Experiment 1

Introduction

Sometime around 250 BC, the Greek mathematician Archimedes was given
the task of determining whether a craftsman had defrauded the King Hero I of
Syracuse by replacing some of the gold in the King’s crown with silver.
Archimedes thought about the problem while relaxing in a bath tub. As he
entered the bath tub, he noticed that water spilled over the sides. He realized
that the amount of water that spilled was equal in volume to the space that his
body occupied. This fact suddenly provided him with a method for
differentiating a mixed silver and gold crown from a pure gold crown. Because
a measure of silver occupies more space than an equivalent measure of gold,
Archimedes placed the craftsman’s crown and a pure gold crown of equivalent
mass in two tubs of water. He found that more water spilled over the sides of
the tub when the craftsman’s crown was submerged. It turned out that the
craftsman had been defrauding the King! Legend has it that Archimedes was so
excited about his discovery that he ran naked through the streets of Sicily
shouting "Eureka! Eureka!" (the Greek word for "I have found it!").

Archimedes had used the concept of density to expose the fraud. Density is
a physical property of matter that expresses a relationship of mass to volume.
The more mass an object contains in a given space, the denser it is. In
chemistry and physics, density is a key concept in analyzing how substances
and materials interact in fluid mechanics, weather, geology, material sciences
and engineering. In biology, density is important concept in population ecology
as well as vegetation analysis.
So enjoy discovering and experimenting on the materials that are
provided for you as you experience working on the density of several solid
objects.

List of Materials

1 of 8
 Note: Please check if you have a complete set of materials for the
experiment before you start.

1. graduated cylinder - 1 piece (50 mL)

2. different liquids in a bottle - water
- salt solution
3. cooking oil - 1 sachet (50 mL)
4. glass marble - 1 piece
5. nut and bolt - 1 pair
6. concrete nail - 1 piece
7. trash bag - 1 piece
8. clean rug - 1 piece
9. plastic container with cover - 3 pieces
(for liquid disposal) (water, oil and salt solution)

Methods

Your primary objective for this experiment is to determine and compare

the densities of the solids that are given to you. With the materials listed above
at hand, perform your experiment by following the instructions below.

A. Preparation of the Experimental Design

1. Plan your experiment by thinking of a design based on the
materials provided to you.
2. Write the experimental design in a flow chart form.
3. Draw your design on the box provided then label or describe your
drawing opposite your drawing.

B. Performing the Experiment

Perform the experiment that you designed.

Note:
 Please be careful in performing the experiment to avoid
breakages of glassware. Broken glassware will not be replaced.

2 of 8
  Dispose your liquids properly. You were provided with separate
containers for the liquids and should be placed in the trash bag
after the experiment.

C. Writing your results

Write your data by completing the tables below:

1. Density of solids

Table 1.Density of solids in water.

Solid Volume 1 Volume 2 Displaced Mass of Density

(mL) (mL) Volume Solid of Object
(mL) (g) (g/mL)

glass 5.74
marble

nut and
bolt 24.14

nail 6.13

Table 2.Density of solids in salt solution.

Solid Volume 1 Volume 2 Displaced Mass of Density

(mL) (mL) Volume Solid of Object
(mL) (g) (g/mL)

glass 5.74
marble

3 of 8
 nut and
bolt 24.14

nail 6.13

Table 3.Density of solids in oil.

Solid Volume 1 Volume 2 Displaced Mass of Density

(mL) (mL) Volume Solid of Object
(mL) (g) (g/mL)

glass 5.74
marble

nut and
bolt 24.14

nail 6.13

A. Plot a graph of the density of object against the kind of liquid

used to measure its density. Use a separate graph for each
solid given.

B. Based on your graphs, does the density of an object differ when

measured using different liquids? Explain your answer.

C. Based on the experiment, what were the important factors in

determining the density of a solid?

2. Determining the mass of the displaced liquid

Since the density expresses a relationship of mass to volume, the
volume of the object can be computed from its mass and density. A

4 of 8
 relationship between the volume of the solid and that of the displaced
liquid can be expressed as:
m1 m2
------------ = -----------
D1 D 2
where: m1 = mass of the object
m2 = mass of the displaced liquid
D1 = density of the object
D2 = density of the liquid

Liquid Displaced Mass of Density Density Mass of

Volume Glass of Object of Liquid Displaced
Marble Liquid
(mL) (g/mL) (g/mL)
(g) (g)

water 0.99

salt 1.07
solution

oil 0.89

a. How were you able to determine the mass of the displaced

liquid? Write your formula on the blank provided in your
answer sheet.

b. What is the importance of using the above method in

determining the mass of the displaced liquid?

D. Conclusion

After conducting your experiment, write your conclusion/s on the

space provided in your answer sheet.

5 of 8
6 of 8
 Experiment 2
Introduction

The cell, the most basic organization of every living thing is covered by a
cell membrane. This membrane keeps all of the pieces inside as well as
protects every cell as it chooses the substances that can come into the cell.
Compounds called proteins and phospholipids make
up most of the cell membrane.
Scientists describe the organization of the
phospholipids and proteins with the model called
the fluid mosaic model. That model shows that the
phospholipids are in a shape like a head and a tail. The
heads like water (hydrophilic) and the tails do not like water (hydrophobic).
The tails bump up against each other and the heads are out facing the watery
area surrounding the cell. The two layers of the membrane iscalled the lipid
bilayer.
In the following experiment, you will have an opportunity to observe
hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances and how they actually react with
water and other substances. In this activity, you can observe how the cell
membrane behaves when substances comes into contact with it, thereby
choosing what kinds of substances can enter the cell.

List of Materials

Please check if you have complete set of the following materials:

1. shallow plastic container with cover - 1 piece
2. water - 1 bottle
3. talcum powder - 1 sachet
4. medicine dropper - 1 piece
5. cooking oil - 1 sachet
6. wooden stick (for stirring) - 1 piece
Methods
1. Fill the plastic container almost up to the brim with water.

7 of 8
 2. Sprinkle the talcum powder on the surface of the water. Once the water
surface is entirely covered, gently blow away the excess powder.
3. Using the medicine dropper, carefully put 5 drops of oil on the water. The
area covered by the spreading film will be more or less circular in the
shape when done with care.
4. In the same container, add 5 more drops of oil and observe what happen
to the oil added at each drop. Record the results.
5. Add 5 mL more of oil in the same container. Using the wooden stick, stir
the oil in the container and observe. Let the mixture stand for about 10
minutes and observe again. Record your observations.
6. Add a pinch of detergent powder to the mixture and observe what
happens to oil. Record the results.

Discussion of Results
Discuss your results by answering the following questions:
1. Which among the talcum powder and oil is hydrophobic and which is
hydrophilic?
2. In the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which part shall allow
the entrance of the talcum powder, and which part shall allow the
entrance of the oil molecules?
3. In your observation of the reaction of the detergent with the oil, what
part of the cell membrane model can you liken the action of the
detergent?
4. Considering all your observations, write your conclusion on the blank
provided in your answer sheets.

8 of 8