17

1
Recapitulate
• We discussed two examples
of what are classically known
as inelastic collisions.
• Energy conservation led to
increase in the rest mass of
the combined particle from
the sum of initial rest
masses.
2
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Zero Rest Mass Particle
We had discussed the
possibility of zero rest mass
particle which must move with
speed of light.
2 2 2 2 4
E =p c +m c 0

mo 0 E pc

3
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Photon
• Explanation of
Photoelectric Effect
indicated dual nature of
light.
• Light could be imagined
consisting of photons,
having energy h .

4
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Photon
• Photon is treated as a
particle with zero rest mass.
• The Energy and momentum
of photon can be written as
follows.
h
E h ;p
c
5
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Compton Effect
Recoil of a photon by a
free electron.
Y
h ’
h
e X
Ee e
6
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
h h
cos pe cos
c c
h
sin pe sin
c
2
moc h h Ee

2 2 2 2 4
Ee pe c mo c
7
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 2 2 2 2
pe (cos sin ) pe
2 2
h h h
cos sin
c c c

2 2 2 2
pe c h h cos h sin

8
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 2 2 2 2
pe c h h cos h sin
2 2 2
h h cos
2 2
2 h h cos h sin
2 2
h h 2 h h cos

9
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 2 2 2 2 4
pe c Ee mo c
2
moc h h Ee
pe2c 2 (h h moc 2 )2 mo2c 4
2 2
h h 2 h h
2 h h moc 2

10
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 2 2
h h 2 h h cos
2 2 2
h h 2 h h moc
2 h h

2
h h 1 cos h h moc

11
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 2
h h 1 cos h h moc

hc hc
1 cos

hc hc 2
moc

12
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
hc hc
1 cos

hc hc 2
moc

2
hc hc 2
1 cos moc

13
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 2
hc 2
hc
moc 1 cos

h
1 cos
moc

14
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Experimental
Verification

Free Electrons within the

metals are used for this
experiment.

15
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 Detector
Scattered - rays
Incident -rays

Metallic target

16
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Experimental
Results

λ’
17
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
• Original wavelength due
to scattering from core.
• Large linewidth due to
velocity distribution of
electrons

18
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Example
The speed of a particle
of rest mass 135 MeV/c2
is found to be 0.8 c in a
frame S’. The frame S’ is
observed to move with a
speed of 0.6 c in
another frame S.

19
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
All the motions are
collinear and are taken
to be along x-axis. In
S’, it is found that the
particle decays into two
photons.

20
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Each of the photon makes
an angle ’ with the initial
direction of the particle.
Find the angle ’ and the
frequency of the photon
in this frame. Find the
angle and frequency in
S frame.

21
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 E’p1
y S y’ S’
E’ θ’
θ’
O O’ x’
x E’p2
z z’

22
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
In S’ Initially
1 5
u
1 (0.8) 2 3
2 5
E u moc 135 225MeV
3
5 135 MeV
p u mou 2
0.8c 180
3 c c

23
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
If E’p1and E’p2 are the energies of the
two photons,

E p1 E p2 225MeV
E p1 E p2 MeV
cos cos 180
c c c
E p1 E p2
sin sin
c c

24
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
This gives

E p1 E p2 112.5MeV
180
cos
225
o
36.87

25
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
In S

Transform the energy

momentum of particle
before decay,

26
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Momentum in S

vE
p p 2
c
MeV
1.25 180 0.6 225
c
MeV
393.75
c
27
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Energy in S

E E vp
1.25 225 0.6 180 MeV
416.25MeV

28
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Conservation of energy
and momentum in S

E p1 E p2 416.25MeV
E p1 E p2 MeV
cos cos 393.75
c c c
E p1 E p2
sin sin
c c
29
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
This gives

E p1 E p2 208.125MeV
393.75
cos
416.25
o
18.92

30
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Verify

We can verify the results

by transforming the
photon energies.

31
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
For Photon 1 in S’ frame.

E p1 112.5MeV

32
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 E p1
pp1 x cos
c
180 MeV MeV
112.5 90
225 c c
E p1
pp1y sin
c
MeV MeV
112.5 0.6 67.5
c c
33
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Transform to S
vE p1
pp1x pp1x 2
c
MeV
1.25 90 0.6 112.5
c
MeV
196.875
c
34
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 MeV
pp1y pp1y 67.5
c
E1p E p1 vpp1x
1.25 112.5 0.6 90 MeV
208.125MeV

35
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
 MeV
pp1x 196.875
c
MeV
pp1y 67.5
c

67.5
tan
196.875
o
18.92
36
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Summary
• We introduced the concept of
photon as a particle with zero
rest mass.
• We gave an example and saw
that photon momentum and
energy transformation.

37
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay