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˘RÙPdLdLpÆ B£¨Vl ThPVd LpÆ
DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.
T⁄Ym ˛ 2
RÙs ˛ 203
R™r ˘UÙØ ˛ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ÿm
A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm
AXœ ˛ 1. ˘UÙØd Lt\≠p A±ÆVpÈoY A‘œÿ˚\ ˛

Tp˙Yfl ®˚XLs
AXœ ˛ 2. SU’ ˘UÙØ ˛ LÆ˚RŸm LÆ˚R Lt©jR¤m
AXœ ˛ 3. SU’ ˘UÙØ ˛- E˚WS-˚P-Ÿm E˚W-S˚P Lt©jR¤m
AXœ ˛4. L˚XŸm CXd°Vÿm
˙LW[ AW—
˘TÙ’d LpÆj’˚\
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m

2019
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R™r ˘UÙØ ˛ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ÿm A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm Gu‡m CWiPÙm
T⁄Yjßu Cj RÙs ˘UÙØd LpÆú S≈] ˙TÙdœL˚[
A±ÿLlT”j’YRtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞d°u\’. ˘UÙØú ÿd°V
CXd°V Y˚LL˚[ LÆ˚Rd LpÆ, E˚WS˚Pd LpÆ B°VYt±u
S≈] ÿ˚\L˚[ A±ÿLlT”j’YRtœm, L˚Xdœm CXd°Vjßtœm
C˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo˚Td LiP±YRtœm CkR AXœLs ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm.
˘UÙØl TÜÙt\j’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˘Yq˙Yfl Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Lfim
A‘œÿ˚\Lfim Es[] GuT˚R A±V‹m ˘UÙØú A•lT˚Pj
ß\uL˚[ ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[d LiP˚PV‹m
ÿRp AXœ ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm. ˘Yq˙Yfl LÙXLhPeL˚[f NÙokR R™rd
LÆ˚RL∞u Es[PdLm, ˘UÙØ A˚Ul◊, ˘Y∞¬h”ÿ˚\, ˘UÙØ
SVd ·flLs, LÆ˚R Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls B°V˚Y CWiPÙm AX°p
EhT”jRlTh”s[]. E˚WS˚P CXd°Vjßu S˚P˙YflTÙ”m
TÜÙt\ ÿ˚\Ÿm Íu\Ùm AX°p LÙQXÙm. L˚XLs Utflm AYt±u
CXd°V Y•YeLfim Lt©jRp Ejß Gu\ ÿ˚\´p SÙuLÙY’
AX°p Æ[dLlT”°u\].
57
AXœ ˛ 1
˘UÙØd Lt\≠p A±ÆVpÈoY A‘œÿ˚\ ˛
Tp˙Yfl ®˚XLs
ÿu‡˚W
˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp S˚P˘Tt\ TÙP HtTÙh” ˙UmT”jR≠u TœßVÙL ˘UÙØl TÙPl◊jRLeLs,
Lt©jRp ÿ˚\, Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p TVuRdL UÙt\eLs HWÙ[m HtTh”s[]. ˘UÙØú
A•lT˚Pd ·flL[Ù] G›j’, ˘NÙp, YÙd°Vm B°VYt˚\ A˚PYRtLÙL ˙Ut˘LÙiP
A‘œÿ˚\ ˘UÙØ Yœl◊L˚[ C≤˚U TVlTRÙL‹m, YÙrd˚LŸPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV]YÙL‹m
UÙt±]. J⁄e°˚QkR’m, GRÙojRUÙ]’m, YÙrd˚Ldœl TVuTPd ·•V’UÙ] „Z¤dœ
C˚VkR’UÙ] ˘UÙØ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\˚V S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR˙Y ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dLlThP’.
AYWYo Æ⁄lTlT•VÙ] YÙ£l◊, ˘TÙ⁄s LiP˚PRp, Lh”lTÙPt\ ˘Y∞¬h”ÿ˚\
˙TÙu\Yt±tœm CkR A‘œÿ˚\ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞d°u\’. R™r B£¨Vo T‡Y≠p
Es[ CqY¨Ls Yœl©p GqYÙfl ©WßT≠dœm?
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
l J⁄ ˘UÙØú J⁄e°˚QkR TÙo˚Yú A•lT˚P ˙SÙdLeL˚[d LiP±k’
RÙn˘UÙØd LpÆ´p TVuT”jRp.
l ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR Ufl A‡TYeLfim YZeL ˙Yi”m GuT˚R YœlT˚\´p

TVuT”jRp.
l ˘UÙØl TÜÙt\j’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˙YflThP Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls A‘œÿ˚\Ls

B°-V-Yt-˚\d LiP±k’ TVuT”j’°u\]o.
l ˘UÙØú A•lT˚Pj ß\uL˚[ ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[d œ±j’

ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄YRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ˙Ut˘LÙsfiRp.
ClTÙPlTœßú ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls
l AYWYo Æ⁄lTlT• Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\L∞p D”T”m˙TÙ’ RÙu UÙQYoL∞˚P˙V

™L‹m AßLUÙ] Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls S˚P˘Tfl°u\].
l AßL Æ`VeL˚[ UÙQYoLs LtT’ ˙SW•VÙ] Lt\p ÿ˚\´]Ùp ApX.
l TV‡s[ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙsYRtLÙ] AßL YÙnl◊L˚[ YœlT˚\L∞p

HtT”jßd ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.
l ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßL˚[ ˙SÙd° Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚V EsYÙeœY’ SpX’.
l Au\ÙP YÙrd˚LŸPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV „ZpL∞p ˘UÙØ˚Vl TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’RÙu

˘UÙØ Y[of£ A˚P°\’.
l G˚RVÙY’ G›R˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙R˚Y´≠⁄k’ RÙu G›j’ÿ˚\ G›°u\’.
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l —Zt£ ÿ˚\´p A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm G›j’L˚[Ÿm EsYÙeœY’
™L‹m ˙R˚YVÙœm.
l ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR’m E´˙WÙhPm Es[’UÙ] G›j’f ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YœlT˚\´p

˙Ut˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
l G›j’Ls A±ÿL ÿ˚\, ˘NÙtLs A±ÿL ÿ˚\, L⁄j’Ls ˘Y∞¬h” ÿ˚\

Gu±qYÙfl ˘UÙØl TÜÙt\j’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˙YflThP A‘œÿ˚\Ls Es[].
l ˙LhPp, ˙T—Rp, YÙ£jRp, G›’Rp B°V˚Y J⁄ ˘UÙØú A•lT˚Pj
ß\uL[Ùœm. CYt˚\ A˚PYRtœ Ko J›eœÿ˚\ ˙Yi”m.
A±YÙdLm
ÿRp Yœl©tœ Y⁄°u\ œZk˚RLfidœ U˚Z˚Vd œ±j’ Gu˘]u] ˘R¨Ÿm? ∏rdLÙ‘m
˘NÙt„¨V˚] ®˚\‹ ˘Nn’ TÙ⁄eLs.
œ∞o
U˚Z œ˚P
C•
l U˚Z´p Æ˚[VÙ”≈oL[Ù?
øeLs Lt°u\ ®flY]jßp ÿu ˘RÙPdL ®˚X Yœl◊L∞˙XÙ ≈h•u A⁄LÙ˚U´¤s[

ÿu˘RÙPdL Yœl©p Ltœm œZk˚R´P˙UÙ U˚Z˚Vd œ±j’ £X œ±l◊L∞u
A•lT˚P´p LXk’˚WVÙ•l TÙ⁄eLs. Gu˘]u] œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm?
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AYoLs ·flY]Yt˚\d œ±j’d ˘LÙs[‹m. ˘NÙt„¨V≤p Es[ ˘NÙtL˚[ Jl©h”l
TÙ⁄eLs.
œZk˚RLs ·±V L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm ˘NÙt„¨V≤≠⁄k’ øeLs Li”©•jR L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm

YÙd°VUÙL G›’m ˙Y˚[´p Gk˘RkR YÙd°VeLs °˚Pdœm? GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs
°˚Pdœm?
l U˚Z ˘TnŸm ˙TÙ’ œ∞o HtT”m.
l U˚Z´p SPlTRtœd œ˚P ˙R˚Y.
l Ik’ YV’ œZk˚Rdœ U˚Z ˘RÙPoTÙL Tp˙Yfl L⁄j’Ls ˘R¨Ÿm GuT˚Rd

Li”©•jæoL[pXYÙ?
CkR A±Æ˚]d œZk˚RLs GqYÙfl ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\ÙoLs. U˚Z ˘ R Ù P o T Ù L l

©\l◊ ÿRp 5 YV’ Y˚W´¤m Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y⁄Pÿm °˚PjR A‡TYeL˚[d
LXk’˚WVÙ•l TÙ⁄eLs.
l CPmUÙt±l T”dL ˚YjRp, Í”Rp (YWÙkRÙÆ≠⁄k’ œZk˚R˚Vl T”d˚L

A˚\dœs T”dL˚YjRp) U˚Z´p œ˚P˚Vl ©•j’f ˘Np¤Rp.
l ≈h•¤s[ LXk’˚WVÙPpLs, TÜÙt\eLs (’¶, Æ\œ CYt˚\ G”j’ ˚YdœmT•

·flRp)
l U˚Zú K˚N˚Vd ˙LhP A‡TYm (C•, LÙtfl, U˚Zú C˚WfNp, ˘Ys[m

J›œ°u\ K˚N . . . . ˙TÙpY])
l U˚Z S˚]Ÿm ˙TÙ’ HtT”m ˘RÙ” EQo‹.
l U˚Zdœ ÿu]⁄m U˚Z˘TnŸm˙TÙ’m U˚Z ˘TnR ©\œm CVt˚L´p HtT”m

UÙt\eL˚[d LiP A‡TYm.
l ◊’U˚Z ˘TnŸm˙TÙ’ Ui¶u UQm HtT”m A‡TYm.
œZk˚RLfidœ U˚Z Gu\ ÿ›˚UVÙ] L⁄jß≠⁄k’ U˚Z Tt±V TÙPjßtœm (Text) AkR
L⁄j’L˚[ YÙd°V Y•Yjßp A±k’˘LÙsYRtœm Aß¤s[ ˘NÙtL˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙs[‹m
AkR ˘NÙtL˚[ E⁄YÙdœYRtœl TVuT”jßV G›j’L˚[d Li”©•dL‹m CV¤m.
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˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßLfidœ Gu\ L⁄j’ GqYÙfl S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlT”°\’

GuT˚R ÿRp Yœl◊l TÙPË≠¤s[ AX˚Ll T¨˙NÙßj’d Li”©•dL‹m.
v ÿRp Yœl◊j R™rl TÙPË≠¤s[ U˚Z Gu‡m Tœß˚V YÙ£lTRtœm

G›’YRtœm ¡s A‡TY YÙnl◊Ls A∞d°»oL[Ù? ¡i”m ¡i”m
˘NnYRtœm ¡s A‡TYjßtœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˙YflTÙ”Ls G˚Y?
v ÿRp Yœl◊l TÙPl TœßL˚[l TÙo˚Y´h” J⁄ TÙPjßp Yk’s[ G›j’Ls
A”jR TÙPlTœßL∞¤m Es[]YÙ GuT˚Rd Li”©•j’ G›’eLs.
ÿRp Yœl◊l TÙPË≠¤s[ ≈”, U˚Z, EQ‹, ÆZÙdLs ˙TÙufl GpXÙ AX°¤s[
TÙPeLfim œZk˚Rú A‡TYeL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV˚YVÙœm.
U˚Z Gu\ TÙPj˚R Yœl©p TÜÙt\m ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ œZk˚Rú ÿu A‡TYeLfiPu
˘RÙPo◊T”jRXÙUpXYÙ? U˚ZdLÙXd ˘LÙiPÙhPeLs, U˚Z A‡TYeLs ˘RÙPoTÙ]
˙Tf—f „ZpL˚[ A∞dLXÙm. œZk˚RL∞u ˙Tf£≠⁄k’ E⁄YÙœm L⁄j’L˚[
YÙd°VeL[ÙL B£¨Vo L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’°\Ùo.
l U˚Z YkR’
l ˘T⁄ U˚Z
l U˚Z ˘Tn’ æokR’
U˚Z G‡m ˘NÙp Ge˘LpXÙm Yk’s[’. G›jßu AX˚LŸm J≠ú AX˚LŸm Jl©h”l
TÙ⁄eLs! J≠ú Y•Yÿm G›jßu Y•Yÿm ˙N⁄m˙TÙ’ RÙu YÙ£jRp S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
CYt±≠⁄k’ U˚Z Gu\ ˘NÙp˚X A±k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs. YÙ£l◊j ’˚Qd L⁄Æ´p U˚Z
Gu\ ˘NÙp˚Xl ˘TÙ⁄s ◊¨k’ YÙ£dœm Y˚L´XÙ] T´t£Ls A∞d°»oL[pXYÙ? C’˙Y
¡s A‡TYUÙœm.
U˚X ¡’ U˚Z
œ˚P ¡’ U˚Z
Sß ¡’ U˚Z
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U˚Z, U˚X B°V ˘NÙtL˚[l TÙodœm ˙TÙ’ U Gu\ G›j˚R Eflß˘NnV ÿ•°\’. ÿRp
Yœl◊ UÙQYoLs G›j˚R CqYÙ˙\ A±ÿLUÙ°u\]o. L⁄j’ ˛ YÙd°Vm ˛ ˘NÙp ˛
G›j’ Gu\ Y¨˚N´p G›jßtœm ˘RÙPok’ A±ÿLUÙ] G›j’L∞u YØVÙL
˘NÙtLfidœm AYt˚\l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV YÙd°VeLfidœm YÙd°VeL∞≠⁄k’ ˙Yfl
L⁄j’Lfidœm Gu\ ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.
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˘UÙØ˚V E⁄YÙdœm œZk˚R
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ A‡TYj˚R YÙ£j’l TÙ⁄eLs.
CWi” YVRÙ] Amÿ ≈h•tœs Æ˚[VÙ•d ˘LÙi•⁄kRÙs. AYs R]’ LW•l˘TÙm˚U
A˚\ú Í˚X´p J⁄ ˘Th•dœs C⁄lT˚Rd LiPÙs. GPÙ Ls[Ù ø Ce˙LVÙ C⁄d°\Ùn?
. . . Gufl ·± AYs AR˚]d ˚L´p G”j’d ˘LÙiPÙs. AY[’ AmUÙ‹m, TÙh•Ÿm
£¨jRÙoLs. AmUÙ AY˚[j Ád° ÿjR™hPÙs. AkR YÙd°Vj˚Rd œ±j’d
LXk’˚WVÙ•]o. £fl ˘NÙtL˚[ Uh”˙U ·fl°u\ AYs CqY[‹ Æ˚WYÙL CkR
YÙd°Vj˚Rd ·±ÆhPÙ˙[! Ut˘\Ù⁄ SÙs AYs AlTÙ˚Y A˚ZjRT•˙V ≈˘Peœm
—t± SPkRÙs. AqYÙ±⁄dœm˙TÙ’ N˚UVX˚\´p C⁄dœm AlTÙ˚Yl TÙoj’ÆhPÙs.
EP˙] AYs ""AmTPÙ Ls[Ù CeLVÙ ®dL'' Gufl ˙LhPÙs. AlTÙ‹m BfN¨VlTh” AY˚[
ÿjR™hPÙo.
J⁄ÿ˚\ AYoLs ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£˚Vl TÙoj’d ˘LÙi•⁄kR˙TÙ’ LÙohÂ≤p Y⁄m J⁄
L˚R UÙkRo CqYÙfl ·±V˚Rd ˙LhP]o. Al˙TÙ’ RÙu AYoLs AmÿÆu øiP
YÙd°Vj˚R AYs Ge°⁄k’ ˙Lh•⁄d°\Ùs GuT˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙiP]o.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v Amÿ ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£´p ˙LhP YÙd°Vm A’ ˙TÙu˙\ ·\lThPRÙ? H˙R‡m
UÙt\eLs ˘NnVlThPRÙ?
v C’ ˙TÙu˙\ œZk˚RLfidœ ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄YÙdLÿ•Y’ GqYÙfl?

˙T—TY⁄dœm ˙LhTY⁄dœm BoY™⁄kRÙp ˙Tf˚N GkR A[‹ ˘RÙPWXÙm.
EeLs L⁄j’L˚[ G›ß ˘Y∞´”eLs.
v C˚Rl˙TÙu˙\ ˘UÙØ˚Vl TVuT”jR CV¤°u\ ˙Yfl E´¨]eLs Es[]YÙ?

EeLs L⁄j’L˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ• Yœl©p ˘Y∞´”eLs.
v ˘UÙØ˚V ÿ›˚UVÙLl TÙodœm L⁄jßp Fu±V TÙPHtTÙh˚P˙V SÙm Cufl

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßŸs˙[Ùm.
v ˘UÙØú ÿ›˚UVÙ] TÙo˚Y Gu‡m Li˙QÙhPm ÿu˚Ydœm L⁄j’Ls,

B£¨Vl T‡YpLs, TÙPËpLs, ©\ TÙo˚Y ËpLs B°VYt˚\l TÙo˚Y´h”
˘UÙØú ÿ›˚UVÙ] TÙo˚Yú RÙdLm YœlT˚\L∞p G‡m ˘TÙ⁄∞p
L⁄jRWeLm SPj’eLs.
v ˘UÙØú ÿ›˚UVÙ] TÙo˚Y G‡m ˘TÙ⁄∞p LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’YRtœj

˙R˚YVÙ] œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
l L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙ¨dL‹m. LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˙Ltfl œ±l◊Ls G›R‹m.

∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TÙo˚Y ËpL˚[ ËXLjß≠⁄k’ ˙NL¨dLXÙm.
1. ˚Y˙LÙhv°Ÿm LpÆŸm ˛ ©. Æ. ◊⁄˙`ÙjRUu
2. ˙LW[lTÙP HtTÙh”f NhPLm 2007 SCERT
3. ˘RÙPdL, S”®˚X Yœl◊L∞u B£¨Vl T‡YpLs
4. ºfNo £pÆVÙ BvPuYÙo]o
62
˘UÙØ ˛ ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPm
◊ÏQo, ˚Y˙LÙhv° B°˙VÙo ÿu˚YjR NÍL A±YÙdL YÙRm, ˙SÙm ˙NÙmv° E⁄Y˚UjR
A˚]j’ ˘UÙØ CXdLQm œ±jRÙ] ˙LÙhTÙ”, UÙQYoL˚[Ÿm U]ÆV˚XŸm ˚UVUÙLd
˘LÙiP LvhPÙph L⁄j’Ls CYt±u A•lT˚P´p E⁄YÙ] TÙo˚Y˙V ˘UÙØ ˛ ÿ›˚Ud
Li˙QÙhPm.
—VUÙLd Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\L∞p
©\Æ´˙X˙V ˘Tt±⁄d°u\ ˘UÙØj ß\‡m, D”T”m˙TÙ’ UÙQYoLs ™L AßLUÙLl
œ”mT E\Æ]oLfiP‡m TdLjßp Es[ T•d°u\]o G‡m LiP˚PR≠u
YoL∞Pÿm C⁄d°u\ ˘RÙPo©u YÙ´XÙLd A•lT˚P´XÙ]’ RÙu ˘UÙØ ÿ›˚Ud
°˚Pd°u\ ˘UÙØ A±˚YŸm EsYÙe°V Li˙QÙhPm. G∞V ˘UÙØj ß\uL˚[
©u]˙W UÙQYoLs Ts∞d·Pjßtœ Ußl©”YRtLÙ] ˙NÙR˚]LfiPu
Y⁄°u\]o. Al˙TÙ’ A˙]L B´Wm GßoÆ˚]VÙP‹m G›R‹m YÙ£lTRtœUÙ]
˘NÙtLs Uh”Uu±, J≠Ls, ˘NÙtLs,
ß\uL˚[l ˘T⁄mTÙu˚UVÙ] UÙQYoLfim
YÙd°VeLs, ˙Tf— Gu\ ®˚XL∞¤m
˘UÙØ˚Vd Lh”lT”j’YRt LÙ] ß\uLfim ˘TflY’i”. B]Ùp L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm ˘UÙØj
AYoLs ˘Tt±⁄lTo. UÙQYoLfidœ ß\uL˚[Ÿm G∞˚UVÙLl ˘TflYRtœ
AYoL[’ RÙn ˘UÙØ˚Vf N¨VÙL‹m „r AYoL˚[f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Teœ˘T\f
®˚Xdœ HtTl TVuT” jR‹m, BhL˚[Ÿm ˘NnV˙Yi”m. EPp®˚X´XÙ] ˙Y˚XVÙL
NUV NkRolTeLfidœ HtT‹m TVuT”j C⁄kRÙ¤m UÙQYoLfidœ Aßp U]
R‹m AYoL[Ùp CV¤m. J≠L∞u ˙LÙXÙ ®˚X´XÙ] TeL∞l◊ C⁄kRÙL ˙Yi”m.
LXeLfid°˚P˙V ˘UÙØ˚V ˙YflT”jß
A±V‹m AYoLs ß\u ˘Tt±⁄lTo. UÙQYoL∞u Æ⁄l◊ ˘Yfll◊L˚[d L⁄jßp
YœlT˚\´p ˚Yj’ CjR˚LV ß\uL˚[ ˘LÙi” ˘Tt˙\ÙoLs, œ±lTÙL AmUÙ AYfi
T•lT•VÙL ˙Uu˚UV˚PVf ˘Nn’, Es Pu ™dL D”TÙ” ˘LÙsfim˙TÙ’ œZk˚RLs
YÙeœm ß\˚]Ÿm ˘Y∞¬h”j ß\˚]Ÿm ReL˚[ A±VÙU˙X˙V ˘UÙØ˚Vd
EVokR ®˚Xdœd ˘LÙi” ˘NpX˙Yi”m ˚LYNlT”j’°u\]o. ˘RÙPdLm ÿR˙X
GuT˙R A•lT˚P ˘UÙØd LpÆú œZk˚RLs N¨VÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d
˙SÙdLm. Íu\ÙY’ Yœl◊ ÿRp EVokR
LiP±YÙoLs Gu˙\Ù TVuT”j’YÙoLs
®˚X´XÙ] ˘Y∞¬h”j ß\‡m ˘Y∞¬h”j
ß\‡m ß\]Ùn‹f £kR˚]Ÿm ˙UmT”j’ Gu˙\Ù GßoTÙodL ÿ•VÙ’. A˙R˙SWm
YRtœ YÙn˘UÙØŸm Y˚W˘UÙØŸm ™L‹m ˘T¨˙VÙoLs ˘NÙp≠d ˘LÙ”lT˚R AlT•˙V
TVuT”m. ˘RÙPdLl Ts∞d LhPjßp ©uTt\ AYoLs ˙Ut˘LÙsfim Jq˘YÙ⁄
œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØ˚V AlT•˙V Ae∏ ÿVt£˚VŸm FdLlT”jR˙Yi”m.
L¨dL˙Yi”m. £\lTÙ]’m C≤˚UVÙ]
œZk˚RLs TX Æ`VeL˚[Ÿm ˘R¨k’
’UÙ] „r®˚XLs E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙ”jRÙp
˘LÙsY’ ˙SW•VÙ] Lt\pYØ ApX. ™L‹m
SÙuLÙY’ Yœl˚T A˚PŸm˙TÙ’ G›j’l
©˚Zú± G›R‹m Án˚UVÙLl ˙TN‹m £dLXÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d·Pl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs
CV¤m. B]Ùp A˙R ˙SWjßp œZk˚RLs YRtLÙ] A±‹ œZk˚RLfidœl ©\-Æ´
- ˙
- X˙V
≈h•p TVuT”j’°u\/RÙn˘UÙØ˚V Ei”. ARtLÙL AYoL˚[ AjR˚LV
BR¨dLÙUp C⁄lT˚Rj RÆodLd LY]m ˘NVpTÙ” L∞p D”T”jß]Ùp ˙TÙ’m.
œZk˚RLs ˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\l
T•dL˙Yi”˘Uuflm ˘R∞YÙ] YÙ£l©¤m
G›jß¤m HtTP ˙Yi”˘Uuflm SÙm Æ⁄m◊°˙\Ùm.
ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßL˚[ ˙SÙd° Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØj ß\˚] A˚PYRtLÙ] ˘NVpLs
ÿu˙]fl°u\]. ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ÿ•°u\ TÙPpLs, L˚RLs ˙TÙu\ G∞˚UVÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h”
63
Y•YeL∞p ß⁄mTj ß⁄mT Y⁄°u\ ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±V ˙Yi”m. J⁄ ˘NÙp≠u GpXÙ
©¨‹Lfim (GpXÙ Eó, ˘Un G›j’Lfim) œZk˚R˚Vl ˘TÙfljRY˚W´p ˘TÙ⁄fi˚PV ©\
˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeL∞¤m LÙQlT”m ®˚X´p v˚TW≠e ˙R˚YVÙ] RÙœm. ˙T—R¤Pu
G›j˚RŸm ˙Ut˘LÙs[XÙm. ARtLÙL G˚R˙V‡m G›R˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙R˚Y œZk˚RL∞Pm
HtTP˙Yi”m. R≤lThP G›j’dL˚[l T•lT’ AqY[‹ SpXRpX. A’ CVkßWjR]UÙ]’m
TV]t\’m Bœm.
Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p ˘UÙØú TVuTÙ” ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m. RYflLs HtT”Y’ GuT’
TXYÙœm. Tp˙Yfl TVuTÙ”L˚[d L⁄jßp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p RÆodL ÿ•VÙR J⁄
˘LÙi” ÿ›˚UVÙ] ®˚X´p ˘UÙØ˚Vl ·\Ùœm GuT˚R Ae∏L¨dL ˙Yi”m. E¨V
TVuT”j’YRtLÙ] HWÙ[m „r®˚XL˚[ ˙SWm Y⁄m˙TÙ’ AYoLs RÙUÙL˙Y
RYflL˚[j ß⁄jßd ˘LÙsYo.
YœlT˚\´p E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. TÙoj’
œZk˚RL∞Pm HtT”°u\ RYflL∞¤m
G›’Rp, TLojß G›’Rp ˙TÙu\ CVXÙ˚U L∞¤m LY]m ˘N¤jRÙUp,
CVkßWjR]UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘UÙØj AYoL[Ùp ◊¨Vÿ•°u\ C≤˚UVÙ]
ß\uL˚[l ˘T\ ERYÙ’. ARtœl TßXÙLl NYÙpL˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[f ˘NnYßp
˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR ˘L¸WYUÙ] G›j’f ˙SWj˚Rf ˘NXÆP ˙Yi”m.
˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”T”jRXÙm. ≈h”˘UÙØ˚Vl Ts∞d·PeL∞p Lt©dL
ÿu]˙W ®fN´dLlT”°u\ TÙP HtTÙ” ˙Yi•VRu ÿd°Vj’Yj˚R GqY[‹RÙu
G”j’˚WjRÙ¤m A’ ™˚LVÙLÙ’. J⁄Y⁄d
GRÙojRUÙ] TÙPHtTÙ” BLÙ’. ˘UÙØ ˛
˘LÙ⁄Yo LÙ¨VeL˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim
ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPjßu A•lT˚P- A•lT˚Pj ß\‡P˙]˙V œZk˚RLs
´XÙ] Lt\p L⁄ÆLfim Lt©jRp Ts∞d·Pjßtœ Y⁄°u\]o. B]Ù¤m
ÿ˚\Lfim ˙Rok ˘R”dL‹m ˙UmT”jR‹m Aeœ ˚Yj’ AYoLs £\lTÙ] ˘UÙØj
ApXÙRYt˚\j RÆodL‹m ·•V J⁄ ß\uL˚[ A˚PV˙Yi”m. ™L‹m TZd
U]Ù®˚X B£¨Vo Lfidœj ˙R˚Y. LUÙ] „r®˚XL∞¤m NÙRÙWQUÙ]
Cu˘]Ù⁄ ÿ˚\´p ˘NÙpYRÙL C⁄kRÙp EsYÙeLp ˙R˚YVÙ] CPeL∞¤m RÙeLs
˘Tt±⁄dœm ˘UÙØjß\u ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.
TÙPHtTÙ” Lt˙TÙWÙ¤m Lt©l˙TÙWÙ¤m
B]Ùp ÿd°VUÙ] J⁄ Æ`Vj˚Rd
˙UmT”jRlT”°u\’ Gufl ˘NÙpXXÙm. œ±j’d Lh”˚W G›R˙Yi•V
NÍL ®˚X´XÙ] D”TÙh•u ÍXUÙL˙Y „r®˚X˚Vl ˙TÙp TZdLm CpXÙR
Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’. ˙TÙh•dœl TßXÙL, „r®˚XL∞¤m æÆWUÙ] EsYÙeLp
·h”\Æu J⁄ „r®˚X´p œZk˚RLs ˙R˚YVÙ] CPeL∞¤m EVokR
˘NVpßhPeL˚[ ˙Ut˘LÙs[‹m ·h” ®˚X´XÙ] ß\uLs ˙R˚YlT”°u\].
EVokR ®˚X´XÙ] ß\uLs J⁄
\‹Pu ˘NVpTP‹m ©Wf£˚]Ls œ±j’
˘UÙØ´≠⁄k’ Cu˘]Ùu±tœ ˘TVoj’
ÆYÙRm ˘NnV‹m ˙Yi”m. GkRf ˘NVp G›’Y’ G∞˚UVÙœm GuT’
TÙ”L˚[Ÿm ˘NnVj ß\uT˚PjRYÙLsRÙu ®Ï©dLlTh”s[’. AR]Ùp Ts∞d·Pe
œZk˚RLs Gu\ GiQm B£¨VoLfidœ L∞p SU’ ˘UÙØd LpÆ˚V ˙UmT”jR
˙Yi”m. R≤VÙ] £X ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p ˙Yi•V˚R˘VpXÙm ˘NnV˙Yi”m.
AYoL∞u ß\u œ˚\YÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m NCF ˛ 2005
AR˚] ÆUo£dLÙUp, Ajß\˚]
˙UmT”j’Y˙R ˙SÙdLUÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m.
AYoL∞u ß\˚]d LiP±k’ FdœÆdL‹m ˙Yi”m.
64
Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœm Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœm C˚P˙V ˙YflTÙ”Ls G’‹m
Cp˚X. T⁄Yÿ˚\j ˙Ro‹L∞u œ˚\TÙ”L˚[ A±k’, ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•tœm ÿ›˚UVÙ]
Ußl¿h•tœm ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞d°u\’ ˘UÙØ ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPm.
Lt\p Lt©jRp ÿ˚\

Lt©jRp ÿ˚\´¤m ˘UÙØ ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPm £X L⁄j’L˚[ ÿu˚Yd°u\’.
TÙWmT¨VUÙ] ˙SW•d Lt©jR¤dœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞lT˚R ˘UÙØ ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPm
Htfld˘LÙsYßp˚X. Lt\¤dœ YØYœdœm ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[˙V B£¨VoLs ®˚\˙Yt\
˙Yi”m. Lt\¤dœm Lt˙TÙ⁄dœm ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi•´⁄lTRÙp ˙SW•VÙ]
Lt©jR¤dœ ÿd°Vj’Ym Cp˚X. SPj˚Rd ˙LÙhTÙ” ÿu˚Yd°u\ S˚Pÿ˚\ UÙß¨dœl
TßXÙL A±‹⁄YÙdL YÙRm NÙokR A±‹ UÙß¨˚V˙V Lt\¤dLÙL Htfld˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
TZdLeL∞u E⁄YÙdL˙Ut\p Gu\ TÙo˚Ydœ ÿWiTh” œZk˚RRu A±˚Yl TVuT”jß

SPj’°u\ £dLXÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u TVuTÙPÙ°V Lt\p Gu\ ˙LÙhTÙ˙P Ceœ
A•lT˚PVÙ°u\’. AR]Ùp UÙQYoLs YÙn˘UÙØVÙL‹m G›j’ Y•Æ¤m
˘Y∞lT”j’m GßoÆ˚]L˚[ Uh”˙U FdœÆlT’Pu RY\Ù]Yt˚\ FdœÆdLÙ-Up C⁄d-
œm ÿ˚\-˚Vj RÆod-L-‹m ˙Yi-”m. Lt©d°u\ TÙPlTœßL˚[ EP‡Pu A˚]j’
UÙQYoLfim T•jß⁄dL˙Yi”m Gu\ Æ£jßWUÙ] LhPÙVjß˚]j RÆodL ˙Yi”m.
˘Yq˙Yfl UÙQYoL∞u Lt\p Æ˚W‹dœ HtT T•dL A‡UßjRÙp ˙RÙpÆ GuTRtœ
ÿd°Vj’Ym Cp˚X.
®˚]‹·W CV¤˘UuT˙R Lt\p ®LrkRRu ˘R∞YÙL UW◊NÙo ÿ˚\´p

LQd°PlTh•⁄kR’. B]Ùp A±˚Yl TVuT”j’YRtœm ˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p
£kßlTRtœm E¨V ß\˚] Y[Wf ˘NnYRtœ ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. TÙPl◊jRLjßu
Es[PdLj˚R UÙQYoLfidœf £\lTÙLl T°ok’˘LÙ”dœm ÿ˚\ ˘UÙØú ÿ›˚UVÙ]
TÙo˚Y´p GßoTÙodLlTPÆp˚X. UÙ\ÙL, ™Lf N¨VÙL A±‹fljRlTh”s[ TÙPHtTÙh”d
L⁄j’Lfim Lt\p A˚P‹Lfim ˚UVlT”j’°u\ ß\uL˚[l ˘TflYRtœ E¨V Tp˙Yfl
A‡TYeLs A∞dLlTP˙Yi-”m.
(ÆjVÙlVÙN TŸojR]jß‡ JWÙÿLm ˛ ˙LW[ NÙ°jV T¨`j) (KCF 2007)
˘UÙØú ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPjßu ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls ∏r Y⁄UÙfl :
l R]’ Æ⁄lTlT•VÙ] Lt\p ÿ˚\´p æÆWUÙL D”T”m˙TÙ’ RÙu œZk˚RLs ™L

AßLUÙLl T•dL‹m Y[W‹m ˘Nn°u\]o.
l æÆWUÙ] Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Ír°´⁄dœm˙TÙ’ J›e∏]eLs EiPÙYßp˚X.

—Vd Lh”lTÙh”Pu ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”T”TYoLsRÙu Ceœd L⁄jßp
˘LÙs[lTh”s[]o.
l œZk˚RL˚[j ß\uT˚PjRYoL[ÙL‹m Y[of£V˚P°u\YoLfiUÙL˙Y ˘UÙØ

ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPm Ußl¿” ˘Nn°\’. œZk˚RL∞u Bt\pL˚[Ÿm
ß\uL˚[Ÿm LiP˚Pk’ FdLlT”jR‹m ˙Yi”m.
l NÍL D”TÙ”Ls ÍX˙U Lt\p ˙Uu˚UV˚P°\’. œZk˚RLs ReLfidœs

LXk’˚WVÙP‹m L⁄j’L˚[l T°ok’˘LÙs[‹m, ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ
65
J⁄˚UŸPu ˘NVpTP‹m, ˘NVpßhPeL∞p D”TP‹m ˘NnY’ ™L‹m
˙R˚YVÙ°u\’. ˙TÙh•L˚[j RÆoj’ ·h”\‹dœ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dœm˙TÙ’
œZk˚RL∞u T˚PlTÙt\p ß\uLs Y[of£V˚P°u\].
l ˘T⁄mTÙu˚UVÙ] œZk˚RLfim ˘UÙØ A±‹˘TflY’ ˙SW•VÙ] Lt\p YÙ´-XÙL

ApX. œZk˚RL∞u Æ⁄l◊˘Yfll◊L˚[d LY]jßp ˘LÙi”, ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfim
˘T¨˙VÙoLfim AYoL˚[ FdœÆd°u\]o.
l ™L‹m £dLXÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d·P, AßN´dœm T•VÙLf ˘Nn’ÿ•d°u\ ß\u

œZk˚RLfidœ Ei”. ARtLÙL AYoL˚[ AjR˚LV ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p
D”T”jR˙Yi”m GuT’RÙu ÿd°Vm.
l Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p ˘UÙØú TVuTÙ”Ls TX Es[]. AYt±p BoYÿPu

D”T”m˙TÙ’RÙu ˘UÙØŸm ˘UÙØV±‹m Y[of£V˚P°u\]. CjR˚LV D”TÙ”Ls
CVpTÙL S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL˙Yi”m.
l ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßL˚[ ˙SÙd° Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØd LpÆ ÿu˙]fl°u\’.

L⁄j’L∞≠⁄k’ G›j’L˚[ ˙SÙd° Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØd LpÆ˚V
˙Ut˘LÙsY’RÙu CVpTÙ]’m E[ÆVp ÿ˚\´XÙ]’m Bœm.
˘UÙØl TÜÙt\m TZeLÙX Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls

˘UÙØ Lt\¤dœl Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L˚[ SÙm Bn‹ ˘Nn’s˙[Ùm. AkRkRd LÙXj’ E[ÆVp,
˘UÙØ´Vp, ˘UÙØú A‘œÿ˚\ œ±jRÙ] Li˙QÙhPm B°VYt±u A•lT˚P´p
Cmÿ˚\L˚[ SÙm Htfld˘LÙi”s˙[Ùm. B£¨˚V Gu\ ®˚X´p Cmÿ˚\L˚[
A±k’˘LÙsY’ SU’ L⁄j’L˚[ ˙UmT”j’m G]d L⁄RXÙm.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v EeLs Tœß´p Kn‹ ˘Tt\ (60 YV’ ®˚\YÙ]Yo) B£¨V¨Pm ˙SoLÙQp
SPjß AYW’ C[˚UdLÙXjß¤m AYo Lt©jR LÙXjß¤m G›j’ Lt©jß⁄kR
ÿ˚\L˚[d œ±lTÙL G›’eLs.
v ˘UÙØd Lt\≠p Es[ Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L[Ù] G›j’d Lt©jRp, ˘NÙp˚Xd
Lt©jRp, L⁄j˚Rd Lt©jRp B°V˚Y œ±j’ Yœl©p LXk’˚WVÙPp
SPj’eLs.
v Tp˙Yfl ˘UÙØ A‘œÿ˚\L∞u £\l©Vp◊Lfim Gp˚XLfim Gu\ R˚Xl©p
ÆYÙRm SPj’eLs. ARtLÙ] œ±l◊m RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
v L⁄j’Ls YÙ´XÙLd Lt©dœm ÿ˚\´p TÙPlTœß˚Vl TÜÙt\m ˘NnŸm
ÿ˚\´˚] ÿRp Yœl◊l TÙPË˚Xl TÙo˚Y´h”d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
v Ts∞-´¤
- s[ ˘UÙØ Bn‹d·Pm ApX’ A⁄LÙ˚U´¤s[ ©\ Ts∞L∞¤s[
B£¨˚VŸPu L⁄j’l TÜÙt\ ÿ˚\´˚]d œ±j’d ˙Lh”l Tß‹ ˘NnV‹m.
C˚Y CWi˚PŸm œ±j’ Yœl©p LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs.
CYt˚\ YÙ£j’ AßLj RLYpL˚[j ßWh”eLs.
66
G›j’L˚[d Lt©dœm ÿ˚\
G›j’L˚[d Lt©lTRtœl T˚ZV ÿ˚\Lfis ÿd°VUÙ]’ G›j’ Y¨˚Nÿ˚\VÙœm. C’
E[ÆVp √ßVÙ] A‘œÿ˚\ ApX. ÿR≠p G›j’L˚[ G›ß AR˚] EfN¨j’d LtT˙R
CkR ÿ˚\. Cmÿ˚\´p G›j’L˚[d Lt©jR©u Uh”˙U G›’R˚XŸm YÙ£jR˚XŸm
Lt©dL ÿ•Ÿm. H˘]≤p G›’YRtœm YÙ£lTRtœm G›j’ A±‹ ˙R˚YVÙœm Gu\
L⁄j˙R Cmÿ˚\dœ A•lT˚PVÙœm. AR]Ù˙X˙VRÙu G›j’L˚[ ÿR≠p Lt©dL
˙Yi”m GuT˙R T˚ZV ÿ˚\ú L⁄jRÙœm. G›j’L˚[f ˙Noj’ G›’Rp ˙TÙu\
Y¨˚N´˙X˙V G›j’ Lt©dLlT”°\’.
˘NÙtLs YØVÙL G›j’L˚[d Lt©jRp

G›j’ Lt©dœm ÿ˚\´p ÿR≠p A Gu\ G›j˚Rj ˘RÙPeL˙Yi”UpXYÙ! CkR G›j˚R
G›’m ÿ˚\˚V G›ßl T´t£ ˘Tflm UÙQY˚]l ˘TÙfljRY˚W´p ™L‹m L•]UÙœm.
AdLÙX E[ÆVXÙ[⁄m LpÆVÙ[oLfim Cm ÿ˚\´p UÙt\m ˙R˚Y G] YÙRÙ•]Ùo.
G∞˚UVÙ] G›j’Ls ÿRuÿR≠p A±ÿLm ˘NnV˙Yi”˘U]‹m L•]UÙ]Yt˚\ G›Rf
˘Nn’ œZk˚R˚Vl TV]t\ YØ´p SPjRd ·PÙ’ G] YÙRÙ•]o. Uh”Uu± G›jßtœ
G] J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s Cp˚X G]‹m ˘NÙtLs YÙ´XÙL˙Y AYt˚\ A±k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m
Gu‡m L⁄j’ ®XÆV’.
CkR E˚WVÙPpL∞u ˘RÙPof£VÙL SU’ TÙPËpL∞p ©uTt±V ÿ˚\˙V ˘NÙp˚X

A±ÿLm ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\. TPm, ThPm, TP, Tk’ ˙TÙu\ £X TÙPlTœßL˚[ EhT”jß
TÙPËpLs ◊]W˚UdLlThP’. ˘NÙtLfim AYt±t˙Lt\ TPeLfim A˚UdLlTh”s[].
£X G›j’Ls £Yl◊ YiQeL[ÙXÙ]˚Y. ÿu]˙W Lt\ G›j’ øX YiQjßp
A˚Ukß⁄dœm. ◊ßVRÙLd Ltœm G›j’L˚[ ¡i”m G›’YRtœ ˙U¤m £X ˘NÙtLs
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. £X TÙPeLfidœl ©\œ Uh”˙U ˘NÙtLfim ·h˘P›j’Lfim
YÙd°VeLfim RWlTh”s[].
L⁄j’ Æ[dLÿ˚\
LÆ˚R˚Vd Lt©lTRtœ Cmÿ˚\ AßLUÙLl TVuT”jRlThP’. LÆ˚R´p APe°Ÿs[
L⁄j˚R ÿR≠p Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs. ©\œ LÆ˚R ˘Y∞´PlT”°\’. LÆ˚Rú Jq˘YÙ⁄
·˚\Ÿm G”j’d L⁄j’L˚[ Æ[dœm ÿ˚\˙V Aufl ®XÆ´⁄kR’.
˙Tf—ÿ˚\
Lt©dœm L⁄j’L˚[ B£¨Vo ˙U˚Pl˙Tf— ÿ˚\´p ˘Y∞´”Y˙R C’. UÙQYoLs
˙LhTYoLs Uh”˙U. UÙQYoLfidœ GkR TeL∞l◊m Cp˚X. UÙQYoLs ˙LhTYoL[ÙL
Uh”˙U C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
TÙPËp Lt©dœm ÿ˚\

øiPLÙXm ®˚X˘Tt±⁄kR Lt©dœm ÿ˚\˙V C’. TÙPeL˚[d œ±j’ CVpTÙ] A±‹
°˚PlT’ TÙPËp YØVÙœm. TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£jRp, ˘TÙ⁄s A±Rp, C⁄˘TÙ⁄s,
Gßof˘NÙp, J⁄˘NÙp TX˘TÙ⁄s B°VYt˚\ G›’Rp Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P G›’Rp,
U]lTÙPm ˘NnRp Gu±qYÙfl TÙPË≠u A•lT˚P´p Uh”˙U Lt©dœm ÿ˚\VÙœm.
67
AkRkRd LÙXeL∞p ®XÆ´⁄kR E[ÆVp ˙LÙhTÙ”Lfim Lt\˚Xd œ±jRÙ] GiQeLs
C’ ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] BRÙWUÙL C⁄kR]. ˙YReL˚[Ÿm LÙl©VeL˚[Ÿm U]lTÙPm ˘NnR
ÿ˚\˙V ßi˚Ql Ts∞d·Pÿ˚\ (œ⁄œXdLpÆ) ÿ˚\´p ®XÆ´⁄kR’. ˘UÙØ
Lt©jR¤dœ C’˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\Ls ®XÆ´⁄kR] GuT˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙsY˙R CkRd
LXk’˚WVÙP≠u ˙SÙdLm.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v Tp˙Yfl ˘UÙØ A‘œÿ˚\Lfim ˙Uu˚ULfim Gp˚XLfim ˛ ÆYÙRd œ±l◊
RVÙ¨dL‹m.
v
v
˘UÙØd Lt\p ˙SÙdLeLs

YÙrd˚Lf „Z≠p £\kR ÿ˚\´p L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´”YRtœm Eh˘LÙsYRtœm
UÙQYoL˚[j ß\u T˚PjRYoL[ÙL UÙtflY˙R ˘UÙØ Lt\≠u ˙SÙdLm. ˘UÙØ˚Vd
˚LVÙfiYßp UÙQY⁄dœ Sm©d˚L˚V E⁄YÙdœm Y˚L´p ÿRp ®˚X ˘UÙØd Lt\p
˙YÏu± ®tL ˙Yi”m, ß⁄jRUÙ] EfN¨l◊, G›’Y˚R ÿ›˚UlT”j’Rp, CXdLQm
B°VYt±tœ AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞lT’ UÙQYü Sm©d˚L˚V CZdLf ˘NnY’Pu
˘UÙØd Lt\¤dœj æ˚U˚V˙V Æ˚[Ædœm GuT˚Rl ◊ßV TÙPHtTÙ” G”j’˚Wd°\’.
˙LhPp, ˙T—Rp, YÙ£jRp, G›’Rp, T˚PlTÙt\p B°V Ik’ UiPXeLs YØVÙL A˚PV
˙Yi•V ˘UÙØjß\uLs ˘RÙœj’d ·\lTh”s[].
˙LhPp
WN˚] ™dL’m BoYj˚Rj Ái”Y’UÙ] A‡TYeL˚[d ˙LhPp ß\uL∞u Y[of£dLÙL
A∞dL˙Yi”˘U]‹m L˚RLs, TÙPpLs, £flœ±l◊Ls, A±‹˚WLs, ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹Ls,
˙U˚Pl˙Tf—Ls, A±Æl◊Ls B°VYt˚\ ˙LhPp T´t£dœ A∞dLXÙm GuT˚Rl ◊ßV
TÙPHtTÙ” T¨k’˚Wd°u\’.
˙T—Rp
£fl LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˙Ltfld L⁄j’L˚[d ·flYRtœm £fl Æ[dLU∞lTRtœm AßL
RLYpL˚[j ˙R•d Li”©•dL‹m NUYV’˚PV œ›‹Pu ˙T—YRtœm A±‹˚WL˚[
A∞lTRtœUÙ] ß\˚] E⁄YÙdœm Y˚L´XÙ] Lt\p A‡TYeLs A•lT˚PVÙL
UÙQYoLfidœd °˚PdL˙Yi”m. Æ]ÙÆ˚P Gu\ ÿ˚\dœ AlTÙtTh” CVpTÙL
„Z¤dœ HtT ÿ˚\VÙLl ˙T—m ß\˚] UÙQYu ˘T\˙Yi”˘UuT˚Rl TÙPHtTÙ”
œ±d˙LÙ[ÙLd ˘LÙs°\’.
YÙ£jRp
A±ÿLUÙ] „ZpL∞p ˙Lhœm J≠Lfim AYt±u G›j’ Y•Yj˚RŸm ˘RÙPo◊T”jß
˘TÙ⁄s Li”©•jR˙X YÙ£jRp YØVÙL S˚P˘Tfl°\’ G]XÙm. YÙ£jR≠u ˙TÙ’ ◊ßV
˘NÙtLs ˘TÙ⁄s YÙd°VeL∞u ˘TÙ⁄s CYt- ˚ \f „Z≠≠⁄k˙R UÙQYu YÙ£j’
68
A±k’˘LÙs°\Ùu. ™L‹m BoYÿ˚PVYt˚\ YÙ£lTRu YÙ´XÙL˙Y YÙ£jR≠p Sm©d˚L
°˚Pd°u\’. ˘TÙ⁄˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtœ A‡·XUÙ] „Z˚X Eflß˘NnŸm YÙ£jRp
L⁄ÆL˚[ UÙQY‡dœ A∞dL˙Yi”m. R≤ G›j’ ApX’ ˘NÙp˚X YÙ£lTRtœ
A∞lTRtœl TßXÙL J⁄ L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p ˘RÙPok’ YÙ£dLj Ái”YRÙL ÿRp
®˚X YÙ£l◊ A˚UV ˙Yi”m. UÙQYoL∞u LtT˚]˚VŸm T˚PlTÙt\˚XŸm £kR˚]
Bt\˚XŸm Y[Wf ˘NnV ER‹°u\ œZk˚R CXd°VeL˚[ YÙ£lTRtLÙ] ÿRp ®˚X
®˚\Y˚PY’Pu UÙQYu AYt˚\ A˚Pkß⁄dL˙Yi”˘UuT’ TÙPHtTÙh•u
œ±d˙LÙ[Ùœm.
G›’Rp
Tp˙Yfl „ZpL∞≠⁄k’ ˙LhP±kR ˘NÙtL˚[f ˘NÙkR ˙Tf£p EhT”j’m ˙TÙ’ HtT”m
A˙R Sm©d˚L˙V A±ÿLUÙ]’m G∞ßp ˘TÙ⁄s ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ CV¤Y’UÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[
YÙ£dœm ˙TÙ’m AqYÙfl TXÿ˚\ YÙ£j’ Eflß ˘NnRYt˚\ G›’m ˙TÙ’m HtT”°\’.
G∞˚UVÙ]Yt˚\ G›Rf ˘NnYRtœd ˘LÙ”dœm ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RÆP G›’°u\ ˘NÙp
UÙQY‡dœ GkR A[‹ A±ÿLUÙ]’m BoYÿ˚PV’m GuTRt˙L A∞dL˙Yi”m.
ÿRp ®˚X ®˚\Y˚PkR‹Pu A±ÿLUÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sLs, ®Lr‹Ls, A‡TYeLs
B°VYt˚\d œ±j’ G∞˚UVÙ] Æ[dLj˚Rj RVÙ¨lTRtœm G∞˚UVÙ] L•ReLfim
ÆiQlTeLfim G›’YRtœm YÙ£jR œZk˚R CXd°VeL˚[d œ±jR £flœ±l◊L˚[j
RVÙ¨dL‹m ˚L˘V›j’l ©WßL∞p £X Lh”˚WL˚[ ˘Y∞´P‹m CV¤m Y˚L´p
UÙQY≤Pm G›j’jß\u Y[W˙Yi”˘U] TÙPHtTÙ” G”j’˚Wd°\’.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v ÿRp Yœl◊l TÙPËpL˚[l TÙoj’ ˙LhPp, ˙T—Rp, YÙ£jRp, G›’Rp

B°VYt±tœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d Li”©•j’
AhPY˚QlT”j’eLs.
v ÿRp Yœl◊ UÙQYoL∞Pm AYoLs TÙojR ÆZÙ˚Yd œ±j’ Jq˘YÙ⁄YWÙLd

·\f ˘NnV‹m. UÙQYoLs ·flY˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs. (Tß‹ ˘NnY’ ©u]o
TVuT”m) GpXÙ UÙQYoL∞u YÙd°VeLs, ˘NÙtLs ·flm ÿ˚\, YhPÙWf
˘NÙtLs CYt˚\Ÿm LY≤ŸeLs. ◊¨k’˘LÙiPYt˚\ Yœl©p
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
v L⁄j’Ls ˘R∞YÙL C⁄kRÙp YhPÙWf ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”j’Yßp RYfliPÙ?

EeLs L⁄j’ Gu]? œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨j’d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
˙T—R≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym
˘UÙØú EóSÙ•˚Vl ˙Tf— GuT’m ARtœ AßL ÿd°Vm A∞dL˙Yi”m GuT’m
œ±l©PjRdL’. B£¨V⁄dœm œZk˚Rdœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ YÙ´XÙL˙Y
˘UÙØjß\u Y[of£ A˚P°\’. B£¨Vo Yœl©p TVuT”j’Y’ œZk˚Rú ˘UÙØVÙL
C⁄dL˙Yi”m. CXd°V ˘UÙØ˚Vl TVuT”jß]Ùp œZk˚Rdœ A’ A±ÿLUÙLÙRRÙL
C⁄dœm. œZk˚Rú Sm©d˚L œ˚\YRtœm C’ LÙWQUÙL A˚UŸm.
69
Ts∞dœ Y⁄YRtœ ÿu]˙W œZk˚R Lt\ ˘UÙØú ˘RÙPof£VÙL˙Y ÿRp Yœl©p ˚LVÙ-
fim ˘UÙØ-Ÿm A˚UV˙Yi”m G]l TÙPHtTÙ” A±‹flj’°\’. Uh”Uu± œZk˚RLfiPu
ÿ›˚UVÙ] D”TÙh”Pu ˘UÙØj ß\˚] Y[Wf ˘NnYRtœ Yœl©p Tp˙Yfl Lt\p
A‡TYeL˚[d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m. Sm©d˚LŸPu ˘UÙØf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”TP CV¤m
Y˚L´p Lt\p ÿ˚\´˚] E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. CVkßWjR]UÙ] T´t£ U]lTÙPm ˘NnRp
CYt˚\j RÆodL ˙Yi”m. ˙Tf— ˘UÙØ´≠⁄k’ G›j’ ˘UÙØdLÙ] CVpTÙ] ÿ˚\˚V
Eflß ˘NnV‹m œZk˚R ˘NnŸm RYfl N¨VÙ] TVuTÙh˚Pf ˘Nu\˚PYRtLÙ] CVpTÙ]
ÿVt£úTÙt ThP’ GuT˚RŸm ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
UÙQYu ˘UÙØLtœm ÿ˚\

UÙQYu ˘UÙØ˚V GqYÙfl Lt°\Ùu GuT˚Rd œ±j’ ÿ˚\VÙ] Li˙QÙhPj˚Rl ◊ßV
TÙPHtTÙ” T¨k’˚W ˘Nn°\’. A’ ∏r Y⁄UÙfl. œZk˚RVÙ]’ A±k’˘LÙiP˚YŸm
˘TÙ⁄fi˚PV˚YŸUÙ] „ZpLfiPu GßoÆ˚]VÙt±˙V ˘UÙØ˚Vd Ltfld ˘LÙs°\’.
R]’ A‡TYeLs, A±ÿLUÙ] „ZpLs CYtflPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV YÙd°VeLs, ˘NÙtLs
B°VYt˚\d ˙Lhœm ˙TÙ’ AkRkRf „ZpL∞p AYt˚\ F°j’d ˘LÙs°\’. C’˙TÙu\
„ZpL∞p F°lT’ N¨VÙ]’ Gufl ˘R¨kRÙp Sm©d˚LŸPu AR˚]l TVuT”jß
EflßŸPu ˘UÙØ˚V Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs. ÿRp ®˚X´p CVpTÙL˙Y CkR
ÿ˚\˚V˙V ©uTt\ ˙Yi”m. BWmT®˚X´p ˘UÙØdLt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\ú ÿd°Vj’Ym
GuT’ Sm©d˚L˚V Y[Wf ˘NnRXÙœm. EfN¨l◊jß\u, G›j’jß\u, CXdLQm
B°VYt±tœ A[‹dœ AßLUÙ] ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞lT’ Sm©d˚L˚V CZdLf
˘NnY’Pu ˘UÙØd Lt\˚XŸm TÙßdœm.
˘Tt˙\Ùü LpÆ ≈h•¤s˙[Ù⁄d°˚P˙V Es[ E\‹, œZk˚RLfiP]Ù] D”TÙ”,

LÙ˘QÙ∞ FPLeLs, ≈h•tœm NÍLjßtœm E˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ B°V˚Y œZk˚Rú
˙LhPp YÙnl◊L∞p RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°u\] G]XÙm. ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˙Lhœm A‡TYeL˚[
AßLUÙLl ˘Tflm œZk˚RLs Æ˚WÆp ˙TNj ˘RÙPeœm. AYoL∞u ˘NÙpY[ÿm Tp˙Yfl
˘NÙtL∞u TVuTÙ”m CRtœf NÙuflL[Ùœm.
E[UiPXjßu E[ÆVp ˙LÙhTÙh•uT• ˘UÙØjß\u Y[of£˚Vd Lh”lT”j’°u\

Í˚[ú TœßL∞¤s[ ˘NpL∞u Y[of£Ÿm FdœÆl◊m AßLUÙLd ˙Lhœm
YÙnl◊˚PVYoL∞P˙U LÙQlT”°\’. B]Ùp GpXÙ UÙQYoL∞u ˙LhPp ß\uLfim
J˙W ˙TÙp A˚UYßp˚X. G]˙Y ÿRp Yœl◊dœ Y⁄m UÙQYoLfidœ Jq˘YÙ⁄
’˚\´¤m HWÙ[m ˙LhPp YÙnl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. L˚RLs, TÙPpLs,
˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹Ls, A‡TY Æ[dLeLs Gu±qYÙ\Ù] Tp˙Yfl A‡TYeL˚[ ÿRp
Yœl©˙X˙V A∞dL˙Yi”m.
70
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v —VUÙLf ˘NnŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Gu\Ùp Gu]? GRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ”

A∞dLlT”°u\]? G›’YRtœm YÙ£jR¤dœm ÿu]˙W ÿu ˘RÙPdL ®˚X
Yœl◊L∞¤m ÿRp Yœl©¤m A∞dœm —Vf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls B°-VY
- t˚\ AkR
Yœl◊ B£¨V¨Pm Æ]Æ œ±l◊ RVÙ¨j’ Yœl©p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
v £flYo UXoL∞p ˘Y∞- ´ - ” m L˚R- L - ∞ - ¤ s[ Gk˘RkRd L˚R UÙkRoL˚[

EeLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm? œZk˚RLs Æ⁄m◊m L˚RUÙkRoL˚[d œ±j’ E˚WVÙPp
SPjR‹m.
v Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p L˚R UÙkRoLfim A’˙TÙu\ L˚R UÙkRoL∞u ˘RÙPof£

˙TÙuflm ÿRp Yœl©p TÙPlTœßL˚[l TÜÙt\m ˘NnY’ Hu?
˘UÙØjß\uLs ˛ A‘œÿ˚\
˘UÙØjß\uLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm Lt\p ÿ˚\˚V˙V TÙPHtTÙ” T¨k’˚W
˘Nn°\’. B]Ùp ß\uL˚[j R≤jR≤VÙL TWmT˚WVÙ] ÿ˚\´p Lt©jR’ ˙TÙufl
T´t£ A∞dLlTPÆp˚X. TÙPË˚X Uh”˙U A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ÿu]˙W
®fN´jRT• Y¨˚NVÙL ß\uL˚[d Lt\¤m, ®˚]‹·⁄R¤m TVuT”j’R¤m ˙Ro‹
G›’R¤m Gu\ TWmT˚W ÿ˚\dœl TßXÙL œZk˚Rú BoYÿm ˙R˚YŸm TVuT”jß
˘UÙØjß\uL˚[l ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m BdLÈoYUÙLl ˘Ttfl œZk˚RLs ß\u ™dLYoL[ÙL
UÙ\˙Yi”m GuT˚R˙V ˘UÙØú J⁄e°˚QkR TÙo˚Yú A•lT˚P´XÙ] (4.2.1)
Lt\p ÿ˚\ Y≠Ÿflj’°\’. CR]Ùp —RkßWUÙL £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚Vl TÜÙflm
ß\u œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[⁄°u\’. G›j˚R Uh”˙U Ltœm T˚ZV A‘œÿ˚\˚Vl ◊ßV
ÿ˚\ ÿ›˚UVÙL Htfld˘LÙs[Æp˚X. GpXÙ ˘UÙØj ß\uL∞u J⁄e°˚QkR Y[of£˙V
SU’ ˙SÙdLUÙœm. ˘RÙPdLm ÿRp Tp˙Yfl ˙LhPp ˛ ˙T—Rp „Z¤m ©u]o YÙ£l◊
˙TÙu\ G›j’f ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m. ˘UÙØ √ßVÙ] Lt\p
A‡TYeLfid˙L ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dLlT”°\’.
YÙ£l◊, TÙoj’ G›’Rp, Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚PLi”©•jRp GuTRtœ AlTÙp ¡h”⁄YÙdLm,

LtT˚]VÙ] ˙Tf— Æ[dLeLs B°V˚Y RVÙ¨jRp, R˚Xl◊ A∞jRp, A•dœ±l◊
G›’Rp LÆ˚RL˚[ ®Wl◊Rp, ˘NÙp Æ˚[VÙh”Ls B°V ˘UÙØjß\uLs J⁄e°˚QkR
Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[˙V TÙPHtTÙ” T¨k’˚W ˘Nn°\’. œZk˚Rdœd °˚PdL˙Yi•V
˘UÙØ ˘RÙPoTÙ] HWÙ[m ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊ TÙPË≠p A˚Ukß⁄dL
˙Yi”˘Uuflm Tp˙Yfl TiTÙh”j R≤jRu˚U, ˘UÙØ Y[m ARu ˙Tf—YZdœ
B°VYt˚\Ÿm Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´p EhT”jR˙Yi”m GuT˚RŸm TÙPHtTÙ”
G”j’˚Wd°u\’.
YÙ£jR≠u A‘œÿ˚\
˘TÙ’YÙLd ˙LhPp ˛ ˙T—Rp ß\uL˚[d œZk˚RLs Ts∞dœ Y⁄m ÿu]˙W CVpTÙL˙Y
˘Ttfls[]o. B]Ùp YÙ£jRp, G›j’ B°V ß\uL∞p ÿu A‡TYm Cp˚X Gu˙\
·\XÙm. YÙ£dœm ÿ˚\, ˙SÙdLm B°V˚Y TÙPHtTÙh” Y˚WÆ¤m B£¨Vl T‡Y≠¤m
Æ[dLlTh”s[]. ≠©˚V J≠VÙL UÙtfl°u\ ˘NVpÿ˚\ ApX UÙ\ÙL L⁄j˚Rl
71
◊¨k’˘LÙsfim ˘NVpÿ˚\˙V YÙ£jRp Gu\ A‘œÿ˚\ YÙ£jRp T´t£ú ˘RÙPdLm
ÿR˙X L˚P©•dLlT”°\’. BL˙Y R≤jR≤ G›j’L∞u EfN¨l©p ˘RÙPeœm ÿ˚\˚V
ÿt±¤m JØdL˙Yi”m. œZk˚R ÿRuÿR≠u ˘Nn°u\ YÙ£jRp ˘NVpTÙ” N¨VÙL
S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m.
YÙ£jR¤dœ A∞dœm ËpLs œZk˚Rdœ BoYÍh”Y’m Æ⁄mTjRdLRÙL‹m

A˚UV˙Yi”m. ÿRp Yœl©p R]’ ˘TVo, SiToL∞u ˘TVoLs ≈hPÙü ˘TVoLs
A±ÿLUÙ] CPl˘TVoLs B°VYt˚\ YÙ£dœmT•d ·\XÙm.
G›’Rp
J›eLÙ] ÿ˚\´p G›j’ A˚UV˙Yi”˘U≤p ˘RÙPdLjß˙X˙V J›eLÙL
G›R˙Yi•V’ AY£Vm. L⁄j’l TÜÙt\f ˘NVpÿ˚\ú J⁄ TœßVÙL˙Y G›j˚Rj
˘RÙPeL ˙Yi”m. G›j’f ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPeœYRtœ ÿu]RÙL˙Y ©\Ùd G›’Rp
˘NVpTÙ”Ls S˚P˘Tt±⁄dL ˙Yi”m. œZk˚Rú BoYm, D”TÙ” CYt˚\ U]ßp
˘LÙi” Uh”˙U G›Rf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. ˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p Es[ Tœß˚V YÙ£jR
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TÙo˚Y ËpLs
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2. ˙LW[l TÙPHtTÙh”f NhPLm ˛ 2007 SCERT
3. Tp˙Yfl Bn‹ A±d˚LLs
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TÙWmT¨Vÿm Ei”.
CWiPÙ´Wm Bi”Lfidœ ÿu G›RlThP NeLd LÆ˚RLs ÿd°VUÙLd LÙR˚XŸm

(ALm) ≈Wj˚RŸm (◊\m) TÙ”˘TÙ⁄[ÙLd ˘LÙiP˚Y. NeLlTÙPpLs CfldLUÙ]˚Y. T•j’l
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TÙWßdœl©u R™rdLÆ˚RLs ◊ßV TZm˘T⁄m LÆOoLs ÍYo
ß˚N˚V ˙SÙd°l TVQUÙ´]. Cd (ÿl˘T⁄m LÆOoLs)
LÆ˚Rl ˙TÙdœ 1960˛Lfidœl ©u VÙU±kR ◊XY¨˙X LmT˚]l˙TÙp
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◊’dLÆ˚RLs G∞V ˘NÙtL[Ùp ˙Yfl Geœ˙U Cp˚X Gu\Ùo.
73
˘UÙØf ˘N±‹Pu G›RlThP˚Y. ◊’dLÆ˚RLs NULÙXl ©Wf£˚]L˚[Ÿm ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm
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˙TÙu\Yt±p LY]m ˘N¤jß].
CXdLQd Lh”lTÙ”Lfidœ EhTh” G›RlThP LÆ˚RLs UW◊d LÆ˚RLs Guflm,

CXdLQ YWm˚T ¡± Lh”lTÙ”Lfidœ EhTPÙUp G›RlT”°u\ LÆ˚RLs ◊’dLÆ˚RLs
Guflm A±VlT”°u\]. UW◊d LÆ˚RLs ˘T⁄mTÙu˚U´¤m ˘UÙØú AZ˚Ld
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l NeLm, LÙl©Vm, Tdß, £t±Xd°Vm ˙TÙu\ LÆ˚R CVdLeL˚[ A±°u\]o
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T•j’l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim A[‹dœ G∞˚UVÙL˙Y Es[].
l ALrYÙ˚Wj RÙeœm ®Xm˙TÙXj Rm˚U

CLrYÙol ˘TÙfljRp R˚X (151)
l EflT£Ÿm KYÙl ©¶Ÿm ˘NflT˚LŸm

˙NWÙ’ CVpY’ SÙ” (734)
Cq G”j’dLÙh”L˚[l ˙TÙufl HWÙ[UÙ] œ\hTÙdLs Es[]. CYt˚\l T•j’l

◊¨k’˘LÙs[ VÙ⁄˚PV E˚WŸm ˙R˚Y Cp˚X.
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l RÙ]m RYm CWi”m ReLÙ ÆVu EXLm
YÙ]m YZeLÙ’ G≤u (19) ˛ G’˚L
l Gi¶j ’¶L L⁄Um ’¶kR©u
Gi‘Ym GuT’ C›dœ (467) ˛ ˙UÙ˚]
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l HßXo BWj RUoT£lTo ˙T˚R
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Tßú LXe°V ¡u (1116)
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l Du\Ùs T£ LÙiTÙu B´‡m ˘NnVtL

NÙu˙\ÙÙo TØdœm Æ˚] (656)
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l ’g£]Ùo ˘NjRÙü ˙Y\pXo GgOÙuflm
Sg—iTYo Ls EiTYo (926)
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l C•◊¨k’ Gsfim ˘NÙp ˙LhTo U•◊¨k’
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˙Lh˙TÙ˚Wd L•k’ GfN¨lT’˙TÙp A˚U°\’ Cdœ\hTÙ. CqYÙfl Rm L⁄j’L˚[

G”j’˚WdL Tp˙Yfl ˘Y∞¬h” ÿ˚\L˚[d ˚LVÙi•⁄lT’ ß⁄dœ\∞u £\l◊dœ
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˙U⁄ YXkß¨RXÙu
UÙU˚Z ˙TÙtfl’m UÙU˚Z ˙TÙtfl’m
SÙUøo ˙Y≠ EX°tœ AY]∞˙TÙp
˙U≤ufl RÙu —WjRXÙu
G]f NkßW˚]Ÿm „¨V˚]Ÿm U˚Z˚VŸm YÙrj’°u\Ùo.
ÿjR™rd LÙl©Vm
CV¤m C˚NŸm SÙPLÿm ÆWÆV Ko St\™r S˚P´¤m A˚Ul©¤m £XlTßLÙWm
G›RlTh”s[’.
l ˘RnY UÙpY˚Wj ß⁄Lÿ≤ A⁄[
GnßV NÙTj’ CkßW £flY˘]Ù”
R˚Xd˙LÙp RÙ]j’f NÙTm øe°l
U˚XlT⁄m £\l©u YÙ]Yo UL∞o
£\l©p œu\Ùf ˘Nn˚L˘VÙ” ˘TÙ⁄kßV
©\l©p œu\Ùl ˘T⁄k˙RÙs UPk˚R
RÙRÆr ◊¨œZp UÙRÆ
Gu‡m Tœß CVp R™r ®˚X´p A˚U°u\’.
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l ßeLsUÙ˚X ˘Yiœ˚PVÙu ˘Nu≤ ˘Ne˙LÙp A’˙YÙf£d
Le˚L Ru˚]l ◊QokRÙ¤m ◊XYÙn YÙØ LÙ˙Y¨
Le˚L Ru˚]l ◊QokRÙ¤m ◊XYÙ˘RÙØRp LVtLiQÙn
Ue˚L UÙRo ˘T⁄eLt˘Tu \±k˙Ru YÙØ LÙ˙Y¨ (˙LÙYXu)
l ÈYo ˙NÙ˚X U´XÙXl ◊¨k’ œ´pLs C˚NTÙPd
LÙUo UÙ˚X A⁄L˚NV SPkRÙn YÙØ LÙ˙Y¨
LÙUo UÙ˚X A⁄L˚NV SPkR˘YpXÙm ®uLQYu
SÙU ˙Y≠u ß\eLi˙P A±k˙Ru YÙØ LÙ˙Y¨ (UÙRÆ)
CqYÙfl A˚U°u\ TÙPpL∞p C˚Nj R™Øu Cu—˚Y˚V C≤˚UŸ\d ˙LhLXÙm.
l øoYÙo Li˚Q ˘Vmÿu Yk˙RÙn
VÙ˚W˙VÙ ø UPd˘LÙ•˙VÙ (G]j)
˙RWÙ Uu]Ù ˘Nl◊Y’˚P˙Vu
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Gu LÙp £Xm◊ TLoRp ˙Yi• ®uTÙp
˘LÙ˚XdL[lThP ˙LÙYXu U˚]Æ
LiQ° GuT˘Ru ˘TV˙W (G])
˘TiQQe˙L
LsY˚]d ˙LÙ\p L”e˙LÙp Aufl
˘Ys˙Yp ˘LÙt\m LÙi (G])
St±\m TPWÙd ˘LÙt˚L ˙Yk˙R
Gu LÙt£Xm◊ U¶Ÿ˚P V¨˙V (G])
˙R˘UÙØ Ÿ˚WjR’ ˘Nq˚Y Su˘UÙØ
VÙÿ˚Pf £Xm◊ ÿj’˚P V¨˙V
ClTœß˚Vl T•dœm˙TÙ’ J⁄ SÙPLm Smÿu SPlT’ ˙TÙufl ˙RÙuflm.
CqYÙ\ÙL ÿjR™›m LXk’YWl TÙPlTh”s[’ £XlTßLÙWm.
SÙh”l◊\d ·fl
l ˙NWp UPYu]m ˙NWp S˚P˘VÙqYÙn
˙NWp UPYu]m ˙NWp S˚P˘VÙqYÙn
Foß˚W øo˙Y≠ EZd°j ßŸÙs ©u
˙NWp UPYu]m ˙NWp S˚P˘VÙqYÙn
ClTÙP≠p J˙WV• Íufl ÿ˚\ ß⁄mTjß⁄mT Y⁄°\’. C’ SÙhPÙo YZdLÙflL∞u J⁄
Ti◊ GuTo.
Y⁄Q˚]
ß⁄UQ SÙ[ufl ˙LÙYXu LiQ°˚Vl TÙWÙh”m Tœß C[e˙LÙY•L∞u Y⁄Q˚]j
ß\‡dœ G”j’dLÙhPÙL A˚U°u\’.
79
l UÙNfl ˘TÙu˙] YXm◊¨ ÿj˙R
LÙNfl Æ˚W˙V L⁄m˙T ˙R˙]
A⁄m˘T\t TÙYÙn B⁄ó U⁄k˙R
˘T⁄eœ• Y¶Lu ˘T⁄UP UL˙[
U˚X´˚Pl ©\YÙ U¶˙V ˘Vu˙LÙ
A˚X´˚Pl ©\YÙ A™r˙R ˘Vu˙LÙ
VÙØ˚Pl ©\YÙ C˚N˙V ˘Vu˙LÙ
RÙØ⁄e ·kRp ˚RVÙp ®u˚]
A¶
LiQ°Ÿm ˙LÙYX‡m L‹kßV•LfiPu U’˚Wdœf ˘NpX ˚Y˚LVÙt˚\d LPdL
ÿtT”°u\]o. ˚Y˚LVÙt±p øo ˘R¨VÙRYÙfl ÈdLs Í•d°Pd°u\]. Ad LÙh£˚V,
LiQ°dœ YWl˙TÙœm ’uTj˚R ÿu]˙W A±kRYs ˙TÙXl ÈdL[Ù°V B˚PVÙp Ru
EPp ÿ›Y˚RŸm ˙TÙoj’, Li¶p ®˚\kR ø˚Wd LÙhPÙ’ U˚\j’d˘LÙiPÙs G]d
œ±l©”°\Ùo A•L[Ùo. C’ AYW’ LÆ˚R SVj’dœj RdL˙RÙo G”j’dLÙh”.
l ◊XYo SÙÆp ˘TÙ⁄kßV Èe˘LÙ•

˚Y˚V Gu\ ˘TÙnVÙd œXd˘LÙ•
˚RVtœ EflY’ RÙ]±kR]s ˙TÙp
◊i¶V SflUXo B˚P ˙TÙoj’d
Li¶˚\ ˘S”øo —WkR]s APd°
ÍY⁄m U’˚W˚V ˙SÙd°f ˘Np¤m˙TÙ’ YØ˙V Ußp˙Up ˘LÙ•Ls T\lT˚Rd LiP]o.

øeLs U’˚Wdœ YWÙæoLs Gufl ˚LV˚Nj’j R”lT’˙TÙp C⁄kR’ AdLÙh£ Gu°\Ùo
A•L[Ùo. Rtœ±l˙Tt\ A¶dœ SpX˘RÙ⁄ G”j’dLÙhPÙL A˚U°u\’ ClTœß.
l ˙TÙ⁄Zk’ G”jR YÙ˘W´p ˘S”e˘LÙ•
YÙWp GuT]˙TÙp U±j’d ˚LLÙhP
Tdß
£XlTßLÙWjßp BeLÙe˙L Tdßf—˚Y ™œkR TÙPpLfim ™u≤Pd LÙQXÙm.
LÙl©VLÙXjßtœl ©u G›kR Tdß CVdLjßtœ ClTÙPpL˙[ YØYœjR] G]XÙm.
l NeLÿm NdLWÿm RÙU˚Wd ˚L˙Vkßf

˘NeLi AÜÙu £]Æ˚P˙Up ®u\ÙVÙp
Le˚L ÿ•dL¶kR Li‘R˙XÙu TÙLj’
Ue˚L E⁄YÙn U˚\˙VjR˙Y ®tTÙn (˙Yh”Y Y¨)
Í‹Xœm DW•VÙp ÿ˚\®WmTÙ Y˚Lÿ•Vj

RÙÆV ˙NY• ˙NlTj Rm©˘VÙ”m LÙu˙TÙk’
˙NÙYW‘m ˙TÙoU•Vj ˘RÙp≠Xe˚L LhPØjR
80
˙NYLu∫o ˙L[ÙR ˘NÆ˘Vu] ˘NÆ˙V
ß⁄UÙp ∫o ˙L[ÙR ˘NÆ˘Vu] ˘NÆ˙V
˘T¨VY˚] UÙVY˚]l ˙T⁄XLm GpXÙm

Æ¨LUp EkßŸ˚P ÆiQY˚]d Li‘m
ß⁄Y•Ÿm ˚LŸm ß⁄YÙŸm ˘NnV
L¨VY˚]d LÙQÙR Li˘Qu] Li˙Q
Li¶˚Uj’d LÙiTÙoRm Li˘Qu] Li˙Q
UPkRÙZ ˘SgNj’d LgN]Ùo YgNm

LPkRÙ˚] ËtflYoTÙp SÙt±˚NŸm ˙TÙt\l
TPokRÙo AQÿZeLl TgNYodœj Á’
SPkRÙ˚] HjRÙR SÙ˘Yu] SÙ˙Y
SÙWÙVQÙ Gu]Ù SÙ˘Yu] SÙ˙Y (Bnf£Vo œW˚Y)
∫o˘L› ˘Nkß¤m ˘Ne˙LÙ”m ˘Yiœuflm

HWLÿm øeLÙ C˚\Yu ˚L ˙YXu˙\
TÙ¨⁄m ˘T¸jßu Es◊dœl Ti˘PÙ⁄SÙs
„oUÙ R•kR —P¨˚XV ˘Ys˙Y˙X (œu\d œW˚Y)
A±‹˚W
GYt˚\ EQojR £XlTßLÙWm G›RlThP’ Gu\ ˙LsÆdœ Æ˚PVÙL A˚U°\’
LÙl©Vjßu CflßlTœß.
l ˘RnYm ˘R∞™u ˘R∞k˙RÙol ˙T‘™u

˘TÙnŸ˚W Ag—™u ◊\g˘NÙp ˙TÙtfl™u
FÚi ’\™u Eód˘LÙ˚X øeœ™u
RÙ]m ˘Nnm™u RYmTX RÙeœ™u
˘NnkSu± ˘LÙpXu™u æSh◊ CLr™u
˘TÙndL¨ ˙TÙLu™u ˘TÙ⁄i˘UÙØ øeLu™u
A\˙YÙo A˚YdL[m ALXÙ’ A‘œ™u
©\˙YÙo A˚YdL[m ©˚Zj’l ˘TVo™u
©\uU˚] Ag—™u ©˚ZŸó Km◊™u
A\U˚] LÙ™u ApX˚Y L•™u
Lsfim L[‹m LÙUÿm ˘TÙnŸm
˘Ys˚[d ˙LÙh•Ÿm ÆW°≤p JØ™u
C[˚UŸm ˘NpYÿm VÙd˚LŸm ®˚XVÙ
E[SÙs Y˚WVÙ’ Jp¤Y’ JØVÙ’
˘Np¤m ˙RVj’dœ Efl’˚Q ˙R”™u
UpXp UÙOÙXj’ YÙr≈o Deœ.
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LmTo
R™r˘UÙØú AZ˚LŸm Bt\˚XŸm £\l˚TŸm ∫o˚U˚VŸm GpXÙm Rm
TÙPpLs ÍXm EXL±Vf ˘NnV JlTt\ EjRUd LÆOo LmTo. G]˙YRÙu CY˚W
R™ØXd°V YÙ≤p ˙T˘WÙ∞ ≈—m LÆOo Gufl Lt\±kR NÙu˙\Ùo ˙TÙt±]o.
R™Øu LÆfNdLWYojßLs G] A±VlT”m ÍY⁄s ÿRu˚UVÙ]Yo LmTo.
LpÆ´p ˘T¨VYo LmTo. LmTu ≈h”d Lh”jR±Ÿm LÆTÙ”m Gu‡m TZ˘UÙØLs
LmT≤u LÆTÙ”m YpX˚Udœf NÙuflLs. YÙp¡° G›ßV Bß LÙÆVj˚R
Jh•˙V LmTo Rm LÙl©Vj˚R G›ß]Ùo Gu\Ù¤m, LmTWÙUÙVQm ˘UÙØ˘TVol◊m
ApX; R›Y¤m ApX. J⁄ ◊’dLÙl©Vm ˙TÙX˙Y LmTWÙUÙVQm Æ[eœ°\’
GuTo. CkËp TjRÙ´Wm TÙPpL˚[d ˘LÙiP’. LmTü LÙXm TjRÙm Ët\ÙiPÙL
C⁄dLXÙm G]d L⁄RlT”°u\’. Ho G›T’, NW—Yß AkRÙß, NP˙LÙTo AkRÙß
B°V˚Y CYW’ ©\ ËpLs.
J⁄ R™rd LÆ˚Rú A•lT˚Pd ·fl GuT’ G’˚L ApX’ ˙UÙ˚] RÙu.
LmT≤u GpXÙl TÙPpL∞¤m G’˚L ApX’ ˙UÙ˚] A˚Ukß⁄dœm. At◊RUÙ]
LtT˚]Lfim AZœ KÆVeL[Ù] Y⁄Q˚]Lfim TZ˚UŸm ◊’˚UŸUÙ] JlTt\
EY˚ULfim E⁄YLeLfim LmTWÙUÙVQd LÙl©Vm ÿ›Y’m ˘LÙh•d°Pd°u\]
Gu˙\ ·\XÙm. „Z¤dœm L˚RUÙkRoL∞u EQof£Lfidœm Ti◊Lfidœm HtT
TÙPpL∞u K˚NSVj˚R A˚UlTßp LmT‡dœ ®Lo LmT˙] Gufl ˘NÙp¤U[‹dœ
ËtfldLQdLÙ] ˙YflThP K˚NSVeL˚[d LmTu LÙÆVjßp ˙Lh” U°ZXÙm.
Y⁄Q˚]
l RiP˚X U´pLs BPj RÙU˚W Æ[dLm RÙeLd
˘LÙiPpLs ÿZÆu HeLd œY˚[ LiÆØj’ ˙SÙdL
˘Ri•˚W GØ≤ LÙhPj ˙Rm©Ø ULW VÙØu
Yi”Ls C≤’TÙP U⁄Rm ≈t±⁄dœm UÙ˙RÙ
LmTü CVt˚L Y⁄Q˚]dœ Gp˙XÙ⁄m G”j’dLÙh”m TÙPp C’.
l ˘Yn˙VÙu J∞ Ru˙U≤ú Æ¨˙NÙßú U˚\V

˘TÙn˙VÙ Gu‡m C˚PVÙ˘[Ù”m C˚[VÙ˘]Ù”m ˙TÙ]Ùu
˚U˙VÙ UWLR˙UÙ U±LP˙XÙ U˚Zÿ°˙XÙ
I˙VÙ CYu Y•˘YuT˙RÙo AØVÙ AZœ˚P˙VÙu
CWÙU≤u ®\j˚R Y⁄¶dœm ClTÙPp LmT≤u ˘NÙpXÙP¤dœm Lt˚T]j ß\‡dœm
K˚N SVjßtœm G”j’dLÙhPÙL Æ[eœm At◊RUÙ] J⁄ TÙPp.
˘NÙpXÙPp
˘NÙpXÙP≠p LmT‡dœ ®Lo LmT˙] GuT’ Ei˚U. C˚RÆPf £\kR J⁄ ˘NÙp˚X
Ceœl TVuT”jR ÿ•VÙ’ Gufl ˘NÙp¤m A[‹dœ AY]’ TÙPpL∞p ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]
˘NÙtLs Yk’ TßŸm. J˙W ˘N•´p TXYiQl ÈdL˚[ UXWf ˘NnY’˙TÙp J˙W ˘NÙp≠p
82
TX ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[d ˘LÙi”Yk’ ˘NÙpÆj˚R LÙh”Yß¤m AY˚] ˘YpX VÙ⁄m Cp˚X.
G”j’dLÙhPÙLd ∏rY⁄m TÙP˚Xd œ±l©PXÙm.
l CqYiQm ®LrkRYiQm C≤´kR EXœd˘LpXÙm

EnYiQm Au± Ut˙\Ùo ’VoYiQm EflY’i˙PÙ
˚UYiQj’ AWd° ˙TÙ¨p U˚ZYiQj’ AiQ˙X Eu
˚LYiQm Aeœd Li˙Pu LÙpYiQm Ceœd Li˙Pu
YiQm Gu‡m ˘NÙp Ceœl Tp˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄sL∞p Yk’s[].
LtT˚]
∫˚R˚Vj Ru CRVUÙm £˚\´p ˚YjRRÙL ÿu]o CWÙYQu ·±]Ùu. ©u]o CWÙUu

AY˚]d ˘LÙpX Am◊ GnR˙TÙ’, AkR Am◊ ∫˚R˚V CWÙYQu Ru CRVjßu GkRl
Tœß´p ˚Yj’s[Ùu GuT˚Rj ˙R•l TÙojRRÙLd ·fl°\Ùo LmTo. Am◊ AY]’ ˘Sg˚Nj
’˚[jR˚R C˚RÆP GlT• ÷‘dLUÙLf ˘NÙpXÿ•Ÿm. TÙPp C’.
l ˘Ys˘[⁄dLm N˚Pÿ•VÙu ˘Yt˘T”jR ß⁄˙U≤ ˙U¤m ∏›m

Gs∞⁄dœm CP≤u± E´¨⁄dœm CPuSÙ• C˚ZjRYÙ˙\Ù
Ls∞⁄dœm UXod ·kRp NÙ]°˚V U]f£˚\´p LWkR LÙRp
Es∞⁄dœm G]d L⁄ß EPp ◊œk’ RPÆV˙RÙ J⁄Yu YÙ∞
C˙R˙TÙp BŸReLs AjR˚]Ÿm CZk’ ˘Yflm ˚L˙VÙ” ®tœm CWÙYQ˚]l TÙoj’

Cufl˙TÙn SÙ˚[ YÙ Gu°\Ùu CWÙUu. Ak˙SWm SÙQjRÙp œ≤kR R˚XŸPu CWÙYQu
˘Np¤m LÙh£˚V Y⁄¶dœm TÙPp LmT≤u LÆ˚Rd ˚LYiQj˚Rf —h•dLÙh”°\’.
l UÙßWm G˚YŸm ˙SÙdLÙu Y[SLo ˙SÙdLÙu YkR

LÙRXo Rm˚U ˙SÙdLÙu LPp˘T⁄m ˙N˚] ˙SÙdLÙu
RÙRÆr ·kRp UÙRo R≤jR≤ ˙SÙdLj RÙu Al
ÈRXm Gu‡m Se˚L Ru˚]˙V ˙SÙd°l ◊dLÙu
EY˚U
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] EY˚UL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „r®˚XL∞p ˚LVÙsYßp ˚L˙RokRYo LmTo.
LQdLt\ EY˚UL˚[d LmTWÙUÙVQjßp LÙQÿ•Ÿm. J⁄TÙ˚] ˙NÙtfldœ J⁄ ˙NÙfl
TRm GuT’ ˙TÙp J⁄ TÙPp
l ◊RpYu ˘TÙuUœPm ˘TÙfljRXÙp
ÿRpYu ˙T⁄Y˚Ldœ ÿk’YÙu
ER‹m ÈULs ˙NW JiUXod
LRYm ˘NnV LWjßu ød°]Ùu
°h°k˚Rdœ AWN]ÙL —d°√Yu U¶ÿ• „Pl˙TÙ°\Ùu. „¨Vu Eßj’ G›°\’. LÙ˚X´p
„¨Vu EßlT’ CVp◊. B]Ùp Ceœ Ru ULu AWN]ÙLl ˙TÙœm U°rf£´p AYu
Eßj˘R›kRRÙLd ·fl°\Ùo LmTo. „¨Vu ERVUÙ]’m RÙU˚W UXoY’ CVp◊. Ceœ, Ru
83
UL‡dœ GpXÙ BdLeL˚[Ÿm A∞dLj RÙU˚W´p ≈t±⁄dœm ß⁄UL˚[ G›lT CRrL[Ù°V
LR‹L˚[j Ru °WQeL[Ù°V ˚LL[Ùp ß\kRÙu BRYu G] EY˚UlT”j’°u\Ùo LmTo.
—d°√Yu „¨V≤u ULu GuT’m Ceœ £kR˚]dœ¨V’. CVpTÙ] Ko CVt˚Ld LÙh£˚V
GqY[‹ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙLd LÙh”°\Ùo GuT’ GY˚WŸm ÆVdL˚Ydœm.
K˚N SVm
„Z¤dœm LÙh£dœm HtT ËtfldLQdLÙ] K˚NSVeL˚[d LmTo TVuT”jßŸs[Ùo.
LmT˚Wd LÆfNdLWYoRß G]f ˘NÙpYRtœ AYu TVuT”jß´⁄dœm K˚NSVeL˙[
ÿd°V LÙWQm G]XÙm.
l Tg£˘VÙ∞o Æg—œ∞o TpXYm A‡eLf
˘Ng˘NÆV LgN®™o ∫\•V[Ù°
Ag˘NÙ≠[ Ug˚O˘V] Au]˘U] ™u‡m
Yg£˘V] SgN˘U] YgNULs YkRÙs
J⁄ ˘Ti („olT]˚L) ˘UpX ˘UpX SPk’Y⁄m LÙh£˚V „Z¤d˙Lt\ K˚NSVj’Pu
TÙ”°u\Ùo LmTo. ClTÙP≠p ˘Uu˚U˚Vd œ±dL, ˘Up≠] G›j’dL˚[˙V AßLUÙLl
TVuT”jß´⁄lT’ LY≤dLjRdL’.
l BZ ˘S”kß˚W Bfl LPkßYo ˙TÙYÙ˙WÙ
˙YZ ˘S”mT˚P Li” ÆXe°”m ÆpXÙ˙[Ù
˙RÙZ˚U Gu\Yo ˘NÙp≠V ˘NÙp˘XÙ⁄ ˘NÙpXu˙\Ù
HZ˚U ˙YPu C\kßXu Gu˘\˚] HNÙ˙WÙ
CWÙU˚]j ˙R•Y⁄m TWR˚], AYu CWÙU˚]d ˘LÙpX Y⁄°u\Ùu Gufl
®˚]j’d˘LÙi” œLu ·flm ·t\ÙL A˚U°u\’ ClTÙPp. ClTÙP≠p ˙LÙTjßu
˘LÙkR∞l˚Td ˙LhLXÙm.
CWÙYQu Rm© œmTLoQu ˘S”k’´p ˘LÙs°\Ùu. ˘TiLs TXo —t± ®ufl EXd˚LVÙp
C•j’, ˙TÙ⁄dœf ˘NpX AY˚] G›l◊°u\]o. Ak˙SWm Ad LÙh£˚Vd ·flm TÙP≠p
EXd˚Ll TÙP≠u RÙ[j˚RŸm K˚N˚VŸm ˙LhL˚YlT’ BfN¨Vj˚Rj R⁄°u\’.
l E\eœ°u\ œmTLu] EeLs UÙV YÙr˘YXÙm
C\eœ°u\’ CuflLÙi G›kßWÙn G›kßWÙn
L\eœ ˙TÙX Æp ©•jR LÙXÁRo ˚L´˙X
E\eœYÙn E\eœYÙn C≤d °Pk’ E\eœYÙn
Cl˙TÙ’ £kßj’l TÙodLXÙm. LmTu ≈h”d Lh”jR±Ÿm LÆTÙ”m Gu\ ·tfl GqY[‹
Ei˚UVÙ]˘Rufl.
Jtfl˚U
l œL˘]Ù”m IYo B˙]Ùm ÿu◊ ©u œufl„rYÙu
UL˘]Ù” AflYo B˙]Ùm Gmÿ˚Z Au©u YkR
AL]Uo LÙRp IV ®u˘]Ù”m G›Yo B˙]Ùm
◊LX⁄m LÙ]m Rk’ ◊RpYWÙp ˘TÙ≠kRÙu ÷k˚R
84
NÙß C] ˙YflTÙh˚P ød°. EVo‹ RÙr‹ Cu± A˚]Y⁄m NU®Lo NUÙ]UÙL YÙZ˙Yi”m
GuT˚R Y≠Ÿflj’YRÙL A˚U°u\’ ClTÙPp. œWd°]jßp ©\kR —d°√Y˚]Ÿm
RÙrœXjRY]ÙLd L⁄RlThP œL˚]Ÿm, AWdLo œXjßp ©\kR Æ¿PQ˚]Ÿm
EPu©\l◊L[ÙLd L⁄’m ClTÙPp LmT≤u NÍL EQo‹dœj RdL˘RÙ⁄ NÙufl.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v RWlTh•⁄dœm LÆ˚Rl TœßL˚[ YÙ£j’ Ti˚PV ÿl˘T⁄m LÆOoL∞u

CXd°V, TiTÙh” Su˘LÙ˚PLs Gu\ R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLm SPjR‹m
v ß⁄dœ\s, £XlTßLÙWm, LmTWÙUÙVQm CYt±u A˚Ul˚TŸm

˘UÙØS˚P˚VŸm NÙuflLs LÙh• Jl¿” ˘NnL.
v ©tLÙX Tdß CVdLjßu Y[of£dœ £XlTßLÙWm Ái”˙LÙXÙL A˚UkR’

Gu\ ·t±˚] NÙuflLÙh• ®fl‹L.
v LmTu LÆ˚RŸm K˚N SVÿm Gu\ R˚Xl©p Lh”˚W Y˚WL.
v GpXÙ CXd°VeLfim YÙrd˚L ˙UmTÙh˚P Y≠Ÿflj’Y˚R˙V ˙SÙdLUÙLd

˘LÙi•⁄kR] ˛ Æ[dLm R⁄L.
TÙWßVÙo (1882 ˛ 1921)

CkßVSÙ” Au≤V‡dœ A•˚UlTh”d °PkR LÙXjßp ©\k’ YÙrkRYo
—l©WU¶Vu Gu‡m TÙWßVÙo. C[˚U´˙X˙V LÆTÙ”m ß\˚U ˘LÙi•⁄kRÙo.
SÙh” Æ”R˚XŸm NÍL ˙UmTÙ”m, NUj’Y NÿRÙVÿm ÿd°V ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi”
LÆ˚RLs CVt±VYo TÙWßVÙo. R™rd LÆ˚R˚Vl TÙUW⁄m ◊¨Ÿm YiQm
G∞˚Ul T”jßVYo Gu\ ˘T⁄˚UŸm TÙWßdœ Ei”. Rm LÆ˚RL˚[ Æ”R˚Xl
˙TÙWÙhPjßtLÙ] BŸReL[Ùd°V LÙWQjRÙp AYo ˙R£V LÆ Gufl
A±VlT”°\Ùo.
ËtfldLQdLÙ] R≤lTÙPpL˚[ G›ßVYo TÙWßVÙo. C˚Y RÆWl
˘T⁄eLÆ˚RL[ÙL LiQuTÙh”, œ´pTÙh”, TÙgNÙ≠ NTRm B°V
˘S”mTÙPpL˚[Ÿm TÙ•Ÿs[Ùo. CmÍuflm TÙWßú ÿl˘T⁄m LÆ˚RLs G]
A±VlT”°u\]. TÙWßú LÆ˚Rd L⁄dL˚[d ∏rY⁄UÙfl Th•V≠PXÙm.
l SÙh” Æ”R˚X l Ju˙\ LP‹s

l ˘Ti Æ”R˚X l Aøß Gßol◊
l ˙R£V J⁄˚UlTÙ” l LpÆ Y[of£
l æiPÙ˚U JØl◊ l RÙn˘UÙØd LpÆ
l NUj’Y NÍLm l A±ÆVp Y[of£
l NÍL ˙UmTÙ”
85
SÙh” Æ”R˚X
S≈]LÙX ÿl˘T⁄m LÆOoLs
l ≈W —RkßWm ˙Yi•®u\Ùo ©u]o
C⁄TRÙm Ët\Ùi•u BWmT LÙX
˙Y˘\Ùufl ˘LÙsYÙ˙WÙ
LhPj˚Rj R™rd LÆ˚Rú
l Gufl R¶Ÿm CkRf —RkßW RÙLm UflUXof£d LÙXLhPm G]d
Gufl U•Ÿm GeLs A•˚Uú ˙UÙLm œ±l©PXÙm. Tdß´¤m
l CRm R⁄ U˚]ú øe° TÙWÙh”dL∞¤m LÙRp CuTjß¤m
CPo™œ £˚\lThPÙ¤m Lu≤Vo Y⁄Q˚]´¤m Ír°d
TRmß⁄ CWi”m UÙ±l °Pk’ LÆ˚R˚V Au\ÙP
TØ™œj’ CØ‹t\Ù¤m YÙrd˚Lú, NULÙXl ©Wf£˚]L∞u
ÆRkR⁄ ˙LÙ• Cu]p TdLm ˙SÙd°j ß⁄l©Æ”m ÿVt£ Cd
Æ˚[k˘R˚] AØjßhPÙ¤m LÙXLhPjßp G›kR’. L]‹X°p
—RkßW ˙RÆ ®u˚]j ™RkR LÆ˚R˚V S]‹X°p
˘RÙ›ßPp U\d°˙X˙] SPdL˚YjR ˘T⁄˚U
CdLÙXLhPj˚Rf NÙ⁄m. BßdLd
˘Ti Æ”R˚X Lh”lTÙ”L∞¤m TZ˚U YÙReL∞¤m
l RÙRo Rm˚U CØ‹ ˘NnŸm ÍP Sm©d˚LL∞¤m EZufl
UP˚U˚Vd ˘LÙfij’˙YÙm ˘LÙi•⁄kR UdL∞˚P˙V
B‘m ˘Ti‘m ®L˘W]d ˘LÙsYRÙp UflUXof£ú J∞˚V ≈—m LÆ˚Rl
A±Æ˙XÙe° Cq ˚YVm R˚ZdœUÙm T˚Pl◊Ls Cd LÙXLhPjßp G›kR].
l ThPeLs BsY’m NhPeLs ˘NnY’m CqYÙfl R™rd LÆ˚Rú ˙TÙd˚L
TÙ¨≤p ˘TiLs SPjR Yk˙RÙm ÿt˙TÙdœf £kR˚]L˚[ ˙SÙd°j
Gh”m A±Æ≤p B‘d°e˙L ˘Ti ß˚N ß⁄l©ÆhPYo TÙWßVÙo.
C˚[l©p˚X LÙ˘Qufl œm™V• TÙWßdœl ©u AY˚Wl ©u˘RÙPok’
˙R£V J⁄˚UlTÙ” J⁄ ◊ßV LÆOo NÍL˙U E⁄YÙ´tfl.
CYoL∞p TÙWßú NULÙXjßp
l Le˚L Sßl◊\j’d ˙LÙ’˚Ul TiPm
YÙrkR C⁄˘T⁄m LÆOoLs
LÙÆ¨ ˘Yt±˚Xdœ UÙfl˘LÙsfi˙YÙm
TÙWßRÙN‡m LÆU¶Ÿm. Ck®˚X´p
£eL UWÙh•VoRm LÆ˚R ˘LÙi”
TÙWßŸm TÙWßRÙN‡m LÆU¶Ÿm
˙NWj’j RkReLs T¨N∞l˙TÙm
ÿl˘T⁄m LÆOoLs G]
æiPÙ˚U JØl◊
A±VXÙ´]o.
l _Ùß UReL˚[l TÙ˙WÙm ˛ EVo
_uUm Cj ˙RNjßp Gnß]o Bú
˙YßVWÙ´‡m Ju˙\ ˛ Au±
˙Yfl œXjß]o B´‡m Ju˙\
NUj’Y NÍLm
l H˚Z˘Vuflm A•˚U ˘Vuflm
GY‡m Cp˚X _Ùß´p
CØ‹˘LÙiP U≤Ro GuT’
CkßVÙÆp Cp˚X˙V
86
l TÙolTÙ˚] IV˘Wu\ LÙXÿm ˙TÙf˙N ˛ ˘Ys˚[l
TWe°˚Vj ’˚W˘Vu\ LÙXÿm ˙TÙf˙N
Ju˙\ ˘RnYm
l VÙ⁄m T¶kß”m ˘RnYm ˛ ˘TÙ⁄s
VÙÆ‡m ®u±”m ˘RnYm
TÙ⁄dœs˙[ ˘RnYm Jufl ˛ Cßp
TtTX Ni˚PLs ˙YiPÙm
A±ÆVp Y[of£
l BŸRm ˘Nn˙YÙm SpX LÙ°Rm ˘Nn˙YÙm
B˚XLs ˚Yl˙TÙm LpÆf NÙ˚XLs ˚Yl˙TÙm
œ˚PLs ˘Nn˙YÙm E›T˚PLs ˘Nn˙YÙm
˙LÙ¶Ls ˘Nn˙YÙm C⁄mTÙ¶Ls ˘Nn˙YÙm
YÙ˚] A[l˙TÙm LPp¡˚] A[l˙TÙm
NkßW UiPXj’ CVp Li” ˘R∞˙YÙm
Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm LpÆ
l Au] NjßWm B´Wm ˚YjRp
BXVm Tß]Ù´Wm SÙhPp
©u]⁄s[ R⁄UeLs VÙ‹m
˘TVo Æ[e° J∞W ®fljRp
Au] VÙÆ‡m ◊i¶Vm ˙LÙ•
Be˙LÙo H˚Zdœ G›jR±ÆjRp
TÙWßRÙNu (1891 ˛ 1964)

CVt˘TVo L]L—l◊Wjß]m. TÙWßú LÆ˚RL[Ùp ™L‹m DodLlThPRÙp Rm ˘TV˚W
TÙWßRÙNu G] UÙt±d˘LÙiPÙo.
NÍL ∫oß⁄jRd L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”j’l TÙ•VRÙp CY˚Wl

◊Wh£dLÆOo G]d œ±l©hP]o. TÙ˙YkRo Guflm A±VlT”°\Ùo.
LÙRp, TœjR±‹, ˘TiÆ”R˚X, YÙrd˚L ˘S±, ˘TÙ’‹˚P˚U, NÿRÙV ˙UmTÙ”.
ÍPSm©d˚L Gßol◊ ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl £kR˚]L∞u A•lT˚P´p CYW’ TÙPpLs
CVt\lTh”s[].--
R™r˘UÙØú £\l◊L˚[ AZœ R™Øp Tp˙Yfl TÙPpL∞p TÙ•Ÿs[Ùo.
CVt˚Ldœm CYo ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”j’l TÙ•Ÿs[Ùo. CVt˚L ˘RÙPoTÙ] CYW’
LÆ˚RLs AZ°u £¨l◊ Gu\ LÆ˚Rj ˘RÙœlTÙL ˘Y∞YkR’.
R≤d LÆ˚RLs RÆW £fl LÙl©VeLs TX‹m G›ßŸs[Ùo. AYtfls ÿd°VUÙ]’
Ng∫Æ ToYRjßu NÙWp.
◊Wh£dLÆ, R™Zf£ú Ljß. GßoTÙWÙR ÿjRm, œ”mT Æ[dœ, C⁄iP ≈”
˙TÙu\˚Y CYW’ œ±l©PjRdLd LÆ˚Rl T˚Pl◊Ls.
CYW’ ©£WÙk˚RVÙo Gu\ Ë¤dœ (1970) NÙ°jV AdLÙR™ Æ⁄’ YZeLlThP’.
87
˘Ti Æ”R˚X
l ÍPjR]jßu ÿ˚PSÙt\m ≈—°u\
LÙ” UQdLY⁄ LtÈWl ˘ThPL˙U
˙YiPÙR NÙß ˘YfilTRtœj
ÁiPÙ Æ[dLÙn ’Xeœm ˘T⁄UÙh•
˘TÙ’‹˚P˚U
l ˘TÙ’‹˚P˚U ˘LÙs˚L ß˚N˘Vh”m ˙Nol˙TÙm
◊≤R˙UÙ” A˚R GeLs E´˘Wufl LÙl˙TÙm
˘RÙØXÙ[o
l £jßWf ˙NÙ˚XL˙[ ˛ E˚U SuL
ß⁄jR Cl TÙ¨≤˙X ˛ ÿu]o
GjR˚] ˙RÙZoLs WjRm ˘NÙ¨kR]˙WÙ
EeLs ˙Y¨≤˙X
®jRm ß⁄jßV ˙So˚U´]Ùp ™œ
˘SpÆ˚[ Su≤X˙U ˛ E]dœ
GjR˚] UÙkRoLs ˘St± ÆVo˚Y
C˚\jR]o LÙi°X˙U
EXL A˚Uß
l ◊ßV˙RÙo EXLm ˘Nn˙YÙm ˛ ˘LhP
˙TÙ¨”m EXLj˚R ˙Y˘WÙ” NÙnl˙TÙm
R™r
l R™›dœm Aÿ˘Rufl ˙To ˛ AkRj
R™r CuTj R™r GeLs E´⁄dœ ˙So
R™›dœ ®X˘Yufl ˙To ˛ CuTj
R™r GeLs NÍLjßu Æ˚[‹dœ øo
R™›dœ UQ˘Uufl ˙To ˛ CuTj
R™r GeLs YÙr‹dœ ®⁄™jR Fo
R™›dœ U’˘Yufl ˙To ˛ CuTj
R™r GeLs E¨˚Uf ˘Nm T´⁄dœ ˙Yo
88
LÆU¶ ˙R£LÆSÙVLm ©s˚[ (1876 ˛ 1954)
UW©uT•Ÿm ◊ßV ÿ˚\ú T•Ÿm LÆ˚RLs CVt±VYo.
CYW’ LÆ˚RLs G∞˚UŸm C≤˚UŸm ™dL˚Y. AR]Ù˙X˙V Gp˙XÙWÙ¤m

LÆU¶ G] A˚ZdLlThPÙo.
˙TÙWÙhPÿm TWTWl◊m ™œkR LÙXLhPjßp YÙrkRÙ¤m CYW’ LÆ˚RLs

A˚Ußú ˘Y∞lTÙPÙL˙Y C⁄kR].
LÆU¶ ˘UÙØ˘TVol©¤m £\k’ Æ[e°]Ùo. CYW’ ˘UÙØ˘TVol◊d LÆ˚RLs

˘UÙØ˘TVol◊ Gufl ˙RÙu\ÙRYÙfl CVpTÙL˙Y C⁄kR].
œZk˚RLfidLÙL HWÙ[UÙ] LÆ˚RLs CVt±Ÿs[Ùo. G]˙Y CY˚W œZk˚Rd

LÆOoL∞u ÿu˙]Ù• Gufl ·\XÙm.
ÿt˙TÙdœ GiQÿm AeLRf —˚YŸm ®˚\kR CYW’ U⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™Vm

Au˚\V NÿRÙVf ∫WØ‹dœd LÙWQUÙL C⁄kR RÙVÿ˚\˚V˙V UÙt± A˚UjR’.
UX⁄m UÙ˚XŸm, B£V ˙_Ùß, EUoLnVÙm TÙPpLs, U⁄UdLsYØ UÙu™Vm

˙TÙu\˚Y CYW’ œ±l©PjRdL ËpLs.
G∞˚UŸm EQof£Ÿm
l YÙnÿjRm RÙWÙUp
UZ˚X E˚WVÙPÙUp
˙Nn°PjRp Li” G]dœf
£k˚R R”UÙfl’ IVÙ
ÿLm TÙoj’l ˙TNÙUp
ÿ˚XlTÙ¤m EiQÙUp
ULu °Pdœm °˚P Li”
U]m ˘TÙfldœ ßp˚X IVÙ
œZk˚Rl TÙPp
l Tf˚Nd°∞˙V YÙYÙYÙ
TÙ¤m ˙NÙflm EiQYÙ
˘LÙf£ UgNs ÈNYÙ
˘LÙg£ Æ˚[VÙP YÙ
YhPUÙn Eu L›jß˙X
YÙ]Æp˚X BWUÙn
ChP Uu]o VÙWmUÙ
VÙ]±Vd ·\mUÙ
89
CVpTÙ] ˘UÙØ˘TVol◊
l ˘Y´tœ Ht\ ®Zp Ei”

≈—m ˘Ru\p LÙtfli”
˚L´p LmTu LÆŸi”
LXNm ®˚\V U’‹i”
˘RnY ∏Rm TX‹i”

˘R¨k’ TÙP øŸi”
˚YVm R⁄m Cq Y[m Au±
YÙ›m ˘NÙodLm ˙Yfli˙PÙ
ÿt˙TÙdœf £kR˚]
l ˙LÙ´p ÿ›’m Li˙Pu ˛ EVo
˙LÙ◊Wm H±d Li˙Pu
˙RYÙß ˙RY˚] VÙu ˛ ˙RÙØ
˙R•Ÿm Li•X˙]
ÁTm C”Rp Li˙Pu ˛ æTm

—t± G”jRp Li˙Pu
BTjßp LÙlTY˚]j ˛ ˙RÙØ
Ae˙LVÙu Li•X˙]
Li‘dœ C≤V Li” ˛˛ U]˚Rd

LÙh•p A˚XVÆh”l
Ti¶”m È˚NVÙ˙X ˛ ˙RÙØ
TVu Jufl Cp˚XV•
Es[jßp Es[Ù]• ˛ A’ø

EQW ˙Yi”U•
Es[jßp LÙiTÙ˘V≤p ˛ ˙LÙÆp
Es˙[Ÿm LÙiTÙn A•
LÆ˚R CXdLQm
l Es[j’ Es[’ LÆ˚R ˛ CuTm
E⁄˘Y”lT’ LÆ˚R
˘Rs[j ˘R∞kR R™Øp ˛ Ei˚U
˘R¨k’˚WlT’ LÆ˚R
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˘NVp-TÙ-”L
- s
v UflUXof£ CVdLjßtœl ©tLÙX ÿl˘T⁄m LÆOoL∞u TeL∞l◊ œ±j’d

LXk’˚WVÙ”L.
v RWlTh•⁄dœm TÙPp TœßL∞u A•lT˚P´p TÙWß J⁄ ˙R£V LÆ Gu\
R˚Xl©p œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL
v TÙWßRÙN˚]l ◊Wh£d LÆ Gufl A˚ZlTRtLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[l Th•V≠”L.
v £flYo CXd°Vjßtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”jRYo LÆU¶ Gu\ ·t±˚]
NÙuflLÙh• ®fl‹L.
Cu‡m £X LÆOoLfim LÆ˚RLfim

R™rd LÆ˚RŸX°u ©tLÙXd LÆOoL∞p Gu˘\uflm ®˚]‹˘LÙs[jRdL Tj’d
LÆOoL∞u ˘TV˚Wf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
∏rY⁄m LÆ˚Rl TœßL˚[l TÙ•VYoLs VÙo? VÙo?

l R™Zu Gu˙\Ùo C]ÿi”
R≤˙V AYt˘LÙ⁄ œQÿi”
A™rRm AY]’ ˘UÙØVÙœm
Au˙T AY]’ YØVÙœm (SÙUdLp CWÙU≠eLm ©s˚[)
LÙ¤dœf ˘N⁄l◊™p˚X
LÙpY´tfld ·›™p˚X
TÙ›dœ E˚Zj˙RÙUPÙ Gu ˙RÙZ˙]
T˚NVtfll ˙TÙ˙]ÙUPÙ (TÙ. ÀYÙ]kRm)
Ei˚U J⁄SÙs ˘Y∞VÙœm ˛ Aßp
Es[eLs GpXÙm ˘R∞YÙœm
˘TÙfl˚U J⁄SÙs ◊≠VÙœm ˛ ARtœl
˘TÙnŸm ◊Wh”m T≠VÙœm (Th”d˙LÙh˚P LpVÙQ—kRWm)
GjR˚] ˙To N¨VÙLf ˘NÙu]ÙoLs?
£X LÆOoLfim LÆ˚RLfim
L”˘Y∞f £jRo
l ˚Y˙RÙ˚Wd ·P ˚YVÙ˙R
˚YVm ÿ›’m ˘TÙnjRÙ¤m ˘TÙnVÙ˙R
˚YV Æ˚]Ls ˘NnVÙ˙R ˛ Lp˚X
≈¶p T\˚Y Li¡ßp GnVÙ˙R
EUfll ◊XYo
l ß⁄Æ‡m ß⁄YÙn ˘TÙ⁄∞‡m ˘TÙ⁄[Ùnj
˘R∞Æ‡m ˘R∞YÙnf £\kR
l U⁄Æ‡m U⁄YÙn A‘Æ‡dœ A‘YÙn
UßjßPÙl ˙T˘WÙ∞ A˚]j’m
91
˘TÙ⁄Æ‡m ˘TÙ⁄YÙn Y•Æ‡m Y•YÙn
ÈRXj’ E˚\kR Tp¤´ü
L⁄Æ‡m L⁄YÙn ˘T⁄kRXm ◊WkR
L⁄jR˚]l ˘TÙ⁄k’Rp L⁄j˙R
Gf. H. °⁄xQ©s˚[
l Ru]¨V ß⁄˙U≤ N˚Rl◊i” RÆl˘Tnß
Tu]¨V TÙXT” T”Í˙TÙ’m T¨k˘RkRÙn
Cu]˘R] A±°pXÙo RÙm ˘NnR ßYo©˚Z˚V
Uu≤Ÿ˘Uufl A⁄hL≤YÙn UXokRÙoRm A⁄sYs[p
SkßdLXmTLm (Ëp)
l YÙ‡fl Uß˚V A˚PkR’ Eu YR]m
˚YVLm A˚PkR’ Eu ∏ojß
LÙ‡fl ◊≠˚V A˚PkR’ Eu ≈Wm
LtTLm A˚PkR’ Eu LWeLs
˙R‡fl UXWÙs A¨´Pm ˙NokRÙs
˘NkRZp ◊œkR’ Eu ˙U≤
VÙ‡m Gu L≠Ÿm GqÆPm ◊œ˙YÙm
Gk˚R˙V Skß SÙVL˙]
CWÙU≠eL A•Ls
l AlTÙ SÙu ˙Yi”Rp ˙LhP⁄s ◊¨Rp ˙Yi”m
B⁄óLh˘LpXÙm SÙu Au◊ ˘NVp ˙Yi”m
GlTÙ⁄m GlTRÿm GeL‘m SÙu ˘Nu˙\
Gk˚R ®]R⁄s ◊L˚Z CVm©Pp ˙Yi”m
˘NlTÙR ˙Up ®˚X˙Up —jR £Y UÙodLm
ßLrk˙RÙeL A⁄h˙NÙß ˘N¤jßPp ˙Yi”m
Rl˙T’ SÙu ˘N´‡m ø ˘TÙfljRp ˙Yi”m
R˚XYÙ ®˚]l ©¨VÙR ®˚X˚UŸm ˙Yi”Y˙]
R⁄ÿ £YWÙÿ
l ShNjßWeL˚[ ÆP
®˚\V˙Y ˙T—’
AYt±u C˚P˙VŸs[
C⁄s
R™r J∞
l ™u]p ™u≤ C• C•j’
˙ULm YkR’
˘UpX ˘UpX U˚Z©•j’
™L‹m ˘TnR’
Lu]eL¨V C⁄h” Yk’
LqÆd ˘LÙsfi’
92
LÙh” S¨˙TÙÌ˚[ ´h”d
LÙtfl YkR’
˙Yi”m ˙Yi”m Gufl U˚Z
¡i”m ˘LÙh”’
LiQRÙNu
l ˙TÙtflTYo ˙TÙt\h”m ◊›ß YÙ¨j
ÁtflTYo Át\h”m ˘RÙPok’ ˘Np˙Yu
Ht\˘RÙ⁄ L⁄j˚R G]’s[m Gu\Ùp
G”j’˚Wl˙Tu GYo Y¨‡m ®p˙Xu Ag˙Nu
£t©
l ˙TnU˚Zd LWeL∞u
©˚QlTfldL ˙Yi”˘U≤p
GkRd LiQu
Ceœl ©\kRÙp
˙LÙYojR]eLs
œ˚PVÙœm
˙RYULs
l Hu J’eœ°\Ùn
J’e°]Ùp
J’dLlT”YÙn
˘U¸]jßu ß˚W °Øj’
˘Y∞˙V YÙ
™u]XÙn J∞o
U˚ZVÙnl ˘TÙØ
©W[VUÙnl ˘T⁄d˘L”
˚Y˚Lf ˘NpÆ
l Gu ≈h” ˙WÙ_ÙlÈ
VÙ⁄˚PV ˙U˚_´˙XÙ
SÙu ˙LÙjR U¶UÙ˚X
Gl˘TÙm˚U L›jß˙XÙ
Gu ˙RÙhP U⁄RÙ¶
VÙ⁄˚PV ÆWpL∞˙XÙ
Gu ≈h”j ˘Ru]e∏tfl
VÙo YÙNp ˙RÙWQ˙UÙ
B]Ùp VÙo VÙ⁄d˙LÙ YW˙Yi•V
Y≠Ÿm
˙YR˚]Ÿm
’VWÿm
’dLÿm
93
Jh”˘UÙjRUÙn
G]d˙L
G]dœ Uh”mRÙu
ÿ. ˙UjRÙ
l Ge˘LpXÙm
UÙ‡Pm LÙVmT”°\˙RÙ
Ae˘LpXÙm Èdœm
N˙LÙRW ˙NÙLeL∞u
NoY˙R£VlÈdLs
˘NVp-TÙ-”L
- s
v ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LÆOoL∞u ÿd°VUÙ] J⁄ LÆ˚R˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”j’

ÆUoN]m ˘NnL. LÆO˚WŸm LÆ˚R˚VŸm A±ÿLlT”jßd œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL.
v LÆOoL∞u TPeLs, œ±l◊Ls ˙NL¨j’ TPj˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdœL.
v Jufl ÿRp H› Y˚W´XÙ] TÙPl◊jRLeL∞p CPm˘Tflm LÆ˚RL˚[f

—˚YTP Yœl©p ˘Y∞lT”jR‹m. AYt±u R≤jRu˚ULs ˘Y∞¬h” ÿ˚\
C˚Y GpXÙd LÙXeL∞¤m J˙W˙TÙp C⁄k’s[]YÙ? ÆYÙßdL‹m.
LÆ˚R Lt©jRp
l Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
l LÆ˚R Lt©jR≠u N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\˚V A±°\ÙoLs
l LÆ˚R Lt©jR≠u ˙SÙdLj˚R A±°\ÙoLs
l R™r CXd°Vjßu ÿd°VUÙ] J⁄ Y˚LlTÙ”RÙu LÆ˚R. YÙrd˚Lú Tp˙Yfl
·flL∞u ˘Y∞lTÙ” LÆ˚RT•dœm BoYj˚Rj Ái”°\’.
LÆ˚R Tt±l Tp˙Yfl L⁄j’Ls Es[].

l ˙Rok˘R”jR ˘NÙtL˚[f N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p A”dœY˙R LÆ˚R
l J⁄ ˘UÙØú AZ˚LŸm Bt\˚XŸm ˘Y∞lT”j’Y’ LÆ˚R
l A›jRUÙ] EQo‹L∞u CVpTÙ] ˘Y∞lTÙ˙P LÆ˚R
l Es[j’ Es[’ LÆ˚R ˛ CuTm
E⁄˘Y”lT’ LÆ˚R (LÆU¶)
l LÆ˚R Lt\≠u ˙SÙdLeLs
l CW£l◊j Ru˚U˚V ˙UmT”j’Rp

l LÆ˚R˚V YÙ£j’m ˘NÙp≠Ÿm, ˙Lh”m B]kRU˚PV œZk˚RL[Ùp CVX˙Yi”m.
94
l LÆ˚RL∞u AZ°Vp Ru˚U˚Vd LiP±k’ AZœQof£˚V Y[ojRp
l LtT˚]j ß\˚] Y[ojRp
l ÿd°VUÙ] LÆ˚Rl TœßL˚[ U]]m ˘NnRp
(œ±l©hP TÙPpY¨L˚[ U]lTÙPm ˘NnRp GuT’ CRu ˙SÙdLUpX. YÙ£dL‹m,
˘NÙpX‹m ˙LhL‹m ˘NnYRÙp SpX LÆ˚Rl TœßLs CVpTÙL U]ßp
TßV˙Yi”m)
l EXL CXd°VeL˚[Ÿm CXd°V B£¨VoL˚[Ÿm A±ÿLUÙRp
(˘Yq˙Yfl ˘UÙØL∞u, SÙ”L∞u LÆ˚Rl T˚Pl◊L˚[ YÙ£j’ Cu◊\ YÙnl◊Ls
E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m)
l —VUÙLd LÆ˚R G›’Rp
(Tp˙Yfl LÆ˚RL˚[ YÙ£j’, LÆ˚Rd ·flL˚[d LiP±k’, ˘UÙØS˚P,
˘Y∞¬h”ÿ˚\, Eh˘TÙ⁄s ˙TÙu\Yt±u ÷‘dLeL˚[ A±k’ LÆ˚R T˚Pdœm
®˚X´p œZk˚RL˚[ FdLlT”jR˙Yi”m)
G∞V, C≤V, £±V LÆ˚RLs ˘LÙ”j’ T•dLf ˘Nn’ UÙQYoL˚[ FdLlT”jRXÙm;

LÆ˚R T˚Pdœm ß\˚] Y[ojRXÙm. AYWYo LtT˚]j ß\‡dœm L⁄j’j ß\‡dœm
HtTd LÆ˚R T˚Pdœm Bt\˚Xj Ái•ÆP ˙Yi”m.
TÙPjßhP UÙß¨
l LÆ˚R
Au˚]˚V ˙Yi”Rp
l Gi¶V ÿ•Rp ˙Yi”m
SpX˙Y GiQp ˙Yi”m
ßi¶V ˘SgNm ˙Yi”m
˘R∞kR SpX±‹ ˙Yi”m
Ti¶V TÙY˘UpXÙm
T¨ßÿu T≤˙V ˙TÙX
Si¶V ®uÿu Ceœ
S£jßPp ˙Yi”m Au]Ùn (TÙWßVÙo)
l L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi•V˚Y

Lt©jRp TœlTÙn‹
l A•lT˚Pf ˘NnßLs
l ®flY]jßu ˘TVo
l Yœl◊ ˛ SÙuœ
l B£¨V UÙQY≤u ˘TVo
l TÙPm ˛ R™r
l AXœ / TÙPlTLß (LÆ˚R)
l ˙SWm ˛ 5 ©¨˙Y˚[
95
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
l G∞˚UVÙ] LÆ˚RLs YÙ£j’ W£jRp
l LÆ˚RL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’, AYt±u G’˚L, ˙UÙ˚] ˙TÙu\ LÆ˚Rd ·flLs
Utflm AZ°Vp Ru˚UL˚[ A±Rp
l LÆ˚Rdœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] K˚N SVj˚Rd LiP±k’ ˘Y∞lT”jRp (TÙ”Rp)
l LÆ˚Rl TœßL˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘NnRp, —V LÆ˚R G›’Rp
L⁄j’
l LÆ˚Rú ˚UVdL⁄j˚Rd LiP±k’ ˘Y∞lT”jRp
˘UÙØVZœ
l G›j’dLs / ˘NÙtLs ¡i”m ¡i”m Y⁄Rp LÆ˚Rdœ AZœ R⁄m (G’˚L,
˙UÙ˚], C˚V◊) (Gi¶V, ßi¶V . . . . . . . )
l LÆ˚R´p CPm˘Tflm £X ˘NÙtL∞u R≤jRu˚U
l .............................................................................
l .............................................................................
Lt\p L⁄ÆLs
l TÙPËp
l LÆ˚R ˛ œflkRh”
l LÆ˚Rj ˘RÙPoTÙ] TPm
l TœlTÙn‹d œ±l◊
T˚Pl◊Ls
l TœlTÙn‹d œ±l◊
l WN˚]d œ±l◊
l TPeLs
l ÆUoN]d œ±l◊
E⁄YÙL ˙Yi•V Ußl◊Ls / U]®˚XLs

l SpX U]m E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m
l U] Eflß ˙Yi”m
l Sp˘XiQeLs Y[W ˙Yi”m
96
AXœ ˛ 3
SU’ ˘UÙØ ˛ E˚WS˚PŸm E˚WS˚P Lt©jR¤m
ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls
l R™rf £flL˚Rdœ Y[UÙ] J⁄ YWXÙfl Ei”.
l Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙXLhPjß¤m £flL˚RLfidœ AYt±u Es[PdLjß¤m E⁄Yjß¤m

L˚R ˘NÙp¤m ÿ˚\´¤m ˘UÙØl TVuTÙh•¤m UÙt\eLs HtTh”s[].
l LRÙ£¨VoLs ReLs A‡TYeLs, ®˚]‹Ls, U]®˚X B°VYt˚\ ˘Y∞lT”jR

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘Y∞¬h” EjßL˚[l TVuT”j’°u\]o.
l G∞˚U, AZ°Vp, YÙrÆVp, Ui¶u UQm CYtflPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙL˙Y

£flL˚RL∞u ˘UÙØS˚P A˚UŸm.
l L˚R ˘NÙpXp, TÙ˚YL˚[l TVuT”jßd L˚R ·\p, TPeL˚[d LÙh•d L˚R

·\p, L˚Rl◊WÙQm ˙TÙu\ ˘Yq˙Yfl EjßL∞p L˚RLs ˘NÙpXlT”°u\].
l R™r SÙYpL∞u YWXÙfl
l Tp˙Yfl LÙXLhPeL∞p ˚UpLtL[ÙL A˚UkR SÙYpLfim AYt±u £\l◊Lfim
l ˙Rok˘R”dLlThP SÙYpL∞u ˘Y∞¬h”ÿ˚\, ˚UVdL⁄j’, ˘UÙØS˚P,

TÙjßWlT˚Pl◊f £\l◊Ls
l ÆUoN] (ß\]Ùn‹) CXd°VeLs œ±jR TÙo˚Y
l TÙPË≠p A˚Ukß⁄dœm ˙YflThP ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs
l ˘Yq˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p G›RlThP TVQd Lh”˚WLs/ËpLs
l —VYWXÙflLs, YÙrd˚L YWXÙflLs, ®˚]‹dœ±l◊Ls
l ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPlTœßLs, B£¨Vo ˚L˙V”Ls
l E˚WS˚P Lt©jRp A‘œÿ˚\
l Es[PdLm
l ˘UÙØV˚Ul◊
£flL˚R
£X R≤lThP Ti◊Ls (R≤˚U, EQof£, L”˚UVÙ] „r®˚X, Es[›jRm) A˚UkR
L˚RL˙[ SpX £flL˚RL[Ùœm G]f £Xo ·fl°u\]o. B]Ùp ˙Yfl£Xo, CVpTÙ]’m
G∞˚UVÙ]’UÙ] CXd°V Y•Y˙U £flL˚RLs Gu°u\]o. B]Ùp £±V L˚RLs GpXÙ˙U
£flL˚RLs ApX GuTßp L⁄j’ ˙YflTÙ•p˚X.
97
£flL˚R ˘RÙPoTÙ] £X TÙo˚YLs
l ◊\m ApX’ ALm ˘RÙPoTÙ] J⁄ œ±l©hP ®Lr˚Yd LtT˚]j ß\‡Pu

T˚PdLlT”Y’ £flL˚R
l G∞VRÙ]Ù¤m YÙrd˚L A‡TYj˚R ApX’ ®Lr˚Y EQof£LWUÙL ˘Y∞´”m

£flL˚Rdœ ÆjßVÙNUÙ] R[m ˙R˚Y´p˚X. J⁄ £flL˚R J˙W˘VÙ⁄ L⁄j˚R
˚UV™h˙P A˚UV˙Yi”m.
l £flL˚R, ®Lr‹L˚[d LÙXY¨˚NlT”jß A”dœY’ ApX. J⁄ ®Lr˚Y ÿR≠p

A±ÿLlT”jßl ©u]o ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m ®Lr‹L∞u Y´XÙL ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹
LÙQlT”°\’.
l £flL˚R ™L‹m LY]j’Pu E⁄YÙdLlT”m J⁄ ˘UÙØf £tTm Gu˙\ ·\XÙm.

TÙo˚Yd ˙LÙQm, T•Um, ˘UÙØV˚Ul◊ ˙TÙu\ ·flLfidœ £flL˚R ÿd°Vj’Ym
A∞d°\’. AjR˚LV L˚RL∞p G›jRÙ[≤u R≤jRu˚U˚Vd LÙQÿ•Ÿm.
l PÙof£≠⁄k’ J∞ F”⁄Æf ˘NpY’˙TÙp J⁄ £±V Gp˚Xdœs N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p

J∞˚Vf ˘N¤j’L; Aeœs[ CVpTÙ] LÙh£˚Vj ˘R∞YÙLd LÙh”L. C’ £flL˚RVÙp
CVX˙Yi”m.
L˚Rú L˚R
l LtLÙXjßp CW‹ ˙SWeL∞p U≤Ru Ad°≤ œiPj˚Rf —t±´⁄k’
˘NÙpXlThP˚YRÙu BßLÙXf £flL˚RLs.
l °.ÿ.SÙuLÙm Ët\Ùi•p ˙RÙu±V C⁄ N˙LÙRWoLs.
l °.ÿ. B\Ùm Ët\Ùi•p °˙WdL SÙh•p G›RlThPRÙLd L⁄RlT”m D˙NÙl◊d

L˚RLs
l ◊jR˘T⁄UÙ≤u ÿt©\ÆLs œ±j’s[RÙLd L⁄RlT”m _ÙRLd L˚RLs
l °.©.300˛dœ 500˛dœm C˚P˙V ˙RÙu±VRÙLd L⁄RlT”m TgNRkßWd L˚RLs
l ˙NÙU ˙YR LÆú LRÙN¨j NÙLWm
l ˚T©s (ÆÆ≠V) L˚RLs
l A˙W©Vd L˚RLs
l C˚Y˘VpXÙm TZeLÙXf £flL˚RL∞u Y•YeLs
l YÙn˘UÙØVÙLd L˚R˘NÙp¤m UW◊ Ti”˘RÙh˙P C⁄k’ Y⁄°\’.
l R™Øp HWÙ[UÙ] SÙh”l◊\ ˛ YÙn˘UÙØd L˚RLs Es[].
l TZkR™r CXd°VeL∞¤m L˚Rd ·flL˚[d LÙQÿ•Ÿm.
98
l £flL˚Rú A•lT˚Pl Ti◊ GuT’ R≤˚URÙu. J⁄ ®Lr‹, J⁄ LRÙTÙjßWm,
J⁄ EQof£, J⁄ ®˚X B°VYt±p Fu±VRÙL˙Y £flL˚R C⁄dL˙Yi”m.
R≤˚UjRu˚U˚V CZk’ÆPÙUp ˚UVd L⁄j˚R SÙPLj Ru˚UŸPu Y[Wf
˘NnYRÙL £flL˚RLs A˚UV˙Yi”m.
l J⁄ £flL˚Rú £\l◊ ARu øh£´p A˚UYßp˚X. Es[PdLÿm ˘Y∞¬h”

ÿ˚\ŸmRÙu J⁄ £flL˚R˚d L˚XjRu˚U E˚PVRÙdœ°u\’.
l £flL˚R R≤˚UlThPY≤u œWp G]XÙm.
E˚WS˚P
Ti˚PdLÙXjßp CXd°Vl T˚Pl◊Ls Uh”UpX, ˙NÙßPm, U⁄j’Ym Utflm Lh•PdL˚X

˙TÙu\ ©\ L˚XLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NnßLfim LÆ˚R Y•Æ˙X˙V G›RlThP]. B]Ù¤m
E˚WS˚P Y•Ym CpXÙU≠p˚X. Ti˚PV Lp˘Yh”Ls ˘Nl˙T”Ls ÿRXÙ] NÙN]eLs
˙TÙu\Yt±p E˚WS˚P Y•˚Yd LÙQÿ•°u\’. TÙh”, E˚W, Ëp, YÙn˘UÙØ, ©£, AeLRm,
ÿ’˘NÙp Gu‡m H› Y˚LVÙ] CXd°Vl TÙœTÙ”L∞p ˘RÙpLÙl©Vo E˚W˚VŸm
Es[Pd°´⁄lT’ LY≤dLjRdL’. E˚WS˚P ˙Tf—YZd°p Uh”˙U C⁄kß⁄dL˙Yi”m.
G›j’ S˚PVÙLd LÆ˚R Y•Y˙U ©uTt\lTh” YkR’. TZkR™r CXdLQ CXd°V
E˚WVÙ£¨VoLs E˚WS˚P Y•Yj˚R˙V ©uTt±]o.
Tß˙]ZÙm Ët\Ùi•p I˙WÙl©VoL∞u Y⁄˚Ldœl ©u]oRÙu R™ZLjßp E˚WS˚P

◊ßV TÜÙQj˚Rl ˘Tt\’ G]XÙm. LÆ˚R S˚Pdœl TßXÙL E˚WS˚P G›j’Y•Æp
CPm˘T\j ˘RÙPe°V’. NUVm TWlT YkR ˘Y∞SÙhPÙo E˚WS˚PVÙL˙Y ReLs ˘NnßL˚[l
TWl©]o. CYoLfis CWÙToh • ˘SÙ©≠ œ±l©PjRdLYo. CYW’ NUVl T˚Pl◊Ls °±jRY
NUVm œ±jR ÿRp E˚WS˚P CXd°VeL[ÙLd L⁄RlT”°u\]. AYtfls UkßWUÙ˚X,
Rj’Yd LiQÙ•, ˙N—SÙRo N¨jßWm B°V˚Y œ±l©PjRdL˚Y. R™r E˚WS˚P Y[of£´p
©˘Wg— AW£u∏r R˚X˚U A˚UfNWÙL C⁄kR B]kRWeLm ©s˚[ú SÙhœ±l◊m
E˚WS˚PY•Æp ◊’˚UVÙ]RÙœm.
Af— CVkßWjßu A±ÿLm R™r E˚WS˚P Y[of£dœl ˘T¨’m ’˚Q◊¨kR’. Af—

CVkßWjßu Y⁄˚LVÙp Tjß¨˚LLs, CRrLs ÿRXÙ] G›j’ FPLeLs ˘T¨R[‹
TWYXÙ´]. C’ LÙWQUÙL E˚WS˚P G›j’m ˙YLUÙL Y[of£V˚PkR’Pu LÆ˚Rú
CPj˚RŸm E˚WS˚P ©•j’d˘LÙiP’. CqYÙ\ÙL E˚WS˚Pú ˙RÙt\ÿm Af—
CVkßWjßu A±ÿLÿm Be°X ˘UÙØ CXd°Vjßu ˘NpYÙdœm R™r ˘UÙØú ˙Tf—
YZd°¤m G›j’ ÿ˚\´¤m TX UÙt\eLfidœd LÙWQUÙ´]. Tjß¨˚LL∞u ˙RÙt\m
◊’Y˚LVÙ] L⁄j’l TÜÙt\jßtœd LÙWQUÙ´tfl. Ck®˚X´p R™Øp ◊’˚UVÙL Y[okR
C⁄ Y•YeLs L˚RŸm Lh”˚WŸm. L˚R Y˚L´p £flL˚RŸm SÙY¤m ˙U¤m Ru
YWXÙflLfim TVQ CXd°VeLfim Bœm.
99
R™rf £flL˚R
ÿu˙]Ù•Ls R™rf £flL˚RLs
RÙiPYWÙV ÿR≠VÙ¨≠⁄k’ ™Ll TZeLÙXjß≠⁄k˙R YÙn˘UÙØVÙLd L˚R
˘NpYd˙LNYWÙV ÿR≠VÙo ˘NÙp¤m YZdLm C⁄k’Yk’s[’. Af—
Y˚W´p £±’ £±RÙLj ’∞oÆh” CVkßWjßu Y⁄˚LŸm E˚WS˚P Y[of£Ÿm
Y[okR £flL˚R UW◊. C⁄TRÙm AjR˚LV L˚RLs Af—Y•Æp ˘Y∞YWd
Ët\Ùi•u BWmTjßp UXok’ LÙWQUÙ´tfl. CqY˚L´p Af£p ˘Y∞YkR ÿRp
UQm ≈Nj ˘RÙPe°V’. CR]Ùp £flL˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊ ≈WUÙÿ≤Yo (1680 ˛ 1749) G›ßV
R™rf £flL˚R YWXÙt±p J⁄ TWUÙojRœ⁄Æu L˚R Bœm. C’ ≈WUÙÿ≤Yü
UXof£ HtThP’. UÙRYnVÙ, WÙ_m UWQjßtœl ©u 1822˛Cp Af£PlThP’.
AnVo, TÙWßVÙo, Y.˙Y.— AnVo C˚RV”j’ 1826˛Cp RÙiPYWÙV ÿR≠VÙo GuTYo
B°˙VÙo CdLÙXLhPjßp £\kR ˙NÙUNuUÙÆu TgNRkßWd L˚RLs Gu\ Ë˚X
£flL˚R B£¨VoL[ÙL UWÙjß´≠⁄k’ R™Øp ˘UÙØ˘TVoj’ ˘Y∞´hPÙo.
Æ[e°]o. CY˙W C˙R Bi•p (1826) LRÙNÙLWm Gu‡m
YP˘UÙØd L˚Rj ˘RÙœl©≠⁄k’ £X L˚RL˚[j
Y.˙Y.— AnVo (1881 ˛ 1925) ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ LRÙUgN¨ Gu\ ˘TV¨p ˘Y∞´hPÙo.
ÿRuÿRXÙLf £flL˚Rdœ¨V ˘RÙPok’ SÙh•p YÙn˘UÙØVÙL YZe°YkR L˚RLs
L˚X Y•Yj˚Rl ˙TÙt±, £\kR TX‹m Af— Y•Æp ˘Y∞YkR]. DNÙl©u øßd
L˚Xl T˚Pl◊L˚[j R™›dœj L˚RLs (1853), UR] LÙUWÙ_u L˚R (1855),
RkRYo Y.˙Y.— AnVo GuTÙoLs. U´pWÙYQu L˚R (1868), LRÙ £kRÙU¶ (1876)
R™rf £flL˚R´p E⁄Yf B°V˚Y œ±l©PjRdL˚Y. C˚Y RÆW
˘Nm˚UŸm EQof£f ˘N›˚UŸm ˘R¤e°¤m Lu]Pjß¤m YZe°YkR ˘R]Ù≠WÙUu
˘LÙi” YkRY⁄m CY˙W L˚R, U¨VÙ˚RWÙUu L˚R ˙TÙu\ L˚RLfim R™Øp
GuTÙoLs. CR]Ùp CY˚Wj AfNÙ´].
R™rf £flL˚Rú Rk˚R Guflm AdLÙXjßp ˘Y∞YkR ˘T⁄mTÙu˚UVÙ]
˘NÙpY’i”. CYW’ L˚RLfim ˘TÙ›’˙TÙdœd L˚RL[ÙL˙Y C⁄kR].
Ue˚LVodLW£ú LÙRp (1927) UdLfidœ SpX] ˙TÙßdœm L˚RL[ÙL
£flL˚Rú GpXÙ AojRj˙RÙ”m C⁄dLÆp˚X. 1869 Bm Bi” NRÙ£Ym ©s˚[
·•V ˘RÙPdLUÙL A˚UkR’. GuTYo RÙm G›ßV L˚RL∞p SÙtT’ L˚RL˚[j
AnVo AYoL∞u œ[jReL˚W ˘RÙœj’ Su˘]±d LRÙNe°WLm Gu\ ˘TV¨p
AWNUWm Gu‡m £flL˚R TX⁄m ˘Y∞´hPÙo. CYW’ L˚RLs TiTÙh•p
TÙWÙh•l ˙T£V J⁄ £flL˚R. J⁄ Su˘]±˚Vl ˙TÙßdœm L˚RL[ÙL C⁄kR].
SpX £flL˚Rdœ¨V Ejß, R™rf £flL˚R YWXÙt±p TX⁄m œ±l©”m J⁄
EQof£, AZœ GpXÙm Cßp ˘RÙœl◊ Æ˙SÙRWN UgN¨. CRu B£¨Vo ≈WÙNÙ™
A˚Ukß⁄dLd LÙQXÙm. ˘Nh•VÙo. 1876 Cp Cj˘RÙœl◊ ◊jRLUÙL
A. UÙRYnVÙ (1872 ˛ 1925) ˘Y∞YkR’. AdLÙXjßp Æ˙YL £kRÙU¶ (1892),
BWmTjßp SÙYpLs G›ßV Æ˙YL ˙TÙß≤ (1908) B°V CRrLs HWÙ[UÙ]
© u ] o £ fl L ˚ R d œ Y k R Y o £flL˚RL˚[ ˘Y∞´hP].
100
A. UÙRYnVÙ. ∂k’ Be°Xl Tjß¨˚L´p YÙWm J⁄ L˚RVÙL C⁄Tj˙R› £flL˚RLs
G›ß]Ùo. 1924 Cp Cd L˚RL∞p Tß]Ùfl L˚RL˚[j ˙Rok˘R”j’j RÙ˙U R™Øp
˘UÙØ˘TVoj’, œ£Lo œh•dL˚RLs Gu\ R˚Xl©p ˘Y∞´hPÙo. UÙRYnVÙÆu ˘TV˚W
Guflm ®˚X®flj’YRÙL A˚UkR’ œ£Lo œh•dL˚R Gu‡m L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊. ©tLÙXjßp
CYo R™r˙SNu, TgNÙ™oRm ˙TÙu\ CRrL∞p ™L SpX L˚RL˚[ G›ß]Ùo.
TÙWßVÙo (1882 ˛ 1921)

ULÙLÆ TÙWßŸm TX £flL˚RLs G›ßŸs[Ùo. Be°X˘UÙØl TZdLjßu RÙdLjRÙp CYo
L˚RLs G›ß]Ùo Gufl ˘NÙpYo. E˚WS˚P´p G∞˚UŸm ◊’˚UŸm ˙NojR’ Uh”Uu±
TXlTX Y•YeL∞¤m ˙NÙR˚] ˘NnRYo TÙWß. AW£Vp, NUVm, CXd°Vm, NÍLm,
ÆgOÙ]m G]l TX ’˚\Ls NÙokR L⁄j’L˚[j Rm L˚RLfidœl TÙ”˘TÙ⁄[Ùd°VYo
CYo. ˙Y‘ ÿR≠ Æ£jßWm, UuURWÙ¶, È˙XÙLWm˚T, BY¶ AÆhPm, vYoQœUÙ¨,
B±p J⁄Teœ G]l TX L˚RLs G›ßŸs[Ùo. TÙWßVÙo L˚RL˚[ Æ£jßWUÙ]
˘TÙ›’˙TÙdœd L˚RLs Gu˙\ ˘NÙpXXÙm.
U¶d˘LÙ•d LÙXm (1933 ˛ 1947)

R™rf £flL˚R YWXÙt±p U¶d˘LÙ• Gu\ ˘TVo U\dL ÿ•VÙR Ju\Ùœm. ˙L. ∫≤YÙNu
GuTYWÙp 1933 Cp U¶d˘LÙ• Gu\ ˘TV¨p Ko CRr ˘RÙPeLlThP’. CqÆR›dœ Y. WÙ.
TßlTÙ£¨VWÙL C⁄kRÙo. £flL˚Rl T˚Pl©p TX ◊ßV ÿVt£L˚[j ˘RÙPe°˚YjR ˘T⁄˚U
CkR CR›dœ Ei”. ©.Gv. CWÙ˚UVÙ, ◊’˚Ul©jRu, S. ©fNÍojß, Y.WÙ., œ.T.WÙ_˙LÙTÙXu.
£.—.˘NpXlTÙ, £RmTW —l©WU¶Vu, XÙ.N.WÙUÙ™oRm B°˙VÙo U¶d˘LÙ•´p ˘RÙPok’
£flL˚RLs G›ß YkR]o. CYoLs U¶d˘LÙ• G›jRÙ[oLs Gufl A˚ZdLlThP]o.
◊’˚Ul©jRu (1906 ˛ 1948)

R™rf £flL˚Rú Nd°WYojß Gufl A±VlT”TYo ◊’˚Ul©jRu. CYW’ CVt˘TVo ˘NÙ.
Æ⁄jRÙfNXm. ˘TV⁄dœ Ht\Ùt˙TÙp £flL˚Rl T˚Pl◊L∞p ◊’˚UL˚[d LÙh•VYo CYo.
CYo C⁄Ëfldœm AßLUÙ] L˚RLs G›ßŸs[Ùo. L˚RLs ÿ›Y’m H› ˘RÙœßL[ÙL
˘Y∞Yk’s[]. ◊’˚Ul©jRu L˚RLs, ◊ßV J∞, LÙgN˚], Aufl CW‹, Bi˚U, ÆT√R
B˚N GuT] AYW’ L˚Rj ˘RÙœßLs. CYW’ L˚RL∞p ˘TÙu]LWm, LÙX‡m °ZÆŸm,
LP‹fim LkRNÙ™l ©s˚[Ÿm, L´t\W‹ ˙TÙu\˚Y ™L‹m TÙWÙhPl˘Tt\ L˚RLs. NÍLf
∫WØ‹L˚[ AeLRf —˚YŸPu ˘NÙp≠f ˘NpT˚Y CYW’ L˚RLs. AeLRf —˚Y
◊’˚Ul©jRu L˚RL∞u R≤ ÿjß˚W Gu˙\ ˘NÙpXXÙm.
˘U¸≤ (1907)
Gv. U¶ Gu\ CVt˘TVo ˘LÙiP ˘U¸≤ C⁄T’ L˚RLs Uh”˙U G›ßŸs[Ùo. B]Ùp
R™rf £flL˚R YWXÙt±p AØVÙl ◊Lr ˘Tt\Yo. CYW’ LßLs AØVÙf—Po Gu\ R˚Xl©p
1959 Cp ˘Y∞´PlThP’. ˘U¸≤ú L˚RLs R™r CXd°V EX°u Y[of£lT•L∞p
Ju\ÙL A˚UYRÙLd ·flYo. Es[jßtœm BuUÙ‹dœm C˚P˙V SPdœm ALYVl
˙TÙWÙhPjßu ˘Y∞lTÙPÙL CYW’ L˚RL˚[d œ±l©”Yo. R™rf £flL˚Rú ß⁄ÍXo
Guflm CY˚Wd œ±l©”Yo. CYW’ ÿRpL˚R Hu, ˘LÙgNÁWm, LÙRpNÙ˚X, U]d˙LÙXm
˙TÙu\˚Y œ±l©PjRdL L˚RLs.
101
Lp° (1899 ˛ 1954)
£X U¶d˘LÙ• G›jRÙ[oLfim L˚RLfim
CYW’ CVt˘TVo CWÙ. °⁄xQÍojß.
l œ.T.WÙ_˙LÙTÙXu ˛ L]LÙmTWm,
£flL˚R˚V A˚]j’j RWl◊ UdLfim
◊]o˘_uUm, LÙQÙU˙X ˙TÙ] LÙRp
Æ⁄m©l T•dœm Ko CXd°V FPLUÙL
UÙt±VYo Lp°. R™Øp YÙ£l◊jRu˚U l S.©fNÍojß ˛ Tß˘]hPÙm ˘T⁄dœ,
UÙeLÙnjR˚X, _mT⁄m ˙Yx•Ÿm
Y[Wf ˘NnRYoL∞p ÿd°VUÙ] J⁄
Teœdœ E¨VYo Lp°. CYW’ ÿRp l ß._Ù]°WÙUu ˛ £Yl◊ ¨d`Ù, LUXm
£flL˚R NÙW˚Rú RkßWm 1931 Cp
l S.£RmTW —l©WU¶Vm ˛ NdWYÙLm,
˘Y∞YkR’. CYW’ G›j’dLÙL˙Y „¨VLÙkß
CYo T¶VÙt±V CRrLs
l XÙ.N.WÙUÙ™oRm ˛ LeLÙ, _]≤,
AßLlT•VÙL ÆtT˚] B´].
Tf˚NdL]‹, AgN≠
˘RÙPdL LÙXjßp B]kRÆLP≤p
T¶VÙt±V CYo, ©u]o Lp° Gu\ U¶d˘LÙ•d LÙXjßtœl ©u
CR˚Z BWm©jRÙo. l U¶d˘LÙ• CRØp G›ßV G›jRÙ[oLs
Lp°ú L˚RL∞p S˚Lf—˚Y Uh”Uu± A˙R LÙXLhPjßp ˙Yfl TX
C˚Z˙VÙ”m, Gs[p YØk˙RÙ”m, CRrL∞p G›ßV £\kR £flL˚R
œflm◊Ls Gh•lTÙoLœm, Y⁄Q˚]Ls G›jRÙ[oLfim C⁄kR]o. AYoL∞p
œ±l©PjRdLYoLs Lp°, A°Xu
Sm˙UÙ” ˙T—m, ø˙WÙ˚PLs ®˚\kR
˙TÙu\YoLs.
LÙh•p —t±jß¨kR A‡TYj˚R CYW’
L˚RL∞p ˘T\XÙm GuTo. YWXÙtfl SÙYpLs G›’Yß¤m CYo Ru≤LWtfl Æ[e°]Ùo.
A°Xu (1922 ˛ 1988)

A°XÙiPm G‡m CVt˘TVo ˘LÙiPYo. R™rf £flL˚R YWXÙt±p ÿd°VUÙLd
œ±l©PjRdLYoL∞p J⁄Yo. CYW’ L˚RL∞p TXRWlThP TÙ”˘TÙ⁄sL˚[d LÙQÿ•Ÿm.
œ”mT YÙrd˚Lú Tp˙Yfl £dLpL˚[j ß\mTPd ˚LVÙiPYo A°Xu. SpX˚R˙V
G›R˙Yi”m, SpXÿ˚\´p G›R˙Yi”m Gu‡m ˘LÙs˚Lú A•lT˚P´p G›ßVYo
CYo. CYW’ L˚RLs 14 ˘RÙœßL[ÙL ˘Y∞Yk’s[]. AYtfls AUWÙYßd L˚W´p,
˘NeL⁄m◊, YØ ©\kR’, œZk˚R £¨jR’, J⁄˙Y˚[f ˙NÙfl, NjßV B˙YNm, T£Ÿm ⁄£Ÿm
˙TÙu\˚Y œ±l©PjRdL˚Y. OÙ]¿Pm Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\Yo.
œ. AZ°¨NÙ™ (1923 ˛ 1970)

ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠ UÙYhPj˚Rf NÙokRYo. CYW’ L˚RLs UW◊ YØThP˚Y. CYW’ L˚RLs
˘UpX˙Y Æ¨k’ ˘NpT˚Y. G≤‡m YÙNLü U]ßp N≠l˚T˙VÙ BoYd œ˚\˚Y˙VÙ
HtT”j’Yßp˚X. S˚Lf—˚Y EQo˚YŸm CYW’ L˚RL∞p LÙQÿ•Ÿm. £¨dLÆp˚X,
AuT∞l◊, LtTL Æ⁄hNm B°V˚Y CYW’ œ±l©PjRdL £flL˚Rj ˘RÙœßLs.
S≈]f £flL˚RLs
˘T⁄mTÙ¤m UW◊YØ´p ˘Nufl˘LÙi•⁄kR £flL˚RL˚[ NÍLjßp A•UhP ®˚X´p
YÙ›m UdL∞u L˚RL[ÙL UÙtflm J⁄ ÿVt£ ©tLÙXjßp HtThP’. CYoL∞p
œ±l©PjRdLYo ˘_VLÙkRu.
102
˘_VLÙkRu (1934 ˛ 2015)
ÿd°VUÙ] £X £flL˚R G›jRÙ[oLs
R™rf £flL˚R EX°p ˘T⁄m
l Yp≠dLiQu
˘NpYÙdœl ˘Tt\ G›jRÙ[o
l £RmTW —l©WU¶Vm
˘_VLÙkRu. 1950 ˛ 60 LÙXLhPjßp
NWvYß Gu‡m CRØp L˚R G›ß R™r l £.—.˘NpXlTÙ
T˚Pl◊X°p A±ÿLUÙ]Yo. H˚Z l WœSÙRu
G∞VYoLs, UjßVRW Yœl©]o, EVo l A˙NÙL™jßWu
œ•´]o Gufl A˚]j’j RWl◊ UdL∞u l —kRW WÙUNÙ™
YÙrd˚L ®˚XL˚[Ÿm ™L‹m l —_ÙRÙ
GRÙojRUÙL Y˚Wk’ LÙh”Yßp l øX TjUSÙTu
YpXYWÙLj ßLrkRYo ˘_VLÙkRu.
l LkRoYu
TÙjßWlT˚Pl◊, Y⁄Q˚], ©u◊Xm,
l R‡x˙LÙ• WÙUNÙ™
˘UÙØS˚P Gu‡m GpXÙ ®˚XL∞¤m
ÿjß˚W TßjRYo. CYo £flL˚Rú l YiQRÙNu
E⁄Yj˚RÆP ˚UVd L⁄j’dœ l °.WÙ_SÙWÙVQu
ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”j’ L˚R G›ßVYo. l ˙UXÙi˚U ˘TÙu‡fNÙ™
R™rf £flL˚Rú Y[of£dœm ß˚N l ˙RÙl©p ÿLmU’ ¡WÙu
UÙt\jßtœm CYW’ Teœ l ßƒl œUÙo
œ±l©PjRdL’. CY˚Wf £flL˚R Uu]o l TÙ.˘_Vl©WLÙNm
Gufl œ±l©”Y’ ™L‹m
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]˙R. ERVm, J⁄©• ˙NÙfl,
C≤l◊m L¨l◊m, ˙RYu Y⁄YÙWÙ, ŸLNkß, Ei˚U —”m, ◊ßV Y[ol◊Ls, œ⁄¿Pm ˙TÙu\˚Y
CYW’ œ±l©PjRdL £flL˚RLs. OÙ]¿Pm Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\Yo.
B. UÙRYu
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wj˚Rf NÙokRYo. NÙ°jV AdLÙR™ Æ⁄’ ˘Tt\Yo. CYW’ £flL˚RLs
GRÙojRUÙ]˚Y. £dLXÙ] ©Wf£˚]L˚[Ÿm —t± Y˚[dLÙUp ˙SW•VÙL G”j’f ˘NÙpTYo.
L˚Pj˘R⁄˚Y ˚UVUÙd° CYo G›ßV L˚RLs ˘T¨’m TÙWÙhPl˘Tt\˚Y. B˚]fNkRm,
A˙W©Vd œß˚W, ˙UÙLTpXÆ, L˚Pj˘R⁄ L˚RLs ˙TÙu\˚Y CYW’ ÿd°VUÙ] £flL˚Rj
˘RÙœßLs. ˘UÙjR £flL˚RLfim J˙W ˘RÙœßVÙL B. UÙRYu L˚RLs Gu\ ˘TV¨p
˘Y∞Yk’s[’.
˘Ti¶Vd L˚RLs
R™rf £flL˚R YWXÙt±p ˘Ti G›jRÙ[oLfim L¶NUÙ] TeL∞l˚T Sp°Ÿs[]o.
BWmTLÙXl ˘Ti £flL˚R G›jRÙ[oLs NÙRÙWQUÙ] L˚RL˚[˙V G›ßYkR]o. CYoL∞p
Xh—™, „PÙU¶, Y—Uß B°-˙VÙo œ±l©PjRdLYoLs. ©tLÙXjßp ˘Ti¶Vm Tt±V
£kR˚]Ls Y[of£V˚PkR˙TÙ’ ˘Ti¶Vm ˘RÙPoTÙ] £flL˚RLs ˘Y∞YWj ˘RÙPe°].
WÙ_m °⁄xQu, ßXLYß, Am˚T, £YLÙ™, TÙUÙ ˙TÙu˙\Ùo ÿd°V ˘Ti¶V £flL˚R
G›jRÙ[oLs BYo.
103
R≠jßVd L˚RLs
J”dLlThPYoLs, KWeLhPlThPYoLs, ∏r®˚X´p Es[YoLs Tt±Ÿm, AYoL[’ AYX

YÙr‹ Tt±Ÿm G›j’dLs YWÆp˚X Gu\ œt\f NÙh” Ei”. TX⁄m AYoL˚[d
LY≤dLÆp˚X GuT’ Ei˚URÙu. ReL˚[l Tt±j RÙeL˙[ ˘NÙpX˙Yi”m Gu\
GiQm AjR˚LV UdL∞˚P˙V HtThP’. ˙U¤m A‡TÆjRYoL[Ùp Uh”˙U Ei˚UVÙ]
A‡TYeL˚[ GRÙojRUÙL ˘Y∞´P ÿ•Ÿm Gu\ GiQÿm HtThP’. G]˙Y R≠j
UdL˚[l Tt± AYoL˙[ G›Rj ˘RÙPe°]o. AYoL˚[l Tt±l ©\o G›’Y˚R AYoLs
Htfld˘LÙs[Æp˚X. R™Øp J⁄ ◊ßV £flL˚Rl ˙TÙdœ E⁄YÙ]’. SpX TX L˚RLs ©\kR].
£YLÙ™, C˚UVm, TÙUÙ, A©U¶, ÆØ.TÙ.CRV˙YkRu, AZ°V ˘T¨VYu, ˙NÙ.RoUu, Eg˚N

WÙ_u, TÙWß YNkRu, cRW L˙QNu ˙TÙu˙\Ùo R≠j £flL˚R G›jRÙ[oL∞p
œ±l©PjRdLYoLs.
R™r SÙYpLs
E˚WS˚P Y[of£ú Cu˘]Ù⁄ ˘Y∞lTÙ” SÙYpLs. R™r G›jRÙ[oLfidœ C⁄kR
˙U˚XSÙh” CXd°Vl T¨fNV˙U R™Ø¤m SÙYp Y•Ym ˙RÙuflYRtœd LÙWQUÙL C⁄kR’.
I˙WÙl©Vo ˘RÙPoTÙp R™›dœd °˚PjR ◊ßV Y•Ym Gufl SÙY˚Xf ˘NÙpY’i”.
Tj˘RÙuTRÙm Ët\Ùi•u Cflß YÙd°p R™Øp SÙYpLs G›RlThP]. SÙYpLs YÙ£lTßp
YÙNLoL∞Pm SpX YW˙Yt◊ C⁄kRRÙp SÙYpLs ˘T⁄Lj ˘RÙPe°]. CRrL∞u ˘T⁄L˚X
Cu˘]Ù⁄ LÙWQUÙL˙Y G”j’f ˘NÙpXXÙm.
ÿRp Íufl SÙYpLs

©WRÙT ÿR≠VÙo N¨jßWm
R™Øp ˙RÙu±V ÿRp SÙYXÙLd L⁄RlT”Y’ ©WRÙT ÿR≠VÙo N¨jßWm. UÙÎWm ˙YRSÙVLm
©s˚[ GuTYWÙp G›RlThP CkSÙYp 1876 Cp ˘Y∞YkR’. TpY˚L UÙkRoL˚[d
LRÙTÙjßWeL[ÙLd ˘LÙi” Y•Y˚UdLlThP’ CkSÙYp. TXY˚LVÙ] EQof£L˚[
CkSÙY≠p LÙQÿ•Ÿm. UdLfidœ HWÙ[UÙ] øßL˚[l
◊Lh”YRÙL‹m CkSÙYp A˚Uk’s[’. Rg˚N ß⁄f£ UÙYhPd °WÙUeL∞¤m SLWeL∞¤m
RÙm ˘Tt\ A‡TYeL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” œ”mT, NÿRÙV YÙrd˚L ®˚XL˚[f
˘NÙp˙XÙÆVUÙd° Y˚WVlThP’ ©WRÙT ÿR≠VÙo N¨jßWm. —œQ —kR¨ CYW’ CWiPÙY’
SÙYp. B]Ùp CkSÙYp ÿRp SÙYp A[‹dœl ˙TNlTPÆp˚X.
LUXÙmTÙs N¨jßWm
LUXÙmTÙs N¨jßWm Gu‡m ◊Lr™dL SÙY˚X G›ßVYo WÙ_m AnVo (1874 ˛ 1924). CkSÙYp
Íufl Bi”Ls Æ˙YL£kRÙU¶ Gu‡m CRØp ˘RÙPoL˚RVÙL ˘Y∞YkR’. 1896 Cp
Ëp Y•Ym ˘Tt\’. LUXÙmTÙs N¨jßWm Tp˙Yfl £dLpL˚[ SPl©Vp EQo˙YÙ”
G”j’dLÙh•VYo WÙ_UnVo. SÙY¤dœ¨V L˚XjRu˚U CkSÙY≠p ™œkß⁄dLd LÙQXÙm.
CVpTÙ] TÙjßWlT˚Pl◊m E˚WVÙP¤m CkSÙY˚X ˙U¤m £\l◊\f ˘Nn°\’. R™r SÙY≠u
˘RÙPdLj˚Rf ∫WÙd°j RkR ˘T⁄˚U CkSÙY¤dœi”.
104
TjUÙYß N¨jßWm
ÿl˘T⁄m BWmTLÙXj R™r SÙYpL∞p Íu\ÙY’ SÙYXÙLd L⁄RlT”Y’ TjUÙYß N¨jßWm.
1988 Cp CkSÙYp ˘Y∞YkR’. CkSÙY˚X G›ßVYo A. UÙRYnVÙ (1872 ˛ 1926). R™r
SÙYpL∞p ◊Wh£LWUÙ] £kR˚]L˚[ Æ˚RjRYo WÙ_m AnVo Gufl ˘NÙpY’i”. ÆR˚Y
UflUQm, TÙpV ÆYÙL Gßol◊, LXl◊UQ BRW‹ ˙TÙu\ NÍLf ∫oß⁄jRd L⁄j’L∞u
A•lT˚P´p G›kR˚Y CYW’ T˚Pl◊Ls. TZ˚Udœm ◊’˚Udœm C˚P˙VVÙ]
˙TÙWÙhPeL∞u ®Lr L[UÙL A˚U°\’. ˙YLUÙ] ˙So˙TÙdœ S˚P´p G›ßVYo UÙRYnVÙ.
ßp˚X ˙LÙÆkRu, Æ_n UÙojRÙiPu B°V SÙYpL˚[Ÿm G›ßŸs[Ùo.
’lT±Ÿm SÙYpLs
BWmT LÙXjßp £X SÙYpLs ˘Y∞YkR]. YÙNLoL∞u Gi¶d˚LŸm
AßL¨j’d˘LÙi•⁄kR’. R™r SÙYp CXd°V YWXÙt±p S˙PN NÙvß¨ œ±l©PjRdLYo.
CYW’ æ]RVÙfi ÿd°VUÙ] SÙYp (1902). ©u]o E˚WS˚P˚V UkßWd˙LÙXÙLl TVuT”jßV
Y.WÙ.Æu —kR¨Ÿm ©u]o ˙L.Gv.˙YeLPWU¶ú ÿ⁄Lu Ko EZYu, ˙RNTdRu
SÙYpLfim ˘Y∞YkR]. C˚Y NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ ˚UVl˘TÙ⁄[ÙLd ˘LÙi”
G›kR˚Y. B]Ùp £flL˚R˙TÙX, SÙYp ˙YLUÙL Y[WÆp˚X. YÙNLoL∞u BY˚Xj
Ái”m ˘TÙ⁄h”l ◊t»NpLs ˙TÙp ’lT±Ÿm SÙYpLs ˘T⁄Lj ˘RÙPe°]. CjR˚LV
SÙYpL∞u Y⁄˚L SpX œ”mT, NÍL SÙYpL∞u ˙RÙt\jßtœj R˚Pd LpXÙL C⁄kR’
Gu˙\ ˘NÙpXXÙm.
BW¶ œl◊NÙ™ ÿR≠VÙo, Y”Óo ’˚WNÙ™ AnVeLÙo, ˙_.Bo.WeLWÙÀ, ˚Y.ÿ.˙LÙ˚RSÙV°
AmUÙs B°˙VÙo ß”d°”m NmTYeL˚[d ˙LÙj’ GiQt\ ’lT±Ÿm SÙYpL˚[ G›ßd
œÆjR]o. B]Ù¤m R™rSÙh˚Pd L˚R ˘Ys[jßp ÍrL•dL‹m YÙNLo ·hPj˚Rl
˘T⁄dL‹m CjR˚LV SÙYpLs YØYœjR] GuT˚RŸm ˘NÙpXÙU≠⁄dL ÿ•VÙ’.
YWXÙtfl SÙYpLs
’lT±Ÿm SÙYpLs R™rl T˚Pl◊X˚L Bd°W™jR] Gu\Ù¤m C˚P´˚P˙V £X SpX
SÙYpLfim ˙RÙu±]. ˘RÙPok’ YWXÙtfl SÙYpL∞u LÙXLhPm BWmTUÙ]’. YWXÙtfl
SÙYXÙ£¨VoL∞p Ru≤LWtfl Æ[e°VYo Lp°.
Lp° (1899 ˛ 1954)

SÙYpL˚[d LÙÆVUVUÙd°d LÙh•VYo Lp° AYoLs. YWXÙtfl A•lT˚P´p CYo G›ßV
©WmUÙiP SÙYpLs LÙXjRÙp AØVÙR˚Y. SÙYp CXd°Vjßu T¨QÙUjß˚] Æ¨‹
˘NnRYo CYo. J⁄ LÙXLhPjßp R™r YÙNLoL˚[j Rm T˚Pl◊d ˙LÙh˚Pdœs
Lh•l˙TÙhPYo Lp°. £YLÙ™ú NTRm, ˘TÙu≤ú ˘NpYu B°V˚Y CYW’ ÿd°VUÙ]
YWXÙtfl SÙYpLs. ÆflÆfll◊m GßoTÙWÙR ß⁄lTeLfim BoY ÿ•f—Ls ®˚\kR L˚Rl
©u]¤m CYW’ YWXÙtfl SÙYpL∞u R≤jRu˚ULs G]XÙm. A˚X K˚N, LsY≤u
LÙR≠ ˙TÙu\ AW£Vp NÍL SÙYpLfim CYo G›ßŸs[Ùo.
105
AW£Vp NÍL SÙYpLs
œ±l©PjRdL YWXÙtfl SÙYXÙ£¨VoLs
NÍL SÙYpLs
l A°Xu
CkßV Æ”R˚Xdœl ©u R™r
SÙYpL∞u ˙TÙd°p ◊ßV UÙt\eLs l SÙ.TÙojRNÙWß
HtThP]. ’lT±Ÿm SÙYpL˚[Ÿm
l ˘_L£t©Vu
YWXÙtfl SÙYpL˚[Ÿm ÆXd°Æh”
AW£Vp Utflm NÍL SÙYpLs ˙RÙu\j l NÙi•pVu
˘RÙPe°]. £X ÿd°VUÙ] SÙYpLfim l ˙LÙÆ U¶˙NLWu
SÙYXÙ£¨VoLfim Y⁄UÙfl :
ÆkRu : ˙LÙÆkRu Gu\ ˘TVo ˘LÙiPYo. H˚Z, G∞VYoLs, ˘RÙØXÙ[oL˚[ ˚UVUÙLd

˘LÙi” SÙYpLs G›ßVYo. CYW’ ÿd°V SÙYp TÙ¤m TÙ˚YŸm.
ÿ. YWRWÙN]Ùo : SpX L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm YÙrÆVp Ußl¿”L˚[Ÿm UdLfidœ G”j’˚WdL

SÙY˚X J⁄ L⁄ÆVÙLl TVuT”jßVYo. Ui œ•˚N, ALp Æ[dœ, Ls˙[Ù LÙÆV˙UÙ,
L¨j’i”, Ap≠, ˘Sg£p J⁄ ÿs ˙TÙu\˚Y œ±l©PjRdLl T˚Pl◊Ls.
Gm.Æ.˘YeLhWÙm : E[ÆVp £kR˚]L˚[ ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi” L˚R G›ßVYo. ˙YsÆjæ

œ±l©PjRdL SÙYp.
A°Xu : £flL˚RL˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y SpX SÙYpLfidœm E¨˚UVÙ[o A°Xu. SÙYpLfidœj

R≤ Ußl˚T HtT”jßV ˘T⁄˚U CY⁄dœi”. U≤R U]jßu ÷i¶V EQo‹Ls CYW’
SÙYpL∞u R≤jRu˚U. TÙ˚Y Æ[dœ, £jßWlTÙ˚Y, ◊’˘Ys[m, ˘TÙuUXo,
Ge˙L˙TÙ°˙\Ùm, £˙S°ß B°V˚Y ÿd°V SÙYpLs. £jßWlTÙ˚Y CY⁄dœ OÙ]¿P
Æ⁄˚Rl ˘Ttflj RkR’. ˙Ye˚Lú ˚UkRu, ˘Yt±j ß⁄SLo, LVpÆØ B°V˚Y CYW’
YWXÙtfl SÙYpLs.
SÙ. TÙojRNÙWß : CXh£Vj RÙLm ˘LÙiP TÙjßWl T˚Pl◊Ls ÍXm R™r SÙY¤X°p
R]d˘L] Ko CPm©•jRYo SÙ. TÙ. CYo NÍL SÙYpLs Uh”Uu± YWXÙtfl SÙYpLfim
G›ßŸs[Ùo. ˘TÙuÆXeœ, œ±g£UXo, ˘SgNdL]p, BjUÙÆu WÙLeLs, Th”lÈf£
B°V˚Y ÿd°V NÍL SÙYpLs. CYtfls œ±g£UXo ™L‹m TÙWÙh”dœ¨V J⁄ SÙYp.
U¶TpXYm, TÙi•UÙ˙RÆ, LTÙP◊Wm, Yg£UÙSLWm B°V˚Y CYW’ YWXÙtfl SÙYpLs.
˘_VLÙkRu : £flL˚RL˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y SÙYp EX°¤m ˘Yt±YÙ˚L „•VYo ˘_VLÙkRu.

œ”mTm, NÍLm NÙokR SpX £X SÙYpL˚[j RkRYo. ÿt˙TÙdœ GiQm ˘LÙiPYo. J⁄
S•˚L SÙPLm TÙod°\Ùs, £X ˙SWeL∞p £X U≤RoLs, LeLÙ Ge˙L ˙TÙ°\Ùs, J⁄ U≤Ru
J⁄ ≈” J⁄ EXLm, TÙ¨—dœl ˙TÙ B°V˚Y ÿd°V T˚Pl◊Ls. GRÙojR E˚WVÙP¤dœ
AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym R⁄T˚Y CYW’ SÙYpLs.
WÙ_m °⁄xQu : ˘Ti G›jRÙ[oL∞p œ±l©PjRdLYo. ˙SW•VÙLd L[ Bn‹˘Nn’
CVpTÙL SÙYpLs G›ßVYo. CYW’ T˚Pl◊L∞p J⁄ NÍLl TÙo˚Y˚Vd LÙQÿ•Ÿm.
106
œ±g£j˙Ru, A˚XYÙnd L˚W´p, L¨l◊ U¶Ls, ·h”d œg—Ls B°V˚Y ÿd°V
T˚Pl◊Ls.
CkßWÙ TÙojRNÙWß : SÙL¨L EX°u ASÙL¨Lj Ru˚UL˚[ G”j’d LÙh•VYo. SLWj’
G›jRÙ[oL∞p ÿu Y¨˚N´p ®tTYo. œ⁄ßl◊]p, RkßWÈ™, —RkßW È™ B°V˚Y ÿd°V
SÙYpLs.
YhPÙW YZdœ SÙYpLs
J⁄ LÙXLhPjßp SpX R™rS˚P˙V SÙYpL∞p ©uTt\lThP’. SÙYpL∞u ˚UVl˘TÙ⁄

AqYÙfl A˚UkR˙R ARtœd LÙWQm G]XÙm. ©tLÙXjßp SÙYp L[eLs SLWeL˚[
Æh” °WÙUeLfidœ YkR˙TÙ’, L˚R UÙkRoLs EVo UhPjß≠⁄k’ J”dLlThPYoL˚[
˙SÙd° C\e°V˙TÙ’ E˚WVÙPpLfim AYt±t˙LtT A˚UkR]. L˚R ®L›m AkRkR YhPÙW
YZdœLs SÙYpL∞p CPm˘Tt\].
NeLWWÙm : YhPÙW UQm LU›m SÙYpL∞u ÿu˙]Ù•VÙLj ßLrTYo NeLWWÙm. CYW’

UiQÙ˚N AjR˚LV J⁄ SÙYp.
Bo. NiÿL—kRWm : YhPÙW SÙYpLfidœ¨V L˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄˚[Ÿm Y•Yj˚RŸm

˘UÙØS˚P˚VŸm Y˚WVflj’j RkR ˘T⁄˚U ˙LÙ˚Y UÙYhP G›jRÙ[o NiÿL—kRWj˚Rf
NÙ⁄m. ˘LÙeœSÙh” YhPÙW YZd°p A˚UkR˚Y CYW’ SÙYpLs. AflY˚P, Nh•—hP’,
LÙQÙf—˚] B°V˚Y ÿd°V SÙYpLs.
øX TjUSÙTu : R™r SÙYp EX°p œ±l©PjRdLYo. œU¨ UÙYhPj R™›m ˙LW[j

R™›m CYW’ T˚Pl◊L∞p ˘LÙg£ Æ˚[VÙPd LÙQXÙm. YhPÙW YZdœ SÙYp
ÿu˙]Ù•L∞p œ±l©PjRdLYo. CYW’ ÿRp SÙYXÙ] R˚Xÿ˚\Ls J⁄ ˚UpLp Gu˙\
˘NÙpXXÙm. R˚Xÿ˚\Ls, Ts∞˘LÙiP◊Wm, E\‹Ls, ˙R˙WÙ”m ≈ß, ·i•‡s Th£Ls
B°-V˚Yd œ±l©PjRdLl T˚Pl◊L[Ùœm. CY⁄dœ NÙ°jV AdLÙR™ Æ⁄’ ˘Ttflj RkR
SÙYp C˚XŸßo LÙXm.
˘TÙ’‹˚P˚U SÙYpLs
˘TÙ’‹˚P˚Ud ˘LÙs˚Lú A•lT˚P´p ˘RÙØXÙ[o ©Wf£˚]L˚[ A‘°d L˚R
T˚PjRYoL∞p ÿRu˚UVÙ]Yo £RmTW WœSÙRu. CYW’ Tg—m T£Ÿm AjR˚LV J⁄
SÙYp. •. ˘NpYWÙ¥u UX⁄m N⁄œm, ˙RÙp, £u]lT TÙWßú RÙLm, ˘TÙu…X≤u L¨Np
B°V˚YŸm CqY˚L SÙYpLs.
˘Ti¶V SÙYpLs
˘Ti¶Vjßtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”j’ SÙYp T˚PjRYoL∞p WÙ_m °⁄xQu, A÷jRUÙ,
Xz™, £YNeL¨, Am˚T, °⁄jßLÙ, YÙNkß ˙TÙu˙\Ùo ˘Ti¶V G›jRÙ[oL∞p
œ±l©PjRdLYoLs.
107
R≠jßV SÙYpLs
J”dLlThPYoL∞u œWXÙL G›kR R≠jßV SÙYpLs Cufl ˘T¨’m ˙TNlT”T˚Y. £YLÙ™,
TÙUÙ, CUVm, WÙw˘L¸RUu, ÈU¶, ˙NÙ. RoUu ˙TÙu˙\Ùo œ±l©PjRdLYoLs. TÙUÙÆu
L⁄dœ, NeLß, CUVjßu ˙LÙ˙Yfl L›˚RLs, ÈU¶ú ˘Yd˚L B°V˚Y CqY˚L´p
œ±l©PjRdL T˚Pl◊Ls.
©u S≈]j’Ym
˙LÙQe°, R™ZYu ˙TÙu˙\Ùo ©u S≈]j’Y SÙYXÙ£¨VoL∞p œ±l©PjRdLYoLs.
A±ÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙ] SÙYpLs G›ß ◊Lr ˘Tt\Yo —_ÙRÙ.
Cu‡m £X SÙYXÙ£¨VoLs
l L.SÙ.—l©WU¶Vm l YiQRÙNu
l ß._Ù]°WÙUu l °.WÙ_SÙWÙVQu
l ©WTgNu
l —kRWWÙUNÙ™
l Gv.WÙU°⁄xQu
l A˙NÙL™jßWu l R‡x˙LÙ• WÙUNÙ™
l —_ÙRÙ l ˘_V˙UÙLu
l ˙RÙl©p ÿLmU’ ¡WÙu
l ˘al£TÙ ˙_—RÙNu
l „¨VLÙkRu
l B.UÙRYu l •.œÏv
l LkRoYu l SÙg£p SÙPu
l —. —ÿjßWm l T.£eLÙWm
l ßXLYß l NÙ.LkRNÙ™
R™Øp ß\]Ùn‹
CXd°Vj ß\]Ùn‹ GuT’ J⁄ CXd°Vjßu ®˚\œ˚\L˚[f —h•d LÙh”Y’. WN˚]j
Ru˚U˚V G”j’˚WlT’. Ko CXd°Vm œ±jR Ußl◊˚W, ÆUoN]m, BWÙnf£, Jl¿”
˙TÙu\˚YŸm CRuTÙtT”m. J⁄ CXd°Vj˚R Tp˙Yfl A‘œÿ˚\L∞u A•lT˚P´p
ß\]Ùn‹ ˘NnVXÙm. ˘RÙ.ÿ.£.WœSÙRu, L.SÙ.—., £.—.˘NpXlTÙ, A.N.OÙ]NmTkRu,
N.ALjßV≠eLm, S.—l◊˘Wh•VÙo, ß.—.SPWÙ_u, R™ZYu ÿd°VUÙ] ß\]ÙnYÙ[oL[ÙYo.
TVQ CXd°VeLs
ReLs TVQeL˚[f —˚YTP‹m BoYÍh”m YiQÿm ©\ SÙ”L˚[Ÿm CPeL˚[Ÿm
TiTÙh˚PŸm A±k’˘LÙsfim ÆRÿm G›RlT”T˚Y TVQ CXd°VeLs Gu˙\
A±VlT”°u\]. ÿd°VUÙ] £X TVQ ËpLs Y⁄UÙfl:
l H.˙L.˘Nh•VÙo ˛ EXLm —t±V R™Zu
108
l ˙NÙU˘X ˛ SÙu LiP ˘Y∞SÙh”d LÙh£Ls, A˘U¨dLÙ˚Yl TÙo, ©WVÙQm J⁄
L˚X, ©WVÙQ CXd°Vm
l U¶Vu ˛ CRVm ˙T—°\’, Ce°XÙk’ ˙T—°\’

l ˘S.’.—kRW Y•˙Y¤ ˛ ˙NÙÆVj UdL˙[Ù”
l TZe-LÙXl TV-Qd-œ±
- l-◊L
- s S≈-]L
- ÙXl TV-Qd-œ±
- l-◊L
- s
l A°Xu ˛ ˙NÙÆVj SÙh•p
l ˘Y.NÙ™SÙR NoUÙ ˛ G]’ ToUÙ YØS˚Pl TVQm
l U.˘TÙ.£YOÙ]m ˛ U˙X£VÙÆp J⁄ UÙRm, UÙv˙LÙÆ≠⁄k’ XiPu Y˚W
l £YNeL¨ ˛ ◊’˚U A‡TYeLs, U]m LYokR U˙X£VÙ, BaÙ AW◊SÙ”Ls
l —_ÙRÙ ˛ 60 A˘U¨dL SÙhLs
RuYWXÙtfl ËpLs
YÙrd˚L YWXÙtfl CXd°V Y¨˚N´p Cu˘]Ù⁄ Y˚L RuYWXÙfl G]lT”m —VN¨˚RVÙœm.
AW£Vp, L˚X, CXd°Vm, A±ÆVp NÙokR HWÙ[UÙ] RuYWXÙtfl ËpLs ˙RÙu±Ÿs[].
CXd°Vm ˘RÙPoTÙ] £X ÿd°V ËpLs ©uY⁄UÙfl :
l TÙWßVÙo ˛ —VN¨˚R
l Y.E.£RmTWm ©s˚[ ˛ —VN¨˚R
l E.˙Y.NÙ™SÙRnVo ˛ Gu N¨jßWm
l ß⁄.Æ.LpVÙQ—kRW]Ùo ˛ YÙrd˚Ld œ±l◊
l SÙUdLp CWÙU≠eLm ©s˚[ ˛ Gu L˚R
l LiQRÙNu ˛ Y]YÙNm, U]YÙNm, G]’ —VN¨Rm
l L˚XOo ÿ. L⁄QÙ®ß ˛ ˘Sg—dœ øß
l ˘_VLÙkRu ˛ Ko G›jRÙ[≤u AW£Vp A‡TYeLs
l œu\dœ• A•L[Ùo ˛ Ui‘m U≤RoLfim
l Al-’p LXÙm ˛ Ad≤f £\œLs
l ˘TÙu…Xu ˛ Æ˚P˘Tfl°˙\u
109
AXœ ˛ 4
L˚XŸm CXd°Vÿm
ÿu‡˚W
CkR AXœ L˚X, CXd°Vm CYt±t°˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo©˚]Ÿm AYt±u
ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm Æ[dœYRÙL A˚Uk’s[’. CqYXœ ß˚WlTPm, SÙPLm, R™ZLd
˙LW[d L˚XLs, L˚RL∞, ’s[p, Tp˙Yfl FPLeLs B°VYt˚\d œ±jR A±˚Y
A∞lT’ AYt˚\l TVuT”j’YRtLÙ] A‡TYeL˚[ A˚PY’ B°Yt˚\
˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙs°\’.
ß˚WlTPjßu LÙh£ ˘UÙØdœ ˙SWÙL . . . . R™rj ß˚WlTPeL∞u ◊Lr ˘Tt\ ß˚WdL˚R

G›jRÙ[oL˚[Ÿm ˙Rok˘R”dLlThP ß˚WlTPeL˚[Ÿm A±k’˘LÙs˙YÙm. ß˚WlTP
CVdœSoL˚[d Li”©•l˙TÙm.
l TÙWßWÙ_Ù
l TÙ¤U˙LkßWÙ
l £.Æ.cRo
l TÙXÙ
l ˙L.˘NpYWÙLYu
l TÙd°VWÙw
Lt\p A˚P‹
l R™rj ß˚WlTPeL˚[d œ±jR A±˚Yl ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs.
l ß˚WlTPeL∞u YN]m, RVÙ¨l◊, TÙPpLs B°VYt˚\l ◊¨k’˘LÙi”
ß˚WdL˚R YN]m RVÙ¨dL‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
l R™r SÙPL CXd°V YWXÙt˚\Ÿm Tp˙Yfl LÙXLhP SÙPLeL∞u
R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs.
l SÙPLl T¶U˚]Ls SPj’Y’Pu SÙPLeL˚[l T˚PdL‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
l ˙LW[d L˚XL[Ù°V L˚RL∞, ’s[p B°VYt˚\ A±k’˘LÙi” AYt˚\
W£dL‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
l Tp˙Yfl FPLeL˚[l TÙo˚Y´h” A˚Y NÍLjßp ˘N¤j’°u\ RÙdLj˚RŸm
AYt±u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm ◊¨k’ GßoÆ˚]VÙPp SPj’°\ÙoLs.
ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls :
l J∞ FPLUÙ°V ß˚WlTPjßu ÿd°Vj’Ym
l ˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl◊L∞¤s[ ß˚WdL˚Rl TœßLs ˛ R≤jRu˚ULs
110
l ß˚WdL˚R YN]eL˚[ A˚UlTRtœ Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\Ls Es[].
l R™›d˙L E¨V ˘R⁄d·j’ Y˚LLs Es[].
l R™r SÙPLeL˚[l T˚PjR £\kR SÙPLeLfim B£¨VoLfim Es[]o.
l SÙPLm T˚PlTRtLÙ] E˚\ÆPeLs TX Es[].
l SÙPLm S•l©˚] ˙UmT”j’Y’ £\kR T´t£VÙœm.
l œZk˚RL∞u SÙPLjßtœm ˘T¨VYoL∞u SÙPLjßtœm ˙YflTÙ”Ls Es[].
l R™ZLjßt˙L E¨V L˚XLs
l ˙LW[jßt˙L E¨V L˚XLs
l R™ZL ˛ ˙LW[d L˚XL∞u Jtfl˚U ˙Ytfl˚ULs
l L˚RL∞
l L˚RL∞ú NPeœLs
l L˚RL∞Ÿm Ys[j˙RÙfim
l Tp˙Yfl Y˚Lj ’s[pLs
l Tp˙Yfl FPLeLs ˛ T˚ZV˚Y, ◊ßV˚Y Tjß¨˚L, ˘RÙ˚XdLÙh£
l CYt±u RÙdLeLs
l CYt±u ®˚XlTÙ”Ls
l Æ[mTW EjßLs
TÙPlTœßL∞p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ß˚WlTPeL∞u TœßL˚[ A±k’˘LÙs˙YÙm.
l S”®˚X EVo®˚X Yœl©p Es[˚Y.
l
Î•Îl YØVÙLl TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’ Tß˚]k’ ®™Pm ß˚WlTPeL˚[l

TÙo˚Y´”°\ÙoLs. ˘RÙPok’ ß˚WdL˚Rl Tœß´˚] A±ÿLUÙ°\ÙoLs. (°˚Pdœm
GpXÙ ß˚WdL˚R YN]eL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRXÙm).
LÙdLÙn ÿh˚P, Æi‘dœm Ui‘dœm, ÿsfim UX⁄m, ˘Y´p B°V˚YŸm
TÙPË≠¤s[ ß˚WdL˚RL˚[Ÿm A±k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs. LXk’˚WVÙPp.
l Jq˘YÙ⁄ ß˚WdL˚RLfidœ™˚P˙V Es[ ˙YflTÙ”Ls G˚Y?
l Close up short, long short, middle short B°V˚Y TVuT”j’Yßp Es[
R≤jRu˚ULs G˚Y?
l ß˚WdL˚R˚Vj ß˚WlTPUÙLl TÙojR˙TÙ’ HtThP ˙YflTÙ”Ls Gu˘]u]?
111
l TPjRVÙ¨l◊, C˚N, C˚N ©u]¶ B°V˚Y GqYÙfl TVuT”jRlTh”s[]?
l LXk’˚WVÙ• £X ß˚WlTPl TœßL˚[ ¡i”m TÙo˚Y´PXÙm ˛ LXk’˚WVÙPp
l L˚R˚Vj ß˚WlTPUÙdœm ˙Y˚[´p LY≤dL ˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?
l LÙh£ ˘UÙØú R≤jRu˚ULs
l ß˚WlTPl TÙP≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym
ß˚WlTPj˚R ÷hTUÙL A±k’˘LÙs˙YÙm.
C⁄TRÙm Ët\Ùi˚PV L˚X Y•Ym G] A˚ZdLlT”m ß˚WlTPm GuT’ Æ˙]ÙRm,

LpÆ, TiTÙh” Bn‹ FPLm Gu‡m ®˚XL∞p ™L ÿd°Vj’Ym YÙnkRRÙœm.
ß˚WlTPeL˚[l TÙoj’ W£lT’ Uh”ÿu± ß˚WlTPeLs ˘Y∞lT”j’°u\ TiTÙh”,
NÍL, AW£Vp „ZpL˚[ ÆUoN] ÈoYUÙL A‘œYRtœm J⁄ Lt\p L⁄Æ Gu\
®˚X´p ARu ˘RÙØp YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙi” AR˚] W£lTRtœm SUdœ CVX
˙Yi”m.
1824˛Cp ©¨hºxLÙWoL[Ù] ¿hPoUÙod ˙WÙ_h Li¶≤u TÙo˚Y ®˚Xjß⁄jRp (Per-

sistence of Vision) Gu\ R≤jRu˚U Li”©•dLlThP’Pu LÙh£˚Vl Tt±V ◊ßV
A±‹Lfim No INd ®ÎhP≤u TPeL˚[ CVdœm ˙TÙ’ HtT”m R≤jRu˚ULfim
Li”©•dLlThPRÙp ß˚WlTPUÙ]’ A±ÆVp EX°p LÙh£ FPLUÙL Æ[e°V’.
AqYÙfl 1 ˘SÙ•´p 24 Frame L˚[ CVdœm˙TÙ’ CVeœ TPeL˚[ E⁄YÙdLXÙ˘Uu\
Rj’Yÿm ß˚WlTP EX°p BRÙWUÙL Æ[e°V’. Aj’Pu UÙdv ˘YojæUo J∞ú
˙So˙LÙ”Lfid°˚P˙V Es[ C˚P˘Y∞ œ˚\Ÿm ˙TÙ’ A˚Y CVeœYRÙLj
˙RÙufl°u\ Phenomenon ˘Y∞´PlThP˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ CVeœm ß˚WlTPeLs
E⁄YÙ´]. 1889˛p ˘Np¤˙XÙ´” TVuT”jß E⁄YÙd°V TPf—⁄∞u TVuTÙh•u
YÙ´XÙL˙Y ◊˚LlTPjß¤m 1 ß˚WlTPjß¤m UÙt\eLs HtThP]. 1894˛p G•N≤u
˚L]h˙PÙ°WÙl Gu\ L⁄Æú ERÆŸPu ®ÎVÙod°¤s[ ◊˙WÙ˙PÙ Gu‡™Pjßp
CVeœm TPeL∞u ˘Y∞¬” YWXÙtfll ◊Lr™dLRÙL UÙ±tfl. B]Ùp Ì™Vo
N˙LÙRWoLfidœ CVeœm YiQlTPeL[ÙL UÙt\‹m ß˚W´p ˘Y∞´P‹m ÿ•kR’Pu
AYoLs ß˚WlTPjßu Rk˚R G] A±VlThP]o. AYoLs E⁄YÙd°V £≤UÙh˙PÙ
°WÙ©≠⁄k’ Cinema Gu\ ˘TVo ˙RÙu±V’. 1913˛p ˘LÙPÙd ®flY]jßu ◊˚LlTPjßu
ERÆŸPu ˙Røo A⁄k’m Ì™Vo œ”mTm ®Xj˚R Í”°u\ œ˚ZUi, B˚X´≠⁄k’
˘Y∞˙Vflm ˘RÙØXÙ∞Ls ˙TÙu\ ß˚WlTPeLs ˘Y∞´PlThP]. 1896˛p CkßVÙÆp
ÿRp ß˚WlTPm ˘Y∞´PlThP’. The Great Train Robbery (1903) LÙh£lT”jRlThP˚Rj
˘RÙPok’ ß˚WlTPj’˚\ ˘T¨V ˘RÙØp ’˚\VÙL‹m ˘TÙ›’˙TÙdœ YØÿ˚\VÙL‹m
UÙ\j ˘RÙPe°V’. 1896˛p A˘U¨dLÙÆ¤m I˙WÙlTÙÆ¤m ß˚WlTPd ˘LÙhP˚LLs
E⁄YÙdLlThP]. ÿRuÿR≠p ß˚Wdœ ÿu]Ùp Es[ ˘T¨V CVkßWeL∞≠⁄k’ J≠,
C˚N, ˙Tf—, L˚R Æ[dLm B°V˚Y J∞TWlTlThP]. B]Ùp 1903˛p ˘Y∞VÙ] The
Gu\ ß˚WlTPjßu A˚Ul◊m ©\ ˘RÙØp ÷hTeLfim C˚QkR
Great Train Robbery
˙TÙ’ £\kR ß˚WlTPm Gu\ ˘TV˚Wl ˘Tt\’.
112
1897˛p G•Nu Li”©•jR ˙UÙ˙QÙ°WÙm L⁄Æ˚V K˚NdLÙLd Li”©•jR’Pu A’
YWXÙt±p Ut˘\Ù⁄ ˚Up LpXÙ´tfl. 1900˛Cp Leon Gaumont GuTY˙W ÿRuÿR≠p
ß˚WlTPj˚R ˘Y∞´hPYo BYÙo. ◊˚LlTPd L⁄ÆŸPu J≠˚V ˙SW•VÙL C˚Qj’d
LÙhPlThP _Ùv£eMo Gu\ ß˚WlTPm ÿRp ˙T—mTPUÙL YWXÙt±p CPm©•jR’.
CR˚]j ˘RÙPok’ ˙Tf— EhThP ß˚WlTPeLfim œflkRL”Lfim ˘Y∞YWXÙ´]. 1927˛Cp
ß˚WlTPf —⁄∞p ˙T—m TPeL˚[l Tß‹ ˘NnR œflmTPeLs ˘Y∞VÙ´], Gu\Ù¤m
1928˛Cp ˘Y∞VÙ] In Old Arisona Gu\ TPj’Pu F˚Ul TPeL∞u LÙXm ÿ•Y˚PkR’.
1941˛Cp YÙph •v≤ú Fantasia Gu\ ß˚WlTPm Sterico J≠´p ˘Y∞YkR’. ÿRp
EXLl ˙TÙo S˚P˘Tflm ˙Y˚[´p £≤UÙ ™Ll ˘T¨V ˘RÙØp ’˚\VÙL UÙ±´⁄kR’.
ARu ©\œ £≤UÙÆu ÿu˙]t\m A[Æh”d ·\ CVXÙRRÙL UÙ±V’. Animation Cin-
ema, 70 mm Cinema Scope Cinema, Digital Cinema Gu±qYÙfl Æ˚WÆp Y[of£V˚PkR’.
˘NVpTÙ”
v ß˚WlTPjßu Y[of£˚V A±k’˘LÙi˙PÙUpXYÙ? CkßVj ß˚WlTPm,

R™rjß˚WlTPeL∞u YWXÙt˚\ C’˙TÙufl A±d˚LVÙLj RVÙ¨dL‹m.
v øeLs TÙojR H˙R‡m £\kR ß˚WlTPeLs / S•l◊ CYt˚\d LXk’˚WVÙP‹m.
v ß˚WlTPjßu £X TœßL˚[l TÙo˚Y´h” S•l©u R≤jRu˚UL˚[l T°ok’
˘LÙsfieLs.
v G.”: £\kR S•l©tœ T¨— ˘Tt\ ß˚WlTPeLs (RiΩo RiΩo, ˙_ÙdLo,
ÆNÙW˚Q, Uu≤lTÙVÙ, ◊˚L, Gu L]Æp YkR ˙RY˚R)
ß˚WlTPm ˛ A•lT˚Pd LÙW¶Ls

CVdLm
ß˚WlTPUÙ]’ CVdœSü L˚X Uh”Uu± J⁄ NÍLjßu L˚XVÙL‹m ßLr°\’.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ TPj RVÙ¨lTÙ[oL∞u Li˙QÙhPÿm ÿ⁄°V¤Qo‹m ß˚WlTPjßu
Ti˚TŸm ˙SÙdLj˚RŸm ßhP™”°\’ G]XÙm. CVdœSü ™L‹m Æ⁄lTUÙ] J⁄
L⁄ / L˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ARt˙Lt\ ß˚WdL˚R, YN]m, CPm B°VYt˚\j æoUÙ≤d°\’
G]XÙm. CVdœS˙W ß˚WlTPjßu ˘UÙjR A˚Ul˚TŸm æoUÙ≤lTYWÙYo.
S•l◊ / S•Lu / S•˚L
L˚R UÙkRWÙL UÙfl°u\ J⁄ STo S•dœm ˙Y˚[´p £\kR S•LWÙL˙Y UÙ±Æ”°\Ùo.
L˚RUÙkRü EQo‹L˚[l ◊˚LlTPd L⁄Æ Tp˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p TPm©•d°\’.
SÙPLm ˙TÙufl S•dL ˙Yi•Vßp˚X. ÷i‘Qo‹L˚[l TPm ©•j’d˘LÙsYo.
TPl©•l◊
YN]jßt˙LtT Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙh£˚VŸm ÿ˚\VÙLl TPm ©•dL ˙Yi”m. CPj˚Rj
˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ ÆhPÙp L˚Rdœ HtT AkR CPjßp S˚P˘Tflm GpXÙ ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm
˘RÙPof£VÙL G”dLXÙm. Close-up shot, Medium Shot, Long Shot ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ ÿu]˙W
æoUÙ≤jRT• ®˚\‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”m.
113
TPl©•l◊ YN]m
ß˚WdL˚R RVÙ¨jR ©u]o Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®Lr‹m GkR A[Æ¤m GkR ˙SÙd°¤m
A˚UV˙Yi”˘UuTRu Æ[dLm APe°V˙R Shooting Script G]lT-”m.
E˚WVÙPp
L˚RUÙkRoL∞u EQo‹L˚[ ÿ˚\VÙL‹m CPm LÙXm CYt±t˙LtT ˘Y∞´”Y˙R
E˚WVÙPp
UÙß¨ L˚R
(£-Xl-T-ß-LÙ-Wm R›-ÆV SÙP-Lm)
(œ±l◊Ls : £XlTßLÙWm YÙrd˚Lú KhPjßp A•j’f ˘NpXlT”m GiQt\ U≤R
®˚XLs œ±jR T¨˚Yl Tp˙Yfl R[eL∞p ˘Y∞lT”j’°\’. LÙl©Vf NmTYeLfiPu
˙SW•j ˘RÙPoTtfl B]Ùp AßLm TÙßl◊flm „Z≠u GßoÆ˚]Lfim, Æ∞m◊®˚X
UdL∞u œWpLfim AßL Y≠ŸfljRpLs Cu± BeLÙe˙L TßYÙ°u\]. U’˚W´p
˙LÙYXu LiQ°dœ A˚PdLXm R⁄m BVoœXl ˘Ti UÙR¨ AYoLfidœ ˙SokR
GßoTÙWÙR YÙrd˚Lf „Z¤dœs RÙ‡m £dœfl°\Ùs. UÙR¨ú C⁄l◊ £XlTßLÙWjßu
SÙPLj Ru˚Udœ ˙U¤m Y¤Óh”°\’. ˙LÙYXu ˘LÙ˚XŸflm SÙ∞p S˚P˘Tflm
NmTYeLs AæR SÙPLjRu˚U ˘LÙi”s[]. UÙR¨ Aßp J⁄ ÿd°VUÙ] AeLUÙL
C⁄d°\Ùs. UÙR¨ú Au◊m, AZ°Vp Bt\¤m LiQ°˚V A˚UßlT”jß
AY∞P™⁄k’ J⁄ UÙ˘T⁄m Ndß ˘Y∞lTPd LÙWQUÙL C⁄d°u\]. L˚Xú ÍXm
YÙrÆu NÙjßVeL˚[ Y¤lT”j’m UÙR¨ Ko GßoTÙWÙR A®jßVjßu ÿu RÙ˙]
UWQj˚Rj ˙Rok˘R”d°\Ùs.
LiQ°ú ˙LÙTm GuT’ R™r ®Xjßu ®˚]YÙL‹m, A˚PVÙ[UÙL‹m YWXÙt±p
®˚X˘Ttfls[’. Ai˚U´p, DZjßu CflßLhPl ˙TÙo ®LrkR ÿp˚Xj æÆp LiQ°
YØTÙh”d ·j’ GuT’ J⁄ TÙWmT¨V ®LrYÙL Cuflm ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄°\’. UÙR¨ L˚R
SÙPL ®LrÆu˙TÙ’ LiQ° ⁄jßW RÙiPYm B”m Cflßd LÙh£´p ¡i˘P›L R™r
®X˙U, LiQ°ú £Xm◊Pu Gu\ DZd LÆOo R™rSßú LÆ˚R Y¨L˚[l
TVuT”jß˙]u. AßLÙWjRÙp YÙrÆZkR ˘Ti¶u KXUÙL LiQ°ú ©mTm
YWXÙt±p Cu‡m ˘RÙPok’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\’.)
LÙh£ 1
˙LÙYXu J⁄ L]‹ YVlThP ®˚X´p ˙U˚P´p ˙RÙt\m ˘LÙs°\Ùu. AY‡˚PV
L]˚Y Æ[dœm ÆRUÙL TÙPp J≠d°\’.
Ko œflULu Ru]Ùp
LÙYp˙YkRu L•SLo Ru≤p
SÙflIe ·kRp S”eœ’Vo GnR
·˚\˙LÙs Th”d ˙LÙh”UÙ FW‹m
A¶jR⁄ ◊¨œZp B´˚Z Ru˙]Ù”m
114
©¶l◊Aflj ˙RÙoRm ˘Tt± GnR‹m
UÙUXo YÙ∞ Yfl®Xj’ G±k’
LÙUd LP‹s ˚LVtfl HeL
A¶ßLr ˙TÙß A\˙YÙu Ruÿu
U¶˙UL˚X˚V UÙRÆ A∞lT‹m
S]‹˙TÙX SsC⁄s VÙUj’d
L]‹ Li˙Pu L•Áeœ Eflm
TÙPp J≠j’d ˘LÙi•⁄dœm ˙TÙ˙R L]Æu Ru˚ULfid˙Lt\T• ˙LÙYXu SP]
A©SVeLs ˘Nn°\Ùu. TÙPp ÿ•°\’. ˙LÙYXu Cu‡m L]Æu TVeLWjß≠⁄k’
¡[ ÿ•VÙR ®˚X´p C⁄d°\Ùu. Al˙TÙ’ L‹kß A•Ls Es˙[ ÷˚Z°\Ùo. ˙LÙYX≤u
A⁄˙L Yk’ AYu R˚X˚Vd ˙LÙßVT• . . .
L‹kß A•Ls : ˙LÙYXÙ, Hu ˙NÙLUÙL C⁄d°\Ùn?
˙LÙYXu : AmUÙ, ˘LÙ•V L]˘YÙufl Li˙Pu. TÙi•V Uu]‡˚PV ˘T¨V SLWUÙ°V

CmU’˚W´p J⁄ ∏r UL]Ùp LiQ° S”S”e°j ’Vo A˚P°\Ùs. Gu B˚P˚Vl
©\o T±j’d ˘LÙs[ SÙu ˘LÙm◊L˚[ E˚PV G⁄˚UdLPÙ ¡’ H±f ˘Nu˙\u.
LiQ°˙VÙ” ˘T¨˙VÙo ˘Tflm ˙Tt˚\Ÿm, SÙu ˘Tt˙\u. UÙRÆ ◊jR˙RYu
ÿu≤˚X´p U¶˙UL˚X˚Vj ’\ÆVÙd°]Ùs. S]Æp SPlT’ ˙TÙX Ss∞⁄s VÙUjßp
CdL]˚Y SÙu Li˙Pu. G]dœ Æ˚WÆp H˙RÙ æeœ ˙SW C⁄d°\’.
L‹kß A•Ls : (AYu A⁄°p Yk’ ˙RÙ˚[l Tt±VT•) ˙LÙYXÙ, LY˚XlTPÙ˙R.

CkR CPm ’flY\jRÙo Reœm ◊\g˙N¨. C’ CpX\jRÙo C⁄dL Ht\ CPUpX. ø C≤˙Up
Ceœ ReL ˙YiPÙm. ø UÙNÙj’YÙu ULu Gufl ˘NÙu]Ùp GkR SLW Y¶L⁄m Eu˚]
Htfld˘LÙsYÙoLs. ø EP˙] LiQ°˚V A˚Zj’d ˘LÙi” U’˚W UÙSL⁄dœl ˙TÙ.
(Al˙TÙ’ CNd° ˘RnYj˚Rl ˙TÙt±d œW˘X›l©VT• A©SV TÙYj’Pu UÙR¨ Es˙[

©W˙Y£d°\Ùs. L‹kß A•L˚[l TÙojR’m YQe°VT•)
UÙR¨ : AmUÙ SXUÙL C⁄d°»oL[Ù? SÙu Cl˙TÙ’RÙu CNd° ˘RnYj’dœl TÙt˙NÙfl

T˚Pj’ Æh” Y⁄°˙\u. CYoLs VÙo?
L‹kß A•Ls : UÙR¨ CYoLsRÙu ˙LÙYXu LiQ°. ◊LÙo SLWj’l ˘T⁄ UdLs.
’u◊tfl Ce˙L Ykß⁄d°\ÙoLs. AYoLs ˘NpYÿ˚PVYoLs ≈h•p Reœm Y˚W £X
SÙhLs øRÙu CYoL˚[l TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m. (UÙR¨ú A⁄°p Yk’ AYs ˙RÙ˚[l
Tt±VT•) ø æRt\Ys. EeLfi˚PV BVoœX YÙrd˚Lú ˘S±ÿ˚\L˚[ SÙu A±˙Yu.
ø ˙RÙØVÙL‹m ˘NÆ≠VÙL‹m RÙVÙL‹m C⁄k’ CYoL˚[d LÙlTÙtfl.
UÙR¨ : AlT•˙V ˘Nn°˙\u AmUÙ. Cl˙TÙ’ SÙeLs ◊\lTPXÙUÙ?
115
L‹kß A•Ls : ˘Nufl YÙ⁄eLs. (AYoLs ◊\lT”m ®˚X´p ˙LÙYX˚]l TÙoj’)
YÙrd˚L´p CuTÿm ’uTÿm UÙ±UÙ± Y⁄m. ’uTj˚Rf NkßlTYu ≈W]Ù°\Ùu. ø
≈Wu. ˘Nufl YÙ.
LÙh£ 2
UÙR¨ AYoL˚[ A˚Zj’f ˘Np°\Ùs. UÙR¨ ÿu ˘NpX ˙LÙYX‡m LiQ°Ÿm ©u

˘Np°\ÙoLs. C⁄fim J∞Ÿm UÙ± UÙ±V J⁄ TVQm.
˘Nu\ OÙ´tflf ˘Np—Po AUVj’d

Lufl˙Ro BÆu L˚]œWp CVmT
U±j˙RÙu SÆVk’ E±dLÙ YÙ[˘WÙ”
˘N±Y˚[ Bnf£Vo £Xo◊\m „Z
Gu\ œWp ©u]¶´p J≠dœm˙TÙ˙R T—dLs Utflm Bh”dœh•L∞u NjReLs

˙Lh°u\]. Bnf£VoLs LiQ°˚Vl TÙoj’ ÆVk’ ˙T—m ˙Tf—Lfim C˚P´˚P˙V
˙Lh°u\].
LÙh£ 3
UÙR¨ AYoL˚[ J⁄ £±V ≈h”dœ A˚Zj’ Y⁄°\Ùs.
UÙR¨ : (AYoL∞Pm) øeLs Ce˙L˙V ReLXÙm. CkR ≈” ˘LÙgNm R≤VÙL A˚UßVÙL

C⁄dœm. AßLUÙ] C˚WfNpL˙[Ù, ˘RÙkRW˙YÙ C⁄dLÙ’. øeLs Ce˙L ˘N¸L¨VUÙL
C⁄dLXÙm. LiQ°, SÙu N˚UV¤dœj ˙R˚YVÙ] TÙjßWeLfim, LÙnL±Lfim, A¨£,
TÙp, ˘Sn, ˙UÙo GpXÙm G”j’ Y⁄°˙\u. ø˙V Eu LQY‡dœ ˙Yi•V˚R N˚UdL
˙Yi”m. SÙu E]dœ ERÆ ˘Nn˙Yu N¨RÙ˙]?
(LiQ° N¨ Gufl R˚XVÙh”°\Ùs.)
(©\œ LiQ° UÙR¨ ˘LÙi” Yk’ ˘LÙ”jR LÙnL±L˚[j RÙ˙] A¨°\Ùs. UÙR¨ŸPu
˙Nok’ A”l©p æ Íh• ˙Yi•VYt˚\ N˚Uj’ ˙LÙYX‡dœ EQ‹ TÜÙfl°\Ùs.
C˚Y GpXÙm ’¨R Lß´p SP] TÙYeLfiP‡m A˚N‹LfiP‡m ˙Ut˘LÙs[lT”°u\].
LÙh£ ÿ›Y’m ˘Up≠V ≈˚Q C˚N TWÆVT• Es[’.)
UÙR¨ : (˙LÙYXu LiQ°˚Vl TÙoj’) øeLs CkRd ˙LÙXjßp V˙NÙ˚R ˘Tt˘\”jR

LiQ‡m GeLs œXjß˙X ˙RÙu± LiQ≤u ’Vo øjR Sl©u˚]Ÿm ˙TÙX LÙh£
A∞d°»oLs. U]’dœ ™L‹m Nk˙RÙÙÙL C⁄d°\’.
˙LÙYXu : GeLfidœm Cl˙TÙ’ RÙu U]’ ˘LÙgNm ®mUßVÙL C⁄d°\’.
UÙR¨ : N¨. øeLs ˘LÙgNm Kn‹ G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs. SÙu Y⁄°˙\u.
(UÙR¨ ˘U’YÙL AqÆPm øeœ°\Ùs. ˙LÙYXu LiQ° C⁄Y⁄m R≤j’ÆPlT”°\ÙoLs.)

116
LÙh£ 4
J∞ ˘Uu˚UVÙ]RÙL UÙfl°\’. LiQ° ˙LÙYX‡dœ ˘Yt±˚X TÙdœ U•j’d

˘LÙ”d°\Ùs. ˙LÙYXu A˚R ˘Ttfld ˘LÙi” ™œkR U]˘S°r‹ A˚P°\Ùu. C≤V
C˚N TWÆd ˘LÙi•⁄d°\’. AYoLfi˚PV U]l TWYNjßu ˘Y∞lTÙPÙL AYoLs
C⁄Y⁄m C˚Qk’ B”m J⁄ ˘S°rYÙ] SP]j˚R A©S´d°\ÙoLs. SP]m ÿ•°\’.
˘Up≠V C˚N ˘RÙPok’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\’.
˙LÙYXu : LiQ°, SÙu Eu˚] ˘WÙmT‹m RÆdL ˚Yj’ Æh˙Pu. Gu‡˚PV

˘NVpLfidLÙL ™L‹m Y⁄k’°˙\u. B]Ùp ø G˚RŸm U]ßp ˚Yj’d˘LÙs[ÙUp
SÙu U’˚W ˘Np˙YÙm Gu\’m EP˙] ◊\lTh” ÆhPÙ˙V.
LiQ° : A˚R˘VpXÙm ®˚]j’ Cl˙TÙ’ Y⁄jRlTPÙæoLs. C≤˙Up SÙm ◊ßV

YÙrd˚L ’YeLXÙm. (Ru‡˚PV LÙp £Xm˚Td LZt±) C˚R Ætfll ˘TÙ⁄s ˘LÙi”
YÙ⁄eLs.
˙LÙYXu : LiQ° Eu‡˚PV ˘NVp Gu˚] ˙U¤m ˘YhLU˚PVf ˘Nn°\’. N¨

SÙu ∫d°Wm C˚R Ætfll ˘TÙ⁄s ˘LÙi” Y⁄°˙\u. SÙu Y⁄mY˚W Y⁄jRlTPÙUp
C⁄.
(Gufl ˘NÙp≠ LiQ°˚Vj R›‹Y’ ˙TÙu\ TÙY˚]ŸPu Æ˚P ˘Tfl°\Ùu.)
LÙh£ 5
UÙR¨ : (˚L´p L´t˚\Ÿm Uj˚RŸm G”j’d ˘LÙiP ®˚X´p) I˚V, Cufl SÙm ˘NnV
˙Yi•V AWiU˚] ˘S±ÿ˚\ SÙs. RVÙWÙL C⁄. (RÙØú A⁄°p Y⁄°\Ùs) I˙VÙ
C’ Gu] TÙp E˚\VÆp˚X˙V. (ß˚Lj’ ®t°\Ùs.)
TÙPp J≠d°\’. J∞ UÙfl°\’. C˚P´˚P˙V T—dLs, Bh”d œh•L∞p LR\p J≠Ls.
œPlTÙp E˚\VÙ œÆC´p Ht±u

UPdLiøo ˙NÙ⁄m Y⁄Y’ Jufl Ei”
E±Sfl ˘Yi˘Qn E⁄LÙ E⁄œm
U±˘R±j’ BPÙ Y⁄Y’ Jufl Ei”
SÙuÿ˚X BVm S”eœ◊ ®ufl CWeœm
UÙuU¶ ≈›m Y⁄Y’ Jufl Ei”
UÙR¨ : I˚V SUdœ H˙RÙ æeœ YWl˙TÙ°\’. N¨, LY˚XlTPÙ˙R. ÿu]Ùp BVoTÙ•´p
LiQu TXWÙU‡Pu Æ˚[VÙ•V ©s˚[l T⁄Y SÙhL∞p Sl©u˚]˙VÙ” B•V
œW˚Yd ·jß˚]d LiQ°Ÿm TÙodœm T•VÙL SÙm B”˙YÙm. T—dLfim LuflLfim
Rm ’uTm øeœL Gufl ·± SÙm B”˙YÙm YÙ.
(J∞ UÙfl°\’.)
117
LÙh£ 6
©WLÙNUÙ] J∞. Bnf£Vo œW˚Y˚Vj ’Ydœm ÆRUÙL UÙR¨ H› BVo œXl

˘TiL˚[ YhPY•Æp ®flj’°\Ùs. øRÙu œWp, ø RÙu ’jRm, ø RÙu ˚Ld°˚[, E˚Z,
C∞, Æ[¨, RÙWm G] AYoLfidœl ˘TV¨”°\Ùs. œWXÙL ®tTY˚[ UÙVY]ÙL‹m
C∞VÙL ®tTY˚[ TXWÙU]ÙL‹m ’jRUÙL ®tTY˚[ Sl©u˚]VÙL‹m TÙjßW˙UtœmT•
˘NÙp°\Ùs. UÙVY]ÙL C⁄kRY∞u ˙RÙ∞p ’[£ UÙ˚X˚Vf „h•V’m Gp˙XÙ⁄m
œW˚Y BPj ˘RÙPeœ°\ÙoLs.
TWl◊ Et\ ˘LÙq˚Yl ◊]j’d

œ⁄k’ K£jRÙu TÙ”’m
ÿp˚Xjæm TÙ¶
Gufl RÙ[ XVeLfiPu TÙPp J≠d°\’. C˚NŸm SP]ÿm ÿ› ≈f£p AWe˚L

®˚\d°\’.
UÙR¨ : (SP]l ˘TiL˚[l TÙWÙh”m ÆRUÙL) Aufl V˙NÙ˚Rl ©WÙh•VÙo YQe°l

◊L›UÙfl B•V œW˚Yd ·j’ ˙TÙX˙Y Cufl B•V œW˚Yd ·j’m Su\ÙL C⁄kR’.
C≤ SÙm ˙Ytfl⁄d ˘LÙi” B• ß⁄UÙ˚Xl ˙TÙtfl˙YÙm.
YPY˚W˚V Uj’Bd°
YÙ—°˚V SÙiBd°
LPpYiQu Ti”J⁄SÙs
LPpY´fl LXd°˚]˙V
LXd°V˚L A˙NÙ˚RVÙo
L˚PL´t\Ùp Lh”Q˚L
UXodLUX EkßVÙn
UÙV˙U U⁄h˚Lj˙R
Gu\ TÙPp J≠dL AYoLs ß⁄UÙ˚Xl ˙TÙt± B”°u\]o. CflßVÙL,
GuflVÙm
˙LÙjR œW˚YŸs HjßV ˘RnYmSm
BkR˚Xl ThP ’Vo ødL
Gu\T• œW˚Yd ·j˚R ÿ•d°\ÙoLs.
UÙR¨ : SpX’ øeLs ˘Nufl YÙ⁄eLs. SÙu ˚Y˚Vd L˚W´p ß⁄UÙ˚X YQe°l ©u
øWÙ•Æh” Y⁄°˙\u.
118
LÙh£ 7
J∞Vt\ C⁄s. H˙RÙ ANmTÙÆRm SPlT’ ˙TÙufl AUÙ‡xV J≠Lfim ß”d°”m

NjReLfim ˙Lh°u\]. ˙LÙYXu ˘LÙ˚XŸiPÙ]Ù˙U Gu\ œWpLs Nu]UÙL‹m EWj’m
Gß˘WÙ≠d°u\]. æl©ZmTÙn J∞ LiQ° R˚XÆ¨ ˙LÙXUÙn AWe°p ˙RÙu± ˘Ni˚P
J≠dL EfN vRÙ´´p ⁄jW RÙiPYm B”°\Ùs. Geœm æ TW‹°\’.
LÙh£ 8
≈˚Q ˙NÙLm C˚Nd°\’. UÙR¨ ®˚Xœ˚XkRY[Ùn AWe°p ˙RÙufl°\Ùs.
A˚PdLXm CZk˙Ru. C˚PdœX UÙdLÙs Gu\ TÙPp Y¨Ls —ZuflYW UÙR¨ LY˚X˙TÙm,
UWQm A’ ˘TÙnVÙm, Gufl æoUÙ≤jRY[Ùn EuUjRUÙn B• B• Eó ’\d°\Ùs.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v ß˚WlTPjßu E˚WVÙP≠¤s[ R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. ©\

ß˚WdL˚RL˚[Ÿm YÙ£j’ E˚WVÙP≠p ˘UÙØú R≤jRu˚ULs (ÿ˚\,
EQo‹, LÙX CP EQo‹) B°VYt˚\d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
ß˚WdL˚R
ß˚W´”Y˚R ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi” E⁄YÙdœm L˚R Æ[dL˙U ß˚WdL˚R AR˚]
G›’m ÿ˚\ CWi” Y˚LlT”m.
1. J⁄ LhPjßp G›’m ÿ˚\ (Single Column Format)
2. CWi” LhPeL∞p G›’m ÿ˚\ (Double Column Format)
SÙPLm G›’m ÿ˚\ú A•lT˚P´p G›RlT”Y’ (Single Column Format)
LÙh£, Gi, CW‹, TLp, Es˙[, ˘Y∞˙V ˙TÙufl L˚RUÙkRoL∞u E˚WVÙPp Y˚W´¤m
Es[ RLYpLs G›RlT”°\’. CWi” LhPeL∞p G›’m ÿ˚\´p LÙh£ Æ[dLeLs
B°V˚Y R≤dLhPjßp Tß‹ ˘NnVlT”m.
LÙh£˘UÙØ
LÙh£L˚[j R≤lThP ÿ˚\´p ˘Y∞´”m˙TÙ’RÙu A˚Y LÙh£˘UÙØVÙL UÙfl°u\’.
CRtœ LÙh£ú Es˙[ Es[ Tp˙Yfl ·flL˚[Ÿm —tfll◊\j˚RŸm A±‹ÈoYUÙLj
˘RÙPo◊T”j’Y˙R LÙh£˘UÙØ. CqYÙfl J⁄e°˚Qdœm LÙh£L˚[j ˘RÙPo◊T”j’Y˙R
Continuity CqYÙfl LÙh£ ˘UÙØ E⁄YÙ°\’ G]XÙm. ◊˚LlTPd L⁄Æ´p J⁄ÿ˚\ Li
C˚Udœm ˙SWm J⁄ Frame Shot L[ÙL‹m Shot Ls
C˚Qk’ LÙh£L[ÙL‹m LÙh£Ls ˙Nok’ ®Lr‹L[ÙL‹m ß˚WlTPm E⁄YÙ°u\’.
119
JlT˚] / B˚P A¶LXu
S•lTY˚Wd L˚R UÙkRWÙL UÙtflY’ JlT˚] YÙ´XÙL˙Y Bœm. L˚Rú
R≤jRu˚Ud˙LtT Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙh£dœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] B˚P˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”j’ A¶k’
JlT˚] ˘NnVlT”°\’.
J≠lTß‹ (Dubbing)/C˚N
J≠VÙ]’ ˙Lh˙TÙü EQo‹, LÙh£, AYt±u YÙ£l◊ B°VYt±p RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°\’.
G]˙Y N¨VÙL J≠˚Vl Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi•V’ ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm. ©u]¶
C˚N, C˚N (TÙPpLs) C˚YVÙ‹m N¨VÙLl Tß‹ ˘NnVlT”Rp ˙Yi”m.
L˚RUÙkRoL∞u EQo‹, YÙrd˚L ®Lr‹L˚[ U]ßp ˘LÙi” Uh”˙U ß˚WlTPjßp
TÙPpLs ÿ˚\lT”jRlT”°\’. Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙP¤m ß˚WlTPjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL
A˚UkRÙp Uh”˙U AYt±tœf —RkßWUÙ] ®˚X´p ®tL CV¤m.
R™rjß˚WlTPl TÙPpL∞u YWXÙt˚\d Li”©•l˙TÙm.
˘RÙPdLLÙX ß˚WlTPl TÙPpLs

˘RÙPdL LÙXj ß˚WlTPeLfis R™Øp ˘Y∞YkR ÿRp ˙T—m TPm LÙ∞RÙv. C’
1931˛p ˘Y∞VÙ´tfl. CRu CVdœSWÙL C⁄kRYo H.M. Reddy BYÙo. R™Øp J≠jR ÿRp
TÙP¤m NÙRÙWQl TÙPp ApX. £fl—, ˘T¨—L˚[f —i• C›jR TÙPp. ""UuUR TÙQUPÙ
UÙ¨≤p TÙŸRPÙ'' Gufl ˘Sg˚N ®™oj’d LÙh• LÙ™WÙÿu L]‹d Lu≤VÙL EXÙ Yk’
Au˚\V AZ° WÙ_Xh—™ LYof£LÙh•l TÙ•]Ùo.
YÙnß\YÙ ˘U¸≤VÙL 1931 Y˚W C⁄kR R™r £≤UÙ 1931 Cflß´p YÙn ß\kR’m YÙn
°ØVl TÙP BWm©jR’. ˙U˚P SÙPLeL˚[ AlT•˙V TPUÙdœm ˙TÙ’ TÙPpL˚[Ÿm
C˚QjRÙp Uh”˙U YN]TXm (Hh•dœl ˙TÙh• YN]lTÙPpLs) N¨VÙL C⁄dœm Gu\
®˚XŸm ø•jR’. BL˙Y, R™rl TPeL∞p 40 ˛ 50 TÙPpLs Gufl N˚[dLÙUp AYWYo
TÙ•jæojR]o. Ne∏R XYœNÙ ˙TÙu\ TPeL∞p 60 TÙPpLs A[‹dœ Ne∏Rm Ht\lThP’.
TPj˚Rl TÙoj’Æh” ß⁄m©]Ùp J⁄ LoSÙPL C˚Nd Lf˙N¨˚Vd ˙LhP ©W˚U
HtTh•⁄dLXÙm.
ß˚WlTPeLfim TÙPpLfim
ß˚WlTPjßp TÙPp ˙R˚YVÙ Gu\ Æ]ÙÆtœj ß˚WlTPm ˙RÙu±V LÙXjßu
TZ˚UŸi”. L˚R UÙkRo ˙T—°u\ K˚N´≠⁄k’ UÙflThP K˚N´p TÙPp TÙPlT”YRu
ÆVl©˚]d œ±j’ CkßVj ß˚WlTP ÆUoNLWÙ°V £RÙ]kRRÙv œlRÙ —h•dLÙh•Ÿs[Ùo.
TX ß˚WlTPeL∞¤m L˚R ®Lr‹Lfidœ Ht\YÙfl TÙPpLs A˚UYßp˚X. Uh”Uu±
C˚Y L˚Rú ˘RÙPof£˚V R˚P ˘NnYRÙL‹m A˚UY’ Ei”. (Talking about Film)
C⁄kR˙TÙß¤m CkßVj ß˚WlTPeLs ARu ˘RÙPdL LÙXm ÿR˙X TÙPpL˚[
EhT”jß˙V ˘Y∞´PlThP]. Ckß˘UÙØ´p ÿRp ˙T—m TPUÙ] BXm BW (1931)
Gu\ ß˚WlTPÿm ARu ©\œ GpXÙ ß˚WlTPeL∞¤m TÙPpLs C⁄kR]. U˚XVÙ[
˘UÙØ´p ˘Y∞VÙ] ÿRp ˙T—m ß˚WlTPUÙ] TÙXu (1938) Gu\ TPjßp 23 TÙPpLs
120
LÙQlThP]. TÙr£ ˛ UWÙjß C˚N SÙPLeL∞u RÙdLm ˙TÙu˙\ R™r C˚N SÙPL
TWmT˚W´≠⁄k’ RÙu U˚XVÙ[jß˚WlTPm ˙RÙu±V’. ©u]¶l TÙPpL∞u
˙RÙt\jßtœ ÿu ◊˚LlTPd L⁄Æú ÿu]Ùp ®ufl S•LoLs TÙ• S•lTÙoLs. TÙPpL˙[
CpXÙR ß˚WlTPeLfim C⁄kR]. NÙu\ÙL TÙ¤U˙LkßWÙÆu ≈” Gu\ ß˚WlTPj˚RŸm
·\XÙm. U˚XVÙ[jßp G©WÙ¥u ß˚WlTPUÙ] øß˚VŸm ·\XÙm.
ß˚WlTPj ˘RÙœl◊
£fl £fl ®Lr‹L˚[l Tp˙Yfl CPeL∞p ˚Yj’l TPm©•j’ AYt˚\ ÿ˚\VÙLj
˘RÙœj’ L˚Rj ˘RÙPof£˚V ®˚\‹ ˘NnY’ ß˚WlTPj˘RÙœl◊ G]lT”m. ß˚WlTPj
˘RÙœl©p ˘RÙœl◊ (Montage) ÿWi (Contrast) C˚QVÙ]˚Y (Parallelism) A˚PVÙ[eLs
(Symbolism) ˙TÙu\˚Y TVuT”jRlTh” Y⁄°u\].
R™r £≤UÙ
1931˛Bm Bi•p TmTÙn Cm¿¨Vp ÍÆh˙PÙu NÙo©u Ao˙Rµo CWÙ≤ RVÙ¨jR

BXm BWÙ RÙu CkßVÙÆu ÿRp ˙T—mTPm. A’ ˙T£V ˘UÙØ Ckß. R™Øp ˘Y∞VÙ]
ÿRp ˙T—m TPm LÙ∞RÙv. ÿRp R™r ˙T—m TPjßu SÙV° •.©.Bo Gu\Ù¤m LRÙSÙVLu
˘R¤eœ ˙T£]Ùu. Gf.Gm.˘Wh• Gu\ ™Lf £\kR CVdœSo CRu ÍXm A±ÿLUÙ]Ùo.
CkßV £≤UÙ YWXÙt±˙X˙V R™r Uh”UpX R™r, Ckß, ˘R¤eœ G] ÿm˘UÙØ ˙T£V
J˙W TPÿm LÙ∞RÙv RÙu. 1935 p ß˚W˙V±V 31 TPeL∞p RiPTÙ¶ ˙R£Lo S•jR
Th•]jRÙo Th• ˘RÙh•L∞p ÿZe°V TPm. C˙R Bi•p SYÙl WÙ_ UÙ¶dLm SÙPLd
œ›Æ]ü TdR WÙURÙv TPUÙdLlThP˙TÙ’ Gm.Gu.Sm©VÙo G‡m ß˚WŸXL _ÙmTYÙu
A±ÿLUÙ]Ùo.
1930 ˛ 40 Lfid°˚P´p —lWU¶Vm E⁄YÙd°V Íufl TPeLs R™r £≤UÙÆu R˚X

Æß˚V˙V UÙt±V˚Y. 1941 p S˚Lf—˚Y EQo‹dœ ◊’˘U⁄˚Lj RkR NTÙTß˚Vj
RVÙ¨jR H.Æ.Gm Gu U˚]Yı˚Vj RkRYo.
1945 ÿRp 1951 Y˚W °hPjRhP 155 TPeLs ˘Y∞VÙ´]. AYt±p 42 TPeLs Uh”˙U
NÍLd L˚RLs. SÙm C⁄Yo, ˚TjßVdLÙWu, ™v UÙ≠≤, Lu≤LÙ ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘Yt±LWUÙL
K•V NÍLlTPeL∞p œ±l©PjRdL˚Y.
1947 ÿRp ˘RÙPok’ TX ˘Yt±l TPeL˚[j RkR ˘T⁄˚U ˘_™≤ YÙN˚]˙V NÙ⁄m.
NkßW˙XLÙ (1948), AÈoY N˙LÙRWoLs (1949), NmNÙWm (1950), J¸˚YVÙo (1953) Yg£d˙LÙh˚P
YÙ≠Tu (1958) Utflm C⁄m◊jß˚W, ˙UÙhPÙo —kRWm ©s˚[, J∞Æ[dœ ˙TÙu\ TX
TPeLs.
1950 L∞p HÆGmÿdœl ◊Lr ˙NojR TPm ˙S`]≠u TWÙNdß. CkßVÙÆu R˚X£\kR
L˚XOu £YÙ¥ L˙QNu ERVUÙ]Ùo. R™r £≤UÙÆp ™Ll˘T¨V ß⁄l◊ÿ˚]lTPm
TWÙNdß. ß˚N ß⁄l©VYo £YÙ¥ L˙QNu. L˚R, YN]LojRÙ ÿ. L⁄QÙ®ß.
1959˛p ˘Y∞VÙ] ≈WTÙi•V LhP˘TÙmUu ™œkR ˘TÙ⁄s ˘NXÆp E⁄YÙ] TPm.

£YÙ¥ L˙QNu BolTÙhPj’Pu YN]m ˙T£ S•jR LhP˘TÙmUu ˘Ln˙WÙ TPÆZÙÆp
121
£\kR TPm Gu\ Rœß˚Vl ˘Tt\’. LhP˘TÙmU‡dœ L˚X T\dœm YN]eL˚[f Ndß
°⁄xQNÙ™ G›ß]Ùo.
£YÙ¥ L˙QNu LhP˘TÙmU‡dœl ©u S•jR TÙLl©¨Æ˚], TÙYUu≤l◊, TÙNUXo,

T•jRÙp Uh”m ˙TÙ’UÙ, TÙo UL˙[ TÙo ˙TÙu\ TPeLs ˘T⁄˘Yt± LiP]. £YÙ¥dœ
125˛Y’ TPm EVokR U≤Ru (1968) ©¨vºw TjU]ÙTnVWÙL RjÏTm LÙh• S•jR ÆVhSÙm
≈”, ˘NÙodLm, C⁄’⁄Ym, Re˚LdLÙL, —Uß Gu —kR¨ ˙TÙu\ TPeLs ˘RÙPokR].
Gm.¥.Bo S•jR 100˛Y’ TPm J∞ Æ[dœ. ˘_™≤ v”•˙VÙ RVÙ¨jR ◊’˚Ud L˚R ˛
RVÙ¨l◊
˙ULXÙ ©dNov GeLs ReLm (1970) ÿW˘NÙ≠ UÙ\u YN]j’Pu YkR Gm.¥.Bo TPm
œX ˘RnYm TPjßtœm CY˙W L˚R ˛ YN]m G›ß]Ùo.
1977˛Bm Bi•p Gm.¥.Bo A.ß.ÿ.L AW£u ÿRpYWÙ]Ùo. U’˚W˚V ¡hP —kRW

TÙi•Vu CYW’ L˚P£lTPm. ÿRpYWÙ] ©\œd ·P ClTPj˚R S•j’ ÿ•j’ ˘Y∞´Pf
˘NnRÙo.
1975˛dœl ©u Tß]Ùfl YVß≤˙X ˛ °Zd˙L ˙TÙœm W´p ˛ £Yl◊ ˙WÙ_Ù˙YÙ” Es˙[

◊œkRYo CVdœSo TÙWßWÙ_Ù.
1970˛L∞p LÙ™WÙdLÙWo Gu\ R≤ ÿjß˚W ˘RÙPok’ Íu\Ùm ©˚\ ÿRXÙ] CVdœSo

TRÆŸPu 1980 L∞p ©WLÙ£jRYo TÙ¤U˙LkßWÙ. ˙L.Gv.˙LÙTÙX°⁄xQu A›jRUÙ]
L˚R, YN]j’Pu LXd°d ˘LÙi•⁄kR LÙXÿm C’RÙu (1962 ÿRp 1980 Y˚W)
A˚UßVÙL A±ÿLUÙ° 1985dœl ©u R™r £≤UÙÆp ˘T⁄m ◊Vp ≈£VYo CVdœSo

U¶Wjß]m. CY⁄˚PV RÙdLm 1985 dœl ©\˙L EQWlThPÙ¤m A°X CkßV RXj-ßp
ÿRp R™ZL ˚PWdPWÙL A±ÿLUÙ° Es[Ùo.
œflmTPeLs
YÙrd˚L A‡TYeL˚[ EQo‹ÈoYUÙL‹m Es[j˚R Dodœm Y˚L´¤m œfl°V
˙SWjßp ˘Y∞´”Y˙R œflmTPeLs. 1 ®™Pm ÿRp 30 ®™Pm Y˚W´¤ÿs[ TPeL˚[d
œflmTPeLs Gufl ·\XÙm.
œflmTPdLÙh£ / LÙh£lT”j’Rp
l œflmTPeL∞u R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm ÿ⁄°Vp Ru˚U˚VŸm ◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtœd
œflmTPeL˚[d LÙh£lT”j’˙YÙm.
l œflmTPeL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtœ ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ Tœß˚V
YÙ£j’d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
l R≤jRu˚ULs
l LÙh£˘UÙØ
l C˚N, ©u]¶l TÙPpLs
122
œflmTPeLs
ß˚WlTPeL∞u ˙RÙt\m œflmTPeL∞≠⁄k’ ’Ye°V’ G]XÙm. Ì™Vo N˙LÙRWoLs

ß˚W´hP ÿRp ß˚WlTPUÙ]’. £X ®™P ˙SWeL∞p YÙrd˚L˚Vl ©WßT≠lT]YÙL
C⁄kR’. Ì™Vü ß˚WlTPeL∞p Feature TPeLfim Documentary TPeLfim
UÙß¨lTPeL[ÙLj ßLrkR]. B˚X´≠⁄k’ Y⁄°u\ ˘RÙØXÙ[oLfim W´p
®˚XVjßtœ Y⁄m W´pLfim YÙrd˚Lú VRÙojReL[ÙL C⁄kR]. Èk˙RÙhPdLÙWu
Gu\ L˚R, L˚R ·flm ÿ˚\dœf NÙu\ÙL C⁄kR’.
œflmTPeLs YÙ´XÙL˙Y EXLj ß˚WlTP ®◊QoLs ◊Lr˘Tt\]o G]XÙm. ◊Lr ˘Tt\

TX⁄m S•LoL[ÙL˙YÙ CVdœSoL[ÙL˙YÙ C⁄dLXÙm. NÙu\ÙL NÙo≠ NÙl∞˚]˙V ·\XÙm.
NÙo≠ NÙl∞u 24 Y’ YVßp ß˚WlTP EX°p YkRÙo. R °h Bh˙PÙ ˙\Nv Ah
˘Y…v Gu\ œflmTPm YÙ´XÙL˙Y ◊Lr˘Tt\ AYo SÙ˙PÙ• (Tramp) ˙YP™h” ÿRu
ÿRXÙL S•jR TPÿm C’˙YVÙœm.
NÙl∞u, XÙ\p aÙo•UÙo B°˙VÙo œflmTPeL∞p ◊Lr˘Tt±⁄kR LÙXjß¤m øiP

TPeL˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y œflmTPeLfidœm ÆVÙTÙW Ußl◊ C⁄kR’. I˙WÙl©V SÙh” ß˚W
AWeœL∞¤m C˚Y ™L‹m BoYj’Pu Ae∏L¨dLlThP]. ©tLÙXjßp NÙl∞‡m
XÙ\p aÙo•Ÿm ß˚WlTPeLfidœ ˙SWÙL YØUÙ±V ˙TÙ’ œflmTPeL∞u ˙RÙt\jßp
œ˚\‹ HtThP’. ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[ EtTjß ˘NnŸm ®flY]eLfim ( Company )
TPl©•l◊d·PeLfim (Studio) ˘RÙØp÷hT Bn‹L˚[d œflmTPeLs YØVÙL˙Y ˘Nn’
Y⁄°u\]. Animation, J≠ ÷hTm (Sound Technology) B°V ’˚\L∞u ÿu˙]t\j˚R
œflmTPeLs YÙ´XÙL˙Y Bn‹ ˘Nn°u\]o. ˘RÙØp÷hT Y[of£VÙ]’ Jq˘YÙ⁄
SÙfim œflmTPeL∞u YÙnl◊L˚[l ˘T⁄Lf ˘Nn°\’. J⁄ œflmTPm RVÙ¨lT’ GuT’
Cl˙TÙ’ J⁄ L•]UÙ] ˘NVp Aufl. EeLfidœ EeLs °WÙUlTœß´≠⁄k’ ˘LÙi˙P
œflmTPj˚R E⁄YÙdL CV¤m. Uh”Uu± AR˚] EX°tœ ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW‹m ™L‹m
G∞RÙœm. œflmTPeLfidœ A‡·XUÙ] LÙX˙U C’. ß˚WlTPj˚Rd Ltfld
˘LÙsTYoLfim ÿR≠p œflmTPj˚R ˘Y∞´h” ÿu˙]fl°\ÙoLs. œfl°V LÙXjßp
œ˚\kR ˘NXÆp AYoL∞u U]ß¤s[ GiQeL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”j’YRtœd œflmTPeLs
ER‹°u\]. EXœ Æ˚WÆp ˘Np°\’. J⁄ øiP ß˚WlTPj˚Rl TÙodœm ˘TÙfl˚U
CpXÙR ®˚X E⁄YÙ°d ˘LÙi•⁄d°\’. B]Ùp Ei˚UVÙ] ®Lr‹Lfidœ
ÿd°Vj’Y™p˚X Gu‡m ®˚X HtTPÆp˚X. B]Ù¤m ◊ßV LÙXj˚R Gßo˘LÙsfim
ß\u œflmTPeLfidœ Uh”˙U Es[’.
œflmTPeL˚[ J⁄ TœßVÙLl TÙojRÙp AYt±tœ ˘TÙ’YÙ] £X Ti◊Ls Es[]

G]d L⁄’Y’ CVpTÙ]RÙœm. œflmTPeL∞u ˘TÙ’l Ti◊L˚[ Y˚WVfldœm ÿVt£Ls
G”TPÆp˚X Gu˙\ ·\XÙm. ˙SWj˚Rd ·Pl ˘TÙ’YÙL Y˚WVfldLÆp˚X. œflmTPm
GuTRtœ ™Ld œ˚\YÙ] ˙SWjßp LÙhPlT”m TPm Gu\ Y˚WV˚\ Uh”˙U Cl˙TÙ’m
Es[’. A˘U¨dLÙÆ¤s[ AdLÙR™ Bl ˙UÙù ©dNo Bohv Buh NVuNv
œflmTPeL˚[ 40 ®™Pjßtœd œ˚\YÙ]˚Y G] Y˚WVflj’s[’. ©¨hºx AdLÙR™
123
Bl ©≠mv 30 ®™Pjßtœd œ˚\YÙ] ˙SWj˚R Uh”˙U œflmTPeLfidœ G]
æoUÙ≤j’s[’.
Y˚WV˚\Lfim ˘TÙ’lTi◊LfidLÙ] A±‹˚WLfim ˙RÙpÆ A˚PkRÙ¤m œflmTPeLs
AYt±t˙L E¨V CPj˚Rl ©•j’s[] G]XÙm. TX Y˚LVÙ] ®Lr‹L˚[ A∞lT˙R
œ\mTPeL∞u £\l◊dœd LÙWQUÙL A˚U°u\’ G]XÙm. Cufl œflmTPeLs W´p
®˚XVj˚R YkR˚PŸm W´p Gu\ ˙SW•d LÙh£´≠⁄k’ KWÙ´Wm YØL˚[d
Li”©•dœm ÿVt£dœ ˙SWÙLf ˘Nufl ˘LÙi•⁄d°u\].
œflmTPeL˚[d LÙh£lT”j’YRtœj ˙Rok˘R”dœm ß˚WlTPeLs
(Î•Î©p °˚PlT˚Y)
l Camera l øo
l Meals Ready l ÆYNÙVm
l Fire Flies l ÿ’ AL˚Y
l Red Balloon l U≤R ˙SVm
l My Shoes l Æ˚N
l The other pain l NYPÙp
l Charlie Chaplins Short Films l LÙkßdœ J⁄ L•Rm
ß˚WlTPeL[ÙLj ˙Rok˘R”dL ˙Yi•V˚Y

l Children of heaven
l Colour of Paradise
l Fly away Home
l Little Red Flowers
l An incident at owl
l Creak Bridge
l The White Balloon
l Hachico
l Home alone
l 101 Æ]ÙdLs
˘NVp-TÙ”
v ß˚WlTPeL˚[l TÙo˚Y´h”d LXk’˚WVÙ• J⁄ œflmTPm RVÙ¨j’
˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
124
J⁄ œflmTPm E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm
Tœß 1
J⁄ L˚RdL⁄˚Yd Li”©•dL‹m. AR˚]j ˘RÙPok’ R≤SToL∞u E˚WVÙPp, RLYp
˙NL¨l◊, ˙SW•j RLYpLs, Tjß¨˚Lf ˘NnßLs B°VYt±u YÙ´XÙL CdL⁄jß˚]
BZUÙLl ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙsY’Pu GqYÙfl L˚R·\ ˙Yi”m
Gk˘RkR L˚R UÙkRo Gk˘RkRd LÙh£L∞p GR˚]d ·˙\˙Yi”m GuT’ œ±jR
A•lT˚P A±‹m ˙R˚YVÙœm. B]Ùp CYt±˘XpXÙm UÙt\m YWXÙm. L⁄j’L˚[j
˘RÙPof£VÙL U]ßp Eh˘LÙi” ß˚WdL˚R YN]m G›Rj ˘RÙPeL˙Yi”m.
Tœß 2
ß˚WdL˚R´p L˚R ·flm ÿ˚\ ˙NL¨jR RLYpLfis GYt˚\˘VpXÙm
TVuT”jR˙Yi”m, RÆodL ˙Yi”m, L˚R˚V Ge°⁄k’ ’YeL ˙Yi”m, ÿ•dL
˙Yi”m B°VYt˚\f £kßj’ Eflß ˘NnR©u]˙W G›Rj ’YeL˙Yi”m. G›’m
˙TÙ’ SÙm æoUÙ]m ˘NnRß≠⁄k’ UÙt\eLs ˙R˚YlT”m. A’ CVpTÙ]RÙœm. AYt˚\j
˘RÙPok’s[ YN]jß¤m £kR˚]´¤m æo‹ ˘NnVlT”m.
L˚R G›’Y’ ˙TÙufl ß˚WdL˚R G›R CVXÙ’. LÙh£Ls SÙm ˙SW•VÙLd LÙiT’
˙TÙufl A˚UV˙Yi”m. CR˚]d LÙh£dL˚R G]XÙm. G”j’dLÙh˚Pd LÙi˙TÙm.
LÙh£ 1
˚Ph•pv ÿ•Y˚PŸm ˙TÙ’ SÙm UQÌo Gufl G›RlThP °WÙUjßu ˙TÙo˚Pl
TÙod°˙\Ùm. ARu ∏˙Z AUokß⁄dœm A›dœ B˚PV¶kR S”jRW YV’˚PV J⁄Yo
AYW’ U]ßp ˙RÙuflm °WÙUjßu ˘RÙ˚XÁWdLÙh£Ls.
SÙm ¡i”m AY˚Wd LÙi°˙\Ùm.
AYo ˘RÙ˚XjÁWjßp TÙoj’d ˘LÙi•⁄dœm TÙo˚Y
©u]¶ K˚N : J⁄Yo Ceœ ˙TÙo•u ∏˙Z LÙYpLÙWWÙL AUokß⁄d°\Ùo. AY⁄dœ

H˙R˙RÙ ˙TN ˙Yi”m.
S”jRW YV’˚PVYü ÿLm
AYo ˙T—°\Ùo. Ik’ Y⁄Pjßtœ ÿu SÙu Ceœ Y⁄m˙TÙ’ CkR SßŸm UWeLs
˘N•Ls Ceœs[ LÙtflm Su\ÙL˙Y C⁄kR]. U≤RoLfim ©\ E´¨]eLfim ™L‹m
U°rf£VÙL C⁄kR]o. ¡i”m Sßú, UWeL∞u, ˘N•L∞u . . . . LÙh£Ls (L˚R
˘RÙP⁄m)
Tœß 3
ß˚WdL˚R YN]m G›ß ÿ•kR©u ß˚WlTPj RVÙ¨l˚Tj ’YeLXÙm. ß˚WlTPj RVÙ¨l◊

GuT’ Ju±Wi” ˙To
˙Nok’ ÿ•j’Æ”m ˙Y˚XVpX. BRXÙp RVÙ¨l©u Tp˙Yfl ®˚XL∞p ER‹YRtœm

BdLÈoYUÙLf ˘NVpT”YRtœm Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm AYWY⁄d˙L E¨V ˘TÙfll◊L˚[
A∞dL˙Yi”m. ◊˚LlTPd L⁄Æ, B˚P AXeLÙWm, JlT˚], CVdœS⁄dœ ER‹Rp,
L˚X CVdLm, ˙TÙdœYWj’, EQ‹, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWd LY≤l◊ ˙TÙu\ GpXÙj ’˚\L∞¤m
Efll©]oL˚[ D”T”jR ˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl ˘NnRÙp RVÙ¨l◊f ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ÿ˚\VÙLl
125
◊¨k’˘LÙs[‹m G∞˚UVÙLf ˘Nn’ ÿ•dL‹m CV¤m. ˘RÙPok’ ß˚WdL˚R,
◊˚LlTPdL⁄Æ, J≠lTß‹, L˚Rdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ©\ ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm RdL
NUVjßp J⁄e°˚Qj’ TPm ©•lTRtœj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnR CPjßtœf ˘Nufl TPm ©•jR˚X
®˚\‹ ˘NnVXÙm. L˚Rdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ©u]¶VÙL Y⁄m CPeLs, „r®˚XLs
GuT]Yt˚\f ˘NVpT”TYoLs ÿu]˙W Li”©•jß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
ß˚WdL˚R Y[of£dœ HtTl TPm G”jRp CVXÙR LÙ¨VUÙœm. L⁄ÆLs, SToLs

CYoL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi˙P TPm G”lTRtLÙ] ßhPj˚R ˙Ut˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
Tp˙Yfl „r®˚XL∞p G”dLlThP LÙh£L˚[j ˘RÙœdœm ˙Y˚[´p ˘RÙPof£˚V
U]ßp ˘LÙi” Y¨˚NlT”jR ˙Yi”m. œ˚\kR LÙX A[˚Yl TPm G”lTRtLÙLj
ßhP™P˙Yi”m. H˘]≤p HWÙ[UÙ] „r®˚XLs, SToLs B°˙VÙü Jj’˚Zl◊,
TPm G”dœm SÙhL∞p J˙W CPjßp ˙R˚YlT”YRÙp SÙhL˚[d œ˚\lT’ SXm TVdœm.
TPjRVÙ¨l©u EtTjßf ˘NX˚Y CRu YØVÙLd œ˚\dLXÙm. ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m YhPÙW,
R≤STWÙL‹m ˘NVpT”jR CV¤°u\ LÙW¶L˚[l TPjRVÙ¨l©p TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.
R]’ B˚P, ≈h•¤s[ EQ‹, ˘TÙ’l˙TÙdœYWj’ (KSRTC) C˚Y VÙ‹m CRtœf
NÙuflL[Ùœm. TPl©•l◊ ˘RÙPe°ÆhPÙp CVdœS˙W AkRdœ›Æu R˚XYWÙYÙo. AYW’
BdLÈoYUÙ] GpXÙ L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm œ›Æ¤s[YoLs ©uTt\ ˙Yi”m. LÙh£Ls
£\lTÙL A˚UYRtœ ¡i”m ¡i”m TP˘U”jRp, ◊˚LlTPd L⁄Æú C⁄l◊®˚X,
E˚WVÙP≠u Ru˚U, ©u◊Xd L⁄ÆLs, TP˘U”dœm ˙SWm CYt˚\ CVdœS˙W
æoUÙ≤lTÙo.
5 ®™Pj ß˚WlTPj˚R E⁄YÙdLj æoUÙ≤lTRÙL C⁄kRÙp A˚RÆP AßLUÙ] ˙SWj˚Rl

TPm G”lTRtœf ˘NXÆP˙Yi”m. Gu\Ùp Uh”˙U ˘RÙœdœm ˙Y˚[´p SUdœj
˙R˚YVÙ] A[Æp LÙh£L˚[ J⁄e°˚QdL CV¤m. CqYÙfl TPm ©•jR LÙh£L˚[
"\`v' Gufl ·flYo. AR˚] ˘RÙœlTÙ[o ˘Yh• G”j’ "\l Lh' E⁄YÙdœ°\Ùo.
Tœß 4
TPm ©•lTRtœ ÿd°V Teœ Y°lT’ ◊˚LlTPd L⁄ÆVÙœm. B]Ùp Cufl ◊˚LlTPd
L⁄Æ °˚PdLl˘T\ÙR Jufl ApX. A˚X˙T£d LÙ™WÙdLs ·P SpX RWUÙ]˚YL[ÙL˙Y
Es[]. Uh”Uu± ÿRp ®˚X •.Gv.Gp.Bo ◊˚LlTPdL⁄ÆL˚[l TPl©•l©tœ G∞ßp
RVÙoT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. Aj’Pu ˙L™WÙ vPÙuh BLl TVuT”j’m •˚Wl˙TÙh,
˙UÙ˙]Ù˙TÙh ˘Np© v•d C˚YVÙ‹m SU’ TeLÙ∞Ls, ˙RÙZoL∞P™⁄k˙R
TVuT”jRXÙm. CRu YÙ´XÙL RVÙ¨l◊f ˘NX˚Yl TœßVÙLd œ˚\dLXÙm. EeLs
TeLÙ∞dœl ◊˚LlTPd L⁄Æ˚V CVdLj ˘R¨VÆp˚XVÙ´‡m TPj RVÙ¨l˚T
˚LÆPd·PÙ’. LÙWQm AYWYo Tœß´¤s[ ß⁄UQeL˚[l TPm ©•dœm
v”•˙VÙÆ¤s[YoLs SUdœ ER‹YÙoLs. SU’ ˙SÙdLjßu ˘TÙ⁄h” œ˚\kR
YÙP˚L´¤m ˘NXÆ¤m L⁄ÆL˚[ A∞lTÙoLs. TPl©•l©u ˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V
Jufl J≠lTßYÙœm. œ˚\YÙ] Æ˚X´¤m YÙP˚L´¤m °˚Pdœm ˙XlTp
˚UdœL˚[l TVuT”jß]Ùp LÙh£L˚[Ÿm J≠L˚[Ÿm Tß‹ ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm. RWm
£±R[‹ œ˚\YÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m SU’ ˙SÙdLÿm BoYÿm ®˚\˙Yflm.
126
Tœß 5
ß˚WdL˚R YØVÙL SUdœd °˚PlT’ LÙh£Ls YØVÙL Y[of£V˚P°u\ J⁄ L˚RVÙœm.
CkRj ß˚WdL˚R˚Vl TVuT”jß G∞ßp TPl©•l◊ SPjR CVXÙ’. AR]Ù˙X˙V
ß˚WdL˚R˚V SUdœ Shooting Script BL UÙt\˙Yi”m. J⁄ G”j’dLÙh˚Pl TÙol˙TÙm.
LÙh£ 1
TLp / CW‹
(TLp J¸h˙PÙo)
˚Ph•pv
Close Shot
UQÌo Gu\ ˙TÙo•u A⁄˙LŸs[ LÙh£
2. Long Shot
A›dLÙ] E˚P A¶kR S”jRW YV’˚PVYo AUokß⁄d°\Ùo.
3. Medium Shot
S”jRW YV’˚PVYü ÿLm
4. Long Shot
°WÙUjßu ˘RÙ˚XÁWd LÙh£. Sß EhTP
4a ¡•Vm `Ùh (MS)
J›œ°u\ Sß
5. Close Shot
ÈdLs
6. Medium Shot
UWeL∞u C˚XLs
LUu• : C’ ∫˙U≤ °WÙUm
7. MS, LS, CS °WÙUjßu AZ°V LÙh£Ls
8. Cut to MS
˙TÙo•u ∏˙Z AUokß⁄dœm S”jRW YV’˚PVYo
AYo ˙T—°\Ùo.
K˚N : Ik’ Y⁄Pjßtœ ÿu SÙu Ceœ Y⁄m ˙TÙ’ CkR SßŸm UWeLfim ˘N•Lfim
Ceœs[ LÙtfl, U≤RoLs, ©\ E´¨]eLs GqY[‹ U°rf£VÙL C⁄kR]o.
(CqYÙfl Script ÿ•dL ˙Yi”m)
C’˙TÙu\ `¯h•e Script tœ HtT TPl©•l˚T ÿ•dL ˙Yi”m. C’Y˚W ·±VYt˚\
—⁄eLd ·±]Ùp CqYÙfl ·\XÙm. J⁄ L˚RdL⁄ æoUÙ≤d°˙\Ùm. T•d°˙\Ùm. ˙NL¨jR
RLYpL∞u A•lT˚P´p Script RVÙ¨d°˙\Ùm. ˙L™WÙ˚YŸm ˙LÙ[o ˚Ud˚LŸm HtTÙ”
˘Nn°˙\Ùm. ˙LUWÙ UÙflm ©\ ˘NVXoLfim ˙Nok’ TPm©•dœm CPjßtœf ˘Np°u\]o.
ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨jR ßhPjßuT• Jq˘YÙ⁄ CPjß¤m Es[ ß˚WdL˚Rl Tœßdœ HtT
127
TPm ©•d°\ÙoLs. £X LÙh£Ls CVpTÙL˙Y °˚Pdœm. B]Ùp £XYt˚\d
LhPÙVUÙL˙Y E⁄YÙdœm ®˚X HtTPXÙm. A’ ˘NVt˚LVÙ]’ G] EeLfidœj
˙RÙu\XÙm. B]Ùp Shot ˘NnR ©\œ ß˚W´p TÙodœm ˙TÙ’ A’ CVpTÙ]RÙL˙Y
C⁄dœm. J⁄Yo £¨lT’ ˙TÙu\ ˙RÙt\m ˙Yi”UÙú AY˚Wl Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p
£¨dL˚Yj’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]˚Rj ˘RÙœdœm ˙TÙ’ G”j’d ˘LÙs[XÙm. C’˙Y N¨VÙ]
ÿ˚\VÙœm.
Tœß 6
Script tœ HtT ˙R˚YŸs[˚YVÙ‹m TPm©•jRÙ´tfl. NÙRÙWQUÙ] J⁄ ˘UmU± LÙo•p

TÙ’LÙdL ÿ•kR˚Y Uh”˙U LÙQlT”m. SU’ E˚Zl◊m L]‹m C≤ AkR L]‹Lfidœf
£\œ ÿ˚[dL ˙Yi”m. A’ S˚P˘TflY’ ˘RÙœlTÙ[ü ˙U˚N´XÙœm. ß˚WlTPm
œ±jR L]Æp ™Rdœm SUdœ SU’ YhPÙWjß¤s TZdLUÙ] v”•˙VÙ E˚P˚UVÙ[¨Pm
A‘° SU’ TPj˚Rj ˘RÙœdLf ˘NnVXÙm. ˘RÙœlTÙ[o U¶d·o LQd°p YÙP˚LŸm
·≠Ÿm YÙeœYÙo. SU’ SiTo CRt˘LpXÙm ER‹YÙo G]d L⁄’˙YÙm.
Jufl ApX’ CWi” U¶˙SWjßp TPjßu ÿRp Y•Yj˚R SUdœ ÿ›˚UVÙLd LÙQ
CV¤m. ˙U¤m ˙R˚YlT”Y’ L˚RUÙkRoLs, ©u]¶, CYoL∞u J≠lTßYÙœm. SU’
L˚R UÙkRoL˚[˙V J≠lTßÆtœl TVuT”jRXÙm. ÿRu ÿR≠p ˙L™WÙÆp Tß‹
˘NnVlThPYoL˙[ ˘WdLÙo•e Lu˙NÙ≠¤m D”TP˙Yi”m. ˘WdLÙo•e, ˘RÙœl◊
B°VYt˚\d œ˚\kR ˘NXÆp YhPÙW A[Æp ˘NnVXÙm.
˘RÙPok’ J≠lTß‹ ˘NnVlThP K˚N˚Vl TPjßu R˚Xl◊, J≠Ls, R≤lThP K˚NLs

LÙh£Ls, ˘U⁄·h”Rp B°VYt˚\j ˘RÙœlTÙ[o C˚Qj’ ARu ©Wß˚V SUdœj
R⁄YÙo.
SU’ ß˚WlTPm Ceœ ®˚\Y˚P°\’. œu±˚]l ˙TÙu\ BY¤m æÆWUÙ] D”TÙ”m

C˚QkR SU’ ß˚WlTPm Gu\ L]‹ Cl˙TÙ’ UXok’s[’.
CRu A•lT˚P´p ˙L™WÙ ApX’ ˘Np˙T£˚Vl TVuT”jß 5 / 10 ®™Pjßp J⁄

ß˚WlTPj˚R E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v L˚R, ß˚WdL˚R CYt±t°˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl ◊¨k’˘LÙi”

ß˚WdL˚R YN]m G›R˙Yi”m.
(G.”: RLØú ˘Ys[l˘T⁄dœ Gu\ L˚Rú ß˚WdL˚R RVÙ¨jRp ˛
˘UÙØ˘TVol◊ ˛ —kRWWÙUNÙ™)
v ß˚WdL˚R YN]m G›’m T¶U˚]L˚[ SPj’Rp.
v ß˚WlTPl TÙPpY¨Ls AYt±u LÙh£Ls CYt˚\ Jl¿” ˘NnŸeLs.

ß˚WlTPlTÙPp G›’YRu ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd Li”©•dL‹m.
v LiQRÙNu, Th”d˙LÙh˚Pd LpVÙQ—kRWm, TZ®TÙWß, YÙ≠, ˚YWÿj’

B°˙VÙü TÙPpL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’ ÿ⁄°Vp Ru˚U˚Vd Li”©•j’
G›R‹m.
128
ß˚Wl-©W- ß ˛ øX-Tj-US
- Ù-Tu
˘RÙØp ÷hTd L˚XOoLs

L˚R øX TjUSÙTu
YN]m øX TjUSÙTu
Y. ˘L¸RUu
J∞lTß‹ ˘NØVu, _UÙ¤æu
TPj˘RÙœl◊ ÿ. LÙ£ ÆvYSÙRu
TÙPpLs ˚YWÿj’, A±‹Uß Tf£VlTu
C˚N ÆjVÙNÙLo
ß˚WdL˚R,
CVdLm Y. ˘L¸RUu
RVÙ¨l◊
Aßo‹ ß˚WlThP˚\ R. U¶YiQu
LRÙTÙjßWeLs
Y. ˘L¸RUu
ßWÆ
∫UÙu
œt\ÙXm
AgN≠
œZ≠
LÙojßLÙ
SÙLm˚U AdLÙ
©WLÙxWÙw
˙UÙNv
LgNÙL⁄l◊
WÙNlTÙ
NmTj
˘NYkR ˘T⁄UÙs
—œUÙ¨
Bf£ EiQÙU˚X
Æ.Gv.WÙLYu
TÙhPÙ
TÙi• WÙÀ
SÙL⁄ ©s˚[
TßÍu\Ùm Ët\Ùi” LÙXl TßÆp SPkRRÙL ˘NÙpXlT”m ©uY⁄m ®Lr‹Ls

A˚]j’m KÆVeL[ÙL LÙh£lT”jRlTh”s[].
ÿR≠p TÙnUWdLlT¤Pu ·•V LPtL˚W Tœß AR˚]V”j’ J⁄ ˘T¨V AWiU˚] ˛
ClT• KÆVeLs UÙ± UÙ± Yk’d ˘LÙi•⁄dL ˛ ARu ˙Up œWp ˘RÙPok’
˘LÙi•⁄d°\’.
Cjß˚WlTPm Ei˚Uf NmTYeL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” G”dLlTh”s[’.
129
°.©.13˛Bm Ët\Ùi”.
Èm◊LÙo Gufl A˚ZdLlT”m LÙÆ¨ ÈmTh•]m.
TÙi•Vu Rk’ A‡l©V T¨— Ju±˚]d ˘LÙi” YkR ≈Wu J⁄Yu.
LÙÆ¨ Y[ojR UÙUu]≤Pm øh•]Ùu.
AjR˚]Ÿm ˘NkÁW ’∞Ls ˙TÙp £fl £fl TY[eLs.
Ru L›jßp A¶V TY[UÙ˚X ˙Yi”˘U] TÙo˚YVÙp ˙LhP AW£dLÙL,

˘TÙt˘LÙpX˚W A˚Zj’ EP]•VÙL ˙LÙoj’ R⁄mT• B˚Q´hPÙu AWNu.
˘TÙ•l ˘TÙ•VÙn C⁄kR AkR TY[eL˚[ ˚YW F£VÙp ’˚[´”m ˙TÙ’ A˚Y
£R±].
Ru CVXÙ˚U˚V ˘NÙp≠ YkR ˘TÙt˘LÙpX˘WpXÙm ß⁄l© Rk’ Æh” ˘Nu\]o.
T˚LY˚W ˘YpXj ˘R¨kR AWN⁄dœl TY[j˚Rd ˙LÙodLj ’l©p˚X˙VÙ Gufl œjßd

LÙh•]Ùs AW£.
˙LÙTÿt\ Uu]u ÿu◊ S˚L ˘NnYßp ©WTXUÙ] ˘Nh•VÙo J⁄Y˚W A˚Zj’ Yk’
®fljß]o. Æ•YRtœs UÙ˚XVÙLd ˙LÙoj’YÙ Cp˚X˙Vp UWQm E]dœ UÙ˚X˙VÙ”
Y⁄m Gufl B˚Q´hPÙu AWNu.
VÙWÙ¤m ÿ•VÙR’ Gu]Ùp Uh”m GlT• ÿ•Ÿm Gufl ◊Xm©VYÙ˙\ AfNm ˘LÙiP
˘Nh•VÙo TY[eL˚[ G”j’d ˘LÙi” LY˚X˙VÙ” ≈h•tœl ˙TÙ]Ùo.
RÙVm˚U, ReLm˚U AZLÙ] C⁄ ˘TiLs ˘Nh•VÙ⁄dœ. Rk˚Rú LY˚X A±kR

AYoLs, TY[eL˚[ G”j’ ˘Nufl ˘YpX L˚WN˚X F£´p ˘RÙh” TY[jßu
C⁄◊\ÿm ˘TÙh•h” £t˘\flm◊ ◊tfl A⁄˙L Y¨˚NVÙn ˚YjR]o. Æ•k’ ˙TÙn TÙojRÙp
C≤l◊dLÙL AjR˚] TY[eL∞¤m ’˚[´h” C⁄kR] Gflm◊Ls.
G”j’ UÙ˚XVÙd° Rk˚R´Pm RW ˛ Uu]≤Pm øh•]Ùo ˘Nh•VÙo. ÆVlT˚PkR Uu]o

C’ GlT• NÙjßVUÙ]’ Gufl ˙LhPÙo? ˘T⁄˚U G] ®˚]j’ ˘TiL˚[l Tt± ˘NÙp≠
˚YjRÙo ˘Nh•VÙo. A±‹m AZœm AWiU˚]d˙L ˘NÙkRm. Eu ULsL˚[ G]dœ
UQm ÿ•j’ RÙ Gufl LhP˚[´hPÙu AWNu. Aßof£ A˚PkR ˘Nh•VÙo AR˚]
UfljRÙo. Eu˚] ˘LÙuflÆh” Eu ULsL˚[ UQm ÿ•l˙Tu. B]Ù¤m J⁄ YÙnl◊
R⁄°˙\u. SpX Tß˙XÙ” SÙ˚[ YÙ Gu\Ùu.
F⁄dœs K•V ˘Nh•VÙo Ru C]j’ BiL∞Pm SPkR˚R ·±]Ùo. AYu Uu]]ÙL

C⁄dLXÙm, AYu NÙß Gu] Sm NÙß Gu]? C]˙U AØkRÙ¤m N¨ ˘Ti ˘LÙ”dL
Uflj’ œXUÙ]m LÙl˙TÙm Gufl C˚[OoL˘[pXÙm ˘LÙßjR]o. Gu C⁄ ˘TiLfidLÙL
Sm C]˙U AØV˙YiPÙm Gufl ˘NÙp≠ ˘Nh•VÙo £X˚W Uh”m A˚Zj’d ˘LÙi”
J⁄ æodLUÙ] ÿ•˙YÙ” ≈h”dœl ˙TÙ]Ùo. ULsL˚[ A˚ZjR ˘Nh•VÙo Ut\˚R˘VpXÙm
130
©\œ ˘NÙp°˙\u. ®XY˚\´p Es[ È˚_ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ÿR≠p G”j’ YÙ⁄eLs Gufl
˘NÙu]Ùo. „rf£ ˘R¨VÙR AkRf ˘TiLs C⁄fidœs C\e°]o. ˘Nh•VÙo ˘Nn˚Ld
LÙhP˙Y RVÙWÙn ˘Yh• ˚Yjß⁄kR Ui˚Q ·˚P ·˚PVÙn G”j’ Yk’ —t± ®ufl
®XY˚\´p ˘LÙh•]o. C”l◊ ◊˚RV, ˙RÙsLs ◊˚RV, LR\p ◊˚RV, ˚LLs ◊˚RV
E´˙WÙ” ◊˚RkR]o RÙVm˚UŸm ReLm˚UŸm.
—Zufl A•jR’ Aufl ˙Tn U˚Z. ÈLmTjRÙp G›kR BØl ˙TW˚X F˚W˙V LÙ‹
YÙe°V’. ˘LÙj’ ˘LÙjRÙn U≤RoLs Ui¶p ◊˚RkR]o. AWiU˚] C•k’ AkRl◊Wm
Æ›k’ AWN‡m AW£Ÿm UÙi” ˙TÙ´]o. TdLjßp TY[UÙ˚XŸm Aflk’ °PkR’.
Eó ©˚Zj’ K•V £X RÙVm˚U ReLm˚U˙V . . . SÙeLs ®˚X ®tœm È™´p
EeLfidœ £˚X ˚Yj’ YQeœ°˙\Ùm. ©˚Z ˘TÙfldL ˙Yi”m ¡Rm C⁄dœm
GeL˚[˙V‡m LÙlTÙtfleLs Gufl Uu\Ù• ˙Yi•]o.
Cl˘TÙ›’m £˚XVÙL ®t°u\]o RÙVm˚UŸm ReLm˚UŸm. B]Ùp AYoL∞u LR\p
Uh”m LÙXm ˙RÙflm ˙Lh”d ˘LÙi˙P C⁄d°\’.
ßWÆ ≈”
LÙh£ : 1
LÙ˚X æTÙWÙR˚] ˙LÙ´pU¶

UÙoLØ UÙRm. J≠d°\’.
T≤d˘LÙh”m AßLÙ˚X
Ik’ U¶ CW¶Vp T˚ZV Kh” ≈h•u
Gu°\l ˘TVo TX˚Lj ˘Y∞l◊\j˙RÙt\m. TX
RÙe°V AZLÙ] Fü R˚Xÿ˚\Ls YÙrk’
˘Y∞l◊\j˙RÙt\m ÿ•kR ≈h•u A˚UßŸm
1989 Bm Bi” ˘T⁄˚UŸm ˘R¨°\’.
Lu≤VÙœU¨ UÙYhPm ÿuTdL —Y¨p UWjRÙXÙ]
Gu°\ G›j’dLs K• CWh˚Pd LR‹Ls A⁄°p
U˚\°\’. CW¶V≠u Æ[dœ UÙPm C⁄
AZ°V TœßLs TdLÿm, N’WY•Y
J›eL˚Ul˙TÙ” ·•V Nu]pLs ø[ ø[
˘R⁄dLs, ∫WÙ] Y¨˚N´p Lm©L˙[Ù” NÙdœ
≈”Ls G] Íh˚PLs NÙnkß⁄dœm
A˚Ukß⁄d°u\]. Jh”j ßi˚Q´p
∏Zj˘R⁄ £eLÆ]ÙVLo YXl◊\ Nu]¤dœ ÿuTÙL
˙LÙ´p, ÿRp È˚Nú J⁄ ˚Nd°s ®tL\’ ˛ A’
131
≈h•‡s LR‹dœ Eh◊\m ßWÆ : Bf£ B . . . A’dœs[ U¶
÷˚ZkR’m CPl◊\ AgNÙ´hPÙ Bf£
Nu]¤dœ ÿu◊ Au˘TÙ›L Bf£ Ru
UWdLh•≠p EiQÙU˚X ˘Ys˚[ ˙N˚Xú
Bf£ T”jß⁄d°\Ùo. ÿkRÙ˚]˚V ˙TÙojßd
A⁄°p J⁄ E⁄Ym ˘LÙs[ ÿVt£j’ ˛
ÿ›Y’m ˙TÙojßVT• C›j’d ˘LÙi˙P
E\eœ°\’. Æ]ÙVLo ˙T—°\Ùo.
˙LÙ´≠u U¶˙VÙ˚Nd Bf£ : BU˙X Gkß Li‘ Eu
˙Lh” A˚Nk’ Li ReLf£dœ T¨f˚Np˙X
ÆØjR Bf£ G›k’ C⁄ AkR œh•V G›l©
˚LL˚[Ÿm ˙XNÙL ˙Rnj’ T•l©f— œ”lTÙ
Es[e˚LL˚[l Bf£ G›l©VRÙp
TÙojRT• Bf£ LP‹˙[ G›kRUokR ßWÆ œ∞o
Gufl G›kß⁄d°\Ùo. RÙeLÙUp ER±VT• ˛
U¶˙VÙ˚N J≠j’d EP˚X J”d°VYÙfl
˘LÙi•⁄d°\’. Nu]¤dœ ˘Y∞˙V TÙoj’
G›kRUokRT• ©\œ Bf£´Pm ß⁄m©
C⁄˚LL˚[Ÿm ·l©
ßWÆ : vv Bf£ Gu] . . . ˘Y\V¤
U]ÿflL ˙Yi”°\Ùo.
J]dœ œ∞W˚XVÙ Bf£ . . .
Bf£ : RÙVm˙U . . . ReLm˙U ˚LL˚[ øh• ˛ ER±
£eLÆ]ÙVL ˘T⁄UÙ˙] LÙpL˚[ ˘UpX RPÆd
GpXÙ˚WŸm SpXÙ ˘LÙ”j’ ˚LL˚[Ÿm N¨
˘Yf£⁄lTÙ. ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi” Bf£ ˛
ß⁄m© A⁄°p ßWÆú ˙LsÆdœ £¨l˚T
T”jß⁄dœm E⁄Yjßu TßXÙL Rk’Æh”
˙TÙo˚Y˚Vf N¨ G›°\Ùo. YÙ˚ZUWÿm, Èf˘N•Lfim
˘Nn°\Ùs. Bf£ú NjRm ®˚\kRd ˘LÙp˚Xl
˙LhP ßWÆ ÿLj˚R ◊\jßu °Qt\•´p
Í•´⁄dœm ˙TÙo˚Y˚V SÙLm˚U AdLÙ œ”mT
ÆXd° R˚XÁd°l TÙoj’ ˘TiLfid˙L E¨V
˙XNÙL œ∞⁄dœ ˘RnYÙmNj˙RÙ”
S”e°VT• AßLÙ˚X´p œ∞j’
132
DWd·kR≠p . . . ’i”dLh• ˙TÙh”d ˘LÙi˙P
˘TÙfl˚UŸm AZœm ·•V ˘T⁄Íf—Pu ÿ]œ°\Ùo.
Y•YÙ] ÿLj’Pu
Bf£ : mm GjR] T—‹m
TÙjßWeL˚[ L›Æd
Lu‡dœh•Lfim
˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùs. ßWÆú
®u] ≈”?
AmUÙ œh•Vm˚U LÙnkR
TÙjßWm ˙RnjR SÙLm˚U
˘Ru˚] Uh˚PL˚[
Bf£˚Vl TÙoj’
UÙh”j ˘RÙh•≠p
˙TÙh” Bf£ : Rm© Gkß¨f—hPÙ]Ù
Al◊\lT”j’°\Ùs. Aeœ NÙQm YÙ∞˚V
Yk’ ˙NokR YX’˚L´p ©•j’d

˘LÙi” AY∞Pm YkR
Bf£ : œh•Vm˙U
Gu\˚ZjRlT• Bf£ : Li‘ LÙXeLÙjRÙX˙V
C⁄m◊YÙ∞˚V G”d°\Ùs. Gkßf —hPÙmUÙ
œh•Vm˚U : A. . . j. . . ˙R. . . ÆNÙXj’dœ
G] ß⁄m◊°\Ùs. T•l©f£h”dLÙu.
Gufl YÙNp ˙SÙd°
Bf£ : ˘RÙW œ⁄kRe ˙LÙh”
˙TÙ°\Ùo.
YV¤dœ ˙Sjßd˙L
˘R⁄Æp ˛ A˚]j’
˙TÙL‡m‡ ˘NÙu]Ù˙] . . .
≈”L∞u ÿu◊m ˘TiLs
˙TÙœm ˙TÙ’ ˘LÙgNm
YÙNp ˘T⁄dœ°u\]o.
øWÙLÙWj˚RVÙY’ œ•f£h”
Jh”j ßi˚Q´p Re˚L
˙TÙLf ˘NÙp¤. Au≤dœ
ÆNÙXj’dœ T•l◊f
˙TÙ]ÙlX ˘Yflm
˘NÙp≠d ˘LÙ”j’d
Y´j˙RÙ” ˙TÙn R˚X °fl
˘LÙi•⁄dœm ßWÆ.
°flj’ YWÙU . . .
Bf£ ˘R⁄˚Yl ˘T⁄d°d
œh•Vm˚U : BLh”mj˙R ˘LÙi•⁄dL AY¨Pm
Gufl Jj’d ˘LÙi” ß⁄m©V
°Qt˚\ ˙SÙd°l ˙TÙn
ÆNÙXm : Bf£ ˙Sjßd˙L
A”l©≠⁄k’ NÙmT˚X
˙LdL‘m‡ ˘S]f˙Nu
ÿ\jßp Asfi°\Ùs. ∏˙Z
TÙY™p≠VÙ
°Pdœm NÙQj˚R œ≤k’
˙RYR UÙß¨´⁄kR RÙVmU
G”j’ C⁄m◊ YÙ∞´p
ReLmUV ˘TjR AlTÙ˙Y
133
E£˙WÙP UiQ Rs∞ UpXÙkRÙ T\dœ’? CpX
˘TÙ˚RfNÙeL˙[ GlT• SÙ¤ LÙpX SPkR B”
U]’ YkR’? UÙ”LsXÙm ClT ˘Wi”

LÙpX SPdœRÙ?
Nh˘Pufl ˘T⁄dœY˚R
YÙd°¨VjR’Lfim YWXÙfl
®fljß Æh” ®™okR Bf£
˘LhP’Lfim ˙Y‘m]Ù
Ntfl ˙LÙTÿm
UÙ\XÙm GpXÙ
œXl˘T⁄˚UŸm ˘TÙeL LÙXj’XŸm SÙU
LÙßp ˘RÙeœm RiPh• ClT•jRÙu YÙZ‘m.
œ¤e° BP ˛ Bf£ ßhPYhPUÙL
A±ÆdL, ßWÆ H˙RÙ
Bf£ : Gu] œh• ˙TN\
˙VÙN˚]ŸPu R˚Xœ≤V,
WÙNÙ‹d˙L ˘TÙi‘
ÆNÙXm ◊¨k’m
œ”dL UÙh˙P‡ ◊¨VÙU¤m TÙod°\Ùs.
˘NÙu]’RÙu SmU œX °iQt\•´p ßWÆú
˘L¸WYm. A£W ÆhPÙ¤m AlTÙ SÙL⁄©s˚[
Æ”YÙ˙] RÆW ˘Nh• ˙YXeœf£VÙp SÙd˚L
UÙ]jR ÆPUÙh˙Pu. —jRm ˘Nn’ YÙnd
ßWÆŸm, ÆNÙXÿm Nt˙\ ˘LÙlT∞j’ ’l◊°\Ùo.
ß˚Ll◊Pu LY≤d°u\]o. Bf£ : SUdœ RÙVm˙U ReL

˘URÙu œX˘RnYm ˛ AR
ßWÆ : Hu Bf£ A’ Au≤dœ
GlT‹m U]—X
N¨ Cu≤dœUÙ?
˘Yf—dL‘m.
Bf£ : H. . . u Au≤dœ L‹kR•f—
T\kR LÙdLÙ Cu≤dœ
U°rf£ = LÙqVÙ ˛ Y.˘L¸RUu CVdœSo øX. TjUSÙTu

øXTjUSÙT≤u R˚Xÿ˚\Ls SÙY≠u ß˚Wl©Wß.
TÙo˚Y ËpLs
1. £≤UÙ Ko At◊R ˘UÙØ ˛ Gm. £YœUÙo
2. LÙqVÙ ˛ U°rf£ ˛ Y. ˘L¸RUu øX TjUSÙTu
3. LÙqVÙ R™r ˛ L˚X, CXd°Vm TiTÙh”dLÙ] LÙXÙi•Rr Ad ˛ •NmTo 2012
B£¨Vo : ˙TWÙ. —. NiÿL—kRWm
®oYÙL B£¨Vo : ß⁄Uß ÿj’Xh—™
£X ËtL˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄jRWeLm / LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’YRtLÙ] RLYpL˚[f
˙NL¨dLXÙm.
134
SÙPLjßu ˙RÙt\ÿm Y[of£Ÿm
CV¤m C˚NŸm LXk’ L˚R˚Vj R›Æ S•j’dLÙhPlT”Y’ SÙPLUÙœm. Gh” Y˚LVÙ]
EQof£L˚[ J⁄Yo Rm ˘UnlTÙ” ˙RÙu\ S•lT’ SÙPLjßu R≤f£\lTÙœm.
˘R⁄d·j’L[ÙL C⁄k’ ˙U˚P SÙPLeL[ÙL UÙ± CXd°V SÙPLeL[ÙL UXof£ ˘Tt\’.
SÙPLeL˚[l ˘TÙ’YÙL ˙YjßVp ˘TÙ’ÆVp G] C⁄Y˚LVÙLl ©¨dLXÙm. ˙YjßVp
˙YkR‡dLÙL S•j’d LÙhPlT”YRÙœm. ˘TÙ’ÆVp GuT’ UdLfidLÙL S•j’d
LÙhPlT”YRÙœm. SÙYpL˚[l ˙TÙufl R™r SÙPLeL˚[l ◊WÙQ SÙPLm, CXd°V SÙPLm,
’lT±Ÿm SÙPLm, YWXÙtfl SÙPLm, S˚Lf—˚Y SÙPLm, ˘UÙØ˘TVol◊ SÙPLm, R›Yp
SÙPLm G] Y˚LlT”jR CV¤m. œ±lTÙL CXd°V SÙPLeL˚[l T•j’ ÿ•jR‹Pu J⁄
SÙPLm TÙojR ®˚\‹ °˚Pdœm. AqY˚L´p —kRWm©s˚[ú U˙]ÙuUΩVm,
TÙWßRÙN≤u ©£WÙk˚RVÙo, U˚\U˚XV•L∞u Am©LÙTß AUWÙYß, A.N.OÙ]NmTkRü
˘Rs[Ùfl G±kR Skß ÿR≠V SÙPLeLs CXd°V SÙPLeLfis œ±l©PjRdL]YÙœm.
NÆh” SÙPLm
˙LW[jßp 18˛m Ët\Ùi•p NÆh” SÙPLm
˙RÙu±V’. °±vRYoL∞u L˚XVÙL˙Y
C⁄k’ Y⁄°\’. Tp˙Yfl
C˚NdL⁄ÆL˚[ C˚Nj’ RÙ[
˙U[eLfiPu LÙXÙp ™ßj’
SPjRlT”YRÙp C’ NÆh” SÙPLm G]l
˘TVo˘Tt\’. EPp YZdLÿm C˚N
EQo‹m S•l◊jß\‡m CRtœj
˙R˚YVÙœm. YÙnjRÙ¨dœ HtT NÆh• S•d°\ÙoLs. J⁄ YÙnjRÙ¨˚Vl TÙol˙TÙm.
°oßRÙm ˘RÙeLj R¨°P
˘RÙL ˘RÙL R¨°P
ßiP[Ùm RLßjßj˚R
©˘Wg— `Ùo≠˙Up NdLWYojßú ≈WTWÙd°WUeL˚[ Æ[dœm LÙ\p˙Uu N¨Rm NÆh”
SÙPLjßp ™Ll ◊Lr˘Tt\RÙœm. U˚XVÙ[j R™Øp G›RlTh”s[ CkR T˚Pl◊Ls
°˚PdLl ˘T\Æp˚X. _˙]ÙYSÙPLm CvRÙd° SÙPLm OÙ]—kR¨, ˙_ÙNl SÙPLm
˙TÙu\˚Y NÆh” SÙPLUÙL ˘Y∞´PlT”°\’. ˘N©]Ù\Ù© G›ßV NÆh” SÙPLm Ko
Bn‹ (1964) Gu\ Ëp CRu ˙RÙt\m CRtœd ·•VÙhPm, ·j’, L˚RL∞, JlT]Ù
CYt˙\Ù”s[ ˘RÙPo◊ B°-VY
- t˚\Ÿm G”j’˚Wd°\’.
œZk˚RLs SÙPLm
œZk˚RL˚[ S•dLf ˘NnYRtLÙLl T˚PdLlT”T˚Y œZk˚RL∞u SÙPLUÙœm. œZk˚R
U]˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim ˘T¨VYoLfim Cßp LXk’˘LÙsYo. SÙPL B£¨V⁄m S•L⁄m
CVdœS⁄m TÙo-˚Y-VÙ-[o-L-fid-œj ˙R˚YVÙ] S•l◊ ˙Y˚[˚V E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RLs Uh”˙U S•lTRÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m œZk˚R SÙPLeLs £\k’ Æ[eLÙ’.
135
L˚RUÙkRoLs œZk˚RL[ÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”˘UuTßp˚X. G∞˚U, „rf£´pXÙR SÙPL
A˚Ul◊, ÷hTUÙ] LÙh£L˚[ EhT”j’Rp E˚WVÙP˚X ÆP EPp ˘UnlTÙ”L∞u
ÿd°Vj’Ym, SÙPLd LÙh£Lfim E˚WVÙPpLfim ¡i”m ¡i”m Y⁄Rp B°VYt˚\
œZk˚R SÙPLeL∞u R≤jRu˚UL[ÙLd ·\XÙm.
œZk˚RL∞u LtT˚] EX°tœ AYoL˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘NpYRtœ CV¤YRÙL SÙPLeLs
A˚URp ˙Yi”m. GßoLÙXjßp YÙrd˚L´p GpXÙ ’˚\L∞¤m Y≠˚UŸPu
Gßo˘LÙsYRtLÙ] A‡TYeLs CRu YÙ´XÙLd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m. Æ˚[VÙhPÙLj
˘RÙPeœm œZk˚R SÙPLeLs GßoTÙWÙ’ HtT”m ˙TÙWÙhPeLs ©Wf£˚]L˚[
Gßo˘LÙsYRtLÙ] ß\˚] A∞d°\’. L˚RdL⁄ œZk˚RLs ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim Y˚L´p
A˚URp ˙Yi”m. SÙPLjßu L˚RVÙ]’ œZk˚RL∞u GiQeLs, L]‹Ls CYt±u
©u]¶´≠⁄k’ E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m. œZk˚RL˚[ SpX GßoTÙol◊Ls œZk˚RL∞u
Y[of£dœj Ái”˙LÙXÙL Es[’. G]˙Y LtT˚], A±‹, Au◊, ER‹m U]lTÙu˚U,
A\ EQo‹, Sm©d˚L, Ei˚U, Y[of£f £kR˚] B°V L⁄j’L˚[ œZk˚RL∞Pm
Y[Wf ˘NnY˙R £\kR’. AYoL˙[ S•dœm SÙPLeL[ÙL C⁄kRÙp A’ AYoLfidœ
™L‹m Æ⁄lTUÙL C⁄dœm. RtLÙX / S≈] L⁄j’L˚[˙V AYoLs ™L‹m Æ⁄m◊Yo.
£t±˚Nd L⁄ÆLfim G∞˚UVÙ] TÙPpLfim AYoL∞u SÙPLjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL
A˚UŸm. S˚Lf—˚Y, £flL˚RLs APe°V SÙPLeL[ÙL C⁄lT’ SpX’.
œZk˚RL∞u SÙPL AWeLm

œZk˚RL∞u TuÿLd L˚XY[of£˚V ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi˙P œZk˚RL∞u SÙPL
AWeLm ˘NVpTP˙Yi”m. œZk˚RL∞u SÙPL YWXÙt˚\l T¨˙NÙßdœm ˙TÙ’ HWÙ[m
SÙPLeLs ˙RÙu±]Ù¤m LÙh£ ˘Y∞¬”L∞p ˙U¤m Y[of£ A˚PV ˙Yi•V ®˚X
Es[’.
T˚PlTÙfi˚U ™dL SÙPLd L˚X´p LpÆú Teœ

œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£˚V˙V LpÆ ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙs°\’. CkR
Li˙QÙhPjß˙X˙V LpÆ´p SÙPLjßtLÙ] CPj˚R SÙm LÙQ ˙Yi”m. Ts∞l
TÙPHtTÙh•p CWi” Y˚LVÙL SÙPLdL˚X CPm©•j’s[’.
1. TÙPHtTÙh•p EhT”jRlTh”s[ J⁄ L˚XY•Ym
2. SÙPLd L˚X YØVÙL œZk˚RL∞u LtT˚]˚V Y[Wf ˘NnV‹m LpÆdœm
ARu YØVÙL ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœm ER‹m Y˚L´p AR˚]l
TVuT”jR‹m ˙Yi”m.
ÿRp L⁄j’ CVkßWUVUÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[ Uh”˙U R⁄°u\’. J⁄ Y⁄Pjßp Ju\
ApX’ CWi” SÙPLeLs Uh”˙U RVÙ¨j’, YN]m, CVdLm, ˘Y∞¬” CYt±p
UÙQYoLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞lT’m Uh”˙U Ceœ S˚P˘Tfl°\’. LtT˚]
136
Y[of£d˙LÙ E´˙WÙhPUÙ] R≤STo Y[of£d˙LÙ Ceœ ÿd°Vj’Ym
A∞dLlTPÆp˚X.
B]Ùp T˚PlTÙfi˚U ™dL SÙPLd LpÆ ÿ˚\ ˘NVpL˚[ ™Lj ˘R∞YÙL‹m
EVo®˚X´¤m Lt©dLlT”°\’. CWi” ÿd°VUÙ] LÙW¶Ls C˚QkR˙R
T˚PlTÙfi˚U™dL SÙPLd L˚XVÙœm. œ±¬h” E⁄YÙdLÿm R≤STo E⁄YÙdLm CkR
SÙPLjßp ˘Y∞VÙœm. Ei˚UVÙ] EX°p Es[ CVt˚Ll ˘TÙ⁄sLs, CPeLs,
®Lr‹Ls, E˚WVÙPpLs B°VYt˚\d LtT˚]VÙL ˘Y∞´”Y˙R œ±¬h” E⁄YÙdLm
Gufl ·\lT”°\’. S•Lo L˚R UÙkRWÙL UÙflY˙R R≤STo E⁄YÙdLm G]lT”m.
SÙPLjßp S•lTYo Uh”Uu± SÙPLj˚Rl TÙodœm Ëfldœ ˙UtThPYoL∞u Y[of£l
T¨QÙUeL∞¤m CqÆWi•tœm R≤lThP CPÿi”.
T˚PlTÙfi˚U™dL SÙPL AWe°tœ CWi” RXeLfii”. A˚Y ˘NVpÿ˚\lTÙPÿm

TÜÙt\l TÙPÿm Bœm. J⁄ UWj˚Rf —t±¤m ApX’ ß\kR ˘Y∞´˙XÙ UdLs
œ›YÙL ÿ˚\VÙL Au± SÙPLd LXk’˚WVÙP˙XÙ ˘Y∞¬˙PÙ SPj’Y’ ˘NVpÿ˚\
BnYÙœm. ≈ß SÙPLeLs CRtœf NÙu\Ùœm. AWeLeLs ApX’ ˙U˚PL∞p
SÙPLjßu J›e°˚]d L˚P©•j’ SPjRlT”m ˘Y∞¬h” ÿ˚\ ˘Y∞¬h”l TÙPUÙœm.
ÿ˚\VÙL YN]m, Jjß˚L, ÿ˚\VÙL CVdLm B°V˚Y ˙R˚YVÙœm. L˚Rf „ZpL∞p
—RkßWUÙL S•dœm ß\˚] UÙQYoL˚[ A˚PV˙Yi”m GuT˙R T˚PlTÙfi˚U™dL
SÙPL AWe°u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLUÙœm.
T˚PlTÙfi˚U™dL SÙPL AWeLm UÙQYoL∞u Bfi˚U Y[of£dœ ÿd°V Su˘LÙ˚P

A∞d°\’ G]XÙm. U] FdœÆl◊ A∞lT’Pu UÙQYoL∞˚P˙V RÙ[ EQo‹m
ÿ⁄°Vp EQo‹m E⁄YÙdL CV¤m. NÙu\ÙLd ˚LRh”Rp GuT’ J⁄ NÙRÙWQ
˘NVXÙœm. B]Ùp ˘Yq˙Yfl ÿ˚\´p ˚LRh”YRtœ UÙQYoL˚[ FdœÆjRÙp
AYoL∞˚P˙V AZœQof£ ˙RÙufl°\’. SÙL¨LU˚PkR NÍLjßu ®˚X˙Tt±tœj
˙R˚YVÙ] Ußl◊Qo‹m StTi◊ E⁄YÙdLÿm CkR AZœQof£ú T˚Pl◊L[Ùœm.
AZœQof£˚V E⁄YÙdœYRtœ ER‹YR]Ù˙X˙V L˚XdLpÆ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘Tfl°\’.
Tp˙Yfl L˚XY•YeL˚[d Li”m ˙Lh”m Y[⁄°u\ UÙQYoL∞u Æ⁄lTUÙ]

’˚\L∞p BoYm ˘T⁄œY’Pu Es EQo‹Ls FdœÆdLlT”°u\]. B]Ùp CRtœ
£X A•lT˚Pj ß\uL˚[ Y[Wf ˘NnV˙Yi”m. J⁄ÿLlT”j’Rp, LY]m L⁄j’l
TÜÙt\j ß\u, NÍL EQo‹, EQof£d Lh”lTÙ”, R˚X˚UlTi◊, æoUÙ]eLs G”jRp
B°V˚Y CYtfls £XYÙœm. T˚PlTÙfi˚U™dL SÙPL AWeLeL∞p BdLÈoYUÙ]
TeL∞l◊Pu CYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnVXÙm. SÙPLm VRÙojR YÙrd˚Lú ©WßT≠l◊L[Ùœm.
LtT˚] EX°p ™RdL Æ⁄m◊m UÙQYoLfidœ VRÙojR YÙrd˚L˚V LtT˚] EX°u

¡sT˚Pl◊L[ÙL UÙt± A∞lT˙R SÙPLjßu Ru˚UVÙœm. CkR A±YÙ]’ YÙrd˚L
A‡TYeL˚[ Gß¨”m ß\˚] UÙQYoLfidœd ˘LÙ”dœm.
SÙPLd L˚X˚V Íufl Y˚LVÙL Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´p EhT”jRXÙm. A˚Y
T˚PlTÙfi˚U ™dL SÙPL ˘Y∞¬”, œZk˚RL∞u SÙPLm, A±˚Yl TÜÙt\m
˘NnYRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\ GuT˚Y Bœm. A±˚Yl TÜÙt\m ˘NnYRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\VÙL
SÙPLd L˚X˚Vd LÙi˙TÙUÙú B£¨Vü ˙SÙdLm, BoYm, ß\u C˚YVÙ‹m
137
AR˚]d Lh”lT”jRXÙm. œZk˚RL∞u SÙPL AWeLm, T´t£ ˘Tt\ J⁄Yü ERÆ
˙R˚YlT”°\’. B]Ùp T˚PlTÙfi˚U ™dL SÙPL ˘Y∞¬h•tœ CkR YWuÿ˚\Ls
Cp˚X.
Gv. WÙUÙ‡_m
(SCERT ˙LW[ÙÆu ˚YL¨ Gu\ Tßl©≠⁄k’)
A) T˚PlTÙfi˚U SÙPLm Gu\Ùp

Gu]? ß˚W AWeLm LpÆ´p
T˚PlTÙfi˚U SÙPLm L˚RL˚[ ©\˙WÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jß AYWY˚Wl
SÙPLUÙdœRp SÙPLlT˚Pl◊ T¨˙NÙßdL‹m ·”RXÙLl ◊¨k’˘LÙs[‹m
B°V˚Y ÿ˚\ú± G›RlT”m U≤R‡Pu Uh”Uu± ˘T¸æL, NÍL,
SÙPLeL∞u ˘TVoL[Ùœm. LtT˚] EXLj’Pu ÆUoN] ÈoYUÙL A‘œYRtœm
ß˚W AWeLj˚Rl ˙TÙufl Bt\p ™dL
Y[m ™dLj R˚XYü
Ut˘\Ù⁄ FPLm Cp˚X Gu˙\ ·\XÙm.
YØLÙh”R≠p RtNUV E˚WVÙPp
TÙPeL˚[ SÙPLUÙdœY’ GuT’ ß˚W
S•l◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y YÙ´XÙL AWe°u £flTœß Uh”˙U Bœm. Role play
G›RlT”m SÙPLeL˙[ C˚Y. ARu AWeLl T´t£Ls, EPp K˚Nd Lh”lTÙ”Ls,
A•lT˚P E˚\ÆPeLs CVdLeLs œ›YÙLj R≤VÙL Es[ S•l◊Ls
œZk˚RLfidœl TV‡s[˚YVÙL B°VYt±u ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR A‡TYeL˚[
C⁄dœm ˙TÙ˙R C˚Y ÿ˚\VÙ] A∞d°\’. A’ ˙TÙu\ A‡TYeLs
˘T¨VYoL∞u SÙPLeLfidœm B£¨Vü —V Y[of£dœj ˙R˚YVÙœm.
TV]Ù°u\]. œZk˚RLfidœ AYt˚\l T°okR∞lTRtœm
A’ ˙R˚YVÙœm.
œZk˚RLs CVpTÙL‹m L⁄j’
˘Y∞¬h” ÿ˚\´¤m SÙPL Æ˚[VÙh”L∞≠⁄k’m ÿ˚\ú± G›RlT”m SÙPLeLs
˙RÙufl°u\]. œZk˚RLs AYt˚\f —VUÙL G›’T˚YVÙœm. ApX’ J⁄ A‡TYjßu
S˚Lf—˚YVÙ] ˘Y∞¬” G]XÙm. CYt±p Gp˙XÙ⁄m Teœ˘T\XÙm. AYoLs J⁄
R≤STWÙL˙YÙ CVkßWUÙL˙YÙ ÆXeLÙL˙YÙ ReL˚[d LtT˚] ˘Nn°\ÙoLs. C’˙TÙu\
SÙPL Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[ Ge°⁄k’ ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ˘RÙPeLXÙm ÿ•dLXÙm. ARtœ J⁄
L˚RdL⁄ Cp˚X. B]Ùp œZk˚RLs —VUÙL L˚RUÙkRoL[ÙLd LtT˚] ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’
L˚RUÙkRo ˘Y∞¬” £\lTÙL A˚UY’i”.
B) T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLÿm ÿ˚\VÙ] SÙPLÿm
˘T¨VYoL∞u SÙPL AWe°p LÙQlT”m ÿ˚\VÙL G›RlT”m SÙPLjß≠⁄k’ ÿt±¤m
˙YflThP˚Y˙V SÙPL Æ˚[VÙh•≠⁄k’ E⁄YÙœm SÙPLeLs. ˘T⁄mTÙ¤m ÿ˚\VÙL
G›RlT”m SÙPLjßu Ru˚Udœ HtT œZk˚RLfidœl T´t£ A∞dLlT”m. AYoLs
˘T¨VYoL˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y S•lTo. B]Ùp ˘T¨VYoLs CVdœ°u\ SÙPLeL∞≠⁄k’
œZk˚RLfidœ ReLs L⁄j’L˚[ —VUÙL G›’YRtœs[ YÙnl˙TÙ A‡TY A±˙YÙ
AßLUÙL °˚PlTßp˚X. AYoLs N˚T´p LÙh£l ˘TÙ⁄sL[ÙL˙Y C⁄lTo.
˘T¨VYoL∞u SÙPLeLfidœd œZk˚R SÙPLeLfidœ™˚P˙V Es[ ˙YflTÙ”Ls ∏˙Z
RWlTh”s[].
138
T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLm ÿ˚\VÙL G›RlThP SÙPLm
1. R≤VÙL AWeLm Cp˚X. °˚PjR 1. S•l◊ J⁄ AWe°p S˚P˘Tflm.

CPjß˚]f —RkßWUÙLl
TVuT”j’°\ÙoLs. LÙWQm œZk˚RLs
CVpTÙL S•lT’ CkR ÿ˚\´XÙœm.
2. S•l◊m E˚WVÙP¤m EP]•VÙL 2. Y¨L˚[ U]lTÙPUÙLl T•d°\ÙoLs. A˚Y
E⁄YÙdLlT”°\’. TX˙Y˚[L∞¤m UÙQYoLfidœ
Eh˘LÙs[ ÿ•VÙR˚YVÙœm.
3. œZk˚RL∞u L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW 3. œZk˚RL∞u SÙPLjß≠⁄k’ ˙YflThP

AYt˚\j RœkR T´t£Ls YÙ´XÙL ÿ˚\´p ˘T¨VYoL∞u L⁄j’Lfidœ HtT
SÙPL Y•Yjßp E⁄YÙdœYRtœ J⁄ J⁄ CVdœSo R≤lThP YØÿ˚\L˚[d
R˚XYo AYoLfiPu ˘NVpTh” ·fl°\Ùo.
YØLÙh”Y˙R T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLm.
4. B˚P A¶LXuLfim ˘TÙ⁄sLfim 4. ÿ›˚UVÙ] B˚P A¶LXuLs HWÙ[m
ÿd°VUpX. H˘]≤p Ei˚UVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sLs B°V˚Y ÿ˚\VÙ] SÙPLjßu
L˚RUÙkRo ˘Y∞¬” GuT’ EPp ·flL[Ùœm. A˚Y Ei˚UVÙ]
CVdLeLs ˘UnlTÙ”Ls EP]• ˘Y∞¬h•tœl TVuT”Y’ Uh”Uu±
E˚WVÙPp B°V˚Y YÙ´XÙL˙Y A˚Y TX˙Y˚[L∞¤m R˚PVÙL
S˚P˘Tfl°\’. £±R[‹ ’¶Ls ApX’ A˚UY’m Ei”.
£X ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.
B]Ùp AYt˚\ AßLUÙLf NÙok˙R
C⁄lTßp˚X.
5. C˚NdL⁄ÆL∞u ERÆŸPu ©u]¶ 5. ˘T⁄mTÙu˚UVÙ] ÿ˚\VÙ] SÙPLeL˚[
C˚N ÿ˚\lT”jRlT”°\’. SPj’YRtLÙ] GpXÙ HtTÙ”Lfim J⁄
S≈] AWe°p LÙQlT”m.
6. ÿ˚\VÙL G›RlT”m SÙPLjßp

6. S•LoLfidœm SÙPLeL˚[d
S•lTYoLfim SÙPLj˚R W£lTYoLfim
LÙiTYoLfidœm C˚P˙V ˙YflTÙ”
˙YflTh˙P LÙQlT”Yo. S•lTYoLs
Cp˚X Gu˙\ ·\XÙm. œZk˚RLs
LÙh£VÙ[oLfidLÙL˙Y S•d°u\]o.
Æ˚[VÙh•p D”T”m ˙TÙ’
LÙh£VÙ[oL˚[ AYoLfidœ
Æ⁄lT™pXÙR ®˚X HtT”Y’i”.
T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLjßp Es[ œ›
AeLjß]oLfis £Xo S•d°u\]o.
A”jR ®˚X´p AYoLs ˙So UÙ\ÙLf
˘NVpT”Yo. SÙPLm TÙoj’d
˘LÙi•⁄lTYoLs J≠l©u]¶
E⁄YÙd° S•lTß¤m TeLÙ∞VÙ°u\]o.
7. T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLjßu ˙SÙdLUÙ]’ 7. A˚Y˙VÙ⁄dLÙ] J⁄ ˘NV˙X ÿ˚\VÙ]
œZk˚RLs T˚PlTÙdLjßu EVo SÙPLjßu ˙SÙdLUÙœm. ÿ›˚UVÙ] TXu
®˚X˚Vd œ±j’ A±k’˘LÙsYRÙœm. °˚Pdœm YiQm CVu\[‹ T´t£
Jq˘YÙ⁄ LÙh£Ÿm CVu\Y˚W S˚P˘Tfl°\’. T´t£ SPdœm˙TÙ’
ÿ›˚UlT”jR˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLfim CVdœSo Tp˙Yfl A±‹˚WL˚[
R˚XY⁄m LÙh£L˚[ ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] YZeœ°\Ùo.
A±‹˚WL˚[ YZeL˙Yi”m.
139
œZk˚RLs Gp˙XÙ⁄˙U SÙPLm S•lTRtœ Æ⁄m◊Yo. AYoLfidœ A∞jR J⁄
SÙPLj˚Rd œ›YÙL S•j’ Aßp ©Wf£˚]Ls Cp˚X G]j ˙RÙuflm˙TÙ’ ©\
œ›dL∞¤s[ œZk˚RLfidLÙL˙YÙ Kn‹ ˙Y˚[L∞p ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfidLÙL˙YÙ
Hu S•dLd ·PÙ’? YœlT˚\´p S•jR’ ˙TÙufl —RkßWUÙ] CVdLÿm S•l◊m
S˚P˘Tflm Y˚L´p Æ˚[VÙh˚P £±R[‹·P ALu\ CPjßtœ UÙt\XÙm. B]Ùp
J˙W AWe°p S˚P˘T\d·PÙ’. Tp˙Yfl T´t£L˚[l ˘Tt\ UÙQYoLs G›j’
Y•ÆXÙ] E˚WVÙP˚Xd ˘LÙiP ÿ˚\VÙ] SÙPLj˚R S•dL‹m
LÙh£VÙ[oLfidLÙL AR˚] S•j’dLÙh”Y-Rt-œU
- Ù] ß\˚]l ˘Tt±⁄lTo. Al˙TÙ’
AYoLfidœ AßLUÙ] Sm©d˚LŸm L˚R UÙkRoL˚[Ÿm E˚WVÙPpL˚[Ÿm
œ±j’ AßL A±‹m ˙UmThP ˘UnYZdœm ˚LYWl˘Tt±⁄dœm. G]˙Y ÿ˚\VÙ]
SÙPLj˚R S•lTRtLÙ] BVjR˙U T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLeLs G]XÙm. CYt±p T´t£
˘Tt\YoLs RÙeLs T˚PlTÙdL SÙPL S•l©u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ LtT˚]VÙ]
S•l©˚] ÿ˚\VÙ] SÙPLjß¤m S•j’dLÙhP ÿVpYÙoLs.
T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLÿm TÙ˚Y Æ˚[VÙh”m LpÆ´p
(˘ULo. Bo. LÙu•WÙdhPo)
AWeL S•l©≠⁄k’ AWeLjßtœd ˘LÙi” ˘Np¤m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØVÙL‹m T˚PlTÙdL

SÙPL A‡TYeLs ˙SW•VÙLd °˚Pdœm ˙TÙ’ RÙu C’ WN˚] ™dLRÙL Æ[eœm.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v SÙPL CXd°V YWXÙt˚\Ÿm Tp˙Yfl LÙXLhP SÙPLeL∞u

R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtœ SÙPLl TWmT˚WŸm Tp˙Yfl LÙXLhP
SÙPLeLfim Gu\ R˚Xl©p L⁄jRWeLm SPjR‹m.
v ’˚QjR˚Xl◊Ls
v ≈ß SÙPLeLs
v ˘R⁄d·j’
v œZk˚RL∞u SÙPLÿm T˚PlTÙdL SÙPLeLfim
v S≈] SÙPLeLs
L˚RL∞
˙LW[jßu TWmT˚Wd L˚X Y•YUÙ] ·j’, ·•VÙhPm, °⁄xQ]ÙhPm, WÙU]ÙhPm,
T˚PV¶, ÿ•˙Vtfl, ˘RnVm, ß\ ˙TÙu\Yt±u ·flLfim CkßVf ˘NqÆVp L˚X
Y•YUÙ°V LRd, U¶lÈ¨, TWRSÙh•Vm B°VYt±u ·flLfim Ju±˚Qj’ E⁄YÙd°V
˙LW[jßt˙L E¨V L˚XY•Y˙U L˚RL∞VÙœm.
Æ˚[VÙ”YRtLÙ] L˚R L˚RL∞˘V]‹m B”YRtLÙ] L˚R BhPdL˚R G]‹m
A˚ZdLlThP’.
140
°⁄xQ]ÙhPjß≠⁄k’ L˚RL∞
·j’m ·•VÙhPÿm ˙LÙ´≠p S˚P˘Tflm ˙Y˚[´p G∞˚UVÙL‹m W£dœm Y˚L´¤m
A˚UYRtLÙL NÙd°VÙuUÙo _V˙RYü ∏RÙ ˙LÙÆkRm TVuT”jRj ˘RÙPe°]o.
CWÙUÙVQd L˚Rú A•lT˚P´p ˘LÙhPÙWdL˚Wj Rm◊WÙu Gh” L˚RL˚[
G›ßŸs[Ùo. CWÙU]ÙhPj˚R ˙UmT”jßVRu TX]ÙLd L˚RL∞ E⁄YÙ´tfl G]XÙm.
CXd°Vl Ti◊LfiPu BhPd L˚R˚V E⁄YÙd°V LÙWQjß]Ùp ˙LÙhPVm Rm◊WÙ˚]
L˚RL∞ú ˙RÙt\jßtœd LÙWQUÙL C⁄kRYo Gu˙\ ·fl°u-\]
- o.
SP]m, S•l◊, SÙh•Vm B°V Íuflm C˚QkR J⁄ L˚XY•Y˙U L˚RL∞. ˚L, ˘Un,
Li, LÙp CYt˚\j RÙ[jßt˙LtT AZLÙL CVdœY˙R SP]m. SP]jßtœ R≤VÙLl
˘TÙ⁄s G’‹™p˚X. U°rf£˚V ˘Y∞lT”j’Y˙R SP]jßu Ti◊m ˙SÙdLÿUÙœm.
˚Lÿjß˚WL[Ùp L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞lT”j’Y˚R S•l◊ Gufl ·\XÙm. SP]jß≠⁄k’
˙UXÙ] S•l˙T C’. ˘TÙ⁄[t\ AZLÙ] ˘NÙtLs RÙ[jßt˙LtT ·\˙YÙ TÙP˙YÙ ˘NnY’
SP]m Gu\Ùp AR˚]l ˘TÙ⁄sTPd ·±]Ùp A’ S•l◊ G]lT”m. SP]j’P]Ù]
S•l©˚]˙V L˚RL∞´p LÙQXÙm.
˚L ÿjß˚WL∞u ˙RÙt\j˚Rd œ±j’ TX BnYÙ[oLfim Tp˙Yfl L⁄j’L˚[d

·±Ÿs[]o. È˚N ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ TVuT”j’m ÿjß˚WL˙[ CRtœm
TVuT”jRlT”YRÙLd L⁄RlT”°\’. NÙRÙWQ A±Æ≠⁄k’ UÙflTh” C⁄i˚UŸm
˘Rn≈Lj Ru˚UŸm YÙnkR J⁄ E[ U°rf£dœ A‡Uß A∞lTRtLÙL˙Y ÿjß˚WLs
Ti”˘RÙh˙P TVuT”jRlTh” YkR]. TZeLÙX UdL∞u YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\L∞p Tp˙Yfl
WL£VeL˚[Ÿm TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi•VRÙL C⁄kR’. AYoLfid°˚P˙V ®XÆ´⁄kR WL£V
NÿRÙV ÿ˚\ (Secret Societies) Cu˚\V NÙWQm CVdLm ˙TÙufl Tp˙Yfl ˚N˚LL˚[l
˘TÙ⁄[ÙokR œ±¬”L[ÙLl TVuT”jß´⁄kR]o. C’ J⁄ NÿRÙVjßu ˙R˚YVÙL˙Y
C⁄kR’. LÙh£dœ ˘RuTPÙR NdßL[ÙLd L⁄RlTh•⁄kR ˙RY˚Rd LQeL∞Pm
WL£VeL˚[j ˘R¨VlT”j’YRtœm ˚N˚LL˚[l TVuT”jß´⁄kR]o. C’ URj˙RÙ”
˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˙R˚YVÙL C⁄kR’. NÿRÙVÿm URTWÿUÙ] ˙R˚YLs C˚QkR Y•Y˙U
L˚X ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙R˚YL∞¤m ©WßT≠d°u\]. CqYÙfl TÙodœm ˙TÙ’ ÿjß˚WLs
GkR ˙R˚Y˚V˘VÙh• ÿRuÿRXÙLj ˙RÙu±V’ GuT˚R EflßVÙLd ·flY’ G∞RÙœm.
YÙrd˚L´¤s[ BoYeL˚[j ®Yojß ˘NnV Tp˙Yfl ˙R˚YLs HtTPXÙm. NÿRÙVm
URm, L˚X B°VYtfls YÙrd˚LŸPu ™L‹m ˘S⁄e°V ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’ G’ G]
Gi‘˙YÙUÙú ÿjß˚Wú ˙RÙt\j˚Rd œ±j’ H\d œ˚\V œ±l©hP
A©l©WÙVeL˚[d ·\ CV¤m. ÿjß˚WLs TZeLÙX U≤RoL∞u YÙrd˚Lj
˙R˚YLfidLÙLl TVu-T”
- jRlTh-P] G]j æoUÙ≤dLXÙm. Ae°⁄k’ L˚XLfidœ ˙SWÙL
ÿjß˚WLs UÙ±].
˙Tf— ˘UÙØú A˚PVÙ[UÙ] ˚N˚L ˘UÙØ L˚X´¤m ˙RÙu±V’Pu ARtœd
œ±l©hP Y•Yÿm ÷hTeLfim E⁄YÙ´].
TWRÿ≤Yü SÙh•V NÙvßWjßp ÿjß˚WL˚[d œ±jR A±ÆVp Æ[dLm LÙQlT”Y’
141
CkR ÷hTm ˙RÙu±VRtœ ©\œ G]d L⁄RXÙm. ˘UÙØú Y[of£ AßL¨dœm ˙TÙ’
CXdLQm E⁄YÙ°\’.
L˚RL∞ ÿjß˚WL∞u A•lT˚P GuT’ TWRÿ≤Yü SÙh•V NÙvßWUpX GuT’

BfN¨Vjßtœ¨V’. ˚L˙W˚L æ©L Gu\ Ë˚X˙V L˚RL∞ú S•LoLs BRÙWUÙLd
˘LÙiP]o. CkR Ë≠u B£¨Vo VÙ˘WuT’ C’Y˚W´¤m ˘RuTPÆp˚X.
ÿjß˚W˚Vd LÙh”m ˙TÙ’ ˚L, Li, ˘Un, U]m C˚Y J⁄e°˚Qk’ LÙQlTP˙Yi”m.
AqYÙ\Ùú Uh”˙U WN˚]j Ru˚U ˙RÙuflm. ˘Ni˚P, UjR[m, ˙Ne¢X, C˚XjRÙ[m
Gu\ SÙuœ YÙjßVd L⁄ÆL˙[ L˚RL∞dœj ˙R˚YVÙœm. ˙Ne¢X˚V ÿd°VUÙ]
TÙPpTÙ”TY⁄m C˚XjRÙ[j˚Rl ©uTÙh”dLÙW⁄m TVuT”j’°u\]o. NmTP, NmT,
ß¨◊P, TgNÙ¨, —PkR, ÿ¨VPkR B°V RÙ[eLfim AYt±tœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] £fl C˚NLfim
L˚RL∞´¤s[]. ÿjß˚WL[Ùp S•j’d LÙhPlT”m ÿL TÙY˚]Lfidœ SP]m AZ˚Lj
R⁄UÙ]Ùp ARtœ E´Ïh”Y’ SÙh•VUÙœm. SÙh•Vm Gu\Ùp Gu]? ÿLjß¤s[
Efll◊L[Ùp (Li, ◊⁄Ym, ER”, Lu]m, SÙ• B°V˚Y) Jq˘YÙuflm SÙh•V S•l©p
EhT”°\’. SÙPLjßp S•lTYoLs E˚WVÙPp YØVÙL W£dLf ˘NnY’m SÙh•VUÙœm.
B]Ùp L˚RL∞´p E˚WVÙPp CpXÙR LÙWQjRÙp ÿLjßu WN EQo‹L˚[
ÿjß˚WL[Ùp ˘TÙ⁄s EQWf ˘Nn’ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞lT”j’°\ÙoLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄
ÿjß˚Wdœm HtT ÿLTÙY˚] UÙ\˙Yi”m. Gu\Ùp Uh”˙U ÿjß˚WL˚[ W£dL CV¤m.
UÙu Gu\ ÿjß˚W˚Vd LÙh”m˙TÙ’ A˚Uß £eLjßtœ ˙LÙTm VÙ˚]dœ ≈Wm ˙TÙufl
ÿjß˚WL˚[ ·±d˘LÙi˙P ˘NpXXÙm.
˘NVpTÙ”Ls
v ˙LW[jßt˙L E¨V L˚XVÙ] L˚RL∞ú ©u◊Xj˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdL‹m.
v TÙo˚Y ËpL˚[l TVuT”jß L˚RL∞ œ±j’d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL‹m.
v SP]m, ÿLTÙY˚], SÙh•Vm L˚RL∞f NPeœLs, ÿjß˚WLs, SÙpY˚L

S•l◊, L˚RL∞ ˙YPeLs, L˚RL∞ C˚N C˚Y œ±j-’d œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-L‹
- m.
v L˚RL∞ú LÙ˘QÙ∞d LÙh£˚Vl TÙojR ©u◊ WN˚]d œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL‹m.
v L˚RL∞d L˚XO⁄Pu ˙SoLÙQp SPj’eLs.
v L˚RL∞ T¶U˚]Ls SPj’eLs.
142

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˘RÙPdLdLpÆ B£¨Vl ThPVd LpÆ

DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

AXœ ˛ 1. ˘UÙØd Lt\≠p A±ÆVpÈoY A‘œÿ˚\ ˛

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m

l ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR Ufl A‡TYeLfim YZeL ˙Yi”m GuT˚R YœlT˚\´p

l ˘UÙØl T¨UÙt\j’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˙YflThP Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls A‘œÿ˚\Ls

l ˘UÙØ´u A•lT˚Pj ß\uL˚[ ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[d œ±j’

ClTÙPlTœß´u ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls

l AYWYo Æ⁄lTlT• Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\L∞p D”T”m˙TÙ’ RÙu UÙQYoL∞˚P˙V

l AßL Æ`VeL˚[ UÙQYoLs LtT’ ˙SW•VÙ] Lt\p ÿ˚\´]Ùp ApX.

l TV‡s[ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙsYRtLÙ] AßL YÙnl◊L˚[ YœlT˚\L∞p

l ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßL˚[ ˙SÙd° Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚V EsYÙeœY’ SpX’.

l Au\ÙP YÙrd˚LŸPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV „ZpL∞p ˘UÙØ˚Vl TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’RÙu

l G˚RVÙY’ G›R˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙R˚Y´≠⁄k’ RÙu G›j’ÿ˚\ G›°u\’.

l ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR’m E´˙WÙhPm Es[’UÙ] G›j’f ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YœlT˚\´p

l G›j’Ls A±ÿL ÿ˚\, ˘NÙtLs A±ÿL ÿ˚\, L⁄j’Ls ˘Y∞¬h” ÿ˚\

øeLs Lt°u\ ®flY]jßp ÿu ˘RÙPdL ®˚X Yœl◊L∞˙XÙ ≈h•u A⁄LÙ˚U´¤s[

œZk˚RLs ·±V L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm ˘NÙt„¨V≤≠⁄k’ øeLs Li”©•jR L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm

l U˚Z ˘TnŸm ˙TÙ’ œ∞o HtT”m.

l U˚Z´p SPlTRtœd œ˚P ˙R˚Y.

l Ik’ YV’ œZk˚Rdœ U˚Z ˘RÙPoTÙL Tp˙Yfl L⁄j’Ls ˘R¨Ÿm GuT˚Rd

CkR A±Æ˚]d œZk˚RLs GqYÙfl ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\ÙoLs. U˚Z ˘ R Ù P o T Ù L l

l CPmUÙt±l T”dL ˚YjRp, Í”Rp (YWÙkRÙÆ≠⁄k’ œZk˚R˚Vl T”d˚L

l ≈h•¤s[ LXk’˚WVÙPpLs, T¨UÙt\eLs (’¶, Æ\œ CYt˚\ G”j’ ˚YdœmT•

l U˚Z´u K˚N˚Vd ˙LhP A‡TYm (C•, LÙtfl, U˚Z´u C˚WfNp, ˘Ys[m

l U˚Z S˚]Ÿm ˙TÙ’ HtT”m ˘RÙ” EQo‹.

l U˚Zdœ ÿu]⁄m U˚Z˘TnŸm˙TÙ’m U˚Z ˘TnR ©\œm CVt˚L´p HtT”m

l ◊’U˚Z ˘TnŸm˙TÙ’ Ui¶u UQm HtT”m A‡TYm.

v ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßLfidœ Gu\ L⁄j’ GqYÙfl S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlT”°\’

v ÿRp Yœl◊j R™rl TÙPË≠¤s[ U˚Z Gu‡m Tœß˚V YÙ£lTRtœm

v C’ ˙TÙu˙\ œZk˚RLfidœ ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄YÙdLÿ•Y’ GqYÙfl?

v C˚Rl˙TÙu˙\ ˘UÙØ˚Vl TVuT”jR CV¤°u\ ˙Yfl E´¨]eLs Es[]YÙ?

v ˘UÙØ˚V ÿ›˚UVÙLl TÙodœm L⁄jßp Fu±V TÙPHtTÙh˚P˙V SÙm Cufl

v ˘UÙØ´u ÿ›˚UVÙ] TÙo˚Y Gu‡m Li˙QÙhPm ÿu˚Ydœm L⁄j’Ls,

v ˘UÙØ´u ÿ›˚UVÙ] TÙo˚Y G‡m ˘TÙ⁄∞p LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’YRtœj

l L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W RVÙ¨dL‹m. LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˙Ltfl œ±l◊Ls G›R‹m.

Lt\p Lt©jRp ÿ˚\

TZdLeL∞u E⁄YÙdL˙Ut\p Gu\ TÙo˚Ydœ ÿWiTh” œZk˚RRu A±˚Yl TVuT”jß

®˚]‹·W CV¤˘UuT˙R Lt\p ®LrkRRu ˘R∞YÙL UW◊NÙo ÿ˚\´p

(ÆjVÙlVÙN T¨YojR]jß‡ JWÙÿLm ˛ ˙LW[ NÙ°jV T¨`j) (KCF 2007)

˘UÙØ´u ÿ›˚Ud Li˙QÙhPjßu ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls ∏r Y⁄UÙfl :

l R]’ Æ⁄lTlT•VÙ] Lt\p ÿ˚\´p æÆWUÙL D”T”m˙TÙ’ RÙu œZk˚RLs ™L

l æÆWUÙ] Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Ír°´⁄dœm˙TÙ’ J›e∏]eLs EiPÙYßp˚X.

l œZk˚RL˚[j ß\uT˚PjRYoL[ÙL‹m Y[of£V˚P°u\YoLfiUÙL˙Y ˘UÙØ

l NÍL D”TÙ”Ls ÍX˙U Lt\p ˙Uu˚UV˚P°\’. œZk˚RLs ReLfidœs

l ˘T⁄mTÙu˚UVÙ] œZk˚RLfim ˘UÙØ A±‹˘TflY’ ˙SW•VÙ] Lt\p YÙ´-XÙL

l ™L‹m £dLXÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d·P, AßN´dœm T•VÙLf ˘Nn’ÿ•d°u\ ß\u

l Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p ˘UÙØ´u TVuTÙ”Ls TX Es[]. AYt±p BoYÿPu

l ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ TœßL˚[ ˙SÙd° Gu\ ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØd LpÆ ÿu˙]fl°u\’.

˘UÙØl T¨UÙt\m TZeLÙX Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls

˘NÙtLs YØVÙL G›j’L˚[d Lt©jRp

CkR E˚WVÙPpL∞u ˘RÙPof£VÙL SU’ TÙPËpL∞p ©uTt±V ÿ˚\˙V ˘NÙp˚X

TÙPËp Lt©dœm ÿ˚\

˘UÙØd Lt\p ˙SÙdLeLs

v ÿRp Yœl◊l TÙPËpL˚[l TÙoj’ ˙LhPp, ˙T—Rp, YÙ£jRp, G›’Rp

v ÿRp Yœl◊ UÙQYoL∞Pm AYoLs TÙojR ÆZÙ˚Yd œ±j’ Jq˘YÙ⁄YWÙLd

v L⁄j’Ls ˘R∞YÙL C⁄kRÙp YhPÙWf ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”j’Yßp RYfliPÙ?

UÙQYu ˘UÙØLtœm ÿ˚\

˘Tt˙\Ù¨u LpÆ ≈h•¤s˙[Ù⁄d°˚P˙V Es[ E\‹, œZk˚RLfiP]Ù] D”TÙ”,

E[UiPXjßu E[ÆVp ˙LÙhTÙh•uT• ˘UÙØjß\u Y[of£˚Vd Lh”lT”j’°u\

v —VUÙLf ˘NnŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Gu\Ùp Gu]? GRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ”

v £flYo UXoL∞p ˘Y∞- ´ - ” m L˚R- L - ∞ - ¤ s[ Gk˘RkRd L˚R UÙkRoL˚[

v Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p L˚R UÙkRoLfim A’˙TÙu\ L˚R UÙkRoL∞u ˘RÙPof£