Lec 19 PDF

19
1
Recapitulate
• We discussed Doppler Effect
in Light.
• We also described Transverse
Doppler Effect.
• We gave flavor of some
experiments where Doppler
Effect is used.
2
Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
C Frame
Centre of Mass Frame
(C-Frame) is defined
as a frame in which
the sum of momenta
of a system of
particles is zero.
3
L Frame
Laboratory Frame (L-
Frame ) is one in
which the experiment
is performed/
described which may
or may not be same as
C frame.
4
In STR, problems can
be simplified when
transformed to C-
frame.
Many HEP experiments

are planned in C-
frame to save energy.
5
Example 1
A particle of rest mass Mo
and total energy 3Moc2,
decays into two identical
particles of rest mass mo.
Find the velocities of the two
particles, given that the
decay products move long
the direction of motion of
the parent particle.
6
We need to apply
conservation of
energy and
momentum as usual
in this L frame.
7
Find initial momentum
E  3Moc 2
L  3  1 2

 2
8

3
8
pL  3  Mo  c  8Moc
3 8
Or use
E 2  p2c 2  Mo2c 4
2 2 2 2 4
p c  E  Mo c
p2c 2  9Mo2c 4  Mo2c 4
 p  8Moc
9
L Frame
Conservation of
Energy and
momentum
3Mo c  E1L  E2L

2
8Mo c  p1L  p2L
10
These equations have
to be solved using
following equations’
E1L  p1L c  mo c
2 2 2 2 4
E2L  p2L c  mo c
2 2 2 2 4
It is not easy to solve these

equations.
11
Go to C Frame
As there only a single
particle initially, we
shall have following in
C frame.
pxc  0; Ec  Moc 2
12
C Frame
Conservation of
energy and
momentum gives
following.
Mo c  2 C mo c
2 2
Mo
C 
2mo
13
The two particles will
move in opposite
direction with the
following speed.
c 12

c 2
 1   4mo  2
v    1 2  c    1 2 
c
 C   Mo 
14
These speeds have only
to be transformed back
to L frame taking care of
appropriate sign.
The speed of C frame in

L frame needed to apply
transformation. This was
found earlier.
15
Example 2
An electron of total energy
1.4 MeV collides with
another electron, which is
at rest in L frame. After
collision the target
electron scatters at an
angle of 45o in the C
frame.
16
Find the energy and the
momentum components
of the target electron
after the scatter in C and
L frames. (Rest mass
energy of electron 0.51
MeV)
17
Issues
• It is a two particle
system from the
beginning.
• Hence C frame is
not as obvious as
in previous
problem.
18
First Method
• Let C frame travel in L
frame with a speed v.
• Find momentum and
Energy in C frame.
• Equate the
momentum to zero to
find v.
19
L Frame
Total initial energy of
the two electrons
EL  1.4  .51  1.91 MeV
20
L Frame
The momentum of the

first electron
MeV
pL  (1.4)  (0.51)  1.304
2 2
c
The momentum of the
second electron is zero.
21
Transform to a frame having a
velocity v in L frame.
 MeV v  1.4MeV 
p1x    1.304  2 
 c c 
 v  0.51MeV 
p2 x    0  2 
 c 
22
For C frame
p1x  p2 x  0
This gives
23
 MeV v  1.4MeV 
 1.304 c  2 
 c 
 v  0.51MeV 
0  2  0
 c 
v  .683c
Now evaluate  and then Energy.
24
Method 2
One can use the fact

that the length of four
vector would be same
in all frames.
25
Length in L
  E 
2
 p 
2

Li
Li 2
c
2
 MeV 
 (1.304)  (1.91)  1.9482 
2

2
 c 
MeV
 1.396i
c
26
In C Frame
The length of four
vector is same but the
total momentum is
zero. Hence we can
evaluate the total
energy.
27
  E 
2

Ci
2
c
MeV
 1.396i
c
E 
2 2
 MeV 
 1.949 
Ci
2 
c  c 
28
In C Frame
The energy of the two
scattered electrons
and the magnitude of
the momenta are
same. We therefore
get the following.
29
1.396
EC   0.698MeV
2
MeV
pC  (0.698)  (0.51)  0.477
2 2
30
The magnitude of x
and y component of
the momenta are
given by
0.477 MeV
pCx  pCy   0.337
2 c
31
Relative speed of C frame
in L frame in this method.
0.698
   1.369
0.51
  1 1.873  1
2
  2 
2
 0.466
 1.873
v  0.683c
32
Further
The energy and momenta
can be obtained in L frame,
using Energy Momentum
transformation.
One can also ascertain that

the energy and momentum
are conserved in L frame
33
Note
In L-Frame the energy
is 1.91 MeV
In C-Frame the energy

is 1.396 MeV
34
Example 3
A proton (p) with kinetic
energy K is incident on
another proton at rest in
L frame.
35
After the interaction
four particles are
found, three proton and
one anti- proton. Find
the least value of K
needed for this process
to happen.
36
C-Frame
The least energy required
would be when all the
four particles are created
at rest. But that is
possible only when initial
momentum is zero,
which is so in C-frame.
37
The energy in C-
frame is given by
following.
EC  4moc 2
The square of length

of four vector in this
frame is
16mo c
2 2
38
Length in L-
Frame
The square of length of

four vector in L frame
before interaction is
given by the following
39
2
E
p  2
2
c
K 2
 2  2mo K 
K  2mo c  
2 2
2
c c
 2mo K  4mo c
2 2
40
Equating the length in L
before interaction to
length in C frame after
interaction
16mo c  2mo K  4mo c
2 2 2 2
K  6mo c 2
This is the least K needed in

L frame.
41
Summary
• We discussed some problems
in C frame to demonstrate the
ease of using this frame for
solutions.
• We also gave some examples
of use of four vector concept.
42

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19

Many HEP experiments

3Mo c  E1L  E2L

8Mo c  p1L  p2L

It is not easy to solve these

The speed of C frame in

EL  1.4  .51  1.91 MeV

The momentum of the

Now evaluate  and then Energy.

One can use the fact

One can also ascertain that

In C-Frame the energy

The square of length

The square of length of

This is the least K needed in

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