1|Android

A
SEMINAR REPORT
On
“Android”
Submitted in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for BCA 1st Year

DEPARTMENT OF IT & CA
JECRC UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

Session: 2019-20

Submitted To: Submitted by:

Ms. Krupali Anshika Makharia
(Asst. Professor) 19BCAN038
2|Android

Tables of Contents
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
WHAT IS ANDROID .................................................................................................................................................. 7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ..................................................................................................................... 8
Advantages.............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Disadvantages ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
VERSION HISTORY ................................................................................................................................................. 13
APPLICATIONS IN ANDROID .................................................................................................................................. 22
OPEN HEADSET ALLIANCE ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Hire Android Developers at Arokia ....................................................................................................................... 24
Linux kernel ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
Libraries................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Android Libraries ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Android Runtime ................................................................................................................................................... 27
Application Framework ......................................................................................................................................... 27
ANDROID SECURITY .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Secure Socket Layer .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30

References…………..……………………………………………………….…………………………………………..... .31
3|Android

Table of Figures
Page No
Fig1: The growth of Android 4
Fig 2: Aim of android 5
Fig 3: Android: a teacher 7
Fig 4: The Astroid 13
Fig 5: The Petit Four 14
Fig 6: The Cupcake 14
Fig 7: The Donut 15
Fig 8: The Eclairs 15
Fig 9: The Froyo 16
Fig 10: The Gingerbread 16
Fig 11: The Honeycomb 17
Fig 12: The Ice Cream Sandwich 17
Fig 13: The Jelly Bean 18
Fig 14: The Kit Kat 18
Fig 15: The Lollipop 19
Fig 16: The Marshmallow 19
Fig 17: The Nougat 20
Fig 18: The Oreo 20
Fig 19: The Pie 21
Fig 20: The Android 21
Fig 21: The Android Architecture 25
4|Android

ANDROID

INTRODUCTION
Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices, based on the Linux kernel, and
developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in
the Java language, controlling the device via Google- developed Java libraries. Android is available as
open source. Android is a freely downloadable open source software stack for mobile devices that
includes an operating system, middleware and key applications based on Linux and Java. Google
purchased the developer of Android in 2005, and Android was unveiled in 2007. Google released the
Android code as open-source under the Apache License. Android has numerous developers writing
applications (apps) all over the world. First of all, the developers write their script in Java, and then
download the apps from the third-party sites or online stores.

Fig1: The growth of android

5|Android
In February 2012, 450,000 apps were available for Android but the estimated number of downloads
since December, 2011 was more than 10 billion. There are over 300 million Androids in use and over
850,000 devices activated every day. Android is the one of the most used mobile operating system with
a market share of 48% and Over 400,000 applications available in Google play store. Android apps
have been installed over 10 billion times and cover a vast range of categories from games and
entertainment to financial and business services. Android software development and the Google Play
Market are relatively open and unrestricted. This offers both developers and users more flexibility and
freedom, but also creates significant security challenges.
Android is the first step in the vision of creating a better mobile phone. It is a complete open
mobile platform software stack recently release by Google. Android can be run on mobile
devices from companies that have come together to form the Open Handset Alliance.
The Alliance currently consists of 34 companies including Motorola, T-Mobile and Sprint-
Nextel. These companies have agreed to open access devices. This basically means that I, as a
customer, can purchase a Motorola phone with service from one cellular network then later
switch carriers but keep the same phone!

Fig 2: Aim of android

6|Android

Android would run on Open Handset Alliance devices. It includes an operating system,
middleware and key applications such as email client, calendar, maps, browser, and
contacts. It also takes the basics one step further by merging contacts with maps.

For example, if you have a contacts' address stored on you mobile device you can bring up
that location on a map with one click of a button. No need to open a browser, navigate to
Google maps or MapQuest, type in the address and wait for it to load.

What's even more exciting about Android is that it is an open platform. You can liken it to
Linux. What's nice about this is that it's customizable and modifiable. If you think, hum it
would be cool if my PDA could perform X-Function; you have the capability to develop X-
Function.
7|Android

WHAT IS ANDROID

Android is an operating system for Mobile phones. I will explain more about this in the later part of this article.
Lot of advances can be seen these days in the field of smartphones.

As the number of users is increasing day by day, facilities are also increasing. Starting with simple phones
which were made just to make and receive calls.

Now we have phones which can even access GPS, GPRS, Wi-Fi, and NFC. And lot of other cool and advanced
features which you cannot even imagine.

So in this Mobile world of this complication. Android is one of those operating system platforms which made it
easy for manufacturers to design top class phones.

Fig 3: Android: a teacher

8|Android
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages

1. Android can Run Multiple Apps at the Same Time.

2. Android keeps information visible on your home screen. Android has is a

customizable home screen which keeps active widgets right at your fingertips, always
accessible and always visible – without having to launch an application first.

3. Android has a better application market compare to Apple’s App because Apple’s App
store has over 180,000 applications, while the Android Marketplace has only just broken
the 50,000mark

4. Android gives you better notifications compare to iPhone because iPhone has some
trouble with notifications. Because it’s restricted to pop-up notifications, it can only
handle one at a time

5. You can change your settings faster in Android. IPhone users are stuck digging around in
the system settings every time they want to use the internet or a Bluetooth device.
Android lets you use widgets to manage your settings directly from your home screen.

6. Android does Google and Social Integration but the iPhone can do this only through
use of third-party apps, and is nowhere near as seamless to use as the Android
alternative.

7. Android gives you more options to fit your budget. Of course, these are lower end
Android devices, but they are still comparable in performance to the iPhone3GS.

8. Innovative products like the location-aware services, location of a nearby convenience

store etc., are some of the additive facilities in Android.
9|Android

Disadvantages

1. Connected to the Internet: Android can be said is in need of an active internet connection.
At least there should be a GPRS internet connection in your area, Also that the device is
ready to go online to suit our needs.

2. Sometimes slow device company issued an official version of Android your own.

3. Android Market is less control of the manager, sometimes there are malware.

4. As direct service providers, users sometimes very difficult to connect with the Google.

5. Sometimes there are ads: because it is easy and free, sometimes often a lot of
advertising. In appearance it does not interfere with the performance of the application
itself drains.
10|Android

Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears,
and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as "tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile
devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences”. The early intentions of the company were
to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in
April 2004. The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals, and by
five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would
rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.

Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Steve
Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an
undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated "I did it because I
believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy." In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50
million. Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not
much was known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided few details other
than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on
the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had "lined up a series of hardware components
and software partners and signalled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation".

Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through
December 2006. An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen and a
physical QWERTY keyboard, but the arrival of 2007's Apple iPhone meant that Android "had to go back to the
drawing board". Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that "Touchscreens will be
supported", although "the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an
assumption, therefore a touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons .By 2008, both Nokia and
BlackBerry announced touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and Android's focus eventually
switched to just touchscreens. The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC
Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23, 2008.

On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google,
device manufacturers such as HTC, Motorola and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint and T-Mobile, and
chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop "the first truly
open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices". Within a year, the Open Handset Alliance faced two
11|Android
other open source competitors, the Symbian Foundation and the Limo Foundation, the latter also developing
a Linux-based mobile operating system like Google. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an
Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.

Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system,
adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order
after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called "Cupcake", "Donut", "Eclair",
and "Froyo", in that order. During its announcement of Android Kit Kat in 2013, Google explained that "Since
these devices make our lives so sweet, each Android version is named after a dessert", although a Google
spokesperson told CNN in an interview that "It's kind of like an internal team thing, and we prefer to be a little
bit — how should I say — a bit inscrutable in the matter, I'll say".

In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a line-up in which Google partnered with different device
manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions. The series was described as having
"played a pivotal role in Android's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across
the board", and became known for its "bloat-free" software with "timely ... updates". At its developer
conference in May 2013, Google announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4, where, instead of
using Samsung's own Android customization, the phone ran "stock Android" and was promised to receive new
system updates fast. The device would become the start of the Google Play edition program, and was followed
by other devices, including the HTC One Google Play edition, and Moto G Google Play edition. In 2015, Ars
Technical wrote that "Earlier this week, the last of the Google Play edition Android phones in Google's online
storefront were listed as "no longer available for sale" and that "Now they're all gone, and it looks a whole lot
like the program has wrapped up".

Eric Schmidt, Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra at a 2012 press conference announcing Google's Nexus 7 tablet

From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences
and Google I/O, Google's annual developer-focused conference. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese
phone maker Xiaomi. Less than six months earlier, Google's then-

CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google, and that Sundar Pichai would become the new Android lead. Pichai himself would
eventually switch positions, becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company's
restructure into the Alphabet conglomerate, making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android.

In June 2014, Google announced Android One, a set of "hardware reference models" that would "allow [device
makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs", designed for consumers in developing countries. In
12|Android
September, Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India.
However, Recode reported in June 2015 that the project was "a disappointment", citing "reluctant consumers
and manufacturing partners" and "misfires from the search company that has never quite cracked
hardware". Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015 with Africa announced as the next location
for the program a week later. A report from The Information in January 2017 stated that Google is expanding its
low-cost Android One program into the United States, although The Verge notes that the company will
presumably not produce the actual devices itself.

Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones in October 2016, marketed as being the first phones
made by Google, and exclusively featured certain software features, such as the Google Assistant, before wider
rollout. The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series, with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October
2017.

In May 2019, the operating system became entangled in the trade war between China and the United
States involving Huawei which like many other tech firms have become dependent on access to the Android
platform. In the summer of 2019, Huawei announced it would create an alternative operating system to Android
known as Harmony OS, and have filed for intellectual property rights across major global markets. Huawei does
not currently have any plans to replace Android in the near future, as Harmony OS is designed for internet of
things devices, rather than for smartphones.

On August 22, 2019, it was announced that Android "Q" would officially be branded as Android 10, ending the
historic practice of naming major versions after desserts. Google stated that these names were not "inclusive" to
international users (due either to the aforementioned foods not being internationally known, or being difficult to
pronounce in some languages). On the same day, Android Police reported that Google had commissioned a
statue of a giant number "10" to be installed in the lobby of the developers' new office. Android 10 is scheduled
to be released on September 3, 2019 to Google Pixel phones first.
13|Android
VERSION HISTORY
1.0 Astroid
It used the formation of what was called the Open Handset Alliance, which included phone makers like
HTC and Motorola, chip manufacturers.

Fig 4: The Astroid

14|Android
1.1 Petit Four
The android versions 1.0 and 1.1 has no specific names but android 1.1 was unofficially known as Petit
fours. As you know the android version 1.0 was released on 23 Sep, 2008. It has some features like
camera support, Google apps like Gmail, Google calendar, Google contacts, Google maps with street
view, Google search, Google talk, text messaging, MMS, media player, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi support and it
also supported You Tube.

Fig 5: Petit Four

1.5 Cupcake
The first official public code name for Android didn’t appear until version 1.5 Cupcake was released in
April 2009. It added quite a few new features and improvements compared to the first two public
versions.

Fig 6: The Cupcake

15|Android

1.6 Donut
Google quickly launched Android 1.6 Donut in Sept. 2009. The new features included support for
carriers that used CDMA-based networks. This allowed Android phones to be sold by all carriers around
the world.

Fig 7: The Donut

2.0/2.1 Éclair
This version was the first to add text-to-speech support, and also introduced live wallpapers, multiple
account support, and Google Maps navigation, among many other new features and improvements.

Fig 8: The Eclairs

16|Android
2.2-2.2.3 Froyo
Smartphones with Froyo installed could take advantage of several new features, including Wi-Fi mobile
hotspot functions, push notifications via Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, flash
support, and more.

Fig 9: The Froyo

2.3-2.3.7 Gingerbread
The OS received a user interface refresh under Gingerbread. It added support for using near field
communication (NFC) functions for smartphones that had the required hardware. As of Sept. 13
2017, Google indicated that only 0.6 percent of all Android devices are currently running some version of
Gingerbread

Fig 10: The Gingerbread

17|Android

V3.0-3.2.6Honeycomb
Honeycomb was released by Google for installation only on tablets and other mobile devices with larger
displays than current smartphones. It was first introduced in Feb. 2011, along with the first Motorola
Xoom tablet, and included features such as a redesigned UI specifically.

Fig 11: The Honeycomb

V4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

Released in Oct. 2011, the Ice Cream Sandwich version of Android brought a number of new features for
users. It combined many of the features of the tablet-only Honeycomb version with the smartphone-
oriented Gingerbread. It also included a “favorites tray” on the home screen

Fig 12: The Ice Cream Sandwich

18|Android
V4.1-4.3.1Jelly Bean

Google quickly released versions 4.2 and 4.3, both under the Jelly Bean label, in Oct. 2012 and July 2013
respectively. Some of the new features in these software updates included new notification features that showed
more content or action buttons.

Fig 13: The Jelly Bean

V4.4-4.4.4 Kit Kat

Kit Kat didn’t have a huge number of new features, but it did have one thing that really helped to expand the
overall Android market. It was optimized to run on smartphones that had as little as 512 MB of RAM.

Fig 14: The Kit Kat

19|Android

V5.0-5.1.1 Lollipop:
Android 5.0 Lollipop was a major shakeup in the overall look of the operating system. It was the first
version of the OS that used Google’s new Material Design language, which made liberal use of lighting
and shadow effects

Fig 15: The Lollipop

V6.0-6.0.1 Marshmallow
It included features such a new vertically scrolling app drawer, along with Google Now on Tap, native
support for fingerprint biometric unlocking of a smartphone, USB Type-C support, the introduction of
Android Pay, and much more.

Fig 16: The Marshmallow

20|Android

V7.0-7.1.2 Nougat
It included better multi-tasking functions for the growing number of smartphones that have bigger
displays, along with quick switching between apps. Google made a number of big changes behind the
scenes too, like switching to a new JIT compiler to speed up apps.

Fig 17: The Nougat

V8.0-8.1 Oreo
In August, Google confirmed that Oreo would indeed be the public name for Android 8.0. It is the second
time that Google chose a trademarked name for Android (Oreo is owned by Nabisco).

Fig 18: The Oreo

21|Android

V9.0 PIE
Android 9.0 Pie also included some new features designed to help extend your smartphone’s battery life,
including the use of in-device machine learning to predict which apps you will use now, and which apps
you won’t use until later.

Fig 19: The Pie

V10 ANDROID 10
Google launched the first official developer preview of the next version of Android, which it called
Android Q, on March 13, 2019. On August 22, 2019, Google announced a major refresh of the Android
brand. That includes a new logo and, more importantly, the decision to ditch the traditional dessert
name for the next version. As a result, Android Q officially is known just as Android 10.

Fig 20: The Android

22|Android

APPLICATIONS IN ANDROID

Android initially came into existence with the sure-fire idea that developments are given the
power and freedom to create enthralling Mobile applications while taking advantage of
everything that the mobile handset has to offer.

Android is built on open Linux Kernel. This particular software for Mobile Application is
made to be open source, thereby giving the opportunity to the developers to introduce and
incorporate any technological advancement. Build on custom virtual machine android gives
its users the addition usage and application power, to initiate an interactive and efficient
application and operational Software for your phone.

Google’s mobile operating device, the android is its awesome creation in the definitive
creation of Software Applications for the mobile phone arena it also facilitates the g-juice in
your mobile thus initiating a whole new world of Mobile Technology experience by its
customers.

We at Arokia IT are technically equipped to initiate any level of these amazing software
applications using the android genius from Google. Around in the year 2007, Google
announced its Android Operating System and Open Handset Alliance with these two major
contributions to the mobile industry that ultimately changed our experience with mobile
interface.
23|Android

OPEN HEADSET ALLIANCE

Open Handset Alliance is an amalgamation of Tech Companies with common and particular
interest in the mobile user enhancement experience. Companies like Google, HTC, Motorola,
Samsung, Telecom Italia, T Mobile, LG, Texas Instruments as well as Sony Ericsson,
Vodafone, Toshiba and Hawaii are Tech giant based on their core abilities and strengths,
while keeping and pursuing the characters and goals of each company, their basic idea of this
joining of hands was the feature-rich mobile experience for the end user.

This alliance meant the sharing of ideas and innovation, to bring out these ideas into reality.
This provided the millions and millions of Mobile users the experience that they never had.

Like the Apple iPhone, Android Operating System allows third party developers to innovate
and create Applications and software for mobile devices. Android is an open, flexible and
stable enough to associate itself with newer and newer evolving Technologies.

Android’s vast range of easy to use tools and wide range of libraries provides Mobile
Application developers with the means of an amazing mobile operating software to come up
with the most efficient and rich Mobile Applications changing the world of millions of
mobile

We program these Applications on the customized demands of our clients. We ensure them
that these specifically designed apps on the android platform are solely designed for their
specific user defined criteria.
24|Android

Hire Android Developers at Arokia

Our sound and capable Android programmers have exhibited their expertise on the global
podium in the following skill sets like the Android’s Applications Framework, Android
Dalvik Virtual Machine, Data Storage and Retrieval using SQLite, XML, web-services,
Handle Media Support for audio and video, GSM, 3G and Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Edge GPS,
Compass and accelerometer Screen Elements like View-groups, Views, Tree Structured UI,
Layout and many more such android services to offer our client.

Our sound and capable Android programmers have exhibited their expertise on the global
podium in the following skill sets like the Android’s Applications Framework, Android
Dalvik Virtual Machine, Data Storage and Retrieval using SQLite, XML, web-services,
Handle Media Support for audio and video, GSM, 3G and Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Edge GPS,
Compass and accelerometer Screen Elements like View-groups, Views, Tree Structured UI,
Layout and many more such android services to offer our client.
You will find Arokia as a one-stop source for all your functional needs while creatively
unfolding the true potential and breadth & depth of imagination by our passionate
programmers and designers

When you hire our Android developers, you ensure yourself with the most valued and
exquisite mobile applications. Our developers can help you eliminate all types of potential
risks and gain competitive advantages through their technical expertise.
25|Android

ANDROID ARCHITECTURE

Fig 21: The Android Architecture

Linux kernel
At the bottom of the layers is Linux - Linux 3.6 with approximately 115 patches. This provides a level of
abstraction between the device hardware and it contains all the essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad,
display etc. Also, the kernel handles all the things that Linux is really good at such as networking and a vast

Array of device drivers, which take the pain out of interfacing to peripheral hardware.
26|Android

Libraries
On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source Web browser engine WebKit, well
known library lib, SQLite database which is a useful repository for storage and sharing of application data,
libraries to play and record audio and video, SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.

Android Libraries
This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific to Android development. Examples of
libraries in this category include the application framework libraries in addition to those that facilitate user
interface building, graphics drawing and database access. A summary of some key core Android libraries
available to the Android developer is as follows −

 android.app − Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all Android
applications.

 android.content − Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between applications and
application components.

 android.database − Used to access data published by content providers and includes SQLite database
management classes.

 android.opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.

 android.os − Provides applications with access to standard operating system services including
messages, system services and inter-process communication.

 android.text − Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.

 android.view − the fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.

 android.widget − A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons, labels, list
views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.

 android.webkit − A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into

applications.

Having covered the Java-based core libraries in the Android runtime, it is now time to turn our attention to the
C/C++ based libraries contained in this layer of the Android software stack.
27|Android
Android Runtime
This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second layer from the bottom. This section
provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially
designed and optimized for Android.

The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like memory management and multi-threading, which is
intrinsic in the Java language. The Dalvik VM enables every Android application to run in its own process,
with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine.

The Android runtime also provides a set of core libraries which enable Android application developers to write
Android applications using standard Java programming language.

Application Framework
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to applications in the form of Java
classes. Application developers are allowed to make use of these services in their applications.

The Android framework includes the following key services −

 Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack.

 Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data with other applications.

 Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as strings, color settings
and user interface layouts.

 Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to the user.

 View System − an extensible set of views used to create application user interfaces.
28|Android
FUTURE OF ANDROID

I'm just curious to what you guys think the future of Android will be like, especially after
Apple won their lawsuit with Samsung. With that lawsuit, and Adobe eliminating Mobile
Flash, I am less optimistic about the future of Android than I have ever been. The lawsuit
could dramatically impact the design of Android (of course we will still have launchers to
make our phone look how we want).

A future change in the basic design could dramatically hurt Android. The current Icon setup
is the most popular for users (Windows, Macs, iPhone, Android) but if that were to change,
people may not want to keep buying Androids. Personally, I hope Samsung is able to sue
Apple when the mini iPad comes out for design patents. Since Apple was able to win a
rectangle with rounded corners, why can't Samsung win the 7inch design. The mobile war
lawsuits are silly and will cause all of us to pay more for future Smartphones.

Then add that along with the elimination of Mobile Flash, which was a major advantage that
Android had over iPhone. This is a bigger issue than just online video. Some businesses use
flash for their employees to access their work material. Some colleges use flash on their
websites so their students can access the course material. Personally, I go to online college
and my classes are flash websites.

With the elimination of Mobile flash, that will cause many of us to not be able to access our
classes from our phones. The whole thing with HTML5 taking over is years from taking
place, with many of the bigger video sites not planning on going to HTML5. While Mobile
Flash wasn't perfect, it was usable for many of us. Without Mobile Flash moving forward,
for some of us, updating our phones or upgrading our phones for new ones will cut down on
our productivity.

I'm personally sad that I couldn't keep ICS on my Bionic due to Flash not working for me.
My need for flash is too great. I'm always accessing my course work from my phone and
eliminating flash makes that not possible.

Unfortunately, I need my phone to be as useful as possible and eliminating things that I can
29|Android
use it for just doesn't work for me. While not everyone needs flash, many do. For those of us
who do, future devices won't be an option, nor will future updates to our phone. My college
has an iPhone app, but not an Android app so if push came to shove, I may have to switch to
an iPhone (yuck) just to be able to stay productive.

ANDROID SECURITY
Secure Socket Layer
The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and its successor, Trans-port Layer Security (TLS), are cryptographic
protocols that were introduced to protect network communication from eavesdropping and tampering. To
establish a secure connection, a client must securely gain access to the public key of the server. In most
client/server setups, the server obtains an X.509 certificate that contains the server's public key and is signed by
a Certificate Authority (CA). When the client connects to the server, the certificate is transferred to the client.
The client must then validate the certificate. However, validation checks are not a central part of the SSL and
X.509standards.

The basic validation checks include: a) Does the subject (CN) of the certificate match the destination selected
by the client? b) Is the signing CA a trusted CA? c) Is the signature correct? And d) is the certificate valid in
terms of 51its time of expiry? Additionally, revocation of a certificate and its corresponding certificate chain
should be checked, but downloading Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) or using the Online Certificate Status
Protocol (OCSP) is often omitted. The open nature of the standard specification has several pitfalls, both on a
technical and a human level. Therefore, our evaluations in the remainder of this paper are based on examining
the four validation checks listed above.

The open nature of Android and its large user base have made it an attractive and profitable platform to attack.
Common exploits and tool kits on the OS can be utilized across a wide number of devices, meaning that
attackers can perform exploits masse and re-use attack vectors. Google did take measures in the development of
the Android kernel to build security measures in; the OS is sandboxed, preventing malicious processes from
crossing between applications. Whilst this attempt to eliminate the concept of infection is admirable in some
regards, it fails to address the issue of infectionaltogether.

Android is a victim of its own success, not just in the way it has attracted malicious attention, but in its very
nature. One of the reasons the OS has succeeded in gaining market share so rapidly.
30|Android

CONCLUSION

I have learned through my research that Android is much more diverse operating system than IOS and
Windows phone. Android has grown rapidly over the years. Android doesn’t release one phone from one
company with one new OS every year, but countless phones from numerous companies, adding their own twist.
Its ability to customize is unparalleled compared to Apple’s and Microsoft’s software allowing the user to
change and customize. It is unique and incomparable from other mobile operating system.
29|Android

REFERENCES
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.tutlane.com
 www.elprocus.com
 www.educba.com
 www.medium.com