Water and Wastewater

Filtration Design
Santiago, Richie Art1
College of Engineering Education, University of Mindanao
Abstract— a conceptual model
for water and waste water
filtration processes is
presented. Efficient filtration
involves both particle
destabilization and particle
transport. Destabilization in
filtration is similar to
destabilization in coagulation;
effective coagulants are
observed to be effective “filter
aids.” Particle transport in
filtration is analogous to
transport in flocculation
processes. A particle size with
a minimum contact
opportunity exists; smaller
particles are transported by
diffusion while larger particles
are transported by
interception and settling.
Applications of these concepts
to water and waste water
filtration are presented
Index Terms—
Water Treatment- is any
process that improves the quality
of water to make it more
acceptable for a specific end-
use.
Filtration- the action or process
of filtering something.
Coagulation- the action or
process of a liquid, especially
blood, changing to a solid or
semi-solid state.
Flocculation- refers to the
process by which fine
particulates are caused to clump
together into a floc.
Diffusion- the movement of a
substance from an area of high
concentration to an area of low
concentration.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is very important in
our daily lives that it is often
equated to life itself. We
cannot function without
water as it is used for
domestic, commercial,
industrial, livestock,
irrigation, to generate electric
energy in power plants and
also for recreation in rivers
and lakes. As water is the
most vital natural resources
of life on earth, it is not
always available in all places
and as the population
increases, the demand for
water also increases.
Unfortunately, around 1 out
of 10 people do not have the
access to improved water
resources. Some people
especially in rural areas rely
on wells, rivers and water
pumps. Due to rapid
urbanization, some people
also does not have proper
sanitary toilet facility at
home that may also
contribute to water pollution
and water crisis in our
country.
After we used water, it
goes through the sewage and
should undergo treatment
before it will be returned to
the water cycle. Wastewater
treatment is the process of
removing the contaminants
from the sewage or
wastewater before it can be
discharged back into the
environment. Proper
wastewater disposal and
treatment are not really
implemented in most areas
that groundwater
contamination becomes a
problem. As disposal
facilities are rare, domestic
sewage are often discharge
without treatment and some
factories or establishment
just throw their sewage
directly in the seas. Because
of surface water and
groundwater contamination,
an increasing number of
people died from waterborne
disease
and it still remain as a
severe public health concern
over the years. In relation to
this, this project proposal of
an improvised water
treatment instrument was
made to help people who
have no access to safety
drinking water. It aims to
provide information on how
to make an easy water
purifier and help more people
to have a safe and drinkable
water.
II. MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Materials used in the
improvised Water Treatment
Instrument are empty bottle,
cotton, charcoal, fine
aggregates, and a container.
First, Make small holes at the
bottom of an empty plastic
bottle and on its cap using a
driller or by heating the tip of
the scissors to poke a hole
and place cotton or cotton
balls inside the bottle as the
first layer. The first layer
should be about one to two
inches thick. Then, add an
inch or two of activated or
crushed charcoal as the
second layer on top of the
cotton layer, add about two
inches of fine sand as the
third layer and add another
layer of cotton to fill the
whole bottle. Next is, on the
medium size containers, drill
a hole at the bottom. Big
enough to insert the neck of
the plastic bottle. Insert the
neck of the plastic bottle into
the whole and close the cap
from the inside of the
container.
Make sure to close any
gap between the neck of the
plastic bottle and the
container. On another bigger
container, drill a hole at the
cap, big enough for the
plastic bottle to fit. And then,
insert the bottom of the
plastic bottle with the
medium sized container
attached at the cover of the
bigger container. Finally,
Pour a glass of dirty water on
the medium sized container
and watch the water drip
clean into the larger container
below.
III. RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
This proposal for the water
treatment by filtration had a
good outcome for testing.
While the observation is that
the filtration process needs to
be modified. The treatment
needs
time and attention to give
possible expectations for the
project to produce a good
quality water by using the
Proposed Water Treatment.
And, the Design and proper
aspects of the project needs
to be finalize due to the
experience of failure, and it
needs to be avoided. This
proposal is to create a
treatment apparatus to
minimize the value of carbon
compound and to
block solid matters by the
process filtration, and it
should be known for the
matter of our community.
For the trial and testing
part, the polluted water
undergo filtration by using
our proposed water purifier.
For our trials we put different
water quality that differs by
its color. There were 3 trials
to complete our process. For
the 1st trial the slightly gray
water, the filtration process
had a better outcome.
component of the water) the
process passed to the quality
of the expectedDiscuss the
results and findings of
objective 3 through tables or
figures or statistical analysis
of data. Strictly follow the
IEEE guidelines on how to
present tables or figures.
outcome. For the 2nd trial,
the darker water, the filtration
is slightly slow (filtering of
water) but the outcome was
much better than expected
because the water became
slightly lighter, which passed
to our expected outcome. For
the final trial, the darkest
water with solids, the
filtration was very slow and
the solids remained at top of
the apparatus, the movement
of water was slow, and the
outcome during our
observation was the untreated
water became slightly lighter
in terms of its color
present in the water gets
tangled in the cotton fibres
and fail to exit the tube.
Cotton balls are used to make
the large-particle filter.
By completing this
project, we were made more
aware of other water
filtration methods, their
practicality, and their
benefits. Low quality water
can lead to health hazards
that can be avoided by
putting into place these safe,
inexpensive, and effective
water filtration techniques.
Other than, our experiment
ran smoothly..

REFERENCES
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND [1] Environmental Science and
FUTURE WORKS Technology (1971) 5(11)
1105-1112 Yao K Habibian M
Through this investigation, O'Melia C1978
our filtration methods proved [2] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O.
helpful even though they Sin, and P. K. T. Mok,.1999.
[3] Carty, Gerry Bourke, Noel
were done on a small scale. 1995
The activated charcoal,
cotton and sand was the most
effective method, and is also
capable of removing airborne
toxins and gases from water
and from the environment.
Not only did the activated
charcoal help purify the
water, but it is also good for
the environment overall.
Because carbon is a natural
resource and is fairly
inexpensive, it is the best
nature-friendly option for
purifying water. In addition
to this, sand filters strains out
the floc and the particles
trapped within it, reducing
numbers of bacteria and
removing most of the solids.
Cotton balls can be used in a
filtration process. To do
filtration using cotton balls,
one need to flow water
through the cotton balls in a
tube. When this happens,
large particles which were