cetaber 2016 Introduction to Art & architecture Unit 2 Development of at Notes ny Kethika Sridharan Unit 2: Development of art Overview: A survey of history of art forms — pre-historic period to present times: changing novure of ‘rt through time in terms of content, form and materi 2.0 Overview The history of art is the history of any activity or product made by humans in @ visual form for aasthetical or communicative purposes, expressing ideas, emetions oF, in general, a worldview. Art has various categories as explained in Unit 2. The history of art is therefore, a multiisplinary subject, seeking an objective examination of art throughout time, classifying cultures, establishing periodizations ond observing the distinctive and influential characteristics af art. Art history spans the entire history of humankind, from prehistoric times to the twenty-Fist century. 2.0 History of art over the ages : 2a. Prehistory Human arts might have origins in early human evolutionary prehistory. According to a recent suggestion, several Forms of audio and visual arts (rhythmic singing and drumming on external objects, dencing, body end face painting) were developed very early n process of human evolimen, Rituslistic actions involving heavy rhythmic music, éhythmic cel, coupled sometmes with dance and. body cainting hed been universally used In traditional cultures before the hunting or military ‘The thst tangible artifacts of human art are found tram the Stone Age {Ugper Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neclithie), periods when the fist demonstrations thet can be considered ‘art by humans, appear. During the Paleolithic |25 000-8000 EC), man practiced hunting and lived in caves, where cave pointing was devoloped.|6} After e transitional period (Mesolithic, 8000-6000 80), In the Neolithic period (6000- 3000 BC}, when man became sedentary and engaged in agriculture, with societies becoming increasingly complex and religion gaining Importance, the production of handicrafts commences, Finally, in the Bronze Age [c. 2000-1000 80}, the first protohistoric iviations arse. The venus of wifendory, cated 24.000 and 22,000 0¢6 Peteotithic 2 The Palecilthic had its frst artistic manifestation en 25,000 BC, reaching period [438.000.8000 BC). The’ first traces of man-made objects appear inGouthem Affi, the Western Mediterronean, Central and Eastem Europe (Adrietie Seo), Siberie (Baikal Lakel, India and its pealyin the Magdalenian Austral) These frst treces are generally worked@tone (lint, otsidian} 12 00B To paint in red,fron oxide nes used, in black, manganese ode and i ochre, cay. Surviving art from) &his AAURORA"S DESIGN ACADEMY Page of 12‘Octobe 2015, lntraduetion to Art 8 Arehitecture Unit 2 Development of art. ‘Motes by fetta sedharen Beri is all anna in tone oc hone and cave paidag there are pitves wh magia elgips, character ahd aso pletures with » naturalistic sence, which depict animals, notably Hie eaves of (Citziaira, Tels Freres, Chauvet and tascaun. Seiptire i represented. by the socalled Venus Tigurines, feminine figures which ware probably used in fertility cults, such as the Venus of ‘Willendort. Other representative works of this period are the Man fron. Brno and the Venus of Brassempouy. neotthic (2000 300) - ‘This periad—from c 8000 BC inthe Near East~was a profound change for the ancient man, who became sedentary and engaged in. agrauture and animal husbandry, new forms of social coexstence and cetion Aeveloped. The rock art of the tbetian Mesterraneen foxmn—dated “Detween Mesolithic and Neolithic contained seal. schematle furan and Aaures, with 5. Cae ‘ ‘ote etamslesin-£1-Cogulvaltons,-Alpora-and_cow pont ur feradet Morse HPICone There are equally noteworthy cove palitngsn lnurasRivor in Argentina, expecta the Cueva de at Manes n portable atte Cardium Pater was produced, decorates with imprints of seals New moter ere prod he(Ginbt, ysl of ork qui, yet Ine peed tae soar the fit races of wear amet, noi the Female Felosulen fevtcy Meee {iraq and Catalnoyiik (Anatot : = eee eee ee ae meee pp ee societies. In the Chalcolithie (also. called Copper Age} oe aliens Ge ea - oe eee ee Mesolitiecompln of Sunphnge eyes I Milla noteworthy are the terme campeaes of rai, Tanien and Geant, eer ee In he tron Age the cultures of Halltit (Austria) and Lo Tene {Switzerland} mark the sigcant ‘Phases in Europe. The frst was developed between the 7th and Sth century BEE by the necropolts ‘with tumular tombs and a Weeden burial chamber in the form of a house; often avzonspnled by 9 feorwbed! ar. The petery es poydvanic wth geomet deortns and apliations ck smetalié omaments, ta Tene was developed between the Sth and ath centlny BCE amet is meee AURORS OFSGw ACADEMY Poye2oF 2Ortobe! 2016 Introduction to Art & Acchitecture it 2: Development of act Notes by Krithita Sridharan ee Bepdaly Known as ory Cec at. Decoration wa infvenced by Greek Ficasean and Saag a, !nmostof the continent conquest by the Roman Empire brought tha style to an end Veni Binary, Mesh nt region af at nt nod Sate ea of anit Musée des Aoiatés |” ty aes) baer Soe) ‘Banna 22. Ancient art A, In the fist period of history, began with the invention of writing, founded by the great Clullzations of Near East: Egypt and Mesopotamia. This period also differed froth others because arte manifestations oécurred in every culture of all the continents. tn this period appear the fist Breat ties in the main big rivers; Nile, gris and Euphrates Indus and Yellow River, One of the great advances of this period was writing, generated primarily by the neéd to keep ‘ecards of economical and commercial nature. Thefitst writing code was the eunelform script, which ‘emerged in Mesopotamia ¢. 3500 BC, writen on clay tables. n Egypt hieroplphic wtng was developed. The Hebrew language was one the fst languages to uillze the method of writing with an alphabet (Abjad, ¢: 1800 BC}, which relates a unique symbot for each phoneme; the Greek and & Aiibe the latin alphabet derive from it, soptamia : Pin den ee be Tt esi ed 2, Yaa) wir ro the hilum OC mary diferentes outed ach ey ming fo ore Chalet Meiopotamin acecure wos cartrued yeas oN Teg e eT 2a col costco sone i ac and hole se he sagune ane ge sath the fon of erase step pyram om whch weve pracy ac oc eee bass The tomb vas usualy corto ha cowsed cher ands ce anne ee ramps find. The wera ees wale wth sterace th om ote ca feat importance to grdensthe Horan Gardens of Sabon none ofte oer ae ee fc Wor “eulpture was developed through wood carving and relief and was used jn religious, mil ry and furting scenes, depicting bath human and animal figures, whether they were real or mythologta With the advent of writing, Brose fterature as @ means of expressing human creativity, The manic ‘was developed in this region Between &th and 3d millennium BCE, used in Sumerian temples, where Priests sang hymns and psalms to the gods withthe accompaniment of several Instruments such ex flute, drum, harp, lyre, ete Page 2 ofoctober 2016 Introduction to Art & Architecture Uni 2: Development af at Notes by Krk Sridharan Qneof Sarvesof ——ASsrion clef om Nini omc 725CE ape neereeron Gute ore eroind Peviod 20 Teheetures Be 2oso.ace Egypt a 'n Egypt arose one of the first great civilizations, with elaborate and complex works of art, which ‘assume the professional specalzation of the artsi/craftsman. Ms art was Intensely religious and symbolic, with a highly centralized power structure and hierarchy, giving great importance to. the reltiousconcapt of remota, espeily of the pharaoh, for whom were bulk great monuments. ‘The Egyptian art spans from 3,000 BC until the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great. However its influence persisted in the Coptic art and ayzantine ar. ‘The architecture is caracterized by its monumental, achieved by the use of stanes in lage blocs, lintel and solld columns. Notable forms are mastaba, rectangular tombs, pyramids, underground ‘tombs, monumental temples, ete. Palnting was characterized by the juxtaposition of overlapping planes. The Images were represented fierarchcally, i... the Pharaoh i larger than the subjects or enemnes at his side, Egyptians painted the head ane fmbs i profile, while the shoulders and eyes in front. Applied arts were developed Significantly in Egypt, in particular woodwork and metalwork, Thutmose, Bust of Wl pointing of Facsimie of the Normer Metal sculptures of 22 Nefenin, £345 8, ‘Nefertas Polete, ¢ 310086, aynesty 23, Greek art ‘The ots of ancient Greece have exercised an enormous influence on the cuture of many countries allover she world, particulary in the areas af sculpture and architecture. inthe West, the artof the Roman Empire was largely derived from. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated ‘AURORRS DESIGN ACAREMAY S = Se ee Page 4 oF 12ctober 2016 Introduction to Art& Architecture Ut 2: Development of ar, Notes by Kritika srisharae Bnet ara tthe benieen Greek; Cantal Asan and Indien tue, realting W Seco sere art with ramifications a fer 2 pan Following the Renalsance in fete, the tune Wel rs eee technical standards of Gree art inspired generations of European araat wtete the 48th century, the casi waditn derve fram Greece dominated re ak ot the western word The form, design and material varied greatly in Greek art. ore of he main features are presented asTollows PeTeny Pottery obec were made for day us and not for aslo. intra geomet designs, reali forms of astern mots, such 28 the lotus, palncte, fan, etc. were parton cn pottery dees Ite Petiods, as the aesthetic shited andthe technical proficiency of potters linproved, A&zzrations took the form of human figures, usualy representing the gods o the heey Greek Ison and mythology. Satie and hunting scenes were also populr, since they ges the ‘depletion of the horse, which the Greeks held in high esteum, Scuibore: in early Greece, figurines made of teractta of meta (especlally bronze) vere ulte Genet, rnése gave ay to the advent,of monumental sculptures, made of primary stone {brimariy marble) and bronze Bronze statues were of higher satu, but have sniwedinte acne AAiuss were put to wider uses. The great temples of the Cassicl era such as the Parthenon mn ‘Athens andthe Temple of Zeus at Olmpa, required relet scipture for decritne fers ara saulpture in the round to fil the triangular fields ofthe pediments, inthe Nelenistic period, Greek art became more diverse and more influenced as the eultures of ‘the Greek orbit: During this period, sculpture became more and more sabjete te omen People, women, chien, animals and demesic scenes become acceptetle subjects for sculpture: Hellenistic sculpture was alo marked by an increase In seaie; ares, aminated inthe Colosus of Rhodes (ate 3rd century BC, which was the same sie sete Glare op Liberty Pultne: Tere were several interoinected wadions of panting in ancient Greece, such as pane! feline. wall painting Polyehrony: panting on statary and architecture, ote: Panel palntngs were imal using encaustc (vax) painting and tempera techniques, and depicted figural scenes, Including paps and stifles. Much ofthe figural or architectural scucre of ancient Greece was painted colourflly. This aspect of Greek stonework is described as polychrome. ‘RURORW'S DESIGN ACADEMY Poge sof 2atober 2016 Introduction to Art & Architecture Unit 2: Development af art Notes by Keitika Sridharan Sel Idol of Teerocorta-70h date Archaic terracotta stotue of Zeus entury ‘ond Gon Traces of paine depicting embraidered patterns on Reconstructed colour scheme ofthe entobltere on "he pentos ofan Archote kore Dori temple 24, Roman art Roman art Is highiy creative pastiche relying heavily on Greek models but also encompassing Etruscan, native Italic and even Egyptian visual culture, Stylistic eclecticism and practical anplcation [AURORA DESIGN ACADENAY Page 6 of 22October 2016 Introduction to Art & Architecture Unit2: Development of at Notes by Kritika Sridharan are the hallmarks of much Roman at. Sculpture was perhaps considered as the highest form GF at by Romans, but figure painting was alzo very highly regarded. umury abject in metalwork, gem ‘engraving, vory carvings, and glass, are sometimes considered to be minor forms of Roman art. Painting: Roman painting provides a wide varity of themes: animals, stil fe, scenes from everyday fe, portraits, nd some mythological subjects. During the Hellenistic period, evoked the pleasures of the countryside and represented scenes of shepherds, herds, rustic temples, rural mountainous landscapes and country houses: In the late empire, after 20080, early Chistian themes mixed with, Dagan imagery survive on catacomb walls, Landscapes, portraits, stl lifes, ete. were also subjects of Paintings. Techniques of perspectives were incorporated in paintings, although true mathematical Perspective developed 1,515 years later. Surface textures, shading, and coloration are well applied but seale and spatial depth was stil not rendered accurately. Gold sandwich glass or gold glace technique was commonly used Detail of the otdolass medalion in ‘Brescia late 3rd century style Sculpture: Early Roman ort was influenced by the art of Greece and that of the neighboring Ftruscans, Sculptures very often featured portrait busts, and portraiture (s arguably the main strength of Roman sculpture. Roman portraiture is characterized by unusual realism and the desire ‘0.convey images of nature in the high quality style often seen in Ancient Rorhan art ‘The Romans did not generally attempt to conipete with freestanding Greek works of heroic exploits {rom history or mythology, but from early on produced historical work in relief, culminating in the feat Roman triumphal colurnns with continuous narrative relies winding around them ‘Minor arts: The flomans inherited 2 tradition of art in a wide range of the so-called “minor arts* or decorative art, Roman glass, mosaic, metal work, etc. were the key formns of minor arts as seen in Rome. ee eee ‘AURORA DESIGN ACADEMY Page of 2xtober 2036 Introduction to Art & Architecture ‘Unit: Development of art . Notes by Kethika Sridharan Verstie parr bse, ‘fan oldman, (abe, mid-ise cencury BC) Frogment of on architecture fst Plage en Section of roan’ Column, ce 123 ‘Romo glass Avy co.lote 1st “Raman mosole of Unases, century BEE 2.5. Medieval Western art Medieval Western art consists of several ineages of art forms such as Byzantine art, Gothic art, ‘Anglo-Saxon art, and Viking art. In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical truths ‘The most prominent feature of Byzantine art of the age was that it became more abstract favoring syimbolism rather than realistic representations, Monumental sculpture in religious art were rot favored, and only reliefs were produced. Minor ats such as hardstone carvings, enamels, jewelry, ‘metalwork, and figured silks were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era Primary media inthe Gothic period included sculpture, panel pointing, stained glass, fresco and Muminated manuscripts. Gothic art, as opposed to Byzantine art, largely promoted monumental ‘sculptures on the wals of Cathedrals and abbeys. Secular art came into its own during this period \with the rise of ces, resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts, increased literacy and @ growing body of secular vernacular fkerature encouraged the representation of secular themes in at: Gothic architecture greatly increased the amount of glass in large bulldings, Partly to allow for wide expanses of glass, 3s in rose windows. Ths lead to the widespread use of stained glass as wel ‘AURORA DESIGN CADE Page Sof 12tober 2016 Introduction to Art & Architecture Unit 2: Development of art, Notes by KthikaSegharan ‘The image of Crist Pantocrator in the Hag Sophia ts Constantinople The mest famous ofthe suring Byzantine mosoles The Wester (Royal Porte or Chartres Cathedral ca 1145) 2.6. Renaissance art Renaissance art, perceived as a "rebirth" of ancient traditions, took as its foundation the art of ‘Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by the absorption of reeent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by application of contemporary scientific knowledge. Renalssance art with Renatssance Humanist philosophy, spread throughout Europe, affecting both artists and thelr Patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensbiltes. The perlod saw the Fise of a large number of renowned artists such as Brunelleschi, Donatello, Giotto, and Lorenza Ghibert, etc Paling: Renaissance artists painted a wide variety of themes Religious altarpleees, fresco cycles, and small works for private devotion were very popular. The rebirth of classical antiquity and Renaissance humanism also resulted in many Mythological and history pattings. Oviion stories, for ‘example; were very popular, Decorative ornament, often used in painted architectural elements, ~ was especialy influenced by dasscal Roman mati. Techniques such. as perspectnes, foreshortening, surmato, tc, were widely used, Sculpture: The perlod was marked by a grest increase in patronage of sculpture by the state for public art and by the wealthy for their homes; especially in italy, publle sculpture remains a crucial ‘element in the appearance of historic ety centers. ‘AUROWWS DESIGN ACADEMY Page ofOctober 2016, Introduction to Art & Architecture Unit 2: Development of art. Notes by Kithika Siaran ‘Michelangelo (c.154%) The Creation of Adam, from Sondre Gotticell, Magnificat, 1480-81, tempera on the Sistine Chopel etng one, U2 Gellery, Florence 2.7. Baroque and Rococo Baroque art grew during the 27th and 18th centuries, The Baroque is a period of artistic style that ‘sed exaggerated motion and clear, easly interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, {and grandeur In sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance and musle. Baroque art placed ‘great emphasis on high detail and overly omate decorations, it employed an iconography that was direc, simple, obvious, and theatrical The Baroque would develop into Rococo in the mid-18th century, which was even more richly decorated and gaudy. Rococo artists opted for a more jecuar, florid and graceful approach to Baroque art and architecture. Rococo art and architecture in such a way was ornate and made strong usage of ereamy, pastelike colours, asymmetrical designs, curves and gol Unlike the more politically focused Baroque, the Rococo had more playful and often witty artistic themes. With ‘regards to interlor decoration, Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and fomate furniture, small sculptures, oramental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, relies, and wal paintings, Berni’ Estas of St Teresa -A goad example of Bornin's Borogue work ‘AURORRS DESIGN ACADERY Page 100812‘October 2036 Introduction to Are & Architecture Unie 2: Development ot art Notes by Khia Sridharan 2.8, Artin the 18th and 19th centuries The 48th and 19th centuries included Neociassicsm, Romantic at, Academic art, and Realism in ar. Contempt for such ornateness as witnessed in the Baroque and the Rococo styles eventually Inspired Neodassicism. Neoclassicsts sought to revert to the simpler art of the Renaissance out of their distaste for the grendeur of Baroque and Rocaco styles. Some of the most renowned neoclassicists include Canova, Ingres, and Jacques-Louls David, Ar in the 19th century began with the continuation of Neo-classiisin and Romanticism into the mid-century. After that, a new dassfication of art became popular: modernism, ene Jacques-Lovie Davis, Oath ofthe Horatl 1784 29. Eastern art Easter art has generally worked in a style akin-to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour {meening the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations ofthat colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the focal colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent isthe cartoon), Ths is evident in, for example, the artof India, Tibet and Japan, Religious ismic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometric designs Instead, However, there are many Islamic paintings which display religious themes and scenes of stories common among the three main monotheistic falths of islam, Christianity, and udm, An ilustrated manuserig of the Mughal Emperor ‘resco fom Ajanta 450-500 Shah Johan attending the marroge procession of tis eldest son Dara Shikoh, AURORNS DESIGN ACADEMY Page 11 of 2Intron ar Architecture Fst Semester futons stot acne Unit 2 Deelanment oft nore ono ena eldest son Darastth, 2.10, Modern and contemporary art Modernism, the ideastie search for uth nd progres, eve way Inthe latter decades ofthe 20m reann Galeton ots un-atsinablty. In art, Modernism explily elects the delogy of ‘calism and malts use ofthe works ofthe past through the application of reprise, incorporation, caren feeseiulaton, revision and parody in new forms. Macerist movements wteced a onert of avontgede(people or works that are experimental or imovative, partalarty wnt respect {are aire and poltes}in ats (rather than nts original mltary and poll conten) CeaPorny aris most commonly assoclated with sroduced since Word War Eiders of Tan TPoraT art are typically at museums and other similar art institutions, These places ae cake canara aie mpeortad by the les of aware, grants res, andl dlect sles bf Gikbted works Contemporary art institutions are often crticied fr their exclushist behaviors, or reve specifically, heir tendencies to regulate what can or cannatbe considered contemporny. at Relativity was aa ait 2 2 unavoidable truth which ed tothe Postmodern perled, where cures ofthe weak and of Hitory are seen as changing forms, which can be appredated and deawm frag coniy with Cr eamote the separation of cultures fs icreasingly ured andit is now more appropriate to thinkin terms of a global culture, rather than regional cultures, 3.0 Indian art aataaiie (an be Sasifed inca sped periods each refecing panel religous, pltal end cultural developments, : |. Ancient period (3900 BCE-1200 ce) 4 Islamic ascendancy (1192-1757) ii. Colonial period (1757-1947) 's Independence and the postcolonial pried (Post-1947) 3.1. Ancient period 1 arti of Indian at can be traced back to the Indus Valey Ctzation, where the odes Net ge ilan at have been discovered. The cvlzation was extremely advanced, and had c Istria stan from 7,000 BCto about 300 BC. The art forms tat have been dseovecd pa the Foci seulotres eas in terrarota and metal, pottery, god jewelry, anatomicaly dateled feurnes in terracots, bronze, and steve, jewelry crafts made of shel, corsa, ‘ate and glazed vrata naa forms were both secular and religous. nus Valley seals have been unearthed wth Feligious motifs, engravings figurines, etc, Cbscurty shrouds the period between the decine of the Harappans and the define historic period aad lth the Mauryas. With the ascent of the Mauryas, came Buddhism, the cares dion ‘etalon to nse major atte monuments, though there may have been eater trutues nanv & Introduction fet &Achieeture- Fist Semester AURORA BSN AcaDsRY Unie Development of at oro ero beavh that have been transformed into stone structures, there are no physical evidences for these except textual references. Suddhist architecture evolved both in the form of rock ext temples as wells fee standing ternples. Other forms of Buddhist art included stone and metal sculptures, fresco wall paintings, etc. Buddhist forms of art were primarily religious. Stone sculptures on focade, Cove 13, ‘sonchi ‘Alonta ‘The rise of Hindulsm in the country brought about the advent of several dynasties in the various regions of the country, such as the Guptas, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Pallava, Chola, Hoysala ‘Vijayanagara Empires, ete. The art forms were primarily sculpfures in the temples made of stone or terracotta, metal sculptures, fresco paintings, coins, jewelry, etc. The sculptures in the temples were ‘made of stone, the nature af stone differing with the region. Indian paintings can be broadly classified as murals and miniatures. Murals are large works executed on the walls of solid structures, asin the Ajanta Caves and the Kallashnath temple. Minlature paintings ae executed on @ very small scale for books or albums on perishable material such as paper and cloth Some important schools or genres of indian painting include Mysore painting, Tanjore paintings, Madhubani and Patachitra paintings, etc The subject of art was primarily religious in nature. However, the sculpture panels on temples also frequently depicted secular art 35 well: wu Introsuion to re architect Fresco painting murohat wet a Useulptures depicting secular fe pf Bahadestwara Temple, Tonivur uP coNecatoie: People, Sun Temple, Konark, Oris 3.2. The Islamic Period a aivent of sam in India lead tothe itrauction of ‘he Persian art styles in Indian Art, lame qrauene® brought about the bith ofthe Malwa, peo, and Jaunpur schools of painting, With the Mughals came in the Mughal art which is 3 mnlts lend Of indian, Persian and Wome siyes Mughal art presented visual records of te deed sr the sovereigns as hunters and conquerors, mamma thelr Prowess, or depiced them in the grent stvnastic ceremonies of marriages Mughal Painting In miniatures on paper developed very Get In te late 26th century from the combined merce of the existing miniature tradtion and arte trained in the Persian minature tradition copeakay bY the Mughal Emperors court. New ingredient the syle were much greater realism, penecsly in porta, and an interest in animale rane and other aspects of the physical word, utatues ether iusrated books or wee single wants for muraqaas or albums of painting and dated ata Musi and Hindu pincely courts, developing rage umber ‘ated sub-Mughol incuaing Kangra panting and Rajpan Painting, ete Malwa painting from the ‘Mughal Pointiog from the from the Aan 28th-century Rajput pointing ‘monuserip ofthe NimatNoma Homzananya by the artis Mina Chand. 33. The Colonial period ent and Wester art more ubigutous. abanindanatn ‘Tagore (1871-1951), referred to as the father of Modern Indian arintroduced rewerked asian S¥les in alignment with a developing Indian Sit and van. Asialsms to create a new Scho of art ara is today known a5 the Bengal School of ar, Other ast of the Tagore famiy, such oc Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) and Goganendranath Tore (2867-1038) aswel as new arts ofthe arly 20th century such ab AmritaSo ce b Irroducin to At Arhtetro™ Fes Semester uous sen seanciey Sher-Gil (1913-1941) were responsible for introducing Avant garde western styles into Indian Art. Many other artists like amini Roy and later S.H, Reza took inspiration from folk traditions Raja Ravi Varma, an indian artist from the princely state of Travancore, achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes from the epies of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, His paintings are considered to_be among the best examples of the fusion of Incian trains with the techniques of European academic art. ‘an example of colonial ort by Lean Bharat Mata by Abanindronoth A Danciag Woman by Rabindranath Benet Tagore Tagore “Three Girls, by Amrita Sher-GH "Galaxy of Musicians” by Roja Ravi Vora 3.4. Independence and the postcolonial period (Post-1947) in 1947 India became independent of British rule. A group of six artists - KH. Ara, S. K.Bakre, H. A. Gade, MLE. Husain, Sl. Raza and Francis Newton Souza - founded the Progressive Artist's Group, to establish new ways of expressing India ln the postcolonial era. Though the group was cissolved Inf i, eee Ge ee a Fea ape ofr nent a changing the kom oF indian art. Almost al inda's maior arts Hens iabes were associated with the group. Some of those who are wellknown tooy are Eakhobde, Manishibey, V. 5. Gatonde, Krlshenkhanna, am Kumer, Tes Mehta, K 6. Stbodh Gupte, Narayanan Ramachandra, VivenSundaram, tisha, they chen foun aes new Giections. BhartiDayal has chosen to handle the traiionol Mita painting iv race, contemporary carat Seated her own sve through the exercises of her own Imagination, they appear freed tra era alot Ray has troduced a the new genre of art called Pseudoreaisn, Preusorcaie ar account a At se that has been developed entirely on the indian soil Preudoreallm takes ne fenten idion concept of abstraction and uses it to transform regular scenes of Indon ices fantasticimages, ta abet R Sta Kumar, Shiva Panta, RanjtHoskote, amongst others, contbuted go Tne contemporary art practice in Inia.n postiberlzation India, many artis have eset cy emeshes in the international at market tke Anishkapoor whase mammoth arteries hee {uiulted atention for ther sheers, Many ar houses and galeries have also opened In tga ona Sache 0 showcase lnion artworks Some arts Ike chimandanl(pinter printmaker) BhupatDudi, Subodh Gupta, PuSartar, Vagaramchoudhary, AmitavaSengunta and many others heve dove magic word wie Chhaya Ghosh sa ited painter, and is prety active In Triveni art Gallery, New belt Sacred strokes: Kshna by ME Hussain