The Essential Guide to

Technical Product Specification:

Engineering Drawing

Colin Simmons
and
Neil Phelps
First published in the UK in 2009 by

BSI
389 Chiswick High Road
London W4 4AL

© British Standards Institution 2009

All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication
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ISBN 978 0 580 62673 9

 v

Contents

Introduction vii
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General principles 1
1.3 Types of dimension 2
1.4 Dimensioning conventions 3
1.5 Arrangement of dimensions 4
1.6 Methods for dimensioning common features 9
1.7 Dimensioning screw threads and threaded parts 12
1.8 Dimensioning chamfers and countersinks 13
1.9 Equally spaced repeated features 14
1.10 Dimensioning of curved profiles 16
1.11 Dimensioning of keyways 17
1.12 Tolerancing 18
1.13 Interpretations of limits of size for a feature-of-size 19
1.14 Datum surfaces and functional requirements 21
1.15 Relevant standards 21
Geometric tolerancing datums and datum systems 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Terms and definitions 23
2.3 Basic concepts 26
2.4 Symbols 27
2.5 Tolerance frame 29
2.6 Toleranced features 29
2.7 Tolerance zones 32
2.8 Datums and datum systems 37
2.9 Supplementary indications 45
2.10 Examples of geometrical tolerancing 64
2.11 Relevant standards 114
Graphical symbols for the indication of surface texture 115
3.1 Introduction 115
3.2 The basic graphical symbol 115
3.3 Expanded graphical symbols 115
3.4 Mandatory positions for the indication of surface texture requirements 116
3.5 Surface texture parameters 117
3.6 Indication of special surface texture characteristics 118
3.7 Indications on drawings 120
3.8 Relevant standards 123
 vi The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing

Welding, brazed and soldered joints – Symbolic representation 125

4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Relevant standards 133
Limits and fits 135
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Selected ISO fits – Hole basis 135
5.3 Selected ISO fits – Shaft basis 138
5.4 Methods of specifying required fits 140
5.5 Relevant standards 140
Metric screw threads 141
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Thread designation 141
6.3 Relevant standards 168
Illustrated index to BS 8888 169
Normative references 169
 vii

Introduction

This guide has been produced as a companion to BS 8888, presenting up-to-date information based on
the technical product specification aspects of BS 8888 and the essential standards it references.
Its aim is to offer straightforward guidance together with pictorial representations, to all practitioners
of technical product specification, i.e. those currently using BS 8888 and those who, in a bid to conform
to global ISO practices, are making or wish to make, the transition from the old BS 308 to BS 8888.
Its scope is to provide the necessary tools to enable engineers engaged in design specification,
manufacturing and verification with the essential basic information required for specifying a product or
component.
It includes comprehensive sections extracted from and referenced to international standards relating
to linear, geometric and surface texture dimensioning and tolerancing, together with the practice of
welding symbology, limits and fits and thread data. It also includes an illustrated index to all standards
referenced in BS 8888.
This guide does not replace BS 8888 which is the definitive standard for technical product realization.
Any element of BS 8888 not included in this guide should not be considered as less important to
technical specification than those included.
Most of the drawings in this guide have been extracted (and adapted) from the following BSI publications:
BS EN ISO 1101, BS EN ISO 1302, BS ISO 5459, BS 8888 and PP 8888, Parts 1 and 2.
 1

Chapter 1
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size

1.1  Introduction

Dimensioning is the process of applying measurements to a technical drawing. It is crucial to the whole
process by which the designer will communicate the information required for the manufacture and
verification of products.

1.2  General principles

Dimensions shall be applied to the drawing accurately, clearly and unambiguously. The following points
shall be regarded as general dimensioning principles to be applied to all technical drawings.

• Each dimension necessary for the definition of the finished product shall be shown once only.
• Never calculate a dimension from the other dimensions shown on the drawing, nor scale the drawing.
• There shall be no more dimensions than are necessary to completely define the product.
• Preferred sizes shall be used whenever possible (see notes).
• Linear dimensions shall be expressed in millimetres (unit symbol ‘mm’). If this information is stated
on the drawing, the unit symbol ‘mm’ may be omitted. If other units are used, the symbols shall be
shown with their respective values.
• Dimensions shall be expressed to the least number of significant figures, e.g. 45 not 45,0.
• The decimal marker shall be a bold comma, given a full letter space and placed on the baseline.
• Where four or more numerals are to the left or right of the decimal marker, a full space shall divide
each group of three numerals, counting from the position of the decimal marker, e.g. 400 or 100 but
12 500 (see notes).
• A zero shall precede a decimal of less than one, e.g. 0,5.
• An angular dimension shall be expressed in degrees and minutes, e.g. 20° and 22° 30’ or,
alternatively, as a decimal, e.g. 30,5°.
• A full space shall be left between the degree symbol and the minute numeral.
• When an angle is less than one degree, it shall be preceded by a zero, e.g. 0° 30’.

NOTES: Preferred sizes are those referring to standard material stock sizes and standard components such as nuts, bolts,
studs and screws.

Decimal marker points or commas are not used to separate groups of numerals. This causes ambiguity since the decimal
marker is denoted by a comma.
 2 The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing

End product: complete part ready for assembly or service, or a configuration prod
1.3  Types of dimension from a drawing specification. An end product may also be a part ready for fu
processing (for example, a product from a foundry or forge) or a configuration nee
For the purposes of this section, the following definitions apply.
further processing.
dimension
numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measurement and indicated graphically on technical
drawings with lines, symbols and notes 6. Dimensioning of technical drawings
Dimensions are classified according to the following types.

functional dimension
dimension that is essential to the function of the piece or space (‘F’ in Figure 1). See also 1.14

non-functional dimension
dimension that is not essential to the function of the piece or space (‘NF’ in Figure 1)
End product: complete part ready for assembly or service, or a configuration produced
auxiliary dimension (a) Design requirement
from a drawing specification. An end product may also be a part ready for further
Dimension, given for information
processing purposes
(for example, only,from
a product thatadoes notor
foundry govern
forge)production or inspection
or a configuration needing
operations and is derived from other values shown on the drawing or in related documents
further processing.
NOTE: An auxiliary dimension is given in parentheses and no tolerance may be applied to it (‘AUX’
F in Figure
F 1).

NF
feature
individual characteristic such as a flat surface, a cylindrical surface, two parallel Figure
surfaces, a shoulder, a 57: Types of
6. Dimensioning of technical drawings
screw thread, a slot or a profile dimensioning
F

F
end product
complete part ready for assembly or service
NF
or
NF
configuration produced from a drawing specification (AUX)
or ready for assembly or service, or a configuration
uct: complete part produced
(a) Design requirement
part ready for further processing (for example, a product from a foundry (b)
or Shoulder
forge) orscrew
a configuration
awing specification. An end product may also be a part ready for further
needing further processing
g (for example, a product from a foundry or forge) or a configuration needing
ocessing. F F
F
NF

Figure 57: Types of

F

dimensioning
F

NF
NF
(AUX) NF
     
(a) Design
(a)requirement
Design requirement (b)screw
(b) Shoulder Shoulder screw (c) Threaded(c) Threaded hole
hole

Figure 1 – Types of dimensioning

F F F

NF
F

F
F

NF
NF NF
 Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 3

1.4  Dimensioning conventions

Technical product specification standards specify the following conventions when dimensioning drawings.
Extension lines shall normally be placed outside the view to aid clarity, as shown in Figure 2.
The extension line connects the dimension line (on which the value of the measurement is placed)
to the reference points on the outline of the drawing. The following standard practice is specified.
Crossing of extension lines shall be avoided whenever possible.
There should be a small gap between the outline of the drawing and a projection line. The extension
line shall extend slightly beyond the dimension line, as shown in Figure 2.
Extension lines shall, where possible, be drawn at right angles to the dimension line.
Centre-lines, extensions of centre-lines and continuations of outlines shall never be used as
Drawing
dimension practice
lines. They may, however, be used as projection lines.
Arrowheads and origin circles are commonly used as terminators for dimension lines. Oblique
strokes and points can also be used, as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
Dimension lines shall be unbroken even if the feature they refer to is shown as interrupted, as
illustrated in Figure 5.

6. 6.
Dimensioning of technical
Dimensioning
6. Dimensioning ofdrawings
of technical
technical
drawings
draw
Leader line
6. Dimensioning
6. Dimensioning
6. Dimensioning
of technical
of line
Extension technical
of technical
drawings
drawings
drawing
2 × 45

Value of the dimension

1500

3500

4500
] When symmetrical
] When When parts
]symmetrical are drawn
symmetrical
parts partially,
areparts
drawn the portions
arepartially,
drawn partially, of
thethe
the portions of dimension
portions lines
the dimension
of the dimension
lines lines
Origin indication Dimension line Termination (arrowhead)
extend a short
extend way way
aextend
short beyond
a short the
wayaxis
beyond the of symmetry
beyond
axis of
thesymmetry andsymmetry
axis of the second
and andtermination
the second second istermination
thetermination is is
] When
] When
]symmetrical
When
symmetrical
symmetrical
partspartsare parts
drawn
are drawn
arepartially,
drawn
partially,
the
partially,
portions
the portions
the of
portions
the
of dimension
theofdimension
the dimension
lines lines lines
omitted,
Figure 58: Examples Figure
as shown
omitted, asextension
of shown 2inlines
in Figure
omitted, as –Figure
Examples
62.
shownandin
62. of extension
Figure
dimension 62.
lines lines and dimension lines
extend
extend
a short
extend
a short
way
a short
way
beyond beyond
waythe beyond
axis
the ofaxis
the
symmetry
of
axissymmetry
of symmetry
and the
and second
the
andsecond
thetermination
second
termination
termination
is is is
omitted,
omitted,
as
omitted,
shown
as shown
as
in shown
Figure
in Figure
62.
in Figure
62. 62.
Terminators: dimension lines shall be terminated according to one of the representations Figure
shown in Figure
59:
Figure 3. 59:forTerminato
Terminators
59:Figure
Terminators for

6.4 Dimensioning conventions dimension linesdimension

dimension lines lines
FigureFigure
59:Figure
59: Terminators
59: Terminators
Terminators for for fo
(a) Arrowhead, (a)closed
(a) Arrowhead, closed closed(b) Arrowhead,
Arrowhead, (b)closed
(b) Arrowhead, Arrowhead, (c) Arrowhead,
closed closed (c)open
(c) Arrowhead, 30° 30° open 30°
Arrowhead,
open
dimension
dimension
dimension
lines lines lines
and filled 30° (BS
and filled 30°8888
and filled
(BS 8888 30° 30°
30° (BS 8888 30°
(a)  Arrowhead, closed and filled 30° (b)  Arrowhead, closed 30° (c) (c) 
(c) Arrowhead,
(c) Arrowhead, Arrowhead,
Arrowhead,
open open 30°open
30° open 30°30°
default)
(a) Arrowhead,
(a) Arrowhead,
(a) Arrowhead,
default) closed
default) closedclosed (b) Arrowhead,
(b) Arrowhead,
(b) Arrowhead,
closedclosedclosed
(BS 8888 default) 6.4.1 General
and filled
and filled
30°
and(BSfilled
30°8888
(BS (BS 8888 30° 30° 30°
30°8888
default)
default)
default)
Technical product specification standards recommend the following conventions
(d)  Arrowhead, open 90° (BS 8888dimensioning
(e)  Oblique stroke (f)  Point (used only if no place for
(d) Arrowhead, (d)open
(d) Arrowhead, 90° when
Arrowhead,
open 90° open 90°Oblique
(e) drawings.
stroke
(e) Oblique (e)stroke (f) Point
Oblique stroke (used(used
(f) Point only
(f) if no(used
Point
only ifthe
nooblique
only if no
non-preferred) arrowhead; stroke may
(BS 8888 non-preferred)
(BS 8888 (BS
non-preferred)
8888 non-preferred) place for arrowhead;
place foralsoarrowhead;
place
be for the
usedarrowhead;
– the
BS 8888) the
(d) Arrowhead,
(d) Arrowhead,
(d) Arrowhead,
openopen
90° open
90° 90°(e) Oblique
(e) Oblique
(e)stroke
Oblique oblique
strokestroke (f) Point stroke
(f) Point
(used
oblique may(used
Point
(used
only
(f) stroke also
ifonly
oblique nostroke
may ifalso
only
no may
if no also
(BS 8888
(BS 8888
non-preferred)
(BS 8888 6.4.2 Extension lines and dimension
non-preferred)
non-preferred) be used
place
lines
–arrowhead;
place BS
for–8888)
forused
be place arrowhead;
befor
BS arrowhead;
used the
8888)– BSthe the
8888)
Figure 3 – Terminators for dimension lines
oblique
oblique
stroke
oblique
stroke
maystroke
also
may also
may also
The extension line connects the dimensionbeline
be used (on
used
– be
BS which
used
8888)
– BS – BSthe
8888) value of the measure-
8888)
ment is placed) to the reference points on the outline of the drawing. The following
standard practice is recommended. Figure 60: Origin
Figure 60:
Figure
Origin60: Origin
indication
indicationindication
Figure
Figure
60:Figure
60: Origin
Origin60: Origin
] Extension lines (continuous narrow line type 01.1.3, see Table 1) should normally
indication
indication
indication
be placed outside of the view to aid clarity, as shown in Figure 58.
] Crossing of extension lines should be avoided whenever possible.
Figure 61: Dimensioning
Figure 61:
Figure 61: Dimension
Dimensioning
] There should be a small gap between the outline of the drawing and a projection
interrupted features
interrupted
interrupted
features features
line. The extension line should extend slightly beyond the dimension
Figure line,
Figure
61: as shown
Figure
61: 61: Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
 dimension lines

(a) Arrowhead, closed (b) Arrowhead, closed (c) Arrowhead, open 30°
andArrowhead,
(d) open
filled 30° (BS 90°
8888 30°Oblique stroke
(e) (f) Point (used only if no
4 (BS 8888 non-preferred) The Essential Guide to Technical Product
default) place for arrowhead;
Specification: the
Engineering Drawing
oblique stroke may also
be used – BS 8888)

(d) Arrowhead,
Origin indication: open
the origin of 90°
the dimension line shall
(e) Oblique be indicated as(f)shown
stroke in Figure
Point (used only if4.no
(BS 8888 non-preferred) place for arrowhead; the
oblique stroke may also Figure 60: Origin
be used – BS 8888) indication

Figure 4 – Origin indication

Figure 60: Origin

Figure 61: Dimensioning
indication
interrupted features

Figure 61: Dimensioning

interrupted features

Figure 5 – Dimensioning interrupted features

Figure 62: Dimension lines

on a partial view of a
When symmetrical parts are drawn partially, the portions of the dimension lines shall extend a short way
symmetrical part
beyond the axis of symmetry and the second termination shall be omitted, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 62: Dimension lines

on a partial view of a
symmetrical part

69

Figure 6 – Dimension lines on a partial view of a symmetrical part

69
1.5  Arrangement of dimensions

The way in which dimensions are typically used on drawings is shown in Figure 7. Conventions for
arranging dimensions on drawings are as follows.
Dimensions shall be placed in the middle of the dimension line above and clear of it.
Dimensions shall not be crossed or separated by other lines on the drawing.
Values of angular dimensions shall be oriented so that they can be read from the bottom or the
right-hand side of the drawing, as shown in Figure 8.
Where space is limited, the dimension can be placed centrally, above, or in line with, the extension
of one of the dimension lines, as shown in Figure 9.
Larger dimensions shall be placed outside smaller dimensions, as shown in Figure 10.
 ] Where space is limited, the dimension can be placed centrally, above, or in line
with, the extension of one of the dimension lines (see Figure 66).
] Larger dimensions are placed outside smaller dimensions (see Figure 67).
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 6. Dimensioning of technical5drawings
] Dimensions of diameters should be placed on the view that provides the greatest
clarity (see Figure 68).

Dimensions of diameters shall be placed on the view that provides the greatest clarity, as shown in
Figure 11.
Figure 64: Orientation of
Figure 63: Examples of the linear dimensions
60
ways in which dimensions
are typically used on 30
drawings

60

60
30
6. Dimensioning of technical drawings

60 60

Figure 7 – Examples of the ways in which dimensions are typically

(a) used on drawings

60 Figure 64: Orientation of 60 Figure 65: Orientation of

linear 3dimensions angular dimensions
0 30
60
60

60
70
60
30

30
Drawing practice
Drawing practice
60 60
60 60
   
(a) (b)
Figure 8 – Orientation of linear and angular dimensions
60
Figure 66: Dimensioning 3
Figure 66: Dimensioning 60 6 3 3 Orientation of
Figure30
65:
smaller features 6 3 3
smaller features 3
60 angular dimensions
30
60

Figure 9 – Dimensioning smaller 60

features

30
60

Figure 67: Larger 90

Figure 67: Larger 90
30

dimensions placed outside

dimensions placed outside 6 12 50 3
smaller dimensions 6 12 50 60 3
smaller dimensions 60
60 60 (b)

(a)
5050

3838

60

30
60 Figure 10 – Larger dimensions placed outside smaller dimensions
71

Figure 68: Dimensions of 60

Figure 68: Dimensions of 60
60
diameters placed on view
diameters placed on30view
providing the greatest
providing the greatest
clarity
clarity
60 60

(b)
5

0
5

5
 50

38
6. Dimensioning of technical drawings

6 The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering

6. Drawing
Dimensioning of tech

ure 68: Dimensions of 60

meters placed on view
Figure 69: Parallel
oviding the greatest
dimensioning
rity Figure 6
dimensio

35

50
65

45
150

420 150
640
420
640
Figure 11 – Dimensions of diameters placed on view providing greatest clarity

Superimposed running dimensioning is a simplified parallel dimensioning and may

Dimensioning 6.6from Examples
a common feature ofcandimensioning
be used where a number methods
of dimensions of the same direction
be used where
relate to a common origin.there are space limitations. The common origin is shown as in Figure 70.
Superimposed running dimensioning is a simplified parallel dimensioning and may
Dimension
Dimensioning fromvalues
a common may be:
be feature maythere
used where be executed
are spaceaslimitations.
parallel dimensioning
The common or as superimposed
origin is shown as in Figure 70.
running dimensioning.
Dimensioning from a common feature is used where a number of dimensions of the
Dimension values may be:
] above
Parallel same and clear
dimensioning
direction theofplacement
isrelate tothe dimension
a common line 6.
of aorigin.
number(seeDimensioning
Figure
of 70a);
single or of lines
dimension paralleldrawings
technical to one another
and spaced ]outinsoline
that the dimensional
with the corresponding value can easily be added in, as
extension line (see Figure 70b). shown in Figure 12a.
] above and clear of the dimension line (see Figure 70a); or
Superimposed running dimensioning is a simplified parallel dimensioning and may be used where
Dimensioning from a common ] in line
feature
with is may
the be executed as parallel dimensioning or70b).
as
there are space limitations. The common origin ascorresponding
shown in Figure extension line (see values
12. Dimension Figure may be above
and clear ofsuperimposed
the dimensionrunning
line, asdimensioning.
shown in Figure 12b; or in line with the corresponding extension line,
as shown in Figure 12c. Figure 70: Examples of
Parallel dimensioning is the placement of a number of single dimension lines parallel running dimensioning
to one another and spaced out so that the dimensional value canFigure
easily69:
be Parallel
added in Figure 7
dimensioning running
(see Figure 69).

150
150 420 640
420
150 420 640
640 (a)
  
a) (a) b)

Superimposed running dimensioning is a simplified parallel dimensioning and may

be used where there are space limitations. The common origin is shown as in Figure 70.
Dimension values may be:

] above and clear of the dimension line (see Figure 70a); or

] in line with the corresponding extension line (see Figure 70b).
150

420

640
150

420

640

c)
(b)
Figure 12 – Parallel dimensioning and running dimensioning
(b) Figure 70: Examples of
running dimensioning

73
 Drawing practice
Chain dimensioning consists of a chain of dimensions. These should only be used
where the possible accumulation of tolerances does not affect the function of the part
Dimensioning andFigure
(see tolerancing
71). of size 7

Chain dimensioning consists of a chain of dimensions. These should only be used

Combined dimensioning uses chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the
where the possible accumulation of tolerances does not affect the function of the part
same
Chaindrawing
Chain dimensioning (see Figure
dimensioning
consists 72).of of
consists a chain ofThese
dimensions. These
be should only be
theused
(see Figure 71). of a chain dimensions. shall only used where possible
accumulationwhere
of tolerances does
the possible not affect the
accumulation of function ofdoes
tolerances the part, as shown
not affect in Figure
the function of 13.
the part
Combined
(see Figuredimensioning
71). uses chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the
Figure 71: Chain
same drawing (see Figure 72).

100
dimensioning
Combined dimensioning uses chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the
same drawing (see Figure 72).
Figure 71: Chain

150
100
dimensioning
Figure 71: Chain

150 100
dimensioning
160 70 200 30

Figure 13 – Chain dimensioning

150
Figure 72: Examples of 160 70 200 30
combined dimensioning
Combined dimensioning uses chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning on the same drawing view.
160dimensions
Figure 14a illustrates combining single 70 and parallel
200 dimensioning30 from a common feature.
Figure 14b illustrates combining single dimensions and chain dimensions.
Figure 72: Examples of
combined dimensioning
Figure 72: Examples of
combined dimensioning

(a) Combining single dimensions and parallel

dimensioning from a common feature

(a) Combining single dimensions and parallel

dimensioning from a common feature
a)
(a) Combining single dimensions and parallel
dimensioning from a common feature

(b) Combining single dimensions and chain dimensions

b)
(b) Combining single dimensions and chain dimensions
74
Figure 14 – Combined dimensioning
(b) Combining single dimensions and chain dimensions

74

74
 Dimensioning by coordinates uses superimposed running dimensioning in two direc-
8 tions at right angles, as shown in Figure
The Essential 73. to
Guide The common
Technical originSpecification:
Product may be any suitable
Engineering Drawing
Dimensioning by coordinates uses superimposed running dimensioning in two direc-
common reference feature. It may be useful, instead of dimensioning as shown in
tions at right angles, as shown in Figure 73. The common origin may be any suitable
Figure 73, to tabulate dimensional values as shown in Figure 74.
common reference feature. It may be useful, instead of dimensioning as shown in
Dimensioning by coordinates uses superimposed running dimensioning in two directions at right angles,
Figure 73, to tabulate dimensional values as shown in Figure 74.
as shown in Figure 15a. The common origin may be any suitable common reference feature. It may be
useful, instead of dimensioning as shown in Figure 15a, to tabulate dimensional values as shown in
Figure 73: Dimensioning
Figure 15b.

,5
15
by coordinates (two

∆
Figure 73: Dimensioning
directions)

,5
15
160 by coordinates (two
∆ directions)

,5

,5
15

15
160

11

∆
∆

,5
26 5,
120

15
∆ ∆1
11

∆
∆

120

26
90

∆
,5
13
∆

26
90

∆
60
,5

,5
13

13
∆

13 26

∆
,5
∆ ∆
,5
13

60

,5
∆

13
∆
,5
20
,5

13
13

∆
∆

200
0

20

60

100

140

180

0 200
0

20

60

100

140

180

200

a) in two directions

A2 Figure 74: Dimensioning

by coordinates (tabulated)
A2 Figure 74: Dimensioning
B2
by coordinates (tabulated)
C
B2
∆
B1 C
160 ∆
B1 60
Y A1 120
160
90
60
Y A1 120
X 90

X
b) tabulated

Figure 15 – Dimensioning by coordinates

75

75
A diameter of a circle or cylinder is dimensioned by prefixing the value with the symbol
Ø. This symbol should be as large as the following numerals and the slanting line
should be aboutDimensioning
30° clockwiseand tolerancing
from of size
the vertical, in the direction in which it is to be read 9

(see Figure 68). It has already been pointed out (see Figure 68) that the dimensions
should be placed on the view that most clearly shows the information.
1.6  Methods for dimensioning common features
Where dimension lines and other lines (e.g. extension lines) would otherwise intersect,
the dimension Certain
lines tofeatures,
the feature
suchcan be dimensioned
as diameters, by leaderhole
radii, squares, linessizes,
as shown
chamfers, countersinks and counter-bores,
can occur frequently in engineering drawings.
in Figure 75. Where the whole view is not shown, concentric diameters can be
A diameter of a circle or cylinder shall be dimensioned by prefixing the value with the symbol Ø,
dimensioned as in Figure 76.
as shown in Figure 16. A square feature shall be dimensioned by prefixing the value with the symbol .
Additionally, square and flat features can be indicated by continuous narrow lines drawn diagonally on
Circles are to be dimensioned as shown in Figure 77 and spherical surfaces as shown in
the flat feature, as shown in Figure 18.
Figure 78. Where dimension lines and other lines (e.g. extension lines) would otherwise intersect, the
dimension lines to the feature can be dimensioned by leader lines as shown in Figure 16.
Where the whole view is not shown, concentric diameters shall be dimensioned as in Figure 17. 6. Dimensionin

25
12. Dimensionin

340
320
300
20
Figure 78: Radial values
35
0
R1
R1

30
5

55 370

Figure 16 – Diameter dimensions Figure 17 – Dimensioning concentric

indicated by leader lines diameters on a partial view
20
10
10
Figure 79: Square values
40

NOTE. Leader line should

be in line with centre
of circle
40

Figure 18 – Dimensioning a square

Circles shall be dimensioned as shown in Figure 19 and spherical surfaces as shown in Figure 20. Figure 80: Spherical radi
Radii of features shall be dimensioned by prefixing the value with the letter R. Radii shall bevalues
12
SR

dimensioned by a line that passes through, or is in line with, the centre of the arc. The dimension line
shall have one arrowhead only, which shall touch the arc. S∆50
Radii that require their centres to be located shall be dimensioned as in Figure 21a; those that do
not shall be dimensioned as in Figure 21b. Spherical radii shall be dimensioned as shown in Figures 21c
and 21d.
0
SR6

S 20
 370
Drawing
10
practice The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing
Drawing practice

Drawing practice
Drawing practice 20 S∆50a
Figure 77: Dimensioning S∆50 Figure 78
10 spherical
circle
10
6.7.3 Radii
6.7.3 Radii
Radii of features are dimensioned by prefixing the value with the letter R. Radii should
Radii of features are dimensioned by prefixing the value with the letter R. Radii should
be dimensioned
NOTE. Leader line should 6.7.3 by a line that passes through, or is in line with, the centre of the arc.
Radii
be in line with centre be dimensioned by
6.7.3line a
Radiiline that passes through, or is in line with, the centre of the arc.
of circle The dimension should have one arrowhead only, which should touch the arc.
The dimension
Radiiline should have one arrowhead only,Swhich
40
of features S 20 by prefixing
are dimensioned the  shouldwith
20 value touch
the the arc.
letter R. Radii should
Radii
Radii that requireof features
their centresare dimensioned by prefixing the value with the letter R. Radii should
be dimensioned (a)by ato bethat
line
located(a) should
passes be dimensioned
through,
a)
as in Figure
or is in line with, 79a;
the centre
b)
of the arc.
Radii that require
be their centres
dimensioned by atoline
be that
located should
passes be dimensioned
through, or is in(b)
line as in Figure
with, the (b)
79a; of the arc.
centre
those that The
do not are dimensioned
dimension line should as in Figure
have one79b. Spherical
arrowhead radiiwhich
only, are dimensioned
should touch asthe arc.
those that do
Thenot are dimensioned
dimension line should as in Figure
have one 79b. Spherical
Figure
arrowhead 20 –radii are dimensioned
Dimensioning
only, which should touchas the arc.
shown in Figures 79c and 79d.
shown in Figures 79crequire
Radii that and 79d.their centres to be located spherical
should be diameters
dimensioned as in Figure 79a;
Radii that require their centres to be located should be dimensioned as in Figure 79a;
Figure 19 – Dimensioning a diameter
those that do not are dimensioned as in Figure 79b. Spherical radii are dimensioned as
Holes
those aredo
that to not Holes
be dimensioned
are are to be
dimensioned dimensioned
as shown in Figure
as in Figure as shown
79b. Theindepth
79.SphericalFigureof79.
radii areThe
the depth
drilled holeofwhen
dimensioned the
as drilled hole w
shown in Figures 79c and 79d.
given in
shown in Figures
noteS∆ given
form
79c in note
refers
and to the
79d. form refers
depth to the
ofFigure
the depth of
cylindrical the cylindrical
portion
78: Dimensioning
portion
of the hole of the
and not to hole and n
50
the extremity
the extremity made made
by the point R5,5
of by the
the point
drill, of otherwise
unless
spherical the drill, unless
diameters R4 otherwise specified.
specified.
R5,5 R4
R4
R4
R5,5 R4
R5,5 R4

R2 R2
R4

5 5
R4
S 20 R2
R8 R2
R8

R2 R
(a)

5 25
(a) (b)
R100

(a) R2
R8
R100

R2
R8
(a) (b)
Holes are to be dimensioned a)
as shown in Figure (b) hole when
79. The depth of the drilled b)
R100

(a)
12 R1 R100

given in note form refers to the depth of the cylindrical portion of the hole and not to
he extremity made by the point of the drill, unless otherwise specified. (b)
2

(b)
SR S
R

SR20
SR S

SR20
12 12
12 12

SR SR

77
SR SR

(c) SR20
0 60

SR20
12 12

SR6SR

(c)

(c) c) (d) d)
SR6SR60

(c) (d)
0

Figure 79: Dimensioning radii

Figure 79: Dimensioning radii Figure 21 – Dimensioning radii
(d)
(d)
Figure 79: Dimensioning radii
Figure 79: Dimensioning radii

78
78
 Holes Holes
are dimensioned
are dimensioned
as shown
as shown
in Figure
in Figure
80. The
80.depth
The depth
of theofdrilled
the drilled
hole, hole,
whenwhen

13
given given
after the
afterdiameter,
the diameter,
refersrefers
to thetodepth
the depth
of theofcylindrical
the cylindrical
portion
portion
of theofhole
theand
hole and
not tonot
thetoextremity
the extremity
mademade
by thebypoint
the point
of theofdrill,
the unless
drill, unless
otherwise
otherwise
specified.
specified. + 0,02
∆32 0
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 11

4 × ∆54 × ∆5 FigureFigure
80: Dimensioning
80: Dimensioning
6.7.4 Holes ∆7 ∆7 holes holes
∆9,5 ×∆18
9,5 × 18 Teacher’s note: the method of production (e.g. drill, punch, bore or ream) sh
Holes shall be dimensioned as shown in Figure 22. The depth of the drilled hole, when given after the
Holestoare not be specified
80. Theexcept
depth where
of the itdrilled
is essential
hole, to the function of the drawing.
diameter, refers thedimensioned
depth of theas shown in
cylindrical Figure
portion when
∆ 38 ∆of38the hole and not to the extremity made by the

+ 0,5

+ 0,5
0

0
point of thegiven
drill, after
unlesstheotherwise
diameter,specified.
refers to the depth of the cylindrical portion of the hole and

13

13
The method
not toofthe production
extremity (e.g.
madedrill, punch,
by the pointbore or drill,
of the ream)unless
shall otherwise
not be specified except where it is
specified.
essential to the function of the part. + 0,02 + 0,02
6.7.5 Chords,
∆32 arcs
0∆32 and
0 angles
4 × ∆5 Figure 80: Dimensioning
The dimensioning of chords,
∆7arcs and angles should beholes
as shown in Figure 81
∆9,5 × 18
Teacher’s
Teacher’s
note: note:
the method
the method
of production
of production
(e.g. drill,
(e.g.punch,
drill, punch,
bore or
bore
ream)
or ream)
shouldshould
Drawing practice ∆ 38

+ 0,5
not benot
specified
be specified
exceptexcept
wherewhere
it is essential
it is essential
to thetofunction
the function
of theofdrawing.
the drawing.

0
100 105

13
+ 0,02
∆32 0

6.7.56.7.5
Chords,
Chords,
arcs arcs
and angles
and angles
Figure 22 – Dimensioning holes
The dimensioning
The dimensioning
of chords,
of chords,
arcs and
arcsangles
and angles 6.7.6
should be asCurved
should be
shown insurfaces
as shown
(a) Chord
Figure
in Figure
81. 81. (b) Arc
Teacher’s note: the method of production (e.g. drill, punch, bore or ream) should
The dimensioning of chords, arcs and angles shall be as shown in Figure 23.
not be specified except where it is essential
When to thethe
dimensioning function of of
spacing theholes
drawing.
and other features on a curved surf

100 100 whether the dimensions

105 105 are chordal or circumferential,
FigureFigure
81: they are to be indicated cle
81: Dimensioning
42Dimensioning
on the drawing, as shown in Figure 82.
chords,chords,
arcs and
arcsangles
and angles

6.7.5 Chords, arcs and angles

Figure 82: Dimensions on 800 OUTER SURFACE
The dimensioning
a curved surface of chords,
   arcs and angles should be as
  shown in Figure 81.
tice
(a) Chord
(a) Chord (b) Arc(b) Arc (c) Angle
a) chord b) arc c) angle

Figure100
23 – Dimensioning chords, arcs and
105angles Figure 81: Dimensioning
42 42 chords, arcs and angles

Dimensioning the spacing of holes and other features on a curved surface shall be as shown in Figure 24,
whethersurfaces
6.7.6 Curved the dimensions are chordal or circumferential, they shall be indicated clearly on the drawing.

When dimensioning the spacing of holes and other features on a(b)

(a) Chord curved
Arc surface,
(c) Angle
whether the dimensions are chordal or Angle
(c) circumferential, they are to be indicated clearly
on the drawing, as shown in Figure 82.
42

nsions on 800 OUTER SURFACE

79 79

(c) Angle

   75 +- 0,5

Figure 24 – Dimensions on a curved surface

6.8 Dimensioning screw threads and threade

parts
 12 6.8.2
The Essential Thread
Guide 6.system
to Technical 6. and
Dimensioning
Product size6.of Dimensioning
Dimensioning technical
Specification: of technical
of technical drawing
drawings
Engineering drawings
Drawing
6. Dimensioning
6. Dimensioning of technical
of technical drawings
drawings
The letter M, denoting ISO metric screw threads, is followed by the values of th
nominal diameter and pitch (if required), with a multiplication sign between them
1.7  Dimensioning screw threads and threaded parts
e.g. M8 × 1.

ISO metric screw threads shall be designated in accordance with BS EN ISO 6410-1, which specifies
6.8.2 6.8.2 Thread system and size
that Thread
6.8.2
the Thread
system
designation
6.8.2
system
and
shall
Thread
size
and
indicate
system
size
the
and thread
size
6.8.3 Thread
system, nominaltolerance class
diameter and the thread tolerance class. If
6.8.2 Thread system and size
necessary, the pitch shall also be indicated; however, when designating metric coarse threads, the pitch
The letter M, denoting ISO metric screw threads, is followed by the values of the
Theisletter
TheM, letter
generally denoting
M, denoting
omitted. ISO metric ISO screw
metricthreads,
screwFor
threads,
isgeneral
followed
isuse,
followed
bythethetolerance
values
by the of
values
the 6H
class of isthe
suitable for internal threads and toleranc
The letter
The letter M,nominal M, denoting
denoting ISO metric
ISO metric screw screw
threads,threads, is followed
is followed by thebyvalues
the values
of the of the
The nominal diameter diameter and pitch (if required), with a multiplication sign between them,
nominal nominal
diameter diameter
and and(ifrefers
pitch pitch to
(if the
required), major
required),
with diameter
aclass
multiplication
with6g a for ofexternal
external
multiplication and
signinternal
sign threads.
between between
them,
The threads;
them,
thread the dimension
tolerance class is preceded by a hyphen, e.g
nominalnominal diameter
diameter and and pitch
pitch (if (if required),
required), with with
a a multiplication
multiplication sign sign between
between them, them,
e.g. of
M8thread
× 1. refers to the full depth of thread. The direction of a right hand thread (RH)
e.g.relating
M8e.g.
× 1.to
M8 the×depth
1. M10-6H or M10 × 1-6g.
e.g. M8e.g.× M81. × 1.
is not generally noted; however left hand threads shall be denoted with the abbreviation ‘LH’ after the
thread designation.
6.8.3 Thread
6.8.3 Thread
tolerance 6.8.3 Thread toleranceScrew
tolerance
class class classthreads are dimensioned as shown in Figures 83 and 84.
6.8.3
Thread 6.8.3 Thread
Thread
system sizetolerance
andtolerance classclass
For general use, the tolerance class 6Hbe is followed
suitable for by internal threads
of theand tolerance
ForThe letter
general M, denoting
For general
use, theuse, ISO
tolerance
the metric
tolerance
class 6Hscrew
class threads,
is suitable
6H for shall
is suitable
internal
for internal
threads threads
and the values
tolerance
and tolerance nominal diameter
For For
general general
use, use,
the the tolerance
tolerance class class
6H is 6H is
suitablesuitable
for for
internalinternal
threadsthreads
and and tolerance
tolerance
class 6g
and pitch (if required), withforaexternal threads.sign
multiplication The between
thread tolerance
them, e.g. class
M8 is preceded
× 1. by a hyphen, e.g.
class 6gclass
for external
6g for external
threads.threads.
The threadThe tolerance
thread tolerance
class is preceded
class is preceded
by a hyphen,
by a hyphen,
e.g. e.g.
class
class 6g for6g for external
external threads.threads.
The The thread
thread tolerance
tolerance class class
is is preceded
preceded by a by a hyphen,
hyphen, e.g. e.g.
M10-6H or M10 × 1-6g. 40 30 min
Thread
M10-6H or tolerance
M10-6H
M10 or × M10 class
1-6g. × 1-6g.
M10-6HM10-6H
or M10 or M10
× 1-6g. × 1-6g.
For general use, the tolerance class 6H is suitable for internal threads and tolerance class 6g for external thread full
threads. Thethreads Screw
thread threadsclass
tolerance are dimensioned
shall be as shown
preceded by83a in Figures 83 and 84.
hyphen,
Screw threads
Screw are dimensioned
are dimensioned
as shown as in
shown
Figuresin Figures
83 and 84. and 84. e.g. M10-6H or M10 × 1-6g.

M20-6g
M36-6g

Screw threads are dimensioned as shown

Screw threads are dimensioned as shown in Figures 83 and 84. in Figures 83 and 84.

Screw threads shall be dimensioned as shown in Figures 25 and 26.

38 max
(a)
40 (b)
30 min Figure 83: Figure 83: Dimensioning
40 40 30 min 30 min Figure 83: Dimensioning
Dimensioning
40 40 30 min30 min full thread FigureFigure
83: 83: Dimensioning
Dimensioning
external screw threads
full thread
full thread external external
screw threads
screw threads
full thread
full thread external screw threads
external screw threads

M20-6g
M36-6g

M20-6g

M20-6g
M36-6g

M36-6g

M20-6g
M36-6g

M20-6g
M36-6g

M12-6H x 16 38 max
(a)          38 max 3815max
min M12 x 1,25-6H
(a) (a) 38 max38 max
(a) (a) (b)full thread
a) (b) (b) b)
(b) (b) 16

Figure 25 – Dimensioning external screw threads

(a) (b)
M12-6H x 16 Figure 84: Dimensioning
M12-6H M12-6H
x 16 x 16 Figure 84:
Figure 84: Dimensioning
Dimensioning
M12-6H M12-6H
x 16 1516min
x M12 x 1,25-6H FigureFigure 84: Dimensioning
84: Dimensioning
internal screw threads
15 min 15 min M12 x 1,25-6H
M12 x 1,25-6H internal screw
internal
threads
screw threads
15 15
fullmin
full thread min
thread
full thread M12 xM12 x 1,25-6H
1,25-6H internal
internal screw screw threads
threads
full thread
full thread
16
16

1616

16

         M6-6H x 10
(a) (b) 20 min full thread
(a) (a) a) (b) b) (b) c) including run-out
(a) (a) (b) (b) 28 max
(c)
Figure 26 – Dimensioning internal screw threads

M6-6H x 10
M6-6H xM6-6H
10 x 10
M6-6H M6-6H
x 10 x 20
10 min full thread
20 min full
20 thread
min full thread
20 min20 min
full 28thread
full
thread max including run-out
28 max including
28 max including
run-out run-out
28 max28including
max
(c)including run-out
run-out
(c) (c)
(c) (c)

8
81 81
81 81
 1
45°, the indications may be simplified as shown in Figures 104 and 105.
Note. Methods of production (e.g. ‘drill’, ‘punch’, ‘bore’, ‘ream’)+should
0,02
not be
∆32 0
specified, except where they are essential to the function.
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size Figure13
103: Chamfer
dimensioning
or ∆13
4 × ∆5 Figure 102: Hole
13.7 Chamfers and countersinks ∆7 30 ˚
dimensioning
1.8  Dimensioning chamfers and
2 countersinks
∆9,5 × 18 30 ˚
Chamfers should be dimensioned as shown in Figure 103. Where
∆ 38 the chamfer angle is

+ 0,5
0
Chamfers shall be dimensioned as shown in Figure 27. Where the chamfer angle is 45°, the indications
45°, the indications may be simplified as shown in Figures 104 and 105.

13
may be simplified as shown in Figure 28.
2 × 45 ˚ Figure 104: 45° chamfer
+ 0,02 simplified
∆32 0
Figure 103: Chamfer
dimensioning
or or ∆13
30 ˚
13.7 Chamfers and countersinks
2 30 ˚ 2 × 45 ˚

Chamfers should be dimensioned as shown in Figure 103. Where the chamfer angle is
45°, the indications may be simplified as shown in Figures 104 and 105. Figure 105: Dimensionin
22××45
45˚ ˚ Figure 104: 45° chamfer
internal chamfers
2 × 45 ˚ simplified

or Figure 103: Chamfer

or or dimensioning
∆13
30 ˚

2 30 ˚ 2 × 45 ˚
Figure 27 – Dimensioning external and internal chamfers
Figure 105: Dimensionin
2 × 45 ˚
2 × 45 ˚ internal chamfers
Figure 104: 45° chamfer
2 × 45 ˚ simplified
or
113

or
Engineering drawing practice

2 × 45 ˚

Figure 28 – Simplified dimensioning of chamfers

Figure 105: Dimensionin
2 × 45 ˚
internal chamfers
Countersinks are dimensioned by showing either the required diametral dimension
2 × 45 ˚ at
Countersinks shall be dimensioned by showing either the required diametral dimension at the included
the included angle, or the depth and the included
or angle
113 (see Figure 106).
angle, or the depth and the included angle, as shown in Figure 29.

Figure 106: Dimensioning

countersinks
∆14

90 ˚

90 ˚

or

113 3,5

Figure 29 – Dimensioning countersinks

13.8 Other indications

The use of reference letters in conjunction with an explanatory note or table can also be
 50

13.5 Equally spaced repeated features

14 The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing

Where repeated features are linearly spaced, a simplified method of dimensioning may
13.5 Equally spaced repeated features
be used, as illustrated in Figure 95.
1.9  Equally spaced repeated features
Where
If thererepeated features areone
is any ambiguity, linearly spaced,
feature a simplified
space method of dimensioning
may be dimensioned may
as illustrated in
be
Where repeated used, as
Figurefeatures
96. illustrated in Figure 95.
are linearly spaced, a simplified method of dimensioning may be used, as
shown in Figure 30.
If there is any ambiguity, one feature space may be dimensioned as illustrated in
ure 95: Dimensioning
Figure 96.
inear spacings

ure 95: Dimensioning

inear spacings
15 5 × 18 (= 90)

Figure 30 – Dimensioning of linear spacings

15 5 × 18 (= 90)
ure 96: Dimensioning
inear spacings If
to there
avoid is any ambiguity, one feature space may be dimensioned as illustrated in Figure 31.
nfusion
ure 96: Dimensioning
inear spacings to avoid
nfusion 18

15 17 × 18 (= 306)

18

17 be
15 equally spaced features may
Angular, × 18dimensioned
(= 306) as illustrated in Figure 97.

13. Dimensioning from a common feature

Figure
The angles of 31
the –spacings
Dimensioning of linear
may be omitted spacings
when to avoid
the intent confusion
is evident, as shown in
Angular, equally
Figure 98. spaced features may be dimensioned as illustrated in Figure 97.

Angular, equally
The spaced
angles
Circular offeatures
spacedthe shall
spacings
features may bebedimensioned
may be asindirectly
omitted when
dimensioned shown in
byFigure
the intent 32. The
theasangle
is evident,
specifying shown
numberof of
the
in spacings
can be omitted where
Figure the intent is explicit, as shown in Figure 33.
98.features,
common as illustrated in Figure 99.

Circular spaced features may be dimensioned indirectly by specifying the number of Figure 97: Dimensioning
of angular spacings
common features, as illustrated in Figure 99.

15
˚ 110

10 ˚ 3
0'

110
5 × 10 ˚ 30' (52 ˚ 30')

Figure 32 – Dimensioning angular spacing

Figure 98: The omission of
∆50
angles of spacings to avoid
confusion

4 × ∆9
 15
˚
Figure 97: Dimensioning
10 ˚ 3
0' of angular spacings
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 15
5 × 10 ˚ 30' (52 ˚ 30')

15
˚
Figure 98: The omission
10 ˚ 3 ∆50
0' angles of spacings to avo
confusion
5 × 10 ˚ 30' (52 ˚ 30')
4 × ∆9

Figure 98: The omission

∆50
angles of spacings to avo
confusion

4 × ∆9

5×
Figure 33 – Omission of angle of spacing Figure 99: Dimensioning
16 circular spacings

6
Circular spaced features can be dimensioned indirectly by specifying the number of common features as
shown in Figure 34.

5× Figure 99: Dimensioning

16 circular spacings

5 × ∆12

5 × ∆12

111

Figure 34 – Dimensioning circular spacings

111
 16 The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing
Series or patterned features of the same size may be dimensioned as illustrated in
Figuresor100
Series and 101.
patterned features of the same size may be dimensioned as illustrated in
Figures 100
Series or patterned and of
features 101.
the same size may be dimensioned as illustrated in Figures 35 and 36.

ure 100: Defining a 8 × ∆8

antity of elements of the
ure 100: Defining a 8 × ∆8
me size: linear
antity of elements of the
me size: linear

Figure 35 – Dimensioning a quantity of features of the same size – linear

ure 101: Defining a 6 × ∆8
antity of elements of the
ure 101: Defining a 6 × ∆8
me size: circular
antity of elements of the
me size: circular

13.636Holes
Figure – Dimensioning a quantity of features of the same size – circular
13.6 Holes
Holes are dimensioned as shown in Figure 102. The depth of the drilled hole, when
1.10  Dimensioning
given after
Holes
of curved
the diameter,
are dimensioned
profiles
asshall
shownreferinto the depth
Figure of the
102. The cylindrical
depth of the portion of thewhen
drilled hole, hole
and not
given to the
after the diameter,
extremity made
shall by the point of the
of drill, unless otherwise specified.
Curved profiles composed of circular arcsrefer tobe
shall the depth
dimensioned the bycylindrical
radii, asportion
shown ofinthe hole37.
Figure
and not
Coordinates to thepoints
locating extremity
on amade
curvedby surface,
the pointasofshown
the drill, unless otherwise
in Figure specified.
38, shall only be used when
the profile is not composed of circular arcs. The more coordinates specified, the better the uniformity of
the curve.

112

112
 12.9.

Curved profiles composed of circular arcs should be dimensioned by radii, as illustrated

Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 17
in Figure 118.

Figure 118: The

dimensioning of a curved
profile

Engineering drawing practice

Figure 37 – Dimensioning of a curved profile

Figure 119: Linear

coordinates of a series of
points through which a
profile passes
119

Figure 38 – Linear coordinates of a series of points through which a profile passes

Coordinates locating points on a curved surface, as illustrated in Figure 119, should

1.11  Dimensioning of keyways
only be used when the profile is not composed of circular arcs. The more coordinates
specified,
Keyways in hubs or shafts shallthe
bebetter the uniformity
dimensioned by oneofofthe
thecurve.
methods shown in Figure 39.
NOTE: Further information on keys and keyways is given in BS 4235-1, Specification for metric keys and keyways – Part 1:
Figure
Parallel and taper keys and 120 illustrates
BS 4235-2, a method
Specification for metricof specifying
keys a cam
and keyways – Partprofile in association
2: Woodruff with a
keys and keyways.
follower. The follower is indicated by a long-dashed double-dotted narrow line type
05.1.1 (see Table 1).

Figure 120: Specifying 0˚

dimensions in association b
with a follower
 shown in Figure 5.
NOTE Further information on keys and keyways is given in BS 4235-1,
Specification for metric keys and keyways – Part 1: Parallel and taper
keys, and BS 4235-2, Specification for metric keys and keyways –
18 Part 2: Woodruff keys and
The keyways.
Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing

Figure 5 Dimensioning of keyways

a) Parallel hub b) Tapered keyway in parallel hub c) Parallel keyway in tapered hub

d) Parallel shaft e) Parallel keyway in tapered shaft

f) Parallel shaft g) Tapered shaft

Figure 39 – Dimensioning of keyways

1.12  Tolerancing © BSI 2006 • 21

Tolerancing is the practice of specifying the upper and lower limit for any permissible variation in the
finished manufactured size of a feature. The difference between these limits is known as the tolerance
for that dimension.
All dimensions (except auxiliary dimensions) are subject to tolerances.
Tolerances shall be specified for all dimensions that affect the functioning or interchange ability of
the part.
Tolerances shall also be used to indicate where unusually wide variations are permissible.
Tolerances shall be applied either to individual dimensions or by a general note giving uniform or
graded tolerances to classes of dimensions, for example:

TOLERANCE UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED    LINEAR ±0,4 ANGULAR ±0° 30’

The method shown in Figure 40a should be followed where it is required to tolerance individual linear
dimensions. This method directly specifies both the limits of the size of the dimension, the tolerance
being the difference between the limits of the size.
The larger limit of the size shall be placed above the smaller limit and both shall be given to the
same number of decimal places.
The method shown in Figure 40b can be used as an alternative way of specifying tolerances.
 6.9.3 Tolerancing of individual linear dimensions

The method shown in Figure 85 is recommended where it is required to tolerance indi-

vidual linear dimensions.
Dimensioning andThis method of
tolerancing directly
size specifies both the limits of the size of the6. Dimensioning of technical
19 drawin
dimension, the tolerance being the difference between the limits of the size.

32,15 +0,15
nce by 31,80 32 -0,20

f size
        
The larger limit of the size is placed above the smaller limit, and both are given to the
same number of decimal
a) places. b)

Figure 40 – Linear dimension tolerance by directly specifying limits of size

6.9.4 Tolerancing of individual angular dimensions

The
The methods methods
shown shown41
in Figure in Figure
may be86used
may be
to used to tolerance
tolerance individual
individual angular
angular dimensions.
dimensions.

Figure 86: Tolerancing

angular dimensions
30 30' 90 ± 0 30' 0
30 0' 30,5 ± 0,1

(a) (b) (c)

a) b) c)

Figure 41 – Tolerancing angular dimensions

6.10 Summary

1.13  Interpretations of limits

This chapter has covered ofparts
those size forstandards
of the a feature-of-size
that deal with dimensioning and
tolerancing which are likely to be of use to Design and Technology teachers and their
Limits of size for an individual feature-of-size shall be interpreted according to the principles and rules
students in schools and colleges. The key points are as follows.
defined in BS ISO 8015, BS EN ISO 14660-1 and BS EN ISO 14660-2.
A feature-of-size may consist of two parallel plane surfaces, a cylindrical surface or a spherical
BIP 2155 File name: 2008-01133_40b.e
] The
surface, in each general
case principles
defined with a of dimensioning
linear as set out in may
size. A feature-of-size BS 8888:2006 should
also consist always
of two plane surfaces
be followed
at an angle to each other (aifwedge)
effectiveorcommunication between
a conical surface, thecase
in each designer, manufacturer
defined and size.
with an angular
BS ISO 8015 states that limits of size control only
end user is to be established and maintained. the actual local sizes (two-point measurements)
of a feature-of-size and not its deviations of form (e.g. the roundness and straightness deviations of a
] Functional dimensions are those that directly affect the function of the product.
cylindrical feature, or the flatness deviations of two parallel plane surfaces). Form deviations may be
] All dimensions except auxiliary dimensions are subject to tolerancing.
controlled by individually specified geometrical tolerances, general geometrical tolerances or through
the use of the The decimal
] envelope marker is represented
requirement by a comma
(where the maximum not a point.
material limit of size defines an envelope of
perfect form]forGroups
the relevant surfaces;
of numerals seeleft
to the BS and
ISO right
8015).
of the decimal marker should be divided
BS ISO 8015 defines the principle of independency, according
up into groups of three, counting from the decimal to which
marker, and aeach specified
full space, notdimensional
a
and geometrical requirement on a drawing is met independently, unless a particular relationship is
comma, left between them.
specified. A relationship may be specified through the use of the envelope requirement or material
condition modifiers maximum material condition (MMC) or least material condition (LMC).
Where no relationship is specified, any geometrical tolerance applied to the feature-of-size applies
regardless of feature size, and the two requirements shall be treated as unrelated, as shown in Figure 42.
Relevant standards Title
The limits of size do not control the form, orientation, or the spatial relationship between, individual
features-of-size.BS EN ISO 1660 Technical drawings — Dimensioning and
Consequently, if a particular relationship of size and
tolerancing form, or size and location, or size and
of profiles
orientation is required, it needs to be specified.
BS ISO 129-1 Technical drawings — Indication of dimensions
and tolerances — Part 1: General principles
BS 8888:2008 BritiSh Standard
20 The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing

Figure 3 Permissible interpretations when no form control is given on the drawing

25,0
24,9
a) drawing presentation

a b c

NOTE There is no form control (i.e. over roundness, straightness or cylindricity). Measurements a, b and c may
lie between 25.0 mm and 24.9 mm, meeting the drawing requirement using two-point measurement only.
b) Permissible interpretation: straightness unconstrained

Maximum size

25,0 Maximum roundness

deviation (resulting
from a lobed form)

NOTE For any cross-section of the cylinder, there is no roundness control.

c) Permissible interpretation: roundness unconstrained

Figure 42 – Permissible interpretations when no form control is given on the drawing

15.1.2 Limits of size with mutual dependency of size and form
COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON 15.1.2
1.13.1  Limits of size with mutual dependency
Some national of size
standards apply, and
or have form
applied, the Envelope
Requirement to all features-of-size by default. As the Envelope
Requirement
Some national standards apply, or have applied, has
the been the default,
envelope they have
requirement not
to all used a symbol by
features-of-size to
indicate this requirement; rather they use a note to indicate when this
default. As the envelope requirement has been the default, they have not used a symbol to indicate this
is not required. This system of tolerancing is sometimes described as the
requirement; rather they use a note Principle
to indicate when this is or
of Dependency, notthe
required. Thisofsystem
application of tolerancing
the Taylor Principle. is
sometimes described as the principle of dependency,
Standards or the
which apply, or application
have applied,ofthe
theEnvelope
Taylor principle.
Requirement by
Standards which apply, or have default
applied, the envelope requirement by default include:
include:
ASME Y14.5 (the requirement that there is an envelope of perfect
ASME Y14.5 form corresponding to the Maximum Material Size of the feature is
The requirement that there shall be an envelope
defined asofRule
perfect
#1). form corresponding to the maximum
material size of the feature is defined asBS
Rule
308#1).
(the Principle of Dependency was taken as the default
option under BS 308, although the option of working to the
BS 308 Principle of Independency was included, through the use of
The principle of dependency was taken as the
the BSdefault optionI indication):
308 triangle under BS 308, although the option of working
I
to the principle of independency was included, through the use of theBS BS
8888
308 triangle I indication.
BS 8888 prior to the 2004 revision (the Principle of Dependency was
takenBS as
8888the default
I option under BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002,
although the option of working to the Principle of Independency was
included, through the use of the BS 8888 triangle I indication).

16 • © BSI 2008
Dimensioning and tolerancing of size 21

BS 8888
Prior to the 2004 revision; the principle of dependency was taken as the default option under
BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002, although the option of working to the principle of independency
was included, through the use of the BS 8888 triangle I indication.

BS 8888:2004 and BS 8888:2006

the principle of dependency could be explicitly invoked through the use of the BS 8888 triangle D indication.

BS 8888 D

As the interaction between the envelope requirement and individual geometrical tolerances is not
always fully defined within the ISO system, and as the application of the envelope requirement by
default to all features-of-size is not formally supported within the ISO system, the use of the principle of
dependency is no longer recommended.

1.14  Datum surfaces and functional requirements

Functional dimensions shall be expressed directly on the drawing, as shown in Figure 1. The application
of this principle will result in the selection of reference features on the basis of the function of the
product and the method of locating it in any assembly of which it may form a part.
If any reference feature other than one based on the function of the product is used, finer tolerances
will be necessary to meet the functional requirement, which in turn will increase the cost of producing
the product, as shown in Figure 43 on page 22.

1.15  Relevant standards

BS EN ISO 1660, Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing of profiles

BS ISO 129-1, Technical drawings — Indication of dimensions and tolerances — Part 1:
General principles
BS ISO 3040, Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Cones
BS ISO 10579, Technical drawings — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Non-rigid parts
BS ISO 406, Technical drawings — Tolerancing of linear and angular dimensions
BS EN 22768-1, General tolerances — Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without
individual tolerance indications
BS 4235-1, Specification for metric keys and keyways — Part 1: Parallel and taper keys
BS 4235-2, Specification for metric keys and keyways — Part 2: Woodruff keys and keyways
BS ISO 8015, Technical drawings — Fundamental tolerancing principle
BS EN ISO 14660-1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 1:
General terms and definitions
BS EN ISO 14660-2, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 2:
Extracted median line of a cylinder and a cone, extracted median surface, local size of an extracted
feature
PP 8888-2, Engineering drawing practice: a guide for further and higher education to BS 8888:2006,
Technical product specification (TPS)
 A
22 The Essential Guide to Technical Product Specification: Engineering Drawing

Description Drawing

a)  Assembly drawing showing a 1

given functional requirement, namely
2

12,00
11,92
the limits of height of the top face
of item 1 above the top face of
item 3, with a tolerance of 0.08 mm
3

Modifications:
b)  Detail of head of item 1 showing

18,00
17,97
given limits of size, with a tolerance

of issue
15/06/2009
of 0.03 mm

Approval
Date:
BSI/PM: Jenny Cranwell
c)  Item 2 dimensioned from a
functional reference surface

Approval of issue
5,5
5,0

6,05
6,00
NOTE: One direct dimension with
a tolerance of 0.05 mm is needed
to satisfy the condition shown in a).
A nominal flange thickness of 5 mm
has been assumed. This value is
non-functional and can haveBIPany
2155 File name: 2008-01133_43a.eps
large tolerance.

Modifications:
correct functional reference surface

d)  Item 2 dimensioned from a non- incorrect non-functional reference surface

functional reference surface

NOTE: Tolerances have had to

be reduced; two dimensions with
tolerances of, say, 0.02 mm for the
11,03
11,00
5,00
4,98

flange and 0.03 mm are now needed

Date: 15/06/2009

to satisfy the condition shown in a).

Modifications:

BIP 2155 File name: 2008-01133_43b.eps

BSI/PM: Jenny Cranwell

Figure 43 – Effect on tolerances by changing datum surfaces

Date: 15/06/2009

from those determined by functional requirements

BIP 2155 File name: 2008-01133_43c.eps