ECO REFURBISHMENT

ECO REFURBISHMENT

Presented by
Ar. Madeeha Altaf
ENERGY MIX SCENARIO OF PAKISTAN
WHY DO WE NEED ECO REFURBISHMENT?

 The energy sector of Pakistan is the single largest source of carbon

emissions and its share is 52% in total GHG emissions. Therefore, there is
great potential for GHG emissions reduction through energy conservation,
efficiency enhancement and promotion of renewable technologies.
 At the same time, the power availability situation in the country is very
frustrating and is impacting all sectors of economy. The addition of new
large power plants will of course be part of the solution but takes decades
to get into place. Reducing our demand for energy and resources is the
only short term solution and that can all start at home today.
Energy consumption in
different sectors of
economy in Pakistan
RETROFITTING OR REFURBISHMENT

 The terms refurbishment and retrofit are often used interchangeably.

 “Providing something with a component or feature not fitted during
manufacture or adding something that it did not have when first
constructed. It is often used in relation to the installation of new building
systems, such as heating/cooling systems, it also refer to the fabric of a
building, for example, adding insulation or double/triple glazing”. In
general, refurbishment can encompass such works as
„cosmetic‟ renovations (such as painting and decorating), upgrading, major
repair work, alterations/conversions and extensions.
WHAT IS ECO REFURBISHMENT?

 Eco refurbishment describes working on existing buildings to improve their

environmental performance using sustainable methods and materials.
Sustainable refurbishment should involve applying an integrated whole-
building process.
REASONS TO INVEST
Reasons to do environmental improvements include:
 Making the building more comfortable
 Reducing fuel bills
 Bringing it up to date
 Helping to save the planet
 Investing for the future
 Increasing asset value
 Healthier indoor environment
 Realizing the dream of becoming carbon neutral
 Whatever the motive, whatever the building type and condition, eco
retrofitting can satisfy the motives and improve the building, it can be done
on a small or grand scale, it can be cheap or expensive, fast or slow.

 Here‟ how to make a start???

  Domestic sector, the largest consumer of
Analyze where is it energy
critical to save energy? Needs energy efficient strategies/ eco
refurbishment

 Energy efficient dwellings could save up to

70% of the energy that is normally wasted in
ordinary dwellings
THE FOLLOWING 6 KEY AREAS ARE ESSENTIAL TO GET
RIGHT IN ORDER TO SUCCEED.

 Arming clients with knowledge

 Being holistic (consider existing building health)
 Taking an integrated approach;
phasing & prioritizing works sensibly
 Considering each project as bespoke (one approach does not fit all)
 Ensure your client knows how to operate any new technologies
 Onsite skills
 You can either take a full approach with the intention of doing everything
needed to make your home an eco-house or an opportunistic approach
doing something or in some part of the building.
 Many useful eco retrofits can be opportunistic.
THE WISH LIST OF ECO IMPROVEMENTS

Its not rocket science, but it is good science:

 Reduce heat loss/gain through walls and windows, roofs and floors
Sustainable refurbishment includes insulation and related measures to
reduce the energy consumption of buildings, for example
Walls: Cavity wall insulation, internal or external insulation, and cladding of
external and internal surfaces.
Roofs: Insulation and ventilation systems.
Doors: Draught proofing or installing high-performance doors
Windows: Installation of double or triple glazing, draught proofing of
existing glazing.
Floors: Installation of insulation
 Generate required heating/cooling efficiently
 Distribute and control it efficiently
 Generate (and store) your hot water efficiently
 Minimize other electricity demands - for lighting, cooking and appliances
e.g. Lighting: New controls, occupancy sensors, Light-Emitting Diode
(LED) lighting and other low energy technologies
Efficient appliances
 Consider solar water heating and solar PV generation
 Install water saving devices
 Consider rainwater collection and use
 Educate all the home occupants not to waste energy (could be first on the list)
 The process of sustainable refurbishment includes minimizing the
waste, encourage recycling and using environmentally friendly materials, and
minimizing energy use during the refurbishment.
 Ideally you should consider and take action, where appropriate and
possible, on all the above points. Some will prove very easy, such as
installing low energy lighting (if you have not already done it), buying the
most efficient fridges and other appliances, setting the thermostat at the
appropriate level for comfort etc.
 Some improvements can be disruptive and expensive, like replacing the
windows and insulating solid walls, roof etc. But then the benefits depend
on the house itself, its condition and how you use it.
 So, keep everything in mind and make logical decisions.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

 The importance of sustainable refurbishment is that the majority of

buildings in use are not new and were constructed when energy standards
were low or non-existent, and are incompatible with current standards or
the expectations of users. Much of the existing building stock is likely to be
in use for many years to come since demolition and replacement is often
unacceptable owing to cost, social disturbance or because the building is of
architectural and/or historical interest. The solution is to refurbish or
renovate such buildings to make them appropriate for current and future
use and to satisfy current requirements and standards of energy use and
comfort.
Lets start with basic
building physics

Reduce heat loss/gain

through building fabric

How do we architects approach the building????

 Heat transfer mechanism…?
Heat transfer
mechanisms are simply
The building fabric establishes the ways by which
energy exchange between inside spaces thermal/heat energy can
and outdoor environment and be transferred between
determines the energy performance of objects. Learning how
the building. The flow and path of heat heat moves can help us
through building varies by the season. to learn how to use less
energy.
WHAT ARE THE THREE FORMS OF HEAT
TRANSFER?
CALCULATING RATE OF HEAT LOST/GAIN
THROUGH MATERIALS

 Heat loss/gain for each building element can be calculated from:

Q = U * A * DT

Where
Q = rate of heat loss/gain (Watts)
U = U value of element (W/m2K)
A = area of that element (m2)
and DT= difference in temperature between inside and outside (T2-T1) in (K)

Numerical exercises
Class practice
U-VALUE, OR THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE
(RECIPROCAL OF R-VALUE)
 Thermal transmittance, also
known as U-value, is the rate of
transfer of heat through a
structure (which can be a single
material or a composite). The
units of measurement are W/m²K.
The better-insulated a structure is,
the lower the U-value will be.
Workmanship and installation
standards can strongly affect the
thermal transmittance. If insulation
is fitted poorly, with gaps then the
thermal transmittance can be
considerably higher than desired.
Thermal transmittance takes heat
loss/gain due to conduction,
convection and radiation into
account.
R-VALUE, OR THERMAL INSULANCE (RECIPROCAL
OF U-VALUE) R=1/U

 Thermal insulance is the converse of thermal transmittance; in other words,

the ability of a material to resist heat flow. R-values are more commonly
used in certain parts of the world. The units of measurement for thermal
transmittance are m²K/W and, again, a higher figure indicates better
performance (in contrast to the lower figure desired for U-value).
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (ALSO KNOWN AS
LAMBDA RECIPROCAL OF THERMAL RESISTIVITY)

 Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat.

Consequently, a high thermal conductivity means that heat transfer across a
material will occur at a higher rate; note that this is also temperature
dependent.The units of thermal conductivity are W/m⋅K.
HEAT GAIN/LOSS THROUGH VENTILATION

/gain

The heat energy lost/gain through ventilation – Q(vent) is the product of the number
of air changes per hour x the volume of the space x the temperature difference
between incoming and outgoing air (usually indoor – outdoor temperatures) – all
divided by 3
/gains /gains
CASE STUDY

 Select building
 Building description
 Building location and
climate
 Calculate existing
Building performance

Calculate performance
after refurbishment
CALCULATING U VALUES OR R VALUES

 Calculate the U-value of a single layer brick wall (100mm – assume „outer leaf‟
brickwork), and compare it with a 100mm “wall” of polyurethane board (λ
=0.02W/mK) (for now, ignore surface resistances).

 Calculate the U-value of a wall composed of 228 mm brick with 20mm plaster on
each surface – assume „lightweight‟ plaster. Assume surface resistances, inside: 0.12
m2K/W, and outside: 0.06 m2K/W.

 Calculate the R- value and U-value of a wall composed of 200mm brickwork,

insulated with 100mm straw bale and plastered with 20mm plaster on each surface.
Assume surface resistances, inside: 0.12 m2K/W, and outside: 0.06 m2K/W.

 Calculate the U-value of a flat roof composed of 10mm thick tiles, lined with a
3mm thick felt layer, insulated with 270mm glass fibre quilt laid directly on 12mm
plasterboard. Assume surface resistances, inside: 0.12 m2K/W, and outside: 0.06
m2K/W.
CALCULATING HEAT LOSS OR GAIN THROUGH
THE BUILDING FABRIC

 Calculate the rate of heat loss through the pane of a single-glazed window 2m square
(i.e. 2m x 2m), if its U-value is 5.5 W/m2K, and the internal and external temperatures
are 220C and 20C respectively.

 A supermarket is 15m long by 20m wide and 10 m high. The top 2m of the north and
east facing walls are double-glazed. The U-values of the elements are: Walls: 0.25 W/m2K
Roof: 0.15 W/m2K Floor: 0.20 W/m2K Windows: 1.0 W/m2K (Ignore the doors!)
The internal temperature must be maintained at or above 180C. Calculate the rate of
heat gain through the fabric when the external temperature is 330C.

 The same supermarket has 1 air change per hour. Calculate the heat gain by
ventilation. (Assume the volumetric heat capacity of air to be 1200J/m3K).
SURFACE RESISTANCE

 To complete the picture, it is necessary to consider the effect of the air film on the
two surfaces of the material or building section. Each face has a resistance effect
due to the flow of heat passing from one medium to another (in this case from fluid
to solid).This is known as a boundary resistance or surface resistance.
 Generally in design computations the inside air is considered to be still air whilst
the outside layer Is considered as moving air.
 The thermal transfer resistance or surface resistance is the reciprocal value of the
heat transfer. Its SI unit is (m²K)/W . It‟s usually a constant value describing the heat
transfer from an environment into or out of the surface of a building component
(inside: 0.12 m2K/W, and outside: 0.06 m2K/W)
 Case Study
Eco-refurbishment of a building – this is to be an original scheme of
your own.
 Select an existing building that will form the case study for this assignment.
The focus of the case study is to systematically assess the potential energy
savings that can be realized by a refurbishment project, along with possible
environmental impacts.
 The case study should begin with an analysis of the original construction
and context of the building in terms of energy performance.
 This should be followed by a critical assessment of the validity of a
selection of different refurbishment options for possible renovations (e.g.
insulating the walls) using different techniques to determine the
improvement in energy flows and energy consumption. This should then be
conceptualized with a critical assessment of environmental impacts of the
proposed renovations in terms of the materials used, CO2 emissions
reduction.
 Assumptions: Consider occupants‟ usage pattern for calculating energy
demands. Consider one heating and one cooling dominant month for
calculation. Fabric first approach should be used to minimize the need for
energy consumption and to reduce carbon emissions. Scope is limited to
savings from reduced heat loss and gain. Ignore internal gains (occupancy,
equipment, appliances, lighting).

You are required to calculate;

 Heat gain/loss through building fabric and ventilation
 Calculate the heating and cooling demands for the month of January and
June
 Monthly energy consumption and savings before and after refurbishment
 Monthly CO2 emissions reduction after refurbishment