BIOGRAFI OF CUT NYAK MEUTIA

Tjut Nja Meuthia (1870 – 24 October 1910), also known as Tjut Meutia, was
an Indonesian national heroine from Aceh. Cut Nyak Meutia's new husband was Cut Muhammad
or Teuku Cik Tunong. Differing from his brother, Cut Muhammad did not obey
the Dutch because he didn't accept their colonization of Aceh. Cut Muhammad and his wife
worked hand in hand with the Acehnese to fight against the Dutch.
In 1899 Teuku Cik Tunong led a successful attack against the Dutch. In the beginning, the Dutch
troops were at a loss as to what to do. In the following two years, however, Cik Tunong and his
troops had not made any movements. The Dutch thought that they might have lost their spirit.
Yet in 1901, Teuku Cik Tunong and his troops made a sudden attack and succeeded in
destroying the Dutch defense there.
For his success, Teuku Cik Tunong was soon appointed District Chief of Keureutoe by
the Sultan of Aceh. From 1901 to 1903 Teuku Cik Tunong had been the commander of some
battles in the northeast of Aceh. There, he and his troops killed 10 of soldiers of the Dutch and
seized 67 guns from them. Mubin and Pang Gadeng, two surrendered spies, had made Cut Nyak
Meutia and her husband successful in the battles.
In 1905, Teuku Cik Tunong was caught by the Dutch and put in jail and was shot dead by them
the following year.
The death of Teuku Cik Tunong had made Cut Nyak Meutia struggle with the new
commander, Pang Nanggroe, who was her last husband. Pang Nanggroe was also killed in the
battle on September 26, 1910. His death made Cut Nyak Meutia the new commander, with only
45 men and 13 guns left.
Cut Nyak Meutia was found by the Dutch in September 1910 at her hideaway in Paya Cicem.
She resisted capture, wielding a rencong. She was killed when the Dutch troops shot her in the
head and chest.
She is now seen as a symbol of pride among Indonesian woman, along with other heroines such
as Raden Ayu Kartini and Cut Nyak Dhien. On May 2, 1964 she was proclaimed a National
Hero of Indonesia.
 BIOGRAFI OF SULTAN HASANUDDIN

Sultan Hasanuddin (Sultan Hasanuddin Tumenanga Ri Balla Pangkana; 12 January 1631 – 12

June 1670) was the 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa as Sombaya Ri Gowa XVI from 1653
to 1669. He was proclaimed as Indonesian National Hero on 6 November 1973.[1] The Dutch
called Sultan Hasanuddin "the fighting cock of the East" as he was described as aggressive in
battle
After his accession to the throne of Gowa, Hasanuddin faced a turbulent situation as
the Dutch colonized large parts of the East Indies. During this period, the Kingdom of Gowa was
the sole large east Indonesian kingdom which was not yet colonized by the Dutch.
The conflict between the Makassar and the VOC had started as early as 1616, when 15 Dutch
sailors were massacred after the company had taken a number of Makassarese nobles hostage in
order to force the Makassarese king into honoring his debts to them. War would ebb and flow
between the two powers for over fifty years, as the Dutch were bent on having a complete
monopoly of the spice trade, from which Gowa also derived its prosperity. With that goal in
mind it was practically impossible for either side to obtain an workable permanent compromise,
as the VOC would not tolerate any commercial (and by extension, military) rival in the region.
Hasanudin began preparing for another conflict with the VOC even before the treaty had even
taken effect. Further strengthening the already mighty fortification of Makassar, he sealed the
city's entire coastline with a brick wall nearly eleven kilometers long. He also refused to banish
the Portuguese living in Makassar, since being enemies of the Dutch they would be vital allies.
Sensing the hostility, the Company evacuated its lodge in Makassar in 1665, and 1666 a new
fleet were send to attack Makassar again, under Cornelis Speelman. The fleet consisted of the
flagship Tertholen, and twenty other vessels carrying some 1860 people, among them 818
sailors, 578 European soldiers, and 395 native troops from Ambon under Captain Joncker and
from Bugis under Arung Palakka and Arung Belo Tosa'deng. Speelman also accepted Sultan
Ternate's offer to contribute a number of his war canoes for the war against Gowa. Arung
Palakka were dropped off at the island of Kambaena, to launch his own personal campaign to
sow discontent among the Buginese, raising them in rebellion. Still wary of the impressive
fortifications of Makassar, the Hoge Regering instructed Speelman only to raid the coast in
several places, and to have his allies do all the fighting, sparing his European troops [13]. Again
Hasannudin were forced to negotiate, signing the treaty of Bongaya in 1667, which further
restricted the sovereignty of Makassar. Nevertheless, within a few months he would abrogate the
treaty, and Speelman was again send to attack.
Eventually, Arung Palakka were so successful in stirring up discontent among the Butonese and
Buginese that he was able to assemble an army of 10,000 men, for which the company provided
transports to join its war effort. With this large force in hand Speelman felt confident enough to
attack Makassar directly, despite his orders. Nevertheless the fortifications of Makassar proved
its worth as the VOC fleet exhausted all its ammunition in a useless bombardment, failing to
breach Sombaopu's defense. The Company and its allies besieged the city for two and a half
years, with diseases taking its toll on the attackers that at one point only 250 European soldiers
were fit for service. Finally overcoming the defense through sapping on June 12th 1669[14], the
company made Makassar its puppet state, tearing down the defenses of Sombaopu and
erecting Fort Rotterdam in its place.