position of load for maim Poesibe value of stress function can be determined, At the same time, max possible value oft gionetoptan be determined and the structural component can be designed for this nig ed + Fora concentrated load acting on a beam (F), the value fermen by multiplying the force (F) with the ordinate of ILD at the location ff For a UDL acting on a beam (w), the value of stress under IDL within UDL range and the intensity Die FTE Ravan Soa New Dey -T100T6 (Wotote we naar Ena maste@yaboo cain one nso 181305, TASwaa Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING CIVIL ‘The ‘Inf Tod 2 the ‘The TESMASTER Gener ta nes kCIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 345 Muller-Breslau Principal if ‘The influence line for any stress function may be obtained by 4 oe int offered by that Se function and introducing a directly related generalised unit disfla 1¢ location and in the direction of the fuention INFLUENCE LINE FOR REACTIO! ‘Vo obtain influence line diagram of reaction at A, and other restraint kept intact. CAI CB . ; Tie FRE Rawr Sr Ter Da TOTS TES MASTER Meh me etme Et nen ‘4 Sree howe 01101440, 1985, SIBES346 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING CIVIL Influence for Moment at C: eS Release moment at C by introducing hinge at C. Introduce a unit change indirection (@, + 0,) such that direction of ®, and 6, are same as My. © Muller-Breslau principal provides a quickemé ‘establishing the shape of influence line. Once this is known, the ordinates at thetpeaksicafibe-deternined by using usual methods. We know that ILD for statically’ ie beam is composed of straight line segments. hence “dw ILD, if a segment of beam cannot have rigid body ‘movement due to introdu jearfreaction release and subsequent movement, ILD for that sogment will not exist, In otherwords, in 4 statically determinate structure, if'a segment of beam, on movement, has a propensity to at -d shape, ILD will not exist for that segment. TES MASTER SECS ana ey DTT LES MASTER jobs: we jsmaster ar, Erma: ine masarByabncaie ieSGuTERSUs Phone 014101346, 78818106, 971885008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 347 ney a ‘ice FIDE Fatwans Sara Row Debi- 11OOTS Website ww iasmester org Bal is maseryebiacain Phove 01-0130, a4 406 97858808: ' Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING IeESGATEste ‘Offer Ft Katvana Saray New Doh 10018 ‘Webs: wv esnaser arg. Ean es. materyoo cain Phone 1-10 08 6868405, 711950908CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 349350 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING civ MASTER festaresueCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 354 tion shear at to find out ordin ES MASTER Dies Katara a ew De TOE OS atetie Neste western, Pa xe ieSaTePats Fone 010908 ah ST S08352 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Peecnr: Eat iesearercueCIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram : 353 E.S MASTER Fae Rear Sr NeDORTOO ‘Sane cht: ww emer org Bait pasterByahoo we 5 2 Ba] Ye Lo Thus, ‘The deflected curve shown above in dotted line, to some scale, represents thy Mule earlier that RySag = ae 7 ; an > - 8 F 7 => The scale we are taking about is ( 1D a >. # ‘Thus unit load is applied at A and deflection, at;Vatious points is calculated. All such deflections ae are multiplied by (+ LD for'R,,. aa Tofin ILD for Moment at D re gm. Cc Saar ir + To find out ILD for moment at 1); the moment at D is released by introducing internal hinge, * Unit load is applied somewheré.in. the beam and relative rotation at D is noted (i.e. 64) Unit € bes: Now ‘Offs FG, Ratwara Say, New DART TTDOTE ‘Website: wn iesmastrorg Bana is materSyabo cain Phone 01141013406, 763851546, 911853908CIVIL_ENGINEERING influence Line Diagram 369 From compatibility equation Sp = Mp’pp lie. relative rotation of AD and DB = 0} From Maxwell reciprocal theorem, tox = Bp > 8p = Myton 5, > Mo = 5 soos) Thus, plotting the result of equation (i) we get ILD of M,, Muller Breslau’s Approach id at that point When ILD for moment at any point ia to be found out, an internal hit BM. In this case and unit moment is applied. The deflected shape, to some scale, ILD for Shear at D A ‘To fiud out ILD for shear at D, shear at Dis rele telative deflection between the two parts of Tite pee SEER are Dice FIRE vars Sra New Da Weeneraiy Fe 0106, E806. STHBSA370 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING cwvi “From compatibility condition [i.e. relative moment of Beam at D = 0] Vp®op = Bin but from Maxwell reciprocal theorem Sop = > Vy5pp > ‘Thus plotting the result of equation (ii) we get ILD for V,, From Muler-Bresiau’s Principal 1. Slider is introduced at D. 2. Deflection at various points is calculated due to loading as s 3 Ach dete are mit by ( =) sa on ee TES MASTER Ge Te asa TES MASTER Waste nv nomaie on Boehner nae ehmin Potion PieeriienrireribegmnerCIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 31 BCSEd Z Z = TES MASTER Ofc aera Sat Sey BS- TO SME este: we iesuastearg Ball is aster cia =e Phone O11 012405, 886815406, sLIaseece372 Structure Analysis CiviL_ ENGINEERING 4 3X CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram Tee er T0018 ‘Oec Fs Ravana Sm TESMASIER << , y =F ees ea Phone 105,808 SSS saan ieseare Pour374 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING LES N WASTER TeSIATERSUS ‘Ottiee Pif6, Retwara San Yow Dany 10016 else www insmastar org Bahiee masterabencain Phone 011-4101316, 78815406, 97186398 CIVIL _E4 i CIVIL ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 375, Of ie Raa ber TT TESHASIER ‘egenreate Website ware i, Baa essere hoe 1 olo4m Tei TRS376 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL TES MASTER See Fae Gamat eg BT -SMASTER Jit see es pact ee ain mim ee i guts teh straneCIVIL ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 377378 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING TES MASTER ‘fies F105 Katwaria Sarat New Debi- TOOTS i ho ‘ebste wemiesnaster org Br ies. mastr@yaboncoin lesen sur pum 01.401 UNE. 18815405, 711859908CIViL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 379 i for which shear force and bending moment values are ‘maximum. Influence line diagrams are ised for this purpose. In this article, the following types of loads on a simply supported fitder, gre considered: BEAM PEN srry TO A SINGLE POINT LOAD W (a) Maximum §,F. and B.M. at a given point © Let W be the moving load and the values of maximum S.F. and B.M, required be at C, which is at a distance z from A. ILD for §.F. and B.M. are as shown in Figure. It is clear that maximum negative S.F. occurs when the load is just to the left of section C and its value is = ue SMASTER Bae aa aL NO TOT uP Co emanes Paste aetna See Pesrnanereeettrent td waej 380 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING Similarly, maximum positive $.P. occurs when the load is just to the right of the section and its L-2) value is = w [=F=. + From ILD for moment Mg, it is clear that maximum bending moment will occur when the load is We (L~2) on the section itself and its value ie = —T ILO for M x Fig. Q) (b) Absolute maximum values ‘any where in the beam + or achieving thisldrdinate of ILD should be maximum, Negative SP. ordinate is maximum when 2= Land is & ee © Therefore,@bSolute maximum negative S.F. = W and it occurs at B. LD ordinate has maximum value of 1, when 2 = 0; ie., at A L (LD for moment is maximum when 2= 5, Henee, when a load is at mid-span, absolute WL maximum moment occurs and its value is —— 4 INIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD LONGER THAN THE SP. Let a uniformly distributed load of intensity w move from left to right. (a) Maximum S.F, and BM. at given Sections + Load intensity and the area of ILD over loaded length gives the value of stress resultant (SF/BM). Referring again to Figure (1) coe Website new ismosterorg Eales nasterdyaooc iegearesue Phone O1-11018408, 7496815405, 9711858008 TES MASTER Oi FT Fats Sl ow TT | b) ElCIVIL ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 381 + Negative S.F, is maximum, when the load covers portion AC only. + Maximum negative F, = w x Area of ILD for Rp in length AC (i: 2b + Positive S.F, is maximum when the uniformly distributed load occupies the portion CB only and Maximum positive F, = w x Area of ILD for Fy in iength CB =u (se) 2 LaF AL~2) = wth 2 (b) Absolute maximum values any where igithe beam’ Bi si load occupies entire span AB © Negative S.F, is maximum when z = L, ie. at Absolute maximum negative S.P. = © Similarly, maximum positive $F. AB © Maximum mamexit ot xb Laws (L-2) L ie at mid-span wi Fenn ac = jaw Z(h-110)= 7 at mid-span INIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD SMALLER THAN THE SPAI * “Let the length of uniformly distributed load w/unit length be d. Let it move from left to right over. beam AB of span £, We are considering the case when, d < L. Now, position of this load for maximum shear force and bending moment at section C are to be determined. Seaman Wels: wre iesmaste or, Esa es mastnéyaboosnin ESUATEPOUE Phone 0111101906 7898819406, 971859005 x LES MASTER ‘Office: F196, Katwaria Sara, New Deln- 110076382 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING - —— | ‘Simply supported beam with given point © Kea = lf _¢ Peston od or mainum +e ane St 2 Ex gp visita Postion of load for maximum moment © From ILD for shear force at C, it js:clea¥{RgBRimum shear force will develop when the head of the load reaches the section. ©! Vs + For maximum positive shear force the i} of the udl should reach the section. + Maximum bending moment will/develop at C when the losd is partly to the left of the section and partly to the right of section. Let thé:position of the section be as shown in Figure. Referring to this figure, x #04 +9) wx 2%. d-x) > 2 Tm *) etm) 2 AMe - WOi+ Ye) _wOde+I2) de 2 2 ban %, @ Thus, moméablit Cwill be maximum when the ordinates of ILD for M, at head and tail of the ud areequal. Now, Ho ie, Sa, . aes, - & AL-2-d+9 Le-2 Iz-2-det xe de wee esa eSGUERSUE Phone: 11-s101805, 538619406, 9711853208 g OUVFPOoKECIVIL ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 383 Once the position of moving load is identified for maximum values the required values can be easily found. Position for absolute maximum moment Obviously for this y¢ should be maximum . o-2 Now, x= For yg to be maximum, Ge. g- dz O=L-2 « sf 4 a2 aS joe varia Sarah, New Delt LES MASTER iss et mca Rost merci ‘esenense Prone 0114101540, 53613606 STII384 Structure Analysis sm—a Load positions for maximum #ve and (-ve) F, f CIVIL_ ENGINEERING -40kNim ee MASTER ‘ice FIDE Ravwana Seat New Den T10OTS Website wre iesmaserang Bani es Pron. 08 450.6, "518150CIVIL ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 385 1A TRAIN OF CONCENTRATED LOAD: ‘A train of concentrated loads moving over a simply supported beam from I It is required to find: (@) Maximum shear force at C © Maximum bending moment at C (© Absolute maximum shear force in the beam (@ Absolute maximum bending moment in the beam, < (a) Maximum shear force at C + Influence line diagram for shear force at C shown in Figure, As soon as W, enters te, es = c span negative shear force develops at C. {Be aS z—- increases as the load moves on. of increase in S.P. goes up. till the load W, reaches the se Hence, there will beitrop in shear force value, + Further movement cauigéiftnore increase in shear force till the second load reaches C. There is a second peak value anda 5 slden drop, when the second load crosses, will ‘have a peak value whenever a load is on the section, Highest value among ito be selected {fal values, it is possible to get maximum negative shear force value. at for maximum negative shear force, most of the loads are to the left of the + Similarly, for maximum positive shear force, there are peak values whenever a load comes on the section and the maximum value is obtained when most of the loads are to the right of the section. (b) Maximum bending moment + Let R, be the resultant of the loads on the left of the section and R, be resultant of the loads on the right of the section. Distance between R, and R, be d and R, be at a distance x from C. Let ordinate of ILD for moment at C be y, under R, and y, under R, and maximum ordinate at Chey. :386 Structure Analysis CiVIL_ENGINEERING ILD for My. Ry, + Ro ale). 0 Por M, to be maximus * ie. the average load on the side portion of the beam. W, is to the left of the section, theaverage load on Jeft side may be heavier. When it just rolls over the section, the ayevlige load on right-hand side may become heavier. Hence, the above condition for maximum befiding pgentcan ‘ee interpreted as the bending moment is maximum when that Joad is on the seein. elo a taindfincving loads on a simply supported beam, maximum manent at the given section Goel wh ad W, is_on the section where the load W, is such that qs it rolls on Theos ae a eth side, heavier portion ofthe beam becomes lighter and lighter mall heavier, * In case Offgbme load entering and some leaving the span, the change of portion heavier becoming lighter and lighter portion becoming heavier may happen under more than one particular load, All such cases are to be considered to identify which position gives maximum moment at the section. (©) Absolute maximum shear force \ re) At any section, influence line ordinate for negative shear is zl andor positive shear itis | “> ] Hence, when 2=6, i.c., at support A, ILD ordinate for positive ehear foree is maximum (= 1) and when == L, ice. at support B, ILD ordinate for negative shear force is maximum (= 1). For shear force at support sections A and B are as shown in Figure na TES MASTER ‘Given F6, Rawarsa Soa, New DoT TVOTS ‘| ase Wetste wn ieamster rg Ema is masterhoo.oni iescatene Phope 0141018408, 7381306, 711852008 ——— cv @CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 387 Ws te Ws a 4 ‘Simply supported beam subjected to a train of load ILD for Fy ILD for Fy. + Obvisouly, maximum shear force occurs when one ol ng load sading loads to shear force at A decreases but more number of loads may come orf beam and'they will contribute to additional shear. he * more or decane ie reduced contti a m rt ‘is more, It needs a few trials ¥ nitely said that one of the loads should be on the avpathdta get sesh satin * Similarly, to get absolute maxifiium pat 1e shear force, one of the loads should be on support B Gust to the left of the wooden ‘a leiftrials may be required to get absolute maximum negative shear force which occurs at suppot (@) Maximum moment under a load + Leta train of conciyitraté fads W,, W,, Ws ... move on a simply supported beam AB from left to right as shown in Figure: Now, the condition for moment to be maximum under wheel load W, is required, Let R be thi aghaneda loads. Let its distance from W, be d and from support A be x Simply supported beam subjected to a train of loads. Ru-») Therefore, moment under load W, M= Ry@+ad-Rd ge ore Sag ae a TeSvenTene Phone 1? s0F406 48891806, TLLB63908388 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING a nf! |eroa—Ra = Spas + Lda) Ra For the moment to be maximum aM R Ss ga St pn-2r- = Flb-2e-d) eed ars 55 Distance of W, from A Influence line diagram ordinate for be bending moment will be maximum near centre. Since, the maximum momen inder a wheel load, it can be concluded that absolute moximum moment occur ufidar va ofthé loads when the resultant of all the loads and the load under consideration are equidiffeat fiom the centre of the beam. ‘The maximum moment under possible loads can be evaluated and the maximum of these selected as absoute maxis ie FE Ta aR DTT MASTER Woot ema Bal yn Boia Three nats nie taCIVIL_ ENGINEERING influence Line Diagram Ties Fi fa are I TO LEO MATER cert acy bk anagem390 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘Office F108 Katwara Wek: ww eamaster. Pope O1-A1019408, 808813406, 311883308 ray, New Dels- TIO email: es mastaryahoc inCIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 391 ic Ha ogee en! 22 mY 3m. (©) Load position for absolute maximum +ve SF BORN BPN SOKN 1601 2m! 2 nf 3m Be »% ——— ate 31 {4) ILD for absolute maximum moment | Note: No additional trials are made since, end loads « 5 40 be'found and. the position: of. sut leading load 100 kN 3 we SEE Bi a s uneerimae SATE ‘Phone: 011-4103840¢, 7838813406, 9731853908 TEBeAreSue392 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING cn 3 i TES MASTER Offi F176 atvana Seat New Don TOOTS Saattgeos Welte wwe Banal ie. asterrabo coin iseuetae Phone 01-1013 169908 org Bana Tage 806, 9TH: CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram ILD for Fy (Ve) 20KN 69 kN 80KN 40KN 3m Y2 mf 2 mf an |p —265m-———-l ILD for absolute mayimum moment for absolute maximum mom for the leading load of ‘nw esmaiceg Bll nn. aster Phone: 1141015406, TSH. 185208394 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING cw ‘Office FE Katwara Sat New Boni- 10016 LES MASTER ‘Wet: wn esse or. mits. astern. in ante Pao: 71STO13c08 T4386408 71185306CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 395 z 2m] 3m [2m] 3m, nie ——__=]|¢ 05 {6) ILD for SF. at mid-span with loading for maximum +ve SF, z 2m{3m]2m 3m, LES MASTER ‘neem ieSeateus396 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING ‘Die Fa, Kaiwana Sara New DoW FT0 O18 i ow Website: wae nsmasta ore mal is mastrSysbooonin i Phone 01-1406, 158818106, 9711653008CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram jad rolls over it, changing ‘lig When, aigerent398 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING fee Fi Kawa Sor ev ceSueSIEs asar voor eek asec ia maa Phne ie she aeCIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 399 a 2% gz 22225 25925 2s feof 4 g 7 Webuite www esmaser ore Ema es. masteryehon coin Phove 0H 41012406, 8581808, 60959008400 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING c se ano So ev DTT LES MASTER Waste wrnacesre Ea nari ieee Phone noo ete one é i | | | ! 4L_ENGINEERING Influence Line gram, 401 LES MASTER Dies Faas Kawa Sara New Da TODTS TERR Ea Webster ww ieoaster-arg rai et materyabocain TESTE Pou Powe 0141013405 788881406, 71185908402 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 1. For the fixed beam with internal hinge as shown in Fig,, obtain the equation of the influence lines for reaction at A and moments at A and B. Hinge 4} , + 1 (a) Fixed beam with internal hinge @ When load is between A and C (0 Toate eee Figured » As : x : © 7 E ® O Rae BN 0 7 LE.S MASTER ‘Oflice Fibs, Ratwara Sra New Dein -110076 Wetets wore esmasrore Ba ox aserysoo coin Pome 0114103005 TSH sr883808406 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 4, Match List-I (Beam) with List-II (Influence line for BM) and select the correct answer using the-- — —}- é codes given below the lists: List List 0) Ket 12 La PO 1 vp. 2 LaLa Codes: ‘ AB @2 1 ® soa @O 2 6 @ii 3 5. The given figures T: Pa IL fer SF at] TL for BMat 1 ‘The values of the shear force and bending moment at section I’ due to a concentrated load of 20 KN placed at mid-span will be (@) 0.75 kN and 2.25 kN-m ©) 5 KN and 5 kNam (© 7.5 kN and 10 kN-m @ 10 KN and 30 kN-m LES MASTER ‘Oie= FIDE Kawa Sera New De ~Sinaai bas Webs ww ismaiter ong Ema TeSeATersue Phone O11 A018, 758CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 407 & The influence line diagram for reaction B of the beam shown in figure-I is, ABE CED Ko Batata a Figure » stl ® BECE D o=BPeg the beam due to unit lodd placed at the free end. Reason (R): By Maxwell's Reciprocal theore i, positions of unit load on the span equals defect unit load at the free end. ' 8, For the propped cantilever shown in the fi sno line for reaction at the propped end is given by y, = fly. a eal at the free end, due to various ‘places of unit moving load due to static 9. Consider the {following statements: 1 ler Breslatl’s principle is applicable only to indeterminate structures, 2 . -Breslav's principle is applicable only to determinate structures. 3. Miller-Breslav’s principle is applicable to determinate and indeterminate structures 4. For a two span continuous beam ABC, the influence line diagrams islare @ @ 110 or Ry, hk TES MASTER atte vt ingtene boa ee aneobncia TESGuERs Phone O7s1013405 788815400, 711861908408 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Which of these statements are correct? @) Land 4 Gi) ©) Sand 4 (i) © 2and 4@ @ Band 4 (i) 10. What is/are the use (s) of influence lines? (@) To study the effect of moving loads on the structure (&) To calculate the value of stress function with the critical load condition (© To find the position of live load for a maximum value of particular stress function @ Towards all the above purposes 11. What is the ordinate of influence line at B for reaction Ry in figure belo (@ 05 & 04 © 02 @ Zero 12, What is the area of influence line diagram for th cantilever beam of span L? fis L @ 5 A beam PQRS is 18 m long and is siniply supported at points @ and R 10 m apart. Overhangs PQ and RS are 3m and5m Pe tively. A train of two point loads of 150 kN and 100 KN, 5 m apart, crosses (@) 450 kNem @ 375 kN-m 14. During 5 HP bocsage of the loads, the maximum and the minimum reactions at support R, in kN, are respectively @) 300 and ~30 © 300 and 25 © 225 and -30 @ 225 and -25 15. The maximum hogging moment in the beam anywhere is @ 300 kN-m ) 450 kN-m (© 500 kN-m @ 750.kN-m y LES MASTER Weis ney anttrrg Pa im moreno Phone 1141013406, T8818, 9711653908 18.CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 409 16. Assertion(A): Influence Line Diagram (I1.D) for SF at the fixed end of cantilever and SFD due to unit Joad at the free end are same. Reason (R): ILD for BM at the fixed end of a cantilever and BMD due to unit load at the free end are same. 17. A simply supported beam with over hangs is show in figure-1. The influence line diagram for shear in respect of a section just to the right of the support ‘A’ will be as in A c 0.66 q aT? ee ES MASTER ‘ects nainey aol neat era Phone: 11-41013406, 7398813406, 9711853308410 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 19. Consider the following statements: 1. An influence line for a function (example: moment, shear force, reaction, deflection) in a structure is a curve which shows its variation at a particular section of the structure for various positions of a moving unit load. 2 The influence line for bending moment/shear force must not be confused with bending noment diagram and shear force diagram for the structure. 3. The bending moment diagram and shear force diagram show the moment/shear values at all sections of the structure. The influence line diagram for BM/SF is always drawn for a moving unit point load and for a particular section only. Which of these statements is/are correct? @ 1, 2and3 () Land 2 © 2and3 @ Lalone 21, A uniformly distributed load of 4kN/an(6 m long crosses a girder 24 m long. What is the maximum bending moment at a section mm’ onthe free end? @ 80 kN-m © 0kN-m e112 kN-m 22, Which one of the following diagrams represents the influence line for force in the member DG ? cope wrow & . i @ —_________ : © FE @ TES MASTER Tice FAR Raa Noy ETT aaa ‘Website: www ermasterare. Email it masteryo cin IESCATEPSUe Phone: 11 1033406, 18881306, 371858508 cl\ 24,CIVIL_ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 4t 23, The absolute maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of span 20 m due to a moving udl of 4 t/m spanning over 5 m is (@) 87.5 tm at the support (@) 87.5 tm near the midpoint © 8.5 tu at the midpoint @) 87.5 tm at the midpoint 24, Consider the following statements: Por the N-ginder shown in the given figure, ILD for force in the member LyU, is obtained by 1. multiplying the ordinate of ILD for shear in the panel Lgl by seca. 2. dividing the ordinate of [LD for moment at L,, by cosq x LyL, 3. dividing the ordinate of ILD for moment at L, by LU, Which of these statements is/are correct? (@) Only 3 @) Land 35. © land 2 @.1, 2 and 25, A Warren truss is supported as shéiiy.in Us giv en figure. Which one of the following diagrams, represents the influence line for the fore int miember U,U,? ee Spancis@sm 5m a soe o oS 135 om 10m 5m LES MASTER SGP i cern ‘eseaTer eos howe: ov1-1018408, 79a15406, 9711853908412 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING cml 26, Influence line diagram for a truss member is shown in the figure below. Positive values indicate tension, Dead load of the truss is 26 kN/m and the live load is 10 kN/m. Live load is longer than the span ‘Area =20 units : Area = 10.units Maximum tensile force in the member is @) 600 kN (b) 400 kN © 300 KN @ 200 kN 29, . 3 4 jojattd plane truss shown in the figure below, which of the following diagrams represents ine‘fér the bar force in the member DI, when a load travels on the bottom chard? 6 equal panels of length 9 m each —_ ‘Os FE, Ratwans Sat New Do -TIOOIS Website ww inemasteror, Esai ie steryahonenin Phone: 111013006 7583406, 971183908CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Influence Line Diagram 413 ® Aa a girder from left to right with the jon of maximum bending moment Po 29, Three wheel loads 10 t, 26 t and 24 t spaced 2 m apartéfull eB 10 t load leading. The girder has a span of 20 m. Foxithe con at a section 8 m from the left end Ae @ the 10 t load should be placed at the scctiont (©) the 26 t load should be placed at theidecliiin., 8 (© the 24 t load should be placed atithe seetii @ either the 26 t load or the 24 Pload should be placed at the section 30. What is the equivalent unifofinly d simply supported beam of span I? @ wil & aw © 4wil @ swit 81. When a load@fosves a,through type Pratt truss in the direction left to right, the nature of force wialiihember in the left half of the span would iributed load for bending moment when a load W rolls over a an (© always be compression @) always be tension FT Tava Nw THE LES MASTER ‘Neste wnmounanterong Bl ies nsyotn si ‘eons owe 173 B66414 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING PW ISS) L © 2 3 (b) 4 @) nO} 6 @ an) & @ 2 @ 10. @ 1. @) mR © a ©) 14. @) 1. ©) © een 1. (@) 1% @) 19. (a) (a) a aL (b) 2 @ a @ @ 25. @) 26, (b) @) 30. (b) Am For isa eler LES MASTER Masi yee mare ean ener ISCATEOUE ‘Phane:11-41013405, 7898612406, 9711859908Matrix Methods of Analysis Before starting the chapter of matrix method of analysis, we need to acquaint ourself with the basics of determinant and matrix. [DEFINITION AND NOTATIONS} © Matrix is defined as an array of quantities, usually called elements, grouped together for some specific purpose arranged systematically in rows and columns. + For demonstration purpose, these elements are enclosed by either square brakets, {), or perentheses 0, # Ingeneral, the entire matrices are denoted by boldface letters A, B,C, ete. The matrix A oforder mn consisting of m rows and n columns of elements a, ‘situated at the intersection of the i-th row and j-th column may be represented as follows Square Matrix ‘A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns js called a square matrix ie m=n For example 13-2 35 7 431 is'@ square matrix of dimension (or order) 3. Here, the elements 1, 5 and 1 are called the diagonal elements and the diagonal is named as principal diagonal © Ifany matrix (square type) has the diagonal elements non-zero and the non-diagonal elements are all zero, it is called a diagonal matrix. « Ifany square matrix has the elements symmetrical about the principal diagonal, itis called a symmetric matrix. ie a,za,i AAG Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 3 +4 1 dws isa 3X 3 symmetric matrix. © Ifany diagonal matrix has all the diagonal element same, itis called.a scalar matrix, is a scalar matrix. * [fany scalar matrix has all the digonal elements one (unit), itis called an identity or unit matrix and represented by {I]. Thus, 1 °l ana O14 fr oo 010 loo Co) MeV pe A a EYE Ce # A matrix which has only one row, ic. Identity matrix of 2 dimension Identity matrix of 3 dimensions , is called row mat © A matrix which has only one column, ie. n = 1, is called INULL OR-ZERO MATRIX] A matrix which has all the elements zero is called niilf.of 276 matrix and is represented by [0]. Thos, (; ° | is null matrix of 2 x 3 ordet 000) DE A singular matrix is the one whe singular. ll 3 ‘Se, the, determinant: A lAl={8 11 x 20 3 - iB Aer ens Ieocmel | = SEDM BD FIED hb grocmek | = [8x7] + [1 xCa]. +0 =~ 28 wt TES MASTER A FRE Rava Sak New DTU | a eawnee Webs wevcemateane Em enue ah coin ieseareSue Pope 0114101405 76385406, 1186598CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis Ai7 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS, ‘© The Value ofa determinants unchanged due to interchange of all the rows and columns. So |A | = Wath ‘© The value of.a determinant changes sign due to interchange of two rows or two columns, > The value ofa determinant is zero if all the elemente in any rows or column are zero. ‘The value ofa determinant is zero if two rows or two columns are proportional or same, Therefore, in the exe of linearly dependent rows or columns, (A! =0. ‘The value of a determinant is multiplied by a factor K if all the element of a tow or column of the determinant is multiplied by the same factor K. BASIC MATRIX OPERATION: ze Addition and Subtraction of Matrices Addition and subtraction of matrices can be dane only if they have the same order. ‘Thus, TA) axa t Bl axy = laxn [ay}efs]-[los #bs)] ‘They follows commutative law, ie. A+B =B+A and a A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C If we consid KA = B ‘Then, {Kay} = [b,} "where K is a sealar constant. Website wrens Powe 017-10154D8, 43612406, 71185308 Soaere418 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING IMULTIPLICATION aces ‘The following procedures are adopted for the multiplication of two matrices. [Lead matrix) * lag matrix]. = [Product] ae ies, Alt Ble x allan an [6]-[3%] (@) The element of a row of the lead matrix A should be multiplied by the corrersponding elements of a column of the lag matrix B. ©) The summation of the product is put in the new product matrix C at the corresponding row of A and column of B. ve, ie. i (BC) = (AB) G where A, Band C are three matrices of the order mx. n° %.pjfp * 4 respectively. © sen ‘distributive, ie, A (B+ C) = AB + AC, where A, B and C are three matrices - of the ordermisx n, n X p, n X p respectively. Heo ee A new matrix obtained by interchanging rows and colwmns of the original mattis is ealled transposed matrix, Dane Pa Raa Taal Nw TOT TES MASTER Weta wrens ag Ere mastryton.ia Bee Fie olen nang asCIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis Aig Thus, ifwe havea matrix, A= (25), Then, at = [shag reverse order. For example, (AB) LAT; (Boy = C*BTAT and soon. '» Transpose of algebraical sum of two matrices,{$* e-algebraical sum of the transpose of the individual matrices. Ba For example, (AsBy = ALSB * Transpose of a transpose matrix is the oi For example, hit AgCDM Mytayg(CD! ** Mig ly and C,, = cofactors of the element a,,, a, and a, respectively and M,, Myp and M,s = minors of the element ayy, ayy and ay, respectively. Tal = 2asCy or 2, Avy: with respect to-any-row () or any-eohumn @):. 5 a LES MASTER FEL RST eon ESreeTe Us Phone: 011-41019406,, i 165508Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 420 minor’ of an element represents the determinant of the submatrix obtained from - the term “mi Here, ithe row and the column containing that element and is symbolised by _ a given matrix by removing My, - ‘Au the cofactor of an element ay = Cy Citi M,. DJOINT MATRI ‘Adjoint matrix is the new transpose matrix of the cofactors of all the @ Cy Ce Gs = adj A=] Cn Cn ©, ‘Adjoint of A= adj A= |Cxr Crz 2s Coy Caz Crp INVERSE OF A MATRIX} & Inverse of a square matrix A in represented ask Mathematically, ~“ jon operat fiot exist in matrix algebra; an inverse operation is done . wvision operation does Tot exist i ae oe nig lgebra nseed of division ATASI = |A| I Multiplying both side by A“ we get JA IAT (ay at adjA lal Ais zero, the matrix A is called singular, otherwise rion singular. ‘Ofex FIDE Katwava Sara New DART“ T1OTIE Website ww esate org Balle masteyshon cain Phone bit A101406 785881306, 71185308 cr . .424 CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Anal PROPERTIES IE INVERSE MATRICE! (ABy= BY At Inverse of any diagonal matrix = matrix inverting (ie., reciprocal each individual element along the principal diagonal.422 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘QUALITY OF MATRICE: ‘Two matrices are equal if and only if they are of equal orders and the corresponding elements of the ‘two matrices are equal. SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUAT! A set of linear simultaneous equations consisting of more than two unknowns can be easily solved by matrix algebra. Now, we consider m set of simultaneous linear equation involving n unknowns, x, x x, 28 follows : te yy Xt yy Hy toe t,x, gy Ky F Alyy Hy tone + gy Ky = by gy Xy + Age Xp Fo. + Now, we represent these equation in the following matrix form ; AX = B where, an A = coefficiont matrix = | ag; Ke b] * by and B \é;contants in the right hand of the equation = at Webi wrist oy wal ie mast ab nin eres Phone GiT-4i01346, 798818106, 911885808 aa TES WASTER ‘Office: FIDE, Ratwaris Sara New Delhi 110016CIVIL ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 423i | reaction, axial forces, shear forces, bending moments ete. 424 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ ENGINEERING Mies ean Analysis of. indeterminate structures are generally done either by force or by displacement ‘methodes. In the’force method, we initially determine unknown forces and then joint displacements. In the displacement method, we initially determine joint displacements and then the forces such as TES MASTER Manis event y Eur munategyivetin JESIGATEDSLS Phone: 011-41013406, 7838813406. 971 1838908 1aCIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 425 IBASIC CONCEPTS OF THE FLEXIBILITY METHOD (FORCE METHOD OR METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION OR COMPATIBILITY METHOD) IMEASUREMENT AND COORDINATE SYSTEM! & In the flexibility method, first remove the redundant forces to form a primary structure which is statically determinate and geometrically stable. The analysis of the structure is carried out through the following steps : We have calculate the displacement at each redundant location in the direction of each redundant due to applied loads in primary structure, ‘We have to place a unit load on the primary structure at a redundant location in the direction of the reduntant. The unit-load displacement are called flexibility coefficients. We have to repeat this step to calculate flexibility coefficients corresponding to unit load placed at each of the other redundant coordinates. We have to write compatibility equations at each redundant location in terms of the unknown redundant forces. Here, compatibility indicates that the displacement at a redundant location due to both applied and redundant forces will-result in geometzic continuity of the strucure and with its support system. [ie if supports do not yeld, displacement at support will be zero and if support Yields, resultant displacement will be equal to and in the direction of supugreyelding In the structural analysis, we have to deai with measurement/@f forces-atd displacements at certain points on the structure in some specific direction. & in the m e term “force” i rm ment In the matrix analysis, the term “force” will mean to ineludgpontggi ail ‘the term “displacement” will mean translations and rotations. ap So, in order to describe completely a force or a 5 have to specify (i) its location in the structure, (i) the direction, and (iii the m ‘redundants are released to obtain Primary Structure. Thus Primary Structure is -D = +i TES MASTER ‘Oifer F1Dy Ravan Sat New a OTIS inmates West: wnn eemaste ore emai is. masteryaboo in ESCATEBS ene: O17 410 306 75061506, 9711451908,CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 427 : [D] = Matrix of reeultant displacement at Co-ordinate locations [4] = Matrix of displacement due to external loads (Fl = Flexibility matrix IR] = Matrix of redundent forces, | From maxwell reciprocal theorem, we know that f, = fj Thus, flexibility matrix is a Symmetric matrix, = [R}[)"[T}-[4]) ; R]-(F}"[[> 14] ‘Thus, redunidant forces are found out. VELOPMENT OF FLEXIBILITY MATRIX Development of Flexibility matrix can be illustrated with the following egample. Let us take a cantilever beam as shown below © If unit load is acting in the direction of 1 it will produce deflection along 1 Similarly, © if unit moment is acting al “ay xP it will produce deflection ‘ill produce deflectio ‘along TH $eraglation along 2 = SE it will af ation along 2 = Fy Hence 8, and(@, producéd’along 1 and 2 due to system of force P and M along 1 and 2 respectively. are Hed? x P y™ SOFT a We BT TT LES MASTER dstereresumae Ema ma ate@ptvcsia er Roorgatin har pana428 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING iffwe define a quantity /,, where /, = displacement in the direction ‘’ due to unit load in the direction ¥- Then Hence, or ‘Thus, Matrix ie fs) fn fa Wie Sv PO + Order of matrix ie the no, ofco- qyoedh for solution of problem © Elements of flexibility matrix are @isplacements. ‘soffare matris. # Elements along the © Matrix will alwe tent GOB RSE ey BB AO ean ey ‘Step 1: Describe on the points and directions in which deflection is to be found out and assign number to each. TES MASTER Fk Tara Sa Ney TO ants este: wena a Erma masters thooain ESTES Phone 14105405, 79881306, 971185906CIVIL ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 429 Pees ond TES MASTER ewes eeorerse430 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING =~ Phone 011-1013406, 1888812406, 9713850808 ‘Offers Fee, Kawwara Saray New Deliv T1DUIE Le Website: wt eomaster og, Ei os. masoryahon cn leSgateraue~ CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 431 1 “Dihca Fe, Rawat Sra New Dl THOT Wabi: wt “mathe wasterayzboocaia iesonetaie howe 011 H1010404 TeSSU.406, 97880008,432 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF BEAMS| ‘The analysis of a beam by matrix flexibility method is explained by the following examples. _ iCIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 433 LES MASTER ae legen434 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING j See eae ieseate ous Phone 011410136, 7841506, 11863308CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 435 ANALYSIS OF FRAMES#™ Analysis of rigid jointed portal frames are shown by the following examples.433, Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING TST eT TT LES MASTER storehouse Sra Se he oaCIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 439 perce “Sica FT Rewari Srl Now Dai ee ES MASTER a : ene Re ane thoes easStructure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING 3 Kawa Su New T1078 astern, Bal os matey ik Fame or 01 nso aoaCIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 441 : : ice aa Sarai, New Delbi- 110 016 LES MASTER ec eS cegnin442 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘Office: F128 Katwara Sway, New Debi 110018 Webs: ww aa sterorg ai x astra bon con Prone 0 -013405 T8S801406 ITHNSH=NS loCIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 443 fer FR Kea a Ny Tab TE Webte:em SERED eorovostseisng res re, Eom es. mastrahoo coti 44 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Inthe flexibility method of analysis, we have todeten wwe have remove the redundants to obtain pri identified fi Co-ordi . Pesienea to-each of the unknown displacement component, ‘Thus the bagie unknown are A,, A... Ay ie the displacements in Co-ordinate directions 1, 2 3...... respectively, ‘To start with, the joint displacements in all directions are restrained. In other words, we start the -analysis with a restrained structure oe Let the forces developed due to applied loads in the restrained structure in the Co-ordinate directions LES MASTER VeSentbrous Phone 0/1-410}306, 79881006, S71855408CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 445 be P',, Py, P's © Now the supports or Joints are released/unlocked pe srmitting deffection at Co-ordinates. These displacements require forces Py, Pyyy Pyyy mewn Pag at Coverdinates 1 2 8 wom m- ‘Thus, Pig = Buy Ast yy d+ Ky As tm Kin Be Pag = Kay Ay + Kop da # Kup Bs * ~~ Kay An Pay = Koy dy + Kgy Oy + Kyy 4s Kan Oe = PJ = (KIB [lk] = Stiffness matrix Henee, final forces at the Co-ordinate direction are ) = P+ fa) PPI If the external forces at the Co-ordinates directions ae .¥ Let 1 and 2 are two Co-ordinate'ditection’ in which force are P and M. + When unit displacement is given inrthe direction of’ without any displacement in the direction + + Force devéloped in the direetion 1 = —y~ + Force developed in the direction 2 = ——7 When unit displacement is given in te direction of 2 without any displacement in the direction 1 s car F196, Rotwaria Sarai, New Delsi- 110036 TES MASTER Gee eas SS paieotces ‘esgareneue Phone O11 41013406, 7803613406, 9711883908j 1 446 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING 2) #1 — 2 4 © Force developed in the direction 2 = Hence forces developed along 1 and 2 due to displacements 4 and @ along | and 2 respectively are Stiffness of BA = “= 257 ” M (ae Ifwe define a quantity ‘K,’, where K,,= Force developed in the direct ‘Then, hence, igeussed for exibiity matrix holds for Stiffness matrix also except that eaditiatrix are forces . Ths il out jth column of the Stiffness matrix, unit displacement is given in the direction ue aby displacement at other co-ordinates and forces developed at all the co-ordinates are determined, These forces constitute the elements of jth column. ee TES MASTER Dies FT Roatan ex OTT at ett ae Webster ww easter arg Emits saleryaoncoin ieeenci Fone 01-1040, Testes 185908CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 447 TES MASTER Oc Ea ah ate Tesenrenaus Phone 0171072406, 1458813408, $7 1853008450 "Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING LES MASTER feguatersue i i qMatrix Methods of Analysis 451 CIVIL_ENGINEERING a Tice Fa, Rawat Sr eT HT Nebste new esmaster erg Ema maaan Phone 01-0015 73881306 STiBgae452 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING ‘Offre FIR, Ravana Saray New Det 110078 Wel: wo eaaster arg Eales. astra sain Phone 011013405, 60661905, 9711855008CIVIL ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 453 RETA Tawa Gr Ree aa ES MASTER ‘Website: wwe iesmaster.org, E-mail it pyahooca in 1eSGAERSLE hone: s103406 788835006, 91 is‘Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Tikec FR Raa ox TOTS LES MASTER ‘ese wrong Era tx acaba ove oon sb ssn ‘eucatete |CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis ies FE aan Se Rev TT S MASTER Se aay ot math eeneen omanStructure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERINGBU 457 Dice P06, Kat este we sma Png oft 101306, 16881306 S71a 3 458 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING Consider member AB of a pin-jointed frame shoW in Figure below. Let ij be the coordinates of A and m, n of B. The wember AB makesvan anigle’O with the x-direction, where x-y are global coordinates, Fig (a) Typical member of pin-joined frame Stiffness Matrix @ Unit displacement in coordinate direction i: Let AA’ be the unit displacement.in the direction i, and the axial force developed in the member be P. HR FE Tara Sa Re TOOT ES MASTER asic wetness oe Encl mtn une hose 10 sae senCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Displacement along the member Matrix Methods of Analysis 459 Fig (b) Unit displacement in coordinate direction i. = AA’ cos = cos6 PL ‘Therefore, the force in the direction i, k, =P eos ® AB)» 8 (Fes Force in the direction j, k,=P sin 8 joint stiffness. AE = [7p] cos Osin 6 = = [Avena] ‘i L k= LAE costing in coordinate direction j AA = 1 ‘Therfore, the shortening of member AB=AA' sin = sin® Tol [ae AE ois or P=[ L se 7 ES MASTER iesoateeste ‘Ties F ae, Rapwana Sa Now Dune TOOTS Weta wr ietnarer arg Banal es, masteraboo coin Pome 011430006, a3881806, 971185908 | ! I462 Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING i f av Website: wor sermaatr or Ema ie mastexyaho cain esgerats Phone 01141013406. 78815106, 91888908 TES MASTER ice FS Taras Se TTCIVIL_ ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 463 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS = 1. The flexibility matrix of the beam shown in the given figure is — Ce os | 3EI EI 3El ORL t Os Of st EI Sel El 381, js & js4 8 : 3EI EL 3EI EL © 84 @ 48 El EL El EI 2 The stiffness matrix of a beam element is (@ C EL is flexural rigidity AE po 4 t 4e1 oe a oan @p eS $61 EL Mee | fice Gatwaria Sarai, New Delhi - 10016 LES MASTER Mast ven sanrorg Emel aterthnin ‘eScaerS Phone: 1141049406, 18661406, $1 1859808464 Structure Analysis CIVIL ENGINEERING AE 4El | im Te LL — -©-} 0 0 @)o Bo (ae 9 Set i2Et voL LOOP 4. The beams in the two storey frame shown in the figure below have a cross section such that the flexural rigidity may be considered infinite. Which among the following is the stiffness matrix for the structure in respect of the global coordinates 1 and 2? aaei{ 1-1 24etf 1 @ Ela 2 OF auetf2 -1 24EIf1 1 Ol 2 oacai 5. Flexibility matrix of the beam shown below is: pe]? 3EI|2 8 ACeupport B settles by un (@) 0.754 © 604 6. What is the value (@ 24.04 7 coofficient fy» for the continuous beam shown in figure below? MASTER | ‘na Coees (eSratenet | | |CIVIL_ENGINEERING Matrix Methods of Analysis 465 7. For allinear elastic frame, if stiffness matrix is doubled with respect to the existing stiffness matrix, the deflection of the resuiting frame will be (@) twice the existing value () hall the existing value © the same as existing value (d) indeterminate value 8, The rigid plane frame ABCD has to he analyzed by slope deflection method. What is the number of unknown displacements/rotations for the frame as shown in the figure given below? w, @4 () 3 @5 we 9, The flexibility matrix for the beam shown in the figure is statically indeterminate « ‘Structure, is that (@) the féxibility “AGEHEA chooses the redundant reactions or internal forces while stiffness method:considers the nodal displacements, as basie unknowns (b)-the, number. ‘of simultaneous equations to be solved in the flexibility method will be very aiulgh smaller than the number of equation involved in the stiffness method () in the flexibility matrix, the equations of equilibrium will inevitably be uneymmetric and Jess sparsely populated while the stiffness matrix is always symmetric and sparsely populated @ Mexibility matrix method is suitable to structures with a smaller degree of statical indeterminacy than kinematic indeterminacy I Die as Sl a BOG LES MASTER Weston mare a aay 08 Phe foie eo IeSGurerste466 ‘Structure Analysis CIVIL_ENGINEERING __ 14. A three-span continuous beam is fixed at its ends and supported by two rigid supports in between. ‘The order of the reduced stiffness matrix for this beam is @ 3x3 _ 1x1 (2x2 4x4 2, What is the stiffness constant associated with the system shown below when a concentrated load is placed at B? (@ 4881/8 + k ©) ABIL + (0) 121BIL? +k (@) SEL k 13. The rigid gable frame shown in figure is to be analysed by stiffness meth The order of stifiness matrix to be imifiln ts \ () 5x5 el BE a @ 8x8 i DIRECTIONS : ‘The following items con ‘Reason (RY. You are items using the codes Codes: 7 Oot (a) Both hy. (b) Botha aitg ‘trae but B is not a correct explanation of A (© Ais teuB.bubR is false, (@) A is false but R is true two statements; one labelled as ‘Assertion (A)' and the other as e these two statements carefully and select the answers to these 14. Assertion (A): While the other elements of the flexibility matrix may be positive or negative, _- the clements lying on the leading diagonal are always positive. TE ase Fa RTT VESTER Winneyertomag ap Pat nateCIVIL_ENGINEBRING Matrix Methods of Analysis 467 Reason (R): The displacement at-any coordinate due to a unit force at that coordinate is always in the direction of the unit force 15, For the structure shown with loadings symbolised as ( and @, what is tbe stiffness matrix? 4 12 (b) 1 non 12) > 2 2 o ye? @ an | 1y12 n Pil 7. 16, Stiffness matix for the rigid frame with respect to the givély co-rdinates is generated. What is the value of ky? 4 @ SsBUL (©) 4EVL 13. (b) M4. (@), 15._(a) __ 16. _ ive nh Rotears Sr New Da TOTS nn TES MASTER Mette wow mentee Ben tryna Pope 01 101405, AS86134, S711859008FOR MORE EXCLUSIVE CIVIL ENGINEERING E-TEXTBOOKS AND GATE MATERIALS, NOTES VISIT www.CivitEnNccForALL.cOM AN EXCLUSIVE WEBSITE BY AND FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND GRADUATES