Lec 15 PDF

15
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Recapitulate
• We described velocity
four vector.
• We derived velocity
transformation using the
four vector
transformation.
• Gave an example.
2
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Momentum
Four Vector
We start looking for
a new definition of
momentum.
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In view of the fact
that there is some
universality
associated with the
concept of four
vectors, let us look
for momentum Four
vector.
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Proper or
Rest Mass
We define a four scalar
called rest mass mo, which
is the mass of the particle
measured in a frame in
which it is at rest.
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We can then define a new
four vector, momentum
four vector.
p mou mo u ux , uy , uz , ic
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If we take the first three
components of this four
vector as new definition
of momentum, let us
examine if its
conservation would be
universal.
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Let us first write
momentum four
vector as follows.
p px , py , pz , A4
px mo uux
py mo uuy
pz mo uuz
A4 mo u ic
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p1I
p2I
Conservation of
momentum implies.
p1I p2 Ip1i p1p
F
2 i p p1f
2F
p2f
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Universality of conservation
of momentum implies that
in any other frame, even
though individual momenta
may be different, still we
must have.
p1I p2 I p1F p2F
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As per new definition of
momentum, the first three
component of momentum
four vector are the x, y and
z components of
momentum vector.
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Hence the sum of three
components of the initial
momenta will transform as
follows, for n interacting
particles.
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n n
pxkI pxkI
k 1 k 1
n 0 0 i n
pykI pykI
k 1 0 1 0 0 k 1
n
0 0 1 0 n
pzkI pzkI
k 1 i 0 0 k 1
n n
A4 kI A4 kI
k 1 k 1
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n n n
pxkI pxkI i A4 kI
k 1 k 1 k 1
n n
pykI pykI
k 1 k 1
n n
pzkI pzkI
k 1 k 1
n n n
A4 I i pxkI A4 kI
k 1 k 1 k 1
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Conservation of momentum implies
that after interactions.
n n
pxkI pxkF
k 1 k 1
n n
pykI pykF
k 1 k 1
n n
pzkI pzkF
k 1 k 1
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And we want that in a
different frame also we
must have.
n n
pxkI pxkF
k 1 k 1
n n
pykI pykF
k 1 k 1
n n
pzkI pzkF
k 1 k 1
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Let us look at the x-component
as that is the critical.
n n n
pxkI pxkI i A4 kI
k 1 k 1 k 1
Want Unchanged ???

unchanged after
after interaction
interaction
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We thus realize that
the universality of
conservation of
momentum critically
depends on the
conservation of the
fourth component of
the four vector.
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The Fourth
Component
A4 mo u ic
The fourth component is

identified as related to
energy.
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E
A4 mo u ic i
c
E mo u c 2 mc 2
m mo u
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The conservation of
momentum will be valid in
all frames, if energy E, the
way we have now defined,
is also conserved in the
process. Further, we see
the following
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n
E kI n n
E kI
i i pxkI i
k 1 c k 1 k 1 c
This ensures that even

energy E will be conserved
in all frames, if energy and
momentum are conserved
in a given frame.
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What is this
Energy?
u 0 u 1
2 2
p u mou 0; E u moc moc
u c u 1
2
p mou; E moc
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This new form of energy
does not resemble any
classically known form of
energy. It is entirely a new
concept of energy.
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Energy gain in different
form would lead to an
increase in the mass. Mass
can be expressed in the
units of energy, as the two
are related through a
fundamental constant.
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Kinetic Energy
A particle at rest also has
an energy called Rest Mass
Energy. The increase in its
total energy due to motion
is called Kinetic Energy.
2 2
K mc moc
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moc 2 2
K moc
1 u2 / c 2
2 2 2 1/2 2
moc (1 u / c ) moc
2 2 2 2
moc (1 u / 2c ) moc
1 2
mou
2
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New
Definitions
p mu
2
E mc
2 2
K mc moc
mo
m
2 2
1 u /c
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Momentum-Energy
Four Vector
px px
0 0 i
py py
0 1 0 0
pz pz
0 0 1 0
E E
i i 0 0 i
c c
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Momentum-Energy
Transformation
vE
px px 2
c
py py
pz pz
E E vpx
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Length for a
single particle
The length of energy
momentum four vector
would be same in all frames
as this is a four scalar. Let
us evaluate it for a single
particle.
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2 E2
p p p 2
c
mo2 u
2
u2 mo2 u
2
c2
2 2 2 2
mo u (u c )
2 2
mo c
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This is obviously
same in all frames.
This leads to the
following useful
relationship.
2 2 2 2 4
E =p c +m0 c
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Kinetic Energy
and Momentum
p2c 2 E2 mo2c 4
2
2 2 4
K moc mo c
2 2
K 2moc K
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Classical Limit
2 2 2 2
pc K 2moc K
2
K K 2moc
2
p
K
2mo
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Zero Rest Mass
Particle
If rest mass is zero
moc 2
mou
E and p
2
u 2
u
1 1
c 2
c2
are zero
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Unless u=c. In such
cases
E K pc
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Summary
• We defined energy-momentum
four vector.
• Ensured that energy
momentum conservation
becomes universal.
• Gave the concept of zero rest
mass particle.
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p1I p2 I p1F p2F

Want Unchanged ???

The fourth component is

This ensures that even

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