Chapter 7 - 9

Ionic Compounds

Compound – a substance of constant composition that can be broken down into

elements by chemical process

Molecule – electrically neutral group of atoms that act as a unit. Atoms are chemically
bonded.

Formula Unit – smallest unit of the crystal lattice that represent the compound; cmeical
formula of an ionic compound

Chemical formula – a representation of a molecule or formula unit in which the

symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts
are used to show the relative numbers of atoms.

Chemical formulas do NOT show any information about structure!!!!

C6H6 – 6 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms

CH4 – 1 carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms (subscript 1 is always assumed, not
written)

NaOH – 1 sodium atom, 1 O atom, 1 H atom

Ni(NO3)2 – 1 Ni atom, 2 N atoms, 6 O atoms

Formation of Ions

Atom is neutral -- # p = # e-

Ion – charged particle formed from a neutral atom by adding or removing electrons.
The number of protons remains the same

Cation – positive ion, formed from metal atoms by removing one or more electrons

Anion – negative ion, formed from nonmetal atoms by adding one or more electrons

Determine charge on the ion by comparing number of protons and electrons.

If number of protons is greater – cation

If number of electrons is greater – anion

Isotopes/Ion WS

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Charge of ion can be determined based on group number (for representative
elements):

Atoms gain or lose one or more valence electrons depending upon their location on the
periodic table. For now, we will only focus on the metals in groups 1A and 2A and Al
and the nonmetasl in groups 5A, 6A, 7A

Valence electrons – outermost electrons located in HOPEL

# valence electrons = group number
electrons involved in bonding

[Metals Nonmetals]
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
(Al)
# valence e-: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ion charge: 1+ 2+ 3+ X 3- 2- 1- 0

Cation charge = grp # Anion charge = Grp # - 8

Cations formed by losing valence electrons

Anions formed by gaining electrons to obtain 8 valence electrons

Ion Formula – symbolic representation of an ion; element symbol with ion charge at
upper right

Na+, Ca2+, F1-, O2-, P3-

Octet Rule – atoms react by gaining or losing electrons to acquire the stable
electron structure of a noble gas, usually 8 electrons.

Na: 1s22s22p63s1

1 valence electron, lose 1 e to form Na+

Na+ configuration: 1s22s22p6

same as Ne – Na+ configuration is isoelectronic with Ne

Cl: 1s22s22p63s23p5

7 valence electrons, gain 1 e to form Cl-

Cl- - 1s22s22p63s23p6

same as Ar, Cl- configuration is isoelectronic with Ar

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isoelectronic – electron configuration of ion is identical to that of a noble gas. Cations
are isoelectronic with the preceding noble gas; anions are isoelectronic with following
noble gas

Other examples….

Lewis Dot Structures – another way to represent valence electrons

use dots around the element formula to represent its valence electrons. To represent
ions, add or remove electrons to ID with its charge

Examples (table 7.1)

When cations form, Lewis Dot Structure of cations is ion formula

When anions form, Lewis Dot structure is 8 dots around the element symbol and
the charge indicated in the upper right

Ionic Compound – compound formed from metal and nonmetal or metal and
polyatomic ion

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Properties of Ionic Compounds

 Electrically neutral
 Composed of metal and nonmetal
 Composed of cations and anions
 Ionic bond – formed by electrostatic attraction between ions
 Crystalline solids (crystal lattice)
 High melting point
 Many soluble in water
 Conduct electricity when dissolved in water

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LAB: ID OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Go over lab sheet/ prelab requirements

Prelab: Header, title, purpose background, safety, procedure summary, data
table.

Review: Data table must include data that is observed or measured, therefore will
include RED LED and GREEN LED for each substance from which you determine
conductivity and substance type.

Properties:

 Electrically neutral group of atoms that act as a unit (molecule)

 May be soluble in water, many are not soluble
 Aqueous solution of molecular compounds do NOT conduct
 May be solids, liquids or gases at RT
 Solids have relatively low mp.
 Do not conduct electricity whether pure or dissolved in water unless they are an
organic acid.

Examples: isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O); benzene (C6H6), methane (CH4), sucrose

(C12H22O11)

Acids:

Form H+ ions when dissolve in water (therefore will conduct electricity!)

Examples of common acids:

H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, H2CO3, H3PO4 (inorganic acids)

Also can have organic acids that can form H+ in water

Examples of organic acids:

Acetic acid (vinegar), citric acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid

Pure water (distilled water) does not conduct

Tap water does conduct

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Nomenclature

Nomenclature: the system of rules by which chemicals are named and formulas are
written.

Systematic names: names that follow a prescribed set of rules

Stock name: systematic name for ionic compounds containing transition metals or other
metals.

Common name: familiar name used to refer to a compound that does not follow any set
of rules. [table salt, sugar (= table sugar = sucrose = C 12H22O11), ammonia = NH3]

Chemical formula: a representation of a compound in which the symbols for the

elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present ad subscripts are used to
show the relative numbers of the ions

Formula Unit: chemical formula of an ionic compound that represents the lowest whole
number ratio of ions in an ionic compound. The representative particle of an ionic
compound.

Molecule: a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same element or different
elements. The representative particle of a molecular compound.

Binary compounds: contain two elements

Binary ionic compounds: metal and nonmetal
Binary molecular compounds: two nonmetals

As we have already seen, binary ionic compounds containing alkali metals, alkaline
earth metals or Al are named by naming the ions:

Name the metal

Name the anion, changing the ending to –ide

(The name of the cation is always first.)

Examples:

NaCl sodium chloride

KI potassium iodide
CaS calcium sulfide
CaBr2 calcium bromide
MgCl2 magnesium chloride
AlBr3 aluminum bromide

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 Al2O3 aluminum oxide

Binary ionic compounds: ionic compound containing two elements

Writing formulas for binary ionic compounds:

Binary ionic compounds – composed of metal and nonmetal (two elements)

Write ion formula for metal and nonmetal

Determine how many of each ion are needed such that the sum of the charges is zero
Number of each ion needed is the subscript
Subscripts are in lowest whole number ratio (reduce)

Criss-Cross method

Examples:

Sodium and chlorine Calcium and chlorine

Na1+ Cl1- NaCl Ca2+ Cl1- CaCl2

Sodium and oxygen Magnesium and oxygen

Na1+ O2- Na2O Mg2+ O2- MgO NOT Mg2O2

Name of ions:

Cations are named using the name of the parent element

Na1+ sodium
Ca2+ calcium
Al3+ aluminum

Anions are named by changing the ending of the element name to IDE

5A Nitrogen  nitride
Phosphorus  phosphide
Arsenic  arsenide

6A Oxygen  oxide
Sulfur  sulfide
Tellurium  telluride

7A Fluorine  fluoride
Chlorine  chloride

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 Bromine  bromide
Iodine  iodide

To name ionic compound:

Name the metal, name the anion

NaCl = sodium chloride

MgBr2 = magnesium bromide

Stock Names:

Transition metals and the other metals can have more than one possible charge
(oxidation number). Names need to identify which ion is in the compound because the
charge of the ion changes the ratio of the number of cations and anions.

An ionic compound containing a transition metal is named using the stock name. The
stock name includes the name of the metal, a roman numeral in parenthesis that
indicates the magnitude of the cation charge, and the name of the anion.

In order to determine the value of the Roman numeral, the cation charge is determined
from the chemical formula. We ALWAYS know the charge of the anion.

Use stock name for transition metals and “other metals” (except Al, Zn, Ag)

Rules to write stock name:

1. Determine charge on the anion

2. Calculate the total negative charge
3. Calculate the total positive charge

Total pos charge + total neg charge = 0

4. Calculate the charge on one cation:

Charge on cation = Total positive charge/number of ions

5. Name the compound

a. Name the metal

b. Write the magnitude of the charge as a roman numeral in parentheses
c. Name the anion

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Example:

FeS

1. Sulfur ion has 2- charge.

2. Total negative charge is -2. (only one sulfide ion)
3. Total positive charge is 2
4. only one Fe in formula so charge on cation is +2
5. iron(II) sulfide

FeCl2

1. Charge on Chloride ion = 1—

2. Total negative charge = 2(-1) = -2
3. Total positive charge = +2 (2-2 = 0)
4. One cation in formula, therefore charge on cation is 2+

5. Name: iron(II) chloride

FeP iron(III) phosphide

Fe2O3

1. Charge on oxide = -2
2. Total negative charge = 3x-2 = -6
3. Total positive charge = +6
4. Two iron ions therefore charge on one cation = +6/2 = +3

5. Name: iron(III) oxide

MnO2 manganese(IV) oxide

Mn2O7 manganese(VII) oxide

In addition to 1A and 2A metals, the metals that do not need a Roman numeral: Al, Zn,
Ag. Charges of these ions are always the same: Al3+, Zn2+, Ag1+ (diagonal line count
back from 3 starting with Al)

Worksheet: “Naming Binary Compounds Using Stock Names”

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Not all ionic compounds are binary. Some are ternary and contain an anion composed
of more than one element.

Ternary compound: contain three elements

Polyatomic ion: an ion, containing a number of atoms bonded together, that act as a
unit and carry a charge.

List on back of the periodic table.

Additional ions listed in Table 4.4 on p. 100

NH41+ ammonium (only cation that we will not use is not a metal)
OH- hydroxide
NO31- nitrate
SO42- sulfate

Those ions ending in -ate have one more oxygen than those ending in –ite
(see sulfate and sulfite)

The charge on the ion applies to the entire unit, regardless of the subscripts.

SO4 as a unit has 2- charge.

Some polyatomic ions include hydrogen and are named by stating hydrogen followed by
the name of the anion:

HCO31- hydrogen carbonate (also known as bicarbonate)

HPO42- hydrogen phosphate

H2PO41- dihydrogen phosphate

Naming compounds that contain a polyatomic ion:

Identify the metal and determine if it is a transition metal or other metal:

If no, name the metal, name the anion (no Roman numeral)
If Al, Zn, Ag (no Roman numeral)

If the metal is a transition metal or other metal (not Al, Zn, Ag), determine the charge on
the cation to determine the value of the Roman numeral. Name the metal, identify the
charge with the Roman numeral in parentheses and name the anion.

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Ni(NO3)2

1. Charge on anion is -1,

2. Total negative charge is 2*(-1) = -2
3. Therefore total positive charge is +2
4. Charge on Nickel is +2 (only one ion)
5. Name: Nickel(II)nitrate

Note: when the polyatomic ion is in parentheses, the number outside the parentheses
tells how many of those ions are in the formula.

In the formula above, there is one nickel ion and 2 nitrate ions.

When calculating total charge of the ion, only multiply the ion charge times the number
of ions based on the number OUTSIDE parentheses. Do NOT multiply by a subscript
that is part of the ion formula.

CrO3 chromium(VI) oxide

K3PO4 potassium phosphate (no Roman numeral needed, 1A metal)

CuSO4 copper(II)sulfate

Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (no Roman numeral needed, 1A metal)

MgBr2 magnesium bromide (no Roman numeral needed, 2A metal)

Be careful when identifying the anion:

N3- NO31- NO21-

Nitride Nitrate Nitrite

S2- SO42- SO32-

Sulfide Sulfate Sulfite

P3- PO43- PO33-

Phosphide Phosphate Phosphite

HW: “Naming Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions”

“Naming Ionic Compounds Using Stock Names – Binary and Ternary
Compounds”

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Writing chemical formulas using polyatomic ions:

Na1+, SO42- Na2SO4

Cu2+, PO43- Cu3(PO4)2

When more than one polyatomic ion is needed in the formula, put the entire ion formula
in parentheses and the subscript to identify the number of ions outside parentheses. Do
not confuse these with the subscripts that are part of the polyatomic ion formula.

HW: Criss-Cross Worksheet

Writing chemical formulas from stock names:

Based on the chemical name, write the ion formula of each ion (cation, anion).
Write the chemical formula where the sum of the charges of the ions is zero.
Remember: lowest whole number ratio of the subscripts!

Iron(III)bromide Fe3+, Br1- FeBr3

Copper(II)nitrate Cu2+, NO31- Cu(NO3)2

Sodium oxalate Na1+, C2O42- Na2C2O4

Chemical formulas of ionic compounds identify the formula unit of the ionic compound.
The formula unit is the smallest representative particle of the compound. Ionic
compounds occur as crystal lattices (show models of sodium chloride and calcium
carbonate). Formula unit represents the neutral representative particle containing the
number of ions indicated in the chemical formula.

Acids: produce hydrogen ions in water

Properties of Acids:

 Formulas begin with H

 Taste sour
 Sting
 Neutralizes bases
 React with active metals
 Corrosive
 pH < 7

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Common Acids:

Hydrochloric acid HCl

Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Nitric acid HNO3
Phosphoric acid H3PO4
Carbonic acid H2CO3
Acetic acid HC2H3O2

Bases: produce hydroxide ions in water

Properties of Bases:

 Formula ends in OH
 Taste bitter
 Feel slippery (like soap)
 Neutralize acids
 Dissolve grease and organic matter
 pH > 7

Examples: NaOH (lye)

KOH (caustic potash)

HW: Worksheet: Identifying and Naming Acids and Bases

Additional practice: “Chemical Formulas and Names” Worksheet

See handout on naming acids for additional help when you encounter an acid to
name or write its formula.

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Molecular Compounds:

Molecular compound is a compound composed of nonmetals.

Binary molecular compounds contain only two non metal elements.

The chemical formula of a molecular compound indicates the number of each kind of
atom in a molecule of the compound.

CH4 methane: contains one carbon atom and 4 hydrogen atoms

NO2 nitrogen dioxide: contains one nitrogen and two oxygen atoms

Molecule: a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

Molecular formula: the exact formula of a molecule giving the types of atoms and the
number of each type of atom.

Molecular formulas are neutral. They are not necessarily in lowest whole number ratio.

N2O4
C6H6
C6H12O6

Properties of Molecular Compounds:

 Electrically neutral group of atoms that act as a unit (molecule)

 May be soluble in water, many are not soluble
 May be solids, liquids or gases at RT
 Solids have relatively low mp
 Do not conduct electricity whether pure or dissolved in water unless they are an
organic acid

Examples: Isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O); benzene (C6H6), methane (CH4), sucrose

(C12H22O11)

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Naming binary molecular compounds:

Use a prefix in front of each element to identify how many of each are in the compound.

Number
Prefix
(subscript)
1 mono-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-

Name the first element, including a prefix if the subscript is >1

Name the second element, ending in –ide, using a prefix for all elements, regardless of
the subscript. DO NOT REDUCE THE SUBSCRIPTS!!

CO carbon monoxide

CO2 carbon dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

Note: molecular compounds are neutral. Need to differentiate those molecular

compounds that have the same formula as some polyatomic anions.

Writing formulas for binary molecular compounds:

Write the element symbol with a subscript determined by the prefix for each element in
the name. The element symbols are written in the same order as they are named.

Phosphorus pentachloride: PCl5

Dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5

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