Introduction to Statistics Enroll Scele now » Link: https://scele.ui.ac.id/course/view.php?id=7453 » Enrollment key: baik » Subject Title: Statistics and Probability Fakultas Teknik = SI Kls Internasional ~ Teknik Sipil = 2017-2018 Gasal » ENGE610010 - 558708 = Website: hp: /stafful.acid/basar st Profile fsa (EEE member 05, M12) was bor Tegal Ciy, Cera na Indonesia io November 1575 receied the BE degre In cca! Engirering rom Uneaas Ihdoness, acura, sone 2080'ardthe Mane Br segret Ie Hecre Engineering tam enon Onvertty, Japan in 2008 2nd 201, reget. he worked me err Rng of nips Sue Capra Ta in Coa San " se iacdy af tnewtng Carn, raining ‘forme, dugnon sna thers" mcromae ising, MRI aye ‘Silo pgm on Carat engenng HR 316 Sb ae ‘Technolgy Hem recent EE APS apn Cpr Yon egies Im wo inthe nord ea Anareo cnon Uvey, MPRASE-URG Young Scents tran the 90'S Qe test Paper Award 010" 30°", 9501 701% ne 90, Key Terms » Population. Universe. The entre category under consideration. This {s the data which we have not completely examined but to waich our conclusions refer. The population size is usually incicated by a capital N = Bxamples: every layer inthe Unies seates al single women inthe Unies States Sample. That portion ofthe population that Is available, or to be ‘made avaliable, for analysis, A good sample is representative ofthe population. We wil learn about probability samples and how they Drovide assurance that a sample's indeed representative. The ‘Sample size is shown as lower case n your company manufactures one milion Laptops, they might rake a Sample of say. 500, of them to test gual. The population size N= r “1000000 andthe samme tive ensKey Terms Parameter. A characteristic of a population. The population mean, i and the population standard deviation, 0, are two examples of population parameters. If you want to determine the population parameters, you have to take a census of the entire population. Taking a census is very costly, Statistic. A statistic is a measure that is derived from the sample data. For example, the sample mean, X, and the sample standard deviation, s, are statistics. They are used to estimate the population parameters. Key Terms Example of statistical inference from quality control: » GE manufactures LED bulbs and wants to know how many are defective. Suppose one million bulbs a year are produced in its new plant in Staten Island. The company might sample, say, 500 bulbs to estimate the proportion of defectives. “N= 1,000,000 and n = 500 «If 5 out of 500 bulbs tested are defective, the sample Proportion of defectives will be 1% (5/500). This statistic may be used to estimate the true proportion of defective bulbs (the population proportion) « In this case, the sample proportion is used to make inferences about the population proportion. Key Terms } Statistical Inference. The process of using sample Statistics to draw conclusions about population parameters is known as statisticaf /nference. For instance, using ¥ (based on a sample of, say, n= to draw conclusions about p (population of, :2y, 300 milion}. This is a measure of pertormarce In which the Sample measurement is usee fo astimate the Dopulation parameter ‘Note that pollsters do rot call every adult who can vote for president. This wauld be very expensive. What pollsters do {5 call a representative se7ple of about 1,000 people and dee tha serve saustic (he sample proportion to estimate wie fs going to win the dectlon population ennai Key Terms » Descriptive Statistics. Those statistics that summarize a ‘sample of numerical data in terms of averages and other measures for the purpose of description, such as the mean and standard deviation © Descriptive statistics, as opposed to inferential statisties, are not oncermee th the theory ane methodology for drawing inferences Skat Sutend'eyord the portal set of date exapiinedsm other ‘words irom thd sample fo the entire oopuation. Al thai we care about Sr the Smmmary measurements such a5 the average (ear, Thus, a teacher win gives a class, of say, 35 students, an exam is Intergste in tne desriptve stasis to assess tne pefformance of the dass har nas the case average the aeuan gage the anaard tdevtion ete? The teacher not interested n making ny erences 5 Some larger population © Thi ingudes the presentation of dat in he form of graph, chats,Primary vs. Secondary Data » Primary data. This is data that has been compiled by the researcher using such techniques as surveys, experiments, depth interviews, observation, focus groups. » Types of surveys. A lot of data is obtained using surveys. Each survey type has advantages and disadvantages. Nall: lowest aie of response: usually the lowest cost Personally administered: can “probe’: most cost Tmawlewer effects tine interdewet might fucnce the response) Telephone: fastest © Web: fast and inexpensive Primary vs. Secondary Data » Typical Objectives for secondary data research designs: Fact Finding. Examples: amount spend by inéustry and competition on advertising: market share; number of computers with modems in US. Japan, ete + Mode! Building. To specify relationships between two or more variables, often using descriptive or predictive equations Example: measuring market potential 3s per capita income plus the number cars bought In various countries. © Longitudinal vs. static studies, , Primary vs. Secondary Data » Secondary data, This is data that has been compiled or published elsewhere, ¢.g., census lata. © The trick is to find data that is useful. The data was probably collected for some purpose ather than ielping to solve the researcher's problem at hand. Advantages: It can be gathered quickly and inexpensively. I enables researchers to'bulld on past research. Problems: Data may be outdated. Variation in definition of terms. Different units of measurement. May not be accurate (e.g., census undercount). Survey Errors » Response Errors. Data errors that arse trom issues with survey esponses. 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Ba, 3 {igetad satay nprcestate sgl woe No waytoore ir ‘hs, Sipe is betel an ale 2 = Probability Samples » Probability Sample. A sample collected in such a way that every element in the population has a known chance of being selected. » One type of probability sample is a Simple Random Sample. This is a sample collected in such a way that every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. » How do we collect a simple random sample? “sea table of random numbers ofa randoms number generators = Types of Samples » Nonprobability Samples - based on convenience or judgment Convenience or chunk) sample - students in class, mall intercept + Judgment sample ~ based onthe researchers judgment aso ithat constitutes "vepresentaveness" eg he/she might soy these 20 stores are representative of tre whole chain «Quota same - interviewers ar given quotas based on Gemographics far nstance, they may each be Col to Interview 100 subjects ~ 50 males and 0 females, Of the 50, say, 10 ronwhite ane 40 white » The problem with a nonprobabilty sample is that we do not know how reprecentative our sample is of the population. Probability Samples » Other kinds of probability samples (beyond the scope of this course). systematic random sample. + Choose the first element randomly, then every k® ‘observation, where k= Nin stratified random sample. * The population is sub-divided based on a characteristic and a simple random sample is conducted within each stratum cluster sample + First take a random sample of clusters from the population of cluster. Then, a simple random sample within each cluster. Example, election district, orchard. ;Types of Data » Qualitative data result in categorical responses. Also called Nominal, or categorical data Example: Sex oMALE CFEMALE » Quantitative data result in numerical responses, and may be discrete or continuous. © Diserete data arise from a counting process. Example How mary courses have you take 2 this College? “continuous data arise froma measuring process Trmple How much do you weigh? ~ ne way to determine whether dats cotiauous, to ask Yourself whether you can add several decimal places to the For example, you may weigh 1S0,pounds but in acualty may weigh ‘SoSPSSURSaLSEr"pdunds "Onsthe other hand. you have chien, you do nat have 2217855 chlcten.