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MAJOR
NATURAL DISASTERS IN TAMIL NADU

The Aftermath

<i> Loss of human and animal lives

<$> Economic loses in terms of damages to crops

Tsunami

and infrastructure

<$> Loss of livelihood

<J> Damage to housing and habitat

Cyclone

Unsafe buildings kill people during disaste

! Improper location

•'<• Faulty design, use of poor quality materials

Earthquake
and substandard construction practices

Lack of awareness of:

1. Safe construction practices

2. Disaster resistant practices

Non-compliance to building codes

Flood
 VULNERABLE PARTS OF A BUILDING

The minimum distance between openings

Walls with too many openings should be 600mm

Openings are too

Use of cut lintels close to corners

Walls too high

and too long

Deficient bond at corners Differential settlement due to soft soil

Thickness
h •
Plinth level
^m
'•vm
Ground level mm.

Foundation failure due to inadequate depth and width

Avoid construction on filled land Construct buildings on firm soil

Avoid low lying areas

Construct away from the water channels to avoid flooding

 SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Settlement with row houses with Clustered pattern with zig zag
roads leading to sea get affected planning avoid wind tunnel effects
during disaster and reduces susceptibility to disaster

Simple square / rectangular and symmetrical plan is more suitable

®i
1 1 "dS
Separation of wings into different rectangles in plan is preferable

®\ 0\

Longer wall facing the direction of the Shorter wall facing direction of the wind
wind should be avoided is preferable
 DISASTER-RESISTANT FEATURES IN FOUNDATION

Vertical reinforcement at
corners and jambs
should start from P.C.C.

Provide horizontal beam

or bands at ground and/or
plinth level

Use cement concrete

of minimum 1:4:8 mix

Details of Foundation

PLINTH LEVEL

PLINTH BEAM
230X75 MM
GROUND LEVEL

"T
600 mm GROUND
BEAM
230X200 MM
TIE WITH 10MM
DIA BAR

FOUNDATION
ANCHORAGE
200x200x100mm
1 n
PCC 100MM

SAND FILLING

Stages in provision of vertical ties

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices

 English bond L-joint

165
mm

One vertical bar should emanate from PC.C

Rat trap bond L-joint

E
£

Vertical rod should be placed at 350 mm from each

face where continuous hole is present.

Vertical rod should be placed at

continuous vertical hole in the joint

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices

 Sectional View of Disaster- resistant Wall

Rnor band

RCC linlel Kane!

^ - Plinth Beam

Grade Beam

Disaster- resistant Bands and Beams in Wall

6mm dia
6 mm dia stirrups
Stirrups ~>8"c/c .6 mm dia
stirurups
@ 6" c/c 2-1 Omm -S8"c/c
•dia.bars
6-12 mm
-dia bars
'4-10 mm
B
dia oars

^ 9"[225MM]
PLINTH BEAM LINTEL BAND
GRADE BEAM

R.C.C. band details at L and T junction

i El
E f—s-
r
E Jr
•

D
'
in
(N H
CM

4
^v^
—•

225 mm
 DRDffl
D .0 •I
-+•+-
12D0 mm 1200 mm

The vertical reinforcement should be placed at each joint at the middle of the wall

E
E
SB
S3
o
o
10

a
o
E
E B
o
ID

1200 mm 1200 mm
Through stone should be
placed vertically at a Through stone should be placed horizontally at
minimum spacing of 600mm a minimum spacing of 1200 mm centre to centre

Openings in Stone Walls

L

bl b2 Notes:

* "" ' b1 + b2 < 0.3L

b4 > 0.5h2 but i 600mm

b5>0.25h1 but -* 600mm

h2

hi

y\b5
b4
b4 Y,
'A Y

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices a

 MAKING APPROPRIATE OPENINGS IN THE WALL

-H* I *+• *r* •

Min. 600mm Mln. 600mm Mln. 600mm ' ' Mln. 600mm
»

f^^n^i-iifs
x^^J&P* SW-Xftfffc^
I
Openings to be located away from the corners by a clear distance equal to
at least one fourth of the height of opening or 60cm whichever is more.

The horizontal distance (pier width) between two openings should not less
than 50% the height of the shorter opening but not less than 60cm.

The vertical distance from an opening to another opening directly above

should not be less than 60cm and also half the width of smaller opening.

Reinforcement detail at Jambs

Protect window openings

with reinforced band around

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 9

 Reinforcement detail of beam

TOP
LAPPING POSITION

2 TIMES DEPTH
CLOSELY SPACED
2 TIMES DEPTH STIRRUPS
CLOSELY SPACED,
STIRRUPS

Reinforcement detail of beam Reinforcement detail of beam

column joint at floor level column joint at roof level

FLOOR SLAB DEPTH

Reinforcement details of column and beam joints

Beam Spanning in
one direction

Closely spaced
laterals

Closely spaced laterals

The lapping should be placed

at the mid-height

Beam Spanning in
both direction
 DETAILS OF FOUNDATION

Cross section of Foundation

Closely placed laterals

Development length 55 dia

R.C.C. 1:1.5:3

Z^P.C.C. 1:4:8

)[Z> Sand filling

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 13

Cement
* The date, month and year of manufacture on the bag reveals the freshness
of cement.

* Silky when rubbed between fingers.

♦ When hand is pushed into a cement bag, chillness should be felt. Warmth

indicates hydration has started.

Brick

Colour should be reddish brown and uniform.

Edges should be sharp, straight and at right angles to the faces.

Water absorption should be less than 20% by weight after soaking for 24
hours.

-:- When two bricks are struck, a metallic sound should be heard.

The breakage should not exceed 5% of the lot.

The brick should not break when dropped on their flat face from a height of
about 60 cm.

The quality / quantity of Water

Never add water without measuring.

•^ A marked bucket is a simplest measuring tool.

Never use salty water.
Water should be potable (drinkable).

•#• pH value should be approximately 7.0

 Minimum 300mm gap from *"
walls to avoid dampness 1

-
1500mrr
1

E
U E

Cement
4- Store cement in a closed room.

Keep the bags 150mm above the floor level on a water proof
platform.

& A maximum of 6 bags can be kept one above the other.

First in and first out method should be followed
for cement use.

Avoid dampness by proper water proof cover

Reinforcement
Should not be placed directly on the ground to avoid contamination with
mud.

Should be placed on a raised wooden platform.

^ Should be tied and kept neatly.
Should be protected by a cement wash if stored in the open for more than
a month.

•^ Before use it should be cleaned to remove mill scales and other impurities.

Aggregates
Stored in a heap having basic dimensions of a trapezoidal section and not
haphazardly.
 Excavation and Foundation

Avoid straight cut Slightly slanting cut

♦ Avoid sand compaction less Sand compaction thickness
than 150mm thick more than 150mm

* Avoid PCC less than PCC thickness more than 75mm

75mm thick

l [

-$• Avoid the foundation on loose

Provide foundation on hard soil
or soft soil

€)

>OR800MM
WHICHEVER IS MORE

Width and depth inadequate Provide Adequate width and depth

of foundation
 Height of building

® ©
n

Avoid high walls v The height should be 2700mm to

3000mm

Size of openings

© 0

v Avoid large openings Total opening width should be kept

less than half the wall width

Length of walls

Avoid long wall without ♦ Provide Intermediate walls, columns

intermediate support. or buttress, to protect long walls

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices 17

 Details of stirrups in bands and beams

•
Avoid inadequate stirrup detail Bend stirrup through 135°

® :nA ©
'Jx^" >,*'

Avoid insufficient lap length Provide adequate lap in the

middle of the column with a
slope of 1:6

- Do not cast the slab without : Use proper cover blocks

proper cover during casting of roof slab
 Technology Demonstration Unit at Kanathur, Technology Demonstration Unit at Bommayapalayam,
Kancheepuram Dist.by Florida Construction ~ UNDP Villlupuram Distby Auroville Earth Institute ~ UNDP

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IIHllllllliilllill NagapattinamDistbyCOSTFORD -UNDP
iilnflflWfflfl

This handbook has been prepared for the benefit of technical supervisors and masons as a part of Informatic
Education and Communicalion campaign in the post-tsunami shelter reconstruction. This is a joint initiative
Government of Tamil Nadu and UNDP. This Handbook-1 is prepared with technical assistance from Orisj
Development Technocrat Forum under the guidance of Prof A.R.Santhakumar.

For further information please contact:

ProfA.R.Santhakumar. Advisor, UNDP sanlhaarffUvahoo.com
Er.Alok Palnaik. Programme Associate. Shelter UNDP alok.patnaik(w.undp org

For more information please contact:

UNDP, United Nations Team for Recovery- Support,
Apex Towers, 54, 2 Main Road,
R.A.Puram, Chennai - 600 028,
Tel:+91 44 42 303 551
July 20l
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