Bồi Dưỡng Học Sinh Giỏi Chuyên Khảo Dãy Số

NGUYEN TAI CHUNG
B6i dvtdng hoc sinh gioi, chuyen toan
C H U Y E N D E D A Y s6 V A I ? N G D U N G
- Phan loai toan day s6
- PhiWng phap giai toan day s6
- Cac de t h i HSG Quoc gia, K h u vuTc
- Cac d l t h i Olympic Sinh vien, Olympic 30/04
J*'
N H A X U A T H A \I I I Q C Q U O C G I A H A NOI
NGUYEN TAI CHUNG
B6i dvtdng hoc sinh gioi, chuyen toan
C H U Y E N D E D A Y s6 V A I ? N G D U N G
- Phan loai toan day s6
- PhiWng phap giai toan day s6
- Cac de t h i HSG Quoc gia, K h u vuTc
- Cac d l t h i Olympic Sinh vien, Olympic 30/04
J*'
N H A X U A T H A \I I I Q C Q U O C G I A H A NOI
-1
Î3 (ivj*-! 1"
L&i noi dau Chu'dng 1
Day so la mot. chuycn de quan trpng timoc clutrtng trinh chiiycn toan trong c&c
trUdng THPT chuyen. Cac bai toan lien quan den day so thiTcJng la nhufng bai t$p
Xac dinh day so
kho, thirdng g?ip trong cac ki thi hpc sinh gi6i m5n To&n cap qu6c gia, khu v\fc,
quoc te, Olympic 30/04 va Olympic Sinh vien.
Toan day so rat phong phu, da d^ng va cung rat phutc h^p nen kho phan loî
va hg thong hoa thanh cac chuycn do ricng bigt. Tuy v^y, chuug toi c6 gang toi da 1.1 Xac dinh day so bang phu^dng phap quy nap,
sSp xep hpp li de giiip ban dpc tiep can tijfng bifdc, ttoig miic dp kien thiic va luyf n phu'cfng phap doi bien
t§.p giai toan.
Phan 16n cac bai toan trong cuon sach nay du^c tuyen chpn t\t cac ki thi; Thi 1.1.1 X a c d i n h d a y so b a n g phifdng p h a p q u y n a p .
hpc sinh gioi quoc gia, thi chpn dpi tuyen quoc gia dil thi toan quoc te, Olympic
30/04, Olympic toan Sinh vien toan qu6c, thi hpc sinh gioi ciia cac ti'nh thanh, chiing minh menh de chiia bien A{7i) dung v6i moi so nguyen dUdng n
ho$c tren T^p chi toan hpc va tu6i tre. Mpt so bai toan khac la do tac gia t\f bieii
(bang phifdiig phap quy nap), ta tlittc hieu ba bitdc sau:
soan. Xiii cam dii tac gia cac bai toan nia chiing toi da tri'ch chpn. Nhiing Idi giai
dua ra dua tren tieu chi tir nhien, de hieu. 'l\iy nhien, IcJi giai d day chua han la Bxidc 1 {hxidc cd sd, hay bvTdc khdi d l u ) . Kiein tra A{n) diing khi n = 1.
Idi giai hay nhat va ngSn gpn nhat, hi vong ban dpc so c6 dxtac nhftng Idi giai hay Biidc 2 (birdc quy n a p , hay bi:rdc "di t r u y § n " ) . Vdi fc e Z, fe > 1, gia
hdn. sii A{n) diing khi n ^ fe, ta chiing minh A{n) cung diing khi n = fc + 1.
Vice phan chia cac chiroug, bai, myc dfin c6 tinh dpc lap tiWng doi va do do Bifdc 3. Ket luan A{n) diing xcii moi so nguyen ditdng n.
khong nhat thiet luc nao cung phai dpc theo trinh t\i. Cung can noi them rSng,
that kho nia i)han chia cac van d^ theo mot bien gidi rach roi nhit tieu dg ciia tCrng
bai. Dau do trong mpt vai van de ciia bai nay da xult hien bong dang van dg ciia B a i t o a n 1. Cho day s6 nhu sau: | = ^ , ^ 2 + ^ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
bai kia. Tuy vay, chiing toi van c6 gang xoay quanh chii de ciia bai iy de ban dpc
a) Tinh x\, X2, Xi. . , ,
minh rut ra TiliuTng gi thudng gap va each giai quyet van de.
b) Tim so hang tSng qudt {so hang thii n).
Tot nhat, dpc gia t\t minh giai cac bai tap co trong sach nay. Tuy nhien, dc
thay va lam cliii nhiiiig ki xao tinh vi khac, cac bai tap deu dUcJc giai san (tham
chi la nhilu each giai) v6i nhiJng mute dp chi tiet khac nhau. Npi dung sach da c6 a) Ta CO x i = \/2 = 2 cos va
gang tuan theo y chii dô xuyen suot: BiSt diftfc IcJi giai ciia bai toan chi la yeu cku
dau ticn - ma hon the - lam the nao de giai ditdc no, each ta xii li no, nhulig suy
lu^n nao to ra "c6 li", cac ket luan, nhan xet va litu y tiT bai toan difa ra... v/2' = ^ 2 ( 1 + COS J ) = 2cos J ,
X 2 = V^2 + v / 2 = W2 1 +
Hi vpng quygn sach nay la tai lieu tham khao c6 ich cho hpc sinh cac 16p chuyen
toan trung hpc ph6 thong, giao vien toan, sinh vien toan ciia cac trirdng DHSP,
DIIKIITN ciing nhir la tai lieu phyc vu cho cac ki thi hpc sinh gioi toan TIIPT, X3 = V'2T1^ - ^ 2 ( 1 + COS J ) = 2 cos ^ .
thi Olympic loan Sinh vien giiJta cac tritdng dai hpc.
Tac gia
Thîc sy Nguyen Thi Chung
3
-1
Î3 (ivj*-! 1"
L&i noi dau Chu'dng 1
Day so la mot. chuycn de quan trpng timoc clutrtng trinh chiiycn toan trong c&c
trUdng THPT chuyen. Cac bai toan lien quan den day so thiTcJng la nhufng bai t$p
Xac dinh day so
kho, thirdng g?ip trong cac ki thi hpc sinh gi6i m5n To&n cap qu6c gia, khu v\fc,
quoc te, Olympic 30/04 va Olympic Sinh vien.
Toan day so rat phong phu, da d^ng va cung rat phutc h^p nen kho phan loî
va hg thong hoa thanh cac chuycn do ricng bigt. Tuy v^y, chuug toi c6 gang toi da 1.1 Xac dinh day so bang phu^dng phap quy nap,
sSp xep hpp li de giiip ban dpc tiep can tijfng bifdc, ttoig miic dp kien thiic va luyf n phu'cfng phap doi bien
t§.p giai toan.
Phan 16n cac bai toan trong cuon sach nay du^c tuyen chpn t\t cac ki thi; Thi 1.1.1 X a c d i n h d a y so b a n g phifdng p h a p q u y n a p .
hpc sinh gioi quoc gia, thi chpn dpi tuyen quoc gia dil thi toan quoc te, Olympic
30/04, Olympic toan Sinh vien toan qu6c, thi hpc sinh gioi ciia cac ti'nh thanh, chiing minh menh de chiia bien A{7i) dung v6i moi so nguyen dUdng n
ho$c tren T^p chi toan hpc va tu6i tre. Mpt so bai toan khac la do tac gia t\f bieii
(bang phifdiig phap quy nap), ta tlittc hieu ba bitdc sau:
soan. Xiii cam dii tac gia cac bai toan nia chiing toi da tri'ch chpn. Nhiing Idi giai
dua ra dua tren tieu chi tir nhien, de hieu. 'l\iy nhien, IcJi giai d day chua han la Bxidc 1 {hxidc cd sd, hay bvTdc khdi d l u ) . Kiein tra A{n) diing khi n = 1.
Idi giai hay nhat va ngSn gpn nhat, hi vong ban dpc so c6 dxtac nhftng Idi giai hay Biidc 2 (birdc quy n a p , hay bi:rdc "di t r u y § n " ) . Vdi fc e Z, fe > 1, gia
hdn. sii A{n) diing khi n ^ fe, ta chiing minh A{n) cung diing khi n = fc + 1.
Vice phan chia cac chiroug, bai, myc dfin c6 tinh dpc lap tiWng doi va do do Bifdc 3. Ket luan A{n) diing xcii moi so nguyen ditdng n.
khong nhat thiet luc nao cung phai dpc theo trinh t\i. Cung can noi them rSng,
that kho nia i)han chia cac van d^ theo mot bien gidi rach roi nhit tieu dg ciia tCrng
bai. Dau do trong mpt vai van de ciia bai nay da xult hien bong dang van dg ciia B a i t o a n 1. Cho day s6 nhu sau: | = ^ , ^ 2 + ^ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
bai kia. Tuy vay, chiing toi van c6 gang xoay quanh chii de ciia bai iy de ban dpc
a) Tinh x\, X2, Xi. . , ,
minh rut ra TiliuTng gi thudng gap va each giai quyet van de.
b) Tim so hang tSng qudt {so hang thii n).
Tot nhat, dpc gia t\t minh giai cac bai tap co trong sach nay. Tuy nhien, dc
thay va lam cliii nhiiiig ki xao tinh vi khac, cac bai tap deu dUcJc giai san (tham
chi la nhilu each giai) v6i nhiJng mute dp chi tiet khac nhau. Npi dung sach da c6 a) Ta CO x i = \/2 = 2 cos va
gang tuan theo y chii dô xuyen suot: BiSt diftfc IcJi giai ciia bai toan chi la yeu cku
dau ticn - ma hon the - lam the nao de giai ditdc no, each ta xii li no, nhulig suy
lu^n nao to ra "c6 li", cac ket luan, nhan xet va litu y tiT bai toan difa ra... v/2' = ^ 2 ( 1 + COS J ) = 2cos J ,
X 2 = V^2 + v / 2 = W2 1 +
Hi vpng quygn sach nay la tai lieu tham khao c6 ich cho hpc sinh cac 16p chuyen
toan trung hpc ph6 thong, giao vien toan, sinh vien toan ciia cac trirdng DHSP,
DIIKIITN ciing nhir la tai lieu phyc vu cho cac ki thi hpc sinh gioi toan TIIPT, X3 = V'2T1^ - ^ 2 ( 1 + COS J ) = 2 cos ^ .
thi Olympic loan Sinh vien giiJta cac tritdng dai hpc.
Tac gia
Thîc sy Nguyen Thi Chung
3
BSLng phudng pliap quy nap ta se chiing minh
b) Vdi e Z, k>l, gia sii xfc = 2 c o s K h i do
Un = tan ,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
= V2T^k = y ^ l T c ^ ^ ^ = 2COS . TrUdng h^p n = 1 da kigm tra d trgn.
Gia sil Un = tan. [ | + ( n - l ) ^ ] . K h i do
Theo nguyen l i quy n?ip suy ra x„ = 2 cos ^^^n = 1,2,...
tan + tan^
Bai toan 2. x„ = ^ 2 + \/2 + • • • + v ^ . Hay tinh xjoro- .3+("-^)8,
TT
N
CO
^
n dau cSn
'
1 - tan ^ 3 + ( n - l ) 3 ^ . t a n - ID
= tan = tan
Htrdng dan. Ta c6 x i = V2, x„_i = V^2+ •\/2T-• • + v/2. Suy ra .3-^"8
c6 n - 1 d&u c&n Tlieo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra
x„ = v/2 + x„_i, Vn = 2,3,... Un = tan ,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
L3+("-^)8J
sa\ do sir di.ing bai toan 1 d trang 3.
Do do
Bai toan 3 (Do thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2003). Cho day s6 (u„) djnh bdi
U2003 = tan = tan
ui = v/3
Un + y/2~ 1
Wn+I = ,Vn= 1,2,...
1 + (1 - V ^ ) Un SO J
Tim U2003- V3
Ui =
G i a i . Tit cong thitc tan(x + y)= tanx + tany ^ Bai toan 4. Cho day s6 (u„) tfm/i bdi: < - + 2 - v/3
"n
1 - tanx. tan?/ ,Vne N»
" " • ' ^ " l + (y3-2)u„
2 tan?
7^m U2010-
1 = tan - = tan ( - + - = o_
4 ^8 l-tan2?
1 cos - I
tan - = ~i + y/2 Hvrdng d i n . Ta c6 ân — = ^ = JIZ^ = 2 - N/3. Bang quy
<^ tan^ - + 2 tan - - 1 = Q <^
8 0 tan - = - 1 - v ^ .
uap ta clnhig miuh du^c u„ = tan ,Vn=l,2,...
L6+^^"-')l2
, ^ TT ^ TT ^ Un + tan - Bai toan 5. Tim so hq,ng tdng qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
Vi tan - > 0 nen tan - = - 1. Ta c6 u„+, = ^ , Vn = 1,2,.
1 - u„.tan x„ + \/2 - 1
Xn+l = -,VnG
_ tan -- +
lan + lan
tan —
- (l-v/2)x„ + l '
Do do = v/3 = tan ^,^2 = 3__ L . = tan f J + ^) va
1 - tan - tan - v3 8/ Bai todn 6. Tim so hq,ng long qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhxt sau:
{
uo = l
tan - H— + tan -
" " + 1 = ^; _ _ , V n = 0,l,...
l-tan(- + -)tan- ^3 8/
5
4
BSLng phudng pliap quy nap ta se chiing minh
b) Vdi e Z, k>l, gia sii xfc = 2 c o s K h i do
Un = tan ,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
= V2T^k = y ^ l T c ^ ^ ^ = 2COS . TrUdng h^p n = 1 da kigm tra d trgn.
Gia sil Un = tan. [ | + ( n - l ) ^ ] . K h i do
Theo nguyen l i quy n?ip suy ra x„ = 2 cos ^^^n = 1,2,...
tan + tan^
Bai toan 2. x„ = ^ 2 + \/2 + • • • + v ^ . Hay tinh xjoro- .3+("-^)8,
TT
N
CO
^
n dau cSn
'
1 - tan ^ 3 + ( n - l ) 3 ^ . t a n - ID
= tan = tan
Htrdng dan. Ta c6 x i = V2, x„_i = V^2+ •\/2T-• • + v/2. Suy ra .3-^"8
c6 n - 1 d&u c&n Tlieo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra
x„ = v/2 + x„_i, Vn = 2,3,... Un = tan ,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
L3+("-^)8J
sa\ do sir di.ing bai toan 1 d trang 3.
Do do
Bai toan 3 (Do thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2003). Cho day s6 (u„) djnh bdi
U2003 = tan = tan
ui = v/3
Un + y/2~ 1
Wn+I = ,Vn= 1,2,...
1 + (1 - V ^ ) Un SO J
Tim U2003- V3
Ui =
G i a i . Tit cong thitc tan(x + y)= tanx + tany ^ Bai toan 4. Cho day s6 (u„) tfm/i bdi: < - + 2 - v/3
"n
1 - tanx. tan?/ ,Vne N»
" " • ' ^ " l + (y3-2)u„
2 tan?
7^m U2010-
1 = tan - = tan ( - + - = o_
4 ^8 l-tan2?
1 cos - I
tan - = ~i + y/2 Hvrdng d i n . Ta c6 ân — = ^ = JIZ^ = 2 - N/3. Bang quy
<^ tan^ - + 2 tan - - 1 = Q <^
8 0 tan - = - 1 - v ^ .
uap ta clnhig miuh du^c u„ = tan ,Vn=l,2,...
L6+^^"-')l2
, ^ TT ^ TT ^ Un + tan - Bai toan 5. Tim so hq,ng tdng qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
Vi tan - > 0 nen tan - = - 1. Ta c6 u„+, = ^ , Vn = 1,2,.
1 - u„.tan x„ + \/2 - 1
Xn+l = -,VnG
_ tan -- +
lan + lan
tan —
- (l-v/2)x„ + l '
Do do = v/3 = tan ^,^2 = 3__ L . = tan f J + ^) va
1 - tan - tan - v3 8/ Bai todn 6. Tim so hq,ng long qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhxt sau:
{
uo = l
tan - H— + tan -
" " + 1 = ^; _ _ , V n = 0,l,...
l-tan(- + -)tan- ^3 8/
5
4
3 / 2 \i 2^-1 2^ 2"~'-l 2"-'
1.1.2 Xac dinh day so b^ng phu'dng phap d6i bien (dat an phu).
Ban dpc nen chii y mot so phep d6i bien rat thitdng diing sau day (khong
V,y =« - - » r •- i ( a + ^ ) " ' - | ; , V n - 1.2,... T h .
nhiJng thudng dung trong day so ma nhfmg phep doi bien nay con hay dimg
khi giai phUdng trinh, chuTng minh bat ding thiic...): lai bang phUdng phap quy nap thay diing.
Chu y 1. Neu ta gap ham da thiic bQ.c hai f{x) = ax^+bx+c thi ta ddi goc tQa Bai to6n 8. Tim day so {x„}^^ sac cho x\ a va
do vi dinh A Pavabol. TiCc la ta ddi bien ~
x„+i = a x 3 + 6 x 2 + c x „ 4 - d , V n = l , 2 , . . . ^ a > 0 , c = ^ . ^ = (1)
Chii y 2. Neu ta g&p ham da thiic bac ba f{x) = ax^ + bx^ + ex + d tht ta
ddi goc toa do vc diem uSn Al - — (-—]) cAa do thi cua fix). TUc la HUdng dan. Gpi y„ = x„ + thay vao (1) ta dupe
ta ddi bien X = x + —.
3a
Chu y 3. Neu ta gg.p ham da thiic bac bon f{x) = ax* + bx^ + cx'^ + dx + e
thi ta ddi qoc toa do diem sieu uon A (-—; f (- —]] cHa dd thi ciia / 3 , , 62 63 \ 2 262 63 62 6 62 6(c-3)
fix). TUc la ta doi bien X = x +
4a
/ 3 63 $c-3) ( , 63 $ 6
Bai todn 7. Tim day s6 {x„};^~i biet
xi = a, Xn+i = ox^ + 6x„ + c, Vn = 1,2,... (1)1 Suy ra j/„+i = ay^, Vn = 1,2,... Suy ra
62-26
Trong do aÔ va c =
4a Vn = ayt, = a {ayt2f = a'^'vlU = a'^' {ay^.f = a'^'^'^t^
I4.'»J.l2-|....J.1'>-2 t-?"'' ,n-l 3"~'-l / 6 \

Hi/dng dan. Chii y 1 ci trang 6 gpi y cho ta each doi bien nhvl sau: Gpi
= . . . = a*+^+-* + yf = a ' - 3 y\ I" 3a J
yn = x„ + —, thay vao (1) ta dupe:
3»->
V*yx„ = a . (â + - j - - , V n = l,2,...
y „ ^ , - ^ = a ( j , „ - A ) + 6 ( y „ - A ) + c , V n = 1,2,...
Luu y. Chd y 2 d trang 6 da gpi y cho ta each doi bien J/n = + 3^-
6 ( 1 hin b'^\ f b \
Bai toan 9 (De thi HSG quoc gia nam hpc 2000-2001, bang B). Cho day
62 62 62 - 26
<*J/n+i-^=ay„-6i,„ + - +6 j , „ - - + ,Vn = l,2,...
4a
" <*J/n+i = a y 2 , V n = 1,2,...
^' = 5- ^"•^' = 2(2n/r)x„ + l ^ " ^ ' ' ' ' " " ' ^ '
Suy ra
Hay tinh tong cua 2001 so hqing dau tien cia day so {xn}n=i •
Vn = aj/2_i = a {ayl_2f =
7
6
3 / 2 \i 2^-1 2^ 2"~'-l 2"-'
1.1.2 Xac dinh day so b^ng phu'dng phap d6i bien (dat an phu).
Ban dpc nen chii y mot so phep d6i bien rat thitdng diing sau day (khong
V,y =« - - » r •- i ( a + ^ ) " ' - | ; , V n - 1.2,... T h .
nhiJng thudng dung trong day so ma nhfmg phep doi bien nay con hay dimg
khi giai phUdng trinh, chuTng minh bat ding thiic...): lai bang phUdng phap quy nap thay diing.
Chu y 1. Neu ta gap ham da thiic bQ.c hai f{x) = ax^+bx+c thi ta ddi goc tQa Bai to6n 8. Tim day so {x„}^^ sac cho x\ a va
do vi dinh A Pavabol. TiCc la ta ddi bien ~
x„+i = a x 3 + 6 x 2 + c x „ 4 - d , V n = l , 2 , . . . ^ a > 0 , c = ^ . ^ = (1)
Chii y 2. Neu ta g&p ham da thiic bac ba f{x) = ax^ + bx^ + ex + d tht ta
ddi goc toa do vc diem uSn Al - — (-—]) cAa do thi cua fix). TUc la HUdng dan. Gpi y„ = x„ + thay vao (1) ta dupe
ta ddi bien X = x + —.
3a
Chu y 3. Neu ta gg.p ham da thiic bac bon f{x) = ax* + bx^ + cx'^ + dx + e
thi ta ddi qoc toa do diem sieu uon A (-—; f (- —]] cHa dd thi ciia / 3 , , 62 63 \ 2 262 63 62 6 62 6(c-3)
fix). TUc la ta doi bien X = x +
4a
/ 3 63 $c-3) ( , 63 $ 6
Bai todn 7. Tim day s6 {x„};^~i biet
xi = a, Xn+i = ox^ + 6x„ + c, Vn = 1,2,... (1)1 Suy ra j/„+i = ay^, Vn = 1,2,... Suy ra
62-26
Trong do aÔ va c =
4a Vn = ayt, = a {ayt2f = a'^'vlU = a'^' {ay^.f = a'^'^'^t^
I4.'»J.l2-|....J.1'>-2 t-?"'' ,n-l 3"~'-l / 6 \

Hi/dng dan. Chii y 1 ci trang 6 gpi y cho ta each doi bien nhvl sau: Gpi
= . . . = a*+^+-* + yf = a ' - 3 y\ I" 3a J
yn = x„ + —, thay vao (1) ta dupe:
3»->
V*yx„ = a . (â + - j - - , V n = l,2,...
y „ ^ , - ^ = a ( j , „ - A ) + 6 ( y „ - A ) + c , V n = 1,2,...
Luu y. Chd y 2 d trang 6 da gpi y cho ta each doi bien J/n = + 3^-
6 ( 1 hin b'^\ f b \
Bai toan 9 (De thi HSG quoc gia nam hpc 2000-2001, bang B). Cho day
62 62 62 - 26
<*J/n+i-^=ay„-6i,„ + - +6 j , „ - - + ,Vn = l,2,...
4a
" <*J/n+i = a y 2 , V n = 1,2,...
^' = 5- ^"•^' = 2(2n/r)x„ + l ^ " ^ ' ' ' ' " " ' ^ '
Suy ra
Hay tinh tong cua 2001 so hqing dau tien cia day so {xn}n=i •
Vn = aj/2_i = a {ayl_2f =
7
6
T
Gi&i. Dg t h i y x „ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . do do tit i „ + i = ta c6 C h u y 4. Ta thay rdng cosnt duac hiiu dien thanh mot da thiic cua cost,
2(2n + l ) x „ + 1 goi la da thiic Tre-bu-sep loai 1. Con sinnt b&ng tich cua sint mgt da thUc
cua cost, goi la da thiic Tre-bU-sep loQi 2.
x„+i = p = 2 ( 2 n + l ) + — (n = 1,2,...).
2(2n+l) + — ^"+1 D i n h l y 2. Gid sii sin(2/!; + l)t = P2k+i ( s i n t ) , trong do P2fc+i(x) la da thiic
dai so bac 2k + I . Ki hteu Q2k+i{x) la da thiic dai so bac 2k + 1 sinh bdi
D$,t — = u„. K h i do u i = 3 v& P2k+i{x) b&ng each giU nguyen nhUng hf so ling vdi luy thica chia 4 du I va
x„ thay nhUng he so Hug vdi luy thiCa chia 4 diT 3 bang h$ so doi ddu. Khi do
u„+i = 4 ( 2 n + l ) + u„,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
Tilf (1) d l dang suy ra u„ = (2n - 1) (2n + 1), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . . V$y

2 1 1
i„ = — = ,Vn=l,2,... Sau day la mpt so he thiic dai so t h u dUdc tit cac hg thiic lien quan den ham
u„ ( 2 n - l ) ( 2 n + l) 2n - 1 2n + l
hypebolic, vipc chiing m i n h cac ho thiic do x i n danh cho ban doc. j
Dodo • Tir he thiic cos 2t = 2 cos^ t - 1 t a t h i i dUdc h? thiic dgi so
/I (J. l_\
x i + X2 H + ajaooi =
1-3' + \ Sy "'"'•••^ V4001 4003/ (1)
1 _ 4002
<*Xl + X2 H h X2001 = 1
4003 ~ 4003' • T i t h? thiic cos 3t = 4 cos^ f - 3 cos t t a t h u dildc h f thiic dai so
1 \ 1 f 1
1.1.3 C ^ c d o n g n h a t thtfc b o s u n g
1 /
TCt cong thiic sin^ t + cos^ < = 1, e R, n l u t a thay x = tan - t h i dit0c
Nghia la 4x^ " 2 a + -7 - vdi X = - a+ - .
(2x)2 + ( l - x 2 ) 2 = ( l + x 2 ) 2 , V x e R . I l f thiic dai so ling vdi cos 5t = 16 cos^ t - 20 cos^ t + 5 cos t la
N h u vay nioi cong thiJc lUdng giac se cho t a mot dong nhat thiJc dai so. Tuy
nhien v6i so lUdng cac cong thiic bien doi lUdng giac qua nhieu, ban than cac i (a^ + = 16m^ - 20m^ + 5m, trong d6m = ]-(a+-
hp thiic ludiig giac da t ^ thanh mot chuycn dc c6 t i n h doc l9,p tUdng doi
dan tach hkn cd sci dai so cua no, da lam cho chung t a qucn di mot lir^ng Tii h§ thiic sin3t = 4sin^ f - 3 s i n t t a t h u ditpc h§ thiic dai so
Idn cac he thiic dai so c6 cung xuat xvi t\l mot he thiic lUdng giac quen biet.
D i e b i f t trong chUdng t r i n h toan bac ph5 thong hien nay, cac ham s6 lir^ng
= 3 fl / 0 + 4
1
a- - (5)
giac ngu^c, ham luqng giac hypebolic,... khong nSm trong phan kien thiic J .2 V a 2
bat biioc t h i nhfmg bai toan lien quan den chung se la mot thach thiic Idn
doi vdi hoc sinh va ca giao vien. Djnh l i 1 va dinh l i 2 se giup t a thiet l^p Nghla la 4x3 ^ 3 ^ ^ ^ ^^3 _ i . ^ 3; = 1 _ , a ^ 0.
nen cac dong nhat thiic dai so d l t i i do di den 16i giai cho cac bai toan xdc
dinh so hang toiig quat cua day truy hoi phi tuycn bac nipt. • He thiic dai so ling vdi sin 5x = 16 sin^ x - 20 sin^ x + 5 sin x Ik
D i n h l y 1 . Gid sii cosnt = Pn (cost), vdi P„(x) la da thiic bac n. Khi do

1 (â' - ^ ) = 16m^ + 20m^ + 5m, trong = ^ " ^) •
8 9
T
Gi&i. Dg t h i y x „ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . do do tit i „ + i = ta c6 C h u y 4. Ta thay rdng cosnt duac hiiu dien thanh mot da thiic cua cost,
2(2n + l ) x „ + 1 goi la da thiic Tre-bu-sep loai 1. Con sinnt b&ng tich cua sint mgt da thUc
cua cost, goi la da thiic Tre-bU-sep loQi 2.
x„+i = p = 2 ( 2 n + l ) + — (n = 1,2,...).
2(2n+l) + — ^"+1 D i n h l y 2. Gid sii sin(2/!; + l)t = P2k+i ( s i n t ) , trong do P2fc+i(x) la da thiic
dai so bac 2k + I . Ki hteu Q2k+i{x) la da thiic dai so bac 2k + 1 sinh bdi
D$,t — = u„. K h i do u i = 3 v& P2k+i{x) b&ng each giU nguyen nhUng hf so ling vdi luy thica chia 4 du I va
x„ thay nhUng he so Hug vdi luy thiCa chia 4 diT 3 bang h$ so doi ddu. Khi do
u„+i = 4 ( 2 n + l ) + u„,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
Tilf (1) d l dang suy ra u„ = (2n - 1) (2n + 1), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . . V$y

2 1 1
i„ = — = ,Vn=l,2,... Sau day la mpt so he thiic dai so t h u dUdc tit cac hg thiic lien quan den ham
u„ ( 2 n - l ) ( 2 n + l) 2n - 1 2n + l
hypebolic, vipc chiing m i n h cac ho thiic do x i n danh cho ban doc. j
Dodo • Tir he thiic cos 2t = 2 cos^ t - 1 t a t h i i dUdc h? thiic dgi so
/I (J. l_\
x i + X2 H + ajaooi =
1-3' + \ Sy "'"'•••^ V4001 4003/ (1)
1 _ 4002
<*Xl + X2 H h X2001 = 1
4003 ~ 4003' • T i t h? thiic cos 3t = 4 cos^ f - 3 cos t t a t h u dildc h f thiic dai so
1 \ 1 f 1
1.1.3 C ^ c d o n g n h a t thtfc b o s u n g
1 /
TCt cong thiic sin^ t + cos^ < = 1, e R, n l u t a thay x = tan - t h i dit0c
Nghia la 4x^ " 2 a + -7 - vdi X = - a+ - .
(2x)2 + ( l - x 2 ) 2 = ( l + x 2 ) 2 , V x e R . I l f thiic dai so ling vdi cos 5t = 16 cos^ t - 20 cos^ t + 5 cos t la
N h u vay nioi cong thiJc lUdng giac se cho t a mot dong nhat thiJc dai so. Tuy
nhien v6i so lUdng cac cong thiic bien doi lUdng giac qua nhieu, ban than cac i (a^ + = 16m^ - 20m^ + 5m, trong d6m = ]-(a+-
hp thiic ludiig giac da t ^ thanh mot chuycn dc c6 t i n h doc l9,p tUdng doi
dan tach hkn cd sci dai so cua no, da lam cho chung t a qucn di mot lir^ng Tii h§ thiic sin3t = 4sin^ f - 3 s i n t t a t h u ditpc h§ thiic dai so
Idn cac he thiic dai so c6 cung xuat xvi t\l mot he thiic lUdng giac quen biet.
D i e b i f t trong chUdng t r i n h toan bac ph5 thong hien nay, cac ham s6 lir^ng
= 3 fl / 0 + 4
1
a- - (5)
giac ngu^c, ham luqng giac hypebolic,... khong nSm trong phan kien thiic J .2 V a 2
bat biioc t h i nhfmg bai toan lien quan den chung se la mot thach thiic Idn
doi vdi hoc sinh va ca giao vien. Djnh l i 1 va dinh l i 2 se giup t a thiet l^p Nghla la 4x3 ^ 3 ^ ^ ^ ^^3 _ i . ^ 3; = 1 _ , a ^ 0.
nen cac dong nhat thiic dai so d l t i i do di den 16i giai cho cac bai toan xdc
dinh so hang toiig quat cua day truy hoi phi tuycn bac nipt. • He thiic dai so ling vdi sin 5x = 16 sin^ x - 20 sin^ x + 5 sin x Ik
D i n h l y 1 . Gid sii cosnt = Pn (cost), vdi P„(x) la da thiic bac n. Khi do

1 (â' - ^ ) = 16m^ + 20m^ + 5m, trong = ^ " ^) •
8 9
1.1.4 M o t so p h e p d 6 i b i e n dvtdc d i n h hMdng b d i cAc cong thiJc
r
Cach t r l n h bay khdc cho trtrdng hdp > 1. Neu \yi\>\i ton tai
l i f d n g giac.
(P sao cho cosh = j / i . Khi do
Trong muc nay ta so xct mot so bai toan diTdc giai bKng each di.ra tren ode y2 = 2 cosh^ (i>-l = cosh 2(f), j/3 = cosh 2^ (A,..., 2/„ = cosh 2"~ ^ (A.
d^c trimg cua mpt s6 da thilc dai so sinh bcii ham so sinnx vk cosnx.
B a i toan 10. Xdc dinh d&y so (j/„) thoa man dicu hien sam Tif cosh <;/) = y i , ta C O ,
j / i G R; Vn+i = 2yl - 1, Vn = 1, 2,... = yi li' = 2/1 + ^^y\ 1.

T
Giai.
Do do
• Neu < 1 thl t6n tai 4> sao cho cos(^ = y^. Khi do
_ 2" — 1
j/2 = 2 cos^ (j)-\ cos 20, y-i = cos 2^^,!/„ = cos 2"~^</>. , + + (yi + y/yl -1)
j/n = 2 — , V n = 1,2,...
• Khi I2/1I > 1. Xet so thi^c fj sao cho
B a i toAn 11. Tim day so {x„}+~i
x i = Q, x„+i = ox^ + 6, Vn e N ' , at = - 2 .

Vay neu dat P = yi + i/j/jf - 1 thi
Hvtdng d i n . Dat x„ = - 6 y „ , khi do yi =
/ 1 I
2/1 = 2 -6y„+i = at^y^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ = _aj,y2 _ 1 y^^^ = 2y2 - 1.
Taco Sau do Slit dung bai toan 10.

LtTu y. Phep dat x„ = - 6 y „ ditdc tim ra nhit sau: Cong thitc hwng giac
C O S 2 Q = 2cos2 Q - 1 gdi y cho ta c6 gang dua day so da cho ve day so
Dodo {yn)t=i thoa man
y„+l=2y2-l,Vn=l,2,... (1)
1 /
2 D§,t x„ = py„. Khi do
py„+i = ap^yl + 6 y„+i = apyl + |. (2)
Ttf (1) va (2) suy ra ta can tim p sao cho
f ap = 2 r 2
\a man a6 = - 2 ) .
V^y ta se dat
Theo nguyen h' quy n^p suy ra
= -y„ x„ = - 6 y „ (do a6 = - 2 ) .
a
1 /^2"-> 1 ^
,V7i = l , 2 , . . .
10 14
1.1.4 M o t so p h e p d 6 i b i e n dvtdc d i n h hMdng b d i cAc cong thiJc
r
Cach t r l n h bay khdc cho trtrdng hdp > 1. Neu \yi\>\i ton tai
l i f d n g giac.
(P sao cho cosh = j / i . Khi do
Trong muc nay ta so xct mot so bai toan diTdc giai bKng each di.ra tren ode y2 = 2 cosh^ (i>-l = cosh 2(f), j/3 = cosh 2^ (A,..., 2/„ = cosh 2"~ ^ (A.
d^c trimg cua mpt s6 da thilc dai so sinh bcii ham so sinnx vk cosnx.
B a i toan 10. Xdc dinh d&y so (j/„) thoa man dicu hien sam Tif cosh <;/) = y i , ta C O ,
j / i G R; Vn+i = 2yl - 1, Vn = 1, 2,... = yi li' = 2/1 + ^^y\ 1.

T
Giai.
Do do
• Neu < 1 thl t6n tai 4> sao cho cos(^ = y^. Khi do
_ 2" — 1
j/2 = 2 cos^ (j)-\ cos 20, y-i = cos 2^^,!/„ = cos 2"~^</>. , + + (yi + y/yl -1)
j/n = 2 — , V n = 1,2,...
• Khi I2/1I > 1. Xet so thi^c fj sao cho
B a i toAn 11. Tim day so {x„}+~i
x i = Q, x„+i = ox^ + 6, Vn e N ' , at = - 2 .

Vay neu dat P = yi + i/j/jf - 1 thi
Hvtdng d i n . Dat x„ = - 6 y „ , khi do yi =
/ 1 I
2/1 = 2 -6y„+i = at^y^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ = _aj,y2 _ 1 y^^^ = 2y2 - 1.
Taco Sau do Slit dung bai toan 10.

LtTu y. Phep dat x„ = - 6 y „ ditdc tim ra nhit sau: Cong thitc hwng giac
C O S 2 Q = 2cos2 Q - 1 gdi y cho ta c6 gang dua day so da cho ve day so
Dodo {yn)t=i thoa man
y„+l=2y2-l,Vn=l,2,... (1)
1 /
2 D§,t x„ = py„. Khi do
py„+i = ap^yl + 6 y„+i = apyl + |. (2)
Ttf (1) va (2) suy ra ta can tim p sao cho
f ap = 2 r 2
\a man a6 = - 2 ) .
V^y ta se dat
Theo nguyen h' quy n^p suy ra
= -y„ x„ = - 6 y „ (do a6 = - 2 ) .
a
1 /^2"-> 1 ^
,V7i = l , 2 , . . .
10 14
B a i todn 12. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau: x i < va Vi 2 „ = 2j/„ = 4x„ nen
4b
2 1 4x„+i 4'-"x„+i
ZxZ2Zz--Zn 4".XlX2X3...X„ XiX2X3...X„
So hang t6ng quat ciia day so (w„) la

. Tim so hang long qudt cua day so {u„).
XiX2X3...X„
1\
-, Vn G N*.
G i a i . Dat x„ = ^y„. Ta dUdc day so (y„) thoa man: j / i = 2xi < - 1 va
1 9 1 B a i t o a n 13. Ttm day so {x„}+f°i biet
X I = Q , x „ + i = a x ^ + 6 , V n 6 N * , a 6 = 2.
Sijf dung bhi toan 10 ci trang 10 ta dildc
G i a i . D$,t x„ = 6j/„, khi do = - va
1 / 1 \
+ ,Vn=l,2,...
6i/„+i = a62y2 + 5 =^ = abyl + 1 y„+i = 2y2 + 1 (do a6 = 2).
vdi /3 = 2/1 + v^y2 _ 1 ^ + ^4x2 - 1. Dat Xet so th^tc /3 sao cho
jn-l I-
Khi do Vay neu dat ^ = yi + y ^ y f + T thi
Taco
1 Boi vay
1 1 \
2/1 = 2
1 2
y2 = 2y? + 1 = 2 +1 = r
m pj\
Gia sii Vn = ^ (^P'^'"' - ) . K h i do

+ 1
1 Pj _ 1 T2
1 \ 1 \
y„+i = 2yi + 1 = 2 P -—
12 13
B a i todn 12. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau: x i < va Vi 2 „ = 2j/„ = 4x„ nen
4b
2 1 4x„+i 4'-"x„+i
ZxZ2Zz--Zn 4".XlX2X3...X„ XiX2X3...X„
So hang t6ng quat ciia day so (w„) la

. Tim so hang long qudt cua day so {u„).
XiX2X3...X„
1\
-, Vn G N*.
G i a i . Dat x„ = ^y„. Ta dUdc day so (y„) thoa man: j / i = 2xi < - 1 va
1 9 1 B a i t o a n 13. Ttm day so {x„}+f°i biet
X I = Q , x „ + i = a x ^ + 6 , V n 6 N * , a 6 = 2.
Sijf dung bhi toan 10 ci trang 10 ta dildc
G i a i . D$,t x„ = 6j/„, khi do = - va
1 / 1 \
+ ,Vn=l,2,...
6i/„+i = a62y2 + 5 =^ = abyl + 1 y„+i = 2y2 + 1 (do a6 = 2).
vdi /3 = 2/1 + v^y2 _ 1 ^ + ^4x2 - 1. Dat Xet so th^tc /3 sao cho
jn-l I-
Khi do Vay neu dat ^ = yi + y ^ y f + T thi
Taco
1 Boi vay
1 1 \
2/1 = 2
1 2
y2 = 2y? + 1 = 2 +1 = r
m pj\
Gia sii Vn = ^ (^P'^'"' - ) . K h i do

+ 1
1 Pj _ 1 T2
1 \ 1 \
y„+i = 2yi + 1 = 2 P -—
12 13
Tlieo nguyen If quy nap toan IIQC suy ra B a i t o a n 15. Tim { x , , } ^ ^ , hiet
3
2/n = 2 x i = n, Xn+\ o x „ - 3 x „ , a > 0.

Af.. „o
Bdi v^y 2
2n-l H i r i n g d i n . Dfit x „ = - p 2 / n - K h i do y„+i = Ayl - 32/„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . Sau

a a
,Vn do sii dung bai toan 14.
6 + V6^ + '
Lifti y. Phep doi bien trcnig bai toan 15 d traiig 15 dildc t h n r a n h u sau: T i t
h? thiic t r u y h6i ciia day ( x „ ) khien t a hen tucing den rong t h i k ludng giac
B a i t o a n 14. Tim {yn}n=i' biet
cos 3x = 4 C D S ' * X — 3 cos x.
yi 6 R, y„+i = Ayi - 3j/„. Ta C O g^ng d y n g cong thi'rc nay. Gia sii x „ = 6y„ + c, k h i do
Giai. bVn+i + c = a {byn + c)^ - 3 (62/,, + c)
• Neu 12/11 < 1 t h i ton t ^ i 0 sao cho cos(j> = j / i . K h i do «>6y„+i + c = a {b'^yi + Sb^cy^ + 36c^2/„ + c^) - 3 (6y„ + c)
2 / 1 = 4 cos^ (/) - 3 cos 0 = cos 3 0 , . . . , 2/n = cos 3"0. «>y„+i = abSi + 3o6cyf. + Z{ac^ - l ) y „ + ^-'(ac^ - 4c).
• K h i I2/11 > 1. X e t so thyc l3 sao cho Vay t a cho

a6^ = 4 c = 0^
/? = 2/1 +
L /? = y i -
V2 3a6c = 0
3(ac2 - 1) = - 3 6 =
'(ac^-4c) = 0
Vay neu dat (3 = -1 thi 2
Do do t a dat x „ = —;=2/u- T u y uhien c6 t h ^ t i m ra cong thiic doi bien nhanh

)' -r'''-
hon bSiig each dat x „ = byn, sau do t i m 6.
Ta CO
1 B a i t o a n 16. Ttin {x,,},"^^, biet xi = a, x,i+i = axf, + 3x„, a > 0.

y:-2
G i a i . Dat x „ = -7=2/11- K h i do 2/1 = va

2/2 = 4 - 3 ( 2 \ ^2/a+i =4yf.+3y„(Vn6N*).
yn] +3
Vv/a /
Giasu2/„ = - /fl-^ + : ? r : ^ , khi do Xet so thuc /:* sao clio
• /3 = y i + / y ? + 1
1 ^ 3„-, _ 1 _ yi = 1 - " '^^'^ - 1 = 0 ^ J i = y i - x / y f + i -
2/n+l = 4 -3
Vay theo nguyen h' quy nap toan hoc suy ra Vay nou dat /J = yi + V y f T T thi
,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
1 /
yi = 2
v
14 15
Tlieo nguyen If quy nap toan IIQC suy ra B a i t o a n 15. Tim { x , , } ^ ^ , hiet
3
2/n = 2 x i = n, Xn+\ o x „ - 3 x „ , a > 0.

Af.. „o
Bdi v^y 2
2n-l H i r i n g d i n . Dfit x „ = - p 2 / n - K h i do y„+i = Ayl - 32/„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . Sau

a a
,Vn do sii dung bai toan 14.
6 + V6^ + '
Lifti y. Phep doi bien trcnig bai toan 15 d traiig 15 dildc t h n r a n h u sau: T i t
h? thiic t r u y h6i ciia day ( x „ ) khien t a hen tucing den rong t h i k ludng giac
B a i t o a n 14. Tim {yn}n=i' biet
cos 3x = 4 C D S ' * X — 3 cos x.
yi 6 R, y„+i = Ayi - 3j/„. Ta C O g^ng d y n g cong thi'rc nay. Gia sii x „ = 6y„ + c, k h i do
Giai. bVn+i + c = a {byn + c)^ - 3 (62/,, + c)
• Neu 12/11 < 1 t h i ton t ^ i 0 sao cho cos(j> = j / i . K h i do «>6y„+i + c = a {b'^yi + Sb^cy^ + 36c^2/„ + c^) - 3 (6y„ + c)
2 / 1 = 4 cos^ (/) - 3 cos 0 = cos 3 0 , . . . , 2/n = cos 3"0. «>y„+i = abSi + 3o6cyf. + Z{ac^ - l ) y „ + ^-'(ac^ - 4c).
• K h i I2/11 > 1. X e t so thyc l3 sao cho Vay t a cho

a6^ = 4 c = 0^
/? = 2/1 +
L /? = y i -
V2 3a6c = 0
3(ac2 - 1) = - 3 6 =
'(ac^-4c) = 0
Vay neu dat (3 = -1 thi 2
Do do t a dat x „ = —;=2/u- T u y uhien c6 t h ^ t i m ra cong thiic doi bien nhanh

)' -r'''-
hon bSiig each dat x „ = byn, sau do t i m 6.
Ta CO
1 B a i t o a n 16. Ttin {x,,},"^^, biet xi = a, x,i+i = axf, + 3x„, a > 0.

y:-2
G i a i . Dat x „ = -7=2/11- K h i do 2/1 = va

2/2 = 4 - 3 ( 2 \ ^2/a+i =4yf.+3y„(Vn6N*).
yn] +3
Vv/a /
Giasu2/„ = - /fl-^ + : ? r : ^ , khi do Xet so thuc /:* sao clio
• /3 = y i + / y ? + 1
1 ^ 3„-, _ 1 _ yi = 1 - " '^^'^ - 1 = 0 ^ J i = y i - x / y f + i -
2/n+l = 4 -3
Vay theo nguyen h' quy nap toan hoc suy ra Vay nou dat /J = yi + V y f T T thi
,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
1 /
yi = 2
v
14 15
Ta CO Bai to&n 19. Cho day so (u„) nhusau: | '^^^ = + Su^ - 3, Vn = 1,2,, .
7^m cong thiic so hang tong qudt cua day so da cho.
Giai. D^t ii„ = u„ + 1 (n = 1,2,...). Khi do Hi = 3 v&
Do (16
i;„+i - 1 = K - 1 ) ^ + 3 K - 1)2 - 3 = - 3 t ; „ - 1.
V$,y Vn+i = ^ n - 3i^n, Vn = 1,2,... Den day ta tien hanh tUdng tit nhit bki
toan 15 d trang 15.
=4 Cach khac. Xet phUdng trinh - 3x + 1 = 0. Phuong trinh n&,y e6 hai
1 \ nghiem xi, X2 va theo dinh ly Viet ta c6 xi + X 2 = 3 vk X1X2 = 1. Ta se chiing
minh quy n?ip rang
03" ,Vn = 1,2,... Khi do
T3 Vr, = x\ , V n = l , 2 , . . .
yn+1 = 4 1 /â— 1 \ +3
/33"-» 2\,^
^3"
/J 2 l,^ ^3"^- Ta e6 t;i = 3 = xi + X2 = x f + xf. Gia sii t;„ = x f + xf'\i do: »
v.^, = v l - 3t;„ = ( x f - ' + x f " ) ' - 3{xr-' + x f " ) fi
Theo nguyeu h' quy n^p suy ra y„ = 1 ^ / j a - _ Vn = 1,2,... V$y = xf + 3xf x\f + xj )+xi - Z{x\ x5 )
x„ = + +1 +
- \" = x f + 3(xr-' + x f " ' ) + xf - 3(xr-' + xf") = x f + xf.
+1
V$.y theo nguyen ly quy n9,p suy ra Vn = x?"~* + x^""', Vn = 1,2,... V$,y
Bai toan 17. Tir/i day S(J {ûlit^ *'ao c7io i i = a
«n = . „ - l/ 3= +( v^/ 5j \ ' " " + (/ 3- -2v ^/ 5j\ ' " " ' - l . V n = l , 2
i„+, = ax^+6x^+cx„+d,V7i € N* a > 0 , c = — ,d= .(1)
Lifu y. Phep dat t;„ = u„ + 1 (n = 1,2,...), d\X0c tim ra nhit sau: Xet h ^
HUotng d t n . Gpi y,, = x„ + ^ , thay vao (1) ta dudc 2/„+i = ay^ + 3y„. so fix) = x^ + 3x2 _ 3 i^hi do u„+i = /(u„), Vn = 1,2,... Ta c6 /(x) la da
o(l thiic b§c 3 va
Bai toan 18 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/1999). Xdc dmh so hang tong fix) = 3x2 ^ ^//(^) = 6x + 6 = 0 ^ X = - 1 .
qudt cm day so (u„) biet iting: Vay diem uon cua do thi ciia ham so fix) Ik Ai-l, -1). Ta biet ring d6 thj
ham so fix) nh$n diem uon ^ ( - 1 , -1) lam tam doi xiing. Do do ta thUcJng
f u, = 2 doi he true toa d6 theo cong thiie doi true sau: | Y = y + l. ^
\i = 9uf, + 3(t„,Vn = 1,2,... toan 19 ta phai dît t;„ = u„ + 1 (n = 1,2,...).
Hifdng d t n . BM to4n 20 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2004). Cho day s6 (u„) nhu
2 sau:
Cach 1. Dat u„ = - X u , khi do xi = 3 ; a;„+i = 4 ^ + 3x„, Vn = 1,2,... Den ui = «„+i = 24u3 - 12V6u2 + i5u„ - 7 6 ( „ = 1,2,...)
day, ta tien hanli luaug tu nlut bai toaii 16 d trang 15.
each 2. Dat 3a„ ^ ^ { 1
,,,, + 3,,^^. Chon xux^ sao cho { §| +
Tin cong thiic so hg.ng tong qudt Un cua day so da cho.
'jl..
Bang quy nap, chiing niinh dUdc: , r V
Ta CO Bai to&n 19. Cho day so (u„) nhusau: | '^^^ = + Su^ - 3, Vn = 1,2,, .
7^m cong thiic so hang tong qudt cua day so da cho.
Giai. D^t ii„ = u„ + 1 (n = 1,2,...). Khi do Hi = 3 v&
Do (16
i;„+i - 1 = K - 1 ) ^ + 3 K - 1)2 - 3 = - 3 t ; „ - 1.
V$,y Vn+i = ^ n - 3i^n, Vn = 1,2,... Den day ta tien hanh tUdng tit nhit bki
toan 15 d trang 15.
=4 Cach khac. Xet phUdng trinh - 3x + 1 = 0. Phuong trinh n&,y e6 hai
1 \ nghiem xi, X2 va theo dinh ly Viet ta c6 xi + X 2 = 3 vk X1X2 = 1. Ta se chiing
minh quy n?ip rang
03" ,Vn = 1,2,... Khi do
T3 Vr, = x\ , V n = l , 2 , . . .
yn+1 = 4 1 /â— 1 \ +3
/33"-» 2\,^
^3"
/J 2 l,^ ^3"^- Ta e6 t;i = 3 = xi + X2 = x f + xf. Gia sii t;„ = x f + xf'\i do: »
v.^, = v l - 3t;„ = ( x f - ' + x f " ) ' - 3{xr-' + x f " ) fi
Theo nguyeu h' quy n^p suy ra y„ = 1 ^ / j a - _ Vn = 1,2,... V$y = xf + 3xf x\f + xj )+xi - Z{x\ x5 )
x„ = + +1 +
- \" = x f + 3(xr-' + x f " ' ) + xf - 3(xr-' + xf") = x f + xf.
+1
V$.y theo nguyen ly quy n9,p suy ra Vn = x?"~* + x^""', Vn = 1,2,... V$,y
Bai toan 17. Tir/i day S(J {ûlit^ *'ao c7io i i = a
«n = . „ - l/ 3= +( v^/ 5j \ ' " " + (/ 3- -2v ^/ 5j\ ' " " ' - l . V n = l , 2
i„+, = ax^+6x^+cx„+d,V7i € N* a > 0 , c = — ,d= .(1)
Lifu y. Phep dat t;„ = u„ + 1 (n = 1,2,...), d\X0c tim ra nhit sau: Xet h ^
HUotng d t n . Gpi y,, = x„ + ^ , thay vao (1) ta dudc 2/„+i = ay^ + 3y„. so fix) = x^ + 3x2 _ 3 i^hi do u„+i = /(u„), Vn = 1,2,... Ta c6 /(x) la da
o(l thiic b§c 3 va
Bai toan 18 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/1999). Xdc dmh so hang tong fix) = 3x2 ^ ^//(^) = 6x + 6 = 0 ^ X = - 1 .
qudt cm day so (u„) biet iting: Vay diem uon cua do thi ciia ham so fix) Ik Ai-l, -1). Ta biet ring d6 thj
ham so fix) nh$n diem uon ^ ( - 1 , -1) lam tam doi xiing. Do do ta thUcJng
f u, = 2 doi he true toa d6 theo cong thiie doi true sau: | Y = y + l. ^
\i = 9uf, + 3(t„,Vn = 1,2,... toan 19 ta phai dît t;„ = u„ + 1 (n = 1,2,...).
Hifdng d t n . BM to4n 20 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2004). Cho day s6 (u„) nhu
2 sau:
Cach 1. Dat u„ = - X u , khi do xi = 3 ; a;„+i = 4 ^ + 3x„, Vn = 1,2,... Den ui = «„+i = 24u3 - 12V6u2 + i5u„ - 7 6 ( „ = 1,2,...)
day, ta tien hanli luaug tu nlut bai toaii 16 d trang 15.
each 2. Dat 3a„ ^ ^ { 1
,,,, + 3,,^^. Chon xux^ sao cho { §| +
Tin cong thiic so hg.ng tong qudt Un cua day so da cho.
'jl..
Bang quy nap, chiing niinh dUdc: , r V
Hrfdng dan. D^t v„ = >/6u„ - 1 =i-vi = 2, v„+i = 4v^ + 3v„ (n = 1,2,...). Bki todn 23. Tim so hQ.ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho bdi
Xet phuong trinh - 4x - 1 = 0. Phudng trinh nay c6 hsd nghi?m xi, X2 vk
xi + X2 = 4, X1X2 = - 1 . Ta chunig minh ditdc: = 3^2^ ^^^^ ^ 1 6 ^ ^ 4 _ 8^2x2 + ^ , Vn = 1,2,...
Vn = ^ ( x f + x f " ' ) , V n = 1,2,...
Gilti.D&tx„ = ^ . K h i d 6 y i = 3 v a
Suy ra
(2 + Viy +(2-^5)^ + 2 ,Vn=l,2,... 1 ^ = 16^24 - 8V/24 + ^ , Vn = 1,2,...
u„ = v/2 4 2 2
2y/E «B'yn+i=8y;t-8y2 + l,Vn = l,2,...
Bhi toSn 2 1 . Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau
XI = 6, x„+i = x^ + 4x^ - 2x2 _ i2x„ - 7, Vn = 1,2,... Xet so thvtc a sao cho i .ii'ii* /
Hirdng dan. 0^,1 x„ = y„ - 1. Ta thu diI0c day so (y„) nhu sau a = 3 + 2v^
a+ - a2 - 6a + 1= 0 a = 3 - 2V2.
2/1 = 7, 2/„+i =y*- 8y2 + 1, Vn = 1, 2 , . . .
Bai to4n 22. Tim so h^ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho bdi xi = \/2 + \/3 V?tynludata = 3 + 2 v / 2 t h i 3 = i ( a + i ) , 1 = 3 - 2^2. Ta c6
x„+i = x ^ - 4 x 2 + 2 , V n = 1,2,... 4
o 4 1\
a^+4a2+6+^ + ^ j .
Giai. Dat x„ = 2y„. Khi do a+-
2j/„+, = 162/^-16i/2+2,Vn = l , 2 , . . . 1>
2
a + -
= 8j/^ - 8y2 + 1, Vn = 1,2,...
Tac6
yi =
v/2 +V5 1 + 2 _ '1 + cos^ ^
—2 — - = cos—.
12
Do do
ri / i\
4
-8
1
2
a+ - ' 1 u
Do cong thiic Ivr^ng gidc COS4Q =8 8 cos^ a + 1 nen
CDs'* Q -
Bdi v^y
= Scos" ^ - 8cos2 iL + 1 = cos ( 4 . ^ ) .
2/2
1/ A 1 4 " ^ 1
y, = Scos" ( 4 . ^ ) - 8cos2 ( 4 . ^ ^ ) + 1 = cos (42.iL).
Gia sii y„ = cos Khi do

j/„,: = 8cos^ ( 4 - ^ ^ ) - 8cos2 ( 4 " - > . ^ ) + 1 = cos ( 4 " . ^ ) . Gia s» !M = i (<.'••'+^) Khi d6
V^y theo nguyen h' quy n^p suy ra y„ = cos ( 4 " " ' • j ^ ) - Vn = 1,2,... Do do
x„ = 2 c o s ( 4 " - ' . ^ ) , V n = l , 2 , . . .
18 19
Hrfdng dan. D^t v„ = >/6u„ - 1 =i-vi = 2, v„+i = 4v^ + 3v„ (n = 1,2,...). Bki todn 23. Tim so hQ.ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho bdi
Xet phuong trinh - 4x - 1 = 0. Phudng trinh nay c6 hsd nghi?m xi, X2 vk
xi + X2 = 4, X1X2 = - 1 . Ta chunig minh ditdc: = 3^2^ ^^^^ ^ 1 6 ^ ^ 4 _ 8^2x2 + ^ , Vn = 1,2,...
Vn = ^ ( x f + x f " ' ) , V n = 1,2,...
Gilti.D&tx„ = ^ . K h i d 6 y i = 3 v a
Suy ra
(2 + Viy +(2-^5)^ + 2 ,Vn=l,2,... 1 ^ = 16^24 - 8V/24 + ^ , Vn = 1,2,...
u„ = v/2 4 2 2
2y/E «B'yn+i=8y;t-8y2 + l,Vn = l,2,...
Bhi toSn 2 1 . Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau
XI = 6, x„+i = x^ + 4x^ - 2x2 _ i2x„ - 7, Vn = 1,2,... Xet so thvtc a sao cho i .ii'ii* /
Hirdng dan. 0^,1 x„ = y„ - 1. Ta thu diI0c day so (y„) nhu sau a = 3 + 2v^
a+ - a2 - 6a + 1= 0 a = 3 - 2V2.
2/1 = 7, 2/„+i =y*- 8y2 + 1, Vn = 1, 2 , . . .
Bai to4n 22. Tim so h^ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho bdi xi = \/2 + \/3 V?tynludata = 3 + 2 v / 2 t h i 3 = i ( a + i ) , 1 = 3 - 2^2. Ta c6
x„+i = x ^ - 4 x 2 + 2 , V n = 1,2,... 4
o 4 1\
a^+4a2+6+^ + ^ j .
Giai. Dat x„ = 2y„. Khi do a+-
2j/„+, = 162/^-16i/2+2,Vn = l , 2 , . . . 1>
2
a + -
= 8j/^ - 8y2 + 1, Vn = 1,2,...
Tac6
yi =
v/2 +V5 1 + 2 _ '1 + cos^ ^
—2 — - = cos—.
12
Do do
ri / i\
4
-8
1
2
a+ - ' 1 u
Do cong thiic Ivr^ng gidc COS4Q =8 8 cos^ a + 1 nen
CDs'* Q -
Bdi v^y
= Scos" ^ - 8cos2 iL + 1 = cos ( 4 . ^ ) .
2/2
1/ A 1 4 " ^ 1
y, = Scos" ( 4 . ^ ) - 8cos2 ( 4 . ^ ^ ) + 1 = cos (42.iL).
Gia sii y„ = cos Khi do

j/„,: = 8cos^ ( 4 - ^ ^ ) - 8cos2 ( 4 " - > . ^ ) + 1 = cos ( 4 " . ^ ) . Gia s» !M = i (<.'••'+^) Khi d6
V^y theo nguyen h' quy n^p suy ra y„ = cos ( 4 " " ' • j ^ ) - Vn = 1,2,... Do do
x„ = 2 c o s ( 4 " - ' . ^ ) , V n = l , 2 , . . .
18 19
Theo nguySn l i quy n^p, suy ra y„ = ^ (a'^" ' + ^ 4 ^ ^ , Vn G N*. Do do G i a i . T a c6 cos 5a = 16 cos^ Q — 20 cos^ a + 5 cos a. V$,y x i = cos — va
3
X2 = 16cos^ ^ - 20cos^ ^ + 5 c o s ^ = c o s ^ ,
o o 3 3
,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
~ 2v/2 .
X3 = 1 6 c o s ° - — - 20cos'^-—-|-5cos—= c o s — . ' '
o 3 3 3
B a i t o a n 24 (De t h i HSG T P Ho Chf M i n h nSni hoc 2011-2012). Cho day
5"-17r
so (u„) nhu sau : ui = ^ vd u„+i = — . — , „,Vn e N*. T i m so hmg Gia sur x„ = cos — - — , k h i do
5 u * - 8 < -I- 8
long qudt cua day so da cho.
= 16 cos^ ^ - 20 cos"-^ f + 5 cos"- | = cos 5^.
G i 4 i . D^t — =?;„. K h i d6 v i = 7. gia thiet suy ra

Theo nguyen l i quy nîp, suy ra x„ = cos — - — , Vn = 1,2,...
o
B a i toan 26. Cho day so (x„) n/ii/ sau: , f
=>vn+i = 8t;^ - ivl - I - 1 , Vn = 1,2,...
X I = -7, x„+i = 16x5 _ 20x^ -I- 5x„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
X e t so thi;c a sao cho Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so dd cho.
5 1/ n
2a^ - 5a -I- 2 = 0 a = 2 G i a i . Xet so thi/c a sao cho
4=2r+a a= 2-1, a = -7-v/48
1 fa + = -7 •«> a^ 4- 14a -H 1 = 0
a = -7 + v/48.
2V
V$,y ngu dat a = 2 t h i J = i Jâ + i Y ^ = ^. Tudng t i ; n h u 15i giai bai
V?iy neu d^t a = v/48 - 7 t h i ^ = - v/48 - 7, ^ + ^ ) = -7. Tac6
toan 23, t a chiing minh diMc
1 V - ^ ^ l = ^(2^"-"+2-^" ' ) , V n e N * . 16 •x[a + -]

2 \j 2 \
= - a H 5a3 -MOa + — -I-
a^ J
-I- - r (3)
iM^ 5 / 3 0 3 1\ (4)
20 - a + - = -[a^ +3a+- + -^
Do do u n = ^4n-i ^"^2-4"-'' = 1' 2' • • • 2 \ J
L t f u y. Ro rang, each giai dua tren cac hang d i n g thiic d ^ so (dU0c d}nh 1 l^" _ 5 ( l^
a4- - a-H - (5)
hudng bcii cong thiic lit(?ng giac) n h u da t r i n h bay d tren la t u nhien, de hieu
hdn so v<3i vigc neu cong thiic roi chiing minh bang quy nap n h u d mpt so 2 2
Suy ra
ihi li?u kh4c.
5 3
[1 ( 1> 1 / 1> 1
B a i toka 25. Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau 16. - (a + -
2 V a;
-20 0
2 V
u + -A ; 4-5
2 1^ a; 2V (6)
XI = ^, x„+i = 16x1 - 20x1 + 5a;„, Vn = 1,2,... If l\

Bdi vay x i = - a 4- - va
T i m so hQ.ng long qudt cua day so da cho. ^ - t i i ^ si> 2V a)

3
ri / i\
5
'l 1> 1 1\ 1 5^ ^\
- 20 a 4- - 4- 5 a4- - a" 4- -?
X2 = 16.
2 ^ a^ —2 \/ 2 ^ aV
20 21
Theo nguySn l i quy n^p, suy ra y„ = ^ (a'^" ' + ^ 4 ^ ^ , Vn G N*. Do do G i a i . T a c6 cos 5a = 16 cos^ Q — 20 cos^ a + 5 cos a. V$,y x i = cos — va
3
X2 = 16cos^ ^ - 20cos^ ^ + 5 c o s ^ = c o s ^ ,
o o 3 3
,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
~ 2v/2 .
X3 = 1 6 c o s ° - — - 20cos'^-—-|-5cos—= c o s — . ' '
o 3 3 3
B a i t o a n 24 (De t h i HSG T P Ho Chf M i n h nSni hoc 2011-2012). Cho day
5"-17r
so (u„) nhu sau : ui = ^ vd u„+i = — . — , „,Vn e N*. T i m so hmg Gia sur x„ = cos — - — , k h i do
5 u * - 8 < -I- 8
long qudt cua day so da cho.
= 16 cos^ ^ - 20 cos"-^ f + 5 cos"- | = cos 5^.
G i 4 i . D^t — =?;„. K h i d6 v i = 7. gia thiet suy ra

Theo nguyen l i quy nîp, suy ra x„ = cos — - — , Vn = 1,2,...
o
B a i toan 26. Cho day so (x„) n/ii/ sau: , f
=>vn+i = 8t;^ - ivl - I - 1 , Vn = 1,2,...
X I = -7, x„+i = 16x5 _ 20x^ -I- 5x„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
X e t so thi;c a sao cho Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so dd cho.
5 1/ n
2a^ - 5a -I- 2 = 0 a = 2 G i a i . Xet so thi/c a sao cho
4=2r+a a= 2-1, a = -7-v/48
1 fa + = -7 •«> a^ 4- 14a -H 1 = 0
a = -7 + v/48.
2V
V$,y ngu dat a = 2 t h i J = i Jâ + i Y ^ = ^. Tudng t i ; n h u 15i giai bai
V?iy neu d^t a = v/48 - 7 t h i ^ = - v/48 - 7, ^ + ^ ) = -7. Tac6
toan 23, t a chiing minh diMc
1 V - ^ ^ l = ^(2^"-"+2-^" ' ) , V n e N * . 16 •x[a + -]

2 \j 2 \
= - a H 5a3 -MOa + — -I-
a^ J
-I- - r (3)
iM^ 5 / 3 0 3 1\ (4)
20 - a + - = -[a^ +3a+- + -^
Do do u n = ^4n-i ^"^2-4"-'' = 1' 2' • • • 2 \ J
L t f u y. Ro rang, each giai dua tren cac hang d i n g thiic d ^ so (dU0c d}nh 1 l^" _ 5 ( l^
a4- - a-H - (5)
hudng bcii cong thiic lit(?ng giac) n h u da t r i n h bay d tren la t u nhien, de hieu
hdn so v<3i vigc neu cong thiic roi chiing minh bang quy nap n h u d mpt so 2 2
Suy ra
ihi li?u kh4c.
5 3
[1 ( 1> 1 / 1> 1
B a i toka 25. Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau 16. - (a + -
2 V a;
-20 0
2 V
u + -A ; 4-5
2 1^ a; 2V (6)
XI = ^, x„+i = 16x1 - 20x1 + 5a;„, Vn = 1,2,... If l\

Bdi vay x i = - a 4- - va
T i m so hQ.ng long qudt cua day so da cho. ^ - t i i ^ si> 2V a)

3
ri / i\
5
'l 1> 1 1\ 1 5^ ^\
- 20 a 4- - 4- 5 a4- - a" 4- -?
X2 = 16.
2 ^ a^ —2 \/ 2 ^ aV
20 21
Bai todn 28. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
xi = 6; x„+i = x^ + 5x1 + 5x„, Vn = 1,2,...
Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so da cho.
Giai. Vdi m6i n G N*, d$,t x„ = 2y„. Khi do yi = 3 vli

Gia sur x„ = i (a^"-' + -l^r^, khi do 2y„+i = 32y^ + 40^^ + iOx„, Vn = 1,2,...
<^yn+i = 16y^ + 20y^ + 5y„, Vn = 1,2,...
Xet so thyc a sao cho
L2\
• a = 3 + >/l0
, ("1 / 5„-l 1 M 1 / gn 1 \ fa _ i^ - 6a - 1 = 0 ^
La = 3 - VIO.
Theo nguyen h' quy n»p suy ra V?iy neu d^t a = 3 + \/lO thi
1 l1 =_ - ( 3 - V Y o ) .
/
2 aj a
Vay so hang tong quat cua day so da oho la Taco
ia[l(a-i)f = i ( a - - = . . o . - ^ . A . ^
x„ = - ,Vn=l,2,...
1/ _1\
Bki todn 27. C/io ddj/ so (j/„) n/ii/ sau; j/i = a vd 20
L2V «/J
y„+i = 180y^ - 48y^ + 5y„, Vn = 1,2,... 5/ n
(1) 5 [1 1^
[2 V 2 V ay
71m so /i(in5 ton^ qudt cua day so da, cho.
Tlit (1), (2), (3) ta CO
Htfdng d i n . D^t y„ = - ^ x „ , Vn = 1,2,... Thay vao (1) ta dvt0c
v3 16
1 ( ^\
T3
+ 5' 1 ( A
1 2V ayj 2 V a/
:x„+i = 180.-^x^ - 48.-^x^ + — x „ , Vn = 1,2,...
Dodo
^Xn+i = 20x1 - 16x1 + 5x„, Vn = 1,2,... ' 0 1 N
a
V^y ta thu dilpc day so (x„) nhu sau - a'" J J^=2r 'a^'J
X , = aV3, x„+i = 20x^ - 16x^ + 5x„, Vn = 1,2,... Gi& sut y,. = i â*"-' - - i - ; - ^ . Theo (4) suy ra y„+i = ^
• Trudug h(?p |a| < Khi do |a\/3| < 1. D$,t a = arccos(av/3). Khi d6 Theo nguyen h' quy n^p todn hpc ta c6
xi = cos a, sau do tien hanh tUdng t\f nhu bai to4n 25 d trang 20.
• TVudng Irijp |a| > 4=- Khi do ay/3 > 1. Tien hanh tUdng ti; nhu bai to4n
v3 ,Vn = 1,2,...
m v^y x„ = [(yiO + 3)^""' - (v/TO - 3)
26 d trang 21.
23
Bai todn 28. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
xi = 6; x„+i = x^ + 5x1 + 5x„, Vn = 1,2,...
Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so da cho.
Giai. Vdi m6i n G N*, d$,t x„ = 2y„. Khi do yi = 3 vli

Gia sur x„ = i (a^"-' + -l^r^, khi do 2y„+i = 32y^ + 40^^ + iOx„, Vn = 1,2,...
<^yn+i = 16y^ + 20y^ + 5y„, Vn = 1,2,...
Xet so thyc a sao cho
L2\
• a = 3 + >/l0
, ("1 / 5„-l 1 M 1 / gn 1 \ fa _ i^ - 6a - 1 = 0 ^
La = 3 - VIO.
Theo nguyen h' quy n»p suy ra V?iy neu d^t a = 3 + \/lO thi
1 l1 =_ - ( 3 - V Y o ) .
/
2 aj a
Vay so hang tong quat cua day so da oho la Taco
ia[l(a-i)f = i ( a - - = . . o . - ^ . A . ^
x„ = - ,Vn=l,2,...
1/ _1\
Bki todn 27. C/io ddj/ so (j/„) n/ii/ sau; j/i = a vd 20
L2V «/J
y„+i = 180y^ - 48y^ + 5y„, Vn = 1,2,... 5/ n
(1) 5 [1 1^
[2 V 2 V ay
71m so /i(in5 ton^ qudt cua day so da, cho.
Tlit (1), (2), (3) ta CO
Htfdng d i n . D^t y„ = - ^ x „ , Vn = 1,2,... Thay vao (1) ta dvt0c
v3 16
1 ( ^\
T3
+ 5' 1 ( A
1 2V ayj 2 V a/
:x„+i = 180.-^x^ - 48.-^x^ + — x „ , Vn = 1,2,...
Dodo
^Xn+i = 20x1 - 16x1 + 5x„, Vn = 1,2,... ' 0 1 N
a
V^y ta thu dilpc day so (x„) nhu sau - a'" J J^=2r 'a^'J
X , = aV3, x„+i = 20x^ - 16x^ + 5x„, Vn = 1,2,... Gi& sut y,. = i â*"-' - - i - ; - ^ . Theo (4) suy ra y„+i = ^
• Trudug h(?p |a| < Khi do |a\/3| < 1. D$,t a = arccos(av/3). Khi d6 Theo nguyen h' quy n^p todn hpc ta c6
xi = cos a, sau do tien hanh tUdng t\f nhu bai to4n 25 d trang 20.
• TVudng Irijp |a| > 4=- Khi do ay/3 > 1. Tien hanh tUdng ti; nhu bai to4n
v3 ,Vn = 1,2,...
m v^y x„ = [(yiO + 3)^""' - (v/TO - 3)
26 d trang 21.
23
1.1.5 Phirctag p h a p h a m lap. G i a i . T a CO x i = 5 ^ 4. G i a sur x „ jt 4, ta chiing m i n h x„+i ^ 4. Neu
D6 t i m .so hang t6ng qiiat cua day so (u„) bang phuong phap l^p t a thudng X n + i = 4 t h i ^"_^_2 = + 4 = 4x„ + 8 •«> x „ = 4, mau thuan v d i gia
t i m cac ham so f{x) va h{x) sao cho
thiet quy n?ip. V^y x „ ^ 4, Vn e N * . T a c6
/ K ) = /i(/K_i)). (*) 5Xn-i4-4 ^ _ X n _ i - 4 ^glLlLli.i 6(x„_i + l )
Si'r d y n g (•) lien tiep t a t h u dudc. Xn ^ 1 + 2 - x„_i + 2 ' ~ " ' - X n _ i + 2 ' - x„-i + 2
/ ( U n ) = ft(/K_l)) Suy ra
= h{h (/(u„-2))) = h2 (/(«„_2)) = - - = K (/(«0)). (**) X„ + 1 _ .gn-JL+l p2^n-2 + 1 ^1 + 1 ^ fin
^ - % „ _ l - 4 X„_2-4 XI - 4
Tir {**) t a t i m dit0r Un- H a m so / dUdc gpi la ham so phu, con ham so h
dU0c gpi l a ham lap. T a se bat dau bang hai bai toan rat ddn gian nhung da 4 6" + l 4.62°13 + 1
D o d 6 x „ + l = 6 " x „ - 4 . 6 " <^x„ = ^ : r - ^ , V n € N * . V^y xôia = 62013 _ 1 •
the hicu k h a day d i i phUdng phap. 6" - 1
L i f t i y . Ta xet
B k i t o 4 n 29. Tim so h(ing long qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
I. 5xn + 4 5x„ + 4 - kxn - 2k
xi = 3 , Xn+i = 7x„ - 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . x„ + 2
G i a i . Ta c6
( 5 - f c ) (x
(5-fc)x„ + 4-2fc
a^n+i - g = 7x„
(^x„--j,Vn = l,2,... x„ + 2 x„ + 2
Ta chpn A; sao ehp
1
V&y
2 f c - 4 = k^2k-4=-bk-k'^<^k^-3k-4 = 0^ = 4-.'
Xn-- = 7 ( x , . - , - i ) = 7 > ( x . . , - l ) = ...= 7"-' b-k
D
Vay nen trpng Icri giai tren t a da xet x„ - 4 va x„ + 1 .
D p d 6 x „ = ^ . 7 " - i + i Vn = l , 2 , . . . B a i t o d n 3 1 . T i m so h^ng tSng qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhU sau:
. each xet hi?u x„+i - 1- .
L v f u y . Trpng Idi giai tren, quan trpng nhat la biet
ui = 4 , tt„+i = i (u„ + 4 + 4 ^ 1 + 2u„) , Vn = 1,2,.
^ 1 6
So - dU0c t i m r a n h u sau: T a c6
6
G i a i . Theo gia thiet t a c6 u„ > 0 vdi mpi n va:
Xn+\ fc = 7x„ - 1 - A: = 7 ( x „ - fc) + 6A; - 1 .
9u„+i = u„ + 4 + 4v^l + 2un
Ta can chpn /t sao cho 6A; - 1 = 0 A; = i . V|iy t a se xet x„+i - ^. Co t h i <:»18u„+i = 2u„ + 8 + S v ' l + 2u„
thay ngay r i n g day so da cho co dang x„+i = / ( x „ ) , trong do /(x) = 7x - 1 , •«>18u„+i + 9 = 2u„ + 1 + 8\/H- 2iin + 16
va so - la nghi^m cua phudng t r i n h /(x) = x, hay noi each khac, so ^ Ik «.9(2u„+i + l ) = ( v T + 2 ^ + 4)^ .
<:»3V'2u„+i + 1 = v'2u„ + 1 + 4. (*)
diem bat dpng eiia ham so /.
B a i t o d n 30. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau ; x j = 5 ; x„+i = 5f!L±i^ Vn 6 N ' . D«Lt Vn = v/2u„ + 1 . K h i do v i = 3 va t t t (*), t a c6:
x„ + 2 1 4
Chring minh ring vdi mgi n € N * thi Xnj^4. Tinh X2oi3. 3t;„+i = v„ + 4 i;„+i = 3^^" + 3
1.1.5 Phirctag p h a p h a m lap. G i a i . T a CO x i = 5 ^ 4. G i a sur x „ jt 4, ta chiing m i n h x„+i ^ 4. Neu
D6 t i m .so hang t6ng qiiat cua day so (u„) bang phuong phap l^p t a thudng X n + i = 4 t h i ^"_^_2 = + 4 = 4x„ + 8 •«> x „ = 4, mau thuan v d i gia
t i m cac ham so f{x) va h{x) sao cho
thiet quy n?ip. V^y x „ ^ 4, Vn e N * . T a c6
/ K ) = /i(/K_i)). (*) 5Xn-i4-4 ^ _ X n _ i - 4 ^glLlLli.i 6(x„_i + l )
Si'r d y n g (•) lien tiep t a t h u dudc. Xn ^ 1 + 2 - x„_i + 2 ' ~ " ' - X n _ i + 2 ' - x„-i + 2
/ ( U n ) = ft(/K_l)) Suy ra
= h{h (/(u„-2))) = h2 (/(«„_2)) = - - = K (/(«0)). (**) X„ + 1 _ .gn-JL+l p2^n-2 + 1 ^1 + 1 ^ fin
^ - % „ _ l - 4 X„_2-4 XI - 4
Tir {**) t a t i m dit0r Un- H a m so / dUdc gpi la ham so phu, con ham so h
dU0c gpi l a ham lap. T a se bat dau bang hai bai toan rat ddn gian nhung da 4 6" + l 4.62°13 + 1
D o d 6 x „ + l = 6 " x „ - 4 . 6 " <^x„ = ^ : r - ^ , V n € N * . V^y xôia = 62013 _ 1 •
the hicu k h a day d i i phUdng phap. 6" - 1
L i f t i y . Ta xet
B k i t o 4 n 29. Tim so h(ing long qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
I. 5xn + 4 5x„ + 4 - kxn - 2k
xi = 3 , Xn+i = 7x„ - 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . x„ + 2
G i a i . Ta c6
( 5 - f c ) (x
(5-fc)x„ + 4-2fc
a^n+i - g = 7x„
(^x„--j,Vn = l,2,... x„ + 2 x„ + 2
Ta chpn A; sao ehp
1
V&y
2 f c - 4 = k^2k-4=-bk-k'^<^k^-3k-4 = 0^ = 4-.'
Xn-- = 7 ( x , . - , - i ) = 7 > ( x . . , - l ) = ...= 7"-' b-k
D
Vay nen trpng Icri giai tren t a da xet x„ - 4 va x„ + 1 .
D p d 6 x „ = ^ . 7 " - i + i Vn = l , 2 , . . . B a i t o d n 3 1 . T i m so h^ng tSng qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhU sau:
. each xet hi?u x„+i - 1- .
L v f u y . Trpng Idi giai tren, quan trpng nhat la biet
ui = 4 , tt„+i = i (u„ + 4 + 4 ^ 1 + 2u„) , Vn = 1,2,.
^ 1 6
So - dU0c t i m r a n h u sau: T a c6
6
G i a i . Theo gia thiet t a c6 u„ > 0 vdi mpi n va:
Xn+\ fc = 7x„ - 1 - A: = 7 ( x „ - fc) + 6A; - 1 .
9u„+i = u„ + 4 + 4v^l + 2un
Ta can chpn /t sao cho 6A; - 1 = 0 A; = i . V|iy t a se xet x„+i - ^. Co t h i <:»18u„+i = 2u„ + 8 + S v ' l + 2u„
thay ngay r i n g day so da cho co dang x„+i = / ( x „ ) , trong do /(x) = 7x - 1 , •«>18u„+i + 9 = 2u„ + 1 + 8\/H- 2iin + 16
va so - la nghi^m cua phudng t r i n h /(x) = x, hay noi each khac, so ^ Ik «.9(2u„+i + l ) = ( v T + 2 ^ + 4)^ .
<:»3V'2u„+i + 1 = v'2u„ + 1 + 4. (*)
diem bat dpng eiia ham so /.
B a i t o d n 30. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau ; x j = 5 ; x„+i = 5f!L±i^ Vn 6 N ' . D«Lt Vn = v/2u„ + 1 . K h i do v i = 3 va t t t (*), t a c6:
x„ + 2 1 4
Chring minh ring vdi mgi n € N * thi Xnj^4. Tinh X2oi3. 3t;„+i = v„ + 4 i;„+i = 3^^" + 3
•**t;„+i - 2 = -vn - - v„+i - 2 = -(v„ - 2). V§Ly so h9iig tong quat cua day so da cho la: '
x„ = 7 + { a - 7 ) 2 " - ' , V n 6 N * .
Nhu v$.y:
livhi y. Trong bai toan nay thi ham so phy la /(x) = x - 7, c6n hhm l?Lp la
'^n - 2 = 1 {Vn-l -2) = {Vn-2 " 2) = ^ ( f n - 2 " 2 ) h{x) =
V i d u 2 . C/ipn c = -2, khi do a = 4, 6 = 2. Th (ft/tfc day so (x„) n/irr sau;
= -=3;;^(-i-2) = 3 ; ^ ( 3 - 2 ) = ^ .
x„+i = x 2 + 4 x „ + 2,Vn = 1,2,...
Do d6: Vn = + 2. Suy ra:
Ta tiep tuc lam kho han bhng each doi bien x„ = 3u„. Khi do dU0c day so
(un) thoa man dieu ki$n
3u„+i = 9u2 + 12u„ + 2, Vn = 1,2,...
So hgng t6ng qu4t cua day so (u„) da cho la: «.u„+i = 3u2 + 4u„ + ^, Vn = 1,2,...
1 1/ 1 V
" " = - 2 + 2 ( 3 ^ + 2 j ,Vn = l , 2 , . . . Ta dxtdc bai todn sau.
B a i t o a n 33. Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ui = a eR vd

5ou «fdj/ <a si xdy difing mot so Idp ham, de tv[ dd tao ro cdc bai toan xdc dinh
so h(mg tSng qudt cua day so bdng phuang phdp ham l^p. u„+i = 3u2 + 4ii„ + V n = 1,2,...
"J Oil i j y r a
1. L d p h a m g(x) = + ax + b.
Taco 71m so hang tSng qudt cua day so dd cho.
g{x) - c = x'^ + ax+ b - c.
Giai. ^
V^y can chpn a, 6, c sao cho C a c h 1. D$,t u„ = K h i do day so (x„) thoa man dieu ki$n x i = 3 a
x^ + ax + b-c = {x-cf=i^x^ + ax + b-c = x^-2cx + c'^
x„+i = x 2 4 - 4 x „ + 2 , V n € N * .
âx^b-c= -2cx -H { -^l^. ^ { J Z ."^c^^.
Tac6
Vi 1. CApn c = 7, A;/iirfda = - 1 4 , b = 56. Ta dMc bai todn sou. x„ + 2 = x 2 _ , + 4x„_, + 4 = (x„_i + 2)2 = (x„-2 + 2)2' = ... = (xi + 2)2"-' .
B a i todn 32. CAo ddj/ 5 0 (x„) nhu sau: x i = « 6 R m V^y x„ = ( 3 a + 2 ) 2 " ' ' - 2. So hang tong quat cua day so da cho la:
x„+i = x^ - 14x„ + 56, Vn = 1 , 2 , .
71m so /iani7 <dn</ qudt cua day so dd cho. o
G i a i . T a c6 Lvru y. Phep dat u„ = ^ ditdc tim r a nhif sau: T a d?it u„ = A;x„, vdi A; la
hang so se tim sau. K h i d6

x,. - 7 = x t i - 14x„_i + 49 = (x„_i - 7)2 = (x„_2 - 7f
9 2
(x„_3 - 7 ) 2 ' = • •. = ( X , - 7 ) 2 " - ' = ( a - 7)2"-'. kxn+i = 3ifc2x2 + 4A;x„ + - =• xn+i = 3A;x2 + 4x„ + — .
27
•**t;„+i - 2 = -vn - - v„+i - 2 = -(v„ - 2). V§Ly so h9iig tong quat cua day so da cho la: '
x„ = 7 + { a - 7 ) 2 " - ' , V n 6 N * .
Nhu v$.y:
livhi y. Trong bai toan nay thi ham so phy la /(x) = x - 7, c6n hhm l?Lp la
'^n - 2 = 1 {Vn-l -2) = {Vn-2 " 2) = ^ ( f n - 2 " 2 ) h{x) =
V i d u 2 . C/ipn c = -2, khi do a = 4, 6 = 2. Th (ft/tfc day so (x„) n/irr sau;
= -=3;;^(-i-2) = 3 ; ^ ( 3 - 2 ) = ^ .
x„+i = x 2 + 4 x „ + 2,Vn = 1,2,...
Do d6: Vn = + 2. Suy ra:
Ta tiep tuc lam kho han bhng each doi bien x„ = 3u„. Khi do dU0c day so
(un) thoa man dieu ki$n
3u„+i = 9u2 + 12u„ + 2, Vn = 1,2,...
So hgng t6ng qu4t cua day so (u„) da cho la: «.u„+i = 3u2 + 4u„ + ^, Vn = 1,2,...
1 1/ 1 V
" " = - 2 + 2 ( 3 ^ + 2 j ,Vn = l , 2 , . . . Ta dxtdc bai todn sau.
B a i t o a n 33. Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ui = a eR vd

5ou «fdj/ <a si xdy difing mot so Idp ham, de tv[ dd tao ro cdc bai toan xdc dinh
so h(mg tSng qudt cua day so bdng phuang phdp ham l^p. u„+i = 3u2 + 4ii„ + V n = 1,2,...
"J Oil i j y r a
1. L d p h a m g(x) = + ax + b.
Taco 71m so hang tSng qudt cua day so dd cho.
g{x) - c = x'^ + ax+ b - c.
Giai. ^
V^y can chpn a, 6, c sao cho C a c h 1. D$,t u„ = K h i do day so (x„) thoa man dieu ki$n x i = 3 a
x^ + ax + b-c = {x-cf=i^x^ + ax + b-c = x^-2cx + c'^
x„+i = x 2 4 - 4 x „ + 2 , V n € N * .
âx^b-c= -2cx -H { -^l^. ^ { J Z ."^c^^.
Tac6
Vi 1. CApn c = 7, A;/iirfda = - 1 4 , b = 56. Ta dMc bai todn sou. x„ + 2 = x 2 _ , + 4x„_, + 4 = (x„_i + 2)2 = (x„-2 + 2)2' = ... = (xi + 2)2"-' .
B a i todn 32. CAo ddj/ 5 0 (x„) nhu sau: x i = « 6 R m V^y x„ = ( 3 a + 2 ) 2 " ' ' - 2. So hang tong quat cua day so da cho la:
x„+i = x^ - 14x„ + 56, Vn = 1 , 2 , .
71m so /iani7 <dn</ qudt cua day so dd cho. o
G i a i . T a c6 Lvru y. Phep dat u„ = ^ ditdc tim r a nhif sau: T a d?it u„ = A;x„, vdi A; la
hang so se tim sau. K h i d6

x,. - 7 = x t i - 14x„_i + 49 = (x„_i - 7)2 = (x„_2 - 7f
9 2
(x„_3 - 7 ) 2 ' = • •. = ( X , - 7 ) 2 " - ' = ( a - 7)2"-'. kxn+i = 3ifc2x2 + 4A;x„ + - =• xn+i = 3A;x2 + 4x„ + — .
27
V$,y t a t i m k thoa man 3k = 1 =^ k = ^ Un = —. «>1 - 5w„+i = 25ul + 20Un + 7^ Un+l = -5ul -4un--.
C d c h 2. Ta c6
2 To dt^c'c oai toan sau. *' ' - :! .
3 B a i t o a n 3 4 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ui = a eR vd
2 2' 2 2'
/ 2\
= 3 = 3 3 U n - 2 + ^^
V 3y V 3y
It
2» Tim so hang tdng quat cua day so da cho.
= 3^+2 2V _ 31+2+22 2V'
3 + X "n-3 + ^
3/ G i a i . D a t u„ = - i x „ . K h i do ' ' -
5
_ . . . _ 3l+2+-+2"-2 / 2\
3/ -gXn+i = --x^+ - x „ - - <^x„+i = x 2 - 4 x „ + 6 < ^ x „ + i - 2 = ( x „ - 2f.
So h?aig tong quat cua day so da cho la:

VHy x „ - 2 = (x„_i - 2f = ( x „ _ 2 - 2f = • • • = ( x i - 2 ) 2 ' " ' . S6 h?ing t6ng
_ (3a+ 2)^""'-2 quat ciia day so da cho la
,Vn€N*.
u„ = - - 2 + ( 5 a + 2)2 , Vn e N*.
L i f t i y. Diem mau chot troug Idi giai d each 2 la xet w„ + - . V i sao I?u xuat
2 ^
hi?n so - ? Ta x e t 2. L d p h a m g ( x ) = + a x ^ -f. 5x + c.
o Ta C O
^(x) - d = x ^ + ax2 + 6 x + c - d.
Un-P- 3 . t i + 4 u „ _ . + ^ - /3 = 3 (.L, + +^ M ) .
V^y can chpn a, 6, c, d sao cho j
Can chpn /? sao cho x^ + ax2 + 6x + c - d = (x - d)^ = x^ - 3dx2 + Sd^x - d^
f a = -3d f a = -3d
=> ^ 6 = 3d2 =><^ 6 = 3d2
I c - d = -d^ I c = d - d3. ,^
/• 4
3 = -2/? V i d u 4. C/ipn d = 1, khi do 6 = 3, a = - 3 , c = 0, to dU(7c day so (x„) t/ioo
• p - l
mdn /ip thiic truy hoi
x„+i = x^ - 3x2 ^ 3^^^ Vn G N * . ^

V f d u 3. apn c = 3, fcAi do a = - 6 , 6 = 12. 7a di^crc ddj, s6 ( x „ ) n/ij/ 5au;
7\iy n/iien day so (x„) cho nhu vay "khd Id ", ta c6 the "ddu bdt di" bang each
x„+i = - 6x„ + 12, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . doi bien x „ = 5u„. Khi do day (u„) thoa mdn h$ thiic truy hSi
Ta tiip tuc lam kho hon bdng each dot bien x „ = 1 - 5u„. Khi do dUffc day 5u„+i = 125u^ - 3.25u2 + 3.5u„ ^ u„+i = 25ul - 15^2 + 3 u „ .
so (u„) thoa man diiu ki§n
Ta CO bai toan sau.
1 - 5u„+i = (1 - 5w„)2 - 6 (1 - 5u„) + 12
29
28
V$,y t a t i m k thoa man 3k = 1 =^ k = ^ Un = —. «>1 - 5w„+i = 25ul + 20Un + 7^ Un+l = -5ul -4un--.
C d c h 2. Ta c6
2 To dt^c'c oai toan sau. *' ' - :! .
3 B a i t o a n 3 4 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ui = a eR vd
2 2' 2 2'
/ 2\
= 3 = 3 3 U n - 2 + ^^
V 3y V 3y
It
2» Tim so hang tdng quat cua day so da cho.
= 3^+2 2V _ 31+2+22 2V'
3 + X "n-3 + ^
3/ G i a i . D a t u„ = - i x „ . K h i do ' ' -
5
_ . . . _ 3l+2+-+2"-2 / 2\
3/ -gXn+i = --x^+ - x „ - - <^x„+i = x 2 - 4 x „ + 6 < ^ x „ + i - 2 = ( x „ - 2f.
So h?aig tong quat cua day so da cho la:

VHy x „ - 2 = (x„_i - 2f = ( x „ _ 2 - 2f = • • • = ( x i - 2 ) 2 ' " ' . S6 h?ing t6ng
_ (3a+ 2)^""'-2 quat ciia day so da cho la
,Vn€N*.
u„ = - - 2 + ( 5 a + 2)2 , Vn e N*.
L i f t i y. Diem mau chot troug Idi giai d each 2 la xet w„ + - . V i sao I?u xuat
2 ^
hi?n so - ? Ta x e t 2. L d p h a m g ( x ) = + a x ^ -f. 5x + c.
o Ta C O
^(x) - d = x ^ + ax2 + 6 x + c - d.
Un-P- 3 . t i + 4 u „ _ . + ^ - /3 = 3 (.L, + +^ M ) .
V^y can chpn a, 6, c, d sao cho j
Can chpn /? sao cho x^ + ax2 + 6x + c - d = (x - d)^ = x^ - 3dx2 + Sd^x - d^
f a = -3d f a = -3d
=> ^ 6 = 3d2 =><^ 6 = 3d2
I c - d = -d^ I c = d - d3. ,^
/• 4
3 = -2/? V i d u 4. C/ipn d = 1, khi do 6 = 3, a = - 3 , c = 0, to dU(7c day so (x„) t/ioo
• p - l
mdn /ip thiic truy hoi
x„+i = x^ - 3x2 ^ 3^^^ Vn G N * . ^

V f d u 3. apn c = 3, fcAi do a = - 6 , 6 = 12. 7a di^crc ddj, s6 ( x „ ) n/ij/ 5au;
7\iy n/iien day so (x„) cho nhu vay "khd Id ", ta c6 the "ddu bdt di" bang each
x„+i = - 6x„ + 12, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . doi bien x „ = 5u„. Khi do day (u„) thoa mdn h$ thiic truy hSi
Ta tiip tuc lam kho hon bdng each dot bien x „ = 1 - 5u„. Khi do dUffc day 5u„+i = 125u^ - 3.25u2 + 3.5u„ ^ u„+i = 25ul - 15^2 + 3 u „ .
so (u„) thoa man diiu ki§n
Ta CO bai toan sau.
1 - 5u„+i = (1 - 5w„)2 - 6 (1 - 5u„) + 12
29
28
Bki to&n 3 5 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: u i = a e R ud Giai. N i u a = - 2 t h i x„ = - 2 , Vn = 1,2,... T i l p theo x6t a ^ - 2 . Ta c6
u„+i = 25u3 - \bul + 3 u „ , Vn e N * . ^ 8x„-i 2xti-8xn-i+8 2(2-x„-i)2
Tim so hg.ng tong qudt cua day so da cho.

8X„-1 2x2_i 8xn-i + 8 _ 2(2 + X n - i ) 2
2 + x„ = 2 + 4 + x 2 _ j (2)
Gi&i. Dat Un = -^.Ta. ditoc day so (x„) thoa man di6u kien xy = 5a 4+ x2_i 4 + x2_i
5 2-x
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = — . Tit (1) v i (2) ta c6
^X „+l = - + |x„ ^ Xn+1 =xl- 3x2 ^ g^,^
^ 2 - Xn _ / 2 - x„_i = [/(X„_,)]2 = [/(X„_2)]
|2>
X „ + i - 1 = ( X „ - 1)^ . /(x„)
2 + x„ V 2 + x„_iy
W^y vdi mpi so nguyen dudng n ta c6
(3)
x„ - 1 = (x„_i - 1)3 = (x„_2 - 1)3' = . . . = (xi - if"' = (5Q - 1)3"
DP/3 = [ / ( a ) r " ' - T i i (3) ta c6
So hgng t6ng quat cua day so da cho la
2-x 2-2/3
= l3^2-x„ = 2P + 0Xn^x„ = y ^ .
V?iy neu a = -2 t h i x„ = - 2 , Vn = 1,2,..., neu Q ^ - 2 t h l

OX
2n —1
3. Ldp ham g{x) b + c^x^'
Tac6 (2 + a )
, / \ ax bd- ax + dc^x^ Vn = l , 2 , . . .
d-g{x) = d- = „ , . x„ =
Ta can chpn a, 6, c, d sao cho
6d - ax + dc^x^ = (d - xf = d2 _ 2dx + x^ Vf du 6. TVonp bai todn 36, <a do'i bien x„ = 3u„-l. Khi do dUtfc day so
(un) thoa man
{bd = d^ \\=J2i
8 (3u„ - 1) _ 24u„ - 8
3un+i - 1 =
4 + (3ur.-l)^ 9u2-6u„+5
24un - 8 , , . 9ti2 + 18un - 3
V f d u 5 . Chon d = 2, do 6 = 2, a = 4, = 1 vd =^•^""+1 - 9^2 _ 6 u „ + 5 ^ ' ~ 9u2 - 6 u „ + 5
_ 3u2 + 6Un - 1
/ s 4x 8x =>«n+l
5(a;) =
~ 9 u 2 - 6 u „ + 5"
Nhu v^y ta dupe bai todn 48 d trang 142.

Ta d?/(rc 6ai todn sau.
+ ax
4. Ldp ham g(x) =
Bai toan 36. Tim so h(ing tSng qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau: 6x2 + c*
8x
Tac6
, , , x^ + ax x^ - 6dx2 + Qx - cd
x i = a e R vd x„+i = — ~ , Vn = 1,2,...
4 + x2
31
30
Bki to&n 3 5 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: u i = a e R ud Giai. N i u a = - 2 t h i x„ = - 2 , Vn = 1,2,... T i l p theo x6t a ^ - 2 . Ta c6
u„+i = 25u3 - \bul + 3 u „ , Vn e N * . ^ 8x„-i 2xti-8xn-i+8 2(2-x„-i)2
Tim so hg.ng tong qudt cua day so da cho.

8X„-1 2x2_i 8xn-i + 8 _ 2(2 + X n - i ) 2
2 + x„ = 2 + 4 + x 2 _ j (2)
Gi&i. Dat Un = -^.Ta. ditoc day so (x„) thoa man di6u kien xy = 5a 4+ x2_i 4 + x2_i
5 2-x
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = — . Tit (1) v i (2) ta c6
^X „+l = - + |x„ ^ Xn+1 =xl- 3x2 ^ g^,^
^ 2 - Xn _ / 2 - x„_i = [/(X„_,)]2 = [/(X„_2)]
|2>
X „ + i - 1 = ( X „ - 1)^ . /(x„)
2 + x„ V 2 + x„_iy
W^y vdi mpi so nguyen dudng n ta c6
(3)
x„ - 1 = (x„_i - 1)3 = (x„_2 - 1)3' = . . . = (xi - if"' = (5Q - 1)3"
DP/3 = [ / ( a ) r " ' - T i i (3) ta c6
So hgng t6ng quat cua day so da cho la
2-x 2-2/3
= l3^2-x„ = 2P + 0Xn^x„ = y ^ .
V?iy neu a = -2 t h i x„ = - 2 , Vn = 1,2,..., neu Q ^ - 2 t h l

OX
2n —1
3. Ldp ham g{x) b + c^x^'
Tac6 (2 + a )
, / \ ax bd- ax + dc^x^ Vn = l , 2 , . . .
d-g{x) = d- = „ , . x„ =
Ta can chpn a, 6, c, d sao cho
6d - ax + dc^x^ = (d - xf = d2 _ 2dx + x^ Vf du 6. TVonp bai todn 36, <a do'i bien x„ = 3u„-l. Khi do dUtfc day so
(un) thoa man
{bd = d^ \\=J2i
8 (3u„ - 1) _ 24u„ - 8
3un+i - 1 =
4 + (3ur.-l)^ 9u2-6u„+5
24un - 8 , , . 9ti2 + 18un - 3
V f d u 5 . Chon d = 2, do 6 = 2, a = 4, = 1 vd =^•^""+1 - 9^2 _ 6 u „ + 5 ^ ' ~ 9u2 - 6 u „ + 5
_ 3u2 + 6Un - 1
/ s 4x 8x =>«n+l
5(a;) =
~ 9 u 2 - 6 u „ + 5"
Nhu v^y ta dupe bai todn 48 d trang 142.

Ta d?/(rc 6ai todn sau.
+ ax
4. Ldp ham g(x) =
Bai toan 36. Tim so h(ing tSng qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau: 6x2 + c*
8x
Tac6
, , , x^ + ax x^ - 6dx2 + Qx - cd
x i = a e R vd x„+i = — ~ , Vn = 1,2,...
4 + x2
31
30
Ta chpn a, b, c, d sao cho
r 6=3
V f d u 8 . Tt)f ^ a = 33d2 c/ipn c = A ta dU0c 6 = 3 , o = 12, d = ± 2 . To cd
- bdx^ + ax- cd= {x- df I c = dd2
=^x^ - bdx"^ + ax-cd = x^ - Sdx"^ + Zd^x - d^ bai todn sau.
( bd = Zd r 66 = 3 ^
{ a^3d^ ^ a = 3d2
3d'
B a i t o a n 3 8 . Tim so hg,ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
\ = d^ { C = (P. 3.3 I 12x
xi = a>Ovd x„+i = ^ ^ 2 + 4 " ' ^ " = 1,2,...
V i d u 7. I a = 3d2 chpn c = 2 ta duac 6 = 3 , a = 6 , d = ±y/2. Ta c6

G i d i . T a c6
bai todn sau. o _ 4 - 1 + 12Xn ^ _ X t i - 6 x 2 _ ^ + 12Xn - 8 _ ( X n - i - 2)^
B a i t o a n 3 7 . Tim so h(ji.ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau: ~ 3x2_, + 4 3x2_, + 4 - 3x2_,+4- .S!
4-1 + 12xn ^^ x3_^ + 6 x 2 _ ^ + 12x„ + 8 (x„_i+2f

xl + 6Xn x„ + 2 = - r - 0 —:- + •i = r-o —
xi = a > 0 vd Xn+i = •,Vn=l,2,., = -r—o - • (2)
3x2+2 3 ^ - 1 + 4 34-1+4 3 4 - 1 + 4
x-2
G i a i . Ta c6 X6t h k n s6 fix) = T i i (1) va (2) suy ra
X *T* ^
_ / - _ 4 + 6x^ /7;_xl- 3 v / 2 x 2 + 6 x n - 2y/2 _ (x,, - \

x„-2 /x„_i-2\
3x2+2 3x2+2 3x2+2 Xn + 2 \Xn-l+2j
= [/(x„_i)P = [/(x„_2)] i3»
I ^/o ^ + , ^/o ^ 4 + 3 v ^ x 2 + 6 X n + 2 v ^ ^ (x^ + s/2f
• • • = [ / ( x i ) r ' = [/(a)r' 0)
3x2 + 2 3x2+2 3x2+2
T i t (1) ta CO
Xet ham so / ( x ) = ^ - — K h i do Xn-2
x +v/2' = [/ { a ) ] 3 " ' ^ x„ - 2 = [/ x „ + 2. [/ (a)]
Xn + 2
30-1
:„ - /x„_i - v/2\ 3* /a-2\
/(x„) = = [/(x„_i)]' = [/(x„_2)] 2 +2
x„ + \/2 \x„_i + v ^ / ^x _ 2 + 2. [ / ( a ) r _ [a + 2)
= . . . = [ / ( x O P " - ' = [/(a)r^
(1)
3"-i •
/a-2\
1 -
[a + 2j
T i l (1) t a c6
V i d u 9 . Trong bai todn 38, doi bien x„ = u„ - 1 ia duac day so (u„) </ida
x„ + V2 man dicu kien
3n-l
v/2 + v/2 K-i - 1 ) ^ + 12 K-i -1)

u„ - 1
v ^ + ^/2.[/{a)]= 3 K _ i - l ) 2 +4
<=>x„ = 3„-l 3"->
1-1/(a)] /a-v/2\ 4-1 - 34-1 + 3 " n - i - 13 + 12Un-i
1 - =>Un - 1
V a + v/2/ 3 4 _ i - 6u„-i + 7
4_1 - 3 ^ 2 _ i + I5un-1 - 13
=>u„ - 1
3 u 2 _ j - 6u„-i + 7
32
33
Ta chpn a, b, c, d sao cho
r 6=3
V f d u 8 . Tt)f ^ a = 33d2 c/ipn c = A ta dU0c 6 = 3 , o = 12, d = ± 2 . To cd
- bdx^ + ax- cd= {x- df I c = dd2
=^x^ - bdx"^ + ax-cd = x^ - Sdx"^ + Zd^x - d^ bai todn sau.
( bd = Zd r 66 = 3 ^
{ a^3d^ ^ a = 3d2
3d'
B a i t o a n 3 8 . Tim so hg,ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
\ = d^ { C = (P. 3.3 I 12x
xi = a>Ovd x„+i = ^ ^ 2 + 4 " ' ^ " = 1,2,...
V i d u 7. I a = 3d2 chpn c = 2 ta duac 6 = 3 , a = 6 , d = ±y/2. Ta c6

G i d i . T a c6
bai todn sau. o _ 4 - 1 + 12Xn ^ _ X t i - 6 x 2 _ ^ + 12Xn - 8 _ ( X n - i - 2)^
B a i t o a n 3 7 . Tim so h(ji.ng tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau: ~ 3x2_, + 4 3x2_, + 4 - 3x2_,+4- .S!
4-1 + 12xn ^^ x3_^ + 6 x 2 _ ^ + 12x„ + 8 (x„_i+2f

xl + 6Xn x„ + 2 = - r - 0 —:- + •i = r-o —
xi = a > 0 vd Xn+i = •,Vn=l,2,., = -r—o - • (2)
3x2+2 3 ^ - 1 + 4 34-1+4 3 4 - 1 + 4
x-2
G i a i . Ta c6 X6t h k n s6 fix) = T i i (1) va (2) suy ra
X *T* ^
_ / - _ 4 + 6x^ /7;_xl- 3 v / 2 x 2 + 6 x n - 2y/2 _ (x,, - \

x„-2 /x„_i-2\
3x2+2 3x2+2 3x2+2 Xn + 2 \Xn-l+2j
= [/(x„_i)P = [/(x„_2)] i3»
I ^/o ^ + , ^/o ^ 4 + 3 v ^ x 2 + 6 X n + 2 v ^ ^ (x^ + s/2f
• • • = [ / ( x i ) r ' = [/(a)r' 0)
3x2 + 2 3x2+2 3x2+2
T i t (1) ta CO
Xet ham so / ( x ) = ^ - — K h i do Xn-2
x +v/2' = [/ { a ) ] 3 " ' ^ x„ - 2 = [/ x „ + 2. [/ (a)]
Xn + 2
30-1
:„ - /x„_i - v/2\ 3* /a-2\
/(x„) = = [/(x„_i)]' = [/(x„_2)] 2 +2
x„ + \/2 \x„_i + v ^ / ^x _ 2 + 2. [ / ( a ) r _ [a + 2)
= . . . = [ / ( x O P " - ' = [/(a)r^
(1)
3"-i •
/a-2\
1 -
[a + 2j
T i l (1) t a c6
V i d u 9 . Trong bai todn 38, doi bien x„ = u„ - 1 ia duac day so (u„) </ida
x„ + V2 man dicu kien
3n-l
v/2 + v/2 K-i - 1 ) ^ + 12 K-i -1)

u„ - 1
v ^ + ^/2.[/{a)]= 3 K _ i - l ) 2 +4
<=>x„ = 3„-l 3"->
1-1/(a)] /a-v/2\ 4-1 - 34-1 + 3 " n - i - 13 + 12Un-i
1 - =>Un - 1
V a + v/2/ 3 4 _ i - 6u„-i + 7
4_1 - 3 ^ 2 _ i + I5un-1 - 13
=>u„ - 1
3 u 2 _ j - 6u„-i + 7
32
33
= " n - 1+ 9 " n - l -6
Xit ham s6 f{x) = Vx > 0. Tit (1) (2) t a suy r a
3n2_j-6u„_i+7-
Nhu v^y, ta dU(fc bai todn 49 d trang 144.
5. L o p h a m g{x) =
cx^ + dx
. = ---=[/(xi)r' = [/Hr".
Taco D ? t t = TCt (3) t a c o
I s _ _ X* + ax^ + 6 _ a:'* - cex^ + QX^ - dex + b
= / 3 „ ^ x „ - v/2 = / 3 „ x „ + V2/3„ ^ x „ = 4^t^.
X„ + ^ 1 -
Ta can chpn a, 6, c, d, e sao cho So hang tSng quat ciia day so da cho la
x"* - cex^ + ax^ - dex + 6 = (x - e)"*

=»x'* - cex^ + ax^ - rfex + 6 = x'' - 4ex3 + Ge^x^ - 4 e 3 x + e''
/' C 6 = 4 e f c= 4 xn = . VnGN*.
a = 6e2 ^ I a = 6e2
de = 4e3 =^ S d = 4e2
6 = 6" t <) = e l
B k i todn 40. 71m s6 hang tdng qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhu sau:
V i d u 10. Chon e = khi do a = U, b = 4, c = 4, d = 8. 7a dMc day
£ + 12x^ + 4
so (x„) thoa man h$ thiic truy hoi: x„+i = - ^ i — 3 — ^ , Vn G N * . To duac
4Xjj + o X n
6dz todn sau. G i a i . De thay, vdi m p i so nguyen duong n t h i luon t o n t a i u„. Neu a =
B a i todn 39. 71m so hang tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
t h i u„ = - i Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tiep theo xet a / Ta c6
32u3 + Sun 16u^ + 32u3 + 24u^ + 8 U n + 1

ZUn+l + - ^g^4 ^ 24u2 + 1 + ^ 1 6 < + 24u2 + 1
G i a i . De thay x „ > 0, Vn e N*. Ta c6 4
{2Un 1)+
16u4 + 24u2 + 1 •
Mat khac
^ 4 + 4^2x3 + 12x^ + 8v/2x„ + 4 ^ ( X n + y ^ ) ^ _ 32u3 + 8Un _ ^ -16uf, + 32^3 - 24^2 ^ g U n ^
4x3 + 8x„ ~ 4x3 + 8x„ ' (1) 16< + 24u2+l 1 6 < +24^2 + 1
Mat khac - (2Un - 1 ) '

1 6 < + 24u2 + 1 •
IT — 1
4 x 3 + 82;^^ Xet ham so / ( x ) = . T i t (1) va (2) t a c6
2x + 1 ^"
^ x^ - 4v/2x3 + 12x^ - 8\/2x„ + 4 ^ (xn -
4x3+Sx-„ ~ 4x3+8x„ • (2)
34 35
= " n - 1+ 9 " n - l -6
Xit ham s6 f{x) = Vx > 0. Tit (1) (2) t a suy r a
3n2_j-6u„_i+7-
Nhu v^y, ta dU(fc bai todn 49 d trang 144.
5. L o p h a m g{x) =
cx^ + dx
. = ---=[/(xi)r' = [/Hr".
Taco D ? t t = TCt (3) t a c o
I s _ _ X* + ax^ + 6 _ a:'* - cex^ + QX^ - dex + b
= / 3 „ ^ x „ - v/2 = / 3 „ x „ + V2/3„ ^ x „ = 4^t^.
X„ + ^ 1 -
Ta can chpn a, 6, c, d, e sao cho So hang tSng quat ciia day so da cho la
x"* - cex^ + ax^ - dex + 6 = (x - e)"*

=»x'* - cex^ + ax^ - rfex + 6 = x'' - 4ex3 + Ge^x^ - 4 e 3 x + e''
/' C 6 = 4 e f c= 4 xn = . VnGN*.
a = 6e2 ^ I a = 6e2
de = 4e3 =^ S d = 4e2
6 = 6" t <) = e l
B k i todn 40. 71m s6 hang tdng qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhu sau:
V i d u 10. Chon e = khi do a = U, b = 4, c = 4, d = 8. 7a dMc day
£ + 12x^ + 4
so (x„) thoa man h$ thiic truy hoi: x„+i = - ^ i — 3 — ^ , Vn G N * . To duac
4Xjj + o X n
6dz todn sau. G i a i . De thay, vdi m p i so nguyen duong n t h i luon t o n t a i u„. Neu a =
B a i todn 39. 71m so hang tong qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau:
t h i u„ = - i Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tiep theo xet a / Ta c6
32u3 + Sun 16u^ + 32u3 + 24u^ + 8 U n + 1

ZUn+l + - ^g^4 ^ 24u2 + 1 + ^ 1 6 < + 24u2 + 1
G i a i . De thay x „ > 0, Vn e N*. Ta c6 4
{2Un 1)+
16u4 + 24u2 + 1 •
Mat khac
^ 4 + 4^2x3 + 12x^ + 8v/2x„ + 4 ^ ( X n + y ^ ) ^ _ 32u3 + 8Un _ ^ -16uf, + 32^3 - 24^2 ^ g U n ^
4x3 + 8x„ ~ 4x3 + 8x„ ' (1) 16< + 24u2+l 1 6 < +24^2 + 1
Mat khac - (2Un - 1 ) '

1 6 < + 24u2 + 1 •
IT — 1
4 x 3 + 82;^^ Xet ham so / ( x ) = . T i t (1) va (2) t a c6
2x + 1 ^"
^ x^ - 4v/2x3 + 12x^ - 8\/2x„ + 4 ^ (xn -
4x3+Sx-„ ~ 4x3+8x„ • (2)
34 35
= - - = - ( / ( « i ) r " = -[/(«)r-'. Hi'<3ng d i n . T a c6
(3)
Tff (3) t a dUdc
1 , 1 / 1 3 ^^ w i 3
1 V*' 1"
^ ^3" _ J!4_ _ _ ol-3%,3"
^"" + 1 2 + 2[/(a)]''"-' 41+3+32+- + 3 " - > ^ — ^- — .alLj. — «0
41+3+32 _ 3 " -1
4T^ 42
V^y n l u a = - 1 t h i u„ = Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , c6n n l u a / - 1 t h i
B a i t o 4 n 4 5 . T i m { x „ } + ^ , 6iet;
xo = a, x„+i = x^ - 3a^3 " "x„,

„
a > 0, n e N .
= \2a + iy
H i r d n g d i n . D a t x„ = 2i-3". (2^0)^" y„ = 2 ( V a ) ^ " y „ . T h a y v&o (1) t a
dU0c
y„+, = 4 y ^ - 3 y „ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
B k i t o d n 4 1 . Cho day so ( i „ ) nAi/ sau a;„+i = ^ x ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . 71m s6
Den day t a lam tuong t u n h u bai toan 15 6 trang 15.
hQng long qudt cua day so da cho.
C h u y 5. Trong bdi todn 45 d trang 37, phep ddt
H i r d n g d i n . Vdi moi n = 1,2,... ta c6
x„ = 2 ' - 3 " . ( 2 y ^ ' \ = 2(v^)'\
diMc tlm ra nhu sau. Tic {!) ta thay rhng c & n d d t x„ =?i/n, di du
1 1 2""*
y„+i = 4 y 3 - 3 y „ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
^ 2l+2'+22 = ••• = 2l+2'+22+-+^" 2"^ ' ^1 •
Tit (1), ta CO x„+i = - ( 4 x ^ ) - 3a^"x„. TrUdc hit ta tim Un thoa man
B a i t o a n 4 2 . Tzm { x „ } + ^ i hiet
" n + i = j u ^ V n = 0,1,2,...
Xi = a , x „ + i = x \ 2a^",Vn G N * , a > 0,a 7"^ 1.
Theo bdi todn 4 4 ta c6 u„ = 2^ ^ " u ^ " . Vdy dat x„ = 2^~^''u§"j/„, t/iay vdo
H i f d n g d a n . Dat x „ = 2a2""'y„ (vi sao 1^ dat nhu vay, hay xem chu y 5 6
trang 37), khi do y^+i = 22/2 - i , Vn = :, 2,... Sau do lam tuong t u n h u bai
(1), ta duac 2'-^"^\r\^+, = (2»-3"urj/„)' - 3a3"x„, suy ra
toan 1 1 6 trang 11.
= 2'-'"''4"'\l - 3a3"2»-^"-3
M
2 — < - y „ + i "0 yn
B a i t o a n 4 3 . Ttm {xn)t=x biet =^yn+l = 22y3 _ 3 a 3 " 2 - 3 " + 3 - ' „ 3 " - 3 " -
XI = a,xn+i = 2a2"x2 - «("+i)2",Vn e N % a > 0. ^J/n+1 = 4y3 - 3 a 3 " 2 " • ) ^- :

chqn UQ sao cho i
H u d n g d i n . D a t x„ = a"^"~'y„, khi do y„+i = 2yl - l , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . Sau
do lam tUdng t u nhu bai toan 1 1 6 trai 11. 3a3"22 3 \ - 2 . 3 " ^ 3 ^ y 2 . 3 " ^ ^3'.22.3'' ^ ^ = 2 v ^ .
B a i t o a n 4 4 . Tim so h^ng ting qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau
Tom /at, ta ddt x„ = 2^-3". (ly/E)^" y„ = 2 ( v ^ ^ " y„. iTAz do
u„+i = ^ u ^ , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Vn+i =4y3 - 3 y „ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
36 37
= - - = - ( / ( « i ) r " = -[/(«)r-'. Hi'<3ng d i n . T a c6
(3)
Tff (3) t a dUdc
1 , 1 / 1 3 ^^ w i 3
1 V*' 1"
^ ^3" _ J!4_ _ _ ol-3%,3"
^"" + 1 2 + 2[/(a)]''"-' 41+3+32+- + 3 " - > ^ — ^- — .alLj. — «0
41+3+32 _ 3 " -1
4T^ 42
V^y n l u a = - 1 t h i u„ = Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , c6n n l u a / - 1 t h i
B a i t o 4 n 4 5 . T i m { x „ } + ^ , 6iet;
xo = a, x„+i = x^ - 3a^3 " "x„,

„
a > 0, n e N .
= \2a + iy
H i r d n g d i n . D a t x„ = 2i-3". (2^0)^" y„ = 2 ( V a ) ^ " y „ . T h a y v&o (1) t a
dU0c
y„+, = 4 y ^ - 3 y „ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
B k i t o d n 4 1 . Cho day so ( i „ ) nAi/ sau a;„+i = ^ x ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . 71m s6
Den day t a lam tuong t u n h u bai toan 15 6 trang 15.
hQng long qudt cua day so da cho.
C h u y 5. Trong bdi todn 45 d trang 37, phep ddt
H i r d n g d i n . Vdi moi n = 1,2,... ta c6
x„ = 2 ' - 3 " . ( 2 y ^ ' \ = 2(v^)'\
diMc tlm ra nhu sau. Tic {!) ta thay rhng c & n d d t x„ =?i/n, di du
1 1 2""*
y„+i = 4 y 3 - 3 y „ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
^ 2l+2'+22 = ••• = 2l+2'+22+-+^" 2"^ ' ^1 •
Tit (1), ta CO x„+i = - ( 4 x ^ ) - 3a^"x„. TrUdc hit ta tim Un thoa man
B a i t o a n 4 2 . Tzm { x „ } + ^ i hiet
" n + i = j u ^ V n = 0,1,2,...
Xi = a , x „ + i = x \ 2a^",Vn G N * , a > 0,a 7"^ 1.
Theo bdi todn 4 4 ta c6 u„ = 2^ ^ " u ^ " . Vdy dat x„ = 2^~^''u§"j/„, t/iay vdo
H i f d n g d a n . Dat x „ = 2a2""'y„ (vi sao 1^ dat nhu vay, hay xem chu y 5 6
trang 37), khi do y^+i = 22/2 - i , Vn = :, 2,... Sau do lam tuong t u n h u bai
(1), ta duac 2'-^"^\r\^+, = (2»-3"urj/„)' - 3a3"x„, suy ra
toan 1 1 6 trang 11.
= 2'-'"''4"'\l - 3a3"2»-^"-3
M
2 — < - y „ + i "0 yn
B a i t o a n 4 3 . Ttm {xn)t=x biet =^yn+l = 22y3 _ 3 a 3 " 2 - 3 " + 3 - ' „ 3 " - 3 " -
XI = a,xn+i = 2a2"x2 - «("+i)2",Vn e N % a > 0. ^J/n+1 = 4y3 - 3 a 3 " 2 " • ) ^- :

chqn UQ sao cho i
H u d n g d i n . D a t x„ = a"^"~'y„, khi do y„+i = 2yl - l , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . Sau
do lam tUdng t u nhu bai toan 1 1 6 trai 11. 3a3"22 3 \ - 2 . 3 " ^ 3 ^ y 2 . 3 " ^ ^3'.22.3'' ^ ^ = 2 v ^ .
B a i t o a n 4 4 . Tim so h^ng ting qudt cua day so (x„) cho nhu sau
Tom /at, ta ddt x„ = 2^-3". (ly/E)^" y„ = 2 ( v ^ ^ " y„. iTAz do
u„+i = ^ u ^ , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Vn+i =4y3 - 3 y „ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
36 37
B a i todn 46 (Olympic toka Sinh vien tokn qu6c-2010). Cho { u „ } , { v n } , = 3 . 2 " + 3"+' > 2 " + * + 3 " + ' = a ; j + J , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
{wn} la cdc day so dUOc xdc dinh bdi UQ = VQ = WQ = \
V^y a„ > a „ + i , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Hay (a„) la day so giam.
{ "n+l = - " n - +
t;„+i = - 2 u „ - 8i;„ + 6tz;„

5u;„
(2)
(1) »
N h a n xet 1 . Vi^c xdy dxjcng nen nhOng day so c6 he thiic truy hoi nhu d bdi
toan vita roi khd dan gidn. Ch&ng han xet day so x „ = v^5" + 7", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
Khi do
u;„+i = - A u n - 16v„ + 12t/;„ (3)
Chiing minh rhng Vn -2 chia hit cho 2". Xn+i = " V 5 " + i + 7"+i = " V S (5" + 7") + 2.7" = "^^^x^ + 2.7".
H i r d n g d i n . TCr (3) va (2) t a dUdc u;„+i = 2vn+i. (4)
Ta diCdc bdi toan sau.
Lay (2) t r i l (1) theo ve ta dUdc i;„+i - u„+i = - u „ - V n + u»„. (5)
Thay (4) vao (5) dudc B a i t o a n 4 8 . Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau:
Vn+l - " n + l = - U n - t^n + U^n = — " n - + 2Vn | xi = 12, a;„+i = " + y 5 x ^ T 2 J " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
= ti„ - U„ = • • • = t;2 - 1^2 = - U l - Hi + IWl = -1.
Xdc dinh so hang tong qudt cua day so da cho.
=^ u„+i = i;„+i + 1. (6)
B a i t o a n 49 (Olympic toan Trung Qu6c-2005). Cho day so (a„) nhu sau:
T i r (6) va (4) suy ra u;„+i = 2i;„+i = 2u„+i - 2. (7)
Thay (6) va (7) vao (2) dUdc d = a2 = 1 vd o„+2 = 1- On, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tim 02004-
v„+i = - 2 u „ - 8i;„ + 6t/;„ = - 2 (t;„ + 1) - 8t;„ + 12v„. G i a i . Ta c6 a „ + 2 a „ + i = a „ + i a „ + 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Do do

0302 = 0201 + 1
Hay Un+i = 2vn - 2 <=> i)„+i - 2 = 2 (t;„ - 2). Sau do diing quy nap h o i c t i m
0 4 0 3 = 0302 + 1
cong thiic c y the cua t;„+i - 2, chiing m i n h diTdc yeu cau bai toan.
B a i t o a n 47 (HSG Qu6c gia-2010). Cho day so thrfc (a„) xdc dinh bdi a i = 5
vd =>a„+ia„ = 0201 + n - 1 On+ian = n => a„+i = — , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
a „ = âlZ\ 2 " - i + 2 . 3 " - i , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
Bdi v^y a„+2 = = ^ ^ O n , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T i l do
a) T i m so /lan^ tong qudt cua day so (an).
a„+i n p (.1
b) Chang minh rhng ( o n ) Id day so gidm. ' 2003 2003 2001 2003 2001 1999
"2°°" = 2002°^°°^ = 2002-2000 "2''°° = 2002" 2000-1998 "^^'^
Giai. 2003.2001.1999.. .3 3 . 5 . . . 2003 2003!!
a) Theo gia thiet t a c6 < = a^^^Z] + 2"-^ + 2.3"-S Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Do do ~ " ~ 2002.2000.1998...2"°^ ~ 2.4...2002 - 2002!!'.
< = < I i + 2""^ + 2 . 3 " - i = + 2"-2 + 2.3"-2) + 2 " - i + 2.3"-*
Ltfti y . Ta CO cac k i hi?u sau:
= a^Zl + ( 2 " - 2 + 2 " - » ) + 2 ( 3 " - 2 + S""') (2n - 1)!! = 1.3.5...(2n - 1 ) ; (2n)!! = 2.4.6...(2n).
= • • • = a i + (2 + • • • + 2 " - 2 + 2"-*) + 2 (3 + • • • + 3"-^ + 3""*)
2(i_2"-i) 3(l-3"-M 1.1.6 L a p t h o n g q u a c|ip so n h a n ' ^'
= 5+ ^ 2 ^ ' = 2" + 3".
B a i t o a n 50. Cho day so (a„) xdc dinh nhu sau: oo = 1, o i = 4 va
V^y a„ ^ ^ 2 " + 3 " , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
a„+2 = 4a„+i - a „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ^
b) T a CO
a) Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so dd cho. j
= ^ 2 " + 3" ( 2 " + 3") > ( 2 " + 3") = 3 (2" + 3") _6) Chiing minh + a ^ _ i - 4a„a„_i = 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
38 39
B a i todn 46 (Olympic toka Sinh vien tokn qu6c-2010). Cho { u „ } , { v n } , = 3 . 2 " + 3"+' > 2 " + * + 3 " + ' = a ; j + J , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
{wn} la cdc day so dUOc xdc dinh bdi UQ = VQ = WQ = \
V^y a„ > a „ + i , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Hay (a„) la day so giam.
{ "n+l = - " n - +
t;„+i = - 2 u „ - 8i;„ + 6tz;„

5u;„
(2)
(1) »
N h a n xet 1 . Vi^c xdy dxjcng nen nhOng day so c6 he thiic truy hoi nhu d bdi
toan vita roi khd dan gidn. Ch&ng han xet day so x „ = v^5" + 7", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
Khi do
u;„+i = - A u n - 16v„ + 12t/;„ (3)
Chiing minh rhng Vn -2 chia hit cho 2". Xn+i = " V 5 " + i + 7"+i = " V S (5" + 7") + 2.7" = "^^^x^ + 2.7".
H i r d n g d i n . TCr (3) va (2) t a dUdc u;„+i = 2vn+i. (4)
Ta diCdc bdi toan sau.
Lay (2) t r i l (1) theo ve ta dUdc i;„+i - u„+i = - u „ - V n + u»„. (5)
Thay (4) vao (5) dudc B a i t o a n 4 8 . Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau:
Vn+l - " n + l = - U n - t^n + U^n = — " n - + 2Vn | xi = 12, a;„+i = " + y 5 x ^ T 2 J " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
= ti„ - U„ = • • • = t;2 - 1^2 = - U l - Hi + IWl = -1.
Xdc dinh so hang tong qudt cua day so da cho.
=^ u„+i = i;„+i + 1. (6)
B a i t o a n 49 (Olympic toan Trung Qu6c-2005). Cho day so (a„) nhu sau:
T i r (6) va (4) suy ra u;„+i = 2i;„+i = 2u„+i - 2. (7)
Thay (6) va (7) vao (2) dUdc d = a2 = 1 vd o„+2 = 1- On, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tim 02004-
v„+i = - 2 u „ - 8i;„ + 6t/;„ = - 2 (t;„ + 1) - 8t;„ + 12v„. G i a i . Ta c6 a „ + 2 a „ + i = a „ + i a „ + 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Do do

0302 = 0201 + 1
Hay Un+i = 2vn - 2 <=> i)„+i - 2 = 2 (t;„ - 2). Sau do diing quy nap h o i c t i m
0 4 0 3 = 0302 + 1
cong thiic c y the cua t;„+i - 2, chiing m i n h diTdc yeu cau bai toan.
B a i t o a n 47 (HSG Qu6c gia-2010). Cho day so thrfc (a„) xdc dinh bdi a i = 5
vd =>a„+ia„ = 0201 + n - 1 On+ian = n => a„+i = — , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
a „ = âlZ\ 2 " - i + 2 . 3 " - i , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
Bdi v^y a„+2 = = ^ ^ O n , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T i l do
a) T i m so /lan^ tong qudt cua day so (an).
a„+i n p (.1
b) Chang minh rhng ( o n ) Id day so gidm. ' 2003 2003 2001 2003 2001 1999
"2°°" = 2002°^°°^ = 2002-2000 "2''°° = 2002" 2000-1998 "^^'^
Giai. 2003.2001.1999.. .3 3 . 5 . . . 2003 2003!!
a) Theo gia thiet t a c6 < = a^^^Z] + 2"-^ + 2.3"-S Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Do do ~ " ~ 2002.2000.1998...2"°^ ~ 2.4...2002 - 2002!!'.
< = < I i + 2""^ + 2 . 3 " - i = + 2"-2 + 2.3"-2) + 2 " - i + 2.3"-*
Ltfti y . Ta CO cac k i hi?u sau:
= a^Zl + ( 2 " - 2 + 2 " - » ) + 2 ( 3 " - 2 + S""') (2n - 1)!! = 1.3.5...(2n - 1 ) ; (2n)!! = 2.4.6...(2n).
= • • • = a i + (2 + • • • + 2 " - 2 + 2"-*) + 2 (3 + • • • + 3"-^ + 3""*)
2(i_2"-i) 3(l-3"-M 1.1.6 L a p t h o n g q u a c|ip so n h a n ' ^'
= 5+ ^ 2 ^ ' = 2" + 3".
B a i t o a n 50. Cho day so (a„) xdc dinh nhu sau: oo = 1, o i = 4 va
V^y a„ ^ ^ 2 " + 3 " , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
a„+2 = 4a„+i - a „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ^
b) T a CO
a) Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so dd cho. j
= ^ 2 " + 3" ( 2 " + 3") > ( 2 " + 3") = 3 (2" + 3") _6) Chiing minh + a ^ _ i - 4a„a„_i = 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
38 39
B a i t o a n 51. Cho day so (a„) xdc dinh bdi oo = 1, a i = - 1 va
G i d i . Dat x „ = a „ vk yn = a „ _ i . K h i do { x„+i = 4x„ - j/„ Do do
I Vn+i = x „ . an+2 = 7ar^+l - 6a„, Vn e N .
a^n+i + ty„+i = 4x„ - i/„ + txn = (4 + t ) x „ -
a) Tim so hang tSng quat cua day so da, cho.
= (4 + i ) b) Chitng mink - 7 a „ + i a „ + 60^ = 14.6", Vn e N . ,|
(^"-4T7^")-
c) Chiing minh an /?10 vdi mgi n G N .
o) Ta c4n chpn t sao cho day so {x„ + fy„}„ l?lp thanh cl.p so nhan, nghia la d) Chang minh (02012 + 13):2011.
chpn t sao cho
1 G i & i . Dat 6„ = a „ _ i . K h i do a i = - 1 , 61 = 1 va { ^;^+; Z1^ ~

+ 4< + 1 = 0 <=> f = - 2 ± v/3.
4 + t / " 6 \
a) Ta c6 a „ + i + « 6 „ + i = 7a„ - 66„ + fa„ = (7 + 0 (â„ - y-ff^^n j • V9.y t a chpn
Vdi t n h u tren, ta c6
t sap chp i = - <^ 1^ + 71+ 6 = 0'!^ t= -6 ^^^^ ^^y^
Xn + tyn = (4 + ^)(x„_i + ty„_i) = (4 + 0^(x„-2 + <J/„-2) • 7 + t
= . . . = (4 + ( x i + t2/i) = (4 + (4 + () = (4 + f ) " . (1) a„ + tbn = {7 + t)(a„_i + tb„-i) = (7 + <)2(a„_2 + t6„_2)
= . . . = (7 + tr-âi + tb,) = {7 + tr-\t - 1). (1)
Trong (1), Ian luot thay < = - 2 - v/3, i = - 2 + v/3 ta dirpc
Trong (1), Ian lupt thay t = - 1 , i = - 6 t a dildc
{
x „ - (2 + v/3)y„ = (2 - V3)» (2)
ar„ - (2 - v/3)j/„ = (2 + \ / 3 ) " . (3) 7 - 2.6"-i
Lay (3) trif (2) theo ve ta dupc 2V3y„ = (2 + v/3)" - (2 - V ^ ) " . V9,y
7-26"
Nhu v§,y a „ = 6„+i = , Vn G
(2 + v / 3 r + ' - ( 2 - V 3 r '
O n = Vn+l =
2^3
-, Vn e N . 6) V i I\„ - - g n - i = -2-6"
6a„_i = - 7
sn—l
I fln+i - 6a„ = -7
6) T i f (2) va (3) t a c6 (an+i - a„) (a„+i - 6a„) = 14.6" ^ al+i - 7a„+ia„ + 6al = 14.6"(n G N ) . :
{ a„-(2+y3)a„_i =(2-v^)"
a „ - (2 - V ^ ) a „ _ i = (2 + v/3)"
Ta CO dieu phai chiing minh.
c) Ta CO Oo va oi la nhQng so le. Gia svt an va o„+i le. K h i do v i yUnO'
( a „ - (2 + v / 3 ) a „ - i ) ( a „ - (2 - v ^ ) a „ _ i ) = 1, Vn e N * o-n+2 = 7a„+i - 6a„ ' '
^•o2 - 4 a „ a „ _ i + al_i = l.Vn G N*. nen an+2 cung la so le. Theo nguyen 11 quy n9,p suy ra o „ la so le vdi mpi
Ta CO dieu phai chiing minh. n G N . Do do a „ / l O vdi mpi n G N . -j,;,!

Ltfu y. Vi§c t i m so hang tdng quat ciia day t r u y hoi tuyen t i n h cap hai
d) Ta CP , " ii if>
aXn+2 + bXn+l + CX„ = 0 502012 = 7 - 2.62°i2 ^ 502012 + 65 = 72 - 2.62°^^

4*502012 + 65 = -72(6^'° - 1). (2)
se dUdc giai quyet oi muc 1.3.2 (6 trang 65). Tuy nhien, dung phiWng phap
lap thong qua cap so nlian cho ta Idi giai so cap hdn, va qua do ta con t i m V i 2011 la so nguyen to ncn theo dinh If Fermat nho, t a c6
ra difcJc t m h chat cua day so de dang hdn.
62»i° = 1 (mod2011). e
40 41
B a i t o a n 51. Cho day so (a„) xdc dinh bdi oo = 1, a i = - 1 va
G i d i . Dat x „ = a „ vk yn = a „ _ i . K h i do { x„+i = 4x„ - j/„ Do do
I Vn+i = x „ . an+2 = 7ar^+l - 6a„, Vn e N .
a^n+i + ty„+i = 4x„ - i/„ + txn = (4 + t ) x „ -
a) Tim so hang tSng quat cua day so da, cho.
= (4 + i ) b) Chitng mink - 7 a „ + i a „ + 60^ = 14.6", Vn e N . ,|
(^"-4T7^")-
c) Chiing minh an /?10 vdi mgi n G N .
o) Ta c4n chpn t sao cho day so {x„ + fy„}„ l?lp thanh cl.p so nhan, nghia la d) Chang minh (02012 + 13):2011.
chpn t sao cho
1 G i & i . Dat 6„ = a „ _ i . K h i do a i = - 1 , 61 = 1 va { ^;^+; Z1^ ~

+ 4< + 1 = 0 <=> f = - 2 ± v/3.
4 + t / " 6 \
a) Ta c6 a „ + i + « 6 „ + i = 7a„ - 66„ + fa„ = (7 + 0 (â„ - y-ff^^n j • V9.y t a chpn
Vdi t n h u tren, ta c6
t sap chp i = - <^ 1^ + 71+ 6 = 0'!^ t= -6 ^^^^ ^^y^
Xn + tyn = (4 + ^)(x„_i + ty„_i) = (4 + 0^(x„-2 + <J/„-2) • 7 + t
= . . . = (4 + ( x i + t2/i) = (4 + (4 + () = (4 + f ) " . (1) a„ + tbn = {7 + t)(a„_i + tb„-i) = (7 + <)2(a„_2 + t6„_2)
= . . . = (7 + tr-âi + tb,) = {7 + tr-\t - 1). (1)
Trong (1), Ian luot thay < = - 2 - v/3, i = - 2 + v/3 ta dirpc
Trong (1), Ian lupt thay t = - 1 , i = - 6 t a dildc
{
x „ - (2 + v/3)y„ = (2 - V3)» (2)
ar„ - (2 - v/3)j/„ = (2 + \ / 3 ) " . (3) 7 - 2.6"-i
Lay (3) trif (2) theo ve ta dupc 2V3y„ = (2 + v/3)" - (2 - V ^ ) " . V9,y
7-26"
Nhu v§,y a „ = 6„+i = , Vn G
(2 + v / 3 r + ' - ( 2 - V 3 r '
O n = Vn+l =
2^3
-, Vn e N . 6) V i I\„ - - g n - i = -2-6"
6a„_i = - 7
sn—l
I fln+i - 6a„ = -7
6) T i f (2) va (3) t a c6 (an+i - a„) (a„+i - 6a„) = 14.6" ^ al+i - 7a„+ia„ + 6al = 14.6"(n G N ) . :
{ a„-(2+y3)a„_i =(2-v^)"
a „ - (2 - V ^ ) a „ _ i = (2 + v/3)"
Ta CO dieu phai chiing minh.
c) Ta CO Oo va oi la nhQng so le. Gia svt an va o„+i le. K h i do v i yUnO'
( a „ - (2 + v / 3 ) a „ - i ) ( a „ - (2 - v ^ ) a „ _ i ) = 1, Vn e N * o-n+2 = 7a„+i - 6a„ ' '
^•o2 - 4 a „ a „ _ i + al_i = l.Vn G N*. nen an+2 cung la so le. Theo nguyen 11 quy n9,p suy ra o „ la so le vdi mpi
Ta CO dieu phai chiing minh. n G N . Do do a „ / l O vdi mpi n G N . -j,;,!

Ltfu y. Vi§c t i m so hang tdng quat ciia day t r u y hoi tuyen t i n h cap hai
d) Ta CP , " ii if>
aXn+2 + bXn+l + CX„ = 0 502012 = 7 - 2.62°i2 ^ 502012 + 65 = 72 - 2.62°^^

4*502012 + 65 = -72(6^'° - 1). (2)
se dUdc giai quyet oi muc 1.3.2 (6 trang 65). Tuy nhien, dung phiWng phap
lap thong qua cap so nlian cho ta Idi giai so cap hdn, va qua do ta con t i m V i 2011 la so nguyen to ncn theo dinh If Fermat nho, t a c6
ra difcJc t m h chat cua day so de dang hdn.
62»i° = 1 (mod2011). e
40 41
V i V9,y, kot hdp v6i (2) t a diMc 5(02012 + 13):2011. M a (2011,5) = 1 nen 1.2.2 T i n h chat.
(1) A C = 0 (vdi C la h^ng so).
(a2oi2 +13)^2011.
(2) A (ux ± Vx) = A u x ± Awx.
(3) A [kux] = kAux (vdi k la hang so).
Lxiu y. D i n h l i Fermat nho ditoc phat bidu nhit sau: N6u p la s6 nguy§n to
(4) A (UxVx) = UxAVx + Vx+lAUx-
va a khong chia het cho p t h i o^"' = l ( m o d p ) .
(5) Sai phan cap i cua ham so Ux la mpt toan t i i tuyen t i n h .
(6) Sai phan moi cap dcu c6 the bifiu dien theo gia t r i cua ham.
1.2 Mot so litig dung cua sai phan (7) Yl (vdi m < n ) .
x=m
^^-t = " '^rn
-a ill
Viec t i m so hang tong quat ciia day so, nhieu k h i diTdc quy ve viec t i n h mOt (8) ( D i n h ly Newton) Neu Ux la da thiic bac n cua x t h i
toiig nao do. Sau day t a se t r i n h bay mot so kien thiic ve sai phan de t i i do
CO mgt cai n h i n t6ng quat k h i t i n h t5ng. UX = U Q + X ^ ^ ' A U Q + — A ^ U Q + • • • + ^ A"uo.
2! n!
V i d u 1. Vdi Ux = AQX" + Aix""'^ + • • • + >1„, t a c6 A " u x = Aoinl). , ,

1.2.1 M o t so d i n h n g h i a V i d u 2. Ao^ = (a - l ) a ^ . '
V i d u 3. T a c6
D i n h n g h i a 1. Cho Ux la mot ham theo x. Khi do ta dat
A sin(a + 6 x ) = 2 cos + ^ + •bx\ sbi n - .
(«^)(") = t i , u , _ i . . . u ^ _ ( „ _ i ) , V n = , l , 2 , . . . ; (u.)(°) = 1 -
. b
(ux)^"^ dUdc yoi la biiu thiJtc giai thiCa. Acos(a + bx) = - 2 sin a+^+bx^ sm-.
Chang \\^n:
V i d u 4 ( G i o n g nhvf dao h a m t h o n g thifdng).
(a + 6 x ) ( " ^ = [o + bx] [o + 6(x - 1 ) ] . . . [o + 6 (x - n + 1)] A(o + 6x)(") = 6 n ( o + 6x)^""^^•
x(") = x ( x - l ) . . . ( x - n + l ) . Ax(")=nx("-l).
D i n h n g h i a 2. Cho Ux la mpt ham theo x. Khi dd A u j : = Ux+i - Ux dMc

gpi Id sai phan cap 1 cua ham Ux- X A A'
V i d u 5. Bieu dien Ux = 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 3 x - 1 0
0 (-10)
D i n h n g h i a 3. Neu Eux = U x + i thi E duac goi la todn til dich chuyin. dudi dang chuoi luy thira (diing dinh ly (2)
Newton). 1 -S (6)
D i n h n g h i a 4. A^'uj = A {iST'-'Ûx), E'Ûx = E {E"'-'Ûx). Ta goi Ian liCfH
x(2) x(3) 8 (12)
gQi A ^ U i , E'Ûx Id sai phan cap m, todn tv! dich chuyin cap m cua Ux- - 1 0 + 2x(i) + 6 — + 12— 18
Ux = 2 0
N h a n xet 2. [ A = E vdi l u x = Ux. Vay 26
= -10 + 2 x ( i ) + 3 x ( 2 ) + 2x(3). 3 26
A"ûx = { E - ir Ux = Y^ {-iyci,E^-'ux (vdi E° = I ) .

1.2.3 T i c h phan bat dinh.
t=0i
1. D i n h n g h i a . G i a sii Ai;x = Ux A (i;x + C) = Avx = Ux- Khi dovx + C
gpi la tich phan bat djnh cua Ux, k y hi?u la A " ^ U x . V$.y
A - * U x = Vx + C (vdi C la h^ng so).
42 43
V i V9,y, kot hdp v6i (2) t a diMc 5(02012 + 13):2011. M a (2011,5) = 1 nen 1.2.2 T i n h chat.
(1) A C = 0 (vdi C la h^ng so).
(a2oi2 +13)^2011.
(2) A (ux ± Vx) = A u x ± Awx.
(3) A [kux] = kAux (vdi k la hang so).
Lxiu y. D i n h l i Fermat nho ditoc phat bidu nhit sau: N6u p la s6 nguy§n to
(4) A (UxVx) = UxAVx + Vx+lAUx-
va a khong chia het cho p t h i o^"' = l ( m o d p ) .
(5) Sai phan cap i cua ham so Ux la mpt toan t i i tuyen t i n h .
(6) Sai phan moi cap dcu c6 the bifiu dien theo gia t r i cua ham.
1.2 Mot so litig dung cua sai phan (7) Yl (vdi m < n ) .
x=m
^^-t = " '^rn
-a ill
Viec t i m so hang tong quat ciia day so, nhieu k h i diTdc quy ve viec t i n h mOt (8) ( D i n h ly Newton) Neu Ux la da thiic bac n cua x t h i
toiig nao do. Sau day t a se t r i n h bay mot so kien thiic ve sai phan de t i i do
CO mgt cai n h i n t6ng quat k h i t i n h t5ng. UX = U Q + X ^ ^ ' A U Q + — A ^ U Q + • • • + ^ A"uo.
2! n!
V i d u 1. Vdi Ux = AQX" + Aix""'^ + • • • + >1„, t a c6 A " u x = Aoinl). , ,

1.2.1 M o t so d i n h n g h i a V i d u 2. Ao^ = (a - l ) a ^ . '
V i d u 3. T a c6
D i n h n g h i a 1. Cho Ux la mot ham theo x. Khi do ta dat
A sin(a + 6 x ) = 2 cos + ^ + •bx\ sbi n - .
(«^)(") = t i , u , _ i . . . u ^ _ ( „ _ i ) , V n = , l , 2 , . . . ; (u.)(°) = 1 -
. b
(ux)^"^ dUdc yoi la biiu thiJtc giai thiCa. Acos(a + bx) = - 2 sin a+^+bx^ sm-.
Chang \\^n:
V i d u 4 ( G i o n g nhvf dao h a m t h o n g thifdng).
(a + 6 x ) ( " ^ = [o + bx] [o + 6(x - 1 ) ] . . . [o + 6 (x - n + 1)] A(o + 6x)(") = 6 n ( o + 6x)^""^^•
x(") = x ( x - l ) . . . ( x - n + l ) . Ax(")=nx("-l).
D i n h n g h i a 2. Cho Ux la mpt ham theo x. Khi dd A u j : = Ux+i - Ux dMc

gpi Id sai phan cap 1 cua ham Ux- X A A'
V i d u 5. Bieu dien Ux = 2 x 3 - 3 x 2 + 3 x - 1 0
0 (-10)
D i n h n g h i a 3. Neu Eux = U x + i thi E duac goi la todn til dich chuyin. dudi dang chuoi luy thira (diing dinh ly (2)
Newton). 1 -S (6)
D i n h n g h i a 4. A^'uj = A {iST'-'Ûx), E'Ûx = E {E"'-'Ûx). Ta goi Ian liCfH
x(2) x(3) 8 (12)
gQi A ^ U i , E'Ûx Id sai phan cap m, todn tv! dich chuyin cap m cua Ux- - 1 0 + 2x(i) + 6 — + 12— 18
Ux = 2 0
N h a n xet 2. [ A = E vdi l u x = Ux. Vay 26
= -10 + 2 x ( i ) + 3 x ( 2 ) + 2x(3). 3 26
A"ûx = { E - ir Ux = Y^ {-iyci,E^-'ux (vdi E° = I ) .

1.2.3 T i c h phan bat dinh.
t=0i
1. D i n h n g h i a . G i a sii Ai;x = Ux A (i;x + C) = Avx = Ux- Khi dovx + C
gpi la tich phan bat djnh cua Ux, k y hi?u la A " ^ U x . V$.y
A - * U x = Vx + C (vdi C la h^ng so).
42 43
Vi du. Ta CO
(3) \)
_ f Aux = 1
i ) 3 Giai. Ta cln tinh A-»x3-. Dat | 1 ^ = 3 ^ | „^ = ^ . Khi do
2. Mot so tinh chat.
(1) ( u x ± v^) = A-iux ± A-ii;^ + C.
(2) A - ' (fcux) = fcA-'ux + <7 (v6i k la hang so).
(3) A - i ( u x A t ; ^ ) = U x t ^ x - A - ^ ( i i x + i A u x j + C (giong nhu cong thiJc tich phSn
tttng phan).
3. Mot so VI du. T
TTX
(1) A - ' o = c (vdi c m hkng s6). B&i toan 53. Tim tich phdn bat dinh cua /(x) = (x + 1) cos —
(2) A - i a - = a ^X- . ( "+1+ 1 )C . TTX (• Ux = X + 1
(3) A-'x(") = +a Giai. Ta can tinh A-i(x + 1) c o s D a t | ^ cos y . Suy ra
n+1
(4) A 1 sin (a + 6x) = ^ cos ( a - - + 6x^ + C. Aux = 1
22.sin-
sin \ y
1
(5) A-icos(a + 6x) = Sin a - -2 + 6x ) + C. 4
(6) Ta CO Khi do
A~^(x + l ) c o s ^
A-i (2x3 _ ^ 3^ _ ^ ^-1 _^ 2x(i) + 3xW + 2x^3)j
=2A-'x(3) + 3A-'x(^) + 2A-ix(>) - lOA" +C =(x + l ) V2

- s m. (/ - -TT+ 7 -r x) \ - A . (
• sin
, Tt{x + \ ) \
x(n+l)
(vdi A-ix(») = ^ ,x(0) = l). =(x + l ) - s i n ( - j + - ) - - A i ( s i n ( - + - j )

n+1 =(x
^ + 1 ') 2^ sin (V 44 + ^2 )/ + ^2 . ;2sinf r ^ c o s ^2 + C
(7) Sir dyng cong thiic A-i(a + 6x)(") = ^° + ^"^^'"""'^ + C, ta suy ra
=(x + l ,) \/2
- s m. (/ - -7r + -7 r )x \ + TTX
- c o s -^ + C.
0(71 H~ 1)
A-> (x(x + l)(x + 2)) = A - ^ x + 2)W = ( £ ± 2 ) W _^ ^ 1.2.5 Phufdng phap he so b i t dinh.

1.2.4 Phi/dng phap tich phan tfiftig ph5n.
4 •1 •
Ta sii dung cong thiic x2^

A-i (uxAt/x) = U x U x - A-1 (ox+iAux) + C. Bai todn 54. Tim tich phdn bat dmh cua f{x) = (j. ^ + 2)
Bai toan 52. Tern tich phdn bat dmh cua /(x) = x3^ Hirdng dan. Ta can tinh A'^^ ^^-n^- ^^t =? di
(x + l)(x + 2)
x2- _ /(x)2^
44
45
Vi du. Ta CO
(3) \)
_ f Aux = 1
i ) 3 Giai. Ta cln tinh A-»x3-. Dat | 1 ^ = 3 ^ | „^ = ^ . Khi do
2. Mot so tinh chat.
(1) ( u x ± v^) = A-iux ± A-ii;^ + C.
(2) A - ' (fcux) = fcA-'ux + <7 (v6i k la hang so).
(3) A - i ( u x A t ; ^ ) = U x t ^ x - A - ^ ( i i x + i A u x j + C (giong nhu cong thiJc tich phSn
tttng phan).
3. Mot so VI du. T
TTX
(1) A - ' o = c (vdi c m hkng s6). B&i toan 53. Tim tich phdn bat dinh cua /(x) = (x + 1) cos —
(2) A - i a - = a ^X- . ( "+1+ 1 )C . TTX (• Ux = X + 1
(3) A-'x(") = +a Giai. Ta can tinh A-i(x + 1) c o s D a t | ^ cos y . Suy ra
n+1
(4) A 1 sin (a + 6x) = ^ cos ( a - - + 6x^ + C. Aux = 1
22.sin-
sin \ y
1
(5) A-icos(a + 6x) = Sin a - -2 + 6x ) + C. 4
(6) Ta CO Khi do
A~^(x + l ) c o s ^
A-i (2x3 _ ^ 3^ _ ^ ^-1 _^ 2x(i) + 3xW + 2x^3)j
=2A-'x(3) + 3A-'x(^) + 2A-ix(>) - lOA" +C =(x + l ) V2

- s m. (/ - -TT+ 7 -r x) \ - A . (
• sin
, Tt{x + \ ) \
x(n+l)
(vdi A-ix(») = ^ ,x(0) = l). =(x + l ) - s i n ( - j + - ) - - A i ( s i n ( - + - j )

n+1 =(x
^ + 1 ') 2^ sin (V 44 + ^2 )/ + ^2 . ;2sinf r ^ c o s ^2 + C
(7) Sir dyng cong thiic A-i(a + 6x)(") = ^° + ^"^^'"""'^ + C, ta suy ra
=(x + l ,) \/2
- s m. (/ - -7r + -7 r )x \ + TTX
- c o s -^ + C.
0(71 H~ 1)
A-> (x(x + l)(x + 2)) = A - ^ x + 2)W = ( £ ± 2 ) W _^ ^ 1.2.5 Phufdng phap he so b i t dinh.

1.2.4 Phi/dng phap tich phan tfiftig ph5n.
4 •1 •
Ta sii dung cong thiic x2^

A-i (uxAt/x) = U x U x - A-1 (ox+iAux) + C. Bai todn 54. Tim tich phdn bat dmh cua f{x) = (j. ^ + 2)
Bai toan 52. Tern tich phdn bat dmh cua /(x) = x3^ Hirdng dan. Ta can tinh A'^^ ^^-n^- ^^t =? di
(x + l)(x + 2)
x2- _ /(x)2^
44
45
Suy r a B a i t o a n 57. Tinh tSng 5 „ = 1 . ^ + 2.^2 + . . . + n ^ " .
fix + 1)2^+1 /(x)2^ B ^ i t o a n 58. T f n / i cdc iong' sau

x + 2 x + 1 {x + l){x + 2)
=>2(x + l ) / ( x + l)-{x + 2) fix) = X. (*)
x=l x=l
V^y t a c h i c a n c h o n fix) = a (a l a h 5 n g so). T h a y vao (*), t a dUdc
G i a i . T a c6 m+l
2(1 + l)a - (a; + 2 ) a = X ax = 2; a = 1. x2? x2^ \
= A-'
x2-" 2^ ^ ( x + 2)! (x + 2)! J
VHy A - 1
(x + l ) ( x + 2 ) x + 1' X2-'
-1
T a can t i n h A . Dat Vx =? de
(x + 2)!
1.2.6 Tinh t6ng. x2^
At'x = Wx+l - "x =
u-l „_1 (x + 2)! (x + 1)!'
T a se sir d u n g ^ Arx^ = u„ - ui. D o i vcî b a i t o a n t i n h t o n g ^ a*;, t a b i e n
Suy XI.
x=l k=l
d o i afc = XA:+i - Xfc = A x ; : ^~âk. K h i do fix+1)2'+' fix)2- x2"
n - l n-1
n
^ f l i - = ^ Axfc = x „ - x i = x t l ^ = A-âfc Vay t a c h i c a n c h p n / ( x ) = a , V x G R (a l a h a n g so). T h a y vao ( 1 ) , t a dUdc
1 •
fc=l k=l
2a - ( x + 2)a = x -ax = x => a = - 1 .
B a i t o a n 55. Tinh tong 5 „ = 2 + 4 H + 2n. n+1
X2-' —2' —2^ - 2 ,n+l
n Vay A - 1 + 1.
(x + 2)! (x+1)! ( n + 2)!
H i f d n g d a n . T a c6 5 „ = 2 + 4 + • • • + 2 n = J^^x, v d i U x = 2 x . B d i v^y
1=1 " 2 x - l , , / 2 x - l ^ 2x — 1
2X-1 T a c a n t i n h A ^ i - r2 —
X - r1 - . Dat
n+1 x=l
S„ = fû,^2Y,x = 2A-'x\';^' := 2 A - ' x ( i )
1 Ux =? de A u j , = U x + i - Ux = '^^—r "x ^zl- Suy ra
1=1 x=l
n+1
r(2)
= 2 / ( x + 1) / ( x ) ^ 2 x - l
= x(x-l)|;'+i = n ( n + l ) . / ( x + l ) - 2 / ( x ) = 2 x - l . (2)
2X-1 2'~^ 2^~'
B a i t o a n 56. Tinh tong S-^ = 1.2 + 3.4 + • • • + n ( n + 1 ) . Vay t a c h i c a n c l i o n / ( x ) = a x + 6, Vx € R (a, 6 l a h a n g so). T h a y vao ( 2 ) , t a
dudc
a ( x + 1) + 6 - 2 ( a x + 6) = 2 x - 1 =^ -ax + a - 6 = 2x - 1.
H i f d n g d S n . T a c6 5 „ = 1.2 + 3 . 4 + • • + n(n + l) = u^, vdi = x(x + l ) .
1=1
/ 2 x - l \-l
B d i v^y Suy r a a ^ - 2 va 6 = - 1 . V a y A ' . Do do
2X-1 Ox-2
n n n+1
n+1
Sn = j2ix + 1)X = Y,{X + 1)''^ = A - ' ( X + 1)(2) -2x
2X-2
- 1 -27t~3
2 n - l
3 ^ 2n + 3
+ — r = 6 - 2n-l
x=l x=l 1
n+1 n+1
_ (x+l)W _ (x+l)x(x-l) (n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n
Ta CO Q„ = (x^ + 7 x ) = A " ' (x^ + 7 x ) f;""' • X e t u, = x^ + 7x. K h i do
46 47
Suy r a B a i t o a n 57. Tinh tSng 5 „ = 1 . ^ + 2.^2 + . . . + n ^ " .
fix + 1)2^+1 /(x)2^ B ^ i t o a n 58. T f n / i cdc iong' sau

x + 2 x + 1 {x + l){x + 2)
=>2(x + l ) / ( x + l)-{x + 2) fix) = X. (*)
x=l x=l
V^y t a c h i c a n c h o n fix) = a (a l a h 5 n g so). T h a y vao (*), t a dUdc
G i a i . T a c6 m+l
2(1 + l)a - (a; + 2 ) a = X ax = 2; a = 1. x2? x2^ \
= A-'
x2-" 2^ ^ ( x + 2)! (x + 2)! J
VHy A - 1
(x + l ) ( x + 2 ) x + 1' X2-'
-1
T a can t i n h A . Dat Vx =? de
(x + 2)!
1.2.6 Tinh t6ng. x2^
At'x = Wx+l - "x =
u-l „_1 (x + 2)! (x + 1)!'
T a se sir d u n g ^ Arx^ = u„ - ui. D o i vcî b a i t o a n t i n h t o n g ^ a*;, t a b i e n
Suy XI.
x=l k=l
d o i afc = XA:+i - Xfc = A x ; : ^~âk. K h i do fix+1)2'+' fix)2- x2"
n - l n-1
n
^ f l i - = ^ Axfc = x „ - x i = x t l ^ = A-âfc Vay t a c h i c a n c h p n / ( x ) = a , V x G R (a l a h a n g so). T h a y vao ( 1 ) , t a dUdc
1 •
fc=l k=l
2a - ( x + 2)a = x -ax = x => a = - 1 .
B a i t o a n 55. Tinh tong 5 „ = 2 + 4 H + 2n. n+1
X2-' —2' —2^ - 2 ,n+l
n Vay A - 1 + 1.
(x + 2)! (x+1)! ( n + 2)!
H i f d n g d a n . T a c6 5 „ = 2 + 4 + • • • + 2 n = J^^x, v d i U x = 2 x . B d i v^y
1=1 " 2 x - l , , / 2 x - l ^ 2x — 1
2X-1 T a c a n t i n h A ^ i - r2 —
X - r1 - . Dat
n+1 x=l
S„ = fû,^2Y,x = 2A-'x\';^' := 2 A - ' x ( i )
1 Ux =? de A u j , = U x + i - Ux = '^^—r "x ^zl- Suy ra
1=1 x=l
n+1
r(2)
= 2 / ( x + 1) / ( x ) ^ 2 x - l
= x(x-l)|;'+i = n ( n + l ) . / ( x + l ) - 2 / ( x ) = 2 x - l . (2)
2X-1 2'~^ 2^~'
B a i t o a n 56. Tinh tong S-^ = 1.2 + 3.4 + • • • + n ( n + 1 ) . Vay t a c h i c a n c l i o n / ( x ) = a x + 6, Vx € R (a, 6 l a h a n g so). T h a y vao ( 2 ) , t a
dudc
a ( x + 1) + 6 - 2 ( a x + 6) = 2 x - 1 =^ -ax + a - 6 = 2x - 1.
H i f d n g d S n . T a c6 5 „ = 1.2 + 3 . 4 + • • + n(n + l) = u^, vdi = x(x + l ) .
1=1
/ 2 x - l \-l
B d i v^y Suy r a a ^ - 2 va 6 = - 1 . V a y A ' . Do do
2X-1 Ox-2
n n n+1
n+1
Sn = j2ix + 1)X = Y,{X + 1)''^ = A - ' ( X + 1)(2) -2x
2X-2
- 1 -27t~3
2 n - l
3 ^ 2n + 3
+ — r = 6 - 2n-l
x=l x=l 1
n+1 n+1
_ (x+l)W _ (x+l)x(x-l) (n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n
Ta CO Q„ = (x^ + 7 x ) = A " ' (x^ + 7 x ) f;""' • X e t u, = x^ + 7x. K h i do
46 47
1
cos {ax-^+nd^-cos(a,-^y
2 sin-
0 (0)
(8) i f / d n d \ nd'
1 8 (6) = — ^ s i n U - - + y l s m - .
14 (6)
2 22 12
.26 N h a n xet 3. Tic bdi todn nay, ta di ddng tinh dU(?c cdc tong sau day
3 4«
5„ = s i n x + sin2x 4- h sinnx; Q„ = s i n x + sin3x H h sin(2n +
V^y t . . = x 3 + 7x = 0 + 8x(') + 6 . ^ + 6 . ^ = 8x(^) + Sx^^) + ^.(3). Do do

1.3 X a c d i n h d a y so b a n g phLfdng p h a p s a i p h a n
3.(4) X n+1
)
C?n = ( 8 x ( ' ) + 3x(2) + x ( 3 ) ) 4xW + x(3) + • Cho day so { x „ . Xet phuong t r i n h ')
n+1 aoxn+k + aiXn+k-i + ••• + akXn = gin) (1)

= (îx{x - 1) + x ( x - l ) { x - 2) + l x ( x - l ) ( x - 2)(x - 3 ) '
1 tiong d o g { n ) la haniso theo n, vkao,ai,...,a* lacac h§ngso. K h i do phudng
n+1
= a:(x-l)^4 + x - 2 + i ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3 ) j trinh
aoXn+k + aiXn+k-i H + akXn = 0 (2)
1
n+1 dvrdc gpi la phitdng t r i n h thuan nhat tUdng ling vdi phifdng t r i n h (1). C6n
= a ; ( x - 1 ) ^x + 2 + l ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3 ) j
phitong t r i n h (an la A)
1
= n(n + l) ^ n + 3 + i ( n - l ) ( n - 2 ) j . aoA^ + a i A ' ' " ' + • • • + = 0 (3)
gpi la phudng t r i n h d i e triTng cua (1), dong thdi (3) cung diidc gpi la phUdng
B a i toai. 5 9 . Tinh cdc tSng sau
t r i n h d i e t n t n g cua (2).
5„ = 1^ + 2^ + • •. + • N g h i f m tong quat cua phudng t r i n h (1) se c6 d^ng:
2;n = ^ + < , V n = 1,2,...

P,i - a/,, vOi Uk = i ———
n
trong do x;;^ la nghi§m tong quat cua phUdng t r i n h (2), c6n x* la mpt nghi^m
rieng bat k y ciia phUdng t r i n h (1).
Qn = Yl'^'^^'^^^ « i , " 2 , . . . , a„ âo thdnh cdp s6 cgng c6 cong sai Id • d.Dvta tren mpt so ket qua ciia ly thuyet phUdng t r i n h sai phan t a suy ra
dupe mpt so ket qua sau day:
[i) Neu (3) CO A; nghi^m thifc phan bi?t A i , A 2 , . . . , Afc t h i (2) c6 nghi^m tong
Hxidng dan. quat la
n n „ Xn = ciA? + C2AJ + • • • + CfcA^, Vn = 1,2,...
Qn = J ^ s i n a t = ^ sin (a, + (fc - i ) rf) ^ g i n (aj - d + ifcd) (vdi ci,c2,...,ck la cac h k i g so ). K h i biet x i , X2,. • •, Xfc t a se t u n dupc cy
the cac hang so c i , C 2 , . . . , Cfc. K h i do
1 n+1
= A ' s i n ( u i -d + kd)\'l^^ ^cos\
3d
~-+kd
. \
x„ = ciA? + C2A5 + • • • + CfcA?, Vn = 1,2,... '
2sin- V ^ / 1
49
48
1
cos {ax-^+nd^-cos(a,-^y
2 sin-
0 (0)
(8) i f / d n d \ nd'
1 8 (6) = — ^ s i n U - - + y l s m - .
14 (6)
2 22 12
.26 N h a n xet 3. Tic bdi todn nay, ta di ddng tinh dU(?c cdc tong sau day
3 4«
5„ = s i n x + sin2x 4- h sinnx; Q„ = s i n x + sin3x H h sin(2n +
V^y t . . = x 3 + 7x = 0 + 8x(') + 6 . ^ + 6 . ^ = 8x(^) + Sx^^) + ^.(3). Do do

1.3 X a c d i n h d a y so b a n g phLfdng p h a p s a i p h a n
3.(4) X n+1
)
C?n = ( 8 x ( ' ) + 3x(2) + x ( 3 ) ) 4xW + x(3) + • Cho day so { x „ . Xet phuong t r i n h ')
n+1 aoxn+k + aiXn+k-i + ••• + akXn = gin) (1)

= (îx{x - 1) + x ( x - l ) { x - 2) + l x ( x - l ) ( x - 2)(x - 3 ) '
1 tiong d o g { n ) la haniso theo n, vkao,ai,...,a* lacac h§ngso. K h i do phudng
n+1
= a:(x-l)^4 + x - 2 + i ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3 ) j trinh
aoXn+k + aiXn+k-i H + akXn = 0 (2)
1
n+1 dvrdc gpi la phitdng t r i n h thuan nhat tUdng ling vdi phifdng t r i n h (1). C6n
= a ; ( x - 1 ) ^x + 2 + l ( x - 2 ) ( x - 3 ) j
phitong t r i n h (an la A)
1
= n(n + l) ^ n + 3 + i ( n - l ) ( n - 2 ) j . aoA^ + a i A ' ' " ' + • • • + = 0 (3)
gpi la phudng t r i n h d i e triTng cua (1), dong thdi (3) cung diidc gpi la phUdng
B a i toai. 5 9 . Tinh cdc tSng sau
t r i n h d i e t n t n g cua (2).
5„ = 1^ + 2^ + • •. + • N g h i f m tong quat cua phudng t r i n h (1) se c6 d^ng:
2;n = ^ + < , V n = 1,2,...

P,i - a/,, vOi Uk = i ———
n
trong do x;;^ la nghi§m tong quat cua phUdng t r i n h (2), c6n x* la mpt nghi^m
rieng bat k y ciia phUdng t r i n h (1).
Qn = Yl'^'^^'^^^ « i , " 2 , . . . , a„ âo thdnh cdp s6 cgng c6 cong sai Id • d.Dvta tren mpt so ket qua ciia ly thuyet phUdng t r i n h sai phan t a suy ra
dupe mpt so ket qua sau day:
[i) Neu (3) CO A; nghi^m thifc phan bi?t A i , A 2 , . . . , Afc t h i (2) c6 nghi^m tong
Hxidng dan. quat la
n n „ Xn = ciA? + C2AJ + • • • + CfcA^, Vn = 1,2,...
Qn = J ^ s i n a t = ^ sin (a, + (fc - i ) rf) ^ g i n (aj - d + ifcd) (vdi ci,c2,...,ck la cac h k i g so ). K h i biet x i , X2,. • •, Xfc t a se t u n dupc cy
the cac hang so c i , C 2 , . . . , Cfc. K h i do
1 n+1
= A ' s i n ( u i -d + kd)\'l^^ ^cos\
3d
~-+kd
. \
x„ = ciA? + C2A5 + • • • + CfcA?, Vn = 1,2,... '
2sin- V ^ / 1
49
48
(vdi c i , C 2 , . . . , Cfc l a cac hling so vita, t i m dit0c 6 treu) goi la mo t nghiem rieug B a i t o a n 6 0 . Tim tat cd cdc day so ( x „ ) thoa man dieu ki$n:
cua (2).
(it) Neu (3) dU0c viet lai n h u sau xo = - 5 ; x „ + i = 2x„, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
aoA* + a i A ' ^ - i + • • • + Cfc = OQ (A - Ai)* (A - A2)'' (A - A 3 ) . . . (A - A , ) = 0,

G i a i . Phitdng t r i n h d a c t r u n g A = 2. Vîy x „ = c.2", Vn € N. V i X Q = - i n6n
vdi cac A i , A2, A 3 , . . . , A , la khac nhau doi mot. Tiic la (3) c6 Ai l a nghi^m bpi
s, va A2 la nghi^m b g i h, va A 3 , . . . , A, l a cac nghi^m ddn, va s+h+{q-2) = A:, c=-i,tilfd6x„ = -i.2",Vn = 0,l,... , . V
t h i (2) CO n g h i § m tong quat 1^
B a i t o a n 6 1 . Tim tdt cd cdc day so ( x „ ) thoa man dieu ki$n:
Xn = C3A? + • • • + c,AJ + ( c i i + cian + • • + cun''^) A?
x i = 5; x „ + i = - 4 x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
+ ( c 2 i + C22n + • • • + C 2 / , n ' ' ~ ^ ) AJ, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
G i a i . PhUdng t r i n h dîc triftig A = - 4 . V§.y
(vdi c u , C 1 2 , . • •, c i j , C 2 1 , C 2 2 , . . . , 02h, C3,...,Cq Ik hang so).
(Hi) Neu (3) c6 s n g h i f m thi;c phan bi?t A i , A2,..., A, v&, ' x„=c.(-4)",Vn=l,2,... ; (1)
Xq = a + bi = r (cos (i> + i sin(/>) (vdi r = | A , | = y + b'^, 4> = ArgXq) Vi x i 5 nea tilt (1) lay n = 1 ta dugc 5 = - 4 c c= V$y
la nghi?m phiJc bpi h, t h i so phufc lien h(?p \ a - fci = r (cos0 - i s i n 0 )

cung l a n g h i f m phiic bpi h cua (3). K h i do (2) c6 nghiem tSng quat l a x„ = - ^ . ( - 4 ) " , V n = l , 2 , . . .
Xn = ciAJ + C2A5 + • • • + C , A ; , D a n g 2 (Giai phUdng t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 1 khong thuan nhat).
T i m d a y so (a;„) b i § t : xi = a ^fk
( S i + ^2714- • • • + Bftn'"-!) sinn.^ axn+i + bxn = / „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . ' • (i)
(vdi c i , C 2 , . . . , c„ Ai, A2,..., Ah, BI,B2,...,BH Ih. c6c hang so).

t r o n g d o a , a , 6 l a c a c h&ng so c h o trxidc, a ^ 0, b ^ 0, / „ l a d a thuTc
theo n .
1.3.1 Suf d u n g p h i f d n g t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y e n t i n h c S p m o t .
C a c h îa i. Giai phudng t r i n h d j c t r i m g aA + 6 = 0 t i m dtf^c A. T a c6 /
D a n g 1 (Giai phudng t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 1 thuan n h a t ) . T i m ~ Xn ~ Xn + Xn pf,
d a y so ( x n ) b i l t : xi = a \k
Trong do x ^ la nghifm tdng qudt cua phudng t r i n h axn+i + 6x„ = 0. Suy r a
axn+i + bxn = 0, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
= cA", Vn = 1,2,... (c se t i m sau). -•
t r o n g d o a , a , b l a c a c hllng so c h o trifdc, a 0 , 6 7^ 0.
Con X * Ih, mpt nghif m rieng bat k y cua (t) dupe xac djnh n h u sau:
C d c h gi&i. Giai phUdng t r i n h d$.c trvtiig aA + 6 = 0 t i m dU0c A. K h i do • Neu X j t l t h i x ^ la da thiic cung bac vdi da thiic / „ .
• Neu A = 1 t h i x ^ = n.gn, vdi 5„ la da thiic cung bac vdi da thiic / „ .
x „ = cA»,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Thay x ^ vao phUdng trinh, ( i ) roi dong nhat he so t a t i m dUdc cac he so cua
TVong d6 c dU0c t i m tijt i i = Q . x ; . T i r x „ = x;: + x ; , Vn G N * lay n = 1 roi sii dyng x i = a t a t i m dupe c.
C h u y 6. Neu trong gid thiet khong c6 xi = a, nghia Id x i tuy y thi ta khong C h u y 7. Neu trong gid thiet khong c6 x i = a, nghia Id x i tiiy y thi ta khong
can tim c, nghia la c Id mgt hdng so tuy y vd x „ = cA", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ggi Id cdn tirh c, nghia la c Id mgt hdng so tiiy yvdx„ = cA" + x ; , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ggi
nghi$m tong quat cua (*).
la nghiem tSng qudt cua (i). i
50 51
(vdi c i , C 2 , . . . , Cfc l a cac hling so vita, t i m dit0c 6 treu) goi la mo t nghiem rieug B a i t o a n 6 0 . Tim tat cd cdc day so ( x „ ) thoa man dieu ki$n:
cua (2).
(it) Neu (3) dU0c viet lai n h u sau xo = - 5 ; x „ + i = 2x„, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
aoA* + a i A ' ^ - i + • • • + Cfc = OQ (A - Ai)* (A - A2)'' (A - A 3 ) . . . (A - A , ) = 0,

G i a i . Phitdng t r i n h d a c t r u n g A = 2. Vîy x „ = c.2", Vn € N. V i X Q = - i n6n
vdi cac A i , A2, A 3 , . . . , A , la khac nhau doi mot. Tiic la (3) c6 Ai l a nghi^m bpi
s, va A2 la nghi^m b g i h, va A 3 , . . . , A, l a cac nghi^m ddn, va s+h+{q-2) = A:, c=-i,tilfd6x„ = -i.2",Vn = 0,l,... , . V
t h i (2) CO n g h i § m tong quat 1^
B a i t o a n 6 1 . Tim tdt cd cdc day so ( x „ ) thoa man dieu ki$n:
Xn = C3A? + • • • + c,AJ + ( c i i + cian + • • + cun''^) A?
x i = 5; x „ + i = - 4 x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
+ ( c 2 i + C22n + • • • + C 2 / , n ' ' ~ ^ ) AJ, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
G i a i . PhUdng t r i n h dîc triftig A = - 4 . V§.y
(vdi c u , C 1 2 , . • •, c i j , C 2 1 , C 2 2 , . . . , 02h, C3,...,Cq Ik hang so).
(Hi) Neu (3) c6 s n g h i f m thi;c phan bi?t A i , A2,..., A, v&, ' x„=c.(-4)",Vn=l,2,... ; (1)
Xq = a + bi = r (cos (i> + i sin(/>) (vdi r = | A , | = y + b'^, 4> = ArgXq) Vi x i 5 nea tilt (1) lay n = 1 ta dugc 5 = - 4 c c= V$y
la nghi?m phiJc bpi h, t h i so phufc lien h(?p \ a - fci = r (cos0 - i s i n 0 )

cung l a n g h i f m phiic bpi h cua (3). K h i do (2) c6 nghiem tSng quat l a x„ = - ^ . ( - 4 ) " , V n = l , 2 , . . .
Xn = ciAJ + C2A5 + • • • + C , A ; , D a n g 2 (Giai phUdng t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 1 khong thuan nhat).
T i m d a y so (a;„) b i § t : xi = a ^fk
( S i + ^2714- • • • + Bftn'"-!) sinn.^ axn+i + bxn = / „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . ' • (i)
(vdi c i , C 2 , . . . , c„ Ai, A2,..., Ah, BI,B2,...,BH Ih. c6c hang so).

t r o n g d o a , a , 6 l a c a c h&ng so c h o trxidc, a ^ 0, b ^ 0, / „ l a d a thuTc
theo n .
1.3.1 Suf d u n g p h i f d n g t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y e n t i n h c S p m o t .
C a c h îa i. Giai phudng t r i n h d j c t r i m g aA + 6 = 0 t i m dtf^c A. T a c6 /
D a n g 1 (Giai phudng t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 1 thuan n h a t ) . T i m ~ Xn ~ Xn + Xn pf,
d a y so ( x n ) b i l t : xi = a \k
Trong do x ^ la nghifm tdng qudt cua phudng t r i n h axn+i + 6x„ = 0. Suy r a
axn+i + bxn = 0, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
= cA", Vn = 1,2,... (c se t i m sau). -•
t r o n g d o a , a , b l a c a c hllng so c h o trifdc, a 0 , 6 7^ 0.
Con X * Ih, mpt nghif m rieng bat k y cua (t) dupe xac djnh n h u sau:
C d c h gi&i. Giai phUdng t r i n h d$.c trvtiig aA + 6 = 0 t i m dU0c A. K h i do • Neu X j t l t h i x ^ la da thiic cung bac vdi da thiic / „ .
• Neu A = 1 t h i x ^ = n.gn, vdi 5„ la da thiic cung bac vdi da thiic / „ .
x „ = cA»,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Thay x ^ vao phUdng trinh, ( i ) roi dong nhat he so t a t i m dUdc cac he so cua
TVong d6 c dU0c t i m tijt i i = Q . x ; . T i r x „ = x;: + x ; , Vn G N * lay n = 1 roi sii dyng x i = a t a t i m dupe c.
C h u y 6. Neu trong gid thiet khong c6 xi = a, nghia Id x i tuy y thi ta khong C h u y 7. Neu trong gid thiet khong c6 x i = a, nghia Id x i tiiy y thi ta khong
can tim c, nghia la c Id mgt hdng so tuy y vd x „ = cA", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ggi Id cdn tirh c, nghia la c Id mgt hdng so tiiy yvdx„ = cA" + x ; , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ggi
nghi$m tong quat cua (*).
la nghiem tSng qudt cua (i). i
50 51
B M tokn 6 2 . Ttm day so ( x „ ) biet ( ^ ^ ~ ^ o , 2 _ L I W
^ ' I a;„+i = 3 i „ + n'' + 1, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . B a i t o a n 64. Tim day { x „ } + f j 6i^< XQ = 99, x„+i = x „ - 2n - 1,Vn e N.
G i a i . PhUdng t r i n h d i e trUng A - 3 = 0 - « > A = 3 . V^y x „ = c.3" + x ; , vdi
x ; = an^ + ;9n + 7 ( a 0), x ; 111 nghi^m rieng cua phudng t r i n h D a p s 6 . x„ = 9 9 - n 2 , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
x„+i = 3 x „ + n2 + l . B a i t o a n 6 5 . Tim so hang tSng qudt cua day so ( x „ ) cho nhu sau: '
Suy r a X ] = - 1 va x„+i = x„ + n2 + 2, Vn = 1,2,...

a{n + 1)2 + /3(„ + 1) + ^ = 3(an2 + + ^) + „2 ^ 1
1 1 13
D a p s6. x„ = - - n ^ - - n 2 + - g - n - 3, Vn = 1,2,...
<ân'^ + (2a + /?)n + a + /? + 7 = (3a + l ) n 2 + 3/3n + 3 7 + 1 .
Dong nhat he so t a duoc D a n g 3. T i m d a y s6 ( x „ ) biet: x i = a v a
f a = 3a+ 1 / l l \ a x „ + i + &x„ = Pfc(n).7", V n = 1, 2,

I a + A 7 = 37+l V 2' 2' J
t r o n g do a , a , 6 , 7 l a c a c h a n g so cho trufdc, a 0,6 0 , 7 ?t 0, Pfc(n)
V&y < = - i n 2 - i n - 1. Do do x„ = c3" - y - I - l , V n = 1,2,... M a l a d a thuTc b a c k t h e o n .
x i = 2 nen 2 = c.3' - ^ - ^ - 1 <4> c = i. Vay day so can t i m la ( x „ ) v6i C a c h giai. Giai phuong t r i n h dac trUng aA + 6 = 0 t i m dvfdc A. Ta c6
x„ = 4.3"-'-^-^-l,Vn=l,2,...
Trong do x^T = cA", Vn = 1,2,... (c la hSing so se t i m sau). Con x ; \h. mOt
B a i todn 6 3 . Tinh tSng 5„ = 1^ + 2^ + • • • + n^. nghiem rieng bat k i ciia ax„+i + 6x„ = PA:(n).7",Vn = 1,2,... va ducjc xac
dinh nhir sau:
G i a i . Ta c6 5„+i = 1^ + 2^ + • • • + + (n + 1)2. V?ly day so ( 5 „ ) thoa man • Neu A # 7 t h i x ; = Qkin).'r", v6i Qfc(n) la da thiifc bac k theo n .
d i l u kien 5 i = 1 va • Neu A = 7 t h i x ; = nQfe(n).7", vdi Qfc(n) la da thiic bac k theo n .
5„+i = 5 „ + (n + l ) 2 . (1) Thay x^ vao ax„+i + 6x„ = Pfc(n).7", roi d6ng nhat he so t a t i m dUdc x ; .
T i t x„ = x;r + x ; , Vn = 1,2,..., lay n = 1 roi suT dyng x i = a, t i m du^c c.
V i phitong t r i n h dac t r u n g la A = 1 nen
B a i t o a n 6 6 . Ttm day { x n j + ^ i biet x i = 2010, x„+i = 7x„ + 7 " + \ V n e N*.
Sn = ^ ( 1 ) " + n(an2 + 6n + c) = yl + an^ + + cn (o 7^ 0 ) ,
trong do x^ = an^ + bri^ + cn thoa man (1), tiic la G i a i . T i t gia thiet t a c6 v '
a ( n + 1)3 + b{n + 1)^ + c(n + 1) = an^ + (6 + l ) n 2 + (c + 2)n + 1. x i - 2 0 1 0 , x„+i = 7 x „ + 7 . 7 " , V n = 1,2,... ''''''
Dong nhat he so, t a dif^c Phuong t r i n h dac t r i m g A - 7 = 0 c6 nghiem la A = 7. Vay so h^ng t6ng quat
ciia day so da cho co dang
f 3a + 6 = 6 + l / i 1 i\
x„ = c7" + x ; , V n = l , 2 , . . . • • ^»
3 2 v6i x ; = a n 7 " , Vn = 1,2,... l a mot n g h i f m rieng bat k i cua

Do do = A + y + y + ^ . M a 5 i = 1 nen ^ = 0. V&y
x„+i = 7 x „ + 7 " + \ V n = l , 2 , . . .
n2 n n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + 1)
Do do thay vao t a dUdc
^"-y"^y + 6 = ^ •
o(n + l ) 7 " + ' = 7 a n 7 " + 7 " + ' = J > a ( n + l ) = an + l = * - a = l .
52
53
B M tokn 6 2 . Ttm day so ( x „ ) biet ( ^ ^ ~ ^ o , 2 _ L I W
^ ' I a;„+i = 3 i „ + n'' + 1, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . B a i t o a n 64. Tim day { x „ } + f j 6i^< XQ = 99, x„+i = x „ - 2n - 1,Vn e N.
G i a i . PhUdng t r i n h d i e trUng A - 3 = 0 - « > A = 3 . V^y x „ = c.3" + x ; , vdi
x ; = an^ + ;9n + 7 ( a 0), x ; 111 nghi^m rieng cua phudng t r i n h D a p s 6 . x„ = 9 9 - n 2 , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
x„+i = 3 x „ + n2 + l . B a i t o a n 6 5 . Tim so hang tSng qudt cua day so ( x „ ) cho nhu sau: '
Suy r a X ] = - 1 va x„+i = x„ + n2 + 2, Vn = 1,2,...

a{n + 1)2 + /3(„ + 1) + ^ = 3(an2 + + ^) + „2 ^ 1
1 1 13
D a p s6. x„ = - - n ^ - - n 2 + - g - n - 3, Vn = 1,2,...
<ân'^ + (2a + /?)n + a + /? + 7 = (3a + l ) n 2 + 3/3n + 3 7 + 1 .
Dong nhat he so t a duoc D a n g 3. T i m d a y s6 ( x „ ) biet: x i = a v a
f a = 3a+ 1 / l l \ a x „ + i + &x„ = Pfc(n).7", V n = 1, 2,

I a + A 7 = 37+l V 2' 2' J
t r o n g do a , a , 6 , 7 l a c a c h a n g so cho trufdc, a 0,6 0 , 7 ?t 0, Pfc(n)
V&y < = - i n 2 - i n - 1. Do do x„ = c3" - y - I - l , V n = 1,2,... M a l a d a thuTc b a c k t h e o n .
x i = 2 nen 2 = c.3' - ^ - ^ - 1 <4> c = i. Vay day so can t i m la ( x „ ) v6i C a c h giai. Giai phuong t r i n h dac trUng aA + 6 = 0 t i m dvfdc A. Ta c6
x„ = 4.3"-'-^-^-l,Vn=l,2,...
Trong do x^T = cA", Vn = 1,2,... (c la hSing so se t i m sau). Con x ; \h. mOt
B a i todn 6 3 . Tinh tSng 5„ = 1^ + 2^ + • • • + n^. nghiem rieng bat k i ciia ax„+i + 6x„ = PA:(n).7",Vn = 1,2,... va ducjc xac
dinh nhir sau:
G i a i . Ta c6 5„+i = 1^ + 2^ + • • • + + (n + 1)2. V?ly day so ( 5 „ ) thoa man • Neu A # 7 t h i x ; = Qkin).'r", v6i Qfc(n) la da thiifc bac k theo n .
d i l u kien 5 i = 1 va • Neu A = 7 t h i x ; = nQfe(n).7", vdi Qfc(n) la da thiic bac k theo n .
5„+i = 5 „ + (n + l ) 2 . (1) Thay x^ vao ax„+i + 6x„ = Pfc(n).7", roi d6ng nhat he so t a t i m dUdc x ; .
T i t x„ = x;r + x ; , Vn = 1,2,..., lay n = 1 roi suT dyng x i = a, t i m du^c c.
V i phitong t r i n h dac t r u n g la A = 1 nen
B a i t o a n 6 6 . Ttm day { x n j + ^ i biet x i = 2010, x„+i = 7x„ + 7 " + \ V n e N*.
Sn = ^ ( 1 ) " + n(an2 + 6n + c) = yl + an^ + + cn (o 7^ 0 ) ,
trong do x^ = an^ + bri^ + cn thoa man (1), tiic la G i a i . T i t gia thiet t a c6 v '
a ( n + 1)3 + b{n + 1)^ + c(n + 1) = an^ + (6 + l ) n 2 + (c + 2)n + 1. x i - 2 0 1 0 , x„+i = 7 x „ + 7 . 7 " , V n = 1,2,... ''''''
Dong nhat he so, t a dif^c Phuong t r i n h dac t r i m g A - 7 = 0 c6 nghiem la A = 7. Vay so h^ng t6ng quat
ciia day so da cho co dang
f 3a + 6 = 6 + l / i 1 i\
x„ = c7" + x ; , V n = l , 2 , . . . • • ^»
3 2 v6i x ; = a n 7 " , Vn = 1,2,... l a mot n g h i f m rieng bat k i cua

Do do = A + y + y + ^ . M a 5 i = 1 nen ^ = 0. V&y
x„+i = 7 x „ + 7 " + \ V n = l , 2 , . . .
n2 n n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + 1)
Do do thay vao t a dUdc
^"-y"^y + 6 = ^ •
o(n + l ) 7 " + ' = 7 a n 7 " + 7 " + ' = J > a ( n + l ) = an + l = * - a = l .
52
53
V$,y x ; = n7", Vn € N*. Suy ra a;„ = c7" + n7",Vn G N * . Ma x i = 2010 nen Daps6.x„ = 3 " - 2 " , V n = l , 2 , . . .
2010 = c7 + 7 c = 2003.7"^ B a i tokn 70. Tfn/i fon^ 5„ = 1 + 4a + Oa^ H + nâ"-!, t;(?i a ^ 1 .
Do do so h ^ g tong quat ciia day so da cho la Giai. 5„+i = 1 + 4a + 9a2 + ... + n 2 a " - i + (n + l ) 2 a " = 5 „ + (n + 1)20".
V^y day so (Sn) thoa man: 5 i = 1 va „ ,i:
x„ = 2003.7"-' + n7", Vn = 1,2,...
5„+i = 5 „ + (n + l ) 2 a " , Vn = 1,2,...
Bai t o a n 67. Tim day so {x„}+~i biet XQ = 4 ud ^
Do do
xn+i = - 5 x „ + (n + 1)2", Vn = 0,1,2,... (1) 5 „ = C + (an2 + 6n + c)a", Vn = 1,2,...
G i a i . Phvrdn(5 trinh dac trUng A = - 5 . Vay so hang tQng quat cua day so da Vi 5 ; = (an^ + 6n + C)Q" la nghiem rieng cua ( 1 ) nen
cho CO d?uig a(n + if + 6(n + 1 ) + c] a"+i = (an^ + 6n + c)a" + (n + 1)20"
x„=c(-5)" + x;,Vn=l,2,... [a(n + 1)^ + 6(n + 1 ) + c] a = an2 + 6n + c + (n + 1)2
vdi X* = (a,J - i - b) 2" la mot nghifm rieng bat ki cua (1). Do do thay vao ta <(4>a [an2 + (2a + 6)n + a + 6 + c] = (a + l)n2 + (6 + 2)n + c + 1 .
Doug nhat hg so ta dvtgc
[a(n + l) + b] 2"+' = - 5 (an + 6)2" + (n + 1)2" aa = a + 1 / 1 oQ
a+1
[a(n + 1) + 6] 2 = - 5 (an + 6) + (n + 1) a(2aH-6)=6 + 2 <^(a;6;c) =
a(a + 6 + c) = c + l \a-V (a-1)2'(a-1)^
^ 2 a n + 2a + 26 = (1 - 5a)n + 1 - 5 6 .
V£ly
Dong iihat he so ta duoc 2n a +1
Sn = C + n' a", Vn = 1,2,...
a - 1 ( a - 1)2 ( a - 1)^J
r 2a=l-5a ^(n-h^ - f^-
Vi 5 i = 1 nen
1 2 a + 26 = 1 - 56 ^ 1^7'49^-
1 a +1
V^y x ; = ( y + ^ ) 2 " x„ = c.(-5)" + (7 + ^ ) 2". Do xo = 4 nen 1=C + a
.a-1 (a-1)2 (a-l)\
^ (a-l)2-2(a-l) + a + l
,5 191
(a-if
49 49
, ^ a^ - 3a2 + 4a ^ - a - 1
So hgiig t6Hg quat cua day so da cho la <^1 = C + —^ — — C = •: - 3 .
(a - 1)
Vay B
g +l n^ 2n a +1
a", Vn = 1,2,...
B a i t o a n 68. Tim day so { x „ } ^ ^ thoa man dieu ki$n i>u = -
(a - 1)^ + [a-1 (a-1)2 + (a-l)^J
xo = l ; 5x„+i+3x„ = 2",Vn = l , 2 , . . . Dang 4. T i m day so (a;„) biet: xi = a \k
12 / 3 \ 1 axn+i + bxn = /n> Vn = 1 , 2,

Daps6..„ =-(^--j +-.2",Vn = l,2,...
t r o n g do a , a,b la cac hSng so cho trvCdc,
Bhi toan 69. Tim day s6 (x„) biit { ^1 = L 3x„ + 2", Vn = 1,2,... a ?t 0,6 # 0,/n = u s i n n x + vcosnx,u^ + 0,x k-rr {k E
54 55
V$,y x ; = n7", Vn € N*. Suy ra a;„ = c7" + n7",Vn G N * . Ma x i = 2010 nen Daps6.x„ = 3 " - 2 " , V n = l , 2 , . . .
2010 = c7 + 7 c = 2003.7"^ B a i tokn 70. Tfn/i fon^ 5„ = 1 + 4a + Oa^ H + nâ"-!, t;(?i a ^ 1 .
Do do so h ^ g tong quat ciia day so da cho la Giai. 5„+i = 1 + 4a + 9a2 + ... + n 2 a " - i + (n + l ) 2 a " = 5 „ + (n + 1)20".
V^y day so (Sn) thoa man: 5 i = 1 va „ ,i:
x„ = 2003.7"-' + n7", Vn = 1,2,...
5„+i = 5 „ + (n + l ) 2 a " , Vn = 1,2,...
Bai t o a n 67. Tim day so {x„}+~i biet XQ = 4 ud ^
Do do
xn+i = - 5 x „ + (n + 1)2", Vn = 0,1,2,... (1) 5 „ = C + (an2 + 6n + c)a", Vn = 1,2,...
G i a i . Phvrdn(5 trinh dac trUng A = - 5 . Vay so hang tQng quat cua day so da Vi 5 ; = (an^ + 6n + C)Q" la nghiem rieng cua ( 1 ) nen
cho CO d?uig a(n + if + 6(n + 1 ) + c] a"+i = (an^ + 6n + c)a" + (n + 1)20"
x„=c(-5)" + x;,Vn=l,2,... [a(n + 1)^ + 6(n + 1 ) + c] a = an2 + 6n + c + (n + 1)2
vdi X* = (a,J - i - b) 2" la mot nghifm rieng bat ki cua (1). Do do thay vao ta <(4>a [an2 + (2a + 6)n + a + 6 + c] = (a + l)n2 + (6 + 2)n + c + 1 .
Doug nhat hg so ta dvtgc
[a(n + l) + b] 2"+' = - 5 (an + 6)2" + (n + 1)2" aa = a + 1 / 1 oQ
a+1
[a(n + 1) + 6] 2 = - 5 (an + 6) + (n + 1) a(2aH-6)=6 + 2 <^(a;6;c) =
a(a + 6 + c) = c + l \a-V (a-1)2'(a-1)^
^ 2 a n + 2a + 26 = (1 - 5a)n + 1 - 5 6 .
V£ly
Dong iihat he so ta duoc 2n a +1
Sn = C + n' a", Vn = 1,2,...
a - 1 ( a - 1)2 ( a - 1)^J
r 2a=l-5a ^(n-h^ - f^-
Vi 5 i = 1 nen
1 2 a + 26 = 1 - 56 ^ 1^7'49^-
1 a +1
V^y x ; = ( y + ^ ) 2 " x„ = c.(-5)" + (7 + ^ ) 2". Do xo = 4 nen 1=C + a
.a-1 (a-1)2 (a-l)\
^ (a-l)2-2(a-l) + a + l
,5 191
(a-if
49 49
, ^ a^ - 3a2 + 4a ^ - a - 1
So hgiig t6Hg quat cua day so da cho la <^1 = C + —^ — — C = •: - 3 .
(a - 1)
Vay B
g +l n^ 2n a +1
a", Vn = 1,2,...
B a i t o a n 68. Tim day so { x „ } ^ ^ thoa man dieu ki$n i>u = -
(a - 1)^ + [a-1 (a-1)2 + (a-l)^J
xo = l ; 5x„+i+3x„ = 2",Vn = l , 2 , . . . Dang 4. T i m day so (a;„) biet: xi = a \k
12 / 3 \ 1 axn+i + bxn = /n> Vn = 1 , 2,

Daps6..„ =-(^--j +-.2",Vn = l,2,...
t r o n g do a , a,b la cac hSng so cho trvCdc,
Bhi toan 69. Tim day s6 (x„) biit { ^1 = L 3x„ + 2", Vn = 1,2,... a ?t 0,6 # 0,/n = u s i n n x + vcosnx,u^ + 0,x k-rr {k E
54 55
C a c h giai. Giai phUdng t r i n h d?Lc t n t n g aA + 6 = 0 t i m dvt(?c A. Ta c6
g a i t o a n 73. Tinh tSng 5„ = cosx + cos2x H 1- cosnx.
G i a i . Ta c6
Trong do x^T = cA", Vn = 1,2,... (c Ik hang so se t i m sau). Con x ' du<?c xac
dinh n h u sau: 5^^j = cosx + cos2x H h cosnx + cos(n + l ) x = Sn + cos(n + l ) x .
X* = >l sin nx + B cos nx. Vay day so (5„) thoa man 5 i = cosx va
B a i t o a n 71. Tim day s6 {xn}^^^ sao cho xo = 0 va 5„ = 5„_i + cosnx, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
1 \/3 HTT
(1) Phirdng t r i n h dftc t n m g la A = 1. Do do
x„+i = - x „ + — c o s - ^ , Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . Sn = C ( l ) " + >4sinnx + Bcosnx = C + >lsinnx + B c o s n x , Vn = 1 , 2 , .
Y i s* = y l s i n n x + 5 c o s n x la nghi?m rieng ciia (1) nen v6i mpi n = 2,3,

G i a i . Phudng t r i n h dac t r u n g la A = i . Ta c6 x„ = x;r + x^, trong do ta CO y l s i n n x + Bcosnx = i4sin(n — l ) x + Bcos{n — l ) x + cosnx, hay
x„ = c (^-j . nn ^ nn
, x ; = ^ ssim - y + B c o s
A sin nx + B cos n x = J4 (sin nx cos x — cos n x sin x )
Do (x^) la mot nghiem rieng ciia (1) nen + B (cos nx cos X + sin nx sin x) + cos n x .
So sanh h$ so ciia sin nx, cos nx a hai ve t a dirpc

2^sin ^ + 25cos ^ = ^sin^ + 5C0S ^ + V/3COS ^. (2)
/ ^ c o s x + B s i n x = >1 ^ / (1 - cosx)yl - 5 s i n x = 0
Do \x - y l s i n x = B -1 ^ \l + (1 - c o s x ) B = 1.
7 r ( n + 1) 1 . 7 r n , v/3 m
M n - ^ = - s m - + _ c o s - Ta CO
D = 1 — cos X — sin X = 1 — 2 C O S X + cos'^x + sin^x = 4sin'^^

7r(n+1) 1 nn y/3 . nn sin X 1 - cos X 4b
COS :: = r cos —„ «— sm —
„
2 3 2 3 0 - sin X 1 — cos X 0 = 1 - cosx.
= sinx, DB = sinx 1
1 1 - cos X
nen tCr (2), so sanh he so cua sin ^ va cos ^ d hai ve t a dUdc
6 3
Vdi sin - 0, t i t (2) t a c6
( A - y/3B = A ^ f A = l ^ * .Trn
\ + B = B + V3 ^ 1 B = 0 =*â;„ = s m — .
(DA DB\
Vayx„ = c(^^^ {A;B) =
+ sm — , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . M a xo = 0 nen c = 0. V?iy day so, D) y^4sin2| 4sin2| j
can t i m la ;
. nTT ,
x„ = s m y , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Do do
X
B a i t o a n 72. r ^ m day s6 {x„}+f^ sao c/io cos —

5* = i 4 s i n n x + S c o s n x = ^ s i n n x + - cosnx
2sin-
xo = l , x„+i = - L x „ - - L s i n ^ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . . X X • I > \
sin nx. cos - + cos nx. sin -2 _ sm^nx + ;
„ . X
D a p so. x„ = c o s ^ , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . 2sm- 2sin-
56 57
C a c h giai. Giai phUdng t r i n h d?Lc t n t n g aA + 6 = 0 t i m dvt(?c A. Ta c6
g a i t o a n 73. Tinh tSng 5„ = cosx + cos2x H 1- cosnx.
G i a i . Ta c6
Trong do x^T = cA", Vn = 1,2,... (c Ik hang so se t i m sau). Con x ' du<?c xac
dinh n h u sau: 5^^j = cosx + cos2x H h cosnx + cos(n + l ) x = Sn + cos(n + l ) x .
X* = >l sin nx + B cos nx. Vay day so (5„) thoa man 5 i = cosx va
B a i t o a n 71. Tim day s6 {xn}^^^ sao cho xo = 0 va 5„ = 5„_i + cosnx, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
1 \/3 HTT
(1) Phirdng t r i n h dftc t n m g la A = 1. Do do
x„+i = - x „ + — c o s - ^ , Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . Sn = C ( l ) " + >4sinnx + Bcosnx = C + >lsinnx + B c o s n x , Vn = 1 , 2 , .
Y i s* = y l s i n n x + 5 c o s n x la nghi?m rieng ciia (1) nen v6i mpi n = 2,3,

G i a i . Phudng t r i n h dac t r u n g la A = i . Ta c6 x„ = x;r + x^, trong do ta CO y l s i n n x + Bcosnx = i4sin(n — l ) x + Bcos{n — l ) x + cosnx, hay
x„ = c (^-j . nn ^ nn
, x ; = ^ ssim - y + B c o s
A sin nx + B cos n x = J4 (sin nx cos x — cos n x sin x )
Do (x^) la mot nghiem rieng ciia (1) nen + B (cos nx cos X + sin nx sin x) + cos n x .
So sanh h$ so ciia sin nx, cos nx a hai ve t a dirpc

2^sin ^ + 25cos ^ = ^sin^ + 5C0S ^ + V/3COS ^. (2)
/ ^ c o s x + B s i n x = >1 ^ / (1 - cosx)yl - 5 s i n x = 0
Do \x - y l s i n x = B -1 ^ \l + (1 - c o s x ) B = 1.
7 r ( n + 1) 1 . 7 r n , v/3 m
M n - ^ = - s m - + _ c o s - Ta CO
D = 1 — cos X — sin X = 1 — 2 C O S X + cos'^x + sin^x = 4sin'^^

7r(n+1) 1 nn y/3 . nn sin X 1 - cos X 4b
COS :: = r cos —„ «— sm —
„
2 3 2 3 0 - sin X 1 — cos X 0 = 1 - cosx.
= sinx, DB = sinx 1
1 1 - cos X
nen tCr (2), so sanh he so cua sin ^ va cos ^ d hai ve t a dUdc
6 3
Vdi sin - 0, t i t (2) t a c6
( A - y/3B = A ^ f A = l ^ * .Trn
\ + B = B + V3 ^ 1 B = 0 =*â;„ = s m — .
(DA DB\
Vayx„ = c(^^^ {A;B) =
+ sm — , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . M a xo = 0 nen c = 0. V?iy day so, D) y^4sin2| 4sin2| j
can t i m la ;
. nTT ,
x„ = s m y , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Do do
X
B a i t o a n 72. r ^ m day s6 {x„}+f^ sao c/io cos —

5* = i 4 s i n n x + S c o s n x = ^ s i n n x + - cosnx
2sin-
xo = l , x„+i = - L x „ - - L s i n ^ , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . . X X • I > \
sin nx. cos - + cos nx. sin -2 _ sm^nx + ;
„ . X
D a p so. x„ = c o s ^ , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . 2sm- 2sin-
56 57
sin(nx + - ) Giai* Phitdng t r i n h d?lc t n m g A - 2 = 0 c6 nghi^m A = 2. T a c6
Vay 5 „ = C + — Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Do 5 i = cosx nen
2sin-
. 3x . 3x trong do
sin — sin —
CH ^ = c o s x C = cosx - ^ u;r = C.2", u^=an^ + bn + c, u" = A.n.2".
2sin- 2sin- Thay < vao u„+i = 2u„ + n ^ , t a dUdc
. X . 3x . 3x . X . 3x a{n + if + b{n+l) + c = 2av? + 2bn + 2c + n ^ , Vn = 1, 2 , . . .
2 cos X sin - - sin — sin — — sin - - sin —
<:^C = ^ ^ C = ^ « . 2a; 2 Chpn n = 1 t a ditdc 4a + 26 + c = 2a + 26 + 2c + 1 hay 2a - c = 1. Cho n = 2
2sin- 2sin-
2 2 ta ditdc
9a + 36 + c = 8a + 46 + 2c + 4 < = > a - 6 - c = 4.
Vay C = do do
Cho n = 3 t a ditdc 2a + 26 + c = - 9 . Ta dUdc he sau:
3J X X ( 2a-c=l ( a = -1
< a - b- c = 4 <^ < b = -2
Sn sin(nx
„ . +X - ) ^ sin(nx „+ -. ) a;- sin - t 2o + 26 + c = - 9 t c = -3.
2sin- 2sin-
- 2~ 2
V^y K * = - n ' ^ - 2n - 3. Thay < * vho phUdng t r i n h u„+i = 2u„ + 2.2" t a
( n + l ) x . nx
cos sin — ditdc
= ^ ^ , Vn = l , 2 , . . .
A ( n H - 1 ) 2 " + ' = 2.>ln.2" + 2.2" ^ . 2 " + ' = 2.2" A = 1.
sin-
X X V§,y < * = n.2'\o do u„ = c2" - - 2n - 3 + n.2". M a u i = 1 nen
• K h i sin - = 0 -(^ - = fcTT X = fc27r (fc € Z ) , t a c6 5 „ = n .
L i A i y. Qua cac bai toan 63, 70, 73, t a thay rang phUdng t r i n h sai phan cho l = 2 c - l - 2 - 3 + 2<^c=-.
ta m o t phitdng phap nhat quan dS: t i n h t6ng. 1 -{U'f'
Dang 5. T i m day so ( x „ ) bilt: aji = a va \ V$,y u„ = 5 . 2 " - i - n2 - 2n - 3 + n.2", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
Dang 6. T i m day so ( x „ ) biet: x i = a va

aXn+i + bXn = fin + / 2 n , Vn = 1 , 2,
aXn+l + bXn = /in + /2n H H fan, Vn = 1 , 2, . . .

trong do a , a , b la cac h^ng s6 cho trtTdc, a ^ 0,b 0, / i „ la da thuTc
theo n va / 2 „ = /3.7".
trong do a , a, b la cac hkng so cho trifdc.
C a c h giai. Giai phudng t r i n h dSc tr inig aA + 6 = 0 t i m dit0c A. Ta c6
Cach giai. Giai phUdng t r i n h dSc trifng aA + 6 = 0 t i m diI0c A. Ta c6
Xn — + X„ + x".
a^n = a;„ + + X 2 „ + • • • + x*„
TVong do "xTT = cA", = 1 , 2 , . . . (c la hSLng so se t i m sau), x^, x** Ian lugft
1^ ngb' .!in rieng ciia Trong do x ; : = cA", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (c la hang so se t i m sau), xl^ (A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , s)
1^ nghi§m rieng ciia
aXn+l + bXn = fin, aXn+1 + 6x„ = / 2 „ .
ax„+i + 6x„ = fkn-
B a i toan 74. Tim x „ biet Sau day ta se t r i n h bay m o t phitdng phap t5ng quat hdn, goi la phUdng phap
'îen thien hang .so, phitdng phap nay ditdc the hien qua dang 7 sau day.
ui = 1, Un+i = 2u„ + + 2.2", n e N * .
59
sin(nx + - ) Giai* Phitdng t r i n h d?lc t n m g A - 2 = 0 c6 nghi^m A = 2. T a c6
Vay 5 „ = C + — Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Do 5 i = cosx nen
2sin-
. 3x . 3x trong do
sin — sin —
CH ^ = c o s x C = cosx - ^ u;r = C.2", u^=an^ + bn + c, u" = A.n.2".
2sin- 2sin- Thay < vao u„+i = 2u„ + n ^ , t a dUdc
. X . 3x . 3x . X . 3x a{n + if + b{n+l) + c = 2av? + 2bn + 2c + n ^ , Vn = 1, 2 , . . .
2 cos X sin - - sin — sin — — sin - - sin —
<:^C = ^ ^ C = ^ « . 2a; 2 Chpn n = 1 t a ditdc 4a + 26 + c = 2a + 26 + 2c + 1 hay 2a - c = 1. Cho n = 2
2sin- 2sin-
2 2 ta ditdc
9a + 36 + c = 8a + 46 + 2c + 4 < = > a - 6 - c = 4.
Vay C = do do
Cho n = 3 t a ditdc 2a + 26 + c = - 9 . Ta dUdc he sau:
3J X X ( 2a-c=l ( a = -1
< a - b- c = 4 <^ < b = -2
Sn sin(nx
„ . +X - ) ^ sin(nx „+ -. ) a;- sin - t 2o + 26 + c = - 9 t c = -3.
2sin- 2sin-
- 2~ 2
V^y K * = - n ' ^ - 2n - 3. Thay < * vho phUdng t r i n h u„+i = 2u„ + 2.2" t a
( n + l ) x . nx
cos sin — ditdc
= ^ ^ , Vn = l , 2 , . . .
A ( n H - 1 ) 2 " + ' = 2.>ln.2" + 2.2" ^ . 2 " + ' = 2.2" A = 1.
sin-
X X V§,y < * = n.2'\o do u„ = c2" - - 2n - 3 + n.2". M a u i = 1 nen
• K h i sin - = 0 -(^ - = fcTT X = fc27r (fc € Z ) , t a c6 5 „ = n .
L i A i y. Qua cac bai toan 63, 70, 73, t a thay rang phUdng t r i n h sai phan cho l = 2 c - l - 2 - 3 + 2<^c=-.
ta m o t phitdng phap nhat quan dS: t i n h t6ng. 1 -{U'f'
Dang 5. T i m day so ( x „ ) bilt: aji = a va \ V$,y u„ = 5 . 2 " - i - n2 - 2n - 3 + n.2", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
Dang 6. T i m day so ( x „ ) biet: x i = a va

aXn+i + bXn = fin + / 2 n , Vn = 1 , 2,
aXn+l + bXn = /in + /2n H H fan, Vn = 1 , 2, . . .

trong do a , a , b la cac h^ng s6 cho trtTdc, a ^ 0,b 0, / i „ la da thuTc
theo n va / 2 „ = /3.7".
trong do a , a, b la cac hkng so cho trifdc.
C a c h giai. Giai phudng t r i n h dSc tr inig aA + 6 = 0 t i m dit0c A. Ta c6
Cach giai. Giai phUdng t r i n h dSc trifng aA + 6 = 0 t i m diI0c A. Ta c6
Xn — + X„ + x".
a^n = a;„ + + X 2 „ + • • • + x*„
TVong do "xTT = cA", = 1 , 2 , . . . (c la hSLng so se t i m sau), x^, x** Ian lugft
1^ ngb' .!in rieng ciia Trong do x ; : = cA", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (c la hang so se t i m sau), xl^ (A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , s)
1^ nghi§m rieng ciia
aXn+l + bXn = fin, aXn+1 + 6x„ = / 2 „ .
ax„+i + 6x„ = fkn-
B a i toan 74. Tim x „ biet Sau day ta se t r i n h bay m o t phitdng phap t5ng quat hdn, goi la phUdng phap
'îen thien hang .so, phitdng phap nay ditdc the hien qua dang 7 sau day.
ui = 1, Un+i = 2u„ + + 2.2", n e N * .
59
G i a i . G i a i p h i t d n g t r i n h die t n m g A - 1 = 0 t i m diKjc A = 1. V a y so h?ing
D a n g 7 ( P h i r o n g p h a p b i e n t h i e n h a n g so). T i m d a y s o {xn}:^^ biet t6ng q u * t '^"^ ^ ^° ' ^ ^ ^
x„ = x;: + x ; .
axn+i + bx„ = / „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . .
I V o n g do x;r = c A " = c, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (c l a h a n g so se t i m s a u ) , x * l a nghiem
t r o n g d o a, a, b l a c a c h 5 n g s 6 c h o t r i T d c , a ^ 0 , 6 7^ 0 , / „ l a m o t r i e n g c i i a x „ + i = x „ + s i n n x , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , v a x * dU(?c t i m n h u s a u : T a c6
h a m theo n . t h e x e m c l a niQt h a m t h e o n v a t i m x * = c „ . T h a y x * = c„ vao (*) t a d i l d c
c „ + i = c„ 4- s i n n x , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
C a c h g i a i . Q i a i p h u d n g t r i n h dac t r u n g aA + 6 = 0 t i m dUdc A. T a c 6
^Cn+i ~ Cn = s i n n x , V n = 1,2,...
Suy r a
C2 - c i = s m x ,
T r o n g d o x ; : = c A " , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (c l a h a n g so se t i m s a u ) , x*„ l a n g h i e m
C3 - C2 = s i n 2 x ,
r i e n g c u a axn+i + 6x„ = / „ , v a x,* diWc t i m n h u san: T a c 6 t h a x e m c l a m o t
h a m t h e o n vk t i m x ; = c „ A " . T h a y x ; = c „ A " vao
r „ - C n - i = .sin(n - l ) x . ' i
• if
o x „ + i + 6x„ = / „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
C o n g l a i t a dUdc c.„ - ci = s i n x + s i n 2 x H h sin(n - l ) x . Vay
t a ditoc X * = c„ = [c'l + s i n x + s i n 2 x H 1- s i n ( n - l ) x ] , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
ac„+iA"+» + 6 c „ A " = / „ , V n = 1,2,... V i x * = c„ t h o a m a n x „ + i = x „ + s i n n x , V n = 1, 2 , . . . n e n c i = x i = 0. V^y
X * = [sin X + s i n 2 x + h s i n ( n - l ) x l , V n = 1, 2 , . . .
<t*ac„+iA" + 6 c „ A " = /„,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Neu sin | = 0 t h i x,* = 0 x „ = 0, V n = 1, 2 , . . . C o n n e u s i n | 7^ 0 t h i v d i
^ - 6A" (c„+i - c„) = /„, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
n i g i n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a CO
<S=»c„+i _ c „ = - A _ V n = l,2,...
1 X X X
sin — s i n x -h s i n — sin2a: H- • • - f s i n — s i n ( n — l)x
Suy r a sm- ^
( X
_ (^cos 2 -
3x\
y j 3x
+ (^cos _
5x\
- cos y j{ 2+n -(^cos
3)x
— ^
(2n-l)x\
cos — y — j
/2 2sm-
C-i- C2 = -
6A2'
nx (n — l ) x
" / n 1 ( cos -X - cos •{ 2 n - l ) x \m — s m
C„ - C „ _ i = -
6A"'
2 sin I 2 y sm-
X
C o n g l a i t a durtc c„ - c i = - - • Vay . nx . (n - l)x

6 A A2 A" sm — sm
Vaya>. 2 ^ — ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . . Suy r a
. X
sm-
< = c„A" = A",Vn = 1,2,...
A2+ +A^
/J . nx . (n - l ) x
s m —- s m
B a i t o d n 7 5 . T i m { x „ } + ^ sao cho x„ = c + x ' = c + 2 _ 2 _ ^ v n = l , 2 , . . .
sin-
xi = 0, x „ + i = x „ + s i n n x , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
(*)
61
G i a i . G i a i p h i t d n g t r i n h die t n m g A - 1 = 0 t i m diKjc A = 1. V a y so h?ing
D a n g 7 ( P h i r o n g p h a p b i e n t h i e n h a n g so). T i m d a y s o {xn}:^^ biet t6ng q u * t '^"^ ^ ^° ' ^ ^ ^
x„ = x;: + x ; .
axn+i + bx„ = / „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . .
I V o n g do x;r = c A " = c, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (c l a h a n g so se t i m s a u ) , x * l a nghiem
t r o n g d o a, a, b l a c a c h 5 n g s 6 c h o t r i T d c , a ^ 0 , 6 7^ 0 , / „ l a m o t r i e n g c i i a x „ + i = x „ + s i n n x , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , v a x * dU(?c t i m n h u s a u : T a c6
h a m theo n . t h e x e m c l a niQt h a m t h e o n v a t i m x * = c „ . T h a y x * = c„ vao (*) t a d i l d c
c „ + i = c„ 4- s i n n x , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
C a c h g i a i . Q i a i p h u d n g t r i n h dac t r u n g aA + 6 = 0 t i m dUdc A. T a c 6
^Cn+i ~ Cn = s i n n x , V n = 1,2,...
Suy r a
C2 - c i = s m x ,
T r o n g d o x ; : = c A " , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (c l a h a n g so se t i m s a u ) , x*„ l a n g h i e m
C3 - C2 = s i n 2 x ,
r i e n g c u a axn+i + 6x„ = / „ , v a x,* diWc t i m n h u san: T a c 6 t h a x e m c l a m o t
h a m t h e o n vk t i m x ; = c „ A " . T h a y x ; = c „ A " vao
r „ - C n - i = .sin(n - l ) x . ' i
• if
o x „ + i + 6x„ = / „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
C o n g l a i t a dUdc c.„ - ci = s i n x + s i n 2 x H h sin(n - l ) x . Vay
t a ditoc X * = c„ = [c'l + s i n x + s i n 2 x H 1- s i n ( n - l ) x ] , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
ac„+iA"+» + 6 c „ A " = / „ , V n = 1,2,... V i x * = c„ t h o a m a n x „ + i = x „ + s i n n x , V n = 1, 2 , . . . n e n c i = x i = 0. V^y
X * = [sin X + s i n 2 x + h s i n ( n - l ) x l , V n = 1, 2 , . . .
<t*ac„+iA" + 6 c „ A " = /„,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Neu sin | = 0 t h i x,* = 0 x „ = 0, V n = 1, 2 , . . . C o n n e u s i n | 7^ 0 t h i v d i
^ - 6A" (c„+i - c„) = /„, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
n i g i n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a CO
<S=»c„+i _ c „ = - A _ V n = l,2,...
1 X X X
sin — s i n x -h s i n — sin2a: H- • • - f s i n — s i n ( n — l)x
Suy r a sm- ^
( X
_ (^cos 2 -
3x\
y j 3x
+ (^cos _
5x\
- cos y j{ 2+n -(^cos
3)x
— ^
(2n-l)x\
cos — y — j
/2 2sm-
C-i- C2 = -
6A2'
nx (n — l ) x
" / n 1 ( cos -X - cos •{ 2 n - l ) x \m — s m
C„ - C „ _ i = -
6A"'
2 sin I 2 y sm-
X
C o n g l a i t a durtc c„ - c i = - - • Vay . nx . (n - l)x

6 A A2 A" sm — sm
Vaya>. 2 ^ — ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . . Suy r a
. X
sm-
< = c„A" = A",Vn = 1,2,...
A2+ +A^
/J . nx . (n - l ) x
s m —- s m
B a i t o d n 7 5 . T i m { x „ } + ^ sao cho x„ = c + x ' = c + 2 _ 2 _ ^ v n = l , 2 , . . .
sin-
xi = 0, x „ + i = x „ + s i n n x , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
(*)
61
ân^ +an + bn + an + a + b- ban - 5b = n^ - 3 n + 1, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . .i,?
V i x i = 0 n e n 0 = c. B 6 i v§,y a;„ = -,Vn=l,2,... <t4-an^ + (6 - 3 a ) n + o - 46 = - 3 n + l , V n = 1,2,...
sm-
D o n g n h a t h e so t a dUdc
LMU y. V H n d u n g k i l n thu:c ve sai p h a n , t a de d a n g t i m dUdc Cn r a t n h a n h
n h u sau: T\t c „ + i - c „ = s i n n x , t a c6 | r 3 a = -3
1 a - 46 = 1
^\t-0 1 6 - 0 .
"
Ac„ = sinnx c„ = sinna; = cos (~ + nx).

V0.y fin) = suy r a c„ = D o do x ^ = ^ . 5 " = B d i vay
B a i t o a n 7 6 . Ttm day so { x „ } + f ° i thoa man x„ = c5" + ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . .
xi = 4, x„+i = 5x„ + g (n^ - 3 n + l ) n ! , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . 1 19

T f i x i = 4, t a CO 4 = 5c + - 25c = 19 c = — . V?Ly
H i f d n g d a n . G i a i p h i l d n g t r i n h dac t r i f t i g A - 5 = 0 t i m d i r ^ c A = 5. V§.y so x „ = 19.5"-2 + ! ^ , V n = l,2,...

h9,ng t o n g q u a t c i i a d a y so d a c h o c6 d a n g 5
Xn=x;:+ X^. D a n g 8. PhvTdng t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y i n t i n h c a p m o t v d i h e s 6 b i e n

t h i e n : T i m Xn t h o a m a n
TVong d o x ; : = c 5 " , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (c l a h S n g so se t i m s a u ) , x ^ l a n g h i e m r i e n g
cua x„+i - a „ x „ = b„, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
x „ + i = 5x„ + - ( n ^ - 3 n + l ) n ! , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (i) T r o n g d o Ur,, b n l a c a c h a m t h e o n .
v a x ; diWc r i m n h i ; sau: T a c6 t h e x c m c l a m p t h a m t h e o n v a t i m x * = c „ 5 " . C a c h g i a i . T a de d a n g c h i i n g m i n h dUdc n g h i e m t o n g q u a t c i i a (1) l a

T h a y x ^ = C n S " vao ( i ) , t a d u o c
a:„ = S ; r + < , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
c „ + i 5 " + i = c „ 5 " + i + ^ (n2 - 3 n + 1) n ! , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . T r o n g d o x^ l a n g h i e m t o n g q u a t c i i a p h i l d n g t r i n h t h u a n n h a t

5
(n2 - 3 n + l ) n ! ^ x „ + i - a „ x „ = 0 , V n = 1,2,... (2)
^c„+i - c „ = ^ g„+2 ,Vn=l,2,... (*)
c 6 n x ; l a m o t n g h i e m r i e n g c i i a ( 1 ) . S a u d a y t a se t r i n h b a y h a i each t h u d n g
. (n2 - 3 n + l ) n ! ^
<Âc„ = ^ ,Vn = 1,2,... d u n g de g i a i n h i i n g b a i t o a n c i i a d a n g nay.
5"+2
C a c h 1 . Tiir (2) t a c6
-1 /^(n^ - 3 n + l ) n !
,Vn = l,2,... X2 = aixi •
5"+2
X3 = 02X2 = a i a 2 X i V.1
X4 = 03X3 = 010203X1
T f r (*), t a d i r d o a n c„ se c 6 d ^ n g c„ = T h a y v a o (*) t a dUdc
x„ = a i 0 2 . . . a „ _ i x i . ;.
/(n+l)(n+l)! /(n)n! (n2-3n + l)n! ^ .
V$,y ("YI O i ^ C l a n g h i e m t o n g q u a t cua (2). C o n dg t i m x * t a t h u 5 n g d u n g

5n+2 5n+l - 5n+2 , V n - l , 2 , ...
\i=l / ,
(**)
= ^ / ( n + l ) ( n + 1) - 5 / ( n ) = n ^ - 3 n + 1, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . p h u d n g p h a p b i g n t h i e n h a n g so. ' ' '
C 6 c h 2 . D a t x „ = ZnVn, v 6 i Zn, Vn x a c d i n h s a u . T h a y v a o ( 1 ) , t a dUdc
T t t (**), t a d u d o a n / ( n ) = a n + 6, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . T h a y vao (**), t a dUdc
2 „ + i t ; „ + i - a„ZnV„ = 6„,
( a n + a + 6) ( n + 1) - 5 a n - 56 = n ^ - 3 n + 1, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
62 63
ân^ +an + bn + an + a + b- ban - 5b = n^ - 3 n + 1, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . .i,?
V i x i = 0 n e n 0 = c. B 6 i v§,y a;„ = -,Vn=l,2,... <t4-an^ + (6 - 3 a ) n + o - 46 = - 3 n + l , V n = 1,2,...
sm-
D o n g n h a t h e so t a dUdc
LMU y. V H n d u n g k i l n thu:c ve sai p h a n , t a de d a n g t i m dUdc Cn r a t n h a n h
n h u sau: T\t c „ + i - c „ = s i n n x , t a c6 | r 3 a = -3
1 a - 46 = 1
^\t-0 1 6 - 0 .
"
Ac„ = sinnx c„ = sinna; = cos (~ + nx).

V0.y fin) = suy r a c„ = D o do x ^ = ^ . 5 " = B d i vay
B a i t o a n 7 6 . Ttm day so { x „ } + f ° i thoa man x„ = c5" + ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . .
xi = 4, x„+i = 5x„ + g (n^ - 3 n + l ) n ! , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . 1 19

T f i x i = 4, t a CO 4 = 5c + - 25c = 19 c = — . V?Ly
H i f d n g d a n . G i a i p h i l d n g t r i n h dac t r i f t i g A - 5 = 0 t i m d i r ^ c A = 5. V§.y so x „ = 19.5"-2 + ! ^ , V n = l,2,...

h9,ng t o n g q u a t c i i a d a y so d a c h o c6 d a n g 5
Xn=x;:+ X^. D a n g 8. PhvTdng t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y i n t i n h c a p m o t v d i h e s 6 b i e n

t h i e n : T i m Xn t h o a m a n
TVong d o x ; : = c 5 " , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (c l a h S n g so se t i m s a u ) , x ^ l a n g h i e m r i e n g
cua x„+i - a „ x „ = b„, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
x „ + i = 5x„ + - ( n ^ - 3 n + l ) n ! , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (i) T r o n g d o Ur,, b n l a c a c h a m t h e o n .
v a x ; diWc r i m n h i ; sau: T a c6 t h e x c m c l a m p t h a m t h e o n v a t i m x * = c „ 5 " . C a c h g i a i . T a de d a n g c h i i n g m i n h dUdc n g h i e m t o n g q u a t c i i a (1) l a

T h a y x ^ = C n S " vao ( i ) , t a d u o c
a:„ = S ; r + < , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
c „ + i 5 " + i = c „ 5 " + i + ^ (n2 - 3 n + 1) n ! , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . T r o n g d o x^ l a n g h i e m t o n g q u a t c i i a p h i l d n g t r i n h t h u a n n h a t

5
(n2 - 3 n + l ) n ! ^ x „ + i - a „ x „ = 0 , V n = 1,2,... (2)
^c„+i - c „ = ^ g„+2 ,Vn=l,2,... (*)
c 6 n x ; l a m o t n g h i e m r i e n g c i i a ( 1 ) . S a u d a y t a se t r i n h b a y h a i each t h u d n g
. (n2 - 3 n + l ) n ! ^
<Âc„ = ^ ,Vn = 1,2,... d u n g de g i a i n h i i n g b a i t o a n c i i a d a n g nay.
5"+2
C a c h 1 . Tiir (2) t a c6
-1 /^(n^ - 3 n + l ) n !
,Vn = l,2,... X2 = aixi •
5"+2
X3 = 02X2 = a i a 2 X i V.1
X4 = 03X3 = 010203X1
T f r (*), t a d i r d o a n c„ se c 6 d ^ n g c„ = T h a y v a o (*) t a dUdc
x„ = a i 0 2 . . . a „ _ i x i . ;.
/(n+l)(n+l)! /(n)n! (n2-3n + l)n! ^ .
V$,y ("YI O i ^ C l a n g h i e m t o n g q u a t cua (2). C o n dg t i m x * t a t h u 5 n g d u n g

5n+2 5n+l - 5n+2 , V n - l , 2 , ...
\i=l / ,
(**)
= ^ / ( n + l ) ( n + 1) - 5 / ( n ) = n ^ - 3 n + 1, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . p h u d n g p h a p b i g n t h i e n h a n g so. ' ' '
C 6 c h 2 . D a t x „ = ZnVn, v 6 i Zn, Vn x a c d i n h s a u . T h a y v a o ( 1 ) , t a dUdc
T t t (**), t a d u d o a n / ( n ) = a n + 6, V n = 1 , 2 , . . . T h a y vao (**), t a dUdc
2 „ + i t ; „ + i - a„ZnV„ = 6„,
( a n + a + 6) ( n + 1) - 5 a n - 56 = n ^ - 3 n + 1, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
62 63
ma Vn+i = A t ' n + Vn lien
B a i t o a n 78. Tim x„ thoa man
Zn+i (Avn + Vn) - a„z„t;„ = 6„ <=> {Zn+l - a„z„) Vn + z„+i A D „ = 6„. (*)
Xn+i - ( n + l ) x „ = 2 " ( n - l ) , V n = l , 2 , . . . (1)
Gia suf Zn la mot nghiom rieng cua phitrtng t r i n h thuan nhat, k h i do theo
n-l dan. Dat x„ = ZnVn, vdi
each 1 suy ra z„ = a, (lay C = 1 ) . Thay vao {*), ta dU(?c
2"(n-l) /(n)2" ^
=^Xn = ZnVn = 2 „ A ^ f-^Y Ta (-an dat v„ =? do Av„ = i)„+i - i)„ = ——p-j- t^n = ;—• buy ra
1/ (n + I j ! n!
/ ( n + l ) 2 " + ' _ / ( n ) 2 " _ 2 " ( n - 1) m'
B a i t o a n 77. Ttm j-„ biet
(n+1)! n! ~ (n + 1 ) !
xi = 1, x„+i = nx„ + n.n!, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ^2/(n+l)-(n+l)/(n)=n-l. (*)
H t r d n g d a n . Xet a;„+i = n x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . K h i do Vay ta chi can chpn / ( n ) = a (a la hang so). Thay vao (*), ta ditdc
X2 = l.Xi '2a - (n + l)a — ii-l=â — an = n — l=>a = —1.

X3 - 2.12 = 2.1.X1
X4 = 3.X3 = 3 . 2 . I . X 1
Xn = 1 . 2 . . . ( n - l ) x i
Xn - n ! + = C.n! - 2", Vn - 1 , 2 , . . . (vdi C la hang s6).
x„ = 1 . 2 . . . ( n - l ) x i .
Suy ra x;r = 1.2 . . . ( n - 1)C, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . la nghi$m tong quat cua phudng

t r i n h thuan nhat. Tiep theo ta t i m rapt nghiom rieng ciia phudng t r i n h khong 1.3.2 Su" d u n g p h v f d n g t r i n h sai p h a n t u y i n t i n h c4p hai.
thuan nhat. Ta xem x„ = 1 . 2 . . . (n - 1)C„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , thay vao phUdng
t r i n h khong thuan nhat t a dUdc D a n g 9 (Giai phuoiig t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap hai thuan nhS.t). T i m
a;,, t h o a m a n d i e u k i e n : x i = a,X2 = (3 v a
1 . 2 . . . n C „ + i = 1 . 2 . . . n C „ + n.n!
^Cn+i -Cn = n<^ ACn=n<=>Cn = A'^n = A-^n^^) axn+i + bxn + cxn-i = 0, V n = 2, 3 , . . . . . W
T r o n g d o a , (3, a, b, c l a h S n g so c h o t r u f d c , a 7^ 0 va c ^ 0.
C a c h g i a i . Giai plmong t r i n h dac t i l i n g a\'^ + bX+c = 0 tun dttdc hai nghiein

Vay x ; = 1.2 . . . ( n - 1 ) " ^ " ^ = n ! V n = 1 , 2 , . . . la mpt nghi?m rieng la Ai va A2.
cvia p h i w i i g trinh khong thuan nhat. Do do • Neu Ai. A2 la iiai nghieni thuc khac nhau t h i
j,-„ = ylA? + BA^',Vn=l,2,...

xn = ( n - l ) ! C + n ! ^ ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
trong do A vk B diWc xac dinh k h i biet x i , X 2 .
• Ngu A i , A2 la hai nghiem thuc kep, Ai = A2 = A t h i vdi mpi n e N * t a c6
V i x i = 1 ne.i C = 1, do do x„ = ( n - 1 ) ! + n ! ^ ^ ^ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
x„ = {A + Bn)\'',
64
65
ma Vn+i = A t ' n + Vn lien
B a i t o a n 78. Tim x„ thoa man
Zn+i (Avn + Vn) - a„z„t;„ = 6„ <=> {Zn+l - a„z„) Vn + z„+i A D „ = 6„. (*)
Xn+i - ( n + l ) x „ = 2 " ( n - l ) , V n = l , 2 , . . . (1)
Gia suf Zn la mot nghiom rieng cua phitrtng t r i n h thuan nhat, k h i do theo
n-l dan. Dat x„ = ZnVn, vdi
each 1 suy ra z„ = a, (lay C = 1 ) . Thay vao {*), ta dU(?c
2"(n-l) /(n)2" ^
=^Xn = ZnVn = 2 „ A ^ f-^Y Ta (-an dat v„ =? do Av„ = i)„+i - i)„ = ——p-j- t^n = ;—• buy ra
1/ (n + I j ! n!
/ ( n + l ) 2 " + ' _ / ( n ) 2 " _ 2 " ( n - 1) m'
B a i t o a n 77. Ttm j-„ biet
(n+1)! n! ~ (n + 1 ) !
xi = 1, x„+i = nx„ + n.n!, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ^2/(n+l)-(n+l)/(n)=n-l. (*)
H t r d n g d a n . Xet a;„+i = n x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . K h i do Vay ta chi can chpn / ( n ) = a (a la hang so). Thay vao (*), ta ditdc
X2 = l.Xi '2a - (n + l)a — ii-l=â — an = n — l=>a = —1.

X3 - 2.12 = 2.1.X1
X4 = 3.X3 = 3 . 2 . I . X 1
Xn = 1 . 2 . . . ( n - l ) x i
Xn - n ! + = C.n! - 2", Vn - 1 , 2 , . . . (vdi C la hang s6).
x„ = 1 . 2 . . . ( n - l ) x i .
Suy ra x;r = 1.2 . . . ( n - 1)C, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . la nghi$m tong quat cua phudng

t r i n h thuan nhat. Tiep theo ta t i m rapt nghiom rieng ciia phudng t r i n h khong 1.3.2 Su" d u n g p h v f d n g t r i n h sai p h a n t u y i n t i n h c4p hai.
thuan nhat. Ta xem x„ = 1 . 2 . . . (n - 1)C„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , thay vao phUdng
t r i n h khong thuan nhat t a dUdc D a n g 9 (Giai phuoiig t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap hai thuan nhS.t). T i m
a;,, t h o a m a n d i e u k i e n : x i = a,X2 = (3 v a
1 . 2 . . . n C „ + i = 1 . 2 . . . n C „ + n.n!
^Cn+i -Cn = n<^ ACn=n<=>Cn = A'^n = A-^n^^) axn+i + bxn + cxn-i = 0, V n = 2, 3 , . . . . . W
T r o n g d o a , (3, a, b, c l a h S n g so c h o t r u f d c , a 7^ 0 va c ^ 0.
C a c h g i a i . Giai plmong t r i n h dac t i l i n g a\'^ + bX+c = 0 tun dttdc hai nghiein

Vay x ; = 1.2 . . . ( n - 1 ) " ^ " ^ = n ! V n = 1 , 2 , . . . la mpt nghi?m rieng la Ai va A2.
cvia p h i w i i g trinh khong thuan nhat. Do do • Neu Ai. A2 la iiai nghieni thuc khac nhau t h i
j,-„ = ylA? + BA^',Vn=l,2,...

xn = ( n - l ) ! C + n ! ^ ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
trong do A vk B diWc xac dinh k h i biet x i , X 2 .
• Ngu A i , A2 la hai nghiem thuc kep, Ai = A2 = A t h i vdi mpi n e N * t a c6
V i x i = 1 ne.i C = 1, do do x„ = ( n - 1 ) ! + n ! ^ ^ ^ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
x„ = {A + Bn)\'',
64
65
trong do A vh B ditdc xac diiih t\t xi = a, X2 = P- G i a i . PhUdng t r i n h dac triftig cua day so la
• Neu A la nghiem phiic, X = x + iy, t h i dua ve dang litdng giac
A^ - 18A + 1 = 0 <^ A = 9± VSO.
A = r(cos()fi + i sin <;/)).
V^y Un = A{9 + 780)" + B {9 - VSO)" , Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Do = 9, m = 161
K h i do Xn = r " ( ^ cos n4>+B sin ncp), v6i A, B diTdc xac dinh tijt xi = a,X2 = (3. ngn t a c6 h?
C h u y 8. Neu trong gid thiet khong cd xi = a,X2 = P, nghta Id xi,X2 tuy y ( A + B = 9 + 9-v/80
vaB =
thi ta khong can tim A, B, nghla la A, B Id cdc hhng so tuy y vd ( (9 + ^/80) A+{9- v/80) B = 161 ^ ^ " 2
Xn = AX1 + BX^;Xn = {A + Bn)X'';Xn = r''{Acosn<f) + Bsmn<p) Do do n+l
(9 + v/80)"^^ + (9 - V^) , Vn € N.
goi Id nghiem tong qudt cua (i) Ung vdi cdc trudng hop noi tren.
B a i t o a n 79. Tim x „ biet Bcii vay

a;i = 0, a;2 = 1, Xn+i 2a;„_i = 0, Vn = 2,3,... 1 n+l
- Xn -
(9+ 780)"+'+ (9-v/80) - 1
G i a i . Philrtng t r i n h dac t r m i g 5
n+l \n+l
(9 + v/80)"+' + (9 - v/80)"+' ' - 4 (9 + v/SO)"""' (9 - y/SO)
A 2 - A - 2 = 0<^[ XZ"^-!
20
,n+l
Vay X,. = A.2" + Vn = 1, 2 , . . . V i = 0, X 2 = 1 nen
(9 + V80)" -(9-^80)'
'20
A=-:
/ 2^1 - B - 0 ^
\ + B=^l ^ 5 =>i„ = i.2'' + i ( - i r , V , . = l,2,... X;c*+i9"+i-'=v/80* -J^cl^+ir^'-' {-Vm)
'20
k=0 k=0
_1 n2
B a i t o a n 80. Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhu sau:
~5
Ci+i9"V80 + C ^ + i 9 " - 2 . ^ v ^ ) ^ + ^7^+19"-". (Vmy +••
(uo = ui = l T 2
\Un+l = OUn - 9u„_i. (v/80)
C^+i9" + C^+i9"-2. (v/80)Vc^+i9"-^ (v/80)V

G i a i . Phvtdng t r i n h dac tnrrig A;^ - 6fc + 9 = 0 c6 nghiem kep fc = 3 nen cong
= 4 (C,l+i9" + C^+i9"-2.80 + C^+i9"-^802 + • • •)Y • ,
thiic t6ng quat ciia day so c6 d^ng u„ = (a + 6n).3". Do U Q = u i = 1 nen
V i vdi niQi so ttt nhien n t h i
4 ( C i + i 9 " + C^+i9"-2.80 + C^+i9"-^802 + • • •)
Vay so hang tong quat cua day so (u„) la u„ = 3" - 2n.3"~S Vn e N. la so nguyeii nen suy ra dieu phai chuTng minh. hîX^'"
B a i t o a n 8 1 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: B a i t o a n 8 2 . Cho f :N* —>R thoa man dieu kien
uo = 9, ui = 161; Un = 18u„_i - u „ _ 2 , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . fin + 2) = fin + 1) - fin), / ( I ) = 1, /(2) = 0.
- u'^ -1
Chiing
Oft? minh rang \ \< — - , V n 6 N*.
Chiing minh rang — Id so chinh phuang vdi moi s6 tic nhien n . #
0
66 67
trong do A vh B ditdc xac diiih t\t xi = a, X2 = P- G i a i . PhUdng t r i n h dac triftig cua day so la
• Neu A la nghiem phiic, X = x + iy, t h i dua ve dang litdng giac
A^ - 18A + 1 = 0 <^ A = 9± VSO.
A = r(cos()fi + i sin <;/)).
V^y Un = A{9 + 780)" + B {9 - VSO)" , Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Do = 9, m = 161
K h i do Xn = r " ( ^ cos n4>+B sin ncp), v6i A, B diTdc xac dinh tijt xi = a,X2 = (3. ngn t a c6 h?
C h u y 8. Neu trong gid thiet khong cd xi = a,X2 = P, nghta Id xi,X2 tuy y ( A + B = 9 + 9-v/80
vaB =
thi ta khong can tim A, B, nghla la A, B Id cdc hhng so tuy y vd ( (9 + ^/80) A+{9- v/80) B = 161 ^ ^ " 2
Xn = AX1 + BX^;Xn = {A + Bn)X'';Xn = r''{Acosn<f) + Bsmn<p) Do do n+l
(9 + v/80)"^^ + (9 - V^) , Vn € N.
goi Id nghiem tong qudt cua (i) Ung vdi cdc trudng hop noi tren.
B a i t o a n 79. Tim x „ biet Bcii vay

a;i = 0, a;2 = 1, Xn+i 2a;„_i = 0, Vn = 2,3,... 1 n+l
- Xn -
(9+ 780)"+'+ (9-v/80) - 1
G i a i . Philrtng t r i n h dac t r m i g 5
n+l \n+l
(9 + v/80)"+' + (9 - v/80)"+' ' - 4 (9 + v/SO)"""' (9 - y/SO)
A 2 - A - 2 = 0<^[ XZ"^-!
20
,n+l
Vay X,. = A.2" + Vn = 1, 2 , . . . V i = 0, X 2 = 1 nen
(9 + V80)" -(9-^80)'
'20
A=-:
/ 2^1 - B - 0 ^
\ + B=^l ^ 5 =>i„ = i.2'' + i ( - i r , V , . = l,2,... X;c*+i9"+i-'=v/80* -J^cl^+ir^'-' {-Vm)
'20
k=0 k=0
_1 n2
B a i t o a n 80. Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so (u„) cho nhu sau:
~5
Ci+i9"V80 + C ^ + i 9 " - 2 . ^ v ^ ) ^ + ^7^+19"-". (Vmy +••
(uo = ui = l T 2
\Un+l = OUn - 9u„_i. (v/80)
C^+i9" + C^+i9"-2. (v/80)Vc^+i9"-^ (v/80)V

G i a i . Phvtdng t r i n h dac tnrrig A;^ - 6fc + 9 = 0 c6 nghiem kep fc = 3 nen cong
= 4 (C,l+i9" + C^+i9"-2.80 + C^+i9"-^802 + • • •)Y • ,
thiic t6ng quat ciia day so c6 d^ng u„ = (a + 6n).3". Do U Q = u i = 1 nen
V i vdi niQi so ttt nhien n t h i
4 ( C i + i 9 " + C^+i9"-2.80 + C^+i9"-^802 + • • •)
Vay so hang tong quat cua day so (u„) la u„ = 3" - 2n.3"~S Vn e N. la so nguyeii nen suy ra dieu phai chuTng minh. hîX^'"
B a i t o a n 8 1 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: B a i t o a n 8 2 . Cho f :N* —>R thoa man dieu kien
uo = 9, ui = 161; Un = 18u„_i - u „ _ 2 , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . fin + 2) = fin + 1) - fin), / ( I ) = 1, /(2) = 0.
- u'^ -1
Chiing
Oft? minh rang \ \< — - , V n 6 N*.
Chiing minh rang — Id so chinh phuang vdi moi s6 tic nhien n . #
0
66 67
Giai. Dat / ( n ) = t/„, t a duqc " C i a i . Dat >1 = ( 7 3 + v ^ ) ^ " = (5 + 2 \ ^ ) " va x i = 5 + 2v/6, xg = 5 - 2^6.
Un+2 = Un+1 - U„, Ui = / ( I ) = 1, U2 = f{2) = 0. K h i do x i + X2 = 10, X1X2 = 1, hay x i va X2 la n g h i f m cua phudng t r i n h
Phudng t r i n h dSc trung - A + 1 = 0 c6 nghi?m phiic la x^ - lOx + 1 = 0.
Dat S'n = (5 + 2\/6)" + (5 - 2\/6)", n e N . Theo bai toan 83, t a c6
5„+2 - 105„+i + 5 „ = 0 ^ 5„+2 = 105„+i - 5 „ (Vn € N ) . (*)
Ta CO A, = cos ^ + i sin | . Suy ra / ( n ) = ^ cos ^ + B sin ^ . Ta c6 Mat khac 5o = 2, 5 i = 10 nen tiJt (*) va bang phuong phap quy n?ip suy ra
5„ la so nguyen vdi mpi n e N . V i 0 < (5 - 2v/6)" < 1 nen ^^
\ Ui = ACQS - + Bsm -
(5 + 2 v / 6 ) " + (5 - 2 v ^ ) " - 1 < (5 + 2 ^ 6 ) " < (5 + 2v/6)" + (5 - 2 ^ 6 ) " .
0 = {/2 = ^ c o s | ^ + B s i n H ; ^ .
•:M'i
Suy ra
Suy ra ^ = 1 va B = Vay ta c6
5 „ - 1 < (5 + 2v/6)" < 5„ =!' (5 + 2V6)" =5„-l, VneN.
/(„) cos + ^sin |/(n)| < . i^!! T i t (*) suy ra 5„+2 = - 5 „ (mod5), dan t d i 5„ = - 5 „ _ 2 (modS). V^y
B a i t o a n 83. Gid s{c phuung trinh ax^ + 6x + c = 0 (a ^ 0) cd hai nghiern [ S2k = (-l)'=5o (mods) S2k = ( - 1 ) * . 2 (modS)
xi, X2. Dat ' y . \+i = ( - l ) ^ 5 i (mods) ^ \+i = (-l)*=.10 = 0 (modS).
Sn=x'l+x'.^, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Ma [(S + 2 ^ 6 ) " ] = 5 „ - 1 nen [(S + 2\/6)"] = 2.(-l)'= - 1 (modS) ho$c
Chihig mink rang day s6 {Sr,)^^^ thoa man he thUc truy hSi
(5 + 2V6y =-l(modS)
aSn+2 + bSn+i +cS„ = 0, Vn = 0,1, 2,...
G . a i . Ta c6 suy ra [(s -,-2^6)''] khong chia het cho 5.
axj + bxi + c = 0, axj + bx2 + c = 0 B a i t o a n 85. Chiing minh [(2 + 73)"] la so le vdi mpi n e N .
âx1+' + 6^'/+' + cx'i = 0, ax2"+2 + ^ ^ n + i ^ ^ ^
B a i toan 86. ChUng minh hieu thiic 5 „ = (9 + 4\/5)" + (9 - 4v/5)" nhan
Do do gid tri nguyen vd khong chia hit cho 17 vdi mgi n e N .
H u d n g d a n . Ta chilfng minh dUcJc SQ = 2, S I = 18, 5„+2 = 185„+i - 5„.

- a ( x r ^ + x ^ ^ ) + 6 (xr' + ' ) + c (x? + x^") Suy ra 5 „ € Z . Lai c6
= ( a x ^ ' + 6x^+1 + cx?) + ( a x ^ ' + 6x^+i + CX2") = 0.

Sn+3 + Sn = 185„+2 - 5„+i + 5„ = 17(5„+2 + 5 „ + i ) ; i 7 .
Ta CO 5o = 2 khong chia het cho 17 nen cung khong chia het cho 17. Ta
B a i toan 84. Chiing minh r&ng vdi moi n e N thi (v^+V2)^" khong CO Si = 18 khong chia het cho 17 nen Szk+i ciing khong chia het cho 17. Ta
chia hit cho 5 ( H hieu [x] c/it p/idn nguyen cua s6 x ) . CO S2 = 322 khong chia h i t cho 17 nen 53^+2 cung khong chia het cho 17.
V§,y Sn khong chia het cho 17 vdi moi n 6 N .
68
69
Giai. Dat / ( n ) = t/„, t a duqc " C i a i . Dat >1 = ( 7 3 + v ^ ) ^ " = (5 + 2 \ ^ ) " va x i = 5 + 2v/6, xg = 5 - 2^6.
Un+2 = Un+1 - U„, Ui = / ( I ) = 1, U2 = f{2) = 0. K h i do x i + X2 = 10, X1X2 = 1, hay x i va X2 la n g h i f m cua phudng t r i n h
Phudng t r i n h dSc trung - A + 1 = 0 c6 nghi?m phiic la x^ - lOx + 1 = 0.
Dat S'n = (5 + 2\/6)" + (5 - 2\/6)", n e N . Theo bai toan 83, t a c6
5„+2 - 105„+i + 5 „ = 0 ^ 5„+2 = 105„+i - 5 „ (Vn € N ) . (*)
Ta CO A, = cos ^ + i sin | . Suy ra / ( n ) = ^ cos ^ + B sin ^ . Ta c6 Mat khac 5o = 2, 5 i = 10 nen tiJt (*) va bang phuong phap quy n?ip suy ra
5„ la so nguyen vdi mpi n e N . V i 0 < (5 - 2v/6)" < 1 nen ^^
\ Ui = ACQS - + Bsm -
(5 + 2 v / 6 ) " + (5 - 2 v ^ ) " - 1 < (5 + 2 ^ 6 ) " < (5 + 2v/6)" + (5 - 2 ^ 6 ) " .
0 = {/2 = ^ c o s | ^ + B s i n H ; ^ .
•:M'i
Suy ra
Suy ra ^ = 1 va B = Vay ta c6
5 „ - 1 < (5 + 2v/6)" < 5„ =!' (5 + 2V6)" =5„-l, VneN.
/(„) cos + ^sin |/(n)| < . i^!! T i t (*) suy ra 5„+2 = - 5 „ (mod5), dan t d i 5„ = - 5 „ _ 2 (modS). V^y
B a i t o a n 83. Gid s{c phuung trinh ax^ + 6x + c = 0 (a ^ 0) cd hai nghiern [ S2k = (-l)'=5o (mods) S2k = ( - 1 ) * . 2 (modS)
xi, X2. Dat ' y . \+i = ( - l ) ^ 5 i (mods) ^ \+i = (-l)*=.10 = 0 (modS).
Sn=x'l+x'.^, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Ma [(S + 2 ^ 6 ) " ] = 5 „ - 1 nen [(S + 2\/6)"] = 2.(-l)'= - 1 (modS) ho$c
Chihig mink rang day s6 {Sr,)^^^ thoa man he thUc truy hSi
(5 + 2V6y =-l(modS)
aSn+2 + bSn+i +cS„ = 0, Vn = 0,1, 2,...
G . a i . Ta c6 suy ra [(s -,-2^6)''] khong chia het cho 5.
axj + bxi + c = 0, axj + bx2 + c = 0 B a i t o a n 85. Chiing minh [(2 + 73)"] la so le vdi mpi n e N .
âx1+' + 6^'/+' + cx'i = 0, ax2"+2 + ^ ^ n + i ^ ^ ^
B a i toan 86. ChUng minh hieu thiic 5 „ = (9 + 4\/5)" + (9 - 4v/5)" nhan
Do do gid tri nguyen vd khong chia hit cho 17 vdi mgi n e N .
H u d n g d a n . Ta chilfng minh dUcJc SQ = 2, S I = 18, 5„+2 = 185„+i - 5„.

- a ( x r ^ + x ^ ^ ) + 6 (xr' + ' ) + c (x? + x^") Suy ra 5 „ € Z . Lai c6
= ( a x ^ ' + 6x^+1 + cx?) + ( a x ^ ' + 6x^+i + CX2") = 0.

Sn+3 + Sn = 185„+2 - 5„+i + 5„ = 17(5„+2 + 5 „ + i ) ; i 7 .
Ta CO 5o = 2 khong chia het cho 17 nen cung khong chia het cho 17. Ta
B a i toan 84. Chiing minh r&ng vdi moi n e N thi (v^+V2)^" khong CO Si = 18 khong chia het cho 17 nen Szk+i ciing khong chia het cho 17. Ta
chia hit cho 5 ( H hieu [x] c/it p/idn nguyen cua s6 x ) . CO S2 = 322 khong chia h i t cho 17 nen 53^+2 cung khong chia het cho 17.
V§,y Sn khong chia het cho 17 vdi moi n 6 N .
68
69
B a i toan 87. Tinh USCLN {16" + 10" - l|n € N ' } , tUc la so nguyen Idn Nhu vay ta CP
n/ia< (5 > 1 sao c/io Vn e N * , (5| (16" + 10" - 1).
X „ _= i i -, V n = l , 2 , . . . (dptit2 = l)-i
G i a i . Vdi moi n G N * , dat u„ = 16" + 10" - 1, t;„ = u„ + 1 = 16" + 10" va
(J = USCLN{u„|n€N*}. Do do
De daiig k i l m tra dit0c day so (t;„) thog, man h§ thiic truy hoi
^TT"" P+ l 2(p + l ) 2(p+l)
Vn+2 - (16 + 10)t;„+i + 16.10v„ = 0, Vn G N ' .
Chu y rang «i + ^2 = 2p, /it2 = 1 nen ••II
TiJt do
v/tr+V^= + «2 + 2>/t7tr = ^2p + 2 = y/2{p + 1).
u„+2 = 26u„+i - 160u„ - 135, Vn G N*. (1)
Vi (5|u„, (J|u„+i, 6\un+2 nen tiit (1) suy ra <J|135. M^t khac 5\ui, tiic la (J|25, Neu dat 5„ = (]* + <5 thi theo bai toan 83 (6 trang 68), ta c6 ' ma J
suy ra
(5|(135,25)=*(J|5=i>(5 = 5. Sn+2 = 2p5„+i - 5„, Vn G N * .
Bai t o d n 88 (Chpn dpi tuyen Vi?t Nam thi toan Quoc te nam 2012). Cho Ma 5 i = 2p G N, 52 = 4p2 - 2 G N nen suy ra 5 „ G N, Vn = 1,2,... Dat
day so (x„) gdm vd hq,n cdc so nguyen duang dU0c xdc dmh bdi
= a, v/t2 = 6 thi a + 6 = y/2{p+l), a6 = 1 va t J + <| = a? + 6?. De y
f x i = 1, X2 = 2011 rang p la so nguyen dudng le Idn hdn 1 nen ta c6
4622x„+i - x„, Vn G N * .
1 Xn+2 =
P-i P-i
Chring minh rdng ^^2012^ ^ c/iin/i phuang. aP + 6P = ( a - | - 6 ) ^ ( - l ) V 6 P - ' - ^ = V 2 ( p + 1) ^ (-l)W-*-^

1=0 i=0
G i a i . De ddn gian lidn trong vigc dung ki hiqu va hieu ro ban cliat van de, ta
Xet bien dOi sau:
se phat bieu va chiing minh bai toan tpng quat nhu sau: Cho p Id so nguyen •I
duang le Idn han 1. Xet day so (x„) gdm v6 h(f,n cdc so nguyen duang dupc p-i
xdc dinh bdi ^(-l)'a*i;P-*-i
I 1, 2px„+i
Xi = =
x„+2 X2 = p - x„, Vn G
i=0
P-1
2
Chang minh rdng ^^"""^"^ ^ Id so chinh phuong.
i=0
PhUdng trinh d$c trimg cua day so da chp la
p-i
t = h = p + y/p^ - 1 = ^(-l)'(a6)V-i-2^+ ^ (-l)'(a6)V-'-2^ + (-l)'^
V$.y sp h?ing t6ng qu^t cua day (x„) cp d?ing ?Zi . "-l-ii .B=l
x„ = Af} + Bq,^n = 1,2,... i=0 i=E±i
DP x i — 1, x"2 = p nen ta c6 h?
{:5!f:f;i:j«(-^«)=(|;|). i=0 ^
70 71
B a i toan 87. Tinh USCLN {16" + 10" - l|n € N ' } , tUc la so nguyen Idn Nhu vay ta CP
n/ia< (5 > 1 sao c/io Vn e N * , (5| (16" + 10" - 1).
X „ _= i i -, V n = l , 2 , . . . (dptit2 = l)-i
G i a i . Vdi moi n G N * , dat u„ = 16" + 10" - 1, t;„ = u„ + 1 = 16" + 10" va
(J = USCLN{u„|n€N*}. Do do
De daiig k i l m tra dit0c day so (t;„) thog, man h§ thiic truy hoi
^TT"" P+ l 2(p + l ) 2(p+l)
Vn+2 - (16 + 10)t;„+i + 16.10v„ = 0, Vn G N ' .
Chu y rang «i + ^2 = 2p, /it2 = 1 nen ••II
TiJt do
v/tr+V^= + «2 + 2>/t7tr = ^2p + 2 = y/2{p + 1).
u„+2 = 26u„+i - 160u„ - 135, Vn G N*. (1)
Vi (5|u„, (J|u„+i, 6\un+2 nen tiit (1) suy ra <J|135. M^t khac 5\ui, tiic la (J|25, Neu dat 5„ = (]* + <5 thi theo bai toan 83 (6 trang 68), ta c6 ' ma J
suy ra
(5|(135,25)=*(J|5=i>(5 = 5. Sn+2 = 2p5„+i - 5„, Vn G N * .
Bai t o d n 88 (Chpn dpi tuyen Vi?t Nam thi toan Quoc te nam 2012). Cho Ma 5 i = 2p G N, 52 = 4p2 - 2 G N nen suy ra 5 „ G N, Vn = 1,2,... Dat
day so (x„) gdm vd hq,n cdc so nguyen duang dU0c xdc dmh bdi
= a, v/t2 = 6 thi a + 6 = y/2{p+l), a6 = 1 va t J + <| = a? + 6?. De y
f x i = 1, X2 = 2011 rang p la so nguyen dudng le Idn hdn 1 nen ta c6
4622x„+i - x„, Vn G N * .
1 Xn+2 =
P-i P-i
Chring minh rdng ^^2012^ ^ c/iin/i phuang. aP + 6P = ( a - | - 6 ) ^ ( - l ) V 6 P - ' - ^ = V 2 ( p + 1) ^ (-l)W-*-^

1=0 i=0
G i a i . De ddn gian lidn trong vigc dung ki hiqu va hieu ro ban cliat van de, ta
Xet bien dOi sau:
se phat bieu va chiing minh bai toan tpng quat nhu sau: Cho p Id so nguyen •I
duang le Idn han 1. Xet day so (x„) gdm v6 h(f,n cdc so nguyen duang dupc p-i
xdc dinh bdi ^(-l)'a*i;P-*-i
I 1, 2px„+i
Xi = =
x„+2 X2 = p - x„, Vn G
i=0
P-1
2
Chang minh rdng ^^"""^"^ ^ Id so chinh phuong.
i=0
PhUdng trinh d$c trimg cua day so da chp la
p-i
t = h = p + y/p^ - 1 = ^(-l)'(a6)V-i-2^+ ^ (-l)'(a6)V-'-2^ + (-l)'^
V$.y sp h?ing t6ng qu^t cua day (x„) cp d?ing ?Zi . "-l-ii .B=l
x„ = Af} + Bq,^n = 1,2,... i=0 i=E±i
DP x i — 1, x"2 = p nen ta c6 h?
{:5!f:f;i:j«(-^«)=(|;|). i=0 ^
70 71
,- M
Meu 1 khong la nghiem ciia aX'^ + hX + c = 0 t h i x^ la da thi'tc cung bac /„.
îi 1
]• Neu 1 la nghiem ddn cua aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i x*„ = np„, vdi 5„ la da thiic
t=0 rung bac vdi da thiic /„.
, Neu 1 la nghiem kep ciia aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i x ; = n^gn, vdi 5„ la da thiic
N h u v^y, ta c6 + q = Ny/2(J+1). Ta t h u dU0c
j^^diig bac vdi da tlnic/„. ^ ^ ^
Thay x ; vao rtx„+i + 6 x „ + cx„_i = /„ roi dong nhat cac ho so (hoac Ian htrtt
lliy n ="1, n = 2, n = 3) ta tinh dUdc cac he so ciia x^. B i l t x i , X2, tit h§ thiic
p + 1 2(p + l ) 2(p+l)
B a i t o a n 89. Tim tat cd cac day so {x„};^f°i thoa man xi = - 4 , X 2 = 3 va

T6m l ^ i : ^^"^^"^ ^ = la so chi'nh phuoiig. Bai todn chiing m i n h xong.
6x„ + x„+i - x „ + 2 = n + 1, Vn = 1,2,... (1)
L m i y. Dang thiic ^ (-l)'t2^^ = (titrtr chiing m i n h

G i a i . Phiidng t r i n h dac trilng -A^ + A + 6 = 0 A = 3.^ nghiem
n h u sau: dat j = (p - 1) - i, k h i do t6ng quat ciia phudng t r i n h thuan nhat tUdng ling la
x;r = ^ ( - 2 ) " + B . 3 " , V n = 1,2,...
Vi 1 khong la nghiem cua phudng t r i n h dac trUng nen nghiem rieng cua (1)
CO dang x,' = an + 6, Vn = 1,2,... Do do
6(on + 6) + a(n + 1) + 6 - a(n + 2 ) - 6 = n + l , V n = 1,2, i\

^6an + 66 - a = n + 1, Vn = 1 , 2 . . .
Dong nhat he so t a dUdc

D a n g 10. T i m x „ t h o a m a n d i l u k i e n :
X i =Q,X2 = /3,aXn+i+bXn + CXn-i =/„, Vn = 2,3,...
I 36
vdi a,(3,a,b,c l a h S n g so, a # 0 , C 5 ^ 0 , / „ la d a thiJc theo n cho
trirdc.
V^y i „ = ^ ( - 2 ) " + Zi.3" + I n + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... V i x i = - 4 , X2 = 3 nen
C a c h giai. Giai phudug trinh dac trung aX'^+bX+c = 0 tim dit(?c h a i nghi^ni
l a Ai v a A2. T a c6 _
Xn=x;: + X*„.
TVong do x;: l a n g h i f m t6ng quat c u a phudng t r i n h t h u a n n h a t
ax„+i + bx„ + cx„_i = 0

Do do x„ ^ ( - 2 ) " - ^ . 3 " + i n + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... ^ m . i'
va l a mOt nghiem rieng tuy y c i i a phiXdng t r i n h khong t h u a n n h a t
B a i l o a n 90. Tim tat cd cac day so {x„};^f^ thoa man
ox„+i + bx„ + cxn-i = f„ (/„ la da thiic k h a c da thiic khong).
x„ + x„+i + x „ + 2 = - 3 , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Theo d a n g 9 d trang 65 t a t i m dudc x^T, trong do cac he s6A,Bse dUdc t i m
sau. Con x * dUdc x a c dinh n h u sau:
72 73
,- M
Meu 1 khong la nghiem ciia aX'^ + hX + c = 0 t h i x^ la da thi'tc cung bac /„.
îi 1
]• Neu 1 la nghiem ddn cua aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i x*„ = np„, vdi 5„ la da thiic
t=0 rung bac vdi da thiic /„.
, Neu 1 la nghiem kep ciia aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i x ; = n^gn, vdi 5„ la da thiic
N h u v^y, ta c6 + q = Ny/2(J+1). Ta t h u dU0c
j^^diig bac vdi da tlnic/„. ^ ^ ^
Thay x ; vao rtx„+i + 6 x „ + cx„_i = /„ roi dong nhat cac ho so (hoac Ian htrtt
lliy n ="1, n = 2, n = 3) ta tinh dUdc cac he so ciia x^. B i l t x i , X2, tit h§ thiic
p + 1 2(p + l ) 2(p+l)
B a i t o a n 89. Tim tat cd cac day so {x„};^f°i thoa man xi = - 4 , X 2 = 3 va

T6m l ^ i : ^^"^^"^ ^ = la so chi'nh phuoiig. Bai todn chiing m i n h xong.
6x„ + x„+i - x „ + 2 = n + 1, Vn = 1,2,... (1)
L m i y. Dang thiic ^ (-l)'t2^^ = (titrtr chiing m i n h

G i a i . Phiidng t r i n h dac trilng -A^ + A + 6 = 0 A = 3.^ nghiem
n h u sau: dat j = (p - 1) - i, k h i do t6ng quat ciia phudng t r i n h thuan nhat tUdng ling la
x;r = ^ ( - 2 ) " + B . 3 " , V n = 1,2,...
Vi 1 khong la nghiem cua phudng t r i n h dac trUng nen nghiem rieng cua (1)
CO dang x,' = an + 6, Vn = 1,2,... Do do
6(on + 6) + a(n + 1) + 6 - a(n + 2 ) - 6 = n + l , V n = 1,2, i\

^6an + 66 - a = n + 1, Vn = 1 , 2 . . .
Dong nhat he so t a dUdc

D a n g 10. T i m x „ t h o a m a n d i l u k i e n :
X i =Q,X2 = /3,aXn+i+bXn + CXn-i =/„, Vn = 2,3,...
I 36
vdi a,(3,a,b,c l a h S n g so, a # 0 , C 5 ^ 0 , / „ la d a thiJc theo n cho
trirdc.
V^y i „ = ^ ( - 2 ) " + Zi.3" + I n + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... V i x i = - 4 , X2 = 3 nen
C a c h giai. Giai phudug trinh dac trung aX'^+bX+c = 0 tim dit(?c h a i nghi^ni
l a Ai v a A2. T a c6 _
Xn=x;: + X*„.
TVong do x;: l a n g h i f m t6ng quat c u a phudng t r i n h t h u a n n h a t
ax„+i + bx„ + cx„_i = 0

Do do x„ ^ ( - 2 ) " - ^ . 3 " + i n + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... ^ m . i'
va l a mOt nghiem rieng tuy y c i i a phiXdng t r i n h khong t h u a n n h a t
B a i l o a n 90. Tim tat cd cac day so {x„};^f^ thoa man
ox„+i + bx„ + cxn-i = f„ (/„ la da thiic k h a c da thiic khong).
x„ + x„+i + x „ + 2 = - 3 , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Theo d a n g 9 d trang 65 t a t i m dudc x^T, trong do cac he s6A,Bse dUdc t i m
sau. Con x * dUdc x a c dinh n h u sau:
72 73
G i a i . Phirong t r i n h dac triftig + A + 1 = 0 c6 hai nghiem 1^
G i a i . Phudng t r i n h dac t n m g 2A2 + 5 A + 2 = 0 -f* A € | - 2 , V?ly
2 2 2 2
x„ = > l ( - 2 ) " + B ^ - l ^ + ( a n + 6)3n v n = 1 , 2 , . . .
Ta CO
trong do {an + 6)3", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . thoa man (1), nghia l a vdi mpi n 6 N* t h i
1 .\/3 271 . . 2n , 2n7r „ . 2nn „ , „
2 [a(n + 2 ) + 6) 3"+^ + 5 [a(n + 1) + 6] 3"+^ + 2(an + 6)3" = (35n + 51)3"
+1— = cos — + z s m — =>- x „ = ACQS — + B sm —^,\/n = 0,1,2,...
hay 35an + 51a + 356 = 35n + 51, Vn € N * , nghia l a
V i 1 khong la nghiem cua phucJng t r i n h d i e t r i m g nen nghiem rieng x* cua
phirong t r i n h da cho c6 dang x* = C, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . (vdi C la hkng so). / 35a = 35 9- = \
\a + 356 = 51 ^ I 6 = 0.
T h a y vao phUdng t r i n h da cho d\rdc C = - 1 . Tat ca cac day so can t i m deu
CO dang
V?iy a;„ = ^ ( - 2 ) " + B ^ - ^ ^ + n . 3 " , Vn = l , 2 , . . . Do x i = xa = 1 nen
x „ = - 1 + ^cos ^ + Bsin Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . {A, B la hang so t i i y y ) .

- 2 ^ - - + 3 = l 14^+ 5 = 4 ^ yl= -6
D a n g 11. T i m x „ b i i t x i = a , X 2 = /3 vJi B = 28.
4yi+- + 18=l
4
axn+i + bxn + c x n - i = P f c ( n ) . 7 " , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . (*) / 1\
Do do x „ = - 6 { - 2 ) " + 28 + n.3", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
\/ J
a , y 3 , 7 , a , 6, c l a h ^ n g so, a ^ 0, c ^ 0, Pfc(n) l a d a thulc b a c k t h e o
n. B a i t o a n 9 2 . Tim x „ hik
x i - 1, X2 = 0, x„+i - 2x„ + x „ _ i = 2.2", Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
C a c h g i a i . Giai phUdng trinh dflc t n m g aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t i m A. T a c6
D a p s6. x „ = 2 - 9n + 2.2"+\n = 1 , 2 , . . .
Xn = Xn + Xj,,
D a n g 1 2 . T i m x „ b i l t x i = a , x j = j9 v a
trong do x^^ l a nghiem tong qudt c u a phudng t r i n h t h u a n n h a t tUdng ling
a x „ + i + hxr, + c x n - i = P m ( n ) cos e n + Qi (n) sin e n , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
aXn+l + hXn + c x „ _ i = 0.
- c.
Theo d9,ng 9 d trang 65 t a t i m d\r0c x^, trong do cac he so A , B se t i m s a u . vdi a , / 3 , e , o , 6 , c l a hling so, a ^ Q,c Q,Pm{n), Qi{n) 1& c a c d a
Con X * dudc x a c dinh n h u s a u : thuTc b a c m , b a c i t h e o n .
• Neu 7 khong l a n g h i ? m c u a aA^ + 6A + c = 0 thi x ; = Qfc(n).7", vdi Qk{n)
C a c h g i a i . G p i k = max { m , Z}.
la da Ihiic bac A; theo n .
• Neu 2 = cose ± i s i n e (vdi = -\) khong la nghiem c u a phUdng t r i n h d$.c
• Neu 7 l a nghiem ddn c u a a>? + 6A + c = 0 thi x* = nQfc(n)7".
trung aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i t i m x ; dudi d^ng
• Neu 7 l a nghi§m kep c u a aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i x ; = n^Qk{n)^''.
Thay x* vao (•), dCing phUdng p h a p dong nhat cac h? so t a se t i m dit^c X* = Tk(n) cos e n + Rk{n) sin e n
Qkip). Biet x i , X 2 , t i i x „ = x;;' + x* t i n h dUdc A, B.
trong do Tk{n), Rk{n) l a cac da thiic bac k ciia n .
B a i l o a n 9 1 . Tim so hg,ng tong qudt cua day so ( x „ ) thoa man x i = X2 = 1, • Neu 2 = cose ± i s i n e (vdi = - 1 ) l a ughiOm c u a phUdng t r t n h dSx; trUng
+ 6A + c = 0 thi t i m x ; dudi dgng
2 x „ + 2 + 5x„+i + 2x„ = (35n + 51)3", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (1) X * = nrjk(n) cos en + nRk{n) sin e n
trong do Tk{n), Rk{n) l a cac da thiic b^c A; c u a n .
74 75
G i a i . Phirong t r i n h dac triftig + A + 1 = 0 c6 hai nghiem 1^
G i a i . Phudng t r i n h dac t n m g 2A2 + 5 A + 2 = 0 -f* A € | - 2 , V?ly
2 2 2 2
x„ = > l ( - 2 ) " + B ^ - l ^ + ( a n + 6)3n v n = 1 , 2 , . . .
Ta CO
trong do {an + 6)3", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . thoa man (1), nghia l a vdi mpi n 6 N* t h i
1 .\/3 271 . . 2n , 2n7r „ . 2nn „ , „
2 [a(n + 2 ) + 6) 3"+^ + 5 [a(n + 1) + 6] 3"+^ + 2(an + 6)3" = (35n + 51)3"
+1— = cos — + z s m — =>- x „ = ACQS — + B sm —^,\/n = 0,1,2,...
hay 35an + 51a + 356 = 35n + 51, Vn € N * , nghia l a
V i 1 khong la nghiem cua phucJng t r i n h d i e t r i m g nen nghiem rieng x* cua
phirong t r i n h da cho c6 dang x* = C, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . (vdi C la hkng so). / 35a = 35 9- = \
\a + 356 = 51 ^ I 6 = 0.
T h a y vao phUdng t r i n h da cho d\rdc C = - 1 . Tat ca cac day so can t i m deu
CO dang
V?iy a;„ = ^ ( - 2 ) " + B ^ - ^ ^ + n . 3 " , Vn = l , 2 , . . . Do x i = xa = 1 nen
x „ = - 1 + ^cos ^ + Bsin Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . {A, B la hang so t i i y y ) .

- 2 ^ - - + 3 = l 14^+ 5 = 4 ^ yl= -6
D a n g 11. T i m x „ b i i t x i = a , X 2 = /3 vJi B = 28.
4yi+- + 18=l
4
axn+i + bxn + c x n - i = P f c ( n ) . 7 " , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . (*) / 1\
Do do x „ = - 6 { - 2 ) " + 28 + n.3", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
\/ J
a , y 3 , 7 , a , 6, c l a h ^ n g so, a ^ 0, c ^ 0, Pfc(n) l a d a thulc b a c k t h e o
n. B a i t o a n 9 2 . Tim x „ hik
x i - 1, X2 = 0, x„+i - 2x„ + x „ _ i = 2.2", Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
C a c h g i a i . Giai phUdng trinh dflc t n m g aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t i m A. T a c6
D a p s6. x „ = 2 - 9n + 2.2"+\n = 1 , 2 , . . .
Xn = Xn + Xj,,
D a n g 1 2 . T i m x „ b i l t x i = a , x j = j9 v a
trong do x^^ l a nghiem tong qudt c u a phudng t r i n h t h u a n n h a t tUdng ling
a x „ + i + hxr, + c x n - i = P m ( n ) cos e n + Qi (n) sin e n , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
aXn+l + hXn + c x „ _ i = 0.
- c.
Theo d9,ng 9 d trang 65 t a t i m d\r0c x^, trong do cac he so A , B se t i m s a u . vdi a , / 3 , e , o , 6 , c l a hling so, a ^ Q,c Q,Pm{n), Qi{n) 1& c a c d a
Con X * dudc x a c dinh n h u s a u : thuTc b a c m , b a c i t h e o n .
• Neu 7 khong l a n g h i ? m c u a aA^ + 6A + c = 0 thi x ; = Qfc(n).7", vdi Qk{n)
C a c h g i a i . G p i k = max { m , Z}.
la da Ihiic bac A; theo n .
• Neu 2 = cose ± i s i n e (vdi = -\) khong la nghiem c u a phUdng t r i n h d$.c
• Neu 7 l a nghiem ddn c u a a>? + 6A + c = 0 thi x* = nQfc(n)7".
trung aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i t i m x ; dudi d^ng
• Neu 7 l a nghi§m kep c u a aA^ + 6A + c = 0 t h i x ; = n^Qk{n)^''.
Thay x* vao (•), dCing phUdng p h a p dong nhat cac h? so t a se t i m dit^c X* = Tk(n) cos e n + Rk{n) sin e n
Qkip). Biet x i , X 2 , t i i x „ = x;;' + x* t i n h dUdc A, B.
trong do Tk{n), Rk{n) l a cac da thiic bac k ciia n .
B a i l o a n 9 1 . Tim so hg,ng tong qudt cua day so ( x „ ) thoa man x i = X2 = 1, • Neu 2 = cose ± i s i n e (vdi = - 1 ) l a ughiOm c u a phUdng t r t n h dSx; trUng
+ 6A + c = 0 thi t i m x ; dudi dgng
2 x „ + 2 + 5x„+i + 2x„ = (35n + 51)3", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (1) X * = nrjk(n) cos en + nRk{n) sin e n
trong do Tk{n), Rk{n) l a cac da thiic b^c A; c u a n .
74 75
B a i t o a n 9 3 . Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so ( x „ ) cho nhu sau: xi = 0 ,
^{ L-+'c = J : 3 a V 3 6 - l c ^ ; d ' l l - ' -(a;6;c;^) = (i;0;0;0).
X2 = l + v/2 ? ; d a ; „ + 2 - 3 x „ + i + 2 x „ = ( n - 2 ) c o s ^ + 3 ( n + l ) s i n V n e N*.
V^y I n = ^ + -^-2" + "COS V n e N * . D o X I = 0, 2:2 = 1 + \/2 n e n

G i a i . A 2 - 3A + 2 = 0 <(=» A € { 1 , 2 } . D o ^ = cos J + t s i n J = i k h o n g \h.
n g h i e m c i i a phirmig t r i n h d?Lc t r i t n g - 3A + 2 = 0 n e n 3 + \/2
( A + 2B = 0 ^ ^(A-B)- (-3-^/2-
[ A + 4B = 3 + V2 ^(^'^)- I 3 V2,
x^ = A + 5 . 2 " + ( a n + h) cos ^ + ( c n + d) s i n ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
= » x „ = - 3 - v/2 + ( 3 + \ / 2 ) . 2 " - ' + n c o s Y , V n e N * .
v d i x „ = ( a n - f 6) cos — -i- ( c n + d ) sin — t h o a m a n

2t 2 ang 13. T i mx „ biet
[a{n + 2) + 6] cos ^îi^llL + + 2) + d] sin ^î±^ ci = a , X 2 = P, axn+i + bxn + c x „ - i = fn + T > . 7 " , V n = 2,3,...
2^ 2
2.
( n + l)7r (n + l)7r
- 3 [ a ( n + 1) + 6 ] cos 2 - 3 [ c ( n + l)+d]sin ^ t r o n g d o a, /3,7, v, a, b, c l a h k n g so, a ^ 0,c ^ 0 , / „ l a d a t h u f c t h e o
nTT
+2 ( a n + 6) cos ^ + ( c n + d) sin
C a c h g i a i . T a c6 .r,, = x;;; + x,* + x * * , t r o n g d o x;^ l a n g h i e m t 6 n g q u d t c u a
•phUdng t r i n h t h u a n n h a t
=( n - 2 ) c o s ^ + 3 ( n + l ) s i n Y . V n = 1,2,... (1)
a x „ + i + bxn + c x „ _ i = 0.
Chu y rang
C o n X * , X,** I a n lU0t l a m o t n g h i e m r i e n g t i i y y c i i a cac p h U d n g t r i n h k h o n g
( n + 2)7r /nTT \
cos ^ = c o s ^ y + 7 r j =-cos — thuan nhat
a x „ + i + bXn + CXn-l = f n , aXn+l + bXn + C X „ - i =

. ( n + 2)7r . /nTT \ nTT
2"
a n g 1 4 . T i m x „ b i i t xi = a,X2 = 0 v a
n + l)7r
(f n fn-K 7r\ nx
cos + -sin
cos axn+i + bxn + c x „ _ i = / „ , + / „ j H f- / n . , V n = 2,3,...
. (ivn 7 r \T
sin — ^
T r o n g d o a , /3,7, a , 6, c l a h l i n g s 6 , a 7)^ 0 , c 9^ 0 .
="nT+2J='=°^T'
thay vac ( 1 ) ta dudc
C a c h g i a i . T a c6 x „ = x^T + x^^ + x*„^ + -• • + x*„^, t r o n g d o x^;^ l a n g h i e m t 6 n g
fluat ciia phirong t r i n h t h u a n nhat
- [a(n + 2) + 6] cos ^ - [c(n + 2) + d] sin ^
2 2
nTT a x „ + i + 6 x „ + cx„-i = 0 . ,' '
+ 3 [ a ( n + 1) + 6] sin ^ - 3 [ c ( n + 1) + d] cos
I!on x ; ^ l a niQt n g h i e m r i e n g t i i y y c i i a p h u d n g t r i n h k h o n g t h u a n n h a t
+ 2 ( a n + 6) cos — + ( c n + d) sin —
a x „ + i + 6x,, + c x „ _ i = fn^ ( v d ifc= 1,2,..., s ) .
= ( n - 2 ) c o s y + 3(n+l)sinY, Vn = 1,2,...
1.3.3 S i id a n g phi^dng t r i n h saip h a n t u y i n t i n h cap ba.

So sanh he so ciia cos ^ va sin ^ d hai ve ta d i t 0 c
' h u d n g t r i n l i sai p h a n t u y e n t i n h c a p b a l a p h U d n g t r i n h sai p h a n d ^ n g
a{n + 2) + 6 - 3 [ c ( n + l ) + d + 2 ( a n + fej
= n - 2^^ V n e N *
{ - - c ( n + 2) + d + 3 [ a ( n + 1.) + 6 + 2 ( c n + d) = 3 n + 3, V n e x i = a , X 2 = P, X 3 = 7, a x „ + 3 + 6 x „ + 2 + c x „ + i + d x „ = / „ ,
76 77
B a i t o a n 9 3 . Tim so hang tong qudt cua day so ( x „ ) cho nhu sau: xi = 0 ,
^{ L-+'c = J : 3 a V 3 6 - l c ^ ; d ' l l - ' -(a;6;c;^) = (i;0;0;0).
X2 = l + v/2 ? ; d a ; „ + 2 - 3 x „ + i + 2 x „ = ( n - 2 ) c o s ^ + 3 ( n + l ) s i n V n e N*.
V^y I n = ^ + -^-2" + "COS V n e N * . D o X I = 0, 2:2 = 1 + \/2 n e n

G i a i . A 2 - 3A + 2 = 0 <(=» A € { 1 , 2 } . D o ^ = cos J + t s i n J = i k h o n g \h.
n g h i e m c i i a phirmig t r i n h d?Lc t r i t n g - 3A + 2 = 0 n e n 3 + \/2
( A + 2B = 0 ^ ^(A-B)- (-3-^/2-
[ A + 4B = 3 + V2 ^(^'^)- I 3 V2,
x^ = A + 5 . 2 " + ( a n + h) cos ^ + ( c n + d) s i n ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
= » x „ = - 3 - v/2 + ( 3 + \ / 2 ) . 2 " - ' + n c o s Y , V n e N * .
v d i x „ = ( a n - f 6) cos — -i- ( c n + d ) sin — t h o a m a n

2t 2 ang 13. T i mx „ biet
[a{n + 2) + 6] cos ^îi^llL + + 2) + d] sin ^î±^ ci = a , X 2 = P, axn+i + bxn + c x „ - i = fn + T > . 7 " , V n = 2,3,...
2^ 2
2.
( n + l)7r (n + l)7r
- 3 [ a ( n + 1) + 6 ] cos 2 - 3 [ c ( n + l)+d]sin ^ t r o n g d o a, /3,7, v, a, b, c l a h k n g so, a ^ 0,c ^ 0 , / „ l a d a t h u f c t h e o
nTT
+2 ( a n + 6) cos ^ + ( c n + d) sin
C a c h g i a i . T a c6 .r,, = x;;; + x,* + x * * , t r o n g d o x;^ l a n g h i e m t 6 n g q u d t c u a
•phUdng t r i n h t h u a n n h a t
=( n - 2 ) c o s ^ + 3 ( n + l ) s i n Y . V n = 1,2,... (1)
a x „ + i + bxn + c x „ _ i = 0.
Chu y rang
C o n X * , X,** I a n lU0t l a m o t n g h i e m r i e n g t i i y y c i i a cac p h U d n g t r i n h k h o n g
( n + 2)7r /nTT \
cos ^ = c o s ^ y + 7 r j =-cos — thuan nhat
a x „ + i + bXn + CXn-l = f n , aXn+l + bXn + C X „ - i =

. ( n + 2)7r . /nTT \ nTT
2"
a n g 1 4 . T i m x „ b i i t xi = a,X2 = 0 v a
n + l)7r
(f n fn-K 7r\ nx
cos + -sin
cos axn+i + bxn + c x „ _ i = / „ , + / „ j H f- / n . , V n = 2,3,...
. (ivn 7 r \T
sin — ^
T r o n g d o a , /3,7, a , 6, c l a h l i n g s 6 , a 7)^ 0 , c 9^ 0 .
="nT+2J='=°^T'
thay vac ( 1 ) ta dudc
C a c h g i a i . T a c6 x „ = x^T + x^^ + x*„^ + -• • + x*„^, t r o n g d o x^;^ l a n g h i e m t 6 n g
fluat ciia phirong t r i n h t h u a n nhat
- [a(n + 2) + 6] cos ^ - [c(n + 2) + d] sin ^
2 2
nTT a x „ + i + 6 x „ + cx„-i = 0 . ,' '
+ 3 [ a ( n + 1) + 6] sin ^ - 3 [ c ( n + 1) + d] cos
I!on x ; ^ l a niQt n g h i e m r i e n g t i i y y c i i a p h u d n g t r i n h k h o n g t h u a n n h a t
+ 2 ( a n + 6) cos — + ( c n + d) sin —
a x „ + i + 6x,, + c x „ _ i = fn^ ( v d ifc= 1,2,..., s ) .
= ( n - 2 ) c o s y + 3(n+l)sinY, Vn = 1,2,...
1.3.3 S i id a n g phi^dng t r i n h saip h a n t u y i n t i n h cap ba.

So sanh he so ciia cos ^ va sin ^ d hai ve ta d i t 0 c
' h u d n g t r i n l i sai p h a n t u y e n t i n h c a p b a l a p h U d n g t r i n h sai p h a n d ^ n g
a{n + 2) + 6 - 3 [ c ( n + l ) + d + 2 ( a n + fej
= n - 2^^ V n e N *
{ - - c ( n + 2) + d + 3 [ a ( n + 1.) + 6 + 2 ( c n + d) = 3 n + 3, V n e x i = a , X 2 = P, X 3 = 7, a x „ + 3 + 6 x „ + 2 + c x „ + i + d x „ = / „ ,
76 77
trong do o, b, c, d, a, /?, 7 la cac hang so , a 7^ 0, d 7^ 0 va /„ la bieu thiic cua n bac vdi (la thiic P(n).
cho trUdc. PhUdng trinh sai phan tuyln tinh cap ba luon giai dUdc vi phirong , Neu 7 la nghiem ddn ciia (1) thi x^ = nQ(n)7", vdi Q{n) la da thiic ciing
trinh bac ba luon giai dudc. Nghiem tSng quat ciia phUdng trinh sai phan bac vdi da thiic P{n).
tuyen tinh cap ba c6 dang , Neu 7 la nghiem bpi t ciia (1) thi x^ = n^Q{n)'r'', vdi Q(n) la da thiic ciing
bac vdi da thiic Pin).
trong do x^T la nghiem tong quat cua phUdng trinh thuan nhat
Bai toari 94. Tim tat cd cdc day so {xn}n=o
aXn+3 + bXn+2 + CX„+i + dXn = 0,
XQ = 1, x i = 0, X2 = 1, x„ - x„+i + x„+2 - x„+3 = 0, Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
con X * la mot nghiem rieng ciia phUdng trinh khong thuan nhat
Giai. Xet plntdng trinh dac trinig
aXn+3 + bXn+2 + CX„+i + dx„ = /„.
A= 1
A^ - A2 + A - 1 = 0 <^ (A - 1)(A2 + 1) = 0 X= i
Cach giai. X = -i.
a) Xet phiTdng trinh dSc trUng Vi i = cos - + i sin ^ nen x„ = A + Bcos^ + Csin Vn = 0, 1,2,... Vi
aX^ + + cA + d = 0. (1) f^ + B = l { A = \ ,
10 = 1, x i = 0, X2 = 1 nen ta c6 he <^ A + C = 0 ^ I B = ^ Vay co
• Ngu (1) CO 3 nghiem thuc phan bi^t Ai, A2, A3 thi
duy nhat mot day so thda man de bai la x„ = 1 - sin — , Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
x;r = /3iAr + / 3 2 A 5 + /33A?.
Bai toan 95. Tnn tat cd cdc day so { x „ } ^ ^ thda man
• Ncu (1) CO mot nghigm thitc bpi 2 va mpt nghiem ddn (Ai = A2 7^ A 3 ) thi
x„ - x„+i + x„+2 - x„+3 = - 4 , Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
x;r =(/?!+/Jan) Ay + ^ 3 A ^
• Neu (1) CO mot nghiem thitc boi 3 (Ai A2 = A3) thi Hiidng dSn. Xet phudng trinh dac trmig
A= 1
^ = (A +/92n +/33n2) A?. A^ - A'^ + A - 1 = 0 ^ (A - 1)(A^ + 1) = 0 <^ A= i
X= -i.
• Neu (1) CO nghiem thuc Ai, hai phitc hen hdp A2,3 = r (cos 4> ± i sm4>) thi
Vay nghiem tdng quat ciia phUdng trinh thuan nhat tUdng ling la
x;^ = /3iA" + r " {A cos n4> + B sin n(p).
„ nTT ^ . nTT ^ „ 1 r, ,1 o l i t>vi
x„ = A + B c o s — + C s i n — , V n = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
b) Nghien rieng x^ ciia phUdng trinh a x „ + 3 + 6x„+2 + cx„+i + d x „ = /„ diidc r
tim nhu six r. Nghiem rieng cua phUdng trinh da cho c6 dang
4 Xet khi /„ la da thiic ciia n. Ta c6
• Neu 1 khong la nghiem ciia (1) thi x* la da thiic cimg bac vdi / „ . x ; = Dn,\fn = 0,1, 2,... (vdi D la hang so).
• Neu 1 la nghiem ddn cua (1) thi x* = ngn, vdi gn la da thiic ciing bac v6i
Thay vao phUdng trinh da cho ta diidc fni) 'i.>
da thiic / „ .
• Neu 1 la nghigm bpi hai ciia (1) thi = n^p,,, vdi gn la da thiic ciing bac D n - D ( n + l ) + /)(n + 2 ) - £ ) ( n + 3) =-4
vdi da tliiic / „ . ^-D + 2D-'SD=-i^D = 2.
• Neu 1 la nghigm bpi ba cua (1) thi x^ = n^5„, vdi g^ la da thiic cung bac
ây tat ca cac day so can tim deu c6 dang ,i,[,t:
vdi da thiic / „ .
4|b Xet khi /„ = P(n)7" , vdi P(n) la da thiic theo n. Ta cd X,, = 2n+A+B cos — + C s i n ^ , Vn e N (vdi A , B, C la cac hang s6 tiiy y).
• Neu 7 khong la nghiem ciia (1) thi x* = Q(n)7", vdi Q(n) la da thiic ciing
78 79
trong do o, b, c, d, a, /?, 7 la cac hang so , a 7^ 0, d 7^ 0 va /„ la bieu thiic cua n bac vdi (la thiic P(n).
cho trUdc. PhUdng trinh sai phan tuyln tinh cap ba luon giai dUdc vi phirong , Neu 7 la nghiem ddn ciia (1) thi x^ = nQ(n)7", vdi Q{n) la da thiic ciing
trinh bac ba luon giai dudc. Nghiem tSng quat ciia phUdng trinh sai phan bac vdi da thiic P{n).
tuyen tinh cap ba c6 dang , Neu 7 la nghiem bpi t ciia (1) thi x^ = n^Q{n)'r'', vdi Q(n) la da thiic ciing
bac vdi da thiic Pin).
trong do x^T la nghiem tong quat cua phUdng trinh thuan nhat
Bai toari 94. Tim tat cd cdc day so {xn}n=o
aXn+3 + bXn+2 + CX„+i + dXn = 0,
XQ = 1, x i = 0, X2 = 1, x„ - x„+i + x„+2 - x„+3 = 0, Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
con X * la mot nghiem rieng ciia phUdng trinh khong thuan nhat
Giai. Xet plntdng trinh dac trinig
aXn+3 + bXn+2 + CX„+i + dx„ = /„.
A= 1
A^ - A2 + A - 1 = 0 <^ (A - 1)(A2 + 1) = 0 X= i
Cach giai. X = -i.
a) Xet phiTdng trinh dSc trUng Vi i = cos - + i sin ^ nen x„ = A + Bcos^ + Csin Vn = 0, 1,2,... Vi
aX^ + + cA + d = 0. (1) f^ + B = l { A = \ ,
10 = 1, x i = 0, X2 = 1 nen ta c6 he <^ A + C = 0 ^ I B = ^ Vay co
• Ngu (1) CO 3 nghiem thuc phan bi^t Ai, A2, A3 thi
duy nhat mot day so thda man de bai la x„ = 1 - sin — , Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
x;r = /3iAr + / 3 2 A 5 + /33A?.
Bai toan 95. Tnn tat cd cdc day so { x „ } ^ ^ thda man
• Ncu (1) CO mot nghigm thitc bpi 2 va mpt nghiem ddn (Ai = A2 7^ A 3 ) thi
x„ - x„+i + x„+2 - x„+3 = - 4 , Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
x;r =(/?!+/Jan) Ay + ^ 3 A ^
• Neu (1) CO mot nghiem thitc boi 3 (Ai A2 = A3) thi Hiidng dSn. Xet phudng trinh dac trmig
A= 1
^ = (A +/92n +/33n2) A?. A^ - A'^ + A - 1 = 0 ^ (A - 1)(A^ + 1) = 0 <^ A= i
X= -i.
• Neu (1) CO nghiem thuc Ai, hai phitc hen hdp A2,3 = r (cos 4> ± i sm4>) thi
Vay nghiem tdng quat ciia phUdng trinh thuan nhat tUdng ling la
x;^ = /3iA" + r " {A cos n4> + B sin n(p).
„ nTT ^ . nTT ^ „ 1 r, ,1 o l i t>vi
x„ = A + B c o s — + C s i n — , V n = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
b) Nghien rieng x^ ciia phUdng trinh a x „ + 3 + 6x„+2 + cx„+i + d x „ = /„ diidc r
tim nhu six r. Nghiem rieng cua phUdng trinh da cho c6 dang
4 Xet khi /„ la da thiic ciia n. Ta c6
• Neu 1 khong la nghiem ciia (1) thi x* la da thiic cimg bac vdi / „ . x ; = Dn,\fn = 0,1, 2,... (vdi D la hang so).
• Neu 1 la nghiem ddn cua (1) thi x* = ngn, vdi gn la da thiic ciing bac v6i
Thay vao phUdng trinh da cho ta diidc fni) 'i.>
da thiic / „ .
• Neu 1 la nghigm bpi hai ciia (1) thi = n^p,,, vdi gn la da thiic ciing bac D n - D ( n + l ) + /)(n + 2 ) - £ ) ( n + 3) =-4
vdi da tliiic / „ . ^-D + 2D-'SD=-i^D = 2.
• Neu 1 la nghigm bpi ba cua (1) thi x^ = n^5„, vdi g^ la da thiic cung bac
ây tat ca cac day so can tim deu c6 dang ,i,[,t:
vdi da thiic / „ .
4|b Xet khi /„ = P(n)7" , vdi P(n) la da thiic theo n. Ta cd X,, = 2n+A+B cos — + C s i n ^ , Vn e N (vdi A , B, C la cac hang s6 tiiy y).
• Neu 7 khong la nghiem ciia (1) thi x* = Q(n)7", vdi Q(n) la da thiic ciing
78 79
Bai t o a n 9 6 . Tim tat cd cdc day so {xn}n=o
G i a i - Phirdng trinh dac t n m g A ^ = 1 c u a day s6 d a cho c6 cac nghi?m l a
x„ + x„+i + x„+2 + x„+3 = 0, Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
1, . 2 ' 2 ( hay 1, c o s y - i s m y , cosy+ism—1.
G i a i . Xot phirdnR t r i n h dftc t n m g
Do do tat c a c a c day so thoa m a n y e u c a u de bai deu c6 dang
+ A + 1= 0 (A +.1){A2 + 1) = 0 A = I
A = - i . = ^ + S cos ^ + C sin ^ , Vn = 1,2,... (vdi >l, B , C l a hkng s6 tiiy y ) .
V i i = cos ^ + i sin ^ nen t a t ca cac day so thoa man yeu chu de bai d i u cd
d^ng 1.3.4 P h i f d n g t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y e n t i n h v d i h e s 6 bi§n t h i e n .
Xn = ^ ( - 1 ) " + Z?cos Y + C s i n y , Vn e N (vdi A, B, C la hftng so t u y y). Phitong trinh sai phan tuy^n tinh vdi he .so bi6n thien d a dUdc xet ci d?mg 8,
d trang G3. N h i n chung, viec giai nhiJng phUdng trinh sai phan tuyen tinh vdi
h? so la h a m so c i i a n l a mot cong viec r i t phiic tap, thudng t h i t a ddi bien
B a i t o a n 9 7 . Gid s{l phudng trmh ax^ + t x ^ + cx + d = 0 (a ^ 0) c6 ha
nghiem xi, X2, X 3 . Dat de diTa ve phiTdng trinh sai phan vdi he so hSng. Ta c h i khao sat dUdc mpt
so d^ng pliUdng trinh sai phan tuyen tinh vdi h§ so bien thien c6 dang dac
Sn = x'l' + x i ' + x3, V/j = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . bi?t, c h i xet m p t vai trudng hdp ddn gian c u a Idp phifdng trinh dang sau:
Chiing rninh rang day (5„)jJ"f^, thoa man h$ thiic truy hoi
^ " + i = (n + fc + l ) . . . ( n + 2 f c + l ) ( ^ " + ^)'^'^=^'^'---
aSn+:i + bSn+'2 + cSn+i + d5„ = 0, Vn - 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
va sau do t a xet mot vai dang dac biCt khac.
Hufdng d a n . Titdng ti.r bai toan 83 (d trang G8).
B a i toan 100. Tim x„ biet r&ng
B a i toan 98 (Xac dinh day so tuan hoan chu ky 2). Tim day so {x„};^î
biet x i = 0 , x„+i = - ^ ( x „ + l), n € N ' . ffttj
! xi=a, X2 = l3
I x „ + 2 = x „ , V n = 1,2,... G i a i . T i t gia thiet t a c6 {n + l ) x „ + i ^= nx„ + n. Dat u„ = nx„, t a c6
G i a i . Phudng t r i n h dac t n m g ciia day s6 da clio la A ^ = 1 A 6 1-1 1) "n+l =Wn + " , V n = 1,2, ... p
Do do x„ = ^ . 1 " + Vn = 1,2,... TCr gia t h i l t x , = a, x , = k ta c6

Vay
a + 0 1
A = "2 = Ui +
p-a
B = U4 = ua + 3
Do do CO duy nhat mot day s6 thoa man yeu cEu de bai la "n+1 = "n + n.
Cong lai va n i t ggn t a dUdc:'

x„ • ^
•
-(-l)",Vn=l,2,...
a„+, = u , + ( l + 2 + --- + n) = ^^^^y^,Vn=l,2,...
Bai toan 99 (Xac dinh day .s6 tuAn hoan chu k y 3). Tim day s6 { x „ } + -
= x „ , V n = 1,2,... V a y « , = ! ! i ! ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . . Suy r a x„ = Vn = 1,2,...
80 81
Bai t o a n 9 6 . Tim tat cd cdc day so {xn}n=o
G i a i - Phirdng trinh dac t n m g A ^ = 1 c u a day s6 d a cho c6 cac nghi?m l a
x„ + x„+i + x„+2 + x„+3 = 0, Vn = 0, 1, 2 , . . .
1, . 2 ' 2 ( hay 1, c o s y - i s m y , cosy+ism—1.
G i a i . Xot phirdnR t r i n h dftc t n m g
Do do tat c a c a c day so thoa m a n y e u c a u de bai deu c6 dang
+ A + 1= 0 (A +.1){A2 + 1) = 0 A = I
A = - i . = ^ + S cos ^ + C sin ^ , Vn = 1,2,... (vdi >l, B , C l a hkng s6 tiiy y ) .
V i i = cos ^ + i sin ^ nen t a t ca cac day so thoa man yeu chu de bai d i u cd
d^ng 1.3.4 P h i f d n g t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y e n t i n h v d i h e s 6 bi§n t h i e n .
Xn = ^ ( - 1 ) " + Z?cos Y + C s i n y , Vn e N (vdi A, B, C la hftng so t u y y). Phitong trinh sai phan tuy^n tinh vdi he .so bi6n thien d a dUdc xet ci d?mg 8,
d trang G3. N h i n chung, viec giai nhiJng phUdng trinh sai phan tuyen tinh vdi
h? so la h a m so c i i a n l a mot cong viec r i t phiic tap, thudng t h i t a ddi bien
B a i t o a n 9 7 . Gid s{l phudng trmh ax^ + t x ^ + cx + d = 0 (a ^ 0) c6 ha
nghiem xi, X2, X 3 . Dat de diTa ve phiTdng trinh sai phan vdi he so hSng. Ta c h i khao sat dUdc mpt
so d^ng pliUdng trinh sai phan tuyen tinh vdi h§ so bien thien c6 dang dac
Sn = x'l' + x i ' + x3, V/j = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . bi?t, c h i xet m p t vai trudng hdp ddn gian c u a Idp phifdng trinh dang sau:
Chiing rninh rang day (5„)jJ"f^, thoa man h$ thiic truy hoi
^ " + i = (n + fc + l ) . . . ( n + 2 f c + l ) ( ^ " + ^)'^'^=^'^'---
aSn+:i + bSn+'2 + cSn+i + d5„ = 0, Vn - 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
va sau do t a xet mot vai dang dac biCt khac.
Hufdng d a n . Titdng ti.r bai toan 83 (d trang G8).
B a i toan 100. Tim x„ biet r&ng
B a i toan 98 (Xac dinh day so tuan hoan chu ky 2). Tim day so {x„};^î
biet x i = 0 , x„+i = - ^ ( x „ + l), n € N ' . ffttj
! xi=a, X2 = l3
I x „ + 2 = x „ , V n = 1,2,... G i a i . T i t gia thiet t a c6 {n + l ) x „ + i ^= nx„ + n. Dat u„ = nx„, t a c6
G i a i . Phudng t r i n h dac t n m g ciia day s6 da clio la A ^ = 1 A 6 1-1 1) "n+l =Wn + " , V n = 1,2, ... p
Do do x„ = ^ . 1 " + Vn = 1,2,... TCr gia t h i l t x , = a, x , = k ta c6

Vay
a + 0 1
A = "2 = Ui +
p-a
B = U4 = ua + 3
Do do CO duy nhat mot day s6 thoa man yeu cEu de bai la "n+1 = "n + n.
Cong lai va n i t ggn t a dUdc:'

x„ • ^
•
-(-l)",Vn=l,2,...
a„+, = u , + ( l + 2 + --- + n) = ^^^^y^,Vn=l,2,...
Bai toan 99 (Xac dinh day .s6 tuAn hoan chu k y 3). Tim day s6 { x „ } + -
= x „ , V n = 1,2,... V a y « , = ! ! i ! ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . . Suy r a x„ = Vn = 1,2,...
80 81
B a i todn 101. Ttm x„ biet r&ng xi = 0 va B M t o ^ 103. rim day so { x „ } + ~ i , 6iet
""-^'^ in+ 2)1^13) (^r. + l),neW. (i) XI = a > 0, x„+i = \l}xl fin) > 0, n e N * ,fc€ N * .
(/("))
Htrdng d a n . Tiir gia thiet (1), ta c6
n(TH-l)2(n + 2) , , H-ang din. = D». ^ = khi d6 . „ „ = . J . V ,
v„ > 0, nen tit i;„+i = ta c6 lni;„+i = fclnt;„. Gpi u„ = lnu„. Khi d6 ;i

Do do
u„+i =A;ti„,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
(n + l ) ( n + 2)2(n + 3)x„+i = n(n + l)2(n + 2)x„ + n(n + l)\n + 2).
Dat n(n + l)^{n + 2)x„ = u„, thay vao tren ta dudc V|ly { " n } n : ^ thanh mpt cap so nhan v6i so hang dau \k u i , cong bpi 1^
A;, do do u„ = uiA:""^, Vn = 1,2,..., tit day tim dupc x„.
u n + i = Un + n(rH-l)2(n + 2), Vn = 1, 2 , . . .
B a i toan 104. Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ui = - 1 , U2 = - 2 vd
TiJf day ta tim dUdc u„, sau do ta tim dUdc x„ = +
10(n + l ) nu„+2 - {3n + 1) u„+i + 2 (n + 1) u„ = 3, Vn € N*. (1)
Lrfu y. Viec giai bai toan tong quat dU0c tien hanh tUdng t i ; . 2009
B a i toan 102. Xdc dinh so hang x„ khi biet xi=a>0, vd x„+i = g{n)x'^, DdtS--- X) - 2 (22009 _ 1^ 5 c/jjg ^jg^^ c^jp 2009. ,
trong do g{n) > 0, n e N * , A; € R\. n=l
G i a i . Ta CO x„ > 0, Vn = 1,2,... Do do G i a i . Tit gia thiet (1) ta c6 ' JJ'
n [u„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3] = (n + 1) [un+i - 2u„ - n + 3] /ê
=*>u„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3 = (u„+i - 2u„ - n + 3), Vn = 1,2,.. ,Y,
=J'U„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3 = ! L ± 1 , _ ! ! _ ... H _ - 1 + 3) ''

In q(n) n n— 1 1
""+i = " « + ^b!Tr^.^" = i . 2 , . . . (1)
Ttt (1) Ian lirgt lay n = 1,2,... ta dudc ={'U„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3 = 2(n + 1) ^ u„+2 - 2u„+i = 3n, Vn € N * .
V?ly day so {t;,i) thoa man ^ .j.,

ti2 = « l + ^
«„+i - 2u„ = 3(n - 1), Vn € N * .
lnp(2)
Phudng trinh d§« trimg A - 2 = 0<«-A = 2. Suy ra
, In o ( n - 1)
A;"
u„ = C.2" + an + 6, Vn G N*. " '' "" W
IVong do on + 6 thoa man (2), nghia Ih,
Cpng 1 ^ tadu<?cu„ = ui+î|^. Suy ra vdi mpi n = 1,2,..., thi
a{n + l)+b-2{an + b) = 3n-3 ' ^'
1=1
=»-an + a-6 = 3n-3=>{ -e:f£_3 =^ { ^=0":^
Suy ra
Ur, = c.2" - 3n, Vn e N*.

82
B a i todn 101. Ttm x„ biet r&ng xi = 0 va B M t o ^ 103. rim day so { x „ } + ~ i , 6iet
""-^'^ in+ 2)1^13) (^r. + l),neW. (i) XI = a > 0, x„+i = \l}xl fin) > 0, n e N * ,fc€ N * .
(/("))
Htrdng d a n . Tiir gia thiet (1), ta c6
n(TH-l)2(n + 2) , , H-ang din. = D». ^ = khi d6 . „ „ = . J . V ,
v„ > 0, nen tit i;„+i = ta c6 lni;„+i = fclnt;„. Gpi u„ = lnu„. Khi d6 ;i

Do do
u„+i =A;ti„,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
(n + l ) ( n + 2)2(n + 3)x„+i = n(n + l)2(n + 2)x„ + n(n + l)\n + 2).
Dat n(n + l)^{n + 2)x„ = u„, thay vao tren ta dudc V|ly { " n } n : ^ thanh mpt cap so nhan v6i so hang dau \k u i , cong bpi 1^
A;, do do u„ = uiA:""^, Vn = 1,2,..., tit day tim dupc x„.
u n + i = Un + n(rH-l)2(n + 2), Vn = 1, 2 , . . .
B a i toan 104. Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ui = - 1 , U2 = - 2 vd
TiJf day ta tim dUdc u„, sau do ta tim dUdc x„ = +
10(n + l ) nu„+2 - {3n + 1) u„+i + 2 (n + 1) u„ = 3, Vn € N*. (1)
Lrfu y. Viec giai bai toan tong quat dU0c tien hanh tUdng t i ; . 2009
B a i toan 102. Xdc dinh so hang x„ khi biet xi=a>0, vd x„+i = g{n)x'^, DdtS--- X) - 2 (22009 _ 1^ 5 c/jjg ^jg^^ c^jp 2009. ,
trong do g{n) > 0, n e N * , A; € R\. n=l
G i a i . Ta CO x„ > 0, Vn = 1,2,... Do do G i a i . Tit gia thiet (1) ta c6 ' JJ'
n [u„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3] = (n + 1) [un+i - 2u„ - n + 3] /ê
=*>u„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3 = (u„+i - 2u„ - n + 3), Vn = 1,2,.. ,Y,
=J'U„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3 = ! L ± 1 , _ ! ! _ ... H _ - 1 + 3) ''

In q(n) n n— 1 1
""+i = " « + ^b!Tr^.^" = i . 2 , . . . (1)
Ttt (1) Ian lirgt lay n = 1,2,... ta dudc ={'U„+2 - 2u„+i - (n + 1) + 3 = 2(n + 1) ^ u„+2 - 2u„+i = 3n, Vn € N * .
V?ly day so {t;,i) thoa man ^ .j.,

ti2 = « l + ^
«„+i - 2u„ = 3(n - 1), Vn € N * .
lnp(2)
Phudng trinh d§« trimg A - 2 = 0<«-A = 2. Suy ra
, In o ( n - 1)
A;"
u„ = C.2" + an + 6, Vn G N*. " '' "" W
IVong do on + 6 thoa man (2), nghia Ih,
Cpng 1 ^ tadu<?cu„ = ui+î|^. Suy ra vdi mpi n = 1,2,..., thi
a{n + l)+b-2{an + b) = 3n-3 ' ^'
1=1
=»-an + a-6 = 3n-3=>{ -e:f£_3 =^ { ^=0":^
Suy ra
Ur, = c.2" - 3n, Vn e N*.

82
lai t o a n 107. Tim so hang tdng qudt cua day {xn}t=i thoa man dieu kien
V i u i = - 1 nen - 1 = 2c - 3 c = 1. V?ly u„ = 2" - 3n, Vn € N * . Do do
2009 (1)
5 = 5;u„-2(22'"'9-l)
HvCdng d i n . Ngoai each giai n h u bai toan 105 d trang 84, t a con c6 the giai
= 2 + 2^ + . •. + - 3 (1 + 2 + • • • + 2009) - 2 (22°09 - l)
nhxi sau: T i t (1), t a c o
^ 2 . i z _ ? ^ _ 3 . ? 2 2 | ^ - 2 ( 2 2 0 0 9 - 1) = -3.1005.2009. x„_ix„+i = 4 + a, (2)
Vay 5 chia het cho 2009.
Trir (2) cho (3) theo ve t a dUdc

1,3.5 T u y e n t i n h h 6 a m o t s o phiTdng t r i n h s a i p h a n . PhuTdng
X„_lX„+i - Xn-2Xn = x l - => Xn-\Xn+l + = X„-2X„ +
p h a p x a y di/ng d a y s o n g u y e n .
= ^ X „ - i ( X „ _ i + X „ + i ) = Xn{Xn~2+Xn) =^ " Xn-2 + Xn
V i phUdng t r i u h sai phaii tuyeu tinh vdi he so hang da dttdc giai quyet nen
vi§c tuyen t i n h hoa nigt phttdng t r i n i i sai phan la viec can lam. Cac bai toan
Bdi vay
sau day se thS hien phUdng phap tuyen tinh hoa. Ngoai ra trong muc nay,
thong qua cac v i d u t a con t n n h bay phUdng phap xay dUng mot so day so X
tuyen t i n h hoa ditdc va mot so day so nguyen ditdc cho bcii coiig tlnic khong X„-i+X„+i X„-2+^n X1+X3 ^ ^ + O
nguyen. h
Suy ra x„ - a (x„_i + x„+i) ax„+i - x„ + a x „ - i = 0. T i l day t a t i m dUdc

B a i t o a n 105. Cho day so {xn} bdi: x i = j;2 = 1 ; x„ = , V n > 3.
so hang t6ng quat cua day so da cho.
Hay tuyen tinh hoa. Chiing rninh r&ng a;„ nguyen vdi mqi n € N . B a i t o a n 108. Tim x „ , hiet x i = a, X2 = 0 vd
Htfdng d S n . Gia sii dang bieu t h i tuyen t i n h la xl + 2bx„ - b x n - i + c w _ 9 o

6 + x„_i
x„=M,_i+5x„_2+r,Vn=l,2,... (*)
Ta CO X i = 3, X4 = 11, x's = 41. Vay trong (*), Ian Ittdt lay n = 3,4,5 t a H i i d n g d a n . Ta c6
diTdc ( X „ + 6)^ - - bXn-l + C (Xn + b)^ -b{b+Xn-l)+C
A+B+C=3 (A=4 6 + x„_i 6 + x„_i
l l y l + 3 B + C = 41 I C = 0. ^ . jXn + bf + C . . . . t -
Vay x„ = 4xn-i - Xn-2, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
B a i t o a n 106 (Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2012). Cho day so {xn} bdi:

Dat xn + b = yn, suy ra j/„+i = lam tUdng tU n h u bai toan 105, 107.
Vn-l
x\ 1, X2 = 5 ; Xn = j V n > 3. Chi'cng minh r&ng Xn nguyen vdi moi
Xn-2 B a i l o a n 109. Tim x „ , biit x i = Q , X2 = /3, a > 0, a ^ 0, ^ ^ 0 wo
neN va tim so hang tdng qudt cm day so (a;„).
Htfdng d i n . Tudng t u bai toan 105, t a dUdc Xn+i = 6a;„ - a;„_i. Vay x„
nguyen vdi moi n e N va tiJt day ta t i m so hang tong quat ciia day so (x„).
85
lai t o a n 107. Tim so hang tdng qudt cua day {xn}t=i thoa man dieu kien
V i u i = - 1 nen - 1 = 2c - 3 c = 1. V?ly u„ = 2" - 3n, Vn € N * . Do do
2009 (1)
5 = 5;u„-2(22'"'9-l)
HvCdng d i n . Ngoai each giai n h u bai toan 105 d trang 84, t a con c6 the giai
= 2 + 2^ + . •. + - 3 (1 + 2 + • • • + 2009) - 2 (22°09 - l)
nhxi sau: T i t (1), t a c o
^ 2 . i z _ ? ^ _ 3 . ? 2 2 | ^ - 2 ( 2 2 0 0 9 - 1) = -3.1005.2009. x„_ix„+i = 4 + a, (2)
Vay 5 chia het cho 2009.
Trir (2) cho (3) theo ve t a dUdc

1,3.5 T u y e n t i n h h 6 a m o t s o phiTdng t r i n h s a i p h a n . PhuTdng
X„_lX„+i - Xn-2Xn = x l - => Xn-\Xn+l + = X„-2X„ +
p h a p x a y di/ng d a y s o n g u y e n .
= ^ X „ - i ( X „ _ i + X „ + i ) = Xn{Xn~2+Xn) =^ " Xn-2 + Xn
V i phUdng t r i u h sai phaii tuyeu tinh vdi he so hang da dttdc giai quyet nen
vi§c tuyen t i n h hoa nigt phttdng t r i n i i sai phan la viec can lam. Cac bai toan
Bdi vay
sau day se thS hien phUdng phap tuyen tinh hoa. Ngoai ra trong muc nay,
thong qua cac v i d u t a con t n n h bay phUdng phap xay dUng mot so day so X
tuyen t i n h hoa ditdc va mot so day so nguyen ditdc cho bcii coiig tlnic khong X„-i+X„+i X„-2+^n X1+X3 ^ ^ + O
nguyen. h
Suy ra x„ - a (x„_i + x„+i) ax„+i - x„ + a x „ - i = 0. T i l day t a t i m dUdc

B a i t o a n 105. Cho day so {xn} bdi: x i = j;2 = 1 ; x„ = , V n > 3.
so hang t6ng quat cua day so da cho.
Hay tuyen tinh hoa. Chiing rninh r&ng a;„ nguyen vdi mqi n € N . B a i t o a n 108. Tim x „ , hiet x i = a, X2 = 0 vd
Htfdng d S n . Gia sii dang bieu t h i tuyen t i n h la xl + 2bx„ - b x n - i + c w _ 9 o

6 + x„_i
x„=M,_i+5x„_2+r,Vn=l,2,... (*)
Ta CO X i = 3, X4 = 11, x's = 41. Vay trong (*), Ian Ittdt lay n = 3,4,5 t a H i i d n g d a n . Ta c6
diTdc ( X „ + 6)^ - - bXn-l + C (Xn + b)^ -b{b+Xn-l)+C
A+B+C=3 (A=4 6 + x„_i 6 + x„_i
l l y l + 3 B + C = 41 I C = 0. ^ . jXn + bf + C . . . . t -
Vay x„ = 4xn-i - Xn-2, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
B a i t o a n 106 (Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2012). Cho day so {xn} bdi:

Dat xn + b = yn, suy ra j/„+i = lam tUdng tU n h u bai toan 105, 107.
Vn-l
x\ 1, X2 = 5 ; Xn = j V n > 3. Chi'cng minh r&ng Xn nguyen vdi moi
Xn-2 B a i l o a n 109. Tim x „ , biit x i = Q , X2 = /3, a > 0, a ^ 0, ^ ^ 0 wo
neN va tim so hang tdng qudt cm day so (a;„).
Htfdng d i n . Tudng t u bai toan 105, t a dUdc Xn+i = 6a;„ - a;„_i. Vay x„
nguyen vdi moi n e N va tiJt day ta t i m so hang tong quat ciia day so (x„).
85
H u d n g d i n . D l thky x„ 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , hdn nfla t a c6
B a l t o d n 112. Tim day sS { x „ } + ~ thda mam
1 _ ( l + ax^)x„-i -
{ x „ . ^ = a x „ + V ^ ^ ia>0,a>l,a^-t=l,ba + c>0).
a;„_i HiTdngdan.
D a t — = j/n, suy ra j/„+i = ^ " ^ ° , l&m tudng t i ; n h u bki to&n 105, 107. CAch 1. Tit gia t h i l t t a c6 x „ + i > x „ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . v i '
(x„+i - ax„)2 = 6x2 + c, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

N h a n x 6 t 4 . Tiep t^c hudng tren: Tit phuang trinh sai phdn tuyen tinh
Suy ra
yi, y2 cho trudc; o y „ + 2 + by^+i + cy„ = a „ ,
^l+i - 2 a x „ + i x „ + a^xl = 6x^ + c, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
lay yn = —, ta dU0c
^4+1 + 4 = 2 a x „ + i x „ + c, Vn e N * (1)
1 , 1 1 =>xl + xl_i= 2ax„x„_i + c, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . (2)
a. + b. 1- c.— = a„
Xn+2 Xn+l X„
Lay (1) triJt (2), ta dU(?c
a a „ x „ x „ + i - 6x„ - cx„+i ax„+ix„ I
= => X „ + 2 = r .
(x„+i - x „ _ i ) (x„+i + x „ _ i ) = 2ax„ (x„+i - x „ _ i ) , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
X„+2 X„+iX„ 0 „ X „ X „ + i - bXn - C X „ + i
Ldy a„ = n + l , V n e N * ; a = l , x i = 1,X2 = 3,6 = - 4 , c = - 7 , <a duC(lc hai V i x„+i - x „ _ i > 0 nen suy ra
todn 110 n/i?/ sau:
Xn+i + Xn-1 = 2ax„, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
Bki t o a n 110. 71m day so {xn}^=i thoa man x i = 1,X2 = 3
Vay t a da dua ve phildng t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 2 da biet each giai.
"^"^^ - ( n + l ) x „ x „ + i + 4x„ + 7x„+i - Vn - 1,2,... C a c h 2. T i i (1) va (2) suy ra x„+i va x„_i Ik nghi0m ciia phuong t r i n h
B M t o a n 1 1 1 . T i m ddj/ so { u „ } + ~ i </ida man - 2axnt + x^ - c = 0.
f af" Theo dinh h' V i e t suy ra
""+1 = \r ^ 6 7 «i = p > 0, U2 = « > 0, 0 < a ^ 1. Xn+\ Xn-i = 2ax„, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
V ("n) (Un-l) Vay t a da dua ve phiiong t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 2 da biet each giai.
L i f u y . Vay neu t a chQn a Ik so nguyen dUdng sao cho bn + c chinh phuong
H i r d n g d S n . Tilt gia t h i l t suy ra
t h i t h u ditde m o t day so nguyen. T i r hai each giai tren t a c6 hai phUdng phap
(u„) (u„_i) de xay d i ^ g eac day so nguyen dudc cho bdi cong thiic khong nguyen.
=^log„ ((Un+lfM'K-ir) =/n V i d u 1 1 . Chpn a = 1, o = 2, 6 = 3, c = - 2 . Ta dU0c bat todn sau.
lOga Un+1 + 6 log,, U „ + C log„ Un-l = fn- B a i t o d n 113. Cho day so-{xn}n=i nhu sau: xi = \
D ^ t log„ Un = Vn, k h i do
x„+i = 2 x „ + V 3 x 2 - 2 , Vn = l , 2 , . . .
kVn+l + bv„ + CVn-l = /„, = log„P, V2 = log2 9-
Chvcng minh rdng moi so hQ,ng cua day diu la so nguyen.
V§,y ta da dan ve phuong t r i n h sai phan tuyen tfnh cap hai da biet c4ch giai.
86
H u d n g d i n . D l thky x„ 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , hdn nfla t a c6
B a l t o d n 112. Tim day sS { x „ } + ~ thda mam
1 _ ( l + ax^)x„-i -
{ x „ . ^ = a x „ + V ^ ^ ia>0,a>l,a^-t=l,ba + c>0).
a;„_i HiTdngdan.
D a t — = j/n, suy ra j/„+i = ^ " ^ ° , l&m tudng t i ; n h u bki to&n 105, 107. CAch 1. Tit gia t h i l t t a c6 x „ + i > x „ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . v i '
(x„+i - ax„)2 = 6x2 + c, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

N h a n x 6 t 4 . Tiep t^c hudng tren: Tit phuang trinh sai phdn tuyen tinh
Suy ra
yi, y2 cho trudc; o y „ + 2 + by^+i + cy„ = a „ ,
^l+i - 2 a x „ + i x „ + a^xl = 6x^ + c, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
lay yn = —, ta dU0c
^4+1 + 4 = 2 a x „ + i x „ + c, Vn e N * (1)
1 , 1 1 =>xl + xl_i= 2ax„x„_i + c, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . (2)
a. + b. 1- c.— = a„
Xn+2 Xn+l X„
Lay (1) triJt (2), ta dU(?c
a a „ x „ x „ + i - 6x„ - cx„+i ax„+ix„ I
= => X „ + 2 = r .
(x„+i - x „ _ i ) (x„+i + x „ _ i ) = 2ax„ (x„+i - x „ _ i ) , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
X„+2 X„+iX„ 0 „ X „ X „ + i - bXn - C X „ + i
Ldy a„ = n + l , V n e N * ; a = l , x i = 1,X2 = 3,6 = - 4 , c = - 7 , <a duC(lc hai V i x„+i - x „ _ i > 0 nen suy ra
todn 110 n/i?/ sau:
Xn+i + Xn-1 = 2ax„, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
Bki t o a n 110. 71m day so {xn}^=i thoa man x i = 1,X2 = 3
Vay t a da dua ve phildng t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 2 da biet each giai.
"^"^^ - ( n + l ) x „ x „ + i + 4x„ + 7x„+i - Vn - 1,2,... C a c h 2. T i i (1) va (2) suy ra x„+i va x„_i Ik nghi0m ciia phuong t r i n h
B M t o a n 1 1 1 . T i m ddj/ so { u „ } + ~ i </ida man - 2axnt + x^ - c = 0.
f af" Theo dinh h' V i e t suy ra
""+1 = \r ^ 6 7 «i = p > 0, U2 = « > 0, 0 < a ^ 1. Xn+\ Xn-i = 2ax„, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
V ("n) (Un-l) Vay t a da dua ve phiiong t r i n h sai phan tuyen t i n h cap 2 da biet each giai.
L i f u y . Vay neu t a chQn a Ik so nguyen dUdng sao cho bn + c chinh phuong
H i r d n g d S n . Tilt gia t h i l t suy ra
t h i t h u ditde m o t day so nguyen. T i r hai each giai tren t a c6 hai phUdng phap
(u„) (u„_i) de xay d i ^ g eac day so nguyen dudc cho bdi cong thiic khong nguyen.
=^log„ ((Un+lfM'K-ir) =/n V i d u 1 1 . Chpn a = 1, o = 2, 6 = 3, c = - 2 . Ta dU0c bat todn sau.
lOga Un+1 + 6 log,, U „ + C log„ Un-l = fn- B a i t o d n 113. Cho day so-{xn}n=i nhu sau: xi = \
D ^ t log„ Un = Vn, k h i do
x„+i = 2 x „ + V 3 x 2 - 2 , Vn = l , 2 , . . .
kVn+l + bv„ + CVn-l = /„, = log„P, V2 = log2 9-
Chvcng minh rdng moi so hQ,ng cua day diu la so nguyen.
V§,y ta da dan ve phuong t r i n h sai phan tuyen tfnh cap hai da biet c4ch giai.
86
V i d u 12. Trong each 2 phan hudng din gidi bdi todn 112, d trang 87, do t f d n g d a n . De thay XQ = 1 va x i = 1. Ta se chufng m i n h rang
Xn+i va x„-i la nghiem eua phxtang trinh
x„+2 = 3x„+i + 2x„, Vn € N .
t^ - 2ax„< + xl-c=Q.
Tir do suy ra mpi so hang cua day deu la so nguyen.
nen theo dinh It Viet suy ra
LiAt y . Dftt A i = A2 = K h i do { + ^2 =^3 Vay A, va
^2 la hai nghiem ci'ia phiTdng t r i n h A^ - 3A - 2 = 0. Do do t a d u doan rang
x„+ix„_i = - c =^ x„+i = — — - .
day {Jn) tlioa m a n he thi'rc t r u y hoi
Tic day bang each chon cdc gid tri ban dau x i , X 2 ta c6 the xdy dUng ditrfc. x„+2 - 3x„+i - 2x„ = 0, Vn e N . *
edc day so nguyen c6 d^ng nhu d bdi todn 105 d trang 84.
Cong viec con lai la chiJng m i n h dieu d u doan do.
V i d u 13. Xet mot day cho bdi he thtic truy hoi tuyen tinh sao cho cdc so
hang dau tien la cdc so nguyen, car he so cung nguyen, phrMng trinh dac B a i t o a n 115. Tim day so { x „ } j ^ ^ thoa man '
tnCng v6 nghiem hoic c6 nghi$m Id cdc so v6 ti hoac so phiic. Chdng hg,n X]= o
chon day so nguyen (x„) nhu sau: x„+i = ^" ,Vn=:l,2,... ( a > 0 , a > l , a 2 - 6 = l , 6 + cQ>0).
a+^b + cxl
xo = 1 , x i = 1 ; Xn+i = 3x„ + 2 x „ _ i . !
Day (x„) CO phuang trinh d^c tntng Hvidng d i n . T i t gia thiet ta c 6
1 a+ ^yb + cxl a fb
A ^ - 3 A - 2 = 0<Â =
x„+i x„ x„ V K
Vdy Xn = A Dat — = yn, ta dira ve bai loan 112.

2 / 2 J • ^0 = 1, ari = 1 nen ta c6 hi
x„
A + B = l B a i t o a n I I J . Cho day so { x , , } ^ ^ nhu sau: .îV'
x„ ''
2vn 2vT7 x i = a > 0 x„+i = , " •
2 + x„ a
Do do
Ttm so hang tong qudt ciia day so dd cho.
x„ '
34 { 2 J Hirdng d i n . De thay x „ > 0, Vn e N * . Dat — = y„, suy ra y„+i = 2y„ + 1.
x„
Ta duoc bdi todn sau.
B a i t o a n 117. Cho day so {p{n)} duoc xuc dinh nhil sau: • "ji
B a i t o a n 114. Cho day s6 (x„) nhu sau = 1 , p ( n ) = l . p ( n ^ 1) + 2.p{n - 2) + • • • + ( n - l ) p ( l ) .
Xn =
Hay xdc dinh p(n) vdi moi n—1,2,...
34 VneN.,
34
Hvtdng dan.Voi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . dat p(n) = p„. K h i do p i = 1 va vdi moi
Ch%mg minh r&ng moi so hang cua day diu Id so nguyen. n = 3 , 4 , . . . t a c6:
p„ = lp„_i + 2p„_2 + • • + (n - l ) p i .
88
V i d u 12. Trong each 2 phan hudng din gidi bdi todn 112, d trang 87, do t f d n g d a n . De thay XQ = 1 va x i = 1. Ta se chufng m i n h rang
Xn+i va x„-i la nghiem eua phxtang trinh
x„+2 = 3x„+i + 2x„, Vn € N .
t^ - 2ax„< + xl-c=Q.
Tir do suy ra mpi so hang cua day deu la so nguyen.
nen theo dinh It Viet suy ra
LiAt y . Dftt A i = A2 = K h i do { + ^2 =^3 Vay A, va
^2 la hai nghiem ci'ia phiTdng t r i n h A^ - 3A - 2 = 0. Do do t a d u doan rang
x„+ix„_i = - c =^ x„+i = — — - .
day {Jn) tlioa m a n he thi'rc t r u y hoi
Tic day bang each chon cdc gid tri ban dau x i , X 2 ta c6 the xdy dUng ditrfc. x„+2 - 3x„+i - 2x„ = 0, Vn e N . *
edc day so nguyen c6 d^ng nhu d bdi todn 105 d trang 84.
Cong viec con lai la chiJng m i n h dieu d u doan do.
V i d u 13. Xet mot day cho bdi he thtic truy hoi tuyen tinh sao cho cdc so
hang dau tien la cdc so nguyen, car he so cung nguyen, phrMng trinh dac B a i t o a n 115. Tim day so { x „ } j ^ ^ thoa man '
tnCng v6 nghiem hoic c6 nghi$m Id cdc so v6 ti hoac so phiic. Chdng hg,n X]= o
chon day so nguyen (x„) nhu sau: x„+i = ^" ,Vn=:l,2,... ( a > 0 , a > l , a 2 - 6 = l , 6 + cQ>0).
a+^b + cxl
xo = 1 , x i = 1 ; Xn+i = 3x„ + 2 x „ _ i . !
Day (x„) CO phuang trinh d^c tntng Hvidng d i n . T i t gia thiet ta c 6
1 a+ ^yb + cxl a fb
A ^ - 3 A - 2 = 0<Â =
x„+i x„ x„ V K
Vdy Xn = A Dat — = yn, ta dira ve bai loan 112.

2 / 2 J • ^0 = 1, ari = 1 nen ta c6 hi
x„
A + B = l B a i t o a n I I J . Cho day so { x , , } ^ ^ nhu sau: .îV'
x„ ''
2vn 2vT7 x i = a > 0 x„+i = , " •
2 + x„ a
Do do
Ttm so hang tong qudt ciia day so dd cho.
x„ '
34 { 2 J Hirdng d i n . De thay x „ > 0, Vn e N * . Dat — = y„, suy ra y„+i = 2y„ + 1.
x„
Ta duoc bdi todn sau.
B a i t o a n 117. Cho day so {p{n)} duoc xuc dinh nhil sau: • "ji
B a i t o a n 114. Cho day s6 (x„) nhu sau = 1 , p ( n ) = l . p ( n ^ 1) + 2.p{n - 2) + • • • + ( n - l ) p ( l ) .
Xn =
Hay xdc dinh p(n) vdi moi n—1,2,...
34 VneN.,
34
Hvtdng dan.Voi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . dat p(n) = p„. K h i do p i = 1 va vdi moi
Ch%mg minh r&ng moi so hang cua day diu Id so nguyen. n = 3 , 4 , . . . t a c6:
p„ = lp„_i + 2p„_2 + • • + (n - l ) p i .
88
Do do vdi m o i n = 3 , 4 , . . . t a c6 J
= 3x„+, + y ^ x „ + 3 ^ 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i ) ^
Pn = [Pn-1 + p „ - 2 + • • • + Pi] + [ l p „ - 2 + 2p„_3 + • • • + ( n - 2)pi]
= [Pn-1 + P n - 2 + - - + P l ] + P f . - l - = 3 x „ + i + 8x„ + (1)
V§,y vdi moi n = 3 , 4 , . . . t a c6 + ^n+l)-
Ma y ^ 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i ) = x„+2 - 3x„, nen t i l (1) t a c6 .
Pn - Pn-1 = Pn-1 + Pn-2 + • • • + P l (*)
x„+3 = 3x„+i + 8x„ + 3 (x„+2 - 3x„) <«• x„+3 = 3x„+2 + 3x„+i - x „ . (2)
Trong (*) thay n bdi ( n + 1) t a dUdc:
V l xo = 1, a;i = 4 1 ; X2 = 3 + ^ 8 ( 1 + 4 1 2 ) = 119 nen t i t (2) suy r a mpi so
Pn+l - Pn = Pn + Pn-1 + Pn-2 + • • • + P i (**) hang cua day den la so t i t nhien. Phirong t r i n h A&c. t n m g cua day so la
Lay (**) t n r (*) ve theo ve t a d«0c: p„+i - 3p„ + p „ _ i = 0, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . V^y A= - 1

- 3A2 - 3A + 1 = 0 ( A + 1) (A2 - 4A + 1)
A = 2±V3. ,1.
ta dugc {pn}t=i 1^ day so n h u sau:
V^y
/ P i = 1, P2 = 1
c„ = A ( - 1 ) " + B(2 + + C (2 - V 3 ) " , Vn € N . (3)
\„ + p„_i = 0 , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
V i xo = 1, x i = 4 1 ; X2 = 119 nen t i l (3) lay n = 0,1,2 t a t i m dUdc A, B, C,
Xet pliUdiig t i i u h d i e t m i i g suy r a so h^ng tdng quat ciia day so la
'3 + V5 3 - \ / 5
A^-3A + l = 0 « > A e
x„ = i [ ( 2 5 + 17v/3) (2 + ^ 3 ) " + ( 2 5 - 1 7 \ / 3 ) (2 - v/s)" - 44 ( - 1 ) " .
Dod6 C ^ c h k h a c . T a c6 the t i m r a h? thiic t r u y hoi tuyen t i n h nhU sau: De thay

,Vn = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . rang vdi mpi n t h i x „ luon t o n t ^ i va
Xn+2 - 3 x „ > 0, Vn = 1,2,...
V i p i = 1, P2 = 1 nen t a t i m dU(?c AvhB,ti[ do t i m dU0c so h ^ g tong quat
Do do t i t gia thiet t a c6
cua day so {pn};^^^^.
B a i t o a n 118 (Chon d p i tuyen Moldova nSm 2011). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu Xn+2 - 3X„ = y ' 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i )
^ (x„+2 - 3x„)2 = 8 (x2 + X ^ + i )

= 1, x i = 4 1 ; x„+2 = 3x„ + y/8{xl + xl^.
-^^1+2 - 6x„+2Xn + 9x2 = 8 (^2 .,. a;2_^j)
Tim so hmig tony qxidt cua day so da cho vd chxtng minh vhng mgi so hQ.ng 0^l+2 - 6X„+2X„ + x2 - 8x2+1 = 0. (1)
cua day diu Id so ti( nhicn.
Trong (1), thay n bdi ( n - 1) t a difpc
G i a i . De thay vdi mpi n e N t h i x „ > 0. Ta c6
'-n+ 1 - 6 x „ + i x „ _ i + x 2 _ , - 8x2 ^ 0. (2)
Xn+3 - 3x„+i + y ^ 8 ( x 2 ^ i + x 2 ^ 2 ) Tir (1) va (2) suy r a
^1+2 - 6X„+2X„ + 9x2 ^ ^2_^ _ 6 x „ + i X „ _ i + 9x^+1

= 3x„+i + ,8 <+i + + 6 x „ y ^ 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i ) + 8 (x2 + <=>'(a:n+2 - 3x„)^ = ( x „ _ i - 3 x „ + i ) ^
^n+l)
<=>x„+2 - 3x„ = 3 x „ + i - x „ _ i (do x„+2 - 3x„ > 0)
= 3x„+i + 72x2^1 + 136x2 + 4 8 x „ ^ 8 {xl + x ^ ^ J * * x „ + 2 - 3 x „ + i - 3x„ 4- x „ _ i = 0.
90 91
Do do vdi m o i n = 3 , 4 , . . . t a c6 J
= 3x„+, + y ^ x „ + 3 ^ 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i ) ^
Pn = [Pn-1 + p „ - 2 + • • • + Pi] + [ l p „ - 2 + 2p„_3 + • • • + ( n - 2)pi]
= [Pn-1 + P n - 2 + - - + P l ] + P f . - l - = 3 x „ + i + 8x„ + (1)
V§,y vdi moi n = 3 , 4 , . . . t a c6 + ^n+l)-
Ma y ^ 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i ) = x„+2 - 3x„, nen t i l (1) t a c6 .
Pn - Pn-1 = Pn-1 + Pn-2 + • • • + P l (*)
x„+3 = 3x„+i + 8x„ + 3 (x„+2 - 3x„) <«• x„+3 = 3x„+2 + 3x„+i - x „ . (2)
Trong (*) thay n bdi ( n + 1) t a dUdc:
V l xo = 1, a;i = 4 1 ; X2 = 3 + ^ 8 ( 1 + 4 1 2 ) = 119 nen t i t (2) suy r a mpi so
Pn+l - Pn = Pn + Pn-1 + Pn-2 + • • • + P i (**) hang cua day den la so t i t nhien. Phirong t r i n h A&c. t n m g cua day so la
Lay (**) t n r (*) ve theo ve t a d«0c: p„+i - 3p„ + p „ _ i = 0, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . V^y A= - 1

- 3A2 - 3A + 1 = 0 ( A + 1) (A2 - 4A + 1)
A = 2±V3. ,1.
ta dugc {pn}t=i 1^ day so n h u sau:
V^y
/ P i = 1, P2 = 1
c„ = A ( - 1 ) " + B(2 + + C (2 - V 3 ) " , Vn € N . (3)
\„ + p„_i = 0 , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
V i xo = 1, x i = 4 1 ; X2 = 119 nen t i l (3) lay n = 0,1,2 t a t i m dUdc A, B, C,
Xet pliUdiig t i i u h d i e t m i i g suy r a so h^ng tdng quat ciia day so la
'3 + V5 3 - \ / 5
A^-3A + l = 0 « > A e
x„ = i [ ( 2 5 + 17v/3) (2 + ^ 3 ) " + ( 2 5 - 1 7 \ / 3 ) (2 - v/s)" - 44 ( - 1 ) " .
Dod6 C ^ c h k h a c . T a c6 the t i m r a h? thiic t r u y hoi tuyen t i n h nhU sau: De thay

,Vn = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . rang vdi mpi n t h i x „ luon t o n t ^ i va
Xn+2 - 3 x „ > 0, Vn = 1,2,...
V i p i = 1, P2 = 1 nen t a t i m dU(?c AvhB,ti[ do t i m dU0c so h ^ g tong quat
Do do t i t gia thiet t a c6
cua day so {pn};^^^^.
B a i t o a n 118 (Chon d p i tuyen Moldova nSm 2011). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu Xn+2 - 3X„ = y ' 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i )
^ (x„+2 - 3x„)2 = 8 (x2 + X ^ + i )

= 1, x i = 4 1 ; x„+2 = 3x„ + y/8{xl + xl^.
-^^1+2 - 6x„+2Xn + 9x2 = 8 (^2 .,. a;2_^j)
Tim so hmig tony qxidt cua day so da cho vd chxtng minh vhng mgi so hQ.ng 0^l+2 - 6X„+2X„ + x2 - 8x2+1 = 0. (1)
cua day diu Id so ti( nhicn.
Trong (1), thay n bdi ( n - 1) t a difpc
G i a i . De thay vdi mpi n e N t h i x „ > 0. Ta c6
'-n+ 1 - 6 x „ + i x „ _ i + x 2 _ , - 8x2 ^ 0. (2)
Xn+3 - 3x„+i + y ^ 8 ( x 2 ^ i + x 2 ^ 2 ) Tir (1) va (2) suy r a
^1+2 - 6X„+2X„ + 9x2 ^ ^2_^ _ 6 x „ + i X „ _ i + 9x^+1

= 3x„+i + ,8 <+i + + 6 x „ y ^ 8 ( x 2 + x 2 ^ i ) + 8 (x2 + <=>'(a:n+2 - 3x„)^ = ( x „ _ i - 3 x „ + i ) ^
^n+l)
<=>x„+2 - 3x„ = 3 x „ + i - x „ _ i (do x„+2 - 3x„ > 0)
= 3x„+i + 72x2^1 + 136x2 + 4 8 x „ ^ 8 {xl + x ^ ^ J * * x „ + 2 - 3 x „ + i - 3x„ 4- x „ _ i = 0.
90 91
1.3.6 H e phifdng t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y e n t i n h v d i h e s6 h k n g . on—1
a p s o . Vai m o i n = 1, 2 , . . . , t h i x „ = 2 " - \„ = 2
T r o n g m u c n a y t a c h i i y e n x e t h§ p h u d n g t r i n h sai p h a n d a n g
a i t o a n 1 2 1 . Cho hai day so ( u „ ) vd (w„) nhu sau
( Xn+l = pXn + qyn, = a
_ 0^ = cos a , Un+\ 2i)„ sin^ a, v„+i = v„ + 2u„ cos^ a ( V n €
\ = r x n + sy„, yi =b.
C a c h giai. i a i . V d i m p i so A t a d e u t o
C a c h 1. T u d n g t u n l i i r d a l a m d each '2 c u a m u c 2.10.2: X a c d i n h so h a n g
t 6 n g q u a t c i i a d a y so p h a n t u y e n t h i h (d t r a n g 354). Un+i + Aw„+i = Un + 2v„ siu^ a + A [v„ + 2u„ cos^ a)
C a c h 2 . C o y tUcing t U d n g l i t n h i t d a l a u i d m u c 1.1.6 ( d t r a n g 3 9 ) h o a c ci ( 1 + 2A cos'-^ a) Un + (A + 2 sin^ a) i;„, V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .

Idi g i a i c i i a b a i t o a n 9 9 , t r a n g 193 c i i a b a i " G i 6 i h a n c i i a cac d a y so s i n h hdi
cac d a i l U d n g t r u n g b i n h " . C i i t h e n h u sau: V d i m p i so A, t a c 6 a c h p n A sao c h o A + 2 sin^ a = A ( l + 2A cos^ a ) , tiifc l a c h p n A d i
Xn+i + Xyn+1 = p x n + qVn + ( r x „ + s y „ ) A = (p + r\) Xn + {q + s\) y „ . A = tan a

2 sin'^ a = 2A^ cos^ a A^ = t a n ^ a A = — tana.
T a c h o n A sao c h o q + s\ {p + rX) A. V 6 i A v i t a dUdc t h i { x „ + Aj/„}^ t a o
t h a n h m o t c i p so n h a n , t i r d a y t a se t i m d u d c so h a n g t o n g q u a t c i i a cac d a y A = tanrv û-.
%y v d i A =-tana
so { x „ } „ v a {2/„}„.
Un+l + At',,+1 = ( l + 2 A c o s ^ a ) ( u „ + At;„),Vn e N .
B a i t o a n 1 1 9 . Tim cong thric cua hai so hang tong qudt cua hai day so cho
hdi: (""+1 r r + va thoa man UQ = 0;VO = 6. g h i a l a d a y so + ><Vn)}n=() ^^P t h a n h m o t cap so n h a n c6 so h a n g d a u
+ Ai'o = A c o s a , va c o n g b p i ^ — 1 + 2 A c o s 2 a . D o d o
G i a i . T a c6
Un + = A cos ck ( l + 2A cos^ a ) " , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
U„+2 = 3 U „ + 1 + Vn+\ 3 u „ + i + 5u„ -Vn = 3u„+l + 5u„ - {Un+l - 3u„).
lUdt l a y A = t a n a , A = - t a n a t a difdc
V a y Un+-2 = 2u„+i + 8u„. P h U d n g t r i n h d a c t r u n g
f u,i + t a n a n , , = s i n a ( l + s i n 2 a ) "
A2-2A-8 = 0**Ae {-2,4}.
\ - tana(;„ = - s i n a ( l - s i n 2 a ) "
D o d o u „ = a ( - 2 ) " + 6.4". V i uo = 0, ui = 6 n e n t a c 6 h ? I
Un = - s i n a [(1 + sin 2 a ) " - ( 1 - s i n 2 a ) " ] •.W)!) ^
<:> < f ,Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . , .
i a+ b= 0 ^ / a = - l Vn = - cos a [(1 + sin 2 a ) " 4- (1 - s i n 2 a ) " ] ,
\+ 4 6 - 6 ^ \ = 1.
T i t d o u„ = - ( - 2 ) " + 4 " , s u y r a h u y 9 . Bdng phuong phdp treri fa c6 the' tim du<lc so hang tong qudt cua
i day so cho bdi Un+i = + bvn-, I'n+i = cvn + d u „ . ,.,
Vu = un+i - 3un = 2 ( - 2 ) " + 4 . 4 " - 3 [ 4 " - ( - 2 ) " ] = 4 " + 5 ( - 2 ) " .
a i t o a n 1 2 2 . Cho ba day so ( x „ ) , ( 2 / , , ) , (2,,) xdc dmh nhu snu:
V a y so l i a n g t o n g q u a t c i i a h a i d a y so d a c h o l a
( Xxo =
O = 4, y{)
1, 2n == i.1
y^) == i,2,Zn I
u„ = 4 " - ( - 2 ) " , = 4" + 5(-2)". x„ = 2 0 x „ _ i + 362/,,-1 + oZn-i
yn = 12x„_i + 262/n-i + 2 z „ - i
B a i t o a n 1 2 0 . Tim x „ , y „ , biet Zn = 6 x „ _ i + 2/„-i + 2 5 z „ _ i , n > 1.
f x „ + i = 4 x „ - 2y„, x i = 1 liny minh x„ - 2/u " = 2 " vd tinh x „ , yn, Zn if^ô n.

I Vn+i = x„ + 2 / „ , 2/1 = 1.
92
93
1.3.6 H e phifdng t r i n h s a i p h a n t u y e n t i n h v d i h e s6 h k n g . on—1
a p s o . Vai m o i n = 1, 2 , . . . , t h i x „ = 2 " - \„ = 2
T r o n g m u c n a y t a c h i i y e n x e t h§ p h u d n g t r i n h sai p h a n d a n g
a i t o a n 1 2 1 . Cho hai day so ( u „ ) vd (w„) nhu sau
( Xn+l = pXn + qyn, = a
_ 0^ = cos a , Un+\ 2i)„ sin^ a, v„+i = v„ + 2u„ cos^ a ( V n €
\ = r x n + sy„, yi =b.
C a c h giai. i a i . V d i m p i so A t a d e u t o
C a c h 1. T u d n g t u n l i i r d a l a m d each '2 c u a m u c 2.10.2: X a c d i n h so h a n g
t 6 n g q u a t c i i a d a y so p h a n t u y e n t h i h (d t r a n g 354). Un+i + Aw„+i = Un + 2v„ siu^ a + A [v„ + 2u„ cos^ a)
C a c h 2 . C o y tUcing t U d n g l i t n h i t d a l a u i d m u c 1.1.6 ( d t r a n g 3 9 ) h o a c ci ( 1 + 2A cos'-^ a) Un + (A + 2 sin^ a) i;„, V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .

Idi g i a i c i i a b a i t o a n 9 9 , t r a n g 193 c i i a b a i " G i 6 i h a n c i i a cac d a y so s i n h hdi
cac d a i l U d n g t r u n g b i n h " . C i i t h e n h u sau: V d i m p i so A, t a c 6 a c h p n A sao c h o A + 2 sin^ a = A ( l + 2A cos^ a ) , tiifc l a c h p n A d i
Xn+i + Xyn+1 = p x n + qVn + ( r x „ + s y „ ) A = (p + r\) Xn + {q + s\) y „ . A = tan a

2 sin'^ a = 2A^ cos^ a A^ = t a n ^ a A = — tana.
T a c h o n A sao c h o q + s\ {p + rX) A. V 6 i A v i t a dUdc t h i { x „ + Aj/„}^ t a o
t h a n h m o t c i p so n h a n , t i r d a y t a se t i m d u d c so h a n g t o n g q u a t c i i a cac d a y A = tanrv û-.
%y v d i A =-tana
so { x „ } „ v a {2/„}„.
Un+l + At',,+1 = ( l + 2 A c o s ^ a ) ( u „ + At;„),Vn e N .
B a i t o a n 1 1 9 . Tim cong thric cua hai so hang tong qudt cua hai day so cho
hdi: (""+1 r r + va thoa man UQ = 0;VO = 6. g h i a l a d a y so + ><Vn)}n=() ^^P t h a n h m o t cap so n h a n c6 so h a n g d a u
+ Ai'o = A c o s a , va c o n g b p i ^ — 1 + 2 A c o s 2 a . D o d o
G i a i . T a c6
Un + = A cos ck ( l + 2A cos^ a ) " , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
U„+2 = 3 U „ + 1 + Vn+\ 3 u „ + i + 5u„ -Vn = 3u„+l + 5u„ - {Un+l - 3u„).
lUdt l a y A = t a n a , A = - t a n a t a difdc
V a y Un+-2 = 2u„+i + 8u„. P h U d n g t r i n h d a c t r u n g
f u,i + t a n a n , , = s i n a ( l + s i n 2 a ) "
A2-2A-8 = 0**Ae {-2,4}.
\ - tana(;„ = - s i n a ( l - s i n 2 a ) "
D o d o u „ = a ( - 2 ) " + 6.4". V i uo = 0, ui = 6 n e n t a c 6 h ? I
Un = - s i n a [(1 + sin 2 a ) " - ( 1 - s i n 2 a ) " ] •.W)!) ^
<:> < f ,Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . , .
i a+ b= 0 ^ / a = - l Vn = - cos a [(1 + sin 2 a ) " 4- (1 - s i n 2 a ) " ] ,
\+ 4 6 - 6 ^ \ = 1.
T i t d o u„ = - ( - 2 ) " + 4 " , s u y r a h u y 9 . Bdng phuong phdp treri fa c6 the' tim du<lc so hang tong qudt cua
i day so cho bdi Un+i = + bvn-, I'n+i = cvn + d u „ . ,.,
Vu = un+i - 3un = 2 ( - 2 ) " + 4 . 4 " - 3 [ 4 " - ( - 2 ) " ] = 4 " + 5 ( - 2 ) " .
a i t o a n 1 2 2 . Cho ba day so ( x „ ) , ( 2 / , , ) , (2,,) xdc dmh nhu snu:
V a y so l i a n g t o n g q u a t c i i a h a i d a y so d a c h o l a
( Xxo =
O = 4, y{)
1, 2n == i.1
y^) == i,2,Zn I
u„ = 4 " - ( - 2 ) " , = 4" + 5(-2)". x„ = 2 0 x „ _ i + 362/,,-1 + oZn-i
yn = 12x„_i + 262/n-i + 2 z „ - i
B a i t o a n 1 2 0 . Tim x „ , y „ , biet Zn = 6 x „ _ i + 2/„-i + 2 5 z „ _ i , n > 1.
f x „ + i = 4 x „ - 2y„, x i = 1 liny minh x„ - 2/u " = 2 " vd tinh x „ , yn, Zn if^ô n.

I Vn+i = x„ + 2 / „ , 2/1 = 1.
92
93
Giai. X6t x„ + ty^ = (20 + 12t)x„_i + (36 + 26t)y„-i + (3 + 2t)z„.i. Chpn t _ ^;.2" = 452(z„-2 - = ••• = 45"(zo - ^^.2°) =
sao cho
^ 36 + 26t 18 + 13t ^2 „ r t = 2 Ta da tim dUdc
*=20Tl2^^^ = -10T6r^^' -3^-^« = « ^ 49.45" - 6.2" 98.45" - 12.2"
Zn =
43 43
Vdi t = taco 3(98.45" - 12.2") ^„ 147.45" + 25.2"
"^"^ 2:43 "^^ " 43 •
3 3 3
Do do x„-yn-zn = 2".
Xn - ^Vn = 2(X„_1 - -J/„_i) = 22(x„_2 - - y „ - 2 )
= --- = 2 " ( x o - ^ y o ) = 2 " ( 4 - | . 2 ) = 2". Bki todn 123. Cho ba day so (x„), (|/„), (z„) xdc (f?n/i nhu sau:
{
xo = 12, yo = 8, zo = 16
x„ = 30x„_i + 21y„_i - 21z„_i
Ta da nh?in diTdc x„ = -y„ + 2". Tiep tyc x6t y„ = 14x„_i + 23y„-i - 14z„_i
z„ = 28x„-i + 28y„-i - 19z„-i, n > 1.
J/n + ti2„ = (12 + 6u)x„-i + (26 + u)y„_i + (2 + 25u)x„_i.
Hay chvcng minh
Chpn u sao cho
2 + 25u 2 „ „ x„;2^"+2, y„;2*"+3, z„;2^"+^ x„ ;2^"+', y„ ;?2^"+^ z„ ;2^"+^
u = -r^ <=>u'' + u - 2 = 0 ^ u = 1
26 + u u = -2.
Giai. Xet x„ + fy„ = (30 + 14t)x„_i + (21 + 23<)yn-i - (21 + 140^n-i- Ta
Vdi u =^ -2, ta c6 chpn t sao cho
Vn - 'Izn = 24(y„_i - 2^„_i) = 242(2/„_2 - 2;2„_2)

= • • • = 24"(yo - 22o) = 24"(2 - 2.1) = 0. '••-I
T6m lai, ta da c6 y„ = 2z„ vk x„ = -y„ + 2". Thay vao Vdi < = - - , ta CO
Zn = 6x„_i + y„_i + 25z„_i, n > 1 3 \ 3

= 0.
ta da<?c
Ta nhan dii'Jc x„ = -j/„. Tiep tyc x^t

= 6 Qj/„-i + 2"-!^ + y„_i + 252„_i
=>.2n = 10j/„-i + 6.2"-i + 252„_i y„ + uz„ = (14 + 28u)x„_i + (23 + 28u)y„_i - (14 + 19u)2„_i.
Chpn u sao cho
=>z„ = 202„_i + 3.2" + 25z„_i ={. r„ - 45z„_i = 3.2". (*)
r«=-l
Ta can chpn v sao cho u= 28u^ + 42u + 14 = 0
23 + 28u . "'-2-
3.2" = t;(2" - 45.2"-i) 6 = t;(2 - 45) t; = — ^ .
43
g Vdiu = - i , tac6
Nhu v§y, vdi u = - —, tit (*) ta c6
Vn - 2^" = 9 ^ y „ - i - i ^ - i ) = - = 9 " (yo-^ô)=o.
- 45z„-i = z;(2" - 45.2"-^) z„ - v.2" = 45(z„_i - i;.2"-i)
95
94
Giai. X6t x„ + ty^ = (20 + 12t)x„_i + (36 + 26t)y„-i + (3 + 2t)z„.i. Chpn t _ ^;.2" = 452(z„-2 - = ••• = 45"(zo - ^^.2°) =
sao cho
^ 36 + 26t 18 + 13t ^2 „ r t = 2 Ta da tim dUdc
*=20Tl2^^^ = -10T6r^^' -3^-^« = « ^ 49.45" - 6.2" 98.45" - 12.2"
Zn =
43 43
Vdi t = taco 3(98.45" - 12.2") ^„ 147.45" + 25.2"
"^"^ 2:43 "^^ " 43 •
3 3 3
Do do x„-yn-zn = 2".
Xn - ^Vn = 2(X„_1 - -J/„_i) = 22(x„_2 - - y „ - 2 )
= --- = 2 " ( x o - ^ y o ) = 2 " ( 4 - | . 2 ) = 2". Bki todn 123. Cho ba day so (x„), (|/„), (z„) xdc (f?n/i nhu sau:
{
xo = 12, yo = 8, zo = 16
x„ = 30x„_i + 21y„_i - 21z„_i
Ta da nh?in diTdc x„ = -y„ + 2". Tiep tyc x6t y„ = 14x„_i + 23y„-i - 14z„_i
z„ = 28x„-i + 28y„-i - 19z„-i, n > 1.
J/n + ti2„ = (12 + 6u)x„-i + (26 + u)y„_i + (2 + 25u)x„_i.
Hay chvcng minh
Chpn u sao cho
2 + 25u 2 „ „ x„;2^"+2, y„;2*"+3, z„;2^"+^ x„ ;2^"+', y„ ;?2^"+^ z„ ;2^"+^
u = -r^ <=>u'' + u - 2 = 0 ^ u = 1
26 + u u = -2.
Giai. Xet x„ + fy„ = (30 + 14t)x„_i + (21 + 23<)yn-i - (21 + 140^n-i- Ta
Vdi u =^ -2, ta c6 chpn t sao cho
Vn - 'Izn = 24(y„_i - 2^„_i) = 242(2/„_2 - 2;2„_2)

= • • • = 24"(yo - 22o) = 24"(2 - 2.1) = 0. '••-I
T6m lai, ta da c6 y„ = 2z„ vk x„ = -y„ + 2". Thay vao Vdi < = - - , ta CO
Zn = 6x„_i + y„_i + 25z„_i, n > 1 3 \ 3

= 0.
ta da<?c
Ta nhan dii'Jc x„ = -j/„. Tiep tyc x^t

= 6 Qj/„-i + 2"-!^ + y„_i + 252„_i
=>.2n = 10j/„-i + 6.2"-i + 252„_i y„ + uz„ = (14 + 28u)x„_i + (23 + 28u)y„_i - (14 + 19u)2„_i.
Chpn u sao cho
=>z„ = 202„_i + 3.2" + 25z„_i ={. r„ - 45z„_i = 3.2". (*)
r«=-l
Ta can chpn v sao cho u= 28u^ + 42u + 14 = 0
23 + 28u . "'-2-
3.2" = t;(2" - 45.2"-i) 6 = t;(2 - 45) t; = — ^ .
43
g Vdiu = - i , tac6
Nhu v§y, vdi u = - —, tit (*) ta c6
Vn - 2^" = 9 ^ y „ - i - i ^ - i ) = - = 9 " (yo-^ô)=o.
- 45z„-i = z;(2" - 45.2"-^) z„ - v.2" = 45(z„_i - i;.2"-i)
95
94
Nhu vay ta da c6 x-„ = î/„, ?/„ = ^•^n- Thay vao
y„ = 14x„_i + 232/„_i - 142„_i

3
ta dUdc y„ = 14.-.i/„_i + 23y„_i - 14.22/„_i <(4- y„ = 16yn-i- Do do
Chiidng 2
{
2 . - 3 24n+2
^„ = 24"+^
Xac dinh gidi han cua day so
Tii day suy ra
x„i24"+^ y„;2^"+^ ^„:•24"+^ x„ j!2"^^^ j/„ z„ ^^^"+5

|2.1 Sijf dung dinh nghia gidi han day so
iTrong bai nay ta se trinh bay dinh nghia gidi han day so, gidi han rieng, tieu
I thuaii Caiichy va mot so bai toiin ap dung. Dc lam ditdc cac bai toan 6 bai
inay b^n dpc can phai nam viing, higu ban chat va y nghia trUc quern ciia cac
Idinh nghia, tinh chat.
12.1.1 D i n h nghia gidi han day so.
iTritcic khi neu dinh nghia gidi han day so, ta xet bai toan sau.
•Bai toan 1 . Cho day no (x„) nhu sau: Xn = ^, Vn = 1,2,...

3n
») Hay tlm 7i dc' |x„ - 1| < 0,001.
p) Tim n di khodng each tit x„ den 1 he han .
c) Vdi e la so dmnq cho tntdc be hao nhieu cung duac, tim n di khodng each
mtit Xn den 1 be han e.
iGiai.
3n+ 1
|o) Taco |x„ - 11 < 0,001 - 1 < , hay
3n 1000 J:-
< 1 <^ o3n > 1000

r. 1000
n > ——.
3n 1000
f%y da |x„ - 1| < 0,001 thi n e N va n > tufc la n e {334,335,336,...}.

b) Tudng tit nhu cau a), de klioang each ttt x„ den 1 be lidii 10"^ (tile la
ix„ - 1| < j i y ) till n € {3333334,3333335,3333336,...}.
96 97
Nhu vay ta da c6 x-„ = î/„, ?/„ = ^•^n- Thay vao
y„ = 14x„_i + 232/„_i - 142„_i

3
ta dUdc y„ = 14.-.i/„_i + 23y„_i - 14.22/„_i <(4- y„ = 16yn-i- Do do
Chiidng 2
{
2 . - 3 24n+2
^„ = 24"+^
Xac dinh gidi han cua day so
Tii day suy ra
x„i24"+^ y„;2^"+^ ^„:•24"+^ x„ j!2"^^^ j/„ z„ ^^^"+5

|2.1 Sijf dung dinh nghia gidi han day so
iTrong bai nay ta se trinh bay dinh nghia gidi han day so, gidi han rieng, tieu
I thuaii Caiichy va mot so bai toiin ap dung. Dc lam ditdc cac bai toan 6 bai
inay b^n dpc can phai nam viing, higu ban chat va y nghia trUc quern ciia cac
Idinh nghia, tinh chat.
12.1.1 D i n h nghia gidi han day so.
iTritcic khi neu dinh nghia gidi han day so, ta xet bai toan sau.
•Bai toan 1 . Cho day no (x„) nhu sau: Xn = ^, Vn = 1,2,...

3n
») Hay tlm 7i dc' |x„ - 1| < 0,001.
p) Tim n di khodng each tit x„ den 1 he han .
c) Vdi e la so dmnq cho tntdc be hao nhieu cung duac, tim n di khodng each
mtit Xn den 1 be han e.
iGiai.
3n+ 1
|o) Taco |x„ - 11 < 0,001 - 1 < , hay
3n 1000 J:-
< 1 <^ o3n > 1000

r. 1000
n > ——.
3n 1000
f%y da |x„ - 1| < 0,001 thi n e N va n > tufc la n e {334,335,336,...}.

b) Tudng tit nhu cau a), de klioang each ttt x„ den 1 be lidii 10"^ (tile la
ix„ - 1| < j i y ) till n € {3333334,3333335,3333336,...}.
96 97
3n + 1 _ ^ luc ndy ta noi tdp A bi chdn tren.
C) |x„ - 1| < £
3n 3n , So X duac goi Id mot can dudi cua tap A neu vdi mQi a e A ta cd x < a.
1 lilc ndy ta ndi tap A bi chan dudi.
|x„ - 1| < e t h i n phai la so ti^ nhien va n > tiic la neu d^t A; = 1 +
3i • Can tren be nhdt {neu cd) cua tap A duac goi la can tren dung cua tap hap
thi ne {k,k+l,k + 2,...}. ^ ki hieu Id sup A. Cdn dudi Idn nhdt {neu cd) cua tdp A duac ggi la can
dudi diing cua tdp hcjp A, ki hiû la mi A.
N h a n xet 1. TH cdu a) ta thay khoang each tic cdc so hq,ng X334, X 3 3 5 , 1 3 3 6 , . . .
den 1 be han 0,001. Tit cdu b) ta thay khoang each tii cdc so hQ,ng Lifti y- s u P ^ CO the khong thuQC A. Neu sup>l thupc A t h i do chinh la gia
t r i 16n uhat cua A, k i hi§u la m a x ^ . Tuong ti^, inf y l c6 the khong thupc A.
2:3333334, 2:3333335, X3333336, X3333337, . . . N l u inf A thupc A t h i do chinh la gia t r i nho uhat ciia A, k i hi?u la m i n A.
Chang h^n, v6i A = (a; 6) t h i s u p > l = 6 va inf A = a; vdi A = [a; 6] t h i
den 1 be han 0,0000001. Tic cdu c) ta thay khoang each tic cdc so hang
sup A — b = max A va inf A = a = m i n A; vdi
Xk,Xk+i,Xk+2, • • • den 1 be han e. Nhu vdy khi n cdng Idn thi khoang cdch tie
Xn den 1 {tiic Id |x„ - 1|) cdng uho vd muon nho bao nhieu cUng duac miin
Id n dil I6n. A-U'-'- i ]
^" \^'2'3'-'n'-7
D i n h n g h i a 1. Ta noi ring day so ( x „ ) cd gidi han hHu han Id so a (ky hieu
thi inf >l = 0 va sup .4 = 1.
Id lira x„ = a) neu vdi mqi s6 duang e eho trade {nho bao nhieu tiiy y),
D i n h ly 1. Tap con khdc rong A cua R neu bi chdn tren thi cd sup A, neu
ton tg,i mot so tiC nhien no sao cho: |x„ - a\ £,Vn > no.
bi chdn dxCdi thi cd inf A.
N h a n xet 2. |x„ - a| < £,Vn > no cd nghia la khoang cdch tic
D i n h ly 2 (Dac t n t i i g n i a can tren dung va can dudi dung).
Xnoj ^na+lt Xn„+2, Xng+S, • ••
= s"P^ \e > 0, 3a € A sao cho a > M - e.

den a Id nho han e. Do do l i m x„ = a cd nghia la muon cho khoang each
giaa x„ vd a {tiic Id |x„ - a|) be bao nhieu eUng duac mien Id n dH Idn. mînf^^l "'^^'^^^^
ni < x,^x € A
Ve > 0, 3a € A sao cho a <m + e.
D i n h n g h i a 2. Ddy so ( x „ ) duac got Id hoi tu neu ton tai a G R sao cho TVong thuc hanh t a thitdng ai) dung dinh ly sau: '(lis
l i m x„ = a. Khi do ta con noi ddy so (x„) hoi ty. ve a. Mgt ddy so khong
n—*+oo D i n h l y 3. Cho H) ^ A c R.
hoi tu goi Id ddy so phdn ky.
• Niu tap hap A hi chdn tren thi ton tq,i ddy so {xn)^î trong A sao cho
D i n h n g h i a 3. Ta noi rdng ddy so (x„) dan tdi duang vd cifc {ky hieu Id lim x„ = sup^l.
n~>+oo
^ l i m ^ X n = +oo) neu vdi moi so dicang M {Idn bao nhieu ciing duac) ton tQ.i • Niu tdp hap A bi chdn dudi thi ton tg.i ddy so {xn)n=i t'ông A sao cho
mot so tii nhien no sao cho x„ > M , Vn > no- lim X,,= inf y l .
D i n h n g h i a 4. Ta noi rdng ddy so (x„) dan tdi dm vd cUc {ky hieu la C h u m g n i i n h . Ta cln'tug niinh plian sau, cou phan dau ditpc ticn hanh tudng
lim x„ = -oo) neu vdi mSi so dm m {nho bao nhieu cUng duac) ton <a« tu. Theo dac t r i n i g cua inf A, vdi mpi n = 1,2,..., ton t ^ i x„ e sao cho:
mgt so tii nhien no sao cho x„ < m , V n > no.

inf A < x„ < inf -.
n
/ i \
2.1.2 G i d i h a n rieng, day con.
Ta CO (x„)+*^ C A. mt khac tCr l i m (inf yl) = lim inf y l + - 1 = inf yl,
D i n h n g h i a 5. Cho tap hap A ^ 9) vd A cM..
• So X duac goi Id mot can tren cua tap A neu vdi moi a £ A ta cd a < x. sii dvng nguyen l i k?p suy ra l i m x„ = i n f A . i,
n-»+oo
99
98
3n + 1 _ ^ luc ndy ta noi tdp A bi chdn tren.
C) |x„ - 1| < £
3n 3n , So X duac goi Id mot can dudi cua tap A neu vdi mQi a e A ta cd x < a.
1 lilc ndy ta ndi tap A bi chan dudi.
|x„ - 1| < e t h i n phai la so ti^ nhien va n > tiic la neu d^t A; = 1 +
3i • Can tren be nhdt {neu cd) cua tap A duac goi la can tren dung cua tap hap
thi ne {k,k+l,k + 2,...}. ^ ki hieu Id sup A. Cdn dudi Idn nhdt {neu cd) cua tdp A duac ggi la can
dudi diing cua tdp hcjp A, ki hiû la mi A.
N h a n xet 1. TH cdu a) ta thay khoang each tic cdc so hq,ng X334, X 3 3 5 , 1 3 3 6 , . . .
den 1 be han 0,001. Tit cdu b) ta thay khoang each tii cdc so hQ,ng Lifti y- s u P ^ CO the khong thuQC A. Neu sup>l thupc A t h i do chinh la gia
t r i 16n uhat cua A, k i hi§u la m a x ^ . Tuong ti^, inf y l c6 the khong thupc A.
2:3333334, 2:3333335, X3333336, X3333337, . . . N l u inf A thupc A t h i do chinh la gia t r i nho uhat ciia A, k i hi?u la m i n A.
Chang h^n, v6i A = (a; 6) t h i s u p > l = 6 va inf A = a; vdi A = [a; 6] t h i
den 1 be han 0,0000001. Tic cdu c) ta thay khoang each tic cdc so hang
sup A — b = max A va inf A = a = m i n A; vdi
Xk,Xk+i,Xk+2, • • • den 1 be han e. Nhu vdy khi n cdng Idn thi khoang cdch tie
Xn den 1 {tiic Id |x„ - 1|) cdng uho vd muon nho bao nhieu cUng duac miin
Id n dil I6n. A-U'-'- i ]
^" \^'2'3'-'n'-7
D i n h n g h i a 1. Ta noi ring day so ( x „ ) cd gidi han hHu han Id so a (ky hieu
thi inf >l = 0 va sup .4 = 1.
Id lira x„ = a) neu vdi mqi s6 duang e eho trade {nho bao nhieu tiiy y),
D i n h ly 1. Tap con khdc rong A cua R neu bi chdn tren thi cd sup A, neu
ton tg,i mot so tiC nhien no sao cho: |x„ - a\ £,Vn > no.
bi chdn dxCdi thi cd inf A.
N h a n xet 2. |x„ - a| < £,Vn > no cd nghia la khoang cdch tic
D i n h ly 2 (Dac t n t i i g n i a can tren dung va can dudi dung).
Xnoj ^na+lt Xn„+2, Xng+S, • ••
= s"P^ \e > 0, 3a € A sao cho a > M - e.

den a Id nho han e. Do do l i m x„ = a cd nghia la muon cho khoang each
giaa x„ vd a {tiic Id |x„ - a|) be bao nhieu eUng duac mien Id n dH Idn. mînf^^l "'^^'^^^^
ni < x,^x € A
Ve > 0, 3a € A sao cho a <m + e.
D i n h n g h i a 2. Ddy so ( x „ ) duac got Id hoi tu neu ton tai a G R sao cho TVong thuc hanh t a thitdng ai) dung dinh ly sau: '(lis
l i m x„ = a. Khi do ta con noi ddy so (x„) hoi ty. ve a. Mgt ddy so khong
n—*+oo D i n h l y 3. Cho H) ^ A c R.
hoi tu goi Id ddy so phdn ky.
• Niu tap hap A hi chdn tren thi ton tq,i ddy so {xn)^î trong A sao cho
D i n h n g h i a 3. Ta noi rdng ddy so (x„) dan tdi duang vd cifc {ky hieu Id lim x„ = sup^l.
n~>+oo
^ l i m ^ X n = +oo) neu vdi moi so dicang M {Idn bao nhieu ciing duac) ton tQ.i • Niu tdp hap A bi chdn dudi thi ton tg.i ddy so {xn)n=i t'ông A sao cho
mot so tii nhien no sao cho x„ > M , Vn > no- lim X,,= inf y l .
D i n h n g h i a 4. Ta noi rdng ddy so (x„) dan tdi dm vd cUc {ky hieu la C h u m g n i i n h . Ta cln'tug niinh plian sau, cou phan dau ditpc ticn hanh tudng
lim x„ = -oo) neu vdi mSi so dm m {nho bao nhieu cUng duac) ton <a« tu. Theo dac t r i n i g cua inf A, vdi mpi n = 1,2,..., ton t ^ i x„ e sao cho:
mgt so tii nhien no sao cho x„ < m , V n > no.

inf A < x„ < inf -.
n
/ i \
2.1.2 G i d i h a n rieng, day con.
Ta CO (x„)+*^ C A. mt khac tCr l i m (inf yl) = lim inf y l + - 1 = inf yl,
D i n h n g h i a 5. Cho tap hap A ^ 9) vd A cM..
• So X duac goi Id mot can tren cua tap A neu vdi moi a £ A ta cd a < x. sii dvng nguyen l i k?p suy ra l i m x„ = i n f A . i,
n-»+oo
99
98
D i n h nghia 6. Day con {xn^}^. cua day so {x„}„ Id rnqt day md cdc phdn
Tvfghia la n thupc mpi doan [a„; 6„]. Tiep theo ta chiing minh a la duy nhat.
cua no dMc trich til day {x„}„ ra, trong do cdc chi .16 thoa man dieu
Gia sur rang (3 cung thuoc moi d o ^ [a„; 6„], nghia la
lim n/t =
fc—+00 + 0 0 , n i < 712 < • • < riit < «fc+i < • • • an<,a<6„,Vn=l,2,...
V i d u . Xet day so {x„};t^î. Khi do day {x„};^~ la day con cua chinh n6 v6i Khi do 0 < 1/3 - Q | < 6„ - a„, Vn = 1, 2,... Ma lim (6„ - a„) = 0 nen suy
cac chi so n/t = k. Day so {x2n}t=i i^^^ so X 2 , X 4 , x e , . . . ) la mOt day n—•+00
con ciia {x„}^rj. Day so {x2n-i}n=i i^^^ la day so x i , X 3 , X 5 , . . . ) la mot day •"^ 1/3 - a| = 0 <^ a =
con ciia { x „ } + ~ . Hal day so { x 2 n } ; t ~ i . {x2n-i}n=i ^^"^^ S^' hai day con Bai toan 2 (Bolzano-Weierstrass). Tic mQt day hi ch^n bat Id (x„) deu c6
ke nhau ciia day {x„}|^f^. the trich ra mot day con (x„j^ hqi ty,.
D i n h nghia 7. Neu day con {x„^}^ {cua day so {x„}„) hQi ty. thi gidi h^n Chufng m i n h . Gia sii ton t ^ i a e K va 6 € R sao cho a < x„ < 6,Vn e N * .
cua no duac gQi Id gidi hQ.n rieng cua day so {x„}„. Ta ap dimg thuat toan chia doi lien tiep doan [a; 6]. Chia doan [a; b] thanh
hai doan bang nhau. Khi do it nhat mot trong hai doan con phai chufa v6
V i d u . X6t day so {x„}+~i vdi x„ = (-1)" , Vn = 1,2,... Khi do day so nay
so so hang ciia day so (x„). Ta k i hiû do?in do la A j = [ai;6i]. Neu ca hai
khong CO gidi h ^ , tuy nhien 1 va - 1 la c ^ g i d i hg,n rieng ciia { x „ } ^ ^ , vi
doan con dcu chita v6 s6 so hang ciia day so (x„) thi k i hiû A i la doan tiiy
Hm X2„ = 1 va lira X 2 n - i = - 1 -
n—+oo n—»+oo y dUdc chpn trong hai doan do. Lai chia doan A i thanh hai doan bang nhau;
it nhat mot trong chung phai chiia vo so phan tii ciia day (x„), ta gpi doan
D i n h nghia 8. Gidi hQ.n rieng Idn nhat cua day so {x„}„ duac ggi la gidi do la A 2 , . . . Tiep tuc mai qua trinh tren ta dUdc day doan thit:
han tren cua no va H hi$u Id lim x„ (hay lim supx„). Gidi hg.n rieng be
n->+oo n—+c» [o; 6] D A i D A 2 D • • • D A„ D • • •
nhat cua day so {x„}„ diiac goi la gidi han dudi cua no vd ki hieu Id lim x„
trong do
{hay lim inf x„)
n-»+oo
A* = k ; bk], bk-ak = — 0 khi fc + 0 0 . M
Quy i*dc. Neu sup {x„, X n + i , . . . } = +00 vdi mpi n thi lim x„ = +00. Neu
n—•+(» ,^ Theo dinh ly Cantor, c6 duy nhat mpt so a thupc mpi doan [a„; 6„] va
inf {x„, x „ + i , . . . } = - 0 0 vdi mpi n thi lim x„ = - 0 0 .
n-»+oo :(
lim a„ = lim 6„ = a. T
n—t+oo n—>+oo
D i n h l y 4 (Cantor). Cho [ a i ; 6 i ] , (02; 6 2 ] , . . . , [a„; 6 „ ] , . . . Id mot day doan
that dan {tvCc la [a„+i;6„+i] C [a„;fe„ ,Vn =1,2,..., vd lim {b„ - a„) = 0). Ta rut ra mpt day con (x„^)^ ciia day s6 (x„) nhu sau: TVong A i lay mpt
n->+oo phan tii bat ki, ki hieu la x„i. Trong A 2 lay mpt phan tuf x„2 sao cho n2 > n i
Khi do ton tai duy nhat mot diem a thuoc moi doan [a„; 6„]. (ro rang bap gid cung Iain duuc dieu do vi rkng troug A 2 c6 v6 so phan tut
ciia day so (x„)). Tiep tuc mai qua trinh do, ta dUdc day con (x„^);t
Chufng m i n h . Ta c6 (x„). Vi n/fc > fc nen x„^ e A„^ C Afc. Suy ra
ai <a2 < - < a „ < •••<6„<-••<62<6i,Vn = l,2,... at < x „ , <6fc,Vfc= 1,2,...
V^y day so {a„} tang va h\n tren nen hgi ty. Gpi lim a„ = a. Khi do
n—>+oo Nhung lim ak = lim bk = a nen lim Xn,, = a. D6 la dieu phai chiing minh.
k-—oo fc—>oo fc—>oo
On<a,Vn = l,2,...
D i n h ly 5. Moi day so thyic (x„) deu cd gidi han tren vd gidi han dudi.
Vi a„ < 6fc,Vn= 1,2,... i nen a = lim a„ < 6^ (VA: = 1,2,...) Do do
Chufng m i n h .
; a„<Q<6„,Vn=l,2,...
Cach 1 . Ta chiing minh si; ton gidi han tren, trUdng hpp gidi h^n dudi
100
D i n h nghia 6. Day con {xn^}^. cua day so {x„}„ Id rnqt day md cdc phdn
Tvfghia la n thupc mpi doan [a„; 6„]. Tiep theo ta chiing minh a la duy nhat.
cua no dMc trich til day {x„}„ ra, trong do cdc chi .16 thoa man dieu
Gia sur rang (3 cung thuoc moi d o ^ [a„; 6„], nghia la
lim n/t =
fc—+00 + 0 0 , n i < 712 < • • < riit < «fc+i < • • • an<,a<6„,Vn=l,2,...
V i d u . Xet day so {x„};t^î. Khi do day {x„};^~ la day con cua chinh n6 v6i Khi do 0 < 1/3 - Q | < 6„ - a„, Vn = 1, 2,... Ma lim (6„ - a„) = 0 nen suy
cac chi so n/t = k. Day so {x2n}t=i i^^^ so X 2 , X 4 , x e , . . . ) la mOt day n—•+00
con ciia {x„}^rj. Day so {x2n-i}n=i i^^^ la day so x i , X 3 , X 5 , . . . ) la mot day •"^ 1/3 - a| = 0 <^ a =
con ciia { x „ } + ~ . Hal day so { x 2 n } ; t ~ i . {x2n-i}n=i ^^"^^ S^' hai day con Bai toan 2 (Bolzano-Weierstrass). Tic mQt day hi ch^n bat Id (x„) deu c6
ke nhau ciia day {x„}|^f^. the trich ra mot day con (x„j^ hqi ty,.
D i n h nghia 7. Neu day con {x„^}^ {cua day so {x„}„) hQi ty. thi gidi h^n Chufng m i n h . Gia sii ton t ^ i a e K va 6 € R sao cho a < x„ < 6,Vn e N * .
cua no duac gQi Id gidi hQ.n rieng cua day so {x„}„. Ta ap dimg thuat toan chia doi lien tiep doan [a; 6]. Chia doan [a; b] thanh
hai doan bang nhau. Khi do it nhat mot trong hai doan con phai chufa v6
V i d u . X6t day so {x„}+~i vdi x„ = (-1)" , Vn = 1,2,... Khi do day so nay
so so hang ciia day so (x„). Ta k i hiû do?in do la A j = [ai;6i]. Neu ca hai
khong CO gidi h ^ , tuy nhien 1 va - 1 la c ^ g i d i hg,n rieng ciia { x „ } ^ ^ , vi
doan con dcu chita v6 s6 so hang ciia day so (x„) thi k i hiû A i la doan tiiy
Hm X2„ = 1 va lira X 2 n - i = - 1 -
n—+oo n—»+oo y dUdc chpn trong hai doan do. Lai chia doan A i thanh hai doan bang nhau;
it nhat mot trong chung phai chiia vo so phan tii ciia day (x„), ta gpi doan
D i n h nghia 8. Gidi hQ.n rieng Idn nhat cua day so {x„}„ duac ggi la gidi do la A 2 , . . . Tiep tuc mai qua trinh tren ta dUdc day doan thit:
han tren cua no va H hi$u Id lim x„ (hay lim supx„). Gidi hg.n rieng be
n->+oo n—+c» [o; 6] D A i D A 2 D • • • D A„ D • • •
nhat cua day so {x„}„ diiac goi la gidi han dudi cua no vd ki hieu Id lim x„
trong do
{hay lim inf x„)
n-»+oo
A* = k ; bk], bk-ak = — 0 khi fc + 0 0 . M
Quy i*dc. Neu sup {x„, X n + i , . . . } = +00 vdi mpi n thi lim x„ = +00. Neu
n—•+(» ,^ Theo dinh ly Cantor, c6 duy nhat mpt so a thupc mpi doan [a„; 6„] va
inf {x„, x „ + i , . . . } = - 0 0 vdi mpi n thi lim x„ = - 0 0 .
n-»+oo :(
lim a„ = lim 6„ = a. T
n—t+oo n—>+oo
D i n h l y 4 (Cantor). Cho [ a i ; 6 i ] , (02; 6 2 ] , . . . , [a„; 6 „ ] , . . . Id mot day doan
that dan {tvCc la [a„+i;6„+i] C [a„;fe„ ,Vn =1,2,..., vd lim {b„ - a„) = 0). Ta rut ra mpt day con (x„^)^ ciia day s6 (x„) nhu sau: TVong A i lay mpt
n->+oo phan tii bat ki, ki hieu la x„i. Trong A 2 lay mpt phan tuf x„2 sao cho n2 > n i
Khi do ton tai duy nhat mot diem a thuoc moi doan [a„; 6„]. (ro rang bap gid cung Iain duuc dieu do vi rkng troug A 2 c6 v6 so phan tut
ciia day so (x„)). Tiep tuc mai qua trinh do, ta dUdc day con (x„^);t
Chufng m i n h . Ta c6 (x„). Vi n/fc > fc nen x„^ e A„^ C Afc. Suy ra
ai <a2 < - < a „ < •••<6„<-••<62<6i,Vn = l,2,... at < x „ , <6fc,Vfc= 1,2,...
V^y day so {a„} tang va h\n tren nen hgi ty. Gpi lim a„ = a. Khi do
n—>+oo Nhung lim ak = lim bk = a nen lim Xn,, = a. D6 la dieu phai chiing minh.
k-—oo fc—>oo fc—>oo
On<a,Vn = l,2,...
D i n h ly 5. Moi day so thyic (x„) deu cd gidi han tren vd gidi han dudi.
Vi a„ < 6fc,Vn= 1,2,... i nen a = lim a„ < 6^ (VA: = 1,2,...) Do do
Chufng m i n h .
; a„<Q<6„,Vn=l,2,...
Cach 1 . Ta chiing minh si; ton gidi han tren, trUdng hpp gidi h^n dudi
100
<!ir0c lap luaii tirdng tir. Ncu day (x„) khong bj chftn t r e n t h i l i m
Xn — +00. con (xfc„)„ ciia day (x„) sao cho l i m Xfc„ = I. V i xfc„ < 6^,., Vn € N * nen
n—'+00 n—•+00
Neu day so { x „ } bj c h j n tren bdi so M vk vdi mpi A < M , doan [ A ; M ] qua gidi han t a dupc I < b. V$.y chi can chiing to b ciing la mpt gidi han
chi cliiia khong qua mot so liQu h^n so hang ciia day { x „ } t h i 3no € N * rieng ciia day (x„). Tdt dinh nghia cua 61 suy ra rang t o n tai phan t i i X j j
cua day so (x„) sao cho 61 - 1 < Xij < 61. Gia suf J2 la mpt so nguyen Idn
sac cho x,i < A , V n > no. Trong trUdng hpp nay l i m x „ = - 0 0 , suy ra
hdn i\. V i bj^ = sup { x j ^ , arj^+i,...} nen ton tgi so nguyen 12 > J2 sao cho
l i m x„ = - 0 0 . Neu day so { x „ } bj ch$n tren bdi so M va t6n t ^ i A < M
n—•+00 bh - \<î2< ^h- Bang quy n^p ta nhan diTpc hai day so (6j„)„ wh ( x i j „ ,
sao cho doan [A; M] chuTa v6 so so h ^ n g c u a day { x „ } , t h i day ( x „ ) b i chfin.
Do do tlieo d i n h l y Bolzano-Weierstrass suy ra day { x „ } c6 i t nhat mQt gidi nhiing day con ciia (6„)„ va ( x „ ) „ sao cho 6_,„ - - < Xi„ < 6j„, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
han rieng. Ta k y hieu A la tap hop cac gidi han rieng hiJu h^n cua day { x „ } . Tt
( l^
Duong iihicn A 9 A h\^ tren neu ton tî sup A. Ta se chiing minh Hien nhien l i m 6,,. =
n-.+oo
lim 6,„
T 1 - . + C X ) \ •' n)
= 6. Do do
n—+CX)
l i m Xi„ = 6. V$.y b la
lim Xn = sup A, tiic la sup A thuQC A. Vdi m p i e > 0, t o n t a i x € >1 sao cho mpt gidi han rieng ciia day (x„) va
supyl - I < X l. Um x „ = lim supx„ = l i m sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . } .
n—>+oo n—'+00 n-»+oo
(Ta Chi c4n xet x < sup A con n l u x = sup^ thi s u p ^ thuoc A va phep
Tudng tvr ta cluing m i n h dudc
Chung nnnh hoan tat). Suy ra |sup ^ - x| < | . V i x la gidi han rieng nen t6n
lim x„ = lim i n f x „ = l i m inf {x„, x „ + i , . . . } .
ta: day con ( x „ J , cua day (x„) sao cho £ m x„, = x. Do do vdi e > 0 6 tren, n—»+cx) n—>+oo n—>+oo
ton t ^ i so ty nhien m sao cho °°
C h u y 1. Tii each chiing mmh thii hai nay ta thu ducac kit qua rat quan
trong
2 hm x„ = hm s u p x „ = hm sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . }
Dodo n—'+00 n—'+00 n—»+oo
lim x„ = lim i n f x „ = h m inf { x n , x „ + i , . . . } .
n-»+oo n->+oo n—>+oo
|x„^ - sup>l| < |x„^ - x | + |x - sup>l| "1- 1
Dim nay li gidi tai sao gidi han tren cua ddy (x„) con duac ki hieu la
T i i c la l i m x „ . = sup>l. Suy ra supi4 thupc A. Do do lim x„ = sup/I. lim s u p x „ , eon gidi hg,n dudi cua ddy (x„) con diiOc ki hiû Id l i m inf x „ .
n-»+oo n—>+oo
it—-oo n-»+oo
C a c h 2. Vdi m p i n, dat a „ = inf {x„, x „ + i , . . . } , 6„ = sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . } . K h i H e q u a 1 . Vdi moi ddy bj chdn ( x „ ) , neu x Id gidi hQ.n tren cua ddy thi
do (o„) la m p t day tang, (6„) la mpt day giam va a „ < x „ < 6„, Vn e N * (a„ Ve > 0 chi ton tq,i mpt so hHu hQ,n so hg,ng cua ddy sao cho x „ > x + e. Vdi
CO the la - 0 0 va 6„ c6 the la + 0 0 ) . moi ddy bi chdn ( x „ ) , neu x Id gidi hQ,n dudi cua ddy thi Ve > 0 chi ton t(ii
• Neu l i m 6„ = - 0 0 t h i do x „ < 6„, Vn 6 N * nen l i m x „ = - 0 0 . V§.y
n-»+oo - . n-»-i-oo mot so hHu han so hang cua ddy sao cho x „ < x - e.
Ta cung c6 the phdt biiu he qua ndy nhu sau: Vdi moi ddy hi chdn ( x „ ) , neu
liiii x„ = - 0 0 = l i m 6„ = l i m sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . } .
n—'+00 n—>+oo n—>+oo X Id gidi hg.n tren cua ddy thi Ve > 0, ton tai no € N * sao cho
x,i < X + £, Vn > no.
• Neu l i m 6„ = + 0 0 t h i day ( x „ ) khong b i chan tren. Do do ,
Neu X Id gidi hq,fi dudi cua ddy thi Ve > 0, tdn tq,i no € N * sao cho
lim x„ = + 0 0 = lim b„= lim sup{x„,x„+i,...}. x „ > X - e,Vn > no. ' i : •
ti-»+oo n—>+oo n-t+oo

• Gia silf l i m 6„ = 6 e R. Ta cluing minh b la gidi h ^ n ri§ng Idn nhkt ciia ChuTng m i n h . Ta chiing m i n h y dau ciia he qua, con y sau la tUdng t u . Gpi
n-»+(x>
daj- ( x „ ) . G i a silt / la mpt gidi h^n rieng ciia ( x „ ) , k h i do t o n t?d mpt day M = sup { X i , X2, . . . , x „ , . . . } .
m 103
<!ir0c lap luaii tirdng tir. Ncu day (x„) khong bj chftn t r e n t h i l i m
Xn — +00. con (xfc„)„ ciia day (x„) sao cho l i m Xfc„ = I. V i xfc„ < 6^,., Vn € N * nen
n—'+00 n—•+00
Neu day so { x „ } bj c h j n tren bdi so M vk vdi mpi A < M , doan [ A ; M ] qua gidi han t a dupc I < b. V$.y chi can chiing to b ciing la mpt gidi han
chi cliiia khong qua mot so liQu h^n so hang ciia day { x „ } t h i 3no € N * rieng ciia day (x„). Tdt dinh nghia cua 61 suy ra rang t o n tai phan t i i X j j
cua day so (x„) sao cho 61 - 1 < Xij < 61. Gia suf J2 la mpt so nguyen Idn
sac cho x,i < A , V n > no. Trong trUdng hpp nay l i m x „ = - 0 0 , suy ra
hdn i\. V i bj^ = sup { x j ^ , arj^+i,...} nen ton tgi so nguyen 12 > J2 sao cho
l i m x„ = - 0 0 . Neu day so { x „ } bj ch$n tren bdi so M va t6n t ^ i A < M
n—•+00 bh - \<î2< ^h- Bang quy n^p ta nhan diTpc hai day so (6j„)„ wh ( x i j „ ,
sao cho doan [A; M] chuTa v6 so so h ^ n g c u a day { x „ } , t h i day ( x „ ) b i chfin.
Do do tlieo d i n h l y Bolzano-Weierstrass suy ra day { x „ } c6 i t nhat mQt gidi nhiing day con ciia (6„)„ va ( x „ ) „ sao cho 6_,„ - - < Xi„ < 6j„, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
han rieng. Ta k y hieu A la tap hop cac gidi han rieng hiJu h^n cua day { x „ } . Tt
( l^
Duong iihicn A 9 A h\^ tren neu ton tî sup A. Ta se chiing minh Hien nhien l i m 6,,. =
n-.+oo
lim 6,„
T 1 - . + C X ) \ •' n)
= 6. Do do
n—+CX)
l i m Xi„ = 6. V$.y b la
lim Xn = sup A, tiic la sup A thuQC A. Vdi m p i e > 0, t o n t a i x € >1 sao cho mpt gidi han rieng ciia day (x„) va
supyl - I < X l. Um x „ = lim supx„ = l i m sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . } .
n—>+oo n—'+00 n-»+oo
(Ta Chi c4n xet x < sup A con n l u x = sup^ thi s u p ^ thuoc A va phep
Tudng tvr ta cluing m i n h dudc
Chung nnnh hoan tat). Suy ra |sup ^ - x| < | . V i x la gidi han rieng nen t6n
lim x„ = lim i n f x „ = l i m inf {x„, x „ + i , . . . } .
ta: day con ( x „ J , cua day (x„) sao cho £ m x„, = x. Do do vdi e > 0 6 tren, n—»+cx) n—>+oo n—>+oo
ton t ^ i so ty nhien m sao cho °°
C h u y 1. Tii each chiing mmh thii hai nay ta thu ducac kit qua rat quan
trong
2 hm x„ = hm s u p x „ = hm sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . }
Dodo n—'+00 n—'+00 n—»+oo
lim x„ = lim i n f x „ = h m inf { x n , x „ + i , . . . } .
n-»+oo n->+oo n—>+oo
|x„^ - sup>l| < |x„^ - x | + |x - sup>l| "1- 1
Dim nay li gidi tai sao gidi han tren cua ddy (x„) con duac ki hieu la
T i i c la l i m x „ . = sup>l. Suy ra supi4 thupc A. Do do lim x„ = sup/I. lim s u p x „ , eon gidi hg,n dudi cua ddy (x„) con diiOc ki hiû Id l i m inf x „ .
n-»+oo n—>+oo
it—-oo n-»+oo
C a c h 2. Vdi m p i n, dat a „ = inf {x„, x „ + i , . . . } , 6„ = sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . } . K h i H e q u a 1 . Vdi moi ddy bj chdn ( x „ ) , neu x Id gidi hQ.n tren cua ddy thi
do (o„) la m p t day tang, (6„) la mpt day giam va a „ < x „ < 6„, Vn e N * (a„ Ve > 0 chi ton tq,i mpt so hHu hQ,n so hg,ng cua ddy sao cho x „ > x + e. Vdi
CO the la - 0 0 va 6„ c6 the la + 0 0 ) . moi ddy bi chdn ( x „ ) , neu x Id gidi hQ,n dudi cua ddy thi Ve > 0 chi ton t(ii
• Neu l i m 6„ = - 0 0 t h i do x „ < 6„, Vn 6 N * nen l i m x „ = - 0 0 . V§.y
n-»+oo - . n-»-i-oo mot so hHu han so hang cua ddy sao cho x „ < x - e.
Ta cung c6 the phdt biiu he qua ndy nhu sau: Vdi moi ddy hi chdn ( x „ ) , neu
liiii x„ = - 0 0 = l i m 6„ = l i m sup {x„, x „ + i , . . . } .
n—'+00 n—>+oo n—>+oo X Id gidi hg.n tren cua ddy thi Ve > 0, ton tai no € N * sao cho
x,i < X + £, Vn > no.
• Neu l i m 6„ = + 0 0 t h i day ( x „ ) khong b i chan tren. Do do ,
Neu X Id gidi hq,fi dudi cua ddy thi Ve > 0, tdn tq,i no € N * sao cho
lim x„ = + 0 0 = lim b„= lim sup{x„,x„+i,...}. x „ > X - e,Vn > no. ' i : •
ti-»+oo n—>+oo n-t+oo

• Gia silf l i m 6„ = 6 e R. Ta cluing minh b la gidi h ^ n ri§ng Idn nhkt ciia ChuTng m i n h . Ta chiing m i n h y dau ciia he qua, con y sau la tUdng t u . Gpi
n-»+(x>
daj- ( x „ ) . G i a silt / la mpt gidi h^n rieng ciia ( x „ ) , k h i do t o n t?d mpt day M = sup { X i , X2, . . . , x „ , . . . } .
m 103
N l u X = M thi 2.1.3 T i e u chuan Cauchy.
x„ < M , Vn = 1,2,... x„ < M + £, Vn > 1, Ve > 0.
D i n h n g h i a 9. Ta noi r&ng day so (x„)„ Id day Cauchy hodc day ca bdn
N l u X < M , ta chi can xet nhitag e > 0, dii nho sao cho x + e < M. Neu niu vdi niQi so duang e cho trudc ton tai so ty: nhien UQ sao cho
trong doan [x + e; M] c6 v6 so so h?ing cua day (x„) thi day (x„) se c6 gidi \xn - Xm\ e,Vn, m > no-
h?in rieng Idn hon x, dieu nay mau thuan v6i dinh nghla ciia x.
Nhif vay day Cauchy la mgt day sao cho tii mpt chi so no trci di thi khoang
H e q u a 2. Vdi mgi day hi ch^n (x„), neu x /d gidi hqLU tren cua day thi
Ve > 0 w VA; € N, tdn tQ.i Uk > k sao cho Xn^ > x-e. Vdi moi day hi ch&n each giaa hai phan tii bat ki deu nho hdn mot so cho trudc be tuy y. N6i
(x„), neu X la gidi han dudi cua day thi Ve > 0 m VA; € N, ton tai Uk > k each khac, day Cauchy la mot day sao cho "ttt mpt luc nao do trd di, hai
sao cho x„^ < X + e. phan tii bat ki gan nhau bao nhieu cung ditdc."
C h u V 2. lim Xn = a ^ lim (x„ - a) = 0 <^ lim |x„ - a| = 0.

Chufng m i n h . Chang han ta chiimg minh y dau. G i a six phan chiing rkng n—+00 n-'+oo n-'+oo
ton t?u e > 0 va ton tai A; > 0 sao cho x„ < x - £, Vn > A;. K h i do
C h u y 3. Neu lim x„ = a thi lim |x„| = \a\.
n—+00 n-'+oo
lim x„ < X - e < X .
n—>+oo C h u y 4. lim x„ = oo nghla Id |x„| c6 thi Idn bao nhieu cung duac mien
n-'+oo
Dieu nay man thuan vdi gia thiet. Id n du Idn. : >
Tir h$ qua 1, ta d i dang suy ra dinh ly sau day.
D i n h ly 8 (Tieu chuan Cauchy). Day so (x„) hoi tu khi vd chi khi day s6
D i n h ly 6. Day (x„) hoi tv khi va chi khi no hi chfn vd {x„) Id day Cauchy.
lim x„ = lim x„. ChuTng m i n h . G i a sii lim x„ = o. K h i do

n-'+oo r>->+oo n-'+oo
D i n h ly 7. Day (x„) c6 gidi han [hHu han hoQC ± o o ) khi vd chi khi Ve > 0, 3no € N : |x„ - a| < | , Vn > no-
lim s u p x „ = lim infx„. Do v§,y

n->+oo n-.+oo
Khi do hm x„ = lim s u p x „ = hm infx„. |x„ - x „ | = |(x„ - a) - - a)| < |x„ - a| + |x™ - a| < | + | = e,Vn,m > no-
r»->+oo n-.+oo n-.+oo
Suy ra (x„) la day cd ban. G i a siit (x„) la day cd ban. K h i do 3no € N sao
C h i J n g m i n h . Dieu kien can la hien nhien. G i a sii
cho
lim s u p x „ = Um inf x„ = i. \xn - Xm\ l , V n , m > no.
n-.+oo n-'+oo Suy ra |x„ - x„o+i| < 1, Vn > no. Do do
K h i do theo cax;h chiing minh thii hai ciia dinh If 5 d trang 101 ta c6 |x„| = |(x„ - x „ p + i ) + x„o+i| < |x„ - x „ , + i | + lx„o+i| < 1 + |x„o+i| ,Vn > no.
lim a„ = / va lim 6„ = /. Djlt M = max { | x i | , | X 2 | , . . . , |a;„o_i|, 1 + |x„„+i | } , khi do ta c6

n-'+oo n-'+oo
|x„| < M , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
V i a„ < x„ < 6„, Vn e N* nen sut dung nguyen If k?p suy ra lim x„ = /.
n-'+oo
V?iy (x„) la day bi chan. K y hi?u r = {m € N ' : 3m' > m sao cho x^- > x „ , } .
Neu T hflu han thi day (x„) se giam k l tii mot chi so nao do. Neu T v6 han
thi ta se trfch ra dudc mot day con tang. Trong ca hai trudng hdp thi ta luon
104 105
N l u X = M thi 2.1.3 T i e u chuan Cauchy.
x„ < M , Vn = 1,2,... x„ < M + £, Vn > 1, Ve > 0.
D i n h n g h i a 9. Ta noi r&ng day so (x„)„ Id day Cauchy hodc day ca bdn
N l u X < M , ta chi can xet nhitag e > 0, dii nho sao cho x + e < M. Neu niu vdi niQi so duang e cho trudc ton tai so ty: nhien UQ sao cho
trong doan [x + e; M] c6 v6 so so h?ing cua day (x„) thi day (x„) se c6 gidi \xn - Xm\ e,Vn, m > no-
h?in rieng Idn hon x, dieu nay mau thuan v6i dinh nghla ciia x.
Nhif vay day Cauchy la mgt day sao cho tii mpt chi so no trci di thi khoang
H e q u a 2. Vdi mgi day hi ch^n (x„), neu x /d gidi hqLU tren cua day thi
Ve > 0 w VA; € N, tdn tQ.i Uk > k sao cho Xn^ > x-e. Vdi moi day hi ch&n each giaa hai phan tii bat ki deu nho hdn mot so cho trudc be tuy y. N6i
(x„), neu X la gidi han dudi cua day thi Ve > 0 m VA; € N, ton tai Uk > k each khac, day Cauchy la mot day sao cho "ttt mpt luc nao do trd di, hai
sao cho x„^ < X + e. phan tii bat ki gan nhau bao nhieu cung ditdc."
C h u V 2. lim Xn = a ^ lim (x„ - a) = 0 <^ lim |x„ - a| = 0.

Chufng m i n h . Chang han ta chiimg minh y dau. G i a six phan chiing rkng n—+00 n-'+oo n-'+oo
ton t?u e > 0 va ton tai A; > 0 sao cho x„ < x - £, Vn > A;. K h i do
C h u y 3. Neu lim x„ = a thi lim |x„| = \a\.
n—+00 n-'+oo
lim x„ < X - e < X .
n—>+oo C h u y 4. lim x„ = oo nghla Id |x„| c6 thi Idn bao nhieu cung duac mien
n-'+oo
Dieu nay man thuan vdi gia thiet. Id n du Idn. : >
Tir h$ qua 1, ta d i dang suy ra dinh ly sau day.
D i n h ly 8 (Tieu chuan Cauchy). Day so (x„) hoi tu khi vd chi khi day s6
D i n h ly 6. Day (x„) hoi tv khi va chi khi no hi chfn vd {x„) Id day Cauchy.
lim x„ = lim x„. ChuTng m i n h . G i a sii lim x„ = o. K h i do

n-'+oo r>->+oo n-'+oo
D i n h ly 7. Day (x„) c6 gidi han [hHu han hoQC ± o o ) khi vd chi khi Ve > 0, 3no € N : |x„ - a| < | , Vn > no-
lim s u p x „ = lim infx„. Do v§,y

n->+oo n-.+oo
Khi do hm x„ = lim s u p x „ = hm infx„. |x„ - x „ | = |(x„ - a) - - a)| < |x„ - a| + |x™ - a| < | + | = e,Vn,m > no-
r»->+oo n-.+oo n-.+oo
Suy ra (x„) la day cd ban. G i a siit (x„) la day cd ban. K h i do 3no € N sao
C h i J n g m i n h . Dieu kien can la hien nhien. G i a sii
cho
lim s u p x „ = Um inf x„ = i. \xn - Xm\ l , V n , m > no.
n-.+oo n-'+oo Suy ra |x„ - x„o+i| < 1, Vn > no. Do do
K h i do theo cax;h chiing minh thii hai ciia dinh If 5 d trang 101 ta c6 |x„| = |(x„ - x „ p + i ) + x„o+i| < |x„ - x „ , + i | + lx„o+i| < 1 + |x„o+i| ,Vn > no.
lim a„ = / va lim 6„ = /. Djlt M = max { | x i | , | X 2 | , . . . , |a;„o_i|, 1 + |x„„+i | } , khi do ta c6

n-'+oo n-'+oo
|x„| < M , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
V i a„ < x„ < 6„, Vn e N* nen sut dung nguyen If k?p suy ra lim x„ = /.
n-'+oo
V?iy (x„) la day bi chan. K y hi?u r = {m € N ' : 3m' > m sao cho x^- > x „ , } .
Neu T hflu han thi day (x„) se giam k l tii mot chi so nao do. Neu T v6 han
thi ta se trfch ra dudc mot day con tang. Trong ca hai trudng hdp thi ta luon
104 105
CO m o t d a y c o n d d n d i c u . V a y n c u (xn) la day cO b a n t h i t o n tî (xnfc)^ l a day
p a i t o a n 4 . Chting minh rhng neu ^ h m ^ x „ = a ud ^ h m ^ Vn = b thi
c o n c i i a d a y ix„)^ sao c h o (a;„j, )j. d o n d i o i i v a b i chSn. D o d o ixni,)i^ la day
h p i t u , t i i c l a 3 a G R sao c h o l i m Xn,, — a. T a se chufng m i n h l i m x „ = a. lim m i n { x „ , 2/„} = m i n { a , 6}.
n—>+oo
n—>+oo
C h o e > 0 t u y y. K h i d o 3no 6 N sao c h o
G i a i . K h o n g m a t t i n h t d n g quat, t a gia thiet rang a<b.
T r t ' c ' n g h d p 1: a < b. C h p n e > 0 d i i n h o sao c h o a + £ no sao cho < - . Do do
*:->oo x „ < a + £ < 6 - £ < y „ , V n > no.
\Xn - a\ i^n - Xn,J + {Xn,^ - a)
D o d o m i n { x „ , y „ } = x „ , V n > n o , v a tiir d o s u y r a
<
Xn - X. "«=0 lim
n—'+oo
min{x„,y„}= l i m x „ = a = m i n { a , 6}.
n—+oo
* '
Vay l i m a;„ = a.
n—>+oo TriTcJng h d p 2 : a = 6. V d i m p i £ > 0, 3no e N sao c h o v d i m p i n > no t a
deu CO |x„ - a| < £ v a |?/„ - a\ e ( d o a = b). D o d o
2.1.4 M o t so bai toan ap dung. |min{x„,2/„} - a| < £,Vn > no-
Hay l i m m i n { x „ , y „ } = a = m i n { a , 6}. V a y lim min{x„,y„} = min{a,6}.

C o n h i e u p h i t c t n g p h a p d 6 t i m g l d i h a n c i i a m o t d a y so, m o i p h u d n g p h a p
d e u CO n h i J n g d i g m m a n h , dac t r U n g cho r i e n g m i n h . T u y k h o n g p h a i l a m p t n->+oo n->+c»
p h u d n g p h a p m d i la, n h u n g s i i d u n g d i n h n g h i a dg t i n h gidi h a n v a n l a m p t
B a i t o a n 5. Cho { x „ } + ^ i la mot day so bi ch&n tren va thoa man diiu kien
p h U d n g p h a p k i n h d i d n , n o m a n g m p t sac t h a i v a v c d c p r i e n g , d a y l a m p t
p h U d n g p h a p r a t s a u s^c vo m a t t o a n h p c . D d v a n d u n g t h a n h t h a o p h U d n g 1 3
p h a p nay, c h i i n g t a c a n h i g u r o b a n c h a t cac d i n h n g h i a , d i n h If l i e n q u a n
d e n g i d i h a n d a y so. a:n+2 > j a ; „ + i + - x „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (*)
B a i t o a n 3 . Chitng minh r&ng neu l i m x „ = a ud l i m Un = b thi ChUng minh rhng day so {xn)n=i gidi h(m hHu hm khi n t&ng len vo han.
n-*+oo n—•+00
3 3
lim max{a;„,2/„} = m a x { a , 6}. G i a i . T i r (*) x„+2 +
t a c6: -x„+i > x„+i + - x „ , Vn = 1,2,... (1)
n—•+0O
3
G i a i . K h o n g m a t ti'nh t o n g quat, t a gia t h i e t r^ng a<b. Vdi m p i n = 1 , 2 , . . . t a d a t x „ + i + - x „ = 2/„, k h i d o t i l (1) t a c6:
T r t r d n g h d p 1: a < b. C h p n e > 0 d i i n h o sao c h o a + e y n , V n = 1,2,... (2)
a + 2£ < 6). T h e o d i n h n g h i a g i d i h a n d a y s6 s u y r a BUQ e N sao c h o
x „ < a + £ < 6 - e < 2/„, V n > n o . V i d a y { x „ } + ^ i b i ch?in t r e n n e n t o n t ^ i so M sao c h o : x „ < M , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .

Do do
D o d o m a x {x„, ?/„} = y „ , V n > n o , v a t i r d o s u y r a
lim max{x„,y„}= l i m y „ = 6 = m a x { a , 6}. y„ ^ x„+i + ?x„ < M + ? M = ^ , Vn = 1,2,... . •:: (3)

n-»+oo n-»+oo
T i l (2) v a (3) s u y r a d a y so {yn)t=i t a n g v a b i chSn t r e n , d o d o h p i t u . D a t
T r v f d n g h d p 2 : a = 6. V d i m p i e > 0, 3no e N sao c h o v d i m p i n > no t a
deu CO |x„ - a| < £ v a !?/„ - a| < £ ( d o a = b). D o d o lim Vn = bvk d a t — = a. T a se chufng m i n h l i m x „ = a. V d i m p i £ > 0,
|max { x „ , y „ } - a| < e, V n > no. Vi lim y„ = 6 n e n t o n t ^ i no € N * sao cho:

n->+oo
Hay l i m m a x { x „ , 2/„} = a = m a x {a, b}. V a y l i m m a x { x „ , y„} - m a x { o , 6}-
n-<+oo n—f+oo
\yn-b\ |,Vn>no.
106
CO m o t d a y c o n d d n d i c u . V a y n c u (xn) la day cO b a n t h i t o n tî (xnfc)^ l a day
p a i t o a n 4 . Chting minh rhng neu ^ h m ^ x „ = a ud ^ h m ^ Vn = b thi
c o n c i i a d a y ix„)^ sao c h o (a;„j, )j. d o n d i o i i v a b i chSn. D o d o ixni,)i^ la day
h p i t u , t i i c l a 3 a G R sao c h o l i m Xn,, — a. T a se chufng m i n h l i m x „ = a. lim m i n { x „ , 2/„} = m i n { a , 6}.
n—>+oo
n—>+oo
C h o e > 0 t u y y. K h i d o 3no 6 N sao c h o
G i a i . K h o n g m a t t i n h t d n g quat, t a gia thiet rang a<b.
T r t ' c ' n g h d p 1: a < b. C h p n e > 0 d i i n h o sao c h o a + £ no sao cho < - . Do do
*:->oo x „ < a + £ < 6 - £ < y „ , V n > no.
\Xn - a\ i^n - Xn,J + {Xn,^ - a)
D o d o m i n { x „ , y „ } = x „ , V n > n o , v a tiir d o s u y r a
<
Xn - X. "«=0 lim
n—'+oo
min{x„,y„}= l i m x „ = a = m i n { a , 6}.
n—+oo
* '
Vay l i m a;„ = a.
n—>+oo TriTcJng h d p 2 : a = 6. V d i m p i £ > 0, 3no e N sao c h o v d i m p i n > no t a
deu CO |x„ - a| < £ v a |?/„ - a\ e ( d o a = b). D o d o
2.1.4 M o t so bai toan ap dung. |min{x„,2/„} - a| < £,Vn > no-
Hay l i m m i n { x „ , y „ } = a = m i n { a , 6}. V a y lim min{x„,y„} = min{a,6}.

C o n h i e u p h i t c t n g p h a p d 6 t i m g l d i h a n c i i a m o t d a y so, m o i p h u d n g p h a p
d e u CO n h i J n g d i g m m a n h , dac t r U n g cho r i e n g m i n h . T u y k h o n g p h a i l a m p t n->+oo n->+c»
p h u d n g p h a p m d i la, n h u n g s i i d u n g d i n h n g h i a dg t i n h gidi h a n v a n l a m p t
B a i t o a n 5. Cho { x „ } + ^ i la mot day so bi ch&n tren va thoa man diiu kien
p h U d n g p h a p k i n h d i d n , n o m a n g m p t sac t h a i v a v c d c p r i e n g , d a y l a m p t
p h U d n g p h a p r a t s a u s^c vo m a t t o a n h p c . D d v a n d u n g t h a n h t h a o p h U d n g 1 3
p h a p nay, c h i i n g t a c a n h i g u r o b a n c h a t cac d i n h n g h i a , d i n h If l i e n q u a n
d e n g i d i h a n d a y so. a:n+2 > j a ; „ + i + - x „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (*)
B a i t o a n 3 . Chitng minh r&ng neu l i m x „ = a ud l i m Un = b thi ChUng minh rhng day so {xn)n=i gidi h(m hHu hm khi n t&ng len vo han.
n-*+oo n—•+00
3 3
lim max{a;„,2/„} = m a x { a , 6}. G i a i . T i r (*) x„+2 +
t a c6: -x„+i > x„+i + - x „ , Vn = 1,2,... (1)
n—•+0O
3
G i a i . K h o n g m a t ti'nh t o n g quat, t a gia t h i e t r^ng a<b. Vdi m p i n = 1 , 2 , . . . t a d a t x „ + i + - x „ = 2/„, k h i d o t i l (1) t a c6:
T r t r d n g h d p 1: a < b. C h p n e > 0 d i i n h o sao c h o a + e y n , V n = 1,2,... (2)
a + 2£ < 6). T h e o d i n h n g h i a g i d i h a n d a y s6 s u y r a BUQ e N sao c h o
x „ < a + £ < 6 - e < 2/„, V n > n o . V i d a y { x „ } + ^ i b i ch?in t r e n n e n t o n t ^ i so M sao c h o : x „ < M , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .

Do do
D o d o m a x {x„, ?/„} = y „ , V n > n o , v a t i r d o s u y r a
lim max{x„,y„}= l i m y „ = 6 = m a x { a , 6}. y„ ^ x„+i + ?x„ < M + ? M = ^ , Vn = 1,2,... . •:: (3)

n-»+oo n-»+oo
T i l (2) v a (3) s u y r a d a y so {yn)t=i t a n g v a b i chSn t r e n , d o d o h p i t u . D a t
T r v f d n g h d p 2 : a = 6. V d i m p i e > 0, 3no e N sao c h o v d i m p i n > no t a
deu CO |x„ - a| < £ v a !?/„ - a| < £ ( d o a = b). D o d o lim Vn = bvk d a t — = a. T a se chufng m i n h l i m x „ = a. V d i m p i £ > 0,
|max { x „ , y „ } - a| < e, V n > no. Vi lim y„ = 6 n e n t o n t ^ i no € N * sao cho:

n->+oo
Hay l i m m a x { x „ , 2/„} = a = m a x {a, b}. V a y l i m m a x { x „ , y„} - m a x { o , 6}-
n-<+oo n—f+oo
\yn-b\ |,Vn>no.
106
Do do voii luoi n > no t a c6: g a i t o a n 7 (Dg t h i hoc sinh gioi quoc gia nSm 1988). Cho { u „ } ^ ^ la mQt
day so hi chan, thoa man dieu kien:
3 7a
z>\yn~b\ 2u„+2 < Un+1 + u „ , V n = 1,2,...; |u„| < M , Vn = 1,2,...
4 4
CO nhdt thiet hoi tii khong ? j^}-'
(a;„+i -a) + -{xn- a) > \Xn+l - a\ -\xn - a\.
Giai. ' M>, r

Suy ra C a c h 1. Tirong t u n h u bai toan 5.
C a c h 2. T i r gia thiet suy ra |u„| < M, Vn = 1,2,... Ggi Vn = max u„+i}.
N n + i - a\ ^ \xn - a\ §,Vn > no- (4)
4 a Khi do \vn\ M,yn = 1,2,... T a c o
Trong (4) Ian l u a t l§y n = no, n = no + 1, n = no + 2 , . . . t a dUdc:
Vn+i = max{u„+i,u„+2}. ; •
3 e
Fno + l - «i < J F n o + (5) Tir 2 u „ + 2 < W n + i + Wn suy ra max {u„, u„+i} > u „ + 2 . M a ' '' ^^
8'
I , 3 , , £ clo(5) /3 m a x { u „ , u „ + i } > u„+i
kno+Z - «l < 4 F n o + 1 ~ ^1 + 8 1 4 (6)
^ - - ^ 1 + 4-8 + 8 nen m a x { u „ , u „ + i } > m a x { u „ + i , u „ + 2 } - Hay Vn > Vn+i- Vay day so (?;„) la
I , 3 , e do(6) /3 dav so giam va b i chan non oo hoi t u . Dat l i m Vn = a. Ta se chiing m i n h
n->+oo
Fno+3 - a| < J Fno+2 ~ " I + § Xno - «l + 8
\4/ •^4 + ^ lim u„ = a. V i l i m i>„ = a nen V£ > 0, 3no 6 N*: |w„ - a\ - , Vn > no.
n-»+oo (I—•+0O 3
A:-l /2Nfc-2
Tiic la V£ > 0, 3no € N* : a - I < ?;„ < a + |, Vn > no. (1)
\Xno+k " " I < (^] l^no ~ ° l + I
+ V4/ Lay A; b i t ky sao cho A; > no + 1, k h i do A; - 1 > no. Vay tijt (1) t a c6:
V k - i < a + - • V i V k - i = max{ufc_i,u/t} nen U k - i < V j t - i < « + o - (2)
£ £ £
1 - • Trudng hop 1: Uk > a - - . K h i do v i Vk > Uk nen a - - < Ufc < iifc < a + - .
/3\ e \4y 3 3 3
Vay |x„„+fc - a| < ,VA; = 1,2,... Suy ra buy ra
\uk - a| < - , VA; > no + 1 ^ l i m u„ = a.
3 n-»+oo
• Trudng hop 2: < a - ^ . Neu Ufc+i < a - ^ t h i Vk = max{ufc,Ufc+i} < a - ^

/3\ (3\ o ^ o o
|a;,H,+fc - a| < ^^no - a| + o
' - ' 5 < ^no - a| + o - va do A; > no nen tir (1) suy ra i;fc > a - - . Di§u v6 ly nay chiing to
o
Uk+i > a-^. (3)
V i 0^ |a:„„ - a| 0 Tix gia thiet t a c6 Uk > 2uk+i - u j t - i . Do do t i i (2) va (3) t a c6:
t h i |a;„ - a| < £ vdi n du Idn, tiic la Um x„ = a. Vay day so ( x „ ) hoi t u .
n—•+0O Uk > 2uk+i - Ufc-i ^ 2 (a - 0 - + I j = a - £.
B a i t o a n 6. Cho {x„},"^^ /a mot day so bj chan va thoa man dieu kien:
V§,y trong trirdng hdp 2 nay t a c6 a - £ < u*; < a - ^ < a - £. Do do vdi m p i
1 2 o
Xn+2 < -^Xn+l + - X „ , Vn = 1, 2, . . . so t u nhien A; > no + 1, t a c6 lu^ - a| < £, suy ra l i m u„ = a.
Trong m c i trudng hop t a deu c6 lim = a, nghia la day so da cho hoi t u .
Ch^g minh rdng day so {xn}n=i co gidi han hHu han khi n tang len v6 han. n—>+oo
108 109
Do do voii luoi n > no t a c6: g a i t o a n 7 (Dg t h i hoc sinh gioi quoc gia nSm 1988). Cho { u „ } ^ ^ la mQt
day so hi chan, thoa man dieu kien:
3 7a
z>\yn~b\ 2u„+2 < Un+1 + u „ , V n = 1,2,...; |u„| < M , Vn = 1,2,...
4 4
CO nhdt thiet hoi tii khong ? j^}-'
(a;„+i -a) + -{xn- a) > \Xn+l - a\ -\xn - a\.
Giai. ' M>, r

Suy ra C a c h 1. Tirong t u n h u bai toan 5.
C a c h 2. T i r gia thiet suy ra |u„| < M, Vn = 1,2,... Ggi Vn = max u„+i}.
N n + i - a\ ^ \xn - a\ §,Vn > no- (4)
4 a Khi do \vn\ M,yn = 1,2,... T a c o
Trong (4) Ian l u a t l§y n = no, n = no + 1, n = no + 2 , . . . t a dUdc:
Vn+i = max{u„+i,u„+2}. ; •
3 e
Fno + l - «i < J F n o + (5) Tir 2 u „ + 2 < W n + i + Wn suy ra max {u„, u„+i} > u „ + 2 . M a ' '' ^^
8'
I , 3 , , £ clo(5) /3 m a x { u „ , u „ + i } > u„+i
kno+Z - «l < 4 F n o + 1 ~ ^1 + 8 1 4 (6)
^ - - ^ 1 + 4-8 + 8 nen m a x { u „ , u „ + i } > m a x { u „ + i , u „ + 2 } - Hay Vn > Vn+i- Vay day so (?;„) la
I , 3 , e do(6) /3 dav so giam va b i chan non oo hoi t u . Dat l i m Vn = a. Ta se chiing m i n h
n->+oo
Fno+3 - a| < J Fno+2 ~ " I + § Xno - «l + 8
\4/ •^4 + ^ lim u„ = a. V i l i m i>„ = a nen V£ > 0, 3no 6 N*: |w„ - a\ - , Vn > no.
n-»+oo (I—•+0O 3
A:-l /2Nfc-2
Tiic la V£ > 0, 3no € N* : a - I < ?;„ < a + |, Vn > no. (1)
\Xno+k " " I < (^] l^no ~ ° l + I
+ V4/ Lay A; b i t ky sao cho A; > no + 1, k h i do A; - 1 > no. Vay tijt (1) t a c6:
V k - i < a + - • V i V k - i = max{ufc_i,u/t} nen U k - i < V j t - i < « + o - (2)
£ £ £
1 - • Trudng hop 1: Uk > a - - . K h i do v i Vk > Uk nen a - - < Ufc < iifc < a + - .
/3\ e \4y 3 3 3
Vay |x„„+fc - a| < ,VA; = 1,2,... Suy ra buy ra
\uk - a| < - , VA; > no + 1 ^ l i m u„ = a.
3 n-»+oo
• Trudng hop 2: < a - ^ . Neu Ufc+i < a - ^ t h i Vk = max{ufc,Ufc+i} < a - ^

/3\ (3\ o ^ o o
|a;,H,+fc - a| < ^^no - a| + o
' - ' 5 < ^no - a| + o - va do A; > no nen tir (1) suy ra i;fc > a - - . Di§u v6 ly nay chiing to
o
Uk+i > a-^. (3)
V i 0^ |a:„„ - a| 0 Tix gia thiet t a c6 Uk > 2uk+i - u j t - i . Do do t i i (2) va (3) t a c6:
t h i |a;„ - a| < £ vdi n du Idn, tiic la Um x„ = a. Vay day so ( x „ ) hoi t u .
n—•+0O Uk > 2uk+i - Ufc-i ^ 2 (a - 0 - + I j = a - £.
B a i t o a n 6. Cho {x„},"^^ /a mot day so bj chan va thoa man dieu kien:
V§,y trong trirdng hdp 2 nay t a c6 a - £ < u*; < a - ^ < a - £. Do do vdi m p i
1 2 o
Xn+2 < -^Xn+l + - X „ , Vn = 1, 2, . . . so t u nhien A; > no + 1, t a c6 lu^ - a| < £, suy ra l i m u„ = a.
Trong m c i trudng hop t a deu c6 lim = a, nghia la day so da cho hoi t u .
Ch^g minh rdng day so {xn}n=i co gidi han hHu han khi n tang len v6 han. n—>+oo
108 109
B a i t o a n 8 (De t h i v6 dich Matxccfva). Chiing minh rdng day so ( x „ ) , vdi Islhif vay t a da ch\'nig m i n h dituc: Ve > 0, 3ni = (no + A;) € N*, sao cho, vdi
x„ — sin(n^), khong tien tdi 0 khi n —* +00. nioi n > n\a c6: |a„| < 3£. Co nghia la l i m a„ = 0. Sau day t a se m d rpng
G i a i . Ta c6 bai toan 9. Dieu do (htdc the hieu qua bai toan 10 sau day:
|sin(a: - y)\ Isinxcos?/ - cosxsint/| < |sina;| |cosj/| + |cosx| |sinj/|. B a i t o a n 10. Tv.n tat cd cdc so thtjCc t sao cho vdi mpi day so (x„) thoa
man Hm (te„ - x „ + i ) = 0, ta suy ra l i m x„ = 0.
Do do rt->+oo n—+00
|sin(x -y)\ \smx\ \smy\. (1)
G i a i . Ta CO l i m (ix„ - x „ + i ) = 0-!=> l i m (x„+i - = 0. (1)
n—•+00 n—'+oo
Gia siif ^^hm^sin(ri''^) = 0. K h i do vtiii e = ^ sin2, 3no € N* sao cho ,
Xet day so ( x „ ) , vdi x„ — (",Vn e N. K h i do day so (x„) thoa man (1).
Neu hm x„ = l i m = 0 t h i |^| < 1. Ngitdc lai, gia svt \t\ I. Ta chiing
sin(n^) <e,Vn>no. n-»+oo 71—»+oo
minh rang vdi moi day so ( x „ ) sao cho l i m (x„+i - te„) = 0 t a luon cd
V6i n > no, ta c6: n—>+oo
lim x„ = 0. V i lim (x„+i - tx„) = 0 nen vdi moi e > 0, ton tai no e N*
do (1) n—+00 n—'+oo
|sin(2n+ 1)1 = (/) + 1) - sill (n + iy sao clio:
I s i i i 2 | = I s i i i [(2n + 3) - (2n + < |sin(2n + 3)| + |sin(2n + 1)| < 2^ + 2e = 4e. |x„+i - txn\ £,Vn > no.
Do do vdi moi n > no t a v6:

Do do: |sin2| < 4e = • l . ^ . s i n 2 = | |sin2|. Dieu mau thuan nay chiing to day
\Xn+l - tX„ \ £,
da cho khong lien tdi 0 k h i n —» + 0 0 .
tXn-i^Xn-\
B a i t o a n 9 (De t h i vo dich toan Lien Xo). Cho day so { a „ } , t ^ , biet r&ng

<»-"«x„„+, - r'-""+'x„„
iini (a„+i - =0. Chxing minh rang Mm an = 0.
Suy ra
G i a i . V6i moi e > 0, vi hm fa„ - = 0 nen 3no e N* sao cho:

n—+00 \ /
= (X„+, - IXn) + {tXn - t'^Xn-l) + • • • + + i - r-"° + 'x„„)
^ < e, V71 > no-

< |X„+1 - tXn\ tXn - i^X„-l + • ' • + <"-"»X„o + i - <"-"» + 'x„o
in-nu + l
Vdi £ > 0 d tren, ton tai k e N ' sao cho < e. K h i do vdi moi so t u nhien <{l + \t\+---+\t\''-"')£=^-^ -£ < (2)
1 -
m > 7io + A,' ta c6:
Vi 1^1 < 1 nen ton tai ui e N ' sao cho
/ u„,-i\ a in-l 0„,-l
< e,yn > ni. (3)
Tif (2) va (3) suy ra vdi moi n > no + 'M, ta cd:
2'n-no-l 2™""" \Xu+l \ ( x „ + , - r - " " + i x „ J + r-""+'x„

1
1 -
2'"-"" , k J _ ^ 1 <
< 1 -
T£ + £.
I 2^
110 Ill
B a i t o a n 8 (De t h i v6 dich Matxccfva). Chiing minh rdng day so ( x „ ) , vdi Islhif vay t a da ch\'nig m i n h dituc: Ve > 0, 3ni = (no + A;) € N*, sao cho, vdi
x„ — sin(n^), khong tien tdi 0 khi n —* +00. nioi n > n\a c6: |a„| < 3£. Co nghia la l i m a„ = 0. Sau day t a se m d rpng
G i a i . Ta c6 bai toan 9. Dieu do (htdc the hieu qua bai toan 10 sau day:
|sin(a: - y)\ Isinxcos?/ - cosxsint/| < |sina;| |cosj/| + |cosx| |sinj/|. B a i t o a n 10. Tv.n tat cd cdc so thtjCc t sao cho vdi mpi day so (x„) thoa
man Hm (te„ - x „ + i ) = 0, ta suy ra l i m x„ = 0.
Do do rt->+oo n—+00
|sin(x -y)\ \smx\ \smy\. (1)
G i a i . Ta CO l i m (ix„ - x „ + i ) = 0-!=> l i m (x„+i - = 0. (1)
n—•+00 n—'+oo
Gia siif ^^hm^sin(ri''^) = 0. K h i do vtiii e = ^ sin2, 3no € N* sao cho ,
Xet day so ( x „ ) , vdi x„ — (",Vn e N. K h i do day so (x„) thoa man (1).
Neu hm x„ = l i m = 0 t h i |^| < 1. Ngitdc lai, gia svt \t\ I. Ta chiing
sin(n^) <e,Vn>no. n-»+oo 71—»+oo
minh rang vdi moi day so ( x „ ) sao cho l i m (x„+i - te„) = 0 t a luon cd
V6i n > no, ta c6: n—>+oo
lim x„ = 0. V i lim (x„+i - tx„) = 0 nen vdi moi e > 0, ton tai no e N*
do (1) n—+00 n—'+oo
|sin(2n+ 1)1 = (/) + 1) - sill (n + iy sao clio:
I s i i i 2 | = I s i i i [(2n + 3) - (2n + < |sin(2n + 3)| + |sin(2n + 1)| < 2^ + 2e = 4e. |x„+i - txn\ £,Vn > no.
Do do vdi moi n > no t a v6:

Do do: |sin2| < 4e = • l . ^ . s i n 2 = | |sin2|. Dieu mau thuan nay chiing to day
\Xn+l - tX„ \ £,
da cho khong lien tdi 0 k h i n —» + 0 0 .
tXn-i^Xn-\
B a i t o a n 9 (De t h i vo dich toan Lien Xo). Cho day so { a „ } , t ^ , biet r&ng

<»-"«x„„+, - r'-""+'x„„
iini (a„+i - =0. Chxing minh rang Mm an = 0.
Suy ra
G i a i . V6i moi e > 0, vi hm fa„ - = 0 nen 3no e N* sao cho:

n—+00 \ /
= (X„+, - IXn) + {tXn - t'^Xn-l) + • • • + + i - r-"° + 'x„„)
^ < e, V71 > no-

< |X„+1 - tXn\ tXn - i^X„-l + • ' • + <"-"»X„o + i - <"-"» + 'x„o
in-nu + l
Vdi £ > 0 d tren, ton tai k e N ' sao cho < e. K h i do vdi moi so t u nhien <{l + \t\+---+\t\''-"')£=^-^ -£ < (2)
1 -
m > 7io + A,' ta c6:
Vi 1^1 < 1 nen ton tai ui e N ' sao cho
/ u„,-i\ a in-l 0„,-l
< e,yn > ni. (3)
Tif (2) va (3) suy ra vdi moi n > no + 'M, ta cd:
2'n-no-l 2™""" \Xu+l \ ( x „ + , - r - " " + i x „ J + r-""+'x„

1
1 -
2'"-"" , k J _ ^ 1 <
< 1 -
T£ + £.
I 2^
110 Ill
Vay t a da chi'tiig m i u h du^c: Vdi inpi e > 0, ton t ^ i so t\f nhien n2 = no + n j < ^ (Ij/n-nJ + |l/n-(n,+l)l + ' " ' + Is/ol) < = |-
sao cho - -
\Xn+l\ + 1 e, Vn > 712. Nhit v|Ly
\t\
\Kn\ Xoyn+Xiyn-l + •••+ Xn^-lVn-im-1)
Nghia la l i m a;„ = 0. V$.y t a t ca cfic so < can t i m 1^ |t| < 1.
n—>+oo + |x„,y„-„, + x „ , + i y „ - ( „ i + i ) + • • • + x„yo
Bai t o a n 11. Cho hai day so (x„)^f^, iyn)t=o n i +n2,
hm Xn = lim yn = 0
dieu nay chihig t o rang l i m A",, = 0.
n—'+oo n—'+oo
N h a n x e t 3. Qua bai toan 11 nay, hay ghi nhd phuang phdp cdt tSng bi
va day so ( 5 „ ) ; t ^ {vdi 5„ = lyol + \yi\ • • • + \y„\) bi chm tren. Goi
chan, tiic Id cdt /v„ thdnh hai phan i)d Idm troi moi phdn rieng re, ehu y den
K„ = XoVn + Xiyn-\ ••• + X„J/o.
cdc gia thiet. .
Chang minh r&ng l i m /C„ = 0.
n—>+oo B a i t o a n 12 (Dc nghi O L Y M P I C 30/4/2000). Cho day ( x „ ) thoa man
G i S i . Theo gia thiet, ton t?ii a > 0 sao cho: 0 < x„+„, < x „ + X m , V m , n = 1,2,... |
5„ = |j/o| + |yi| + • • • + |j/n| < a,Vn e N.
Chang minh rang day so < — > c6 gidi han hHu hq,n.
V i day so (a;„)^:fS hpi t y nen bi chan, nghia la ton tai /3 > 0 sao cho I n J n=l
|a;„| </J,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . G i a i . GQI l ^ , ' ^ , . . k h i do tap A bj ch^n dildi bdi so

1 1 2 n 7 i + l )
Vdi m g i e > 0. V i l i m x „ = 0 nen t o n t?Li n i 6 N* sao cho: 0 nen ton tai inf A. T a se chiing m i n h l i m — = inf A. Vdi rapi e > 0 cho
n—+00 n—'+oo n
tiitdc, theo t i u h chat cua c ^ i ditdi dung, ton t ^ m sao cho
|a;„| < ^ " 1 -
i n f A < — <miA + ^. (1)
m 2
Vi l i m y„ = 0 nen ton tai n2 € N* sao cho: |y„| < r - ^ , Vn > n2. Gia sii n
Vdi n l a so tU nhien bat ky, k h i do ton t?d hai so nguyen dudng 9 va r sao
la niQt so nguyen Idn hdn rii + n2, khi do t a viet
cho n = mq + r, 0 < r < m - 1. K h i do
A'„ = [xoyn + xiy„_i + • • • + a;ni-iyn-(ni-i) Xn = x „ , , + r < x,„ + x,„ + • • -t- x,„ + X r = qxm + Xr ( t a xem xo = 0).
+ [x,nyn-rn + x„,+iy„_(n,+i) H h a;„3/o

Dodo
Mot m?it
inf A < ^ < S : ^ ^ ^ = £ m ^ r n _ ^ x, ^ ^ J ^ ^ (2)
Xoyn +xiyn-i + --+X„,_iy„_(„j_i) n qm + r m qm + r n 2 n
2a
</3 (|j/n| + \yn-l I + • • • + |y„-(„i -1) I )
D3,t max { X I . . . . , x „ . - i } ^ a. Vdi 0 < r < m - 1 t h i x . < a. Do do vdi n > -
< / 3 n i ^ ^ = 1 (do n - n i > n 2 , Vn > n i + n 2 ) .
ta CO 0 < — < a . ; ^ = i Bdi v?ly ttt (2), t a c6:
n 2a I
Mat khac 2a
iaf^<^<infA+^ + ^ = i n f ^ + ^, Ve > 0, Vn > - . (3)
Xniyri-m +x„i+iy„_(„j+i) + • • • +i„yo
113
112
Vay t a da chi'tiig m i u h du^c: Vdi inpi e > 0, ton t ^ i so t\f nhien n2 = no + n j < ^ (Ij/n-nJ + |l/n-(n,+l)l + ' " ' + Is/ol) < = |-
sao cho - -
\Xn+l\ + 1 e, Vn > 712. Nhit v|Ly
\t\
\Kn\ Xoyn+Xiyn-l + •••+ Xn^-lVn-im-1)
Nghia la l i m a;„ = 0. V$.y t a t ca cfic so < can t i m 1^ |t| < 1.
n—>+oo + |x„,y„-„, + x „ , + i y „ - ( „ i + i ) + • • • + x„yo
Bai t o a n 11. Cho hai day so (x„)^f^, iyn)t=o n i +n2,
hm Xn = lim yn = 0
dieu nay chihig t o rang l i m A",, = 0.
n—'+oo n—'+oo
N h a n x e t 3. Qua bai toan 11 nay, hay ghi nhd phuang phdp cdt tSng bi
va day so ( 5 „ ) ; t ^ {vdi 5„ = lyol + \yi\ • • • + \y„\) bi chm tren. Goi
chan, tiic Id cdt /v„ thdnh hai phan i)d Idm troi moi phdn rieng re, ehu y den
K„ = XoVn + Xiyn-\ ••• + X„J/o.
cdc gia thiet. .
Chang minh r&ng l i m /C„ = 0.
n—>+oo B a i t o a n 12 (Dc nghi O L Y M P I C 30/4/2000). Cho day ( x „ ) thoa man
G i S i . Theo gia thiet, ton t?ii a > 0 sao cho: 0 < x„+„, < x „ + X m , V m , n = 1,2,... |
5„ = |j/o| + |yi| + • • • + |j/n| < a,Vn e N.
Chang minh rang day so < — > c6 gidi han hHu hq,n.
V i day so (a;„)^:fS hpi t y nen bi chan, nghia la ton tai /3 > 0 sao cho I n J n=l
|a;„| </J,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . G i a i . GQI l ^ , ' ^ , . . k h i do tap A bj ch^n dildi bdi so

1 1 2 n 7 i + l )
Vdi m g i e > 0. V i l i m x „ = 0 nen t o n t?Li n i 6 N* sao cho: 0 nen ton tai inf A. T a se chiing m i n h l i m — = inf A. Vdi rapi e > 0 cho
n—+00 n—'+oo n
tiitdc, theo t i u h chat cua c ^ i ditdi dung, ton t ^ m sao cho
|a;„| < ^ " 1 -
i n f A < — <miA + ^. (1)
m 2
Vi l i m y„ = 0 nen ton tai n2 € N* sao cho: |y„| < r - ^ , Vn > n2. Gia sii n
Vdi n l a so tU nhien bat ky, k h i do ton t?d hai so nguyen dudng 9 va r sao
la niQt so nguyen Idn hdn rii + n2, khi do t a viet
cho n = mq + r, 0 < r < m - 1. K h i do
A'„ = [xoyn + xiy„_i + • • • + a;ni-iyn-(ni-i) Xn = x „ , , + r < x,„ + x,„ + • • -t- x,„ + X r = qxm + Xr ( t a xem xo = 0).
+ [x,nyn-rn + x„,+iy„_(n,+i) H h a;„3/o

Dodo
Mot m?it
inf A < ^ < S : ^ ^ ^ = £ m ^ r n _ ^ x, ^ ^ J ^ ^ (2)
Xoyn +xiyn-i + --+X„,_iy„_(„j_i) n qm + r m qm + r n 2 n
2a
</3 (|j/n| + \yn-l I + • • • + |y„-(„i -1) I )
D3,t max { X I . . . . , x „ . - i } ^ a. Vdi 0 < r < m - 1 t h i x . < a. Do do vdi n > -
< / 3 n i ^ ^ = 1 (do n - n i > n 2 , Vn > n i + n 2 ) .
ta CO 0 < — < a . ; ^ = i Bdi v?ly ttt (2), t a c6:
n 2a I
Mat khac 2a
iaf^<^<infA+^ + ^ = i n f ^ + ^, Ve > 0, Vn > - . (3)
Xniyri-m +x„i+iy„_(„j+i) + • • • +i„yo
113
112
TCf (3) t a CO a) Chiing minh r&ng day *o | ^ | cd gidi hQ.n hOu hQ,n.
iniA < l i m — < inf ^1 + e, Ve > 0. (4)
h\ minh r&ng neu l i m — = a € R tht
- n-.+oo n ^
Tijr (4) cho £ - V 0 t a dit0c l i m — = inf A. na - 1 < x„ < na + 1, Vn = 1,2,...

n—>+oo n
B a i t o a n 13. Cho day so {a;„} thoa man a;„ > 1, x„+„, < XnXm (Vn, m € N*).
^'Cpi y„ = 1 + X„ va 2„ = 1 - X „ , khi do yn+m = 1 +X„+m, ^n+m = 1 - Xn+m
ChUng minh r&ng day so ( h g i ty,.
va ^
H i f d n g d S n . Logarit hoa roi sii dving bai todn 12. 0 < yn+m = 1 + Xn+m < 2 + x„ + x^ = j/„ + y m , Vn, m = 1, 2, . . . ,
0 < Zn+m = 1 - Xn+m < 1 + (1 - X„ - Xm) = 2n + ^ m , Vn, m = 1, 2, . . .

B a i t o a n 14. Cho day so {xn)^^^ thoa man
V|ly theo bai toan 12 d trang 113, suy ra day so hpi t u va day
0 < Xn+m < (Vn,m6N').
hOi t y . M a t a c6
Chxtng minh r&ng gidi h^n lim v/x^ ton tQ,i va hHu han. Xn ^ 1+ Xn - (1 - Xn) ^ \
n->+oo
n 2n 2 \ n /
G i a i . V6i mpi n = 1,2,..., t a c6 0 < x„ < ( i i ) " =^ 0 < ^ < xi. Vay day so
{ ^' ^ = Jim^ K h i do ton tai day con { " V ^ l ^ } ^ ^ nen day «o { ^ } Ôi t y .
b) Neu lim —=ae thi
cua day { '<yx;^}^^^ sao cho l i m '"^/x;^ = L. V6i moi n c6 dinh t i i y y, ta Ti->+oo n
CO the Viet: = n.lk + rfc, trong do r/t € { 0 , 1 , . . . , n - 1}. Do do theo gia lim ^ = lim £lL±l= lim ^ + l i m - ^ a.
thiet t a c6: n->+oo n n->+cx) n n-«+oo n n-»+oo n
D o do Ihoo ItJi giai bai toan 12 d trang 113, t a c6

B6i v$,y vdi mpi A; = 1,2,..., t a c6 a < ^ = > a x „ > n a - l (Vn = l , 2 , . . . ) (1)
n n
Mat khac t a c6
•"V^ < (Xn)"'* (XrJ'"* = ( X „ ) ^ ^ ^ ^ (X,J"'<. - (X„) (X^J^ .
Hni £rL= 1:1^= i _ l i m £!i = - a .
T i t d a y '-^/x;;:; < ( x „ ) " ( x r j ^ , VA; 1,2,... Cho A; — +oo t a dvT^c n—>+oo n n-»+oo n n->+oo n TI-»+OO n
Do do theo Idi giai bai toan 12 6 trang 113, t a c6

L<{xn)" = • ^ , V n = 1,2,...
-a < ^ ^ a > x„ < na + 1 (Vn = 1, 2,...). (2)
Suy ra n n
lim V ^ = ^ lim '-C^ = 1™ v^- Tit (1) va (2) suy ra na - 1 < X n < na + l , V n = 1,2,...
m—»oo m—»oo m—too m—>oo
V$,y d a y so { ^/x;r}^^ hpi ty.

2.2 X a c d i n h so h a n g t o n g q u a t r o i t i n h gidi h a n
L i f u y. T u d n g t i ; v6i each giai ci bai t o ^ 14 nay ta chiing m i n h d U d c d a y
so _^ 6 bai toan 12 hpi t y . 2.2.1 Phi/ctog phap.
B a i t o d n 15. Gid sii cdc so h^ng cua day so { x „ } thoa man dieu ki$n: TVong bai nay t a diing phUdng phap sau day di t i n h ^ ^n-
Xn + Xm - 1< Xn+m < a;„ + Xm + 1 (Vn, m = 1,2,...). S\t dung cac phudng phap da t r i n h bay d chUdng 1 de t i m so h ^ g t6ng
114 115
TCf (3) t a CO a) Chiing minh r&ng day *o | ^ | cd gidi hQ.n hOu hQ,n.
iniA < l i m — < inf ^1 + e, Ve > 0. (4)
h\ minh r&ng neu l i m — = a € R tht
- n-.+oo n ^
Tijr (4) cho £ - V 0 t a dit0c l i m — = inf A. na - 1 < x„ < na + 1, Vn = 1,2,...

n—>+oo n
B a i t o a n 13. Cho day so {a;„} thoa man a;„ > 1, x„+„, < XnXm (Vn, m € N*).
^'Cpi y„ = 1 + X„ va 2„ = 1 - X „ , khi do yn+m = 1 +X„+m, ^n+m = 1 - Xn+m
ChUng minh r&ng day so ( h g i ty,.
va ^
H i f d n g d S n . Logarit hoa roi sii dving bai todn 12. 0 < yn+m = 1 + Xn+m < 2 + x„ + x^ = j/„ + y m , Vn, m = 1, 2, . . . ,
0 < Zn+m = 1 - Xn+m < 1 + (1 - X„ - Xm) = 2n + ^ m , Vn, m = 1, 2, . . .

B a i t o a n 14. Cho day so {xn)^^^ thoa man
V|ly theo bai toan 12 d trang 113, suy ra day so hpi t u va day
0 < Xn+m < (Vn,m6N').
hOi t y . M a t a c6
Chxtng minh r&ng gidi h^n lim v/x^ ton tQ,i va hHu han. Xn ^ 1+ Xn - (1 - Xn) ^ \
n->+oo
n 2n 2 \ n /
G i a i . V6i mpi n = 1,2,..., t a c6 0 < x„ < ( i i ) " =^ 0 < ^ < xi. Vay day so
{ ^' ^ = Jim^ K h i do ton tai day con { " V ^ l ^ } ^ ^ nen day «o { ^ } Ôi t y .
b) Neu lim —=ae thi
cua day { '<yx;^}^^^ sao cho l i m '"^/x;^ = L. V6i moi n c6 dinh t i i y y, ta Ti->+oo n
CO the Viet: = n.lk + rfc, trong do r/t € { 0 , 1 , . . . , n - 1}. Do do theo gia lim ^ = lim £lL±l= lim ^ + l i m - ^ a.
thiet t a c6: n->+oo n n->+cx) n n-«+oo n n-»+oo n
D o do Ihoo ItJi giai bai toan 12 d trang 113, t a c6

B6i v$,y vdi mpi A; = 1,2,..., t a c6 a < ^ = > a x „ > n a - l (Vn = l , 2 , . . . ) (1)
n n
Mat khac t a c6
•"V^ < (Xn)"'* (XrJ'"* = ( X „ ) ^ ^ ^ ^ (X,J"'<. - (X„) (X^J^ .
Hni £rL= 1:1^= i _ l i m £!i = - a .
T i t d a y '-^/x;;:; < ( x „ ) " ( x r j ^ , VA; 1,2,... Cho A; — +oo t a dvT^c n—>+oo n n-»+oo n n->+oo n TI-»+OO n
Do do theo Idi giai bai toan 12 6 trang 113, t a c6

L<{xn)" = • ^ , V n = 1,2,...
-a < ^ ^ a > x„ < na + 1 (Vn = 1, 2,...). (2)
Suy ra n n
lim V ^ = ^ lim '-C^ = 1™ v^- Tit (1) va (2) suy ra na - 1 < X n < na + l , V n = 1,2,...
m—»oo m—»oo m—too m—>oo
V$,y d a y so { ^/x;r}^^ hpi ty.

2.2 X a c d i n h so h a n g t o n g q u a t r o i t i n h gidi h a n
L i f u y. T u d n g t i ; v6i each giai ci bai t o ^ 14 nay ta chiing m i n h d U d c d a y
so _^ 6 bai toan 12 hpi t y . 2.2.1 Phi/ctog phap.
B a i t o d n 15. Gid sii cdc so h^ng cua day so { x „ } thoa man dieu ki$n: TVong bai nay t a diing phUdng phap sau day di t i n h ^ ^n-
Xn + Xm - 1< Xn+m < a;„ + Xm + 1 (Vn, m = 1,2,...). S\t dung cac phudng phap da t r i n h bay d chUdng 1 de t i m so h ^ g t6ng
114 115
quat cua day so {xn}nî- Cong l a i , t a dUdc
• Sau do Slit dung cac gidi haii da biet dc t i i i h lim x „ . (n - l ) n -n-\-2
• n—>+oo u „ = u i -H 1 + 2 -I- • • • -t- (n - 1) = 1 +
2 2
2.2.2 C a c k e t q u a thu'dng d u n g . Un - n +2 2 - n + 2
0 ° ^ ^ ° ^ = 2 •(n + l ) ^ - ( n + l ) + 2 - n 2 + n 4 - 2 - ^ " y ' ^ ^
,. sin a; , ,. I n ( l + x ) - 1
• am = 1, l i m = 1, lim —• = In a. 1 _2_
X-.0 X xj»0 X x->0 ^ X
,. - n + 2 n ^ n2 _ . i: '
• lim f l + - | =e, lim ( l + - | = e. hm = -5- hm- r = hm = o" = 1-
n-.+oo u „ + i n-.+oo + n-I-2 "-*+«> J ^ i ^. J 1 fit; oCl
X-.+00 \ XJ I—oo \ XJ
n
• l i m (1 + i ) ^ = e, l i m (1 + x) ^ = e.
B a i t o a n 17 (Olympic Toan Sinh Vien - 2013). Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
• N6U |g| < 1 t h i lim 9 " = 0.
n—>+oo X I = a € R va (n -I- i j ^ X n + i = h^Xn -l- 2n - I - 1 , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tim ^ h r n ^ x „ ,
Neu / ( x ) la ham so lien tuc tren K t h i lim / ( x „ ) = / l i m x „ ) , v6i

n—>+oo n—>+oo
G i a i . T t t gia thiet ta c6
x „ thuQC ( n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) va day so { x „ } ^ ^ hoi t u d e n a e K (ket qua nay
dime d u n g rat nhieu k h i giai cac phudng t r i n h ham trong Idp ham lien tuc). (n + l ) 2 x „ + i = n\n + (n - f 1)^ - n^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
« . ( n + ifxn+i - ( n + 1)^ = n^Xn - n^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
C h u y 5. Nhiing bai. loan ma day so c6 lien quan den cap so cony, cap so
nhdn thi thuctng la fa Vim. ducic cony thric tony qudt cua no. Do do n 2 x „ - n 2 = ( n - l ) 2 x „ _ i - (n - 1)^ = • • • = l 2 x i - 1^ = a - 1. Suy ra
C h u y 6. De tinh cac tony dany 1*^ + 2*^ + f- n * , ta thudny dimy kit qua a-l+n^ ,. ,. a-l+n^ .. a-1
x„ = o . "™ = hm 5 h m (1 -I ^) = 1. ^
sau: Cho day so thifc {un)'^^^l va S{n) = U1 + U2 + 1- u „ . Khi do S{n) la.
mot da Ihiic bac d> 0 thco bien nyuyen duany n khi va chi khi Un la mqt da
thiic bac d - I theo bien nyuyen duany n. Nhu vay tony Ltfu y . D o i vdi bai toan 17 va bai toan 18 sau day, ta da dung phitdng phap
ham lap de t i m so hang t6ng quat (xem lai muc 1.1.5 : PhUdng phap ham
l * + 2* + --- + n ^ l$.p ; 6 trang 24).
se la mot da thiic bac k + 1. B a i t o a n 18 (De t h i Olympic 30/04/2013). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhusau: x i = 1

— 14x — 51
va xn = — — , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Tim X2013 va tim l i m x „ .
2.2.3 C a c bai toan. 5 x „ _ i -I- 18 n-+oo
Bki t o a n 16 (De t h i HSG thanh pho Ha X o i nam hoc 2011-2012). Cho day G i a i . Ta CO x i = 1 7^ - 3 . Gia sijf x „ ^ - 3 , ta chusig m i n h x „ + i 7^ - 3 . N l u
so (u„) xdc dinh bdi u\ I va u„+i = u „ -I- n . Tim lim — — x„+i = - 3 t h i >
n-+oo Un+\
— ^ = -3<:>-14x„-51 = - 1 5 x „ - 5 4 < ^ x „ = -3,
G i a i . T i f gia thiet, ta c6 5Xn -I-18
ui = ui + 0 mau t h u l n v6i gia thiet qiiy nap. Vay x „ ^ - 3 , Vn e N * . Ta c6

«2 = "1 + 1 ^ 3 -14x„-i-51 Xn-l+3
"3 = "2 + 2
5 x „ _ i + 18 5 x „ _ i + 18
"n = W n - l 4 - n - l . . ^17 - 7 0 x n - i - 255 3(5x„-i-H7) . ^ l
116 117
quat cua day so {xn}nî- Cong l a i , t a dUdc
• Sau do Slit dung cac gidi haii da biet dc t i i i h lim x „ . (n - l ) n -n-\-2
• n—>+oo u „ = u i -H 1 + 2 -I- • • • -t- (n - 1) = 1 +
2 2
2.2.2 C a c k e t q u a thu'dng d u n g . Un - n +2 2 - n + 2
0 ° ^ ^ ° ^ = 2 •(n + l ) ^ - ( n + l ) + 2 - n 2 + n 4 - 2 - ^ " y ' ^ ^
,. sin a; , ,. I n ( l + x ) - 1
• am = 1, l i m = 1, lim —• = In a. 1 _2_
X-.0 X xj»0 X x->0 ^ X
,. - n + 2 n ^ n2 _ . i: '
• lim f l + - | =e, lim ( l + - | = e. hm = -5- hm- r = hm = o" = 1-
n-.+oo u „ + i n-.+oo + n-I-2 "-*+«> J ^ i ^. J 1 fit; oCl
X-.+00 \ XJ I—oo \ XJ
n
• l i m (1 + i ) ^ = e, l i m (1 + x) ^ = e.
B a i t o a n 17 (Olympic Toan Sinh Vien - 2013). Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
• N6U |g| < 1 t h i lim 9 " = 0.
n—>+oo X I = a € R va (n -I- i j ^ X n + i = h^Xn -l- 2n - I - 1 , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tim ^ h r n ^ x „ ,
Neu / ( x ) la ham so lien tuc tren K t h i lim / ( x „ ) = / l i m x „ ) , v6i

n—>+oo n—>+oo
G i a i . T t t gia thiet ta c6
x „ thuQC ( n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) va day so { x „ } ^ ^ hoi t u d e n a e K (ket qua nay
dime d u n g rat nhieu k h i giai cac phudng t r i n h ham trong Idp ham lien tuc). (n + l ) 2 x „ + i = n\n + (n - f 1)^ - n^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
« . ( n + ifxn+i - ( n + 1)^ = n^Xn - n^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
C h u y 5. Nhiing bai. loan ma day so c6 lien quan den cap so cony, cap so
nhdn thi thuctng la fa Vim. ducic cony thric tony qudt cua no. Do do n 2 x „ - n 2 = ( n - l ) 2 x „ _ i - (n - 1)^ = • • • = l 2 x i - 1^ = a - 1. Suy ra
C h u y 6. De tinh cac tony dany 1*^ + 2*^ + f- n * , ta thudny dimy kit qua a-l+n^ ,. ,. a-l+n^ .. a-1
x„ = o . "™ = hm 5 h m (1 -I ^) = 1. ^
sau: Cho day so thifc {un)'^^^l va S{n) = U1 + U2 + 1- u „ . Khi do S{n) la.
mot da Ihiic bac d> 0 thco bien nyuyen duany n khi va chi khi Un la mqt da
thiic bac d - I theo bien nyuyen duany n. Nhu vay tony Ltfu y . D o i vdi bai toan 17 va bai toan 18 sau day, ta da dung phitdng phap
ham lap de t i m so hang t6ng quat (xem lai muc 1.1.5 : PhUdng phap ham
l * + 2* + --- + n ^ l$.p ; 6 trang 24).
se la mot da thiic bac k + 1. B a i t o a n 18 (De t h i Olympic 30/04/2013). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhusau: x i = 1

— 14x — 51
va xn = — — , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Tim X2013 va tim l i m x „ .
2.2.3 C a c bai toan. 5 x „ _ i -I- 18 n-+oo
Bki t o a n 16 (De t h i HSG thanh pho Ha X o i nam hoc 2011-2012). Cho day G i a i . Ta CO x i = 1 7^ - 3 . Gia sijf x „ ^ - 3 , ta chusig m i n h x „ + i 7^ - 3 . N l u
so (u„) xdc dinh bdi u\ I va u„+i = u „ -I- n . Tim lim — — x„+i = - 3 t h i >
n-+oo Un+\
— ^ = -3<:>-14x„-51 = - 1 5 x „ - 5 4 < ^ x „ = -3,
G i a i . T i f gia thiet, ta c6 5Xn -I-18
ui = ui + 0 mau t h u l n v6i gia thiet qiiy nap. Vay x „ ^ - 3 , Vn e N * . Ta c6

«2 = "1 + 1 ^ 3 -14x„-i-51 Xn-l+3
"3 = "2 + 2
5 x „ _ i + 18 5 x „ _ i + 18
"n = W n - l 4 - n - l . . ^17 - 7 0 x n - i - 255 3(5x„-i-H7) . ^ l
116 117
Lky (2) chia (1), t a du<?c ^ ^ I ^ i l = 3(5a^n-i + 17)^ Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Vay (1) d u " g 1^1" n = /c + 1. Do do theo nguyen ly quy nap (1) dung vdi niyi
„ thuQC N ' , titc la u„ = 2cos ^ , V n = 1,2,... Ta c6
Sli dung (3) lien tiep t a dU(?c
5x„ + 17 _ 3 ( 5 x „ - i + 17) _ 3''(5xn-2 + 17) x„ = 2 y 2 - 2 c o s 2 ^ = 2 ^ 2 ( l - c o s ^ ^ r ^ )

x„ + 3 x„_i + 3 x„-2 +3
3 " - i ( 5 x i + 17) 3"-i.22 11.3"-^ = 2"j2.2sin2^ = 2-isin2^.
xi + 3
Do do
V^y _ = ^ hm — ^ = - do l i m sinx = 1
2 n-.+oo
5xn + 17 ^ 11.3"-^ n - l = 10x„ + 34 2n+2 I—0 X y
1 1 . 3 " - i x „ + 33.3"-'
x„ + 3 ~ 2
B M t o a n 20. Tim gidi han cua day so { x „ } j ^ ^ duac xdc dinh bdi:
34 - 33.3"-i
<=>X„ = 2 2 2
" ~ ( l l . 3 » - i - 10) • Xn = -7x- , / ,Vn=l,2,...
^ V2W1 y 2 + V 2 + --- + v/2
Nhir v§,y
cd n ddu cdn i^c hat
34
34-33.32012 1 -33
G i a i . Theo bai toan 19, t a c6
2^2013 — 7 T^pTTTi>-) lini x„ = lim r- = —3.
(11.32012 _ 10)' n-+oo " f 11 - 10 \
in-l
1 1 1
x„ = TT • • • ^,Vn=l,2,... v.;
cos 22 c o s ^ cos
B a i t o a n 19. Tinh gidi hm cua day so { x „ } + ^ dricfc xdc dinh bdi:
Cong thiic sin a cos a = - sin 2a gdi y cho t a bien d6i x „ nhit sau:
x „ = 2" v / 2 - \ / 2 + \ / 2 + --- + v/2,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

sin 2 " + i Sin
cd n + 1 d&v, cOn b^c hat Xn =
cos -77. COS . . . COS -—-r- Sin
22 23 2n+l • 2n+T - COS 22 • COS 23 . . . COS — . Sin —
G i a i . Dat u„ = 2 + ^2+'-• • + Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T a se chimg minh Sin
2"+
c6 n d&u c&n b$c hai 1 TT TT TT TT
u„ = 2 cos ^ COS 22. COS 23 . . .COS 2 ; ^ . sin 2 ; ^

2"+! •
2n+l
1 Sin ——r
TT
Sin •
T a CO ui = = 2 COS ^ . Vay (1) diing khi n = 1. G i a sii (1) diing khi n 2 ^ COS ^ . Sin 22 2^
tiic la Ufc = 2 cos -^j^- K h i do t a c6 V&y
TT
Sin • sin 2n+l _ / smx „\
u,^^ = V/2TII;- = y/2 (1 + c o s 2 ^ ) = y2.2cos2 ^ = 2cos2^ iim x„ = hm # = - hm ^ do l iim
X m =0 .
n~>+oo n->+oo 1 2 n->+oo " ;-.0 X /
2^^ 2»+i
118 119
Lky (2) chia (1), t a du<?c ^ ^ I ^ i l = 3(5a^n-i + 17)^ Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Vay (1) d u " g 1^1" n = /c + 1. Do do theo nguyen ly quy nap (1) dung vdi niyi
„ thuQC N ' , titc la u„ = 2cos ^ , V n = 1,2,... Ta c6
Sli dung (3) lien tiep t a dU(?c
5x„ + 17 _ 3 ( 5 x „ - i + 17) _ 3''(5xn-2 + 17) x„ = 2 y 2 - 2 c o s 2 ^ = 2 ^ 2 ( l - c o s ^ ^ r ^ )

x„ + 3 x„_i + 3 x„-2 +3
3 " - i ( 5 x i + 17) 3"-i.22 11.3"-^ = 2"j2.2sin2^ = 2-isin2^.
xi + 3
Do do
V^y _ = ^ hm — ^ = - do l i m sinx = 1
2 n-.+oo
5xn + 17 ^ 11.3"-^ n - l = 10x„ + 34 2n+2 I—0 X y
1 1 . 3 " - i x „ + 33.3"-'
x„ + 3 ~ 2
B M t o a n 20. Tim gidi han cua day so { x „ } j ^ ^ duac xdc dinh bdi:
34 - 33.3"-i
<=>X„ = 2 2 2
" ~ ( l l . 3 » - i - 10) • Xn = -7x- , / ,Vn=l,2,...
^ V2W1 y 2 + V 2 + --- + v/2
Nhir v§,y
cd n ddu cdn i^c hat
34
34-33.32012 1 -33
G i a i . Theo bai toan 19, t a c6
2^2013 — 7 T^pTTTi>-) lini x„ = lim r- = —3.
(11.32012 _ 10)' n-+oo " f 11 - 10 \
in-l
1 1 1
x„ = TT • • • ^,Vn=l,2,... v.;
cos 22 c o s ^ cos
B a i t o a n 19. Tinh gidi hm cua day so { x „ } + ^ dricfc xdc dinh bdi:
Cong thiic sin a cos a = - sin 2a gdi y cho t a bien d6i x „ nhit sau:
x „ = 2" v / 2 - \ / 2 + \ / 2 + --- + v/2,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

sin 2 " + i Sin
cd n + 1 d&v, cOn b^c hat Xn =
cos -77. COS . . . COS -—-r- Sin
22 23 2n+l • 2n+T - COS 22 • COS 23 . . . COS — . Sin —
G i a i . Dat u„ = 2 + ^2+'-• • + Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T a se chimg minh Sin
2"+
c6 n d&u c&n b$c hai 1 TT TT TT TT
u„ = 2 cos ^ COS 22. COS 23 . . .COS 2 ; ^ . sin 2 ; ^

2"+! •
2n+l
1 Sin ——r
TT
Sin •
T a CO ui = = 2 COS ^ . Vay (1) diing khi n = 1. G i a sii (1) diing khi n 2 ^ COS ^ . Sin 22 2^
tiic la Ufc = 2 cos -^j^- K h i do t a c6 V&y
TT
Sin • sin 2n+l _ / smx „\
u,^^ = V/2TII;- = y/2 (1 + c o s 2 ^ ) = y2.2cos2 ^ = 2cos2^ iim x„ = hm # = - hm ^ do l iim
X m =0 .
n~>+oo n->+oo 1 2 n->+oo " ;-.0 X /
2^^ 2»+i
118 119
B a i t o a n 2 1 . Cho day so { u „ } nhu sau:
T a b i e t r a n g : N e u \a\ 1 t h i l i m a " = 0. N e u a > 1 t h i l i m a " = +oo.,
" n = \ / 2 + \ / 2 T ^ - - + v / 2 , V n = 1, 2 , . . . Mîi a < - 1 till khong ton t ^ i l i m a". Neu a = 1 thi lim a" = 1. D o
c6 n d&it cdri 6pc hai

lim = ^ v a 3 7^ 0 v a 3 hOu h ^ i i n e n ^ — 1, h a y A= -. T h v i l ^ i
„ii'-f'oc ( 2 ^ ) " TT TT 2^!
Haytlm lim
n—+CX) 2" t h a y A = - t h o a m a n de b a i . V S y c 6 d u y n h a t so .4 = ^ t h o a m a n y e u c a u
dftt r a . S u y r a d i o u p h a i chilfng m i n h .
H i / d n g d i n . T a c h i i n g m i n h dU0c u „ = 2 cos V n = 1, 2 , . . . D o d o
2n+l
Bai t o a n 2 4 . Cho a la so thijCc duang tiiy y. Xit day 50 (i„) (n = 1,2,...)
UiU2...U„ 2
lim , .. . . . . X„Y/2 + V 2 + H-N/2
n-.+oo 2" TT' xac dinh Mi: xi = a; Xn+i = — {d tit so c6 n so 2 ) .
^ + 1 y
B a i t o a n 2 2 . Cho day s6 { u „ } + - nhu sau: - 1 < < 1 t,d Chiing minh r&ng day so (ar„) cd gidi hem hftu han r a tinh gidi han do.
"n = ^ / ^ ^ , V n = l,2,... G i a i . Dat 2/„ = y 2 + v ^ + ^ + ^ (c6 n so 2 ) . T h e o b M t o 4 n 1 9 , t a c 6
2Xn cos
hai day s6 m { « ; „ ) nAi/ s a u ; = 4 " ( 1 - u„), « ; „ = u j u a • • • u „ . yn = 2 c o s ^ ; ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . S u y r a x „ + i = — T ^ j I J ^ ' ^ " ^ (1)

1 " j
lim w„, l i m i;„. De t h a y x „ > 0. D a t a „ — . K h i d o ivi (1) t a c6
H-.+0O n-.+oo
H u d n g d i n . C h p n a 6 (0;7r) sao c h o cos a = uo- K h i d o b a n g q u y n a p t a 1

+ — ,Vn=l,2,...
c h i m g m i n h d u o c u„ = cos — , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . S u y r a ^n+l 2 cos 2x„cos
2"+i
2»+i
a„ 1
lim v„ = ^ , lim w „ = ' ^ .
'•an+i =
2 cos
7f + 2 cos (2)
n-.+oo 2 n-+oo " a 2"+' 2"+'
B a i t o a n 2 3 . Cho day so (u„);^f°i " ' i ^ 4aJ

D a t 6„ = ^ . T f r (2) t a ditdc
sau:
1 y|\A-v/l^.Vn=l,2,...
^ ^ - ^ + 7J^,Vn = l,2,...
Chiing minh r&ng ton tai duy nhat so A sao cho day so ( i ; „ ) vdi Vn = ^ c6 4.2. cos 2 COS
2n+l
2n+l
gidi han hOu hq,n khdc khong.
<^b,,+i =6„ + ^ , V n = l,2,... (3)
H i ^ d n g d a n . B a n g q u y n a p t a c h i i n g m i n h diroc u „ = s i n ; ^ , V n € N * . G i a
s i i t o n t ^ so i 4 sao c h o l i m Vn = lim = L, vdi L 0, L h f l u h?ui. C h u y rang cot - J ^ - cot = — V ? L y tilt (3) s u y r a

n->+oo n->+oo A'* ^ sin —
2"
sm — sin —
L= l i m v„= l i m —21= iL ! ! V _ ^ 1 6„+i - 4 c o t = 6„ - 4 cot ^ , V n = 1, 2 , . . .
>6„ - 4cot ^ = 6 „ _ i - 4cot = • • • = 61 - 4cot ^ = 61:

2"
120
B a i t o a n 2 1 . Cho day so { u „ } nhu sau:
T a b i e t r a n g : N e u \a\ 1 t h i l i m a " = 0. N e u a > 1 t h i l i m a " = +oo.,
" n = \ / 2 + \ / 2 T ^ - - + v / 2 , V n = 1, 2 , . . . Mîi a < - 1 till khong ton t ^ i l i m a". Neu a = 1 thi lim a" = 1. D o
c6 n d&it cdri 6pc hai

lim = ^ v a 3 7^ 0 v a 3 hOu h ^ i i n e n ^ — 1, h a y A= -. T h v i l ^ i
„ii'-f'oc ( 2 ^ ) " TT TT 2^!
Haytlm lim
n—+CX) 2" t h a y A = - t h o a m a n de b a i . V S y c 6 d u y n h a t so .4 = ^ t h o a m a n y e u c a u
dftt r a . S u y r a d i o u p h a i chilfng m i n h .
H i / d n g d i n . T a c h i i n g m i n h dU0c u „ = 2 cos V n = 1, 2 , . . . D o d o
2n+l
Bai t o a n 2 4 . Cho a la so thijCc duang tiiy y. Xit day 50 (i„) (n = 1,2,...)
UiU2...U„ 2
lim , .. . . . . X„Y/2 + V 2 + H-N/2
n-.+oo 2" TT' xac dinh Mi: xi = a; Xn+i = — {d tit so c6 n so 2 ) .
^ + 1 y
B a i t o a n 2 2 . Cho day s6 { u „ } + - nhu sau: - 1 < < 1 t,d Chiing minh r&ng day so (ar„) cd gidi hem hftu han r a tinh gidi han do.
"n = ^ / ^ ^ , V n = l,2,... G i a i . Dat 2/„ = y 2 + v ^ + ^ + ^ (c6 n so 2 ) . T h e o b M t o 4 n 1 9 , t a c 6
2Xn cos
hai day s6 m { « ; „ ) nAi/ s a u ; = 4 " ( 1 - u„), « ; „ = u j u a • • • u „ . yn = 2 c o s ^ ; ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . S u y r a x „ + i = — T ^ j I J ^ ' ^ " ^ (1)

1 " j
lim w„, l i m i;„. De t h a y x „ > 0. D a t a „ — . K h i d o ivi (1) t a c6
H-.+0O n-.+oo
H u d n g d i n . C h p n a 6 (0;7r) sao c h o cos a = uo- K h i d o b a n g q u y n a p t a 1

+ — ,Vn=l,2,...
c h i m g m i n h d u o c u„ = cos — , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . S u y r a ^n+l 2 cos 2x„cos
2"+i
2»+i
a„ 1
lim v„ = ^ , lim w „ = ' ^ .
'•an+i =
2 cos
7f + 2 cos (2)
n-.+oo 2 n-+oo " a 2"+' 2"+'
B a i t o a n 2 3 . Cho day so (u„);^f°i " ' i ^ 4aJ

D a t 6„ = ^ . T f r (2) t a ditdc
sau:
1 y|\A-v/l^.Vn=l,2,...
^ ^ - ^ + 7J^,Vn = l,2,...
Chiing minh r&ng ton tai duy nhat so A sao cho day so ( i ; „ ) vdi Vn = ^ c6 4.2. cos 2 COS
2n+l
2n+l
gidi han hOu hq,n khdc khong.
<^b,,+i =6„ + ^ , V n = l,2,... (3)
H i ^ d n g d a n . B a n g q u y n a p t a c h i i n g m i n h diroc u „ = s i n ; ^ , V n € N * . G i a
s i i t o n t ^ so i 4 sao c h o l i m Vn = lim = L, vdi L 0, L h f l u h?ui. C h u y rang cot - J ^ - cot = — V ? L y tilt (3) s u y r a

n->+oo n->+oo A'* ^ sin —
2"
sm — sin —
L= l i m v„= l i m —21= iL ! ! V _ ^ 1 6„+i - 4 c o t = 6„ - 4 cot ^ , V n = 1, 2 , . . .
>6„ - 4cot ^ = 6 „ _ i - 4cot = • • • = 61 - 4cot ^ = 61:

2"
120
Do do 6„ = 61 + 4 cot — . B 6 i vay = cos'^ a In cos o + sin'^ a in sin a = In (cosa)'=°'''".(sina)^
sin ^fcn _ o sinn ^ Tir (3) suy ra:

o n / i ^ TT \1 On TT
4 ~ ~ hm (Inx") = hm (nlnx„)
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Suy ra
= l i m n ( x „ - l ) = ln (cosa)'°« ".(sina)''
/ 61 sin ^ 1
lim a„ = lim ^ — + COS — = 1 =^ l i m x „ = — = 1. Do do
n—>+oo n—•+00 4 2" / n-+oo " lim a„
n—t+oo
lim fcos^ a >/cos a + s\x? a\/sin o ) = hm x " = l i m e'"''"
n—>+c» \ n->+oo n—»+oo
Bhi t o a n 25 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/1999). Tinh lim (Inx;;) In ( c o s o P ' " ^ " . ( s i n a r » ^ '
—e = (cosa)'=°^ ''.(sina)^
lim a \/cos a + sin^ a \/sin a j ûtî a 6 ^0;
B a i t o a n 26 (De iighi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2001). Cho (x„) la day so khong
am thoa man diiu kien:
G i a i . Ta c6
2 / 2 \
,. l n ( l + i )
hm — - = lim l n ( l + x ) i = In lim(a; + l ) x = Ine = 1. (1)
X-.0 X x i = 0, X 2 = 2, X 3 = 2v/2, 2 ^ = 2 + ( l - = 1 (Vn = 4,5,...).
D?it - 1 = y => = 1+ y a;lna - l n ( l + y) => x = !l^(i±M). K h i do Chxing minh day so tren hoi tu va tim lim x„.
in a
n—>+oo
G i a i . Gpi 5 „ la di§n tich ciia n-giac deu

hm = hm r - 7 - r .In a • In a. (2)
xô X y - . o l n ( l + y) npi liep trong dudng tron ban kinh R= I.
Dat cos'ây/cJosa + sin'âv^sina = x „ , suy ra K h i do 5 „ - ^ sin — , Vn = 4 , 5 , . . .
2 71
lim
n->+oo
X u =n -h. +mo o [cosâ(cosa)" 4-sinâ(sina)"l
\ i
= cosâ + sinâ = 1 Do do ta c6:
lim ifL£2_= liin l n ( l + ( x n - 1)) _ ^ nlnx„ 52- = 2 " - i sin 52-+. = 2" sin ^ ,
lim . , . = 1. (3)
n—+00 X „ - I ri-.+oo (x„ - 1) n->+oo n(x„ - 1)
52,.,, = 2 2 " - ' ( i _ c o s ^ ) . S u y ra
Taco
2 / C2 \
S2"
n ( x „ - 1) = n (^cos^ a x/cosa + sin^ a \/sina - cos^ a - six? a^j 2"-i + 22n-l
2 \/co&a - 1 . , >/sina - 1 D^t x i = 52 = 0, X 2 = 522 = 2, X 3 = 523 = 2V2,..., x „ = 52", k h i do theo

= COS'' a— J 1- sm'' a j .
.2 A 2
n n ( l ) t a c 6 : ^ + ( l - | ± i r ) =1.V%
Dat - = X , theo (2), t a c6

sm
lim x„ = l i m 52" = l i m (2"~^ sin )= TT lhm
i = = TT.
V I ^\ 1- ( c o s a ) ^ - l . 2 ,. (sina)^ - 1 n-.+oo Ti->+cx) n-'+oo \^ / +00
hm n ( x „ - 1) = cos'' a hm -^^
X-.0
+ sm'' a lim 2n-l
X-.0
122 123
Do do 6„ = 61 + 4 cot — . B 6 i vay = cos'^ a In cos o + sin'^ a in sin a = In (cosa)'=°'''".(sina)^
sin ^fcn _ o sinn ^ Tir (3) suy ra:

o n / i ^ TT \1 On TT
4 ~ ~ hm (Inx") = hm (nlnx„)
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Suy ra
= l i m n ( x „ - l ) = ln (cosa)'°« ".(sina)''
/ 61 sin ^ 1
lim a„ = lim ^ — + COS — = 1 =^ l i m x „ = — = 1. Do do
n—>+oo n—•+00 4 2" / n-+oo " lim a„
n—t+oo
lim fcos^ a >/cos a + s\x? a\/sin o ) = hm x " = l i m e'"''"
n—>+c» \ n->+oo n—»+oo
Bhi t o a n 25 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/1999). Tinh lim (Inx;;) In ( c o s o P ' " ^ " . ( s i n a r » ^ '
—e = (cosa)'=°^ ''.(sina)^
lim a \/cos a + sin^ a \/sin a j ûtî a 6 ^0;
B a i t o a n 26 (De iighi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2001). Cho (x„) la day so khong
am thoa man diiu kien:
G i a i . Ta c6
2 / 2 \
,. l n ( l + i )
hm — - = lim l n ( l + x ) i = In lim(a; + l ) x = Ine = 1. (1)
X-.0 X x i = 0, X 2 = 2, X 3 = 2v/2, 2 ^ = 2 + ( l - = 1 (Vn = 4,5,...).
D?it - 1 = y => = 1+ y a;lna - l n ( l + y) => x = !l^(i±M). K h i do Chxing minh day so tren hoi tu va tim lim x„.
in a
n—>+oo
G i a i . Gpi 5 „ la di§n tich ciia n-giac deu

hm = hm r - 7 - r .In a • In a. (2)
xô X y - . o l n ( l + y) npi liep trong dudng tron ban kinh R= I.
Dat cos'ây/cJosa + sin'âv^sina = x „ , suy ra K h i do 5 „ - ^ sin — , Vn = 4 , 5 , . . .
2 71
lim
n->+oo
X u =n -h. +mo o [cosâ(cosa)" 4-sinâ(sina)"l
\ i
= cosâ + sinâ = 1 Do do ta c6:
lim ifL£2_= liin l n ( l + ( x n - 1)) _ ^ nlnx„ 52- = 2 " - i sin 52-+. = 2" sin ^ ,
lim . , . = 1. (3)
n—+00 X „ - I ri-.+oo (x„ - 1) n->+oo n(x„ - 1)
52,.,, = 2 2 " - ' ( i _ c o s ^ ) . S u y ra
Taco
2 / C2 \
S2"
n ( x „ - 1) = n (^cos^ a x/cosa + sin^ a \/sina - cos^ a - six? a^j 2"-i + 22n-l
2 \/co&a - 1 . , >/sina - 1 D^t x i = 52 = 0, X 2 = 522 = 2, X 3 = 523 = 2V2,..., x „ = 52", k h i do theo

= COS'' a— J 1- sm'' a j .
.2 A 2
n n ( l ) t a c 6 : ^ + ( l - | ± i r ) =1.V%
Dat - = X , theo (2), t a c6

sm
lim x„ = l i m 52" = l i m (2"~^ sin )= TT lhm
i = = TT.
V I ^\ 1- ( c o s a ) ^ - l . 2 ,. (sina)^ - 1 n-.+oo Ti->+cx) n-'+oo \^ / +00
hm n ( x „ - 1) = cos'' a hm -^^
X-.0
+ sm'' a lim 2n-l
X-.0
122 123
Bai t o a n 27 (Olympic Toan Sinh vien Toan quoc nam 2009). Cho hai day Ta CO l i m y„ = l i m tan — r - = tanO = 0.
so ( x „ ) , (y„) nhu sau : ^ n->+oo n-^+00 2"
Vn T.ifti V. Do cac cong thiic 1 4- tan^x = —5—, 1 + cot^x = . „ nen k h i gap

Xi ^yi = v/3, X„+i = X „ + y/l + xl, yn+\ ^ •' cos^x sm^x
1 + + bieu thiic 1 + x^ ta thitdng nghi don vice ludng giac hoa. Hdn nfta, gia thifit
XI = 2/1 = v/3 caug khang djnh them rang viec hidng giac hoa la diing dan.
ChiCng minh rang a;„y„ G (2; 3), Vn = 2 , 3 , 4 . . . va l i m j/„ = 0.
n—•+00 B a i t o a n 28. Gid sUpi,p2,...,Pk,ai,a2,...,ak Id cdc so duang tuy y. Hay
tim
G i a i . Dat a = - , 6 = - . Ta c6 x i = = cot ^ = cota = cot va
6 3 6 2"
I
Ûrn^ ^ P i a ^ + P 2 a ? + ••• + Pfea]f,
/ 7- i cos a 1
X2 = cot a + V 1 + c o f a = cot a + \5- — — 1- - : —
V smâ sma sma ^lim^ (piaf"+^202" + •• •+Piafc")"" ,
p,a'i+'+p2a^+' + ---+Pkal+'
1 + cosa 2 a a lim
= ^ = n — = cot - = cot — r . n-.+oo pia'i' + P2«2 Pl'^k
sina 2sinJcosJ 2 2^
2 2 G i a i . Ta c6 the gia thiet rang a i > 02 > • • • > a^. K h i do
Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h dUdc x „ = cot - r ^ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6
2" lim '</piaV + p2a^ + • • + pka? : 0
n—+00 V » i K
/r
/— IT
IT b
2/1 v 3 = tan - = t a n 6 = tan^g P2 0-2 Pk Uk\
= lim 1 +
tan b tan b sin 6 11—* + oo Pi Pi
1 + \ / l + tan^t i + I+COS6
P2 / o ^ y
cos 6 = l i m aipV 1 + = ai.
ri—+oo Pi \aij Pi \ai
o • t • b
2 sm - cos - sm - t
Ta CO
2COS'' - cos -
2 2 lim ( p i a f " + p2a2 " + • • • + pâ^ " ) " == ll ii m
+00
(EL
Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h dudc y„ = tan — V n = 1 , 2 , . . . Do do
= lim
XnVn = cot tan ^ = cot tan n—>+oo
n
1
^ 2 tan —-— o = lim
"^"'32^ 1 . 2 ^ . 2 ^ ,Vn = l , 2 , . . . C2i.V' iii- + ( 2 i V ' £2 J + _at_^" Pt:ii 4. 1
1
TT TT 1 2
Vi 0 < tan^-— < t a n ^ - = - , V n > 2 va ham so / ( x ) = dong bien
o.Z D o 1— X
2
tren khoang (0; + 0 0 ) nen 2 < 7— < 3, nhu v$.y Ta CO
1 - tan2-^
3.2"
lim pi<+'+P2«r^+--+Pfcar'
a;„y„ e ( 2 ; 3 ) , V n = 2 , 3 , 4 . . . n-.+oo p i a j + P2«2 + • • + PA,ajfe
124 125
Bai t o a n 27 (Olympic Toan Sinh vien Toan quoc nam 2009). Cho hai day Ta CO l i m y„ = l i m tan — r - = tanO = 0.
so ( x „ ) , (y„) nhu sau : ^ n->+oo n-^+00 2"
Vn T.ifti V. Do cac cong thiic 1 4- tan^x = —5—, 1 + cot^x = . „ nen k h i gap

Xi ^yi = v/3, X„+i = X „ + y/l + xl, yn+\ ^ •' cos^x sm^x
1 + + bieu thiic 1 + x^ ta thitdng nghi don vice ludng giac hoa. Hdn nfta, gia thifit
XI = 2/1 = v/3 caug khang djnh them rang viec hidng giac hoa la diing dan.
ChiCng minh rang a;„y„ G (2; 3), Vn = 2 , 3 , 4 . . . va l i m j/„ = 0.
n—•+00 B a i t o a n 28. Gid sUpi,p2,...,Pk,ai,a2,...,ak Id cdc so duang tuy y. Hay
tim
G i a i . Dat a = - , 6 = - . Ta c6 x i = = cot ^ = cota = cot va
6 3 6 2"
I
Ûrn^ ^ P i a ^ + P 2 a ? + ••• + Pfea]f,
/ 7- i cos a 1
X2 = cot a + V 1 + c o f a = cot a + \5- — — 1- - : —
V smâ sma sma ^lim^ (piaf"+^202" + •• •+Piafc")"" ,
p,a'i+'+p2a^+' + ---+Pkal+'
1 + cosa 2 a a lim
= ^ = n — = cot - = cot — r . n-.+oo pia'i' + P2«2 Pl'^k
sina 2sinJcosJ 2 2^
2 2 G i a i . Ta c6 the gia thiet rang a i > 02 > • • • > a^. K h i do
Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h dUdc x „ = cot - r ^ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6
2" lim '</piaV + p2a^ + • • + pka? : 0
n—+00 V » i K
/r
/— IT
IT b
2/1 v 3 = tan - = t a n 6 = tan^g P2 0-2 Pk Uk\
= lim 1 +
tan b tan b sin 6 11—* + oo Pi Pi
1 + \ / l + tan^t i + I+COS6
P2 / o ^ y
cos 6 = l i m aipV 1 + = ai.
ri—+oo Pi \aij Pi \ai
o • t • b
2 sm - cos - sm - t
Ta CO
2COS'' - cos -
2 2 lim ( p i a f " + p2a2 " + • • • + pâ^ " ) " == ll ii m
+00
(EL
Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h dudc y„ = tan — V n = 1 , 2 , . . . Do do
= lim
XnVn = cot tan ^ = cot tan n—>+oo
n
1
^ 2 tan —-— o = lim
"^"'32^ 1 . 2 ^ . 2 ^ ,Vn = l , 2 , . . . C2i.V' iii- + ( 2 i V ' £2 J + _at_^" Pt:ii 4. 1
1
TT TT 1 2
Vi 0 < tan^-— < t a n ^ - = - , V n > 2 va ham so / ( x ) = dong bien
o.Z D o 1— X
2
tren khoang (0; + 0 0 ) nen 2 < 7— < 3, nhu v$.y Ta CO
1 - tan2-^
3.2"
lim pi<+'+P2«r^+--+Pfcar'
a;„y„ e ( 2 ; 3 ) , V n = 2 , 3 , 4 . . . n-.+oo p i a j + P2«2 + • • + PA,ajfe
124 125
= (-2004)" + (-2004)"-! + • • • + (-2004)1 = -2004^ ^ l^rl^ •
n->+oo pi 1 "T" <iUU4 \
«1
Do do
Vn (-2004)" - 1 2 _ 20042" - 2(-2004)" + 1 ,
Xn =
lim Z/pio^ +^2^2 ^'P*:"fc = ™ ^ { 0 1 . 0 2 , • . ..flfc} 2004" 2004"-1.2005 20042"-2.20052
n—»+oo
. -i.
lim ( p i a i " + p 2 a 2 " + ---+P*:"fc") " = m i n { a i , 0 2 , . . . , a^}
^ ^( 2004) ^ 20042" /2004^
Suy ra lim x„ = lim
hm i — — ^— ; = max{ai,a2,...,afc}. n—>+oo n—>+c» 20052 V2OO5
n-.+oo P i ay + P2a2 "I PfcOfc 20042
Lifti y. Ngoai each giai nhu tren ta con c6 the lam nhu sau: Nhan hai ve cua
B a i toan 29 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2013). Tim gidi han cua day so {x„} (1) vdi ( - 1 ) " r6i dat y„ = ( - l ) " x „ .
xdc dinh bdi Bai toan 31 (De thi OLYMPIC toan sinh vien toan qu6c-1999). Cho ham
so / : N* M, thoa man dieu kien / ( I ) = 2 va
x i > 0, 3 (n + 2) xl+i = 2 (n + 1) 4 + (n + 4), n > 1.
/ ( I ) + /(2) + • • • + / ( n ) = n2/(n), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
Giai. Ta c6
Hay tinh lim [n2/(n)
3(n + 2) = 2 ( n + l ) x 2 + (n + 4) n->+oo '•
<»3 (n + 2) x ^ ^ i = 2 (n + 1) - 2 (n + 1) + 3 (n + 2)
^3 (n + 2) xl+i - 3 (n + 2) = 2 (n + 1) x^ - 2 (n + 1) Giai. IVong (1) lay n = 2, ta duoc / ( I ) + /(2) = 4/(2) ^ f{2) = = \
^ 3 ( n + 2) (x2+i - 1 ) = 2 ( n + l ) ( x 2 - 1 ) . (*)
Theo (1), vdi nipi n = 3,4,..., ta c6
2(n+l) / ( I ) + /(2) + . . . + / ( n - 1) + / ( n ) = n2/(n),

Dat yn — x"^ - I, thay vao (*) ta dilOc yn+i = t/„. Do do
3 (n + 2) / ( I ) + / ( 2 ) + • •. + / ( n - 1) = (n - l ) 2 / ( n - 1).
2xn+i Tiir hai dang tln'lc tren ta dupe:

2(n + l ) 2n 1
Vn+l =
3(n + 2)'3(n + l ) ' " 3 ^ ^ \3 •n + 2 / ( n ) = n2/(n) - (n - l ) 2 / ( n - 1), Vn > 3
Suy ra limy„ = 0. V^y Hmxn = 1 (do x i > 0). «./(n)(n2 - 1) = (n - l ) 2 / ( n - 1), Vn > 3
Bai toan 30 (De thi OLYMPIC toaii Siuh Vieii toan quoc nam 2004). Cho =>/(n) = ^ / ( n - l ) , V n > 3 .
day (x„) nhu sau: xo = 0 ud x„ = + (-1)", Vn > 1. (1) Tim lim x^.
Suy ra
Giai. TIT (1) ta CO ,Vn > 3.

n+r n •"5'4^ n(n + 1 ) n(n+l)
2004"x„ = 2004"-'x„_i + (-2004)", Vn > 1.
Do do
Dat 2004"x„ = yn. Khi do y„ - yn-i = (-2004)", Vn > 1. Do do
lim [n2/(n)l = Um ^. = lim — ^ - T - = 4.
n—+00 n-.+oo n(n + 1 ) n—>+oo j ^ _
Vn = iVn - Vn-l) + (Vn-l - yn-2) + • • • + (yi - J/o) + J/0
n
126 127
= (-2004)" + (-2004)"-! + • • • + (-2004)1 = -2004^ ^ l^rl^ •
n->+oo pi 1 "T" <iUU4 \
«1
Do do
Vn (-2004)" - 1 2 _ 20042" - 2(-2004)" + 1 ,
Xn =
lim Z/pio^ +^2^2 ^'P*:"fc = ™ ^ { 0 1 . 0 2 , • . ..flfc} 2004" 2004"-1.2005 20042"-2.20052
n—»+oo
. -i.
lim ( p i a i " + p 2 a 2 " + ---+P*:"fc") " = m i n { a i , 0 2 , . . . , a^}
^ ^( 2004) ^ 20042" /2004^
Suy ra lim x„ = lim
hm i — — ^— ; = max{ai,a2,...,afc}. n—>+oo n—>+c» 20052 V2OO5
n-.+oo P i ay + P2a2 "I PfcOfc 20042
Lifti y. Ngoai each giai nhu tren ta con c6 the lam nhu sau: Nhan hai ve cua
B a i toan 29 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2013). Tim gidi han cua day so {x„} (1) vdi ( - 1 ) " r6i dat y„ = ( - l ) " x „ .
xdc dinh bdi Bai toan 31 (De thi OLYMPIC toan sinh vien toan qu6c-1999). Cho ham
so / : N* M, thoa man dieu kien / ( I ) = 2 va
x i > 0, 3 (n + 2) xl+i = 2 (n + 1) 4 + (n + 4), n > 1.
/ ( I ) + /(2) + • • • + / ( n ) = n2/(n), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
Giai. Ta c6
Hay tinh lim [n2/(n)
3(n + 2) = 2 ( n + l ) x 2 + (n + 4) n->+oo '•
<»3 (n + 2) x ^ ^ i = 2 (n + 1) - 2 (n + 1) + 3 (n + 2)
^3 (n + 2) xl+i - 3 (n + 2) = 2 (n + 1) x^ - 2 (n + 1) Giai. IVong (1) lay n = 2, ta duoc / ( I ) + /(2) = 4/(2) ^ f{2) = = \
^ 3 ( n + 2) (x2+i - 1 ) = 2 ( n + l ) ( x 2 - 1 ) . (*)
Theo (1), vdi nipi n = 3,4,..., ta c6
2(n+l) / ( I ) + /(2) + . . . + / ( n - 1) + / ( n ) = n2/(n),

Dat yn — x"^ - I, thay vao (*) ta dilOc yn+i = t/„. Do do
3 (n + 2) / ( I ) + / ( 2 ) + • •. + / ( n - 1) = (n - l ) 2 / ( n - 1).
2xn+i Tiir hai dang tln'lc tren ta dupe:

2(n + l ) 2n 1
Vn+l =
3(n + 2)'3(n + l ) ' " 3 ^ ^ \3 •n + 2 / ( n ) = n2/(n) - (n - l ) 2 / ( n - 1), Vn > 3
Suy ra limy„ = 0. V^y Hmxn = 1 (do x i > 0). «./(n)(n2 - 1) = (n - l ) 2 / ( n - 1), Vn > 3
Bai toan 30 (De thi OLYMPIC toaii Siuh Vieii toan quoc nam 2004). Cho =>/(n) = ^ / ( n - l ) , V n > 3 .
day (x„) nhu sau: xo = 0 ud x„ = + (-1)", Vn > 1. (1) Tim lim x^.
Suy ra
Giai. TIT (1) ta CO ,Vn > 3.

n+r n •"5'4^ n(n + 1 ) n(n+l)
2004"x„ = 2004"-'x„_i + (-2004)", Vn > 1.
Do do
Dat 2004"x„ = yn. Khi do y„ - yn-i = (-2004)", Vn > 1. Do do
lim [n2/(n)l = Um ^. = lim — ^ - T - = 4.
n—+00 n-.+oo n(n + 1 ) n—>+oo j ^ _
Vn = iVn - Vn-l) + (Vn-l - yn-2) + • • • + (yi - J/o) + J/0
n
126 127
Litu y. Doi vd\c bai toan day so dang truy hoi c6 hen quan den tong ho&c H u r d n g d a n . T i l n hhnh tuong txf n h u hki todn 31, t a dU0c ket qua
tich cua cac s6 hang Hen tiep, ta chi clin dot n thanh (n + 1 ) ya l(?i dung tinh lim (n^ + V2m9j f{n) =2010.
chat "diing vcii nioi n " dC daiih gia va triCt ticu duuc nipt ao kwng kha Icin n—'+oo
cac so hang khac, hau het cac trUcJng hop la se dUa dUdc ve cac cong thiic
truy hoi gifla liai so h^ng lien tiep. C h i n g han, 6 bai toan 31, h§ thiic t r u y V i d u 2. B&ng cdch chgn ham f{n) = ( „ + ri{n + 2) *° ^^^^
hoi giuia hai so hang lien tiep nia ta thu dudc la 34 sau day
/ H = ^ / ( n " l ) , V n > 3 . BM to&n 34. Cho day sS { x „ } + ~ nhu sau: xi = — v d

6
B a i t o a n 32 (Vo dich Malaysia-1998). Cho ham f xdc dinh tren tap cdc so
nguyen, thoa man dieu kien (*)
/ ( I ) = 999, / ( l ) + / ( 2 ) + • •• + /(n) = n 2 / ( n ) , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ' //dj/ «m l i m f(v/2010 4- n ) x „
n->+(x> '
Tinh /(1998).
G i a i . Trong (*) lay n = 2, ta dU(?c
H i r d n g d S n . Xem 16i giai bai toan 31. • xi X2 3 2007
- + _ = - X 2 = . X 2 = X, = _
C h u y 7. Cdch thiic di tao ra nhicng bdi todn kieu nhtt cdc bdi toan 32 khd
don gidn. Sua day ra at xtl mot ao vi du. Tiif (•) ta CO
2010
V i d u 1 . Chan ham so tren tap N ' {chon day so): f{n) = („^.2)(n + 3)'
, a;„_i n
12
Khi do / ( I ) = ^ vd 1 2
1
/ ( I ) + /(2) 4- . . . + fin) = 2 0 1 0 ^ : Xl^^2)ik-+^) TKt hai d ^ g thilfc tren t a duoc: ^ = iHillhl _ ! ^ , V n > 3. V§,y vdi
mgi n > 3 t a CO
( 1 1
=2010y /n + 1 1 n n2 + n - 2
n--z n
fc + 2 A; + 3
2 - n J = 2^"-^** - 2 ^ x „ = -x„_, x„ = ; i ^ ^ : ^ x „ _ , .
=2010 Do do vdi moi n > 3, t a c6:

Vn + 2 n + 3y
LV
670n n'
x„ = x„_i = Xn-l
n + 3' n2 + n - 2 ( n - l ) ( n + 2)
„ 670n 670u(7t + 2) , ^„./(n) n ( n + 2)/(n) n' (n-l)2
Mat khdc — — = -—. , = 670n(n + 2);^;:77^ = • VQ^V ( n - l ) ( n + 2 ) " ( n - 2 ) ( n + l )Xn-2
n + 3 (n + 3 ) ( n + 2 ) '2010
Ui dxMc bdi todn 33 sau: (n-1)^ (n-2)2 (n-3)^ 32
X2.
2010 (n - l ) ( n + 2) • (n - 2)(n + 1 ) ' (n - 3 ) n ' (n - 4)(n - 1 ) ' ' ' ' 2.5
B a i t o a n 33. Cho ham so f -.N' thoa man diiu kien / ( I ) = vd
4.3.n 2007.n
Suy ra x „ = - , V n > 3 . Do do
2(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) ' ' 2 (n + 2 ) ( n + l )
/ ( l ) + /(2) + -. +/W = *i|l^,V„=l,2,...
. lira (\/2010 + n j x„ == 2007.
Hdytinh l i m Un^ + V2009)/{n) n—>+oo
128 129
Litu y. Doi vd\c bai toan day so dang truy hoi c6 hen quan den tong ho&c H u r d n g d a n . T i l n hhnh tuong txf n h u hki todn 31, t a dU0c ket qua
tich cua cac s6 hang Hen tiep, ta chi clin dot n thanh (n + 1 ) ya l(?i dung tinh lim (n^ + V2m9j f{n) =2010.
chat "diing vcii nioi n " dC daiih gia va triCt ticu duuc nipt ao kwng kha Icin n—'+oo
cac so hang khac, hau het cac trUcJng hop la se dUa dUdc ve cac cong thiic
truy hoi gifla liai so h^ng lien tiep. C h i n g han, 6 bai toan 31, h§ thiic t r u y V i d u 2. B&ng cdch chgn ham f{n) = ( „ + ri{n + 2) *° ^^^^
hoi giuia hai so hang lien tiep nia ta thu dudc la 34 sau day
/ H = ^ / ( n " l ) , V n > 3 . BM to&n 34. Cho day sS { x „ } + ~ nhu sau: xi = — v d

6
B a i t o a n 32 (Vo dich Malaysia-1998). Cho ham f xdc dinh tren tap cdc so
nguyen, thoa man dieu kien (*)
/ ( I ) = 999, / ( l ) + / ( 2 ) + • •• + /(n) = n 2 / ( n ) , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ' //dj/ «m l i m f(v/2010 4- n ) x „
n->+(x> '
Tinh /(1998).
G i a i . Trong (*) lay n = 2, ta dU(?c
H i r d n g d S n . Xem 16i giai bai toan 31. • xi X2 3 2007
- + _ = - X 2 = . X 2 = X, = _
C h u y 7. Cdch thiic di tao ra nhicng bdi todn kieu nhtt cdc bdi toan 32 khd
don gidn. Sua day ra at xtl mot ao vi du. Tiif (•) ta CO
2010
V i d u 1 . Chan ham so tren tap N ' {chon day so): f{n) = („^.2)(n + 3)'
, a;„_i n
12
Khi do / ( I ) = ^ vd 1 2
1
/ ( I ) + /(2) 4- . . . + fin) = 2 0 1 0 ^ : Xl^^2)ik-+^) TKt hai d ^ g thilfc tren t a duoc: ^ = iHillhl _ ! ^ , V n > 3. V§,y vdi
mgi n > 3 t a CO
( 1 1
=2010y /n + 1 1 n n2 + n - 2
n--z n
fc + 2 A; + 3
2 - n J = 2^"-^** - 2 ^ x „ = -x„_, x„ = ; i ^ ^ : ^ x „ _ , .
=2010 Do do vdi moi n > 3, t a c6:

Vn + 2 n + 3y
LV
670n n'
x„ = x„_i = Xn-l
n + 3' n2 + n - 2 ( n - l ) ( n + 2)
„ 670n 670u(7t + 2) , ^„./(n) n ( n + 2)/(n) n' (n-l)2
Mat khdc — — = -—. , = 670n(n + 2);^;:77^ = • VQ^V ( n - l ) ( n + 2 ) " ( n - 2 ) ( n + l )Xn-2
n + 3 (n + 3 ) ( n + 2 ) '2010
Ui dxMc bdi todn 33 sau: (n-1)^ (n-2)2 (n-3)^ 32
X2.
2010 (n - l ) ( n + 2) • (n - 2)(n + 1 ) ' (n - 3 ) n ' (n - 4)(n - 1 ) ' ' ' ' 2.5
B a i t o a n 33. Cho ham so f -.N' thoa man diiu kien / ( I ) = vd
4.3.n 2007.n
Suy ra x „ = - , V n > 3 . Do do
2(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) ' ' 2 (n + 2 ) ( n + l )
/ ( l ) + /(2) + -. +/W = *i|l^,V„=l,2,...
. lira (\/2010 + n j x„ == 2007.
Hdytinh l i m Un^ + V2009)/{n) n—>+oo
128 129
Bai t o a n 35 (De t h i Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho day so (a;„) nhu sau: " =*/'(n) = f{n - 1) + 1 = f\n - 2) + 2 = • - • = f{0) + n. (3)
1 . X i + 4X2 + 9X3 + • • • + (n - i f x n - i ^ „„ rpa (3) suy ra

xi = - . a x „ = ^^^^^ , V n = 2,3,...^
''i" /2(100) = /2(0) + 100 =• 10^ = /2(0) + 100 => /(O) = 0.
Ttm lira (SOn^ - 4n + 2011) x„.
Vay tir (3) dUdc f{n) = n , Vn e N hay /(n) = vAr, Vn 6 N. Thut lai thay
thoa man. Ta c6
G i a i . Ta c6
lim f\/8n3-3n2-2n')
xi + 4x2 + 9x3 H h (n - 1)^ x„_i + n 2 x „ n—+00 \
(n + l ) 2 n -3n2
lim
nîn - l ) x „ + n ^ X n n^x„ n—+00 y/(8n3 - 3n2)2 ^ 2n'J'8n3 - 3n2 + 4n2
(n + l ) 2 n (n+l)2n (n+l)2^"'
-3 -3 1
= lim
V^y (n + l)2x„+i = ri^Xn, suy ra /7 o\ I — ^ 4+ 4 + 4 4
+ 2^8-^ + 4
n2x„ = (n - l)^x„_i = (n - 2)2x„_2 = • • • = 2x2 = l-aî = 7 x„ =
4 471'^
Mat khac
Vay
lim {\/4n2 + n - 2 n ) = l i m . " = l i m —, ^ = 7.
lim (30n^-4n + 201l)x„= l i m ^ O n ^ " 4^ + 2011 n—+00 \ n - . + o o Y'4n2 j^^j^2n n->+oo I 4
TOr do /
n-.+oo 4 4 2
^ l i r n ^ ( V 8 / « ( n ) - 3 / 4 ( n ) - ^4fîn) + /2(n))
Bai t o a n 3 6 . C/io / : N — [0; +00) /d /idm so t/ida mdn /(lOO) = 10 wd = lim f v / 8 n 3 - 3 n 2 - - y 4 n 2 + n)

n-.+oo \ /
1 _ 1 _ 1
= ^Hrn^ ( \ / 8 n 3 - 3 n 2 - 2n) - ( ^ 4 n 2 + n - 2n)
7(o)T7(T)^7(I)T7M^--^/^^^ 4 ~ 4 ~ ~2'
Tim ^\\m^ (^8/e(n) - 3 / 4 ( n ) - ^ 4 / ' ' ( n ) + / 2 ( n ) ) . Bki t o d n 37 (Olympic toan sinh vien toan quoc -L'012). Cho day so (on)
thod mdn dicu kiai ,^
G i a i . T i t gia thiet suy ra n + 1 2
= — - a i = a, n = 1 , 2 , . . j ^ ^ ^ , ^
/(O) + / ( I ) ^ / ( I ) + /(2) • • • ^ / ( n - 1) + /(n) =

Tim a rfe' rfdy (a„) cd îdf hQ,n. ;. ^
Lay (1) trfit (2) theo ve duoc
Giai. l^î^-
C a c h 1. Ta c6 ^
^ = ^ - ^ ^ , Vn = l , 2 , . . . (1)
<»/2(n + 1) = /2(n) + 1, Vn e N n+1 n n(n+l)
130 131
Bai t o a n 35 (De t h i Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho day so (a;„) nhu sau: " =*/'(n) = f{n - 1) + 1 = f\n - 2) + 2 = • - • = f{0) + n. (3)
1 . X i + 4X2 + 9X3 + • • • + (n - i f x n - i ^ „„ rpa (3) suy ra

xi = - . a x „ = ^^^^^ , V n = 2,3,...^
''i" /2(100) = /2(0) + 100 =• 10^ = /2(0) + 100 => /(O) = 0.
Ttm lira (SOn^ - 4n + 2011) x„.
Vay tir (3) dUdc f{n) = n , Vn e N hay /(n) = vAr, Vn 6 N. Thut lai thay
thoa man. Ta c6
G i a i . Ta c6
lim f\/8n3-3n2-2n')
xi + 4x2 + 9x3 H h (n - 1)^ x„_i + n 2 x „ n—+00 \
(n + l ) 2 n -3n2
lim
nîn - l ) x „ + n ^ X n n^x„ n—+00 y/(8n3 - 3n2)2 ^ 2n'J'8n3 - 3n2 + 4n2
(n + l ) 2 n (n+l)2n (n+l)2^"'
-3 -3 1
= lim
V^y (n + l)2x„+i = ri^Xn, suy ra /7 o\ I — ^ 4+ 4 + 4 4
+ 2^8-^ + 4
n2x„ = (n - l)^x„_i = (n - 2)2x„_2 = • • • = 2x2 = l-aî = 7 x„ =
4 471'^
Mat khac
Vay
lim {\/4n2 + n - 2 n ) = l i m . " = l i m —, ^ = 7.
lim (30n^-4n + 201l)x„= l i m ^ O n ^ " 4^ + 2011 n—+00 \ n - . + o o Y'4n2 j^^j^2n n->+oo I 4
TOr do /
n-.+oo 4 4 2
^ l i r n ^ ( V 8 / « ( n ) - 3 / 4 ( n ) - ^4fîn) + /2(n))
Bai t o a n 3 6 . C/io / : N — [0; +00) /d /idm so t/ida mdn /(lOO) = 10 wd = lim f v / 8 n 3 - 3 n 2 - - y 4 n 2 + n)

n-.+oo \ /
1 _ 1 _ 1
= ^Hrn^ ( \ / 8 n 3 - 3 n 2 - 2n) - ( ^ 4 n 2 + n - 2n)
7(o)T7(T)^7(I)T7M^--^/^^^ 4 ~ 4 ~ ~2'
Tim ^\\m^ (^8/e(n) - 3 / 4 ( n ) - ^ 4 / ' ' ( n ) + / 2 ( n ) ) . Bki t o d n 37 (Olympic toan sinh vien toan quoc -L'012). Cho day so (on)
thod mdn dicu kiai ,^
G i a i . T i t gia thiet suy ra n + 1 2
= — - a i = a, n = 1 , 2 , . . j ^ ^ ^ , ^
/(O) + / ( I ) ^ / ( I ) + /(2) • • • ^ / ( n - 1) + /(n) =

Tim a rfe' rfdy (a„) cd îdf hQ,n. ;. ^
Lay (1) trfit (2) theo ve duoc
Giai. l^î^-
C a c h 1. Ta c6 ^
^ = ^ - ^ ^ , Vn = l , 2 , . . . (1)
<»/2(n + 1) = /2(n) + 1, Vn e N n+1 n n(n+l)
130 131
Xet day s6 ( x „ ) nhif sau : x „ = — , Vn = 1,2,... K h i d6 tiif (1) suy r a
n X6t day so ( x „ ) nhu sau
2013
, Vn = l , 2 , . . . (2) Xn+i = a:„ + , Vn=l,2,...
n(n + 1 ) n{n + l){n+2)
Siic dung (2) lien tiep t a dir0c

2^
X2 = x i - On 2013 n + 2 2013
1.2
_2_ ( n + l ) ( n + 2) n(n + l ) + n ( n + l ) ( n + 2) n n
X3 = X 2 -
2.3 rf^trc 6ai todn sau. , " "
B a i t o a n 3 8 (De t h i HSG G i a Lai nSm hoc 2012-2013, bang A ) . Xet day
(n-l)n- so ( o n ) ^"c dmh nhu sau : ai = a & R va
Cong lai t a dtf^c (n-I-2)a„-(-2013
-, Vn = l , 2 , . . .
n
x„ = x i - 2
V1.2''"2.3'^'"^ (n-l)nj o) 71m so /lang tong qudt cua day so ( a „ ) .
b) Tim a de (an) c6 gidi han hHu han va tinh gidi han trong trUdng hop do.
= x, - 2
Giai.
a) Ta CO
n + 2 ^ 2013 ^ , „
a„+i = a„ H , Vn = 1,2,...
V i v§,y n n
a„+i a„ 2013
rr;— _> — — : ; — : — r r + , Vn=l,2,... (1)
a„ = 7tx„ = n x i - 2 ( n - 1) = n o i - 2 ( n - 1) = (a - 2) n + 2, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (n + l ) ( n + 2) n(n+l) n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
Do do day ( a „ ) c6 gi6i h?ji hOu h?ui k h i va chi k h i a - 2 = 0 a = 2. Xet day so ( x „ ) nhir sau : x „ = ^^^"^^y Vn = 1,2,... K h i do x i = | va t i t
C i i c h 2 . D|Lt x „ = a„ - 2 t a n h ^ dU(?c
(1) suy ra
2013
a;„ = ^ ^ ^ ^ n , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , Vn = l , 2 , (2)
n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
Sii dung (2) hen tiep t a dudc
Vithe
n n n- 1 n n- 1 2 2013
X2 = X i +
x„ - x„-i = x „ _ 2 = ... = —xi = n x i . 1.2.3
n - 1 n - 1n- 2 n - l n - 2 1
2013
V§,y day ( a „ ) c6 gi6i h?in hOu h^n k h i va chi k h i day ( x „ ) c6 gidi h ^ hOu X3 = X2 -H
2.3.4 • t:; - £V;4
h?in, tiic la
2013
x i = 0 ' « > a i - 2 = 0 - » Q - 2 = 0-<=>Q = 2. Xn = X„-l + (n - l ) n ( n + 1)
V f d u 3. Tic vfiQt long ma ta c6 the' rut ggn de dang, ch&ng hm
Cpng lai t a dildc
1.2.3 2.3.4^ n ( n + l ) ( n + 2) Z^^k{k + l)(A:

l) + 2)- x „ = x i -h 2013
1.2.3 2.3.4 ^ • • {n-l)n(n + l)
132
133
Xet day s6 ( x „ ) nhif sau : x „ = — , Vn = 1,2,... K h i d6 tiif (1) suy r a
n X6t day so ( x „ ) nhu sau
2013
, Vn = l , 2 , . . . (2) Xn+i = a:„ + , Vn=l,2,...
n(n + 1 ) n{n + l){n+2)
Siic dung (2) lien tiep t a dir0c

2^
X2 = x i - On 2013 n + 2 2013
1.2
_2_ ( n + l ) ( n + 2) n(n + l ) + n ( n + l ) ( n + 2) n n
X3 = X 2 -
2.3 rf^trc 6ai todn sau. , " "
B a i t o a n 3 8 (De t h i HSG G i a Lai nSm hoc 2012-2013, bang A ) . Xet day
(n-l)n- so ( o n ) ^"c dmh nhu sau : ai = a & R va
Cong lai t a dtf^c (n-I-2)a„-(-2013
-, Vn = l , 2 , . . .
n
x„ = x i - 2
V1.2''"2.3'^'"^ (n-l)nj o) 71m so /lang tong qudt cua day so ( a „ ) .
b) Tim a de (an) c6 gidi han hHu han va tinh gidi han trong trUdng hop do.
= x, - 2
Giai.
a) Ta CO
n + 2 ^ 2013 ^ , „
a„+i = a„ H , Vn = 1,2,...
V i v§,y n n
a„+i a„ 2013
rr;— _> — — : ; — : — r r + , Vn=l,2,... (1)
a„ = 7tx„ = n x i - 2 ( n - 1) = n o i - 2 ( n - 1) = (a - 2) n + 2, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (n + l ) ( n + 2) n(n+l) n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
Do do day ( a „ ) c6 gi6i h?ji hOu h?ui k h i va chi k h i a - 2 = 0 a = 2. Xet day so ( x „ ) nhir sau : x „ = ^^^"^^y Vn = 1,2,... K h i do x i = | va t i t
C i i c h 2 . D|Lt x „ = a„ - 2 t a n h ^ dU(?c
(1) suy ra
2013
a;„ = ^ ^ ^ ^ n , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , Vn = l , 2 , (2)
n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
Sii dung (2) hen tiep t a dudc
Vithe
n n n- 1 n n- 1 2 2013
X2 = X i +
x„ - x„-i = x „ _ 2 = ... = —xi = n x i . 1.2.3
n - 1 n - 1n- 2 n - l n - 2 1
2013
V§,y day ( a „ ) c6 gi6i h?in hOu h^n k h i va chi k h i day ( x „ ) c6 gidi h ^ hOu X3 = X2 -H
2.3.4 • t:; - £V;4
h?in, tiic la
2013
x i = 0 ' « > a i - 2 = 0 - » Q - 2 = 0-<=>Q = 2. Xn = X„-l + (n - l ) n ( n + 1)
V f d u 3. Tic vfiQt long ma ta c6 the' rut ggn de dang, ch&ng hm
Cpng lai t a dildc
1.2.3 2.3.4^ n ( n + l ) ( n + 2) Z^^k{k + l)(A:

l) + 2)- x „ = x i -h 2013
1.2.3 2.3.4 ^ • • {n-l)n(n + l)
132
133
n-1
= XI + 2 0 1 3 ^ Vay m -r^ = V 2 h m ^ \ hay
kik + l){k + 2) ""^^ „ _ + o o 6„ n - + o o (2 + v/2)n - (2 - ^2)"
2013 1 1 2-v^\ . M i '
k{k + l) {k+l){k + 2) lim ^ = V 2 lim + ^-V2.

n—+c» 6„ n—+00 ^ ( 2 — y2
2013 1 1 2013 (n^ + n - 2)
.2 +
2 [1.2 n(n + l ) 4n(n+l) •>j} I','..
C a c h 2. T u d n g t u nhir bai toan 40 d traiig 135

V i vay
Bai t o a n 40 (De t h i v6 dich toan Lien X o ) . Cho day so { x „ } nhu sau:
2013
a„ = n ( n + l ) x „ = n ( n + l)a;i H ^ (n^ + n - 2)
x„ = (1 + V 2 + V3)".
/Q 2013\3
= (n2 + n)
2 + — • Moi so hang cua day so nay diu c6 dang Xn = Qn + ' ' n V ^ 4- s „ \ / 3 + tnVE,
trong do Qn, r„, s„, f„ la nhUng so nguyen. Tinh cdc gidi han sau:
Do do day (a„) c6 gidi h^n hiJu hgii k h i va chi k h i ^ + = 0 a = - .
m —, lim — , hm —. •»a
Luc nay n—'+00 n—>+oo 5 „ n—>+oo g„
,. , 2013, 2013
hm a„ — lim ( —) = .
G i a i . K y hi§u
L t f u y. Ngucli l a de t h i HSG t i n h Gia Lai nam hpc 2012-2013, bang A (bang

ai = 1 + v/2 + v/3, 02 = 1- + v/3, 03 = 1 -H v/2 - v/3, 04 = 1- - v/3.
chou doi tuydn t l i i HSG Quoc gia) chhih la tac gia cuon sach nay.
K h i do neu a"} qn + r„V2 + SnVS + t „ V 6 t h i
B a i t o a n 39 (De t h i v6 dich Bungari). Goi an vd b„ la, hai so nguyen duang
thoa man h$ thUc a^ = qn-rnV2 + s„V3-tnVe
a„ + bn\/2 = (2 + v/2)", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . a ? = 9n + r„v/2 - s„ V3 - t n V e

04 = 9n - r „ V 2 - s„v/3 + tnVe.
Chiing minh ring ton tQ,i lim ^ va tim gidi han do.
n-t+oo On Cong tat ca bon d i n g thiJc nay ta dUdc
Giai. 1 1 /a2 1 faa^ " + i / ' ^ V = ^ . (*)
C a c h 1 . Bang quy nap t a chuTng m i n h dudc neu 4 4 \ai J ' A \ai J
a„ -h 6 „ \ / 2 = (2 -h V ^ ) " , Vn € N* (vdi a „ va 6„ la hai so nguyen duong) 02 03 04

Vi < 1, < 1, < 1 nen theo (*) t a c6
ax ai ai
thi a „ - 6„V2 = (2 - V 2 ) " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6
1 lim'^ = i = > lim ^ = 4.'
(2 + v ^ ) " + (2 - v/2)"
a„ + 6„v^ = (2 + v^)" ^ n->+oo a " 4 n->+oo q„
a„ - 6„v/2 = (2 - v ^ ) " ^ (2 + y/2Y - (2 - V 2 ) "
bn =
2v/2 Taco
a;' + a 5 - ( a ? + a j ) = 45„y3 (1)
134 135
n-1
= XI + 2 0 1 3 ^ Vay m -r^ = V 2 h m ^ \ hay
kik + l){k + 2) ""^^ „ _ + o o 6„ n - + o o (2 + v/2)n - (2 - ^2)"
2013 1 1 2-v^\ . M i '
k{k + l) {k+l){k + 2) lim ^ = V 2 lim + ^-V2.

n—+c» 6„ n—+00 ^ ( 2 — y2
2013 1 1 2013 (n^ + n - 2)
.2 +
2 [1.2 n(n + l ) 4n(n+l) •>j} I','..
C a c h 2. T u d n g t u nhir bai toan 40 d traiig 135

V i vay
Bai t o a n 40 (De t h i v6 dich toan Lien X o ) . Cho day so { x „ } nhu sau:
2013
a„ = n ( n + l ) x „ = n ( n + l)a;i H ^ (n^ + n - 2)
x„ = (1 + V 2 + V3)".
/Q 2013\3
= (n2 + n)
2 + — • Moi so hang cua day so nay diu c6 dang Xn = Qn + ' ' n V ^ 4- s „ \ / 3 + tnVE,
trong do Qn, r„, s„, f„ la nhUng so nguyen. Tinh cdc gidi han sau:
Do do day (a„) c6 gidi h^n hiJu hgii k h i va chi k h i ^ + = 0 a = - .
m —, lim — , hm —. •»a
Luc nay n—'+00 n—>+oo 5 „ n—>+oo g„
,. , 2013, 2013
hm a„ — lim ( —) = .
G i a i . K y hi§u
L t f u y. Ngucli l a de t h i HSG t i n h Gia Lai nam hpc 2012-2013, bang A (bang

ai = 1 + v/2 + v/3, 02 = 1- + v/3, 03 = 1 -H v/2 - v/3, 04 = 1- - v/3.
chou doi tuydn t l i i HSG Quoc gia) chhih la tac gia cuon sach nay.
K h i do neu a"} qn + r„V2 + SnVS + t „ V 6 t h i
B a i t o a n 39 (De t h i v6 dich Bungari). Goi an vd b„ la, hai so nguyen duang
thoa man h$ thUc a^ = qn-rnV2 + s„V3-tnVe
a„ + bn\/2 = (2 + v/2)", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . a ? = 9n + r„v/2 - s„ V3 - t n V e

04 = 9n - r „ V 2 - s„v/3 + tnVe.
Chiing minh ring ton tQ,i lim ^ va tim gidi han do.
n-t+oo On Cong tat ca bon d i n g thiJc nay ta dUdc
Giai. 1 1 /a2 1 faa^ " + i / ' ^ V = ^ . (*)
C a c h 1 . Bang quy nap t a chuTng m i n h dudc neu 4 4 \ai J ' A \ai J
a„ -h 6 „ \ / 2 = (2 -h V ^ ) " , Vn € N* (vdi a „ va 6„ la hai so nguyen duong) 02 03 04

Vi < 1, < 1, < 1 nen theo (*) t a c6
ax ai ai
thi a „ - 6„V2 = (2 - V 2 ) " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6
1 lim'^ = i = > lim ^ = 4.'
(2 + v ^ ) " + (2 - v/2)"
a„ + 6„v^ = (2 + v^)" ^ n->+oo a " 4 n->+oo q„
a„ - 6„v/2 = (2 - v ^ ) " ^ (2 + y/2Y - (2 - V 2 ) "
bn =
2v/2 Taco
a;' + a 5 - ( a ? + a j ) = 45„y3 (1)
134 135
(2) 31na 91na / A " ^, , . „
v&y«n = - Y - + — ( - 3 J .V'^ = 1.2,...Suy ra
o? + aj - (a? + a?) = 4f„v/6. (3)
Lan l\X(ft chia hai ve cua (1), (2), (3) cho 4ay, roi chuyen qua gi6i h^n ta 31na 1
hm u„ = — — do < 1 =>• lim ( = 0
dit0c:
n-»+oo 4 \ 3 n-*+oo
hm —— = -, hm — — = - , hm — = -.
n->+oo Oj 4 n-»+oo a" , 4 n—+00 a" 4 Vi ham so / ( x ) = lien tyc tren IR nen ta c6
Do do
lini tin 3 lug / l„ „\ S
r„V2 1 lim x „ = lim e"" = e"-+'» = e-T" = (e'"") * = a^.

r„v/2 1 n—>+oo n—^+00
lim ^ = lim Hm lim ^
n-.+oo 9„ n-*+oo ay V2 n—>+oo a? n-.+oo q „ " V2'
Bai toan 42 (Dc nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2012). Cho day so {xn}t=i nhu
1 SnV3 1 SnV3 1
lim — = Um lim lim ^ sau:
n-.+oo q„ n—•+(» v/3- a? v/3 n—>+oo a? n-.+oo qn ~v/3' x i = 1, X2 = 2012, x „ + 2 = -y/x^+iXn (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
1 1 tnVe 1
lim ^ = lim lim lim ^ Chttng minh day so { x „ } ^ ^ hoi ty, va tinh gidi han cua day so nay.
n-H-oo q „ v/6' ay • n—•+00 ~ v/6-
Hvtdng d i n . Bai toan nay la mot trudng hdp rieng cua bai toan 4 1 .
B M t o a n 41 (De thi HSG Bungari-2000). Cho day so {x„}+~i nhu sau:
Bai toan 43. Ttm gidi han cua day so {u„}|^^ thoa man
xi = 1, X2 - a, x „ + 2 = \f^l+i^n (Vn = 1,2,...; a /a /ifinp so duang).
no > 0,ui > 0; u „ + 2 = « u „ + l ) ^ V n e N*
Chvcng minh day so {x„}|^^ hgi ty, va tinh gidi hQ.n cua day so nay.
Giai. De thay x„ > 0, Vn = 1,2,.... T i i x„+2 = (x^îXn) ^ Vn = 1,2,... lay Hirdng dan. De thay u„ > 0,Vn = 1,2,... Lam tUdng t\f nhU bai toan 4 1
logarit cd so e hai ve ta dudc 6 trang 136 tren ta di den ket qua
2 1 1 5
l n x „ + 2 = - l n x „ + i + - l n x „ , V n = 1,2,... lim Un = UQ uf.
n-»+oo
D|lt lnx„ = Un, ta dudc day so {u„};[î nhu sau: Bai t o a n 44. Cho cdc day so {u„} va {i;„} nhu sau: UQ = 2009, ui = 2010,
2 1 Vo = vi = \
ui
ui =
=00 ,, U2 =
U2 =
In a,
In a, Un+2 = g t i n + i + - u „ , Vn = 1,2,...
*Y
Xet phudng trinh d$,c trUng: V.
'n+1 u:•n+l
A=1
Chttng minh rdng hai day con ke nhau cua day so {v^) vd hai day con ke
, -
o
- ^ =0
o
3A2 - 2A - 1 = 0
-4- nhau cua day so (t;„) cd gidi han hHu han vd ttm cdc gidi han do.
Vay u„ = A + B j ^ - - j , Vn = 1,2,... S la hang so se t i m sau ). T\i Giai. De thay vdi moi n G N thi u„ > 0 va t;„ > 0. Dat 2010 = a > 1 va dat
lnu„ - lnf„ = x„,Vn e N. Khi do
ui = 0 , U2 = Ina ta c6 hf:
4 - 5 =0 A =
31na uj n + 2 0/ "n
/ Un+l
4 \Vn+l ) \Vn+2) a \VnJ a \Vn+l
^ + — = Ina B = 91na
y
136 137
(2) 31na 91na / A " ^, , . „
v&y«n = - Y - + — ( - 3 J .V'^ = 1.2,...Suy ra
o? + aj - (a? + a?) = 4f„v/6. (3)
Lan l\X(ft chia hai ve cua (1), (2), (3) cho 4ay, roi chuyen qua gi6i h^n ta 31na 1
hm u„ = — — do < 1 =>• lim ( = 0
dit0c:
n-»+oo 4 \ 3 n-*+oo
hm —— = -, hm — — = - , hm — = -.
n->+oo Oj 4 n-»+oo a" , 4 n—+00 a" 4 Vi ham so / ( x ) = lien tyc tren IR nen ta c6
Do do
lini tin 3 lug / l„ „\ S
r„V2 1 lim x „ = lim e"" = e"-+'» = e-T" = (e'"") * = a^.

r„v/2 1 n—>+oo n—^+00
lim ^ = lim Hm lim ^
n-.+oo 9„ n-*+oo ay V2 n—>+oo a? n-.+oo q „ " V2'
Bai toan 42 (Dc nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2012). Cho day so {xn}t=i nhu
1 SnV3 1 SnV3 1
lim — = Um lim lim ^ sau:
n-.+oo q„ n—•+(» v/3- a? v/3 n—>+oo a? n-.+oo qn ~v/3' x i = 1, X2 = 2012, x „ + 2 = -y/x^+iXn (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
1 1 tnVe 1
lim ^ = lim lim lim ^ Chttng minh day so { x „ } ^ ^ hoi ty, va tinh gidi han cua day so nay.
n-H-oo q „ v/6' ay • n—•+00 ~ v/6-
Hvtdng d i n . Bai toan nay la mot trudng hdp rieng cua bai toan 4 1 .
B M t o a n 41 (De thi HSG Bungari-2000). Cho day so {x„}+~i nhu sau:
Bai toan 43. Ttm gidi han cua day so {u„}|^^ thoa man
xi = 1, X2 - a, x „ + 2 = \f^l+i^n (Vn = 1,2,...; a /a /ifinp so duang).
no > 0,ui > 0; u „ + 2 = « u „ + l ) ^ V n e N*
Chvcng minh day so {x„}|^^ hgi ty, va tinh gidi hQ.n cua day so nay.
Giai. De thay x„ > 0, Vn = 1,2,.... T i i x„+2 = (x^îXn) ^ Vn = 1,2,... lay Hirdng dan. De thay u„ > 0,Vn = 1,2,... Lam tUdng t\f nhU bai toan 4 1
logarit cd so e hai ve ta dudc 6 trang 136 tren ta di den ket qua
2 1 1 5
l n x „ + 2 = - l n x „ + i + - l n x „ , V n = 1,2,... lim Un = UQ uf.
n-»+oo
D|lt lnx„ = Un, ta dudc day so {u„};[î nhu sau: Bai t o a n 44. Cho cdc day so {u„} va {i;„} nhu sau: UQ = 2009, ui = 2010,
2 1 Vo = vi = \
ui
ui =
=00 ,, U2 =
U2 =
In a,
In a, Un+2 = g t i n + i + - u „ , Vn = 1,2,...
*Y
Xet phudng trinh d$,c trUng: V.
'n+1 u:•n+l
A=1
Chttng minh rdng hai day con ke nhau cua day so {v^) vd hai day con ke
, -
o
- ^ =0
o
3A2 - 2A - 1 = 0
-4- nhau cua day so (t;„) cd gidi han hHu han vd ttm cdc gidi han do.
Vay u„ = A + B j ^ - - j , Vn = 1,2,... S la hang so se t i m sau ). T\i Giai. De thay vdi moi n G N thi u„ > 0 va t;„ > 0. Dat 2010 = a > 1 va dat
lnu„ - lnf„ = x„,Vn e N. Khi do
ui = 0 , U2 = Ina ta c6 hf:
4 - 5 =0 A =
31na uj n + 2 0/ "n
/ Un+l
4 \Vn+l ) \Vn+2) a \VnJ a \Vn+l
^ + — = Ina B = 91na
y
136 137
Tlic la Xn+2 -—â;„+i + i x „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . . Chu y la
= XQ = In (a - 1), ^ ln(a-1) = rirln2009
a a a+ 1 2011
x i = In a. Bang quy nap t a chiing minh dvTdc A-C 1 a- 1
lim U 2 n + 1 = L2 ln{a- l)a"-ln
n—>+oo 2(^TT)
Xn = A + B ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . , 1
Ina" = In 20102010
a+ 1 2011
trong do ^ = — ^ l n [ ( a -
a +1
1)0"], B = — ^ In ^ —
a +1 \ J
f -] ( t a dung phudng lim U2n+l = 1-4 =
n.—+oo
-A-C
^
2
-1
= : ; T : T r In 2009
2011
C-A -1
t n n l i dac t n t u g ciia day so de t h n l a cong thitc treii). Tudng tvt, gpi lim t;2n = L . = In 20102010.
n—'+00 2011 'Ill uhQ
ii/„ = lnu„ + ln?;„, Vn 1,2,...
UnVn B a i t o a n 4 5 . C/io day so {xn}n=o '^^f^ ^'^'^ î^^
K h i do t a c6: u„+2U„+2 = ? r r j , suy ra
(Un+lVn+l)'
xo = 1, x i = 5, x„+i = 6x„ - x „ _ i , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
\n{Un+2Vn+2) = -ln(u„t;„) - '\n{Un+lVn+l). //âj/ <«m l i m x „ {\/5x„} (fcy /lieu { a } = a - [a] c/i2 p/ian /e cuo a ) .
a a
Tlic la y„+2 = — - V n + i + - y n , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . . Chu y la yo ln(a - 1), G i a i . PhiTdng t r i n h dac trUng ciia day s6 { x „ } ^ ^ la:
a a
2/1 = In a. Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h dildc A 2 - 6 A + 1 = 0 < ^ A = 3 ± 2V2.
y„ = C ( - l ) " + £ ' . - , V n = l , 2 , . . Vay Xn = A{d + 2 ^ 2 ) " + B (3 - 2\/2)" , V n e N . V i X Q = 1, x i = 5 nen

CI
/V2+I V 2 - l \
Trong do C = In '^^ =—În[a(a-1)]. Ta CO { {3 + 2V2)A + (3 - 2\/2)B = 5 î^'B)-
^ 2v^ ' 2\/2 y
a + 1 a+ 1
,VneN
l i m ( l n u 2 „ + lnD2n) = l i m y2n = C
n—+(» n—+00
1 2n+l
l i m ( l n u 2 „ + i + l n i ; 2 „ + i ) = l i m y2n+i = -C. ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
n—>+oo n->+oo
2n+l
Vi l i m (lnu„ - lnt;„) = l i m Xn = A nen <f:»y2x„-i ^^2 + 1 ) ^ " ^ ^ (v^-l) ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . jfC-S i'tb
n—>+oo n—•+(»
Um (lnu2„ - lnv2„) = l i m { l n w 2 n + i - lni;2n+i) = ^•

n-<+oo n->+oo Do do vdi moi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . t i n
2n+l 1 , 2n+l
D$t
Li = h m U2n, L2 = lim U2n+i, ^ 3 = l i m V2n, L4 = l i m i;2n+i-

n—»+cx) n—•+CX) n—•H-oo n—•+00 •2n+l 2n+l
Thay vao Iron t a dildc L i + L3 - C vh L2 + = -C va L i - L 3 = A va

Z/2 - Z/4 = A . Suy ra L fc=o fc=0
n
^ A + C 1 a- 1 = i 2 E ^ i n X \ ( V 2 ) 2 " + i - ( 2 ' + i ) = E ^ 2 ^ i 2 " - ' 6 Z. (1)

lim
U2n = L\ — — ln(a - 1 ) 0 ° + In «=0 t=0
„_+oo ^" 2 2(a+1)
138 139
Tlic la Xn+2 -—â;„+i + i x „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . . Chu y la
= XQ = In (a - 1), ^ ln(a-1) = rirln2009
a a a+ 1 2011
x i = In a. Bang quy nap t a chiing minh dvTdc A-C 1 a- 1
lim U 2 n + 1 = L2 ln{a- l)a"-ln
n—>+oo 2(^TT)
Xn = A + B ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . , 1
Ina" = In 20102010
a+ 1 2011
trong do ^ = — ^ l n [ ( a -
a +1
1)0"], B = — ^ In ^ —
a +1 \ J
f -] ( t a dung phudng lim U2n+l = 1-4 =
n.—+oo
-A-C
^
2
-1
= : ; T : T r In 2009
2011
C-A -1
t n n l i dac t n t u g ciia day so de t h n l a cong thitc treii). Tudng tvt, gpi lim t;2n = L . = In 20102010.
n—'+00 2011 'Ill uhQ
ii/„ = lnu„ + ln?;„, Vn 1,2,...
UnVn B a i t o a n 4 5 . C/io day so {xn}n=o '^^f^ ^'^'^ î^^
K h i do t a c6: u„+2U„+2 = ? r r j , suy ra
(Un+lVn+l)'
xo = 1, x i = 5, x„+i = 6x„ - x „ _ i , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
\n{Un+2Vn+2) = -ln(u„t;„) - '\n{Un+lVn+l). //âj/ <«m l i m x „ {\/5x„} (fcy /lieu { a } = a - [a] c/i2 p/ian /e cuo a ) .
a a
Tlic la y„+2 = — - V n + i + - y n , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . . Chu y la yo ln(a - 1), G i a i . PhiTdng t r i n h dac trUng ciia day s6 { x „ } ^ ^ la:
a a
2/1 = In a. Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h dildc A 2 - 6 A + 1 = 0 < ^ A = 3 ± 2V2.
y„ = C ( - l ) " + £ ' . - , V n = l , 2 , . . Vay Xn = A{d + 2 ^ 2 ) " + B (3 - 2\/2)" , V n e N . V i X Q = 1, x i = 5 nen

CI
/V2+I V 2 - l \
Trong do C = In '^^ =—În[a(a-1)]. Ta CO { {3 + 2V2)A + (3 - 2\/2)B = 5 î^'B)-
^ 2v^ ' 2\/2 y
a + 1 a+ 1
,VneN
l i m ( l n u 2 „ + lnD2n) = l i m y2n = C
n—+(» n—+00
1 2n+l
l i m ( l n u 2 „ + i + l n i ; 2 „ + i ) = l i m y2n+i = -C. ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
n—>+oo n->+oo
2n+l
Vi l i m (lnu„ - lnt;„) = l i m Xn = A nen <f:»y2x„-i ^^2 + 1 ) ^ " ^ ^ (v^-l) ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . jfC-S i'tb
n—>+oo n—•+(»
Um (lnu2„ - lnv2„) = l i m { l n w 2 n + i - lni;2n+i) = ^•

n-<+oo n->+oo Do do vdi moi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . t i n
2n+l 1 , 2n+l
D$t
Li = h m U2n, L2 = lim U2n+i, ^ 3 = l i m V2n, L4 = l i m i;2n+i-

n—»+cx) n—•+CX) n—•H-oo n—•+00 •2n+l 2n+l
Thay vao Iron t a dildc L i + L3 - C vh L2 + = -C va L i - L 3 = A va

Z/2 - Z/4 = A . Suy ra L fc=o fc=0
n
^ A + C 1 a- 1 = i 2 E ^ i n X \ ( V 2 ) 2 " + i - ( 2 ' + i ) = E ^ 2 ^ i 2 " - ' 6 Z. (1)

lim
U2n = L\ — — ln(a - 1 ) 0 ° + In «=0 t=0
„_+oo ^" 2 2(a+1)
138 139
Do do vdi n du Idn t h i \/f{n) = n + A;, trong do [x] k i h i f u phan nguyen
Hdn nO:a dg thay
. 2n+l
cua so X . V|ly ,?
0<(^v/2-lj < l,Vn = 0,l,2,... (2)
lim ( ^JW)] = lira [y7(^ - (n +
n—+00 I J n-.+oio L J
T i t (1) va (2) suy ra { v'2x„} = (V2 - l ) ^ " ^ ^ , Vn = 0,1,2,... Do v$,y
= lim , f{n)-{n
, + kf . (3)
4n+2
x„{v/2x„} = ^ [ l + ( v ^ : i ) ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . ^/iHn) + ^/J(n){n + A:) + ( n + A:)2
Dan t d i Thay /(n) t i ^ (2) vao (3) t a dtf(?c: ^ l i r n ^ { ^/J{^] = I = |- A:={^}.
^lim^(x„{v^x„})=^lim[l+(v/2-l)""^ toan 4 7 (Olympic 30/04/2010). TinA ^ttti /lan sou;

2v/2' 13 + 53 + 93 + • • • + (4n - 3)3
lim
(l + 5 + 9 + - - - + ( 4 n - 3 ) l 2 •
B a i t o a n 4 6 . C/io /(x) /d da thiic bdc ba vdi cdc he so nguyen vd he so cao
nhdt bhng 1. Biet r&ng /(O) + / ( I ) + /(-!) khong chia het cho 3 . Ki hieu {x} G i a i . Ta c6
chi phdn thg,p phdn dUdng cua so thi/c x (0 < { x } < 1). Tim lim | ^ / ( n ) | .
1 + 5 + 9 4- • • + (4n - 3) = [2 + (n - 1)4]. J = n(2n - 1) = 2n^ - n. 4v.
G i a i . Gia sii /(x) = x^ + ax^ + 6x + c (a, 6, c e Z ) . Ta c6
/(O) + /(I) + / ( - I ) = c + l + a + 6 + c - l + a - 6 + c = 3 c + 2a
^
«=i
(4i - Sf = 64 ^
1=1
- 144 ^ j2 + 108 J] i - 27n.
. n ( n + l ) ^ . 2 _ n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + l ) ^ .3 _ n ( n + l ) T2
khong r h i het cho 3 nen a khong chia het cho 3. Do do dat a — 3k+r, r — 1,2.
Z^'~ 2 ' 6 ' ~
Ta c6:
i=l 1=1 1=1
/(n) - + (3fc + r ) n 2 + 6 n + c (1) V^y
= (n + fc)^ - 3fc^n - fc^ + r n ^ + 6 n + c [1 + 5 + 9 + • • • + (4n - 3)]=*, 1^ + 53 4.93 + ... 4. (4„ _ 3)3
= (n + + r n ^ + (6 - 3A;2)n + c - fe^ (2)
lan \\i(ft la cac da tln'tc bac 4 theo n vdi h f so cua n* l i n Iir(?t la 2^ = 4 va
/'iV
K h i n d i i Idn t h i rn^ + {b - 3fc2)n + c - fc^ > 0. Do do /(n) > (n + A;)^ vdi n 64.
= 16. D o d o
du Idii. Ta lai c6
{n + k+lf = n^ + 3n^{k + 1) + 3n(A; + l ) ^ + {k + if. . 1^ + 5^ + 9^ + • • • + (4n - 3)^ 16

lim
[ l + 5 + 9 + --- + ( 4 n - 3 ) ] 2 4 ^"
Vay ket hdp vdi (1) suy ra
ifu y . Ta hoan toan c6 the t i n h dirdc
f(n) r={n + k+ if - 3n'^{k + 1) - 3n(k + if - [k + if + {3k + r)n^ + 6n + c 3 .:;:U\<-
= (n + k+lf + {r- 3)n^ + [b- 3{k + lf]n + c-{k+ if. 5 ( n ) = 1^ + 5^ + 9^ + • • • + (4n - 3)
K h i n d i i 16n t h i (r - 3 ) n 2 + [b - 3(fc + lf]n + c - (k + if < 0. Do do bang each van dung chu y 6 6 trang 116 n h u sau: Theo chii y 6, t h i S{n) la
/(n) < (n + + 1)^ (vdi n dii Idn). Vay vdi n du Idii t h i mot da thiic bac 4: 1
(n + A;)^ < /(n) < (n + fc + 1 ) ^ n + A; < < n + A: + 1. Sin) = an'^ + lm^ + cn'^ + dn + e{ajtO).
mi
140
Do do vdi n du Idn t h i \/f{n) = n + A;, trong do [x] k i h i f u phan nguyen
Hdn nO:a dg thay
. 2n+l
cua so X . V|ly ,?
0<(^v/2-lj < l,Vn = 0,l,2,... (2)
lim ( ^JW)] = lira [y7(^ - (n +
n—+00 I J n-.+oio L J
T i t (1) va (2) suy ra { v'2x„} = (V2 - l ) ^ " ^ ^ , Vn = 0,1,2,... Do v$,y
= lim , f{n)-{n
, + kf . (3)
4n+2
x„{v/2x„} = ^ [ l + ( v ^ : i ) ,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . ^/iHn) + ^/J(n){n + A:) + ( n + A:)2
Dan t d i Thay /(n) t i ^ (2) vao (3) t a dtf(?c: ^ l i r n ^ { ^/J{^] = I = |- A:={^}.
^lim^(x„{v^x„})=^lim[l+(v/2-l)""^ toan 4 7 (Olympic 30/04/2010). TinA ^ttti /lan sou;

2v/2' 13 + 53 + 93 + • • • + (4n - 3)3
lim
(l + 5 + 9 + - - - + ( 4 n - 3 ) l 2 •
B a i t o a n 4 6 . C/io /(x) /d da thiic bdc ba vdi cdc he so nguyen vd he so cao
nhdt bhng 1. Biet r&ng /(O) + / ( I ) + /(-!) khong chia het cho 3 . Ki hieu {x} G i a i . Ta c6
chi phdn thg,p phdn dUdng cua so thi/c x (0 < { x } < 1). Tim lim | ^ / ( n ) | .
1 + 5 + 9 4- • • + (4n - 3) = [2 + (n - 1)4]. J = n(2n - 1) = 2n^ - n. 4v.
G i a i . Gia sii /(x) = x^ + ax^ + 6x + c (a, 6, c e Z ) . Ta c6
/(O) + /(I) + / ( - I ) = c + l + a + 6 + c - l + a - 6 + c = 3 c + 2a
^
«=i
(4i - Sf = 64 ^
1=1
- 144 ^ j2 + 108 J] i - 27n.
. n ( n + l ) ^ . 2 _ n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + l ) ^ .3 _ n ( n + l ) T2
khong r h i het cho 3 nen a khong chia het cho 3. Do do dat a — 3k+r, r — 1,2.
Z^'~ 2 ' 6 ' ~
Ta c6:
i=l 1=1 1=1
/(n) - + (3fc + r ) n 2 + 6 n + c (1) V^y
= (n + fc)^ - 3fc^n - fc^ + r n ^ + 6 n + c [1 + 5 + 9 + • • • + (4n - 3)]=*, 1^ + 53 4.93 + ... 4. (4„ _ 3)3
= (n + + r n ^ + (6 - 3A;2)n + c - fe^ (2)
lan \\i(ft la cac da tln'tc bac 4 theo n vdi h f so cua n* l i n Iir(?t la 2^ = 4 va
/'iV
K h i n d i i Idn t h i rn^ + {b - 3fc2)n + c - fc^ > 0. Do do /(n) > (n + A;)^ vdi n 64.
= 16. D o d o
du Idii. Ta lai c6
{n + k+lf = n^ + 3n^{k + 1) + 3n(A; + l ) ^ + {k + if. . 1^ + 5^ + 9^ + • • • + (4n - 3)^ 16

lim
[ l + 5 + 9 + --- + ( 4 n - 3 ) ] 2 4 ^"
Vay ket hdp vdi (1) suy ra
ifu y . Ta hoan toan c6 the t i n h dirdc
f(n) r={n + k+ if - 3n'^{k + 1) - 3n(k + if - [k + if + {3k + r)n^ + 6n + c 3 .:;:U\<-
= (n + k+lf + {r- 3)n^ + [b- 3{k + lf]n + c-{k+ if. 5 ( n ) = 1^ + 5^ + 9^ + • • • + (4n - 3)
K h i n d i i 16n t h i (r - 3 ) n 2 + [b - 3(fc + lf]n + c - (k + if < 0. Do do bang each van dung chu y 6 6 trang 116 n h u sau: Theo chii y 6, t h i S{n) la
/(n) < (n + + 1)^ (vdi n dii Idn). Vay vdi n du Idii t h i mot da thiic bac 4: 1
(n + A;)^ < /(n) < (n + fc + 1 ) ^ n + A; < < n + A: + 1. Sin) = an'^ + lm^ + cn'^ + dn + e{ajtO).
mi
140
V I S(0) = 0 nen e = 0. V i = (_3)i+2 [ - 3 / 2 K _ 3 ) ] ' = (-3)'+^+^^ [/{u„-3)]^'
1+2+22+ - + 2 " - ^ r rr^.^ M 2 " - '
S ( l ) = l ^ 5(2) = 1^ + 5 ^ 5 ( 3 ) = l3 + 53 + 9\(4) = 13 + 5^ + 93 + = ••• = (-3)
[3/(a)]'
nen t a c 6 h§ = (-3r-*-M/(a)l^""
a.l'* + 6.l3 + c.l2 + d.l + e = l3
0 . 2 " + 6.2^ + C.22 + d.2 4-e = 1^ + 53 [3/(a)l^""'
a.3'' + 6.3^ + C.32 + d.3 + 6 = 1^ + 53 + 93 Dat (3n = - -. Tiif (3) t a CO
3
0 . 4 " + 6.43 + C.42 + d . 4 + e = 1^ + 53 + 93 + 133.
Giai he nay, t i m dU0c a, 6, c, d,e. Sau k h i t i m dupc 5 ( n ) , t a se chiing m i n h 3u„ + l l-3/3„'

no bang quy n§ip.
Vay
B a i t o a n 48. Cho day s6 (u„) nhu sau:
, [3/(^)1
2" 3a-3Y"^"~'
3 (
ui = Q ; Un+i = —1^ Vn = 1,2,.. . ( Q la tham so thifc). 3 3 - [3/{a)]'''""' 3fv + i y
9M* - 6u„ + 5 2"-
l + [3/rf"" 3 + 3[3/(f>)]
3 + 3.
Ttm a de day ad (u„) c6 yidi hq,n hHu hQ,n khi n -* + 0 0 vd tim gidi hQ,n trong i,3a + i y
cdc trUdng hap do.
- t h i u„ = - - , neu « ^ - ^ t h i
G i a i . De tliay rang vdi nipi so nguyen dudng n t h i luon ton t9,i u„. Neu 3' 0
rt = t i l l u„ = - i Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tiep theo xet a ^ - i . Ta c6 /3Q-3

3-
^3fv + 1
_ 3 i 4 _ i +6t/n-i - 1 _ - 6 u 2 _ i + l2u„_i - 6 u„ = j;r:T,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
/3a-3\
9ul_i - 6u„_i + 5 9ul_i - 6u„-i + 5 3 + 3.
V3a + i y
-6(n„-i -1)''
(1) Ta CO cac bieii doi tUdiig dUdng sau
3Q-3
M^t khac Y = 1 <^ 3a - 3 = 3a + 1 Oa = 4 (v6 ngiiifm)
3Q +
9»,^._l + 18Mn-i - 3 18u^_i + 12Un-i + 2 3a-3

< 1o (3a - 3)^ < (3a + 1)^ <^ - 1 8 a + 9 < 6 a + l - .
+ - 9,it1 - 6""-i+ 5 ^ 9u2_i - 6u„_i + 5 3a + 1
2(3u„_,+lf 3a-3 1 1
(2) 3a+ 1
9(4_i - 6u„-i + 5 '
Bdi v^y t a c6 ket cjua bipn l u ^ i nliU sau:

Xet ham so f{x) = T i t (1) va (2) t a c6
3a; + 1 • Neu a - - - tlii lim w„ = --.
3 n->+30 3 ^
• Neu a = - t l i i u„ = - , Vn = 1,2,..., suy ra Hm u„ = -.

3 3 n—+00 o
2"
/3a -3
^ - 3 [ - 3 / ^ ( u „ _ 2 ) ] ' = ( - 3 ) ^ + 2 [nUr.-2)?" • • Neu a > ^ t h i lim = 0 =^ l i m u„ = 1.
O n—'+00 3a + n—+00
142 143
V I S(0) = 0 nen e = 0. V i = (_3)i+2 [ - 3 / 2 K _ 3 ) ] ' = (-3)'+^+^^ [/{u„-3)]^'
1+2+22+ - + 2 " - ^ r rr^.^ M 2 " - '
S ( l ) = l ^ 5(2) = 1^ + 5 ^ 5 ( 3 ) = l3 + 53 + 9\(4) = 13 + 5^ + 93 + = ••• = (-3)
[3/(a)]'
nen t a c 6 h§ = (-3r-*-M/(a)l^""
a.l'* + 6.l3 + c.l2 + d.l + e = l3
0 . 2 " + 6.2^ + C.22 + d.2 4-e = 1^ + 53 [3/(a)l^""'
a.3'' + 6.3^ + C.32 + d.3 + 6 = 1^ + 53 + 93 Dat (3n = - -. Tiif (3) t a CO
3
0 . 4 " + 6.43 + C.42 + d . 4 + e = 1^ + 53 + 93 + 133.
Giai he nay, t i m dU0c a, 6, c, d,e. Sau k h i t i m dupc 5 ( n ) , t a se chiing m i n h 3u„ + l l-3/3„'

no bang quy n§ip.
Vay
B a i t o a n 48. Cho day s6 (u„) nhu sau:
, [3/(^)1
2" 3a-3Y"^"~'
3 (
ui = Q ; Un+i = —1^ Vn = 1,2,.. . ( Q la tham so thifc). 3 3 - [3/{a)]'''""' 3fv + i y
9M* - 6u„ + 5 2"-
l + [3/rf"" 3 + 3[3/(f>)]
3 + 3.
Ttm a de day ad (u„) c6 yidi hq,n hHu hQ,n khi n -* + 0 0 vd tim gidi hQ,n trong i,3a + i y
cdc trUdng hap do.
- t h i u„ = - - , neu « ^ - ^ t h i
G i a i . De tliay rang vdi nipi so nguyen dudng n t h i luon ton t9,i u„. Neu 3' 0
rt = t i l l u„ = - i Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tiep theo xet a ^ - i . Ta c6 /3Q-3

3-
^3fv + 1
_ 3 i 4 _ i +6t/n-i - 1 _ - 6 u 2 _ i + l2u„_i - 6 u„ = j;r:T,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
/3a-3\
9ul_i - 6u„_i + 5 9ul_i - 6u„-i + 5 3 + 3.
V3a + i y
-6(n„-i -1)''
(1) Ta CO cac bieii doi tUdiig dUdng sau
3Q-3
M^t khac Y = 1 <^ 3a - 3 = 3a + 1 Oa = 4 (v6 ngiiifm)
3Q +
9»,^._l + 18Mn-i - 3 18u^_i + 12Un-i + 2 3a-3

< 1o (3a - 3)^ < (3a + 1)^ <^ - 1 8 a + 9 < 6 a + l - .
+ - 9,it1 - 6""-i+ 5 ^ 9u2_i - 6u„_i + 5 3a + 1
2(3u„_,+lf 3a-3 1 1
(2) 3a+ 1
9(4_i - 6u„-i + 5 '
Bdi v^y t a c6 ket cjua bipn l u ^ i nliU sau:

Xet ham so f{x) = T i t (1) va (2) t a c6
3a; + 1 • Neu a - - - tlii lim w„ = --.
3 n->+30 3 ^
• Neu a = - t l i i u„ = - , Vn = 1,2,..., suy ra Hm u„ = -.

3 3 n—+00 o
2"
/3a -3
^ - 3 [ - 3 / ^ ( u „ _ 2 ) ] ' = ( - 3 ) ^ + 2 [nUr.-2)?" • • Neu a > ^ t h i lim = 0 =^ l i m u„ = 1.
O n—'+00 3a + n—+00
142 143
o n —1
= 0 lim u„ = — .
n-»+oo 3 3u2_i-6u„_i+7'
Lvtu y . Vi0c xet u„ - 1 vk 3 u „ + 1 dxiac t i m r a n h u sau: T a xet
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = T i t (1) va (2) t a c6
3«tl+6"n-l-l
Un-3 - l - 3 ^
^ (3 - 9fc) + (6 + 6k) U n - i - 1 - 5fe
\Un-l + lj
9u2_i _ 6u„_i + 5
2 2(1+ fc) 1+ ,
D&t;9„ = [ / { « ) ] ' " " ' . T i t (3) t a c d
9«2_,-6M„_I+5
u„-3 3 + /3n
= u„ - 3 = /3„u„ + ;8„ ^ u„ =
T a can t i m A; sao cho u„ + l
2 2(l+ fc) 14-5A: , ,,2 2 «, ,2
Vdy
l-3ib " 3 ^ " ^""-^ ~ ' " " " - 1 ~ ^ ^ " - ^ ^
/a-3\
3 +
3fc2 - 2ifc - 1 = 0 [a + l )
1 + 5A:^_^2 ?rT,Vn = l , 2 , .
3-9k " V 3 9A:

Va + 1 /
V§y ne.i <a nidi xet xet u„ - 1 vSi 3u„ + 1. Tom hi: Neu « = - 1 t h i u„ = - 1 , Vn = 1,2,..., neu a - 1 thi
B a i t o a n 4 9 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau:
4,^
-3\
ui = a\ = g^T' ^ 6 " " ~ ' i + 7 ' ^ ^*

1
Tim a de day sd ( u „ ) c6 gidi han hHu han khi n -> + c » va tim gidi hg,n trong
cdc trtidng hop do. Ta CO cac bien d6i titdng dUdng sau
G i a i . De thay rang v d i m o i so nguyen dudng n t h i luon t o n t9,i u„. Neu a-3

= l - « - a - 3 = a + l « ' 0 a = 4 ( v 6 nghi?m).
Q = - 1 t h i u„ = - 1 , Vn = 1,2, • • • Tiep theo xet Q ^ - 1 . T a c6 a + l
a-3
, , _ ^ n - i + 9u„-i - 6 ul_^ + 3ul_i + 3u„-i + 1 <l<^{a-3f <{a+lf ^-6a + 9<2a + l ^ a
a+l
3ul_, - 6u„_i + 7 ^ 3ul_, - 6ur,.i + 7
a-3
> 1 - 1 ^ r K 1.
a + l
3u2_j-6«„-i+7' (1)
Bdi vgly t a c6 ket qua bi^n l u ^ i n h u sau: ^

M a t khac • Neu a = - 1 t h i Ura u„ = - 1 .
n—•+0O
u 3_ " n - i + 9^n-i - 6 _ 9^2_^ ^ 27u„-i - 27 • Neu a = 1 t h i u„ = l , V n = 1,2,..., suy r a Hm u„ = 1.
3u2_i - 6u„_i + 7 3u2_j - 6u„_i + 7
144 145
o n —1
= 0 lim u„ = — .
n-»+oo 3 3u2_i-6u„_i+7'
Lvtu y . Vi0c xet u„ - 1 vk 3 u „ + 1 dxiac t i m r a n h u sau: T a xet
Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = T i t (1) va (2) t a c6
3«tl+6"n-l-l
Un-3 - l - 3 ^
^ (3 - 9fc) + (6 + 6k) U n - i - 1 - 5fe
\Un-l + lj
9u2_i _ 6u„_i + 5
2 2(1+ fc) 1+ ,
D&t;9„ = [ / { « ) ] ' " " ' . T i t (3) t a c d
9«2_,-6M„_I+5
u„-3 3 + /3n
= u„ - 3 = /3„u„ + ;8„ ^ u„ =
T a can t i m A; sao cho u„ + l
2 2(l+ fc) 14-5A: , ,,2 2 «, ,2
Vdy
l-3ib " 3 ^ " ^""-^ ~ ' " " " - 1 ~ ^ ^ " - ^ ^
/a-3\
3 +
3fc2 - 2ifc - 1 = 0 [a + l )
1 + 5A:^_^2 ?rT,Vn = l , 2 , .
3-9k " V 3 9A:

Va + 1 /
V§y ne.i <a nidi xet xet u„ - 1 vSi 3u„ + 1. Tom hi: Neu « = - 1 t h i u„ = - 1 , Vn = 1,2,..., neu a - 1 thi
B a i t o a n 4 9 . Cho day so (u„) nhu sau:
4,^
-3\
ui = a\ = g^T' ^ 6 " " ~ ' i + 7 ' ^ ^*

1
Tim a de day sd ( u „ ) c6 gidi han hHu han khi n -> + c » va tim gidi hg,n trong
cdc trtidng hop do. Ta CO cac bien d6i titdng dUdng sau
G i a i . De thay rang v d i m o i so nguyen dudng n t h i luon t o n t9,i u„. Neu a-3

= l - « - a - 3 = a + l « ' 0 a = 4 ( v 6 nghi?m).
Q = - 1 t h i u„ = - 1 , Vn = 1,2, • • • Tiep theo xet Q ^ - 1 . T a c6 a + l
a-3
, , _ ^ n - i + 9u„-i - 6 ul_^ + 3ul_i + 3u„-i + 1 <l<^{a-3f <{a+lf ^-6a + 9<2a + l ^ a
a+l
3ul_, - 6u„_i + 7 ^ 3ul_, - 6ur,.i + 7
a-3
> 1 - 1 ^ r K 1.
a + l
3u2_j-6«„-i+7' (1)
Bdi vgly t a c6 ket qua bi^n l u ^ i n h u sau: ^

M a t khac • Neu a = - 1 t h i Ura u„ = - 1 .
n—•+0O
u 3_ " n - i + 9^n-i - 6 _ 9^2_^ ^ 27u„-i - 27 • Neu a = 1 t h i u„ = l , V n = 1,2,..., suy r a Hm u„ = 1.
3u2_i - 6u„_i + 7 3u2_j - 6u„_i + 7
144 145
C h u y' 11. Cho day so {xn}n=i hoi tu. Neu 3no € N sao cho a < x„,Vn > TIQ
• Neu « > 1 thi lim | -—- ) =0 lim u„ = 3. thla< lim Xn- Cdn neu3no €N sao cho Xn < b,Wn> no thi lim x „ < b.
n - » + o o ya + 1J n-»+oo " n-'+oo n-'+oo
/ oX - 3 " - ' C h u y 12. Neu day so {x„};^^ dan dieu tdng vd khong bi chdn tren thi
• Neu - 1 ^ a < 1 thi lim ( ) =0 lim u„ = - 1 .
n->+oo\â + l / n->+oo lim x„ = +00 vd khi do lim — = 0. Neu {x„};^î gidm vd khong bi chdn
„-.+oo n-'+oo X „ ^
2.3 Su* dung dinh li Weierstrass de chiing minh day dudi thi lim x„ = -oo vd lim — = 0 .
n->+oo n->+oo x„
so CO gidi han
C h u y 13. Day dan dieu tdng (gidm) hgi ty, khi vd chi khi n6 bi chdn tren
(bi chdn dudi).
2.3.1 Mot so kien thuTc thvfdng dung.
Chu y 14. Cho hai day so hpi ty. (x„), (j/n)- f<hi do neu x„ < y„, Vn = 1,2,...
Choday so {x„}+î. Khi do
thi lim x„ < lim y„.
Dinh nghia 10. {x„}+rj gpi la ddn dieu t&ng neu x„+i > x„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . n-'+oo n—+oo
Dinh ly 10. Moi day hoi tu deu bi chdn.

Dinh nghia 11. {xn}t=i 9Qi la dan dieu gidm neu x„+i < x„, Vn = 1,2,...
Dinh nghia 12. {x„};^f5 gpi la t&ng thifc STJC neu x„+i > x„, Vn = 1,2,... Chufng minh. Gia svt day so (x„);J^f^ c6 gidi ban hum h^n, nghia la ton t?d
L e R sao cho lim x„ = L. B6i v|ly ton tai no € N* sao cho
Dinh nghia 13. {x„}+f°i g(?i la gidm thifc sif neu x„+i < x„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . n-'+oo
Dinh nghia 14. {xn}X=i 9Qi Id bi chdn tren neu ton tî so M sao cho • |x„ - L| < 1, Vn > no '•
- 1 < X n - L < 1, Vn > no
x„ < M,Vn = 1,2,... <=>L - 1 < x„ < L + 1, Vn > no. (*)
Dinh nghia 15. {xn}n=i 9Qi Id bi chdn dudi neu ton tg.i so m sao cho
Dat M = max{xi, X 2 , . . . , x „ o , L + 1}, m = min { x i , X 2 , . . .,x„(,, L - 1}. TiJt
m < x„,Vn = 1,2,... (*) suy ra
Dinh i.ghia 16. {xn}'^=i goi la bi chdn neu no bi chdn tren va bi ch&n dudi. m < x„ < M , Vn = 1,2,...,
Dinh ly 9 (Dinh li Weierstrass). Moi day dan di$u tdng vd bi chdn tren deu nghia la day so {x„)^fj bj ch^n.
liQi tu. MQI day dan dieu gidm vd bi chan du&i deu hgi tu.
2.3.2 Phifdng phap chihig minh day so x „ + i = / ( x „ ) hoi t u
C h u y 8. Day dan dieu tdng, day dan diCu gidm, day dan diû tdng thuc
bang each su* dung dinh h' Weierstrass ( / ( x ) la ham lien
sU, day dan dieu gidm thUc su Ian luot dxCdc noi gon la day tdng, day gidm,
tuc).
day tdng thtfc stf, day gidm th\Cc s\C.
C h u y 9. Day dan dieu tdng vd day dan di$u gidm dupc gqi chung la day Bxldc 1: Du doan xem day so da cho tSng hay giam (thUcJng la bang each
dan diû. tinh vai ba so hang dau). Giai phUdng trmh L = f{L), sau do suf dung chu y
10, chu y 11 d trang 146, chu y 14 6 trang 147 dc du doan gidi han L (neu
C h u y 10. Cho day so {x„}+~. Neu xj < X2 < • • • < x„ < x„+i < • • • thi
c6) ciia day so { x „ } ^ ^ .
vdi mgi k = 1,2,... ta c6 Xk < lim x„ {vdi lim x„ c6 the' hHu hg.n hodc
n->+oo n->+oo • Neu du doan day tang thi cluing minh x„ < L, Vn = 1,2,... di suy ra day
duang yd c\cc). Con neu bi chan tren. ^
X l > X2 > • • • > x„ > x„+i > • • • • Neu du doan day giain thi chAig minh L < x„, Vn = 1,2,... de suy ra day
bi chan du6i (dfi chi'mg minh cac bit dang thiic tren ta thucmg dung phUdng
thi Xk > lim x„, VA; = 1,2,... {vdi lim x„ c6 thi hHu hQ,n hodc -oo). phap quy n^p).
146 147
C h u y' 11. Cho day so {xn}n=i hoi tu. Neu 3no € N sao cho a < x„,Vn > TIQ
• Neu « > 1 thi lim | -—- ) =0 lim u„ = 3. thla< lim Xn- Cdn neu3no €N sao cho Xn < b,Wn> no thi lim x „ < b.
n - » + o o ya + 1J n-»+oo " n-'+oo n-'+oo
/ oX - 3 " - ' C h u y 12. Neu day so {x„};^^ dan dieu tdng vd khong bi chdn tren thi
• Neu - 1 ^ a < 1 thi lim ( ) =0 lim u„ = - 1 .
n->+oo\â + l / n->+oo lim x„ = +00 vd khi do lim — = 0. Neu {x„};^î gidm vd khong bi chdn
„-.+oo n-'+oo X „ ^
2.3 Su* dung dinh li Weierstrass de chiing minh day dudi thi lim x„ = -oo vd lim — = 0 .
n->+oo n->+oo x„
so CO gidi han
C h u y 13. Day dan dieu tdng (gidm) hgi ty, khi vd chi khi n6 bi chdn tren
(bi chdn dudi).
2.3.1 Mot so kien thuTc thvfdng dung.
Chu y 14. Cho hai day so hpi ty. (x„), (j/n)- f<hi do neu x„ < y„, Vn = 1,2,...
Choday so {x„}+î. Khi do
thi lim x„ < lim y„.
Dinh nghia 10. {x„}+rj gpi la ddn dieu t&ng neu x„+i > x„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . n-'+oo n—+oo
Dinh ly 10. Moi day hoi tu deu bi chdn.

Dinh nghia 11. {xn}t=i 9Qi la dan dieu gidm neu x„+i < x„, Vn = 1,2,...
Dinh nghia 12. {x„};^f5 gpi la t&ng thifc STJC neu x„+i > x„, Vn = 1,2,... Chufng minh. Gia svt day so (x„);J^f^ c6 gidi ban hum h^n, nghia la ton t?d
L e R sao cho lim x„ = L. B6i v|ly ton tai no € N* sao cho
Dinh nghia 13. {x„}+f°i g(?i la gidm thifc sif neu x„+i < x„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . n-'+oo
Dinh nghia 14. {xn}X=i 9Qi Id bi chdn tren neu ton tî so M sao cho • |x„ - L| < 1, Vn > no '•
- 1 < X n - L < 1, Vn > no
x„ < M,Vn = 1,2,... <=>L - 1 < x„ < L + 1, Vn > no. (*)
Dinh nghia 15. {xn}n=i 9Qi Id bi chdn dudi neu ton tg.i so m sao cho
Dat M = max{xi, X 2 , . . . , x „ o , L + 1}, m = min { x i , X 2 , . . .,x„(,, L - 1}. TiJt
m < x„,Vn = 1,2,... (*) suy ra
Dinh i.ghia 16. {xn}'^=i goi la bi chdn neu no bi chdn tren va bi ch&n dudi. m < x„ < M , Vn = 1,2,...,
Dinh ly 9 (Dinh li Weierstrass). Moi day dan di$u tdng vd bi chdn tren deu nghia la day so {x„)^fj bj ch^n.
liQi tu. MQI day dan dieu gidm vd bi chan du&i deu hgi tu.
2.3.2 Phifdng phap chihig minh day so x „ + i = / ( x „ ) hoi t u
C h u y 8. Day dan dieu tdng, day dan diCu gidm, day dan diû tdng thuc
bang each su* dung dinh h' Weierstrass ( / ( x ) la ham lien
sU, day dan dieu gidm thUc su Ian luot dxCdc noi gon la day tdng, day gidm,
tuc).
day tdng thtfc stf, day gidm th\Cc s\C.
C h u y 9. Day dan dieu tdng vd day dan di$u gidm dupc gqi chung la day Bxldc 1: Du doan xem day so da cho tSng hay giam (thUcJng la bang each
dan diû. tinh vai ba so hang dau). Giai phUdng trmh L = f{L), sau do suf dung chu y
10, chu y 11 d trang 146, chu y 14 6 trang 147 dc du doan gidi han L (neu
C h u y 10. Cho day so {x„}+~. Neu xj < X2 < • • • < x„ < x„+i < • • • thi
c6) ciia day so { x „ } ^ ^ .
vdi mgi k = 1,2,... ta c6 Xk < lim x„ {vdi lim x„ c6 the' hHu hg.n hodc
n->+oo n->+oo • Neu du doan day tang thi cluing minh x„ < L, Vn = 1,2,... di suy ra day
duang yd c\cc). Con neu bi chan tren. ^
X l > X2 > • • • > x„ > x„+i > • • • • Neu du doan day giain thi chAig minh L < x„, Vn = 1,2,... de suy ra day
bi chan du6i (dfi chi'mg minh cac bit dang thiic tren ta thucmg dung phUdng
thi Xk > lim x„, VA; = 1,2,... {vdi lim x„ c6 thi hHu hQ,n hodc -oo). phap quy n^p).
146 147
BiTdc 2: Sii dung ket q u a day b i chan d bxtdc 1 d l chiing m i n h day ddn d i f u . Vay {xn}n=i la day so tang. T o m l ^ i {x„}+f°i la day tang va bj ch?Ln tren nen
Bxidc 3: Sii dyng djnh If Weierstrass de chuTng m i n h day so da cho hpi tij. [3 "
Sau do If luaii n h u sau: Gia s i i day da cho hpi t u vc L , t i t
hoi t u . oat l i m x „ = L. K h i do L € . Tit
a;n+i = /(a;„),Vn= 1,2,.... x„ = y 3 x „ _ i - 2 , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
cho n — > + 0 0 va sii dung tinh Hen t y c ciia h a m / t a dit0c L = /(L). V^y gi6i cho n -+ + 0 0 t a dUdc
han ciia day da cho l a nghiem c u a phUdng trinh x = / ( x ) . Sii dyng k i t q u a
d budc 1, birdc 2 suy ra gidi h a n ciia day da cho. lim x„ = lim 3x^-1 - 2 = / lim (3x„_i - 2) = /3( l i m x „ _ i ) - 2 .
Tuy nhien k h i giai bai t|Lp t a c a n v§n dyng linh boat, sang tgx) phtfdng phap
da neu tren. Cac bai toan feau day se m i n h hpa d i l u do. Hay L = V^L - 2 4^ L = 2. Do do
l i m x„ = 2.
n->+oo
3
C a c h 2. Bang quy nap t a chi'mg m i n h dUdc - < x„ < 2, Vn = 1,2,... Xet
2.3.3 C a c bai to4n.
3 1
ham so f{x) = i / 3 x ^ , Vx € " . K h i do x„+i = / ( x „ ) , Vn = 1,2,.... Ta
B M t o 4 n 50 (Day la bai tap rat quan trpng, ket qua ciia no diTpc sii
I-
dung nhieu sau nay). Cho day so {xn}'^=i ^-.dc dinh theo cong fMc x„+i = 3
CO fix) = > 0. Vay ham so /(x) tang tren . Taco
/ ( x „ ) , Vn = 1,2,... Gid svC vdi moi n = 1,2,... t/ii x „ G [a; b] vd /(x) Id hdm 2v/3x - 2
so tdng tren [a;b] {tnCdng hdp f { x ) Id hdm gidm se dvCpc xet d bdi phuong
phap sii dung day con). ChvCng minh rdng
X2 = /(xO = V3i7^=^3.^-2=y|>^=xi.
a) Neu x i < X 2 thi day { x „ } ^ ^ la day so tdng.
b) Neu x i > X 2 thi ddy {x„}|^^ Id day so gidm.
Theo bai toan 50a) d trang 148 suy ra day so { ^ n l ^ ^ i 1^ day so tang.
c) Neu f{x) bi chdn thi ddy {xn}n=i ^V-
B a i t o a n 5 2 . Thuc hien cac yeu c&u sau:
Giai. a) Xet sif hQi ty. vd tim gidi han cua ddy {x„}j^fj cho nhu sau:
a) V i x i < X 2 nen / ( x i ) < / ( X 2 ) . Suy ra X 2 < X 3 . TUdng t y tilt X2 < X3 suy
ra X 3 < X 4 . B&ng phiTdng phap quy nap t a chiing m i n h dir^c
X i = v/a, X 2 — Vo.+ Va,..., x „ = \/a+ \/aA + v^' {vdi a > 0).
I n < a ; n + i ) V n = 1,2,... V '
cd n din cdn
V*y K};^^! Iadays6taug.

I) TiTdng tvi. b) Chiing minh rhng ddy c6 dang x „ = ^''"1 + \/^2 H h {vdi ai, 02,...
c) V I /(x) b i chan nen day so {xn)X=i ^' ^ e u x\ X2 t l i i dung cau a)

Idn han 1) hgi ty. neu l i m - ln(lna„) X 2 t h i sut dyng cau 6) va djnh If Weierstrass. n-«+oo n
B a i l o a n 51. Cho {xn}„î nhu sau: x i = - ; x„ = y ' S x n - i - 2, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Giai.

a) R6 rang 0 < x i < X 2 < • • • < x„ < x„+i < • • •, tiic la day da cho l a day so
Chiing minh ddy {x„}jj^^ cd gidi /lan hHu hg,n khin —* + 0 0 , tim gidi hq,n do.
tang. T i i gia thiet t a c6
Hodng dan. Xn+i = v/o + x^, Vn = 1, 2,... (1)

3
Ckch 1. Bang quy n^p t a chiing m i n h dU0c - 0 (do x „ € 1^^ (2)
V3x„ - 2 + x „
149
148
BiTdc 2: Sii dung ket q u a day b i chan d bxtdc 1 d l chiing m i n h day ddn d i f u . Vay {xn}n=i la day so tang. T o m l ^ i {x„}+f°i la day tang va bj ch?Ln tren nen
Bxidc 3: Sii dyng djnh If Weierstrass de chuTng m i n h day so da cho hpi tij. [3 "
Sau do If luaii n h u sau: Gia s i i day da cho hpi t u vc L , t i t
hoi t u . oat l i m x „ = L. K h i do L € . Tit
a;n+i = /(a;„),Vn= 1,2,.... x„ = y 3 x „ _ i - 2 , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
cho n — > + 0 0 va sii dung tinh Hen t y c ciia h a m / t a dit0c L = /(L). V^y gi6i cho n -+ + 0 0 t a dUdc
han ciia day da cho l a nghiem c u a phUdng trinh x = / ( x ) . Sii dyng k i t q u a
d budc 1, birdc 2 suy ra gidi h a n ciia day da cho. lim x„ = lim 3x^-1 - 2 = / lim (3x„_i - 2) = /3( l i m x „ _ i ) - 2 .
Tuy nhien k h i giai bai t|Lp t a c a n v§n dyng linh boat, sang tgx) phtfdng phap
da neu tren. Cac bai toan feau day se m i n h hpa d i l u do. Hay L = V^L - 2 4^ L = 2. Do do
l i m x„ = 2.
n->+oo
3
C a c h 2. Bang quy nap t a chi'mg m i n h dUdc - < x„ < 2, Vn = 1,2,... Xet
2.3.3 C a c bai to4n.
3 1
ham so f{x) = i / 3 x ^ , Vx € " . K h i do x„+i = / ( x „ ) , Vn = 1,2,.... Ta
B M t o 4 n 50 (Day la bai tap rat quan trpng, ket qua ciia no diTpc sii
I-
dung nhieu sau nay). Cho day so {xn}'^=i ^-.dc dinh theo cong fMc x„+i = 3
CO fix) = > 0. Vay ham so /(x) tang tren . Taco
/ ( x „ ) , Vn = 1,2,... Gid svC vdi moi n = 1,2,... t/ii x „ G [a; b] vd /(x) Id hdm 2v/3x - 2
so tdng tren [a;b] {tnCdng hdp f { x ) Id hdm gidm se dvCpc xet d bdi phuong
phap sii dung day con). ChvCng minh rdng
X2 = /(xO = V3i7^=^3.^-2=y|>^=xi.
a) Neu x i < X 2 thi day { x „ } ^ ^ la day so tdng.
b) Neu x i > X 2 thi ddy {x„}|^^ Id day so gidm.
Theo bai toan 50a) d trang 148 suy ra day so { ^ n l ^ ^ i 1^ day so tang.
c) Neu f{x) bi chdn thi ddy {xn}n=i ^V-
B a i t o a n 5 2 . Thuc hien cac yeu c&u sau:
Giai. a) Xet sif hQi ty. vd tim gidi han cua ddy {x„}j^fj cho nhu sau:
a) V i x i < X 2 nen / ( x i ) < / ( X 2 ) . Suy ra X 2 < X 3 . TUdng t y tilt X2 < X3 suy
ra X 3 < X 4 . B&ng phiTdng phap quy nap t a chiing m i n h dir^c
X i = v/a, X 2 — Vo.+ Va,..., x „ = \/a+ \/aA + v^' {vdi a > 0).
I n < a ; n + i ) V n = 1,2,... V '
cd n din cdn
V*y K};^^! Iadays6taug.

I) TiTdng tvi. b) Chiing minh rhng ddy c6 dang x „ = ^''"1 + \/^2 H h {vdi ai, 02,...
c) V I /(x) b i chan nen day so {xn)X=i ^' ^ e u x\ X2 t l i i dung cau a)

Idn han 1) hgi ty. neu l i m - ln(lna„) X 2 t h i sut dyng cau 6) va djnh If Weierstrass. n-«+oo n
B a i l o a n 51. Cho {xn}„î nhu sau: x i = - ; x„ = y ' S x n - i - 2, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Giai.

a) R6 rang 0 < x i < X 2 < • • • < x„ < x„+i < • • •, tiic la day da cho l a day so
Chiing minh ddy {x„}jj^^ cd gidi /lan hHu hg,n khin —* + 0 0 , tim gidi hq,n do.
tang. T i i gia thiet t a c6
Hodng dan. Xn+i = v/o + x^, Vn = 1, 2,... (1)

3
Ckch 1. Bang quy n^p t a chiing m i n h dU0c - 0 (do x „ € 1^^ (2)
V3x„ - 2 + x „
149
148
Nffh l a s u h p i t u c i i a d a y {xn}n=i
ivlghia t U d n g d u d n g v6i s U h p i t u c i i a d a y
Ta CO x i = v / a < 2 " * " ^ ° ' ^ " ^ ""^ ^^'^"^ k h i n = 1. Gia s i l ( 2 ) d u n g
\+°°, De t h a y (z„) l a d a y s o t a n g . T^ g i a t h i i t lim -ln(lna„) <ln2
^ 1 + V I + 4a ., 1 + v/l + 4a \*n/n=l n — • + 0 0 77,
k m n = A; n a y Xk < , c a n c h U n g m m h Xk+i < -. Ta
* 2
CO s u y r a t o n t a i s o t U n h i e n no s a o c h o v d i m p i n > no t a c6 - l n { l n a „ ) l n ( l n a „ ) < n l n 2 => l n a „ < e " ' " ^ = 2 " => a „ < e^"
1 + y/l + 4 a \ l + y T T i ^ nen 2/n = ^ < 1. ' ' ' ^ > "o- Dat a = max {yi,y2, ...,yno, 1}. khi do ta c6
2 J - 2 • 6
y„ < a,Vn = 1,2,...
Theo nguyen li quy nap suy ra (2) diing vdi mpi n e N * . Vay day so da cho
Dat
tang va bi chan tren nen hyi tu. Dat; lim
lim x
x„ = L, khi do
„ =
n—»+oo
n->+oo Ui = %/a, U2 = y/a'+y/a,.. .,u„= \Ja + \fa + h \^.
1 + \/l + 4a CO n d&u c&n
0 <L< (3)
Khi do
va tit (1) cho n - » + 0 0 ta duoc L = s/a + L. Giai phudng trinh nay vdi dieu
Zn = \/2/1 + \/y2 + 1- ^ Va-T\/a+--- + v ^ = u„,Vn = 1,2,...
k i ^ n (3) t a d U d c L = ^ i m lai
X6m l a i day
d a y sso
o d a cho hpi t uv a
Theo can a) ta da chiing minh d U d c day ( u „ ) bi chan tren. Do do day ( 2 „ )
l + \/l + 4a cung bi chan tren. Tom lai day so ( 2 „ ) tang va bi ch$ii tren nen hpi ty. Do
l i m Xn = do day so (xn) cQng hpi tu.
n—>+oo
Nhan xet 4. Viec ttm ra bdt dang thiic (2) duac tien hdnh nhU dd dudc tnnh
b) Dat y„ = Vn = 1,2,... va z„ = ^ y i + y ^ H ^ • • • + ^yiT, Vn = 1,2,... bay d muc 2.3.2 d trang 147. Qua bdi todn 52a), ta con thu duac hat ddng
Taco thiic sau:
1 + V I + 4a
\/a + \/a + - - + \ / a < :<:: hi
{.vdi a > 0, ve trdi c6 bao nhieu ddu can cung duac).
n'
Bai toan 53. Cho ddy (x„) nhusau: x „ = 7 - — ' — — , ' i n € W . Ttm lim x „ .
(2n+l)!! n-+oo
Giai. Ta c6 n! = 1.2.3... (n - l ) . n va (2n + 1)!! = 1.3.5... (2n - l)(2n + 1).

_ (n-1)! _ (n-l)!n n
Xi.-\ ,n (i2\ lnl >- •1)!!
''n — {2n-l)!!(2n+1) 2n + 1
yi + \jy2 + - - - + ^ ^ + —J (\/an-l +
Tiif do
n
0 < x„ = x„_i <x„_i,Vn = 2,3,... (*)
1 2n+l
+ W 2/2 + • • • +
\
2/1
V§,y d a y ( x „ ) + ^ i g i a m v a b i ch$,n dudi ( b d i s o 0) nen h p i t u . Dat a;„ = L,
k h i d o tir (*) c h o n -+ + o o t a d U d c : 0 < L = ^L < L •i^ L = Q.
150 151
Nffh l a s u h p i t u c i i a d a y {xn}n=i
ivlghia t U d n g d u d n g v6i s U h p i t u c i i a d a y
Ta CO x i = v / a < 2 " * " ^ ° ' ^ " ^ ""^ ^^'^"^ k h i n = 1. Gia s i l ( 2 ) d u n g
\+°°, De t h a y (z„) l a d a y s o t a n g . T^ g i a t h i i t lim -ln(lna„) <ln2
^ 1 + V I + 4a ., 1 + v/l + 4a \*n/n=l n — • + 0 0 77,
k m n = A; n a y Xk < , c a n c h U n g m m h Xk+i < -. Ta
* 2
CO s u y r a t o n t a i s o t U n h i e n no s a o c h o v d i m p i n > no t a c6 - l n { l n a „ ) l n ( l n a „ ) < n l n 2 => l n a „ < e " ' " ^ = 2 " => a „ < e^"
1 + y/l + 4 a \ l + y T T i ^ nen 2/n = ^ < 1. ' ' ' ^ > "o- Dat a = max {yi,y2, ...,yno, 1}. khi do ta c6
2 J - 2 • 6
y„ < a,Vn = 1,2,...
Theo nguyen li quy nap suy ra (2) diing vdi mpi n e N * . Vay day so da cho
Dat
tang va bi chan tren nen hyi tu. Dat; lim
lim x
x„ = L, khi do
„ =
n—»+oo
n->+oo Ui = %/a, U2 = y/a'+y/a,.. .,u„= \Ja + \fa + h \^.
1 + \/l + 4a CO n d&u c&n
0 <L< (3)
Khi do
va tit (1) cho n - » + 0 0 ta duoc L = s/a + L. Giai phudng trinh nay vdi dieu
Zn = \/2/1 + \/y2 + 1- ^ Va-T\/a+--- + v ^ = u„,Vn = 1,2,...
k i ^ n (3) t a d U d c L = ^ i m lai
X6m l a i day
d a y sso
o d a cho hpi t uv a
Theo can a) ta da chiing minh d U d c day ( u „ ) bi chan tren. Do do day ( 2 „ )
l + \/l + 4a cung bi chan tren. Tom lai day so ( 2 „ ) tang va bi ch$ii tren nen hpi ty. Do
l i m Xn = do day so (xn) cQng hpi tu.
n—>+oo
Nhan xet 4. Viec ttm ra bdt dang thiic (2) duac tien hdnh nhU dd dudc tnnh
b) Dat y„ = Vn = 1,2,... va z„ = ^ y i + y ^ H ^ • • • + ^yiT, Vn = 1,2,... bay d muc 2.3.2 d trang 147. Qua bdi todn 52a), ta con thu duac hat ddng
Taco thiic sau:
1 + V I + 4a
\/a + \/a + - - + \ / a < :<:: hi
{.vdi a > 0, ve trdi c6 bao nhieu ddu can cung duac).
n'
Bai toan 53. Cho ddy (x„) nhusau: x „ = 7 - — ' — — , ' i n € W . Ttm lim x „ .
(2n+l)!! n-+oo
Giai. Ta c6 n! = 1.2.3... (n - l ) . n va (2n + 1)!! = 1.3.5... (2n - l)(2n + 1).

_ (n-1)! _ (n-l)!n n
Xi.-\ ,n (i2\ lnl >- •1)!!
''n — {2n-l)!!(2n+1) 2n + 1
yi + \jy2 + - - - + ^ ^ + —J (\/an-l +
Tiif do
n
0 < x„ = x„_i <x„_i,Vn = 2,3,... (*)
1 2n+l
+ W 2/2 + • • • +
\
2/1
V§,y d a y ( x „ ) + ^ i g i a m v a b i ch$,n dudi ( b d i s o 0) nen h p i t u . Dat a;„ = L,
k h i d o tir (*) c h o n -+ + o o t a d U d c : 0 < L = ^L < L •i^ L = Q.
150 151
B a i t o a n 54. Hay xet tinh hoi ty, cua day so (x„)|^fj duc/c cho nhu sau:
Th$t vay:
(1) <^ (2010fc + 2)(A; + 1) > 2010A;2 + 2012fc (vdi k > 0)
<^ 2010fc2 + 2012ib + 2 > 2010fc2 + 2012A; 2 > 0 (dung).
Hirdng d i n . T a c6 0 < x„+i = , X n < x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay day s6 c6 Vay (*) vdi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra x„+i < x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay t a da
^Vii'me minh dildc day so ( x „ ) giam va bi chSn dudi bdi so 0. D o do day ( x „ )
gidi hail l i i i u han. 2010n + 2
hoi t u . Dat l i m x „ = u. T i f x„+i = ,o(^" + Vn = 1,2,..., cho
n->+oo 2011n-l-2
B a i t o a n 5 5 . Cho day so ( x „ ) nhic sau:
x i = 2012 „ +00 t a duric u = (u + 1 ) u = 2010. Vay day so da cho c6 gidi

2010n + 2 , ^
{ han hiiu han k h i n —» +00 va l i m x „ = 2010.
• n->+oo
ChUng minh rdng day {xn}n=i 9^^^ '^^^ '^^^ ^'^^ ~* '^"^ ^^<^^ B a i t o a n 56 (De t h i HSG t i n h Gia L a i - nam 2004). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu
/lan do.
( xi = 2004 ^
G i a i . De thay: x „ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T a c6:
1 g ^ ^ ( x „ - | - l ) , V n = 1,2,...
_ (2010n + 2) (xn + 1) - (2011n + 2) Xn _ 2010n + 2 - n x „
"""^^ ~ ~ 2011n + 2 ~ 2011n + 2 ' Chiing minh rdng day ( x „ ) „ /ipi fu va tinh gidi han cua day so do.
Ta se chiing m i n h : Htfdng d i n . T u o i i g t u bai toan 55 d trang 152.

nx„ > 2010n + 2. (*) B a i t o a n 57 (HSG Quoc gia nam 2012). Cho day so tht/c ( x „ ) xdc dinh nhu
sau: xi = 3 vd
De thay (+) diing k h i n = 1. Gia sii (+) diing k h i n = k, tile la n +2
Xn = (x„_i+2), Vn>2. (1)
A;xfc > 2010fc + 2. (**) 3n
Chiing minh rdng day so c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi han do.
Ta CO
G i a i . Bang quy nap, t a se chiing m i n h , vdi moi n = 3 , 4 , . . . , t a c6

(fc+l)x.+i^(fc+l)^^l^(x, + l)
n +2
A; + 1 (a)
n-1
20llfc + 2 (2010fexfc + 2xfc + 2010fc + 2) (do (**))
Do X2 = ^ nen (o) diing k h i n = 3. Gia sii x ^ - i > {k > 3). K h i do
2010 (2010fc + 2) + + + 2010fc + 2 o K 1
- 2011fc + 2
^ ( f c + l)(2010fe + 2) 2 > —r- -777- (xk-i
3k
+2) > — r — . (b)
2011A; + 2 ^fc^^"^^^
_ (k + 1) (2010fc + 2) /2011fc + 2\ (fc + l)(2010fc + 2) Vdi jb > 3, xet
2011fc + 2 \ ) ~ k+ 3 k+2
Xk >
Ma
k+2
<i±ii<^!5i±?)> 2010*+2012. (1) *'~3^ k-1
> 3 (A; + 3)
152 153
B a i t o a n 54. Hay xet tinh hoi ty, cua day so (x„)|^fj duc/c cho nhu sau:
Th$t vay:
(1) <^ (2010fc + 2)(A; + 1) > 2010A;2 + 2012fc (vdi k > 0)
<^ 2010fc2 + 2012ib + 2 > 2010fc2 + 2012A; 2 > 0 (dung).
Hirdng d i n . T a c6 0 < x„+i = , X n < x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay day s6 c6 Vay (*) vdi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra x„+i < x „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay t a da
^Vii'me minh dildc day so ( x „ ) giam va bi chSn dudi bdi so 0. D o do day ( x „ )
gidi hail l i i i u han. 2010n + 2
hoi t u . Dat l i m x „ = u. T i f x„+i = ,o(^" + Vn = 1,2,..., cho
n->+oo 2011n-l-2
B a i t o a n 5 5 . Cho day so ( x „ ) nhic sau:
x i = 2012 „ +00 t a duric u = (u + 1 ) u = 2010. Vay day so da cho c6 gidi

2010n + 2 , ^
{ han hiiu han k h i n —» +00 va l i m x „ = 2010.
• n->+oo
ChUng minh rdng day {xn}n=i 9^^^ '^^^ '^^^ ^'^^ ~* '^"^ ^^<^^ B a i t o a n 56 (De t h i HSG t i n h Gia L a i - nam 2004). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu
/lan do.
( xi = 2004 ^
G i a i . De thay: x „ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T a c6:
1 g ^ ^ ( x „ - | - l ) , V n = 1,2,...
_ (2010n + 2) (xn + 1) - (2011n + 2) Xn _ 2010n + 2 - n x „
"""^^ ~ ~ 2011n + 2 ~ 2011n + 2 ' Chiing minh rdng day ( x „ ) „ /ipi fu va tinh gidi han cua day so do.
Ta se chiing m i n h : Htfdng d i n . T u o i i g t u bai toan 55 d trang 152.

nx„ > 2010n + 2. (*) B a i t o a n 57 (HSG Quoc gia nam 2012). Cho day so tht/c ( x „ ) xdc dinh nhu
sau: xi = 3 vd
De thay (+) diing k h i n = 1. Gia sii (+) diing k h i n = k, tile la n +2
Xn = (x„_i+2), Vn>2. (1)
A;xfc > 2010fc + 2. (**) 3n
Chiing minh rdng day so c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi han do.
Ta CO
G i a i . Bang quy nap, t a se chiing m i n h , vdi moi n = 3 , 4 , . . . , t a c6

(fc+l)x.+i^(fc+l)^^l^(x, + l)
n +2
A; + 1 (a)
n-1
20llfc + 2 (2010fexfc + 2xfc + 2010fc + 2) (do (**))
Do X2 = ^ nen (o) diing k h i n = 3. Gia sii x ^ - i > {k > 3). K h i do
2010 (2010fc + 2) + + + 2010fc + 2 o K 1
- 2011fc + 2
^ ( f c + l)(2010fe + 2) 2 > —r- -777- (xk-i
3k
+2) > — r — . (b)
2011A; + 2 ^fc^^"^^^
_ (k + 1) (2010fc + 2) /2011fc + 2\ (fc + l)(2010fc + 2) Vdi jb > 3, xet
2011fc + 2 \ ) ~ k+ 3 k+2
Xk >
Ma
k+2
<i±ii<^!5i±?)> 2010*+2012. (1) *'~3^ k-1
> 3 (A; + 3)
152 153
<^{k + 2)3k>3{k + 3){k - 1) <^ 3k^ + 6k>3k^+6k~9 (dung). K h i do
Do do (b) dung, theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra (a) dung v6i mgi n = 3 , 4 , . . .
Hien nhien rang day (x„) bj ch$.n dudi bdi so 0. V6i n > 3, t a c6
n + 2. 2[n + 2 - ( n - l ) x „ _ i ] Vay theo ng\iyen ly quy nap suy ra (2) diing. Tigp theo t a chiing m i n h day
x„ - x„_i = (x„_i + 2) - x„_i = - J < 0 (do (a)).
{Xn)t=i tang. Ta CO
Day (x„) giam va hi chan dxtdi nen c6 gidi han hftu han. Dat l i m x „ = x. /
n—•+00 Xi =0, X2 = - , X3 = - 1 + J + o'
T i l (1) cho n -* +oo, t a durtc x = - (x + 2) <4- x = 1. V$.y x = 1. 2 J
Gia suf x „ _ 2 < x„_i va x „ _ i < x „ . K h i do
B a i t o a n 58 (Dc t h i vO dich Minxcd, De ughi t h i Olympic 30/04/2012).
Gid sii X„+i - X„ = i [(1 + X „ + X ^ _ i ) - (1 + X n - X + x3_2)
^ 71 + 1 / 2 22 2"\
= I [(x„ - x „ _ i ) + (x3_i - x3_2)] > 0.

Chiing minh r&ng tdn tq,i hm Sn vd tinh gidi han nay.
n->+oo
V^y theo nguyen l i quy nap suy ra x „ < x „ + i , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Day da cho tang
H i f d n g d i n . Ta c6: va bi chan tren nen hoi t u . Dat l i m x „ = L . K h i do t i t (1) cho n - » +oo va
n-»+oo ^ '
c _n + 2 2 2^ 2"\^ n + 2 sli dung t i n h lien tuc ciia ham so / ( x ) = ^ ( l + x + x ^ ) t a dudc

o
1 2 n / n +1 2"+2 [V n + 1 7 n +
n + 2 , n + 2 n + 2
2(n+l) " 2(n + l ) 2(n+l) L ^ \ { l + L + L') ^ ( L - l ) ( L 2 + L - l ) = 0 ^ L e | l , ^ i | ^ | .
Sau do lam titrmg tir nhit bai toan 55 ci trang 152.

vay
Tit (2) suy ra 0 < L < Do do L = Bdi
B a i t o a n 59. Cho day (x„)^5J nhu sau:
hm x„ = —-—.
x i = 0 , X2 = \, x„+i = i ( l + x „ + x ^ _ i ) (Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . ) (1) n->+oo 2
B a i t o a n 60 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2000). Cho day so (u„) nhu

Chang minh rang day so dd cho hQi ty, vd tinh lim x„.
n—»+oo
G i a i . Ta chiing m i n h Un = \Jai+ y ^ + •••+ 0 < a„ < 2000.30""; n € N*.
CTij^n^ minh r&ng day so (u„) hpi ty..

0 < x „ < ^ ^ ^ , V n = l,2,... (2)
\/% — 1 G i a i . G p i 6„ = ^ => 0 < 6„ < 2000. G p i t;„ = ^61 + - ^ 6 2 + • • • +

T a CO 0 < x i , X 2 < — - — . G i a sii
K h i do Un = SQvn va (u„) l a day so tang. Xet day so (io„) nhit sau:
\/5 - 1 v/5- 1
0 < x„_i < - H - — < 0 0 < x„ < —. wi = V2OO6, Wn = ^2000 + «;„_i (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) .
154 155
<^{k + 2)3k>3{k + 3){k - 1) <^ 3k^ + 6k>3k^+6k~9 (dung). K h i do
Do do (b) dung, theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra (a) dung v6i mgi n = 3 , 4 , . . .
Hien nhien rang day (x„) bj ch$.n dudi bdi so 0. V6i n > 3, t a c6
n + 2. 2[n + 2 - ( n - l ) x „ _ i ] Vay theo ng\iyen ly quy nap suy ra (2) diing. Tigp theo t a chiing m i n h day
x„ - x„_i = (x„_i + 2) - x„_i = - J < 0 (do (a)).
{Xn)t=i tang. Ta CO
Day (x„) giam va hi chan dxtdi nen c6 gidi han hftu han. Dat l i m x „ = x. /
n—•+00 Xi =0, X2 = - , X3 = - 1 + J + o'
T i l (1) cho n -* +oo, t a durtc x = - (x + 2) <4- x = 1. V$.y x = 1. 2 J
Gia suf x „ _ 2 < x„_i va x „ _ i < x „ . K h i do
B a i t o a n 58 (Dc t h i vO dich Minxcd, De ughi t h i Olympic 30/04/2012).
Gid sii X„+i - X„ = i [(1 + X „ + X ^ _ i ) - (1 + X n - X + x3_2)
^ 71 + 1 / 2 22 2"\
= I [(x„ - x „ _ i ) + (x3_i - x3_2)] > 0.

Chiing minh r&ng tdn tq,i hm Sn vd tinh gidi han nay.
n->+oo
V^y theo nguyen l i quy nap suy ra x „ < x „ + i , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Day da cho tang
H i f d n g d i n . Ta c6: va bi chan tren nen hoi t u . Dat l i m x „ = L . K h i do t i t (1) cho n - » +oo va
n-»+oo ^ '
c _n + 2 2 2^ 2"\^ n + 2 sli dung t i n h lien tuc ciia ham so / ( x ) = ^ ( l + x + x ^ ) t a dudc

o
1 2 n / n +1 2"+2 [V n + 1 7 n +
n + 2 , n + 2 n + 2
2(n+l) " 2(n + l ) 2(n+l) L ^ \ { l + L + L') ^ ( L - l ) ( L 2 + L - l ) = 0 ^ L e | l , ^ i | ^ | .
Sau do lam titrmg tir nhit bai toan 55 ci trang 152.

vay
Tit (2) suy ra 0 < L < Do do L = Bdi
B a i t o a n 59. Cho day (x„)^5J nhu sau:
hm x„ = —-—.
x i = 0 , X2 = \, x„+i = i ( l + x „ + x ^ _ i ) (Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . ) (1) n->+oo 2
B a i t o a n 60 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2000). Cho day so (u„) nhu

Chang minh rang day so dd cho hQi ty, vd tinh lim x„.
n—»+oo
G i a i . Ta chiing m i n h Un = \Jai+ y ^ + •••+ 0 < a„ < 2000.30""; n € N*.
CTij^n^ minh r&ng day so (u„) hpi ty..

0 < x „ < ^ ^ ^ , V n = l,2,... (2)
\/% — 1 G i a i . G p i 6„ = ^ => 0 < 6„ < 2000. G p i t;„ = ^61 + - ^ 6 2 + • • • +

T a CO 0 < x i , X 2 < — - — . G i a sii
K h i do Un = SQvn va (u„) l a day so tang. Xet day so (io„) nhit sau:
\/5 - 1 v/5- 1
0 < x„_i < - H - — < 0 0 < x„ < —. wi = V2OO6, Wn = ^2000 + «;„_i (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) .
154 155
Khi do {wn) la day so tSng. Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = - 2000 - x,Vx > ^J^^
' OOO.
Taco , ,,
fix) = - 1 > 0,Vx > ,JôOO. Ltfti y. Chii y 14 ci trang 147, da dUdc van dung cr bai toan 62 n^y.
V$.y fix) dong bicn, lien tuc tren [v/2000; +oo). Hon nOa vi g a i to^n 63. Cho trudc a > 0. Xet day so {x„}^f^ thoa man diiu ki^n: "
2
/ ( v/2000) / (v/2000) = - v'ÔOO (2000^ - 2000 - ÔOo) < 0
0 < Xn < a va x„(a - x„+i) > —, Vn G N.
4 ', ,
nen phirong trinh f{x) = 0 c6 diiug mot nghigm tren khoang (v^2000; \/2000).
Goi nghiem do la C, khi do C* = 2000 + C. Dung phuong phap quy nap ta Chiing minh r&ng day so da cho hoi tu va tinh lim x„.
chufng minh dudc n->+oo
« ; „ < C,Vn = 1,2,...
Htfdng dan. Tudng t i / bai todn 62.
Ta CO Wn = \J2000 + \/2000 + • • + v^2000. Ma 0 < 6„ < 2000 nen
Bai toan 64. Cho day so {x„) nhu sau: x i = ^ vd ,;
c6 n d a u ^
0 < i;„ < i y „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . x„+i = ^(c + x 2 ) , V n = 1,2,... (1)

Suy ra 0 < u„ < C,Vn = 1,2,... V?Ly day (i;„) tang va bj ch$n tren nen hgi
T'jm so 0 Q sao cho (x,,) /ipi ty,. Trong trudng hap hoi tu, hay tim lim x„.
tu. Do do day so (u„) hoi t u .
n—>+ex3
Bai toan 61. Chting minh r&ng day so (an) sau day hoi tu Giai. De thay vdi c > 0 thi x„ > 0, Vn = 1,2,... Ta se chiing minh day {x„)
tang thurc sif bang phudng phap quy nap. Ta c6:
ai = v/2, 02 = V2+V3, a„+2 = ^ 2 + V 3 + a„,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
c 1
Hudng d i n . Bang quy nap ta chiing minh dUdc day so da cho d d n dieu
tang va bi chan tren. Do do no h5i t u t6i L thoa man L = \/2 + v ^ J + L va
LG(2;3). V^y x i < X2. Gia sii x„-i < x„, ttic la x„_i 0). Ta
can chiing minh x„ < x„+i. Ta c6 '
B a i toan 62 (De thi v6 dich Minxcd). Cho day { x „ } ^ ^ thoa man:
0 < x „ < 1 i ; d x „ ( l - x „ + i ) > ^, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . x„+i - x„ = ^ ( c + x ^ ) - ^ ( c + x ^ _ i ) = ^(x„ - x „ _ i ) ( x „ + x„_i) > 0
Chiing minh r&ng day so da cho hoi tu va tinh hm x„. (do Xn > x„_i, x„ + x„_i > 0). Do do x„+i > x„. Vay theo nguyen li quy n^p
suy ra x„+i > x„, Vn = 1,2,... Tiic la day (x„) tang. Neu day (x„) bi cli$.n
Giai. Theo bat dang thi'te Cauchy va gia thiet ta c6: tren thi day nay se hpi t u , tiic la ton tî so L sao cho L - lim x„. Tit (1)
n—•+00
x,. + ( l - x „ + ] ) > 2 v / x „ ( l - x „ + i ) > 2 y ' ^ = l , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . . cho n -» + 0 0 suy ra L la nghiem ciia phudng trinh
X = i ( c + x^) <=>x^-2x + c = 0. (2)

Vay x„+i < x„, Vn G N. Do do day {x„) giam va bi chan dudi nen hoi tu. Dat
lim x„ = L . Khi do t i i x„(l - x„+i) > - , Vn G N, cho n -+ + 0 0 ta dUdc: Phudng trinh (2) c6 nghi?m khi va chi khi A' = 1 - c > 0 c < 1. Gia sii
n-.+oo 4
0<c< 1. Ta chiing minh
L{1 - L ) >\ L + -<Q ^
{ \V 1 1
4 4 [ L - - ) < O ^ L - - = O^L = -. x„<l + ^r^,Vn=l,2,... • (3)
156 157
Khi do {wn) la day so tSng. Xet ham s6 / ( x ) = - 2000 - x,Vx > ^J^^
' OOO.
Taco , ,,
fix) = - 1 > 0,Vx > ,JôOO. Ltfti y. Chii y 14 ci trang 147, da dUdc van dung cr bai toan 62 n^y.
V$.y fix) dong bicn, lien tuc tren [v/2000; +oo). Hon nOa vi g a i to^n 63. Cho trudc a > 0. Xet day so {x„}^f^ thoa man diiu ki^n: "
2
/ ( v/2000) / (v/2000) = - v'ÔOO (2000^ - 2000 - ÔOo) < 0
0 < Xn < a va x„(a - x„+i) > —, Vn G N.
4 ', ,
nen phirong trinh f{x) = 0 c6 diiug mot nghigm tren khoang (v^2000; \/2000).
Goi nghiem do la C, khi do C* = 2000 + C. Dung phuong phap quy nap ta Chiing minh r&ng day so da cho hoi tu va tinh lim x„.
chufng minh dudc n->+oo
« ; „ < C,Vn = 1,2,...
Htfdng dan. Tudng t i / bai todn 62.
Ta CO Wn = \J2000 + \/2000 + • • + v^2000. Ma 0 < 6„ < 2000 nen
Bai toan 64. Cho day so {x„) nhu sau: x i = ^ vd ,;
c6 n d a u ^
0 < i;„ < i y „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . x„+i = ^(c + x 2 ) , V n = 1,2,... (1)

Suy ra 0 < u„ < C,Vn = 1,2,... V?Ly day (i;„) tang va bj ch$n tren nen hgi
T'jm so 0 Q sao cho (x,,) /ipi ty,. Trong trudng hap hoi tu, hay tim lim x„.
tu. Do do day so (u„) hoi t u .
n—>+ex3
Bai toan 61. Chting minh r&ng day so (an) sau day hoi tu Giai. De thay vdi c > 0 thi x„ > 0, Vn = 1,2,... Ta se chiing minh day {x„)
tang thurc sif bang phudng phap quy nap. Ta c6:
ai = v/2, 02 = V2+V3, a„+2 = ^ 2 + V 3 + a„,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
c 1
Hudng d i n . Bang quy nap ta chiing minh dUdc day so da cho d d n dieu
tang va bi chan tren. Do do no h5i t u t6i L thoa man L = \/2 + v ^ J + L va
LG(2;3). V^y x i < X2. Gia sii x„-i < x„, ttic la x„_i 0). Ta
can chiing minh x„ < x„+i. Ta c6 '
B a i toan 62 (De thi v6 dich Minxcd). Cho day { x „ } ^ ^ thoa man:
0 < x „ < 1 i ; d x „ ( l - x „ + i ) > ^, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . x„+i - x„ = ^ ( c + x ^ ) - ^ ( c + x ^ _ i ) = ^(x„ - x „ _ i ) ( x „ + x„_i) > 0
Chiing minh r&ng day so da cho hoi tu va tinh hm x„. (do Xn > x„_i, x„ + x„_i > 0). Do do x„+i > x„. Vay theo nguyen li quy n^p
suy ra x„+i > x„, Vn = 1,2,... Tiic la day (x„) tang. Neu day (x„) bi cli$.n
Giai. Theo bat dang thi'te Cauchy va gia thiet ta c6: tren thi day nay se hpi t u , tiic la ton tî so L sao cho L - lim x„. Tit (1)
n—•+00
x,. + ( l - x „ + ] ) > 2 v / x „ ( l - x „ + i ) > 2 y ' ^ = l , V n = 0 , l , 2 , . . . cho n -» + 0 0 suy ra L la nghiem ciia phudng trinh
X = i ( c + x^) <=>x^-2x + c = 0. (2)

Vay x„+i < x„, Vn G N. Do do day {x„) giam va bi chan dudi nen hoi tu. Dat
lim x„ = L . Khi do t i i x„(l - x„+i) > - , Vn G N, cho n -+ + 0 0 ta dUdc: Phudng trinh (2) c6 nghi?m khi va chi khi A' = 1 - c > 0 c < 1. Gia sii
n-.+oo 4
0<c< 1. Ta chiing minh
L{1 - L ) >\ L + -<Q ^
{ \V 1 1
4 4 [ L - - ) < O ^ L - - = O^L = -. x„<l + ^r^,Vn=l,2,... • (3)
156 157
Taco: Gia sii Xn < Xn-i- K h i do ta c6 cac bicn ddi tUUng diiong sau:
x i < 1 + v T ^ <!4- - < 1 + y/r^ ^ 2 - c > - 2 ^ 1 - 0 (dung do 0 < c < 1). X„+i < Xn X^+i < xl
3 20n + 21 3 20n+l
<=j.x^ - 12x„ + < x ^ _ i - 12x„_i +
Vay (3) dung khi n = 1 . Gia sii x „ < 1 + \ / l - c ta se chiing minh x< • n+1 n
< 1 + V l - c. ^ (4 - - 12 (x„ - x „ _ i ) + - - < 0
Taco <^ (x„ - x „ _ i ) (x^ + x„x„_i + xl_i - 12) + — ^ - i < 0. (2)

x„+i = i(c + 4 ) < l [ c + ( l + v / r ^ ) '
V i x „ < Xn-i nen x „ - x„_i < 0 va x „ > 2, x„_i > 2. V?ly
= ^ ( c + l+ 2 v T ^ + l - c ) = 1+ ^1-0. xl + x„x„_i + x ^ _ i - 12 > 0
Vay (3) dung. Ti'tc la day so (x„) bi chSu tron. Do do n6u 0 < c < 1 thi day do do (2) dung, suy ra x„+i < x „ . Theo nguyen li quy n^p, ta c6
(x„) hpi ty. Tru5ng hgfp c > 1 thi day tang thuc sU va khong b} chan tren (vi 5
neu day {x„) bj ch^Ji tren thi phUdng trinh x^ - 2x + c = 0 c6 nghi^m. Suy ra
c < 1 , mau thuan v6i trildng hdp ta dang xet), do do ^Hm^x„ = +oo. V9,y - = X l > X2 > • • • > x„ > x„+i > • • • (3)
day khong hoi t u . Vay de day so da cho hoi tu thi c e (0; 1] va khi do
Day (x„) giam va bi chan diTdi nen c6 gidi h^n hflu han. Dat lim x „ = a.
lim x „ = 1 + vT-c.
n—»+oo
n—»+cx) T i i (1) va (3) suy ra 2 < a < - . Txi hf thiic truy hoi cua day, cho n +oo
B a i t o a n 65. Cho day so (x„) vdi xi - - va ta diWc a = Va^ - 1 2 a + 20 a^ - a"^ -a 12a
= 2 + 20 = 0, hay
(nhan)
/ „ 20n + 21 , (a - 2) (a^ + a - 10) = 0 (,o«,

xn+i = J x i - 12x„ + (n € n ).
ChUrig viinh day so da, cho c6 gidi han hiu h^n va tlrn gidi han do.
V$,y lim x „ = 2.
n->+oo '•ti' .»r, .,4
G i a i . Ta chiing minh x„ > 2 bang quy n^p. Ta c6 x i = ^ > 2. G i a sut x „ > 2,
B a i t o a n 66 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho day (x„) nhu sau:
k h i do ta c6 tac bicn doi tUOng dUdng sau:
2011 , 2 o 2n + 4999
x„+i > 2 xl+i >4^xl- 12x„ + 20 + ^ >4 = 2M0 = ^" - + ^TTW' ^" = 1'2'• • •
C/it^n^ mm/i rdng day so (x„) co gi&i han hUu han va tim gidi han do.
^ (x„ + 4) (x„ - 2)2 + - 1 - > 0 (bat ding thulc dung).
ft "T" J- Hitdng din. Bang quy nap ta chiing minh dUdc x „ > 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T a
Vay neu x „ > 2 thi x„+i > 2. Theo nguyen If quy n9,p suy r a CO X2 < X l . G i a sii x^+i < x*. V i ham g{x) = x^ - 2x dong bien tren khoang
(1; +oo) nen g{xk+i) < g{xk); hay x^^j - 2x^+1 < x^ - 2xk. Lî c6 ham so
x„>2, VneN*. (1)
2rH-4999 . 2(fc + 1) + 4999 2A; + 4999 ^
Tiep theo ta chiiiig minh (x„) la day so giam. Ta c6 ^^"^ - 7rr2499- "^^'^^ '^'^^ (fe + l) + 2499 < TT2499-
1125 41 /49 5 ^2 9^ , 2(fc+l) + 4999 ^ 2 o 2k + 4999

, 2*
X2 = W - g - - 3 0 + - = ^ - < - = x , .
"'^^^ - + (fc + l) + 2499 < - + -Fr2499'
158 159
Taco: Gia sii Xn < Xn-i- K h i do ta c6 cac bicn ddi tUUng diiong sau:
x i < 1 + v T ^ <!4- - < 1 + y/r^ ^ 2 - c > - 2 ^ 1 - 0 (dung do 0 < c < 1). X„+i < Xn X^+i < xl
3 20n + 21 3 20n+l
<=j.x^ - 12x„ + < x ^ _ i - 12x„_i +
Vay (3) dung khi n = 1 . Gia sii x „ < 1 + \ / l - c ta se chiing minh x< • n+1 n
< 1 + V l - c. ^ (4 - - 12 (x„ - x „ _ i ) + - - < 0
Taco <^ (x„ - x „ _ i ) (x^ + x„x„_i + xl_i - 12) + — ^ - i < 0. (2)

x„+i = i(c + 4 ) < l [ c + ( l + v / r ^ ) '
V i x „ < Xn-i nen x „ - x„_i < 0 va x „ > 2, x„_i > 2. V?ly
= ^ ( c + l+ 2 v T ^ + l - c ) = 1+ ^1-0. xl + x„x„_i + x ^ _ i - 12 > 0
Vay (3) dung. Ti'tc la day so (x„) bi chSu tron. Do do n6u 0 < c < 1 thi day do do (2) dung, suy ra x„+i < x „ . Theo nguyen li quy n^p, ta c6
(x„) hpi ty. Tru5ng hgfp c > 1 thi day tang thuc sU va khong b} chan tren (vi 5
neu day {x„) bj ch^Ji tren thi phUdng trinh x^ - 2x + c = 0 c6 nghi^m. Suy ra
c < 1 , mau thuan v6i trildng hdp ta dang xet), do do ^Hm^x„ = +oo. V9,y - = X l > X2 > • • • > x„ > x„+i > • • • (3)
day khong hoi t u . Vay de day so da cho hoi tu thi c e (0; 1] va khi do
Day (x„) giam va bi chan diTdi nen c6 gidi h^n hflu han. Dat lim x „ = a.
lim x „ = 1 + vT-c.
n—»+oo
n—»+cx) T i i (1) va (3) suy ra 2 < a < - . Txi hf thiic truy hoi cua day, cho n +oo
B a i t o a n 65. Cho day so (x„) vdi xi - - va ta diWc a = Va^ - 1 2 a + 20 a^ - a"^ -a 12a
= 2 + 20 = 0, hay
(nhan)
/ „ 20n + 21 , (a - 2) (a^ + a - 10) = 0 (,o«,

xn+i = J x i - 12x„ + (n € n ).
ChUrig viinh day so da, cho c6 gidi han hiu h^n va tlrn gidi han do.
V$,y lim x „ = 2.
n->+oo '•ti' .»r, .,4
G i a i . Ta chiing minh x„ > 2 bang quy n^p. Ta c6 x i = ^ > 2. G i a sut x „ > 2,
B a i t o a n 66 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho day (x„) nhu sau:
k h i do ta c6 tac bicn doi tUOng dUdng sau:
2011 , 2 o 2n + 4999
x„+i > 2 xl+i >4^xl- 12x„ + 20 + ^ >4 = 2M0 = ^" - + ^TTW' ^" = 1'2'• • •
C/it^n^ mm/i rdng day so (x„) co gi&i han hUu han va tim gidi han do.
^ (x„ + 4) (x„ - 2)2 + - 1 - > 0 (bat ding thulc dung).
ft "T" J- Hitdng din. Bang quy nap ta chiing minh dUdc x „ > 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . T a
Vay neu x „ > 2 thi x„+i > 2. Theo nguyen If quy n9,p suy r a CO X2 < X l . G i a sii x^+i < x*. V i ham g{x) = x^ - 2x dong bien tren khoang
(1; +oo) nen g{xk+i) < g{xk); hay x^^j - 2x^+1 < x^ - 2xk. Lî c6 ham so
x„>2, VneN*. (1)
2rH-4999 . 2(fc + 1) + 4999 2A; + 4999 ^
Tiep theo ta chiiiig minh (x„) la day so giam. Ta c6 ^^"^ - 7rr2499- "^^'^^ '^'^^ (fe + l) + 2499 < TT2499-
1125 41 /49 5 ^2 9^ , 2(fc+l) + 4999 ^ 2 o 2k + 4999

, 2*
X2 = W - g - - 3 0 + - = ^ - < - = x , .
"'^^^ - + (fc + l) + 2499 < - + -Fr2499'
158 159
nghia la Xfc+2 < Xk+i- Theo nguyen li quy suy ra x„+i < x„ vdi mpi
n e N*. V?Ly (x„) la day so giam. Day (x„) giam va h\n dudi nen hpi tq. Bai toan 69. Cho day {x„};^î nhu sau: ,
Do dang chi'tng minh ditOc ^hm^x„ = 1. x„+i = ^ ^ ( p - l)x„ + -J—^ vdipe N*, n > 1, a > 0, xi > 0. '
Bai toan 67. Cho day so {x„};^~i nhu sau:
Chihig minh rdng day tren hQi tv vd tim gidi hQ,n cua day.
Xn+\ ^ (^n + vdi'n > 1, a > 0, i i > 0. Hi/dng d i n . Tudng t\S nhu bai toan 68 ci trang 160, dung bat dang thiic
Cauchy va phep quy nap suy ra
Chiing minh rdng day tren hgi ty, vd tim gidi hQ,n cua day. /
Xn+l = -
Giai. Ta c6: X2 = i ^ > ^/o > 0. Do do bang phep quy n?ip va bat P Xn + X n + • • . + Xn ) > ^ .
. =(P-I)x„ 1
dang thi'tc Cauchy, ta suy ra x„ > v^, Vn = 2,3,... M0.t kh4c, ta c6 Mat khac:
r ,. 1 n do x„>v/a 1 n Xn+i _ p - l a p - \
= ^ i + ^ = .-x.«<x„(V„ = 2,3,...). x„ " V ^ ^ - — • ^ ^ - ^ ^ ' ^ " + 1 ^ ^ " (^" = 2,3,...).

Vay day so (x„) giain va bi chan dudi bdi \/a (kc tvr so haiig thi't 2 trcl di) nen Ta chiJng minh diTdc lim x„ =
r- ^f a\ Lim y. Ta c6 M chiing minh day s6 (x„) la day s6 giam nhu sau:
hoi tu. Dat lim x„ = L, khi do L > v/o. Tit x„+i = - x„ H ,Vn > 1,
U-.+0O 2 \ XnJ
Bai toan 70. Cho day sS (x„)„ nhu sau:
cho n -» +00 ta duuc
x„ = 2n + a\/8n^ + l, Vn = 1,2,..., a Id tham so th\Cc.
L = i + I) 2L2 = +a L = (do L > v^)- a) Tim a sao cho day so da cho c6 gidi han hQu h^n.
Vay lim x„ = y/a. 1 / b) Tim a sao cho (x„) la day so tdng {ke tit so hang ndo d6).
fl-> + 0O \
vdin> l,a> 0,xi > 0. Giai,
Bai
C/ni'nfftoan
minh68.rdng
Choday
daytren hgi tunhu
{xn}nî sau:gidi han cua day.
vd tim a) Neu a = - 1 thi day (x„) c6 gidi h?in hiiu h ^ vi:
HUdng d i n . Tudug ti^ nliU bai toan 67 d traiig 160, dung bat ding thiic Hm x„ = Hm (2n - \/8n^ + 1) v V,
-I
Cauchy va piiep quy n^p suy ra x„+i = -(x„ + x„ + - ^ > M^t khac:
n-«+oo = Hm
n—>+oo \ '
= 0;
n-^+oo 4„2 + 2n^»TT+ ^(8n3 + 1)2
Gia siir day (x„) c6 gidi h^n hOu h ^ . Vi *'* '^'^

^ = ^ + 3^<l=*^x„+i<x„ (Vn = 2,3,...).
x„ = 2n - \/8/i3 + 1 + (a + 1) ^Sn^ + 1,
Ta chiing minh ditrtc lim x„ = nia day (x„) c6 gidi h^n hOu h^n nen day so (j/„), vdi
n—>+oo
Vn = (a + l)\/8n3 + l,Vn = 1,2,... ,
160
nghia la Xfc+2 < Xk+i- Theo nguyen li quy suy ra x„+i < x„ vdi mpi
n e N*. V?Ly (x„) la day so giam. Day (x„) giam va h\n dudi nen hpi tq. Bai toan 69. Cho day {x„};^î nhu sau: ,
Do dang chi'tng minh ditOc ^hm^x„ = 1. x„+i = ^ ^ ( p - l)x„ + -J—^ vdipe N*, n > 1, a > 0, xi > 0. '
Bai toan 67. Cho day so {x„};^~i nhu sau:
Chihig minh rdng day tren hQi tv vd tim gidi hQ,n cua day.
Xn+\ ^ (^n + vdi'n > 1, a > 0, i i > 0. Hi/dng d i n . Tudng t\S nhu bai toan 68 ci trang 160, dung bat dang thiic
Cauchy va phep quy nap suy ra
Chiing minh rdng day tren hgi ty, vd tim gidi hQ,n cua day. /
Xn+l = -
Giai. Ta c6: X2 = i ^ > ^/o > 0. Do do bang phep quy n?ip va bat P Xn + X n + • • . + Xn ) > ^ .
. =(P-I)x„ 1
dang thi'tc Cauchy, ta suy ra x„ > v^, Vn = 2,3,... M0.t kh4c, ta c6 Mat khac:
r ,. 1 n do x„>v/a 1 n Xn+i _ p - l a p - \
= ^ i + ^ = .-x.«<x„(V„ = 2,3,...). x„ " V ^ ^ - — • ^ ^ - ^ ^ ' ^ " + 1 ^ ^ " (^" = 2,3,...).

Vay day so (x„) giain va bi chan dudi bdi \/a (kc tvr so haiig thi't 2 trcl di) nen Ta chiJng minh diTdc lim x„ =
r- ^f a\ Lim y. Ta c6 M chiing minh day s6 (x„) la day s6 giam nhu sau:
hoi tu. Dat lim x„ = L, khi do L > v/o. Tit x„+i = - x„ H ,Vn > 1,
U-.+0O 2 \ XnJ
Bai toan 70. Cho day sS (x„)„ nhu sau:
cho n -» +00 ta duuc
x„ = 2n + a\/8n^ + l, Vn = 1,2,..., a Id tham so th\Cc.
L = i + I) 2L2 = +a L = (do L > v^)- a) Tim a sao cho day so da cho c6 gidi han hQu h^n.
Vay lim x„ = y/a. 1 / b) Tim a sao cho (x„) la day so tdng {ke tit so hang ndo d6).
fl-> + 0O \
vdin> l,a> 0,xi > 0. Giai,
Bai
C/ni'nfftoan
minh68.rdng
Choday
daytren hgi tunhu
{xn}nî sau:gidi han cua day.
vd tim a) Neu a = - 1 thi day (x„) c6 gidi h?in hiiu h ^ vi:
HUdng d i n . Tudug ti^ nliU bai toan 67 d traiig 160, dung bat ding thiic Hm x„ = Hm (2n - \/8n^ + 1) v V,
-I
Cauchy va piiep quy n^p suy ra x„+i = -(x„ + x„ + - ^ > M^t khac:
n-«+oo = Hm
n—>+oo \ '
= 0;
n-^+oo 4„2 + 2n^»TT+ ^(8n3 + 1)2
Gia siir day (x„) c6 gidi h^n hOu h ^ . Vi *'* '^'^

^ = ^ + 3^<l=*^x„+i<x„ (Vn = 2,3,...).
x„ = 2n - \/8/i3 + 1 + (a + 1) ^Sn^ + 1,
Ta chiing minh ditrtc lim x„ = nia day (x„) c6 gidi h^n hOu h^n nen day so (j/„), vdi
n—>+oo
Vn = (a + l)\/8n3 + l,Vn = 1,2,... ,
160
cung CO gidi h ^ n hutu han. M a lira \/8n^ + 1 = + 0 0 nen tiJt day ( y „ ) c6 gidi H t f ^ " g d ^ ' * - T u o n g t u bai toan 70.
n—»+cx>
B a i t o a n 72. Cho {a;„};t:î la day so duang. Xet day so {S„):^î nhu sau: ,
han hQu hgii suy ra a + 1 = 0 hay a = - 1 . V$.y day so (x„) c6 gidi hgxi hOu I.
h9.n k h i va chi k h i a = - 1 . n
b) T a biet rang (x„) la day tang (ke tiX so h ^ i g nao do) k h i va chi k h i t o n tî 5„ = 5 ^ X f c , V n = l , 2 , . . .
so nguyen dudng no sao cho Xn+i > Xn,yn > no. T a c6: fc=i
x „ + i > x „ <^ 2n + 2 + a ( / 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l > 2 n + a \ / 8 n 3 + l

Ddt yn = Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Chiing minh rang: vSV
o) Neu 3no eN vd3q <1 sao cho y„ <q,Vn> no thi day so {Sn}t=i hoi tu.
a[8(n+l)^ + l - ( 8 n 3 + l)] b) Neu 3no G N sao cho y^ > l , V n > no thi day so {5„};Jî khong hoi tu.
2 ^ 1
( ^ 8 ( n + l)3 + l ) + ^ 8 ( n + l ) 3 + 1 ^ 8 n 3 + l + ( ^ 8 n 3 + l)^ Giai. . . ,
a[8(n3 + 3n2+3n + l) + l - 8 n 3 - 1 ) a) Khong m a t t i n h tong quat, c6 the gia sii no = 1. K h i do:
> —z X2 < 9x1, X3 < qx2 < q^xi, x„ < gx„_i < qr"-'xi,Vn = 1,2,...
( y 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l ) + y 8 ( n + !)» + 1 W + 1 + (W +l)^ if
Do do
^ a(24n^ + 24n + 8) ^ _2 n
( y 8 ( n +1)^ + 1)^ + y8(n+l)3 + 1^^8;?TI+ (^Sn^ + l)^ ~ 5„ = V x f c < X i ( g " - ' + 9 " - 2 + . . . + g + l ) = X i . V ^ < T ^ . (
fc=i
Vay (xn) la day tang (kg t i t so hang nao do) k h i va chi k h i t o n t a i so nguyen
dildng no sao cho V?ly day { 5 „ } + ~ b i chan tren. Hien nhien { 5 „ } + ~ la day tang, do do day
a{24n^ + 24n + 8) ow ^ s6 {5„}+~ hoi tu.
-Tl —ZZZZI^—— . ^ - 2 . V n > no. b) Ta cung coi la no = 1. K h i do y„ = > 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra
( < / 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l j + (/8(n +1)3 + 1 ^ S n ^ + 1 + ( ^ S n ^ + l )
o(24n2 + 2 4 n + 8 ) ^ „
^ — — — > -2 x„ <a;„+i,Vn = 1,2,... '
""^^"^ ( < / 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l ) + ^ 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l s / 8 ; i 3 T T + (^/SîSTI)"
Suy r a day (x„) khong hoi t u ve 0, do do day so { 5 „ } + ^ i khong hpi ty.
N h a n xet 5. Tit hai todn 72 d trang 163 suy ra neu l i m y„ = q < 1 thi
<=> l i m
n—'+oo
<ôj/ s6 { 5 „ } + ~ / i p i neu h m y„ = 9 > 1 doj/ so { 5 „ } + ~ /b/idn^ /ipi

^- 2 , '^'i" , > - 2 « . 24a > - 2 4 O a > - 1 .
4+4 + 4
Vay (x„) la day tang (ke t i t so hang nao do) k h i va chi k h i a > - 1 . B 4 i t o a n 73. C/io { x „ } + ~ Id day so duang. Xet day so {Sn)n=i nhU sau:
5„^X^Xfc,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
B a i t o a n 7 1 (De t h i HSG Bungar)'-1999). Cho day so (a„)„ nhu sau:
Chiing minh rdng:
a„ = n + ay/n^ + 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , a la tham so thxfc.
o) Aêu 3no € N va 3q < 1 sao cho ^/x^' <qyn> no <iaj/ so (5„)+f^ /ipi
a) Tim a sao cho day so da cho hoi tu.
b) Tim a sao cho (a„) la day tdng {ke tie so hang nao dd). ^) Aêu 3no e N sao cho ^yFH > l , V n > no thi ddy so (5„),"['fJ khong hpi tu.
162 163
cung CO gidi h ^ n hutu han. M a lira \/8n^ + 1 = + 0 0 nen tiJt day ( y „ ) c6 gidi H t f ^ " g d ^ ' * - T u o n g t u bai toan 70.
n—»+cx>
B a i t o a n 72. Cho {a;„};t:î la day so duang. Xet day so {S„):^î nhu sau: ,
han hQu hgii suy ra a + 1 = 0 hay a = - 1 . V$.y day so (x„) c6 gidi hgxi hOu I.
h9.n k h i va chi k h i a = - 1 . n
b) T a biet rang (x„) la day tang (ke tiX so h ^ i g nao do) k h i va chi k h i t o n tî 5„ = 5 ^ X f c , V n = l , 2 , . . .
so nguyen dudng no sao cho Xn+i > Xn,yn > no. T a c6: fc=i
x „ + i > x „ <^ 2n + 2 + a ( / 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l > 2 n + a \ / 8 n 3 + l

Ddt yn = Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Chiing minh rang: vSV
o) Neu 3no eN vd3q <1 sao cho y„ <q,Vn> no thi day so {Sn}t=i hoi tu.
a[8(n+l)^ + l - ( 8 n 3 + l)] b) Neu 3no G N sao cho y^ > l , V n > no thi day so {5„};Jî khong hoi tu.
2 ^ 1
( ^ 8 ( n + l)3 + l ) + ^ 8 ( n + l ) 3 + 1 ^ 8 n 3 + l + ( ^ 8 n 3 + l)^ Giai. . . ,
a[8(n3 + 3n2+3n + l) + l - 8 n 3 - 1 ) a) Khong m a t t i n h tong quat, c6 the gia sii no = 1. K h i do:
> —z X2 < 9x1, X3 < qx2 < q^xi, x„ < gx„_i < qr"-'xi,Vn = 1,2,...
( y 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l ) + y 8 ( n + !)» + 1 W + 1 + (W +l)^ if
Do do
^ a(24n^ + 24n + 8) ^ _2 n
( y 8 ( n +1)^ + 1)^ + y8(n+l)3 + 1^^8;?TI+ (^Sn^ + l)^ ~ 5„ = V x f c < X i ( g " - ' + 9 " - 2 + . . . + g + l ) = X i . V ^ < T ^ . (
fc=i
Vay (xn) la day tang (kg t i t so hang nao do) k h i va chi k h i t o n t a i so nguyen
dildng no sao cho V?ly day { 5 „ } + ~ b i chan tren. Hien nhien { 5 „ } + ~ la day tang, do do day
a{24n^ + 24n + 8) ow ^ s6 {5„}+~ hoi tu.
-Tl —ZZZZI^—— . ^ - 2 . V n > no. b) Ta cung coi la no = 1. K h i do y„ = > 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra
( < / 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l j + (/8(n +1)3 + 1 ^ S n ^ + 1 + ( ^ S n ^ + l )
o(24n2 + 2 4 n + 8 ) ^ „
^ — — — > -2 x„ <a;„+i,Vn = 1,2,... '
""^^"^ ( < / 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l ) + ^ 8 ( n + l ) 3 + l s / 8 ; i 3 T T + (^/SîSTI)"
Suy r a day (x„) khong hoi t u ve 0, do do day so { 5 „ } + ^ i khong hpi ty.
N h a n xet 5. Tit hai todn 72 d trang 163 suy ra neu l i m y„ = q < 1 thi
<=> l i m
n—'+oo
<ôj/ s6 { 5 „ } + ~ / i p i neu h m y„ = 9 > 1 doj/ so { 5 „ } + ~ /b/idn^ /ipi

^- 2 , '^'i" , > - 2 « . 24a > - 2 4 O a > - 1 .
4+4 + 4
Vay (x„) la day tang (ke t i t so hang nao do) k h i va chi k h i a > - 1 . B 4 i t o a n 73. C/io { x „ } + ~ Id day so duang. Xet day so {Sn)n=i nhU sau:
5„^X^Xfc,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
B a i t o a n 7 1 (De t h i HSG Bungar)'-1999). Cho day so (a„)„ nhu sau:
Chiing minh rdng:
a„ = n + ay/n^ + 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , a la tham so thxfc.
o) Aêu 3no € N va 3q < 1 sao cho ^/x^' <qyn> no <iaj/ so (5„)+f^ /ipi
a) Tim a sao cho day so da cho hoi tu.
b) Tim a sao cho (a„) la day tdng {ke tie so hang nao dd). ^) Aêu 3no e N sao cho ^yFH > l , V n > no thi ddy so (5„),"['fJ khong hpi tu.
162 163
L i A i y . V l de thay rkng day so ( x „ ) tang nen thi;c chat cua bki toan la chuTng
Giai. 2 2 minh t o n t a i hang so M dg x„ < M , Vn = 1,2,... R6 rang neu L = l i m x„
n—>+oo
a) Khong m a t t i n h tong quat c6 the coi no = 1 K h i do x„ < 9", Vn = 1,2,...
t h i L la hkng so t o t nhat. Tuy nhien kho long t i m ditdc L .
Do do:
n i n B a i t o a n 75 (De t h i vo dich Kiep). Cho day so {an} nhu sau:
1-9' (n = 2,3,...) va o i = a 2 = 1.
k=l On+l = On +
n(n + l )
V?iy {Sn)n=i t^ng va b} ch^n tren nen hpi t ^ .
Chiing minh rdng day so nay c6 gidi hQ,n hitu hg,n.
6) Co the coi no = 1. K h i do x„ > 1, Vn = 1,2,... Vay day so { x „ } + ^ i khong
hoi t y v l 0, do do day {Sn)n^\g hoi t y . G i a i . D§ thay a„ > 0, Vn e N*, do do a„+i > a„, Vn = 1,2,... Suy ra day s6
N h a n x e t 6. Tit bai tQ,p 73 d trang 163 suy ra neu l i m ^yx^ < 1 thi day da cho la day so tang. Theo gia thiet t a c6:
n—•+00
a„-2
SO ( 5 „ ) hqi ty., neu l i m v/x^ > 1 thi day so {S„) khong hoi ty.. + a„-i
n—>+oo n(n + l ) n(n + l) [(n-l)n
C h u y 15. Cdc kit qua cua bai todn 72 d trang 163, 73 d trang 163, nhan O.n-1 Qn-2 _|_
+ an-2
xet 5 d trang 163, nhan xet 6 d trang 164 la nhitng kit qua rat ca ban, quan n(n+l) (n-l)n [(n-2)(n-l)
trong trong li thuyit chuoi. Khi khdo sdt sU hqi ty. hay phdn ki cua mot chuoi (ln-3 Q2 Ql
so daang ta thudng vg.n dyng nhUng ket qua nay. n(n + l ) ' ( n - l ) n ' (n - 2)(n - i r ' ' ' ^ 3.4 2.3
B a i t o a n 74. Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ^ _ ^ n - ^ _ _ a r ^ a3_ J_ J_
(*)
n{n + l) {n-l)n 4.5 3.4 2.3
W] = 1, U 2 = 2, u„ = u„_i + u „ _ 2 ( n = 3 , 4 , . . . ) .
J.'
n I ' Ta se chiing m i n h bkng quy nap rl.ng a„ < ^, Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Ta c6:
ChOng minh rang day so ( x „ ) xdc dinh bdi Xn = — ^ 1) ^W-
k=i
ai , 1 7 5
+ - = l + - = - < - .
G i a i . Ta chiing m i n h rang u„ > (>/2)"-\n = 1,2,... De thay
a3 = a2
Gia svt ak < -, vdi mpi A; sao cho 3 < < n . K h i do t i i (*) t a c6:
ui > ( V 2 ) " , « 2 > (v/2)'.
1 1 1 1
Gia sii (V2)*~' va uk+i {V2)''. K h i do
+ + 31 + 2:3 + ^
uk > >
n ( n + 1) (n - l ) n 4.5
/I 1 / 1 1\ 1 1 ,
Uk+2 = iik+i +uk> {y2y + (V2)*~' = (v^)*' (N/2 + 1) > (V^)*+^ ^ 5
+ ...+ ( - - - )
~ 3 L\ n n+ 1 + ^n — 1 ny + 1 2 ^ +^
V?Ly theo nguyen ly quy u^p suy ra u„ > ( v ^ ) " ~ ^ Vn = 1,2,... D o do ^ 5 1 5 5 1 5 20 5
n-l ~ 3 4 n+ 1 / 4 3 4 4 3.4 3
^ 1 1 1 1 1 , 1
> — = — + — + — + ••• + — < 1 + - 7 = + + ••• +
^ U j k Ui U2 " 3 " n
Vay thco nguyen ly quy nap suy ra a„ < - , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Vay day so da cho
tang va b i chau tren nen hpi t u .
V2 Lvfu y . Trong idi giai tren t l i i viec kho nhat va cung la quan trpng nhat la
Suy ra — < ,Vn = 1,2,... V?ly day so fill doan dudc ket qua
k=i 1 - 1 - V2-I
y/2
v/2 a„ < ^, Vn = 1,2,...
( x „ ) tang va b i chS-n tren nen hoi t u .
164
L i A i y . V l de thay rkng day so ( x „ ) tang nen thi;c chat cua bki toan la chuTng
Giai. 2 2 minh t o n t a i hang so M dg x„ < M , Vn = 1,2,... R6 rang neu L = l i m x„
n—>+oo
a) Khong m a t t i n h tong quat c6 the coi no = 1 K h i do x„ < 9", Vn = 1,2,...
t h i L la hkng so t o t nhat. Tuy nhien kho long t i m ditdc L .
Do do:
n i n B a i t o a n 75 (De t h i vo dich Kiep). Cho day so {an} nhu sau:
1-9' (n = 2,3,...) va o i = a 2 = 1.
k=l On+l = On +
n(n + l )
V?iy {Sn)n=i t^ng va b} ch^n tren nen hpi t ^ .
Chiing minh rdng day so nay c6 gidi hQ,n hitu hg,n.
6) Co the coi no = 1. K h i do x„ > 1, Vn = 1,2,... Vay day so { x „ } + ^ i khong
hoi t y v l 0, do do day {Sn)n^\g hoi t y . G i a i . D§ thay a„ > 0, Vn e N*, do do a„+i > a„, Vn = 1,2,... Suy ra day s6
N h a n x e t 6. Tit bai tQ,p 73 d trang 163 suy ra neu l i m ^yx^ < 1 thi day da cho la day so tang. Theo gia thiet t a c6:
n—•+00
a„-2
SO ( 5 „ ) hqi ty., neu l i m v/x^ > 1 thi day so {S„) khong hoi ty.. + a„-i
n—>+oo n(n + l ) n(n + l) [(n-l)n
C h u y 15. Cdc kit qua cua bai todn 72 d trang 163, 73 d trang 163, nhan O.n-1 Qn-2 _|_
+ an-2
xet 5 d trang 163, nhan xet 6 d trang 164 la nhitng kit qua rat ca ban, quan n(n+l) (n-l)n [(n-2)(n-l)
trong trong li thuyit chuoi. Khi khdo sdt sU hqi ty. hay phdn ki cua mot chuoi (ln-3 Q2 Ql
so daang ta thudng vg.n dyng nhUng ket qua nay. n(n + l ) ' ( n - l ) n ' (n - 2)(n - i r ' ' ' ^ 3.4 2.3
B a i t o a n 74. Cho day so (u„) nhu sau: ^ _ ^ n - ^ _ _ a r ^ a3_ J_ J_
(*)
n{n + l) {n-l)n 4.5 3.4 2.3
W] = 1, U 2 = 2, u„ = u„_i + u „ _ 2 ( n = 3 , 4 , . . . ) .
J.'
n I ' Ta se chiing m i n h bkng quy nap rl.ng a„ < ^, Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Ta c6:
ChOng minh rang day so ( x „ ) xdc dinh bdi Xn = — ^ 1) ^W-
k=i
ai , 1 7 5
+ - = l + - = - < - .
G i a i . Ta chiing m i n h rang u„ > (>/2)"-\n = 1,2,... De thay
a3 = a2
Gia svt ak < -, vdi mpi A; sao cho 3 < < n . K h i do t i i (*) t a c6:
ui > ( V 2 ) " , « 2 > (v/2)'.
1 1 1 1
Gia sii (V2)*~' va uk+i {V2)''. K h i do
+ + 31 + 2:3 + ^
uk > >
n ( n + 1) (n - l ) n 4.5
/I 1 / 1 1\ 1 1 ,
Uk+2 = iik+i +uk> {y2y + (V2)*~' = (v^)*' (N/2 + 1) > (V^)*+^ ^ 5
+ ...+ ( - - - )
~ 3 L\ n n+ 1 + ^n — 1 ny + 1 2 ^ +^
V?Ly theo nguyen ly quy u^p suy ra u„ > ( v ^ ) " ~ ^ Vn = 1,2,... D o do ^ 5 1 5 5 1 5 20 5
n-l ~ 3 4 n+ 1 / 4 3 4 4 3.4 3
^ 1 1 1 1 1 , 1
> — = — + — + — + ••• + — < 1 + - 7 = + + ••• +
^ U j k Ui U2 " 3 " n
Vay thco nguyen ly quy nap suy ra a„ < - , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Vay day so da cho
tang va b i chau tren nen hpi t u .
V2 Lvfu y . Trong idi giai tren t l i i viec kho nhat va cung la quan trpng nhat la
Suy ra — < ,Vn = 1,2,... V?ly day so fill doan dudc ket qua
k=i 1 - 1 - V2-I
y/2
v/2 a„ < ^, Vn = 1,2,...
( x „ ) tang va b i chS-n tren nen hoi t u .
164
Hdn nQa theo doi Idi giai tren thay rfing hang so - la t o t nhat. Hkng so - Do XI = 120, X2 = 360 nen txt (2) suy ra
^ 3
difdc t i m ra bang phUdng phap gia dinh n h u sau: Gia suf ta c6 gia thiet quy 130320 1
nap Cfc < a. K h i do t a can chiing m i n h ak+i < a. Til (*) t a c6:
Xn+l <
359 (n + 3)(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n +•
•• 7.6.5.4
+ + 362. (3)
1 1 1 5
ak+i < a + — rT + - + + 4 Ta CO
(A: + l)fc k{k-l) 5.4
fl 1 \
= a (A: + 3){A; + 2)(A; + l)fc 3 [k{k + l)(fc + 2 ) (A; + 1)(A; + 2){k + 3) '
.4 k+ly 4 4
V^y de C O dildc a^+i < a, t a can chpn a sao cho: Vay t i l (3) t a dUdc
1; '.'
a+5 ^ ^ 5 130320 1
—-— f t ^ f i + 5 = 4fv = > « = - . Xn+l < + 362
359 '3 [4.5.6 {n + l ) ( n + 2)(n + 3)
^ 43440_J_^ ^ 130320
B a i t o a n 76. Cho day so { x „ } n/itr sau: xi = 120, X 2 = 360 va
359 4.5.6 359
Xn-l
Xn+1 = X„ + (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) . 130320
n(n + l)(n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) Thep nguyen ly quy nap suy ra x„ < , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Vay day so da cho
359
tang va bi ch^n tren nen hpi t u . .^Q
Chiing minh rhng day so nay c6 gidi han hHu hg,n.
B a i t o a n 77 (HSG t i n h Gia Lai, bang A, nam hpc 2011-2012). Cho day so
G i a i . De thay x„ > 0, Vn e N ' , do do x„+i > x„, Vn = 1,2,... Suy r a day so {x„) diCdc xdc dinh nhu sau: xi — 24, X2 = 60 va
da cho la day so tang. Thco gia t h i o l t a c6:
Xn-l
Xn+l = Xn + (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) .
n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
( n + 3)(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n
Xn-2 Chiing minh r&ng day s6 nay c6 gidi hq,n hHu hQ,n.
{n + 3)(n + 2){n + l)n + (n + 2)(n + l ) n ( n - 1)
+ x„_i
+ I ^3 X2 , xi , _ Hvrdng d S n . TiTdng t i ; bai tpan 76.

+ • • • + _ „ . . + „ . . „ + _ . + X2
( n + 3)(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n 7.6.5.4 6.5.4.3 5.4.3.2
B a i t o a n 78 (De nghi t h i Olympic 30/04/2012). Cho hai day so duang
X3
+ • • • + + 362. (1) {xn), {yn) dxtdc xdc dinh bdi:
(n4-3)(n + 2)(n+ l ) n 7.6.5.4
130320 ^"+1 ^ A 2 — 7 . ^ ^ " = 1,2,...

Ta se cluing m i n h bang quy n^p rang x„ < ,Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Ta c6 1
o59 xi = yi = va <
V2 Vn+i = r-o—,Vn= 1,2,...
130320 130320 xi 130320 1 — 4T2
359 ' " 359 2.3.4.5 • • 359
o) Chiing minh rhng x^ + = 1, Vn = 1,2,...
130320
Gia sii xk < , vdi mpi fc sao cho 3 < fc < n. K h i do t i i (1) t a c6: b) Tim gidi han cua hai day so da cho.
359
130320 X2 Xi
a) Trudc het bang quy nap t a chiing minh rang v6i mpi n = 1,2,... t a c6
359 [ ( n + 3){n + 2)(n + l ) n 7.6.5.4 + 6 : 5 A 3 + 5 T 3 : 2 + ^ ^ -
(2) xl + yl = i (1)
166 167
Hdn nQa theo doi Idi giai tren thay rfing hang so - la t o t nhat. Hkng so - Do XI = 120, X2 = 360 nen txt (2) suy ra
^ 3
difdc t i m ra bang phUdng phap gia dinh n h u sau: Gia suf ta c6 gia thiet quy 130320 1
nap Cfc < a. K h i do t a can chiing m i n h ak+i < a. Til (*) t a c6:
Xn+l <
359 (n + 3)(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n +•
•• 7.6.5.4
+ + 362. (3)
1 1 1 5
ak+i < a + — rT + - + + 4 Ta CO
(A: + l)fc k{k-l) 5.4
fl 1 \
= a (A: + 3){A; + 2)(A; + l)fc 3 [k{k + l)(fc + 2 ) (A; + 1)(A; + 2){k + 3) '
.4 k+ly 4 4
V^y de C O dildc a^+i < a, t a can chpn a sao cho: Vay t i l (3) t a dUdc
1; '.'
a+5 ^ ^ 5 130320 1
—-— f t ^ f i + 5 = 4fv = > « = - . Xn+l < + 362
359 '3 [4.5.6 {n + l ) ( n + 2)(n + 3)
^ 43440_J_^ ^ 130320
B a i t o a n 76. Cho day so { x „ } n/itr sau: xi = 120, X 2 = 360 va
359 4.5.6 359
Xn-l
Xn+1 = X„ + (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) . 130320
n(n + l)(n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) Thep nguyen ly quy nap suy ra x„ < , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Vay day so da cho
359
tang va bi ch^n tren nen hpi t u . .^Q
Chiing minh rhng day so nay c6 gidi han hHu hg,n.
B a i t o a n 77 (HSG t i n h Gia Lai, bang A, nam hpc 2011-2012). Cho day so
G i a i . De thay x„ > 0, Vn e N ' , do do x„+i > x„, Vn = 1,2,... Suy r a day so {x„) diCdc xdc dinh nhu sau: xi — 24, X2 = 60 va
da cho la day so tang. Thco gia t h i o l t a c6:
Xn-l
Xn+l = Xn + (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) .
n ( n + l ) ( n + 2)
( n + 3)(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n
Xn-2 Chiing minh r&ng day s6 nay c6 gidi hq,n hHu hQ,n.
{n + 3)(n + 2){n + l)n + (n + 2)(n + l ) n ( n - 1)
+ x„_i
+ I ^3 X2 , xi , _ Hvrdng d S n . TiTdng t i ; bai tpan 76.

+ • • • + _ „ . . + „ . . „ + _ . + X2
( n + 3)(n + 2 ) ( n + l ) n 7.6.5.4 6.5.4.3 5.4.3.2
B a i t o a n 78 (De nghi t h i Olympic 30/04/2012). Cho hai day so duang
X3
+ • • • + + 362. (1) {xn), {yn) dxtdc xdc dinh bdi:
(n4-3)(n + 2)(n+ l ) n 7.6.5.4
130320 ^"+1 ^ A 2 — 7 . ^ ^ " = 1,2,...

Ta se cluing m i n h bang quy n^p rang x„ < ,Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Ta c6 1
o59 xi = yi = va <
V2 Vn+i = r-o—,Vn= 1,2,...
130320 130320 xi 130320 1 — 4T2
359 ' " 359 2.3.4.5 • • 359
o) Chiing minh rhng x^ + = 1, Vn = 1,2,...
130320
Gia sii xk < , vdi mpi fc sao cho 3 < fc < n. K h i do t i i (1) t a c6: b) Tim gidi han cua hai day so da cho.
359
130320 X2 Xi
a) Trudc het bang quy nap t a chiing minh rang v6i mpi n = 1,2,... t a c6
359 [ ( n + 3){n + 2)(n + l ) n 7.6.5.4 + 6 : 5 A 3 + 5 T 3 : 2 + ^ ^ -
(2) xl + yl = i (1)
166 167
De t h a y (1) d u n g k h i n = 1. G i a sft (1) d u n g v 6 i n = k. K h i d o : Do do
1 =^xl+yl = [xk+i {4yl+i - l ) ] ^ + [yk+i ( l - 4 x ^ + i ) ] ^

3 s i n a „ + i - 4 s i n ^ a „ + i = sinQ„ s i n ( 3 a „ + i ) = sinQ„ Q „ + I = 1Q„.
=164+iyifc+i - 8x^+iJ/fc+i + 4+1 + yl+i - 82/l+i4+i + 16yt+i4+i-

V$y ( " n ) i S ••^^ t h a n h m o t c a p so n h a n v d i .so h a n g d a u l a a i = - va cong
Vay
16x^+iy^+i (j/^+i + x ^ + i ) - 16x^+iy^+i + x | + i + - 1= 0
bei 9 = o ( d o s i " " ^ ! = = -X- fti = j ) . D o do
^ 1 6 x l + i y ^ + i ( x ^ + i + vl+y - 1) + x ^ + i + - 1= 0
•n 1
^ {4+1 + Vl+i - 1) (16x^+12/^+1 + 1) = 0 ^ x ^ + i + y | + i - 1 = 0 . 4-3;irr,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
V9,y (1) d u n g k h i n = A; + 1. D o d o t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p s u y r a (1) d u n g Suy r a

v6i m p i n e N * . 1 N
h) x„ = sm 2/n = cos ,Vn=l,2,...
V4-3-V
C a c h 1. V i (x„), (j/„) l a h a i d a y so d u o n g , t i i c x„> 0 j/„ > 0 v d i m o i
n = 1,2,... nen: Vay l i m y„ = c o s O = l , l i m x „ = sinO = 0.
n—•+00 n—>+cx)
B a i t o a n 7 9 . Cho trudc hai so thuc a vd b. Ta xet hai day so ( u „ ) vd (t;„)

nhu sau:
D o do
x„+i = < x „ (doy„ > 1 . . 2 . 1

2/^ > - =^ 4y^. .>. 22 ) , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . { u i = a, vi =b
Un = 3 (2u„-l + Vn-l), Vn = - {2v„-i + u „ _ i ) (Vn = 2,3,...)

•'
V9,y d a y ( x „ ) g i a m v a b i c h j u d i r d i (0 < x „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) n e n h p i t y . D a y so C/ti2ny miiih rang hai day dd cho hoi tu vd ttm l i m u „ , l i m z;„.
n-*+oo n—•+00
{j/„} t a n g v a b i c h a n t r e n b d i so 1 n e n c u n g h p i t u . D a t
lim x „ = a, l i m y „ = 6. G i a i . T a c6 u„ - V n = ^ { u „ - i - Vn-1), V n = 2 , 3 , . . . V a y d a y so { u „ - t ; „ } + ^
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Tiit x „ + i = , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n + o o t a dUdc a = - T A — . (3) lap t h a n h m o t c a p .so n h a n v d i so h a n g d a u l a ( a - 6), c o n g b p i 9 = - , d o d o

4y^+i - 1 462-1 3
n-l
N e u a ^ 0 t h i tiif (3) s u y r a 46^ - 1 = 1 6^ = - =^ 6 = Dieu nay m a u (\
(a-6),Vn = l,2,... (1)
t h u a n v d i ( 2 ) . V a y a = 0. V i + 6^ = i n e n s u y r a 6 = 1. V a y
Suy r a
l i m x „ = 0, l i m j/„ = 1.
(I
n-l
n—•+CX3 n—•+£»
lim (?t„ - Vn) = {a-b) lim = 0.
C a c h 2 . S a u k h i c l u i n g m i n h (1) d u n g v d i m o i n = 1, 2 , . . . t h i t a d a t n->+oo n->+cx> Y3y
Vay n e u h a i d a y d a cho h p i t u t h i c h u n g ,se h p i t u d e n c u n g m o t g i d i h a n .
x „ = s i n o ' „ , y „ =cosor„ { Q „ € ^ O ; 0 , V n = 1,2,...) f r u d n g h p p a - b : K h i d o b a n g q u y n a p t a chutng m i n h dUdc:
Xn+l = • 2 ^ " _ -• '"^^ = 1,2,... Un = Vn — a,\/n £ N* l i m u„ = l i m v„.
n-»+oo ii-'+oo
yn+i - r — 2 — , V n = 1,2,...
1 - 4x2+1 T r u d n g h d p a <b: V d i m p i n = 2 , 3 , . . . t a c6 3u„ = 2 u „ _ i +Vn-i, hay
x„ sina„ sina„
s m a „ + i - x„4.i = — 2 = 2 7= 7^~2 • 3u„ - 3Un-l = Vn-l - U„_i <=> U „ - U„_i = ^{Vn-l - Un-l)-
42/„+i - 1 4 cos2 a „ + i - 1 3 - 4 sm'' a „ + i
168 169
De t h a y (1) d u n g k h i n = 1. G i a sft (1) d u n g v 6 i n = k. K h i d o : Do do
1 =^xl+yl = [xk+i {4yl+i - l ) ] ^ + [yk+i ( l - 4 x ^ + i ) ] ^

3 s i n a „ + i - 4 s i n ^ a „ + i = sinQ„ s i n ( 3 a „ + i ) = sinQ„ Q „ + I = 1Q„.
=164+iyifc+i - 8x^+iJ/fc+i + 4+1 + yl+i - 82/l+i4+i + 16yt+i4+i-

V$y ( " n ) i S ••^^ t h a n h m o t c a p so n h a n v d i .so h a n g d a u l a a i = - va cong
Vay
16x^+iy^+i (j/^+i + x ^ + i ) - 16x^+iy^+i + x | + i + - 1= 0
bei 9 = o ( d o s i " " ^ ! = = -X- fti = j ) . D o do
^ 1 6 x l + i y ^ + i ( x ^ + i + vl+y - 1) + x ^ + i + - 1= 0
•n 1
^ {4+1 + Vl+i - 1) (16x^+12/^+1 + 1) = 0 ^ x ^ + i + y | + i - 1 = 0 . 4-3;irr,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
V9,y (1) d u n g k h i n = A; + 1. D o d o t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p s u y r a (1) d u n g Suy r a

v6i m p i n e N * . 1 N
h) x„ = sm 2/n = cos ,Vn=l,2,...
V4-3-V
C a c h 1. V i (x„), (j/„) l a h a i d a y so d u o n g , t i i c x„> 0 j/„ > 0 v d i m o i
n = 1,2,... nen: Vay l i m y„ = c o s O = l , l i m x „ = sinO = 0.
n—•+00 n—>+cx)
B a i t o a n 7 9 . Cho trudc hai so thuc a vd b. Ta xet hai day so ( u „ ) vd (t;„)

nhu sau:
D o do
x„+i = < x „ (doy„ > 1 . . 2 . 1

2/^ > - =^ 4y^. .>. 22 ) , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . { u i = a, vi =b
Un = 3 (2u„-l + Vn-l), Vn = - {2v„-i + u „ _ i ) (Vn = 2,3,...)

•'
V9,y d a y ( x „ ) g i a m v a b i c h j u d i r d i (0 < x „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) n e n h p i t y . D a y so C/ti2ny miiih rang hai day dd cho hoi tu vd ttm l i m u „ , l i m z;„.
n-*+oo n—•+00
{j/„} t a n g v a b i c h a n t r e n b d i so 1 n e n c u n g h p i t u . D a t
lim x „ = a, l i m y „ = 6. G i a i . T a c6 u„ - V n = ^ { u „ - i - Vn-1), V n = 2 , 3 , . . . V a y d a y so { u „ - t ; „ } + ^
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Tiit x „ + i = , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n + o o t a dUdc a = - T A — . (3) lap t h a n h m o t c a p .so n h a n v d i so h a n g d a u l a ( a - 6), c o n g b p i 9 = - , d o d o

4y^+i - 1 462-1 3
n-l
N e u a ^ 0 t h i tiif (3) s u y r a 46^ - 1 = 1 6^ = - =^ 6 = Dieu nay m a u (\
(a-6),Vn = l,2,... (1)
t h u a n v d i ( 2 ) . V a y a = 0. V i + 6^ = i n e n s u y r a 6 = 1. V a y
Suy r a
l i m x „ = 0, l i m j/„ = 1.
(I
n-l
n—•+CX3 n—•+£»
lim (?t„ - Vn) = {a-b) lim = 0.
C a c h 2 . S a u k h i c l u i n g m i n h (1) d u n g v d i m o i n = 1, 2 , . . . t h i t a d a t n->+oo n->+cx> Y3y
Vay n e u h a i d a y d a cho h p i t u t h i c h u n g ,se h p i t u d e n c u n g m o t g i d i h a n .
x „ = s i n o ' „ , y „ =cosor„ { Q „ € ^ O ; 0 , V n = 1,2,...) f r u d n g h p p a - b : K h i d o b a n g q u y n a p t a chutng m i n h dUdc:
Xn+l = • 2 ^ " _ -• '"^^ = 1,2,... Un = Vn — a,\/n £ N* l i m u„ = l i m v„.
n-»+oo ii-'+oo
yn+i - r — 2 — , V n = 1,2,...
1 - 4x2+1 T r u d n g h d p a <b: V d i m p i n = 2 , 3 , . . . t a c6 3u„ = 2 u „ _ i +Vn-i, hay
x„ sina„ sina„
s m a „ + i - x„4.i = — 2 = 2 7= 7^~2 • 3u„ - 3Un-l = Vn-l - U„_i <=> U „ - U„_i = ^{Vn-l - Un-l)-
42/„+i - 1 4 cos2 a „ + i - 1 3 - 4 sm'' a „ + i
168 169
V a y t h e o ( 1 ) , v 6 i i i i o i n = 2 , 3 , . . . t a c6 D o do, v i d a y { x „ } l a d a y t a n g n e n x „ < - 1 , V n = 1, 2 , . . . B d i v^y t a se t i m
d i l u kien ciia x i de
un - = l-îb -a) = ^ { b - a ) > 0 . < "^'^ x„<-l,Vn-l,2,...
D o d o ( u „ ) l a day sfi t a n g . T i t d n g tit t a chi'nig m i n h diMc (t;„) l a day s6 g i a m . x^+ 3x+1 < - 1 <=> x ^ + 3x + 2 < 0 -2 < X < - 1 . (i)
M a t k h a c tvc (1) suy r a u „ < u „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . V a y
Vay t a x e t h a i t r u d n g h o p sau:
a = ui < U2 < • • • < Un < Vn < V n - i < • • • < V2 < vi = a,yn = 2,3,...
T r i r d n g h d p x i e [ - 2 ; - 1 ] : G i a s i i x „ e [ - 2 ; - 1 ] , k h i do t h e o ( i ) suy r a ^
D o do h a i day d a cho h o i t u .
x„+i =x2+3x„ + l < - 1 . (2i)
T r i t d n g h o p a > b: T u o n g tvt n h u t r e n t a c h i i n g m i n h dUdc h a i day so d a cho
hoi t u . MP khac
V a y t i o n g n i o i trttcfng h o p , h a i day (u„) v a (t;„) h o i t u v a c6 g i 6 i h a n b a n g Xn+l >X„> -2. (Si)
nhau. T i t ( 2 0 v a ( 3 i ) s u y r a x „ + i € [ - 2 ; - 1 ] . V a y t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p suy r a
C a c h k h a c . D a t x'„ = M „ + Vn, y „ = U n - ^'n ( V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) . K h i d o t a c6:
x „ = X n - i = • • • = xi = a + 6, V n = 2 , 3 , . . . x„ e [ - 2 ; - l ] , V n = 1,2,...
Vn = ^ y n - i => y n = î^Vl = ( « " ^) C ^ " = i> 2 , . . . ) . D o do d a y {x„} se h p i t u v i d a y t a n g v a b i c h a n .

Trudng hpp x i € (-oo; - 2 ) U ( - 1 ; +oo). K h i do X 2 > - 1 v a d a n den
Vay lim a:,, = a + 6, lim y „ = 0. V d i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a c6:
n->+oo n—>+(X) x„ > - l , V n = 2,3,...
D o do day d a cho k h o n g h p i t u ( v i n e u d a y { x „ } h p i t u t h i x „ < - 1 , V n e N * ) .

/ X„ = U„ + D„
\ =Un-Vn K e t l u a n : D a y d a cho cd g i d i h a n h f m h a n k h i v a c h i k h i x i e [ - 2 ; -1].
= ^
B a i t o a n 81 ( D e t h i O l y m p i c t o a n s i n h v i e n t o a n q u o c n a m 2000, de n g h i t h i
V^y Olympic 30/04/2012). Cho a Id mot so c6 dinh bat ky ta xet day so {x„}+î
nhu sau: xi = 6 e E
hm Un = lim — ^ = ——, hm t;„ = lim = —r-.
n—+c» 71—+00 2 2 n—+00 n-.+oo 2 2 x „ + i = x^ + ( 1 - 2 a ) x „ + a ^ V n € N * .
L m i y. C a c h g i a i t h i i h a i , k h o n g n h i h i g c h i i n g m i n h dUdc h a i d a y so d a cho
Xdc. dinh b sao cho day { x „ } hoi tu va trong truclnq hap do, tim gidi han cua
C O g i 6 i h a n hiiM h a n bang n h a u m a con ti'nh dUdc g i d i h a n c i i a h a i d a y so do.
no.
B a i t o a n 80. Xnc dfnh x j de day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ i xdc dinh nhxC sau:
G i a i . Neu lim x„ = L e R tin '' ' '
x„+i =4 + 3x„ + l , V n = l , 2 , . . . (*)
L = L ^ + {\- 2a)L + <^{L-af = L = a. ''

la mot day so hoi ty..
V9,y n e u d a y ( x „ ) h p i t u t h i c h i c6 t h e h p i t y d e n a. X e t d a y so (i;„) n h u sau:

G i a i . D a y R 5 d a cho l a d a y .so tang v i v d i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . t a c6:
'^n = x „ - a. K h i d o t ; i = 6 - a v a
Xn+i - Xn = (4 + 3a;„ + 1) - x„ = (x„ + 1)^ > 0.
G i a s i i {x„)^^-^ h p i ty va lim x „ = a. K h i d o tfr (*) cho n - + + o o t a dildc:

<^Vn+x = vl + (2Q + 1 - 2a) Vn+a^ - 2aa + a^.
a = a''^ + 3a + 1 <^ (a + 1)^ = 0 a = - 1 .
170 171
V a y t h e o ( 1 ) , v 6 i i i i o i n = 2 , 3 , . . . t a c6 D o do, v i d a y { x „ } l a d a y t a n g n e n x „ < - 1 , V n = 1, 2 , . . . B d i v^y t a se t i m
d i l u kien ciia x i de
un - = l-îb -a) = ^ { b - a ) > 0 . < "^'^ x„<-l,Vn-l,2,...
D o d o ( u „ ) l a day sfi t a n g . T i t d n g tit t a chi'nig m i n h diMc (t;„) l a day s6 g i a m . x^+ 3x+1 < - 1 <=> x ^ + 3x + 2 < 0 -2 < X < - 1 . (i)
M a t k h a c tvc (1) suy r a u „ < u „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . V a y
Vay t a x e t h a i t r u d n g h o p sau:
a = ui < U2 < • • • < Un < Vn < V n - i < • • • < V2 < vi = a,yn = 2,3,...
T r i r d n g h d p x i e [ - 2 ; - 1 ] : G i a s i i x „ e [ - 2 ; - 1 ] , k h i do t h e o ( i ) suy r a ^
D o do h a i day d a cho h o i t u .
x„+i =x2+3x„ + l < - 1 . (2i)
T r i t d n g h o p a > b: T u o n g tvt n h u t r e n t a c h i i n g m i n h dUdc h a i day so d a cho
hoi t u . MP khac
V a y t i o n g n i o i trttcfng h o p , h a i day (u„) v a (t;„) h o i t u v a c6 g i 6 i h a n b a n g Xn+l >X„> -2. (Si)
nhau. T i t ( 2 0 v a ( 3 i ) s u y r a x „ + i € [ - 2 ; - 1 ] . V a y t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p suy r a
C a c h k h a c . D a t x'„ = M „ + Vn, y „ = U n - ^'n ( V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) . K h i d o t a c6:
x „ = X n - i = • • • = xi = a + 6, V n = 2 , 3 , . . . x„ e [ - 2 ; - l ] , V n = 1,2,...
Vn = ^ y n - i => y n = î^Vl = ( « " ^) C ^ " = i> 2 , . . . ) . D o do d a y {x„} se h p i t u v i d a y t a n g v a b i c h a n .

Trudng hpp x i € (-oo; - 2 ) U ( - 1 ; +oo). K h i do X 2 > - 1 v a d a n den
Vay lim a:,, = a + 6, lim y „ = 0. V d i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a c6:
n->+oo n—>+(X) x„ > - l , V n = 2,3,...
D o do day d a cho k h o n g h p i t u ( v i n e u d a y { x „ } h p i t u t h i x „ < - 1 , V n e N * ) .

/ X„ = U„ + D„
\ =Un-Vn K e t l u a n : D a y d a cho cd g i d i h a n h f m h a n k h i v a c h i k h i x i e [ - 2 ; -1].
= ^
B a i t o a n 81 ( D e t h i O l y m p i c t o a n s i n h v i e n t o a n q u o c n a m 2000, de n g h i t h i
V^y Olympic 30/04/2012). Cho a Id mot so c6 dinh bat ky ta xet day so {x„}+î
nhu sau: xi = 6 e E
hm Un = lim — ^ = ——, hm t;„ = lim = —r-.
n—+c» 71—+00 2 2 n—+00 n-.+oo 2 2 x „ + i = x^ + ( 1 - 2 a ) x „ + a ^ V n € N * .
L m i y. C a c h g i a i t h i i h a i , k h o n g n h i h i g c h i i n g m i n h dUdc h a i d a y so d a cho
Xdc. dinh b sao cho day { x „ } hoi tu va trong truclnq hap do, tim gidi han cua
C O g i 6 i h a n hiiM h a n bang n h a u m a con ti'nh dUdc g i d i h a n c i i a h a i d a y so do.
no.
B a i t o a n 80. Xnc dfnh x j de day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ i xdc dinh nhxC sau:
G i a i . Neu lim x„ = L e R tin '' ' '
x„+i =4 + 3x„ + l , V n = l , 2 , . . . (*)
L = L ^ + {\- 2a)L + <^{L-af = L = a. ''

la mot day so hoi ty..
V9,y n e u d a y ( x „ ) h p i t u t h i c h i c6 t h e h p i t y d e n a. X e t d a y so (i;„) n h u sau:

G i a i . D a y R 5 d a cho l a d a y .so tang v i v d i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . t a c6:
'^n = x „ - a. K h i d o t ; i = 6 - a v a
Xn+i - Xn = (4 + 3a;„ + 1) - x„ = (x„ + 1)^ > 0.
G i a s i i {x„)^^-^ h p i ty va lim x „ = a. K h i d o tfr (*) cho n - + + o o t a dildc:

<^Vn+x = vl + (2Q + 1 - 2a) Vn+a^ - 2aa + a^.
a = a''^ + 3a + 1 <^ (a + 1)^ = 0 a = - 1 .
170 171
Chpu a = a - khi do t;i = 6 - a + t'n+i = + i Vn - 1,2,.., Bai toan 83 (De nghi t h i OLYMPIC 30/04/2000). Cho phuang trinh
• Neu Itîl > - till bang quy nap ta cluing minh dU0c a;i3 -x^ + 3x* - 3x2 + 1 = 0.
a) Chting minh rhng phuang trinh (1) cd nghi$m duy nhdt. ,. .
2
b) Xet day so (a„) nhu sau: <^ = (a^^ i + ij" Vn > 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ "^'"^
Ta CO Vn+l - Vn = ^t'„ - < • • • < Vn < U„+l < • • •
- J > 0 => Vl < (2)
ring day so (an) cd gidi han hHu han, vd neu dat l i m a „ = —XQ thi XQ la
n—•+00
V^y day (t;„) khong the hoi tu, vi neu lim i;„ = L e R thi tvJt (1) (2) suy
nghiem cua (1).
ra L > - , trong khi L = L ^ + --^L = -, mau thuan.
Giai.
• Neu Ivil < - thi 0 < = + 7 < Bkiig quy u?ip, ta cluing iniuh duc^c o) Xet ham s6 lien tyc / ( x ) = x'^ - x^ + 3x* - 3x2 + i . Neu x > 1 thi
n. 1.1,. Z 4 2
fix) = x'3 -x^ + 3(x'» - x^) 4-1 > 1 > 0.
0 0. Neu x < 0 thi
> 0 ^ U l < W2 < • • • < < Vn+l < ••• V^y fix) = 13x'2 _ 6x(x2 - 1)2 > 0.
Ta l9.i CO Vu+t - Vn =^ fn - X
Suy ra f(x) dong bien tren khoang (-oo;0). Mat khac l i m / ( x ) = 1 > 0
dav (vn) tang va bj chan treii nen c6 gidi h^n hiJu h?in lim fn = ^•
X-.0-
Do do day s6 lipi tu khi va chi khi va l i m / ( x ) = -oo nen suy ra plnWng t r i n h (1) co diing mot nghigni trcn
I—'-oo
-i<6-a+^<^<â-l<6<a, (-oo;0). Do do phudng t r i n h da cho c6 diing mot nghiem tren R.
Gpi g{x)nghiem
b) Ggi = ( x ^do+ lal )a." V ,i Vx
/ ( 0>) /0.( -V
l )i < 0 nen a G (-1;0). De thay a „ > 0.
liic do lim x„ = a.
Ltfu y. Ldi giai ciia bai toan 81 da trinh bay d trcn khac vdi IcJi giai da c6
trong dap an ki thi Olympic toan Sinh vien toan quoc nam 2000. T i i 15i giai
nay ta c6 mot hudng dg tliiet ke ra cac bai toan mcii nhit sau: Xet day so neu g{x) dong bicn trcn khoang (0; +oo). Ta c6 0 2 = 2 ^ < 2° = 1 = a i . Gia
(ju) nliu trong bai toan 80. Dat x„ = u„ + o - 2. Khi do: sii a„ < a„_i, khi do vi g{x) dong bien tren (0; + 0 0 ) nen
On+i = g{an) a„+i,Vn = 1,2,... V§y day s6
(a„) giam va b i chan du6i nen hoi t u . V$,y neu dat l i m a„ = -xo t h i - X Q la
<=û„+i = ujf, + (2a - 1) u„ + a^ - 2a + 1. n—>+oo
nghiem ciia phuong t r i n h x = g(x), tuTc la -xo la nghiem cvia phUdng t r i n h
Ta dUdc bai toan sau. sau:
B a i toan 82. Cho a la mot s6 c.6 dfnh bdt ky ta xet day so { u „ } ^ ^ nhu sau:
X = (xii' + 1) ^ ^ X ^ = X ^ + 1 1 = (1 - X 2 ) X ^ ^ (1 - X 2 ) ' = X^^.
ui = b eR va
Un+i =ul + (2a - 1) u„ + a^ - 2a + 1, Vn € N*.
Dodo
Xdc dink b sao cho day {x„} cd gidi han hHu han vd trong trudng hap do, (1 - (-xo)2)' = ( - x o ) ' ' ^ { l - xl)' = -xJ3 ^ x»3 - x§ + 3x3 - 3x§ + 1 = 0.
tim gidi hfin cua day so. Hay X o la nghiem ciia phuong t r i n h ( 1 ) .
172 173
Chpu a = a - khi do t;i = 6 - a + t'n+i = + i Vn - 1,2,.., Bai toan 83 (De nghi t h i OLYMPIC 30/04/2000). Cho phuang trinh
• Neu Itîl > - till bang quy nap ta cluing minh dU0c a;i3 -x^ + 3x* - 3x2 + 1 = 0.
a) Chting minh rhng phuang trinh (1) cd nghi$m duy nhdt. ,. .
2
b) Xet day so (a„) nhu sau: <^ = (a^^ i + ij" Vn > 2 ^ ^ ^ ^ "^'"^
Ta CO Vn+l - Vn = ^t'„ - < • • • < Vn < U„+l < • • •
- J > 0 => Vl < (2)
ring day so (an) cd gidi han hHu han, vd neu dat l i m a „ = —XQ thi XQ la
n—•+00
V^y day (t;„) khong the hoi tu, vi neu lim i;„ = L e R thi tvJt (1) (2) suy
nghiem cua (1).
ra L > - , trong khi L = L ^ + --^L = -, mau thuan.
Giai.
• Neu Ivil < - thi 0 < = + 7 < Bkiig quy u?ip, ta cluing iniuh duc^c o) Xet ham s6 lien tyc / ( x ) = x'^ - x^ + 3x* - 3x2 + i . Neu x > 1 thi
n. 1.1,. Z 4 2
fix) = x'3 -x^ + 3(x'» - x^) 4-1 > 1 > 0.
0 0. Neu x < 0 thi
> 0 ^ U l < W2 < • • • < < Vn+l < ••• V^y fix) = 13x'2 _ 6x(x2 - 1)2 > 0.
Ta l9.i CO Vu+t - Vn =^ fn - X
Suy ra f(x) dong bien tren khoang (-oo;0). Mat khac l i m / ( x ) = 1 > 0
dav (vn) tang va bj chan treii nen c6 gidi h^n hiJu h?in lim fn = ^•
X-.0-
Do do day s6 lipi tu khi va chi khi va l i m / ( x ) = -oo nen suy ra plnWng t r i n h (1) co diing mot nghigni trcn
I—'-oo
-i<6-a+^<^<â-l<6<a, (-oo;0). Do do phudng t r i n h da cho c6 diing mot nghiem tren R.
Gpi g{x)nghiem
b) Ggi = ( x ^do+ lal )a." V ,i Vx
/ ( 0>) /0.( -V
l )i < 0 nen a G (-1;0). De thay a „ > 0.
liic do lim x„ = a.
Ltfu y. Ldi giai ciia bai toan 81 da trinh bay d trcn khac vdi IcJi giai da c6
trong dap an ki thi Olympic toan Sinh vien toan quoc nam 2000. T i i 15i giai
nay ta c6 mot hudng dg tliiet ke ra cac bai toan mcii nhit sau: Xet day so neu g{x) dong bicn trcn khoang (0; +oo). Ta c6 0 2 = 2 ^ < 2° = 1 = a i . Gia
(ju) nliu trong bai toan 80. Dat x„ = u„ + o - 2. Khi do: sii a„ < a„_i, khi do vi g{x) dong bien tren (0; + 0 0 ) nen
On+i = g{an) a„+i,Vn = 1,2,... V§y day s6
(a„) giam va b i chan du6i nen hoi t u . V$,y neu dat l i m a„ = -xo t h i - X Q la
<=û„+i = ujf, + (2a - 1) u„ + a^ - 2a + 1. n—>+oo
nghiem ciia phuong t r i n h x = g(x), tuTc la -xo la nghiem cvia phUdng t r i n h
Ta dUdc bai toan sau. sau:
B a i toan 82. Cho a la mot s6 c.6 dfnh bdt ky ta xet day so { u „ } ^ ^ nhu sau:
X = (xii' + 1) ^ ^ X ^ = X ^ + 1 1 = (1 - X 2 ) X ^ ^ (1 - X 2 ) ' = X^^.
ui = b eR va
Un+i =ul + (2a - 1) u„ + a^ - 2a + 1, Vn € N*.
Dodo
Xdc dink b sao cho day {x„} cd gidi han hHu han vd trong trudng hap do, (1 - (-xo)2)' = ( - x o ) ' ' ^ { l - xl)' = -xJ3 ^ x»3 - x§ + 3x3 - 3x§ + 1 = 0.
tim gidi hfin cua day so. Hay X o la nghiem ciia phuong t r i n h ( 1 ) .
172 173
B a i t o a n 8 4 (De t h i hoc sinh gioi quoc gia nam hoc 1991-1992- bang A ) . than dit(3i (bdi so 1), do do no hoi t u . V i vay ton ttii l i m — = », p e R
Cho cdc so duang a, 6, c vd ha day so {ak), (bfc), (cfc) nhiC sau: k—>oo Vlk
1) ao - a, b[) = b, CQ = c. Do do t a CO dieu phai chiing m i n h .
2) "^-^ = hh-.^ ' ' - \ - Bai t o a n 8 5 . Cho day (u„) nhu sau: u„ = (1 - a)u„_i + - | ^ , V n e N* (i)
C h i i n g m i n h r d n g d a y { a k ) d a n t
i;(?z tto > 0' ^ > 0' 0 < a < 1 /d cdc so cho tnCdc. Tinh lim u„.
G i a i . Goi Mk = max {ak, bk, Ck}, ruk = miii { a t , bk, Ck}, Vfc = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra n—>+oo
{A/fc} va {m/t} la day cac so ditang. Ta se chiing m i n h rang ^lim^mfc = -l-oo

G i a i . De tliay u„ > 0,Vn e N . Xet ham so f{x) = (1 - a ) x + -^,Vx > 0.
va tfr (lay se suy ra h m ak = +oo. D l chiing m i n h l i m ruk = +oo t a se
*:-.+oo k—+oo Ta c6:
Mk
chiing m i n h l i m Mk = +oo va l i m — = p e R. Ta c6
fc->+oo k-'+oo nik
/ ' ( x ) = (1 - a) - / I t t l — ^ x ^ = (1 - a) ( l - Ax'^yVx > 0.
/'(x) = 0 <^ 1 - Ax":r = 0 = <^ X = ^ "

1. U';'fl
f{A") = (1 - + = (1 _ a ) ^ " + a..4° =

> a'i +bl + cl + 4.^ =al+bl+cl + 6,Vfc > 0.
2
X 0
Vay - 0 +
al+bl+ci>al_,+bU+cl_,+6 fix)
+
4-1 + bi-i + c t i > a t 2 + + eta + 6 Vay / ( x ) > yl'^.Vx > 0. M a vdi mpi n € N* t i l l u„ = / ( u „ _ i ) nen
" t a + ''fc-2 + 4-2 > 4-3 + bl~3 + 4-3 + 6 « „ > A " , V n = 1,2,...
4 + fr'i + ci >al + bl + cl + 6. V6i niQi n = 1 , 2 , . . . ta c6:
Cong fc dang thiic tren t a suy ra al + b'l + c| > 6fc, do do

/la ' A '
w„ - W„_i = (1 - a)Un-l + -jrj - Un-l = O:
A/2 > 4 + f>l + ^ = 2k=^Mk>V2k=> l i m Mk = +oo.
o 3 fc—»oo i
Xet (lav so j — 1, t i t gia thiet (2) t a suy ra ruk+i > mk + ^

{ink J Mk
m
A - û" = ""u-l - " „ " - l ) < 0 (do Un > A-).
Mk+i <Mk + —,yk = 0,1,2,... day .s(') da cho la day so giam ke t i i ui. Ket h(?p vdi (*) suy ra day so
mk
( " n ) hoi t u . D a t l i m u„ = L , k h i do t i i (i) cho n +oo t a dugc:
n—+00
Suv ra
/ 1 \ 1 ^ L ^ ( l - a ) L + ^ ^ a L = ^ ^ L ^ =A<=^L = A''.
Mk+imk < [ Mk + — mk = Mkmk + I = Mk mfc -h — J < M^mfc+i. LT a T •=——
L I a
\ \
^ l i m u„ = , , V!'
Do .16 ^ < ^ , V f c > 0. V i ^ > l,Vfc > 0 nen day ( ^ 1 giam va bj
"tfc+i "ifc "life {ruk ]
174
B a i t o a n 8 4 (De t h i hoc sinh gioi quoc gia nam hoc 1991-1992- bang A ) . than dit(3i (bdi so 1), do do no hoi t u . V i vay ton ttii l i m — = », p e R
Cho cdc so duang a, 6, c vd ha day so {ak), (bfc), (cfc) nhiC sau: k—>oo Vlk
1) ao - a, b[) = b, CQ = c. Do do t a CO dieu phai chiing m i n h .
2) "^-^ = hh-.^ ' ' - \ - Bai t o a n 8 5 . Cho day (u„) nhu sau: u„ = (1 - a)u„_i + - | ^ , V n e N* (i)
C h i i n g m i n h r d n g d a y { a k ) d a n t
i;(?z tto > 0' ^ > 0' 0 < a < 1 /d cdc so cho tnCdc. Tinh lim u„.
G i a i . Goi Mk = max {ak, bk, Ck}, ruk = miii { a t , bk, Ck}, Vfc = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra n—>+oo
{A/fc} va {m/t} la day cac so ditang. Ta se chiing m i n h rang ^lim^mfc = -l-oo

G i a i . De tliay u„ > 0,Vn e N . Xet ham so f{x) = (1 - a ) x + -^,Vx > 0.
va tfr (lay se suy ra h m ak = +oo. D l chiing m i n h l i m ruk = +oo t a se
*:-.+oo k—+oo Ta c6:
Mk
chiing m i n h l i m Mk = +oo va l i m — = p e R. Ta c6
fc->+oo k-'+oo nik
/ ' ( x ) = (1 - a) - / I t t l — ^ x ^ = (1 - a) ( l - Ax'^yVx > 0.
/'(x) = 0 <^ 1 - Ax":r = 0 = <^ X = ^ "

1. U';'fl
f{A") = (1 - + = (1 _ a ) ^ " + a..4° =

> a'i +bl + cl + 4.^ =al+bl+cl + 6,Vfc > 0.
2
X 0
Vay - 0 +
al+bl+ci>al_,+bU+cl_,+6 fix)
+
4-1 + bi-i + c t i > a t 2 + + eta + 6 Vay / ( x ) > yl'^.Vx > 0. M a vdi mpi n € N* t i l l u„ = / ( u „ _ i ) nen
" t a + ''fc-2 + 4-2 > 4-3 + bl~3 + 4-3 + 6 « „ > A " , V n = 1,2,...
4 + fr'i + ci >al + bl + cl + 6. V6i niQi n = 1 , 2 , . . . ta c6:
Cong fc dang thiic tren t a suy ra al + b'l + c| > 6fc, do do

/la ' A '
w„ - W„_i = (1 - a)Un-l + -jrj - Un-l = O:
A/2 > 4 + f>l + ^ = 2k=^Mk>V2k=> l i m Mk = +oo.
o 3 fc—»oo i
Xet (lav so j — 1, t i t gia thiet (2) t a suy ra ruk+i > mk + ^

{ink J Mk
m
A - û" = ""u-l - " „ " - l ) < 0 (do Un > A-).
Mk+i <Mk + —,yk = 0,1,2,... day .s(') da cho la day so giam ke t i i ui. Ket h(?p vdi (*) suy ra day so
mk
( " n ) hoi t u . D a t l i m u„ = L , k h i do t i i (i) cho n +oo t a dugc:
n—+00
Suv ra
/ 1 \ 1 ^ L ^ ( l - a ) L + ^ ^ a L = ^ ^ L ^ =A<=^L = A''.
Mk+imk < [ Mk + — mk = Mkmk + I = Mk mfc -h — J < M^mfc+i. LT a T •=——
L I a
\ \
^ l i m u„ = , , V!'
Do .16 ^ < ^ , V f c > 0. V i ^ > l,Vfc > 0 nen day ( ^ 1 giam va bj
"tfc+i "ifc "life {ruk ]
174
C h u y 16. TnCdc khi xet bai toan 87, ta neu cdc cong thiic sau:
B a i t o a n 8 6 . Cho a > 1 va day so (x„) nhu sau | = a'",yn € N*.
, VîxG ^ ^ ta c6: y = sinx X = axcsiny.
Hay tim dieu kien cua a sao cho day (x„) hpi tu. 2' 2.
, Vdixe 0; TT] ta cd: j/ = cosx x = arccosj/.
G i a i . Xet hani so /(x) = a^, vdi x e [1; + o o ) . K h i do x„+i = /(x„) vk /(x) « Ham so y = arcsinx got la ham ngU(?c cua ham so y = s i n x . Ham so
la ham so tang tren [1; +oo) ( v i a > 1). Ta c6 y = arcsinx cd tap xdc dinh la doan [ - 1 ; 1], tap gid tri la doan ~2' 2 '
• Ham so y = arccosx goi la ham ngU0c cua ham so y = cos x. Ham so
x i = a, X2 = a° > o^- = a (vi a > 1).
•u = arccosx cd tap xdc dinh Id doan [ - 1 ; 1], tap gid tri la doan [0; n].
1 —1
V^y x i < X2 /(xi) < /{x2) X2 < X3. Gia siJ
• (arcsinx)' = ; (arccosx)' =
x„ < x„+i => /(x„) < /(x„+i) =>• x„+i < X„+2-
^ V I - x2 VI-x^
• arcsinx + arccosx = - , Vx G [ - 1 ; 1]. (1)
V^y (x„) la day so tang. • arccos (cosx) = x, Vx G [0; TT]. (2)
(=*•) G i a s i i day (x„) hpi t y . K y h i ? u x = l i m x „ . V i day (x„) la day s6 tang Chufng m i n h (1); Xet ham so f{x) = arcsinx + arccosx tren doan [ - 1 ; 1].
n—*+oo Ta CO /'(x) = 0, Vx G [ - 1 ; 1]. Vay f Id ham hang tren doan [ - 1 ; 1]. Md
nen x > x „ , Vn G N * , suy ra x > x i x > a > 1 . V i x„+i = a^", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
In X
/(O) = arcsinO + arccos 0 = 0 + ^ = ^
nen cho n —» +oo ta ditcJc: x = I n x = x l n a =• X = l n a , V x > 1. K y
hix
hi?u 5(x) = , Vx G ( 1 ; +oo). K h i do g{x) la ham so lien tyc tren khoang
X nen vdi mgi x G [ - 1 ; 1], ta cd f{x) = ^ , hay
(1; +00) va g\x) = Vx > 1 . T a c6:
arcsinx + arccosx = ^ , Vx G [ - 1 ; 1].
In X In X
g'(x) = 0 I n x = 1 <=> X = e, lim = 0, lim = 0. C a c h k h a c . Ddt
X 1 e +00 ^ — 2 ~ arccosx arccosx = x = cos ^— - <j

+ 0
, 1
-
=*-x = sin^ =^ t = arcsinx arcsinx + arccosx = —.
it
9{x) 0 - ^ 0
ChuTng m i n h (2).- Dat y = arccos (cosx) =*• cosy = cosx =• x = j/ (do x va
V^y t$.p gia t r i ciia ham so ^(x) la ( 0; - . Do do 0 < Ina < e - i <(4> 1 < a < y cung ndrn Irong doan [0;7r]).
B a i t o a n 8 7 (De t h i hoc sinh gioi quoc gia, nam hoc 1993-1994- bang A ) .
C " . (<=) Gia îi 0 1 sao cho
hix XQ = a, x„ = ^ ârccosx„_i + arcsinx„_i, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

Inu = => x h i a = I n x => I n x = Ina^ X = a^.
X
Chiing minh rdny day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han khi n dan tdi +oo vd
Ta chiing m i n h day so (x„) bj chan tren bang phudng phap quy nap. V i x > 1 hay tim gidi han do.
nen x\ a < a^ — x . S u y ra x i < x. Gia six Xfc < x (v6i A; G Z , A; > 1). K h i
do xjt+i = a^* < = X Xk+i < x. V^y x„ < x, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra day so G i a i . Ta chiing m i n h dUdc arcsinx + arccosx = ^ , Vx G [ - 1 ; !]• D o do
(x„) bj chan tren ngn hoi t y .
V?iy day so da cho hoi t u k h i va chi k h i 1 < a < e^. x„ = 1 - a r c c o s ^ x „ _ i , V n = 1,2,3,... (1)
177
176
C h u y 16. TnCdc khi xet bai toan 87, ta neu cdc cong thiic sau:
B a i t o a n 8 6 . Cho a > 1 va day so (x„) nhu sau | = a'",yn € N*.
, VîxG ^ ^ ta c6: y = sinx X = axcsiny.
Hay tim dieu kien cua a sao cho day (x„) hpi tu. 2' 2.
, Vdixe 0; TT] ta cd: j/ = cosx x = arccosj/.
G i a i . Xet hani so /(x) = a^, vdi x e [1; + o o ) . K h i do x„+i = /(x„) vk /(x) « Ham so y = arcsinx got la ham ngU(?c cua ham so y = s i n x . Ham so
la ham so tang tren [1; +oo) ( v i a > 1). Ta c6 y = arcsinx cd tap xdc dinh la doan [ - 1 ; 1], tap gid tri la doan ~2' 2 '
• Ham so y = arccosx goi la ham ngU0c cua ham so y = cos x. Ham so
x i = a, X2 = a° > o^- = a (vi a > 1).
•u = arccosx cd tap xdc dinh Id doan [ - 1 ; 1], tap gid tri la doan [0; n].
1 —1
V^y x i < X2 /(xi) < /{x2) X2 < X3. Gia siJ
• (arcsinx)' = ; (arccosx)' =
x„ < x„+i => /(x„) < /(x„+i) =>• x„+i < X„+2-
^ V I - x2 VI-x^
• arcsinx + arccosx = - , Vx G [ - 1 ; 1]. (1)
V^y (x„) la day so tang. • arccos (cosx) = x, Vx G [0; TT]. (2)
(=*•) G i a s i i day (x„) hpi t y . K y h i ? u x = l i m x „ . V i day (x„) la day s6 tang Chufng m i n h (1); Xet ham so f{x) = arcsinx + arccosx tren doan [ - 1 ; 1].
n—*+oo Ta CO /'(x) = 0, Vx G [ - 1 ; 1]. Vay f Id ham hang tren doan [ - 1 ; 1]. Md
nen x > x „ , Vn G N * , suy ra x > x i x > a > 1 . V i x„+i = a^", Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
In X
/(O) = arcsinO + arccos 0 = 0 + ^ = ^
nen cho n —» +oo ta ditcJc: x = I n x = x l n a =• X = l n a , V x > 1. K y
hix
hi?u 5(x) = , Vx G ( 1 ; +oo). K h i do g{x) la ham so lien tyc tren khoang
X nen vdi mgi x G [ - 1 ; 1], ta cd f{x) = ^ , hay
(1; +00) va g\x) = Vx > 1 . T a c6:
arcsinx + arccosx = ^ , Vx G [ - 1 ; 1].
In X In X
g'(x) = 0 I n x = 1 <=> X = e, lim = 0, lim = 0. C a c h k h a c . Ddt
X 1 e +00 ^ — 2 ~ arccosx arccosx = x = cos ^— - <j

+ 0
, 1
-
=*-x = sin^ =^ t = arcsinx arcsinx + arccosx = —.
it
9{x) 0 - ^ 0
ChuTng m i n h (2).- Dat y = arccos (cosx) =*• cosy = cosx =• x = j/ (do x va
V^y t$.p gia t r i ciia ham so ^(x) la ( 0; - . Do do 0 < Ina < e - i <(4> 1 < a < y cung ndrn Irong doan [0;7r]).
B a i t o a n 8 7 (De t h i hoc sinh gioi quoc gia, nam hoc 1993-1994- bang A ) .
C " . (<=) Gia îi 0 1 sao cho
hix XQ = a, x„ = ^ ârccosx„_i + arcsinx„_i, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

Inu = => x h i a = I n x => I n x = Ina^ X = a^.
X
Chiing minh rdny day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han khi n dan tdi +oo vd
Ta chiing m i n h day so (x„) bj chan tren bang phudng phap quy nap. V i x > 1 hay tim gidi han do.
nen x\ a < a^ — x . S u y ra x i < x. Gia six Xfc < x (v6i A; G Z , A; > 1). K h i
do xjt+i = a^* < = X Xk+i < x. V^y x„ < x, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra day so G i a i . Ta chiing m i n h dUdc arcsinx + arccosx = ^ , Vx G [ - 1 ; !]• D o do
(x„) bj chan tren ngn hoi t y .
V?iy day so da cho hoi t u k h i va chi k h i 1 < a < e^. x„ = 1 - a r c c o s ^ x „ _ i , V n = 1,2,3,... (1)
177
176
B a i t o a n 88. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
Vixo = ae (0; 1) nen
xi = \/2; x„+i = V'2 + v ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
0 < arccosxn < - => 0 < arccos'' a ; o < - r = * ' 0 < x i = l ^ arccos'' XQ < 1.
2 4 TT' Chiing minh rdng day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi h<^n do.
Quy n9.p theo n t a chiing minh dil0c i „ € (0; l ) , V n G N . Vdi moi n G N * , d$,t
G i a i . De thay rkng x„ > ^ 2 , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6
t„ = arccosxn, k h i do t„ G (o; 0. Hdn nfla t i t (1) t a c6
x i = y/2, X 2 = v / 2 + < ^ 2 + 2 = 2. rAn
costn = 1 5^<n-i *n = arccos = arccos 1 - 2
Gia Slit x„ < 2. K h i do x„+i = ^ 2 + < vT+Vi < 2. Theo nguyen h'
N/2 \/2 v/2 quy n9.p suy ra x „ < 2, Vn G N*. Tom l9,i, t a da chiing m i n h dupc
Vi 0 < — i „ - i < < 1 nen dat — t n - i = s i n a a = arcsin fn-l
IT 2 TT TT v/2<x„<2,Vn=l,2,... (1)
Do do
Ta CO xi < X2. Gia si'r x „ _ i < x „ , k h i do
tn = arccos [ 1 - 2 sin^ a = arccos (cos 2a) = 2a = 2 arcsin (2)
- a;„ = ^ " + 1 ~ ^" = (2 + ^ ) - (2 + ^/x;rT) ^ v ^ - y x ^ T T
Xn+l >0.
X6t ham so f { t ) = 2 arcsin { ^ ^ ^ - ^', V < G . K h i d6
V§y x„ < -;„+!. Theo nguyen h' quy nap toan lipc suy ra day so da cho la day
v/2 2 2v^
- 1 = - 1. so tang. Day (x„) tftng va bi chan tren, do do hpi t u . Dat l i m x „ = x. T i t
2(2 VTT^ - 2^5 n-»+oo
1 - (1) suy ra \/2 < X < 2. T i t x„+i = ^ 2 + v ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n ^ +oo t a
dupe
X = \/2 + v / x . (2)
/'W = 0 ^ . ^ - 2 t 2 = 8''U>%=^^^ t 0
V2 • Vdi dieu kicn ^ 2 < x < 2, t a eo
m
- 0
Ggi (0 = V i /(O) = / (I) = 0 nen no
f(T) (2) x2 = 2 + V5 = - 2 X = x" - 4x2 + 4
f(t)
suy ra f(t) < 0,Vf G va f{t) = 0 khi x'' - 4x2 - X + 4 = 0 x = 1 (loî)
x^ j _ x^ 2' ' ' - 3 x - 4 = 0
.3 + (3)
vachi k h i t G { 0 , | } . T i t d o :
D§t X = y - - , thay vao (3) t a dirpc
tn+-i -tn = 2 arcsin -in=/(U<0,VnGN. 79
Bdi v$,y day so ((„) ddn dieu giam va bi chan dudi (bcli so 0), nen hpi t y , suy 27'
ra day (x„) hpi t u . Dat l i m f„ = A, k h i do 0 < A < ^. T i l (2), cho n +oo
Dat y = Thay vao {4) ta dupc
t a dupe
80yi0^3_60v^,^79^^^3_3,^ 79
A = 2 arcsin ' ' ^ ^ ' ^ <^/(A) = 0 A = 0 (lo9i A = J ) . (5)
27 27 27 20N/10'
Do d6 Um x „ = Hm cos (n = 1 •
n—>+oo n—>+oo
178 179
B a i t o a n 88. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
Vixo = ae (0; 1) nen
xi = \/2; x„+i = V'2 + v ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
0 < arccosxn < - => 0 < arccos'' a ; o < - r = * ' 0 < x i = l ^ arccos'' XQ < 1.
2 4 TT' Chiing minh rdng day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi h<^n do.
Quy n9.p theo n t a chiing minh dil0c i „ € (0; l ) , V n G N . Vdi moi n G N * , d$,t
G i a i . De thay rkng x„ > ^ 2 , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6
t„ = arccosxn, k h i do t„ G (o; 0. Hdn nfla t i t (1) t a c6
x i = y/2, X 2 = v / 2 + < ^ 2 + 2 = 2. rAn
costn = 1 5^<n-i *n = arccos = arccos 1 - 2
Gia Slit x„ < 2. K h i do x„+i = ^ 2 + < vT+Vi < 2. Theo nguyen h'
N/2 \/2 v/2 quy n9.p suy ra x „ < 2, Vn G N*. Tom l9,i, t a da chiing m i n h dupc
Vi 0 < — i „ - i < < 1 nen dat — t n - i = s i n a a = arcsin fn-l
IT 2 TT TT v/2<x„<2,Vn=l,2,... (1)
Do do
Ta CO xi < X2. Gia si'r x „ _ i < x „ , k h i do
tn = arccos [ 1 - 2 sin^ a = arccos (cos 2a) = 2a = 2 arcsin (2)
- a;„ = ^ " + 1 ~ ^" = (2 + ^ ) - (2 + ^/x;rT) ^ v ^ - y x ^ T T
Xn+l >0.
X6t ham so f { t ) = 2 arcsin { ^ ^ ^ - ^', V < G . K h i d6
V§y x„ < -;„+!. Theo nguyen h' quy nap toan lipc suy ra day so da cho la day
v/2 2 2v^
- 1 = - 1. so tang. Day (x„) tftng va bi chan tren, do do hpi t u . Dat l i m x „ = x. T i t
2(2 VTT^ - 2^5 n-»+oo
1 - (1) suy ra \/2 < X < 2. T i t x„+i = ^ 2 + v ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n ^ +oo t a
dupe
X = \/2 + v / x . (2)
/'W = 0 ^ . ^ - 2 t 2 = 8''U>%=^^^ t 0
V2 • Vdi dieu kicn ^ 2 < x < 2, t a eo
m
- 0
Ggi (0 = V i /(O) = / (I) = 0 nen no
f(T) (2) x2 = 2 + V5 = - 2 X = x" - 4x2 + 4
f(t)
suy ra f(t) < 0,Vf G va f{t) = 0 khi x'' - 4x2 - X + 4 = 0 x = 1 (loî)
x^ j _ x^ 2' ' ' - 3 x - 4 = 0
.3 + (3)
vachi k h i t G { 0 , | } . T i t d o :
D§t X = y - - , thay vao (3) t a dirpc
tn+-i -tn = 2 arcsin -in=/(U<0,VnGN. 79
Bdi v$,y day so ((„) ddn dieu giam va bi chan dudi (bcli so 0), nen hpi t y , suy 27'
ra day (x„) hpi t u . Dat l i m f„ = A, k h i do 0 < A < ^. T i l (2), cho n +oo
Dat y = Thay vao {4) ta dupc
t a dupe
80yi0^3_60v^,^79^^^3_3,^ 79
A = 2 arcsin ' ' ^ ^ ' ^ <^/(A) = 0 A = 0 (lo9i A = J ) . (5)
27 27 27 20N/10'
Do d6 Um x „ = Hm cos (n = 1 •
n—>+oo n—>+oo
178 179
Xet so thuc rt 7^ 0 tlioa man Vi d u 4. ^ a u ddi/ Id mot phuang phdp xay dung cdc bai tq,p c6 "kit cau"
79- 3v/249 tuong ttjC nhu bai toan 8 8 ;
79 1 / 20\/l0
79 + 3v/249 xi = a; Xn+i = \/a+ y/axn+b, Vn = 1,2,...
20v/l0 2 V
20v/lO
Ta thudng chon a, a, b sao cho day (x„) t&ng va bj chan tren (day la cong
3 / 7 9 + 3^249 vice de dang) va phuang trinh tlm gidi han {thudng la phuang trinh da thitc
Vay neu dat a = thi bg,c bon) c6 nghiem "dep ". Chang han tic dang thiic
V 20v/l0
79 3 = \ATvff+T
(6)
20v/l0 " 2 l ^ ' ' " ^ a a j ' Q3 20v/l0 '
ta thiet kc diMc bai toan sau. . ^î^^v '
B a i t o a n 8 9 (Dc ughi t h i Olympic 30/04/2013). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau:

l3
De dang chiing m i n h dudc -3 (7)

2V xi = 2 ; x „ + i = V 4 + v/te;;Tr,Vn = l,2,... *•
Chiing minh rdng day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi han do.
Tit (6) v a (7) suy r a 1 / 3/79 + 3v/249 ^ 3/79-3\/249 G i a i . De thay rang x „ > 2, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . Ta c6
20^ 20\/lO
x i = 2, X2 = \/4 + v/8x7+T < ^ 4 + 5 = 3.
la nghiem ciia (5). Ta se chimg minh to l a nghifm d u y nhat c i i a (5). Ta c6 Gia siif x„ < 3. K h i do x„+i = + < \ / 4 T 5 = 3. Theo nguyen \i
\to\ 1 va quy nap suy ra x „ < 3, Vn € N*. Tom lai, t a da chiing m i n h diMc
4t^ - 3t = 4tg - 3(o ^{t- to){4<^ + 4(o« + 4<g - 3) = 0. 2<x„<3,Vn=l,2,... (1)

D6 y rang phUOng t i h i h it'^ + Atot + 4tg - 3 = 0 v6 nghiem do
Ta CO xi < X2. Gia sii x „ _ i < x„, k h i do ,,.ra
A' = itl - 4(4<g - 3) = 12 - ml = 12(1 -tl)<0 (vi tf, > 1).
V&y to l a nghiem d u y nhat ciia phiTdug trinh (5). Phuong trinh (3) c6 nghiem
^ _ ^n+i - 4 (4 + V8x„ + 1) - (4 + V 8 x „ _ i + 1)
Xn+l — Xn — ; —
X „ + i + X„ X„+i + X„
duv nhat l a
^ y S X n + 1 - V8Xn-l + 1 ^ Q
v/IO 3/79 + 3v/249 ^ 3 / 7 9 - 3 ^ 2 4 9 1 X „ + i + X „ • V,;;:
X =
3 20V1O 20\/lO 3
\ Vay x„ < x „ + i . Theo nguyen l i quy nap toan hoc suy ra day so da cho la day
so tang. Day ( x „ ) tang va b i chftn tren, do do hoi t u . Dat l i m x„ = x. T i t
1 / 3 / 7 9 + 3\/249 3/79-3v^ ' n—»+oo
(l)suy r a 2 < x < 3 . T\iXn+i = \/4 + Vn = 1,2,..., cho n +00
3 [ y — 2 — + v — 2 — - \ ta dUdc
Vgiy day so da cho hpi t u va X = ^ 4 + v/8J+T. , J21
1 3 / 7 9 + 3^255 , 3^79 - 3N/249 Vdi dieu kien 2 < x < 3, t a c6

lim x„ = - - 1
(2) x^ = 4 + v/8x + 1 ^ V8x + 1 = x^ - 4 "'
180 181
Xet so thuc rt 7^ 0 tlioa man Vi d u 4. ^ a u ddi/ Id mot phuang phdp xay dung cdc bai tq,p c6 "kit cau"
79- 3v/249 tuong ttjC nhu bai toan 8 8 ;
79 1 / 20\/l0
79 + 3v/249 xi = a; Xn+i = \/a+ y/axn+b, Vn = 1,2,...
20v/l0 2 V
20v/lO
Ta thudng chon a, a, b sao cho day (x„) t&ng va bj chan tren (day la cong
3 / 7 9 + 3^249 vice de dang) va phuang trinh tlm gidi han {thudng la phuang trinh da thitc
Vay neu dat a = thi bg,c bon) c6 nghiem "dep ". Chang han tic dang thiic
V 20v/l0
79 3 = \ATvff+T
(6)
20v/l0 " 2 l ^ ' ' " ^ a a j ' Q3 20v/l0 '
ta thiet kc diMc bai toan sau. . ^î^^v '
B a i t o a n 8 9 (Dc ughi t h i Olympic 30/04/2013). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau:

l3
De dang chiing m i n h dudc -3 (7)

2V xi = 2 ; x „ + i = V 4 + v/te;;Tr,Vn = l,2,... *•
Chiing minh rdng day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi han do.
Tit (6) v a (7) suy r a 1 / 3/79 + 3v/249 ^ 3/79-3\/249 G i a i . De thay rang x „ > 2, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . Ta c6
20^ 20\/lO
x i = 2, X2 = \/4 + v/8x7+T < ^ 4 + 5 = 3.
la nghiem ciia (5). Ta se chimg minh to l a nghifm d u y nhat c i i a (5). Ta c6 Gia siif x„ < 3. K h i do x„+i = + < \ / 4 T 5 = 3. Theo nguyen \i
\to\ 1 va quy nap suy ra x „ < 3, Vn € N*. Tom lai, t a da chiing m i n h diMc
4t^ - 3t = 4tg - 3(o ^{t- to){4<^ + 4(o« + 4<g - 3) = 0. 2<x„<3,Vn=l,2,... (1)

D6 y rang phUOng t i h i h it'^ + Atot + 4tg - 3 = 0 v6 nghiem do
Ta CO xi < X2. Gia sii x „ _ i < x„, k h i do ,,.ra
A' = itl - 4(4<g - 3) = 12 - ml = 12(1 -tl)<0 (vi tf, > 1).
V&y to l a nghiem d u y nhat ciia phiTdug trinh (5). Phuong trinh (3) c6 nghiem
^ _ ^n+i - 4 (4 + V8x„ + 1) - (4 + V 8 x „ _ i + 1)
Xn+l — Xn — ; —
X „ + i + X„ X„+i + X„
duv nhat l a
^ y S X n + 1 - V8Xn-l + 1 ^ Q
v/IO 3/79 + 3v/249 ^ 3 / 7 9 - 3 ^ 2 4 9 1 X „ + i + X „ • V,;;:
X =
3 20V1O 20\/lO 3
\ Vay x„ < x „ + i . Theo nguyen l i quy nap toan hoc suy ra day so da cho la day
so tang. Day ( x „ ) tang va b i chftn tren, do do hoi t u . Dat l i m x„ = x. T i t
1 / 3 / 7 9 + 3\/249 3/79-3v^ ' n—»+oo
(l)suy r a 2 < x < 3 . T\iXn+i = \/4 + Vn = 1,2,..., cho n +00
3 [ y — 2 — + v — 2 — - \ ta dUdc
Vgiy day so da cho hpi t u va X = ^ 4 + v/8J+T. , J21
1 3 / 7 9 + 3^255 , 3^79 - 3N/249 Vdi dieu kien 2 < x < 3, t a c6

lim x„ = - - 1
(2) x^ = 4 + v/8x + 1 ^ V8x + 1 = x^ - 4 "'
180 181
8x + 1 = - 8a;^ + 16 x"* - Sx^ - 8x + 15 = 0 Do do
X = 1 (loai) (n+l)^ + (n+l) + l n^ + n + 1
<^ (x - 1) (x - 3) (x2 + 4x + 5) = 0 -Xn
X = 3 (nhg.n) y „ + l -yn =
(n + l ) 3
Xn+\
TV'
n2 + 3n + 3 ( n + l)(n2 + 1) _ n^ + n + 1
V^y l i m x „ = 3. (n+l)3 • X„ 5
n'^
Xn
n->+oo
B a i t o a n 90 (HSG Quoc gia - 2011). Cho day so thUc ( x „ ) xdc dmh bdi (n2 + 3n + 3)(n2 + l) . 2 ^ „ ^ 1 ^
n-l
n-' —(^^np
x i = 1 f a x „ = , ^'^,,„ Xi vdi m(?i n > 2.
(n - 1)^ ^ n3 n"* + 3n3 + 4n2 + 3n + 3 - (n* + 3n3 + A'n? + 3n + l )
Vdi mSi so nguyen duang n, dat yn = Xn+i - x „ . Chttng minh r&ng day so x^
> 0.
iVn) CO gidi hg,n hHu han khi n —^ +oo. n3 (n +2 l)2
G i a i . De thay x „ > 0, Vn = 1, 2, Suy ra ( y , , ) la day tang. Sii d v n g (2), vdi mpi n > 2 t a c6
n-l
T i l gia thiet, suy ra vdi mgi n > 2, t h i ^ X i = x„. Do do _ n^ + n + l 4(n2 + n + l ) ( n - 1 ) 4 { n - 1)^ ^
Vn — 5 Xn < z = 5 < 4.
n'^
n-l
2{n + 1) 2(n
z{n •+ l ) Vay day ( y „ ) bi chan tren bdi so 4. Tom lai t a da chi'mg m i n h difdc day {yn)
X„ + ^ Xj
2 tang va b i chan tren nen c6 gidi h^n hiiu han k h i n —> +oo.
t=l
(n-l)2 • (n + l)(n2 + l ) B a i t o a n 9 1 . Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau: xi =2 va
2(n+l)
2n xn+i = x / x 4 - 3x2 + 3^ Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
.a.
nr + 11^ +n+l XlX2...X„
-Xn = Xn. (1) Tim gidi han l i m
n-.+oo x„+i
Suy r a
G i a i . De thay x „ > 0. Dat x2 = y„, t a dUdc day s6 (j/„) thoa man dieu kien
/ 1 1 1 yi = 4 va
1 + - + -2 + ^ + 1 _ i. n - l Vn+i = xl+i = x^ - 3x2 + 3 = y2 _ 3^^^ ^ 3 ^
n Vay
n - l
SiJt dyng lien ti§p ket qua x „ < r x „ _ i t a dUdc yn+1 - 3 = y „ ( y „ - 3), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
n - l n - l n - 2 n - l n - 2 2 Ham so f{t) = t'^-3t + 3 dong bien tren khoang + o o ^ . T a c6 y i > 3.

Xn < xXn-l < T ; - < < r. r . . . - X 2 = 4(n - 1).
n-2 n-2 n-3 n - 2 n - 3 1
Gia sii 2/„ > 3, k h i do do ham / dong bien tren khoang + o o ^ nen
Hay
x„<4(n-l),Vn>2. (2) yn+i = / ( y „ ) >/(3) = 3.
Ta se chiJng m i n h day (j/„) tang va bj ch^n tren. Theo (1) t a c6 Theo nguyen l i quy n?ip suy ra y „ > 3, Vn = 1,2,... Vay
/ I I 1 \ n^ + n + 1
Vn = Xn+i - x„ = 2 + TV
;;! Xn = -x„. Vn+i - J/n = J / ^ - 4y„ + 3 > 0 (do y „ > 3).
\n
182 183
8x + 1 = - 8a;^ + 16 x"* - Sx^ - 8x + 15 = 0 Do do
X = 1 (loai) (n+l)^ + (n+l) + l n^ + n + 1
<^ (x - 1) (x - 3) (x2 + 4x + 5) = 0 -Xn
X = 3 (nhg.n) y „ + l -yn =
(n + l ) 3
Xn+\
TV'
n2 + 3n + 3 ( n + l)(n2 + 1) _ n^ + n + 1
V^y l i m x „ = 3. (n+l)3 • X„ 5
n'^
Xn
n->+oo
B a i t o a n 90 (HSG Quoc gia - 2011). Cho day so thUc ( x „ ) xdc dmh bdi (n2 + 3n + 3)(n2 + l) . 2 ^ „ ^ 1 ^
n-l
n-' —(^^np
x i = 1 f a x „ = , ^'^,,„ Xi vdi m(?i n > 2.
(n - 1)^ ^ n3 n"* + 3n3 + 4n2 + 3n + 3 - (n* + 3n3 + A'n? + 3n + l )
Vdi mSi so nguyen duang n, dat yn = Xn+i - x „ . Chttng minh r&ng day so x^
> 0.
iVn) CO gidi hg,n hHu han khi n —^ +oo. n3 (n +2 l)2
G i a i . De thay x „ > 0, Vn = 1, 2, Suy ra ( y , , ) la day tang. Sii d v n g (2), vdi mpi n > 2 t a c6
n-l
T i l gia thiet, suy ra vdi mgi n > 2, t h i ^ X i = x„. Do do _ n^ + n + l 4(n2 + n + l ) ( n - 1 ) 4 { n - 1)^ ^
Vn — 5 Xn < z = 5 < 4.
n'^
n-l
2{n + 1) 2(n
z{n •+ l ) Vay day ( y „ ) bi chan tren bdi so 4. Tom lai t a da chi'mg m i n h difdc day {yn)
X„ + ^ Xj
2 tang va b i chan tren nen c6 gidi h^n hiiu han k h i n —> +oo.
t=l
(n-l)2 • (n + l)(n2 + l ) B a i t o a n 9 1 . Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu sau: xi =2 va
2(n+l)
2n xn+i = x / x 4 - 3x2 + 3^ Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
.a.
nr + 11^ +n+l XlX2...X„
-Xn = Xn. (1) Tim gidi han l i m
n-.+oo x„+i
Suy r a
G i a i . De thay x „ > 0. Dat x2 = y„, t a dUdc day s6 (j/„) thoa man dieu kien
/ 1 1 1 yi = 4 va
1 + - + -2 + ^ + 1 _ i. n - l Vn+i = xl+i = x^ - 3x2 + 3 = y2 _ 3^^^ ^ 3 ^
n Vay
n - l
SiJt dyng lien ti§p ket qua x „ < r x „ _ i t a dUdc yn+1 - 3 = y „ ( y „ - 3), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
n - l n - l n - 2 n - l n - 2 2 Ham so f{t) = t'^-3t + 3 dong bien tren khoang + o o ^ . T a c6 y i > 3.

Xn < xXn-l < T ; - < < r. r . . . - X 2 = 4(n - 1).
n-2 n-2 n-3 n - 2 n - 3 1
Gia sii 2/„ > 3, k h i do do ham / dong bien tren khoang + o o ^ nen
Hay
x„<4(n-l),Vn>2. (2) yn+i = / ( y „ ) >/(3) = 3.
Ta se chiJng m i n h day (j/„) tang va bj ch^n tren. Theo (1) t a c6 Theo nguyen l i quy n?ip suy ra y „ > 3, Vn = 1,2,... Vay
/ I I 1 \ n^ + n + 1
Vn = Xn+i - x„ = 2 + TV
;;! Xn = -x„. Vn+i - J/n = J / ^ - 4y„ + 3 > 0 (do y „ > 3).
\n
182 183
Suy ra day (y„) la day so tSng. Neu day (y„) b i cb$,n tren t b i t o n l ^ i I , e paJ t o a n 93 (HSG Quoc gia -2013). Cho day so {a„) nhu sou: ai = I va
sao cbo l i m j/„ = L . K h i do
71—• + 0O
a „ + i = 3 - ^ , V n > l .
L = L2 - 3L + 3 .3)
> yi > 3
ChUng minh day so c6 gidi han hHu han va tim gidi han do.
Dieu vo l i nay cbving t o day (j/„) khong bi ch$n tren, suy ra l i m j/„ = +oo.
n—*+oo
G i a i . Trade liet, bang quy nap, t a cbilng m i n h 1 < a „ < 2 vdi mpi n > 1. (*)
Ta CO
Ta CO a2 = t l " ^1" (*) '^'""S n = 1, n = 2. Gia sii (*) dung vdi n = fc > 1,
XlX2...Xn\ yiy2--yn ^ j/n+1 - 3 ym-Vn tiic la 1 < at < 2, t a can chiing minh
Xn+1 J y„+i y„+i ' y „ + i - 3
yn+1 - 3 ym-yn-i yn+1 - 3 1 l < 3 - ^ < 2 ^ ^ < 2 ' ' ^ < a , + 2 .
2°t
Vn+l " yn - 3 yn+1 yi - 3'
x+2
Xet cac ham so f{x) = 2^ - (x + 2) va g{x) = 2^ - . Ta CO
lim lim 1 =: 1. / ' ( x ) = 2 M n 2 - l > 0 , V x e ( l ; 2 ) ; ^ ' { x ) = 2^1n2 - - > 0, V x e ( l ; 2 ) .

n->+c!0 \ J n^+oo \ y„+i 2/1-3/ n—•+00 V yn+1
Dodo lim = 1. Suy ra / va 5 don dong bion tren (1; 2). Do do t i t 1 < a t < 2, t a c6
n-.+oo Xn+l
B a i t o a n 92. Chttng minh rang: /(afc) < / ( 2 ) => - (cfc + 2) < 0, fl(afc) > 2°* - > 0.
a) Neu ( a „ ) ; ! ' ^ la day tang thi l i m a „ = s u p { a „ : n e N } .
n-»+oo Vay (*) (lu i g vdi moi n e N*. Tiep theo, t a se chiing m i n h ( a „ ) la day tang.
h) Niu (a„),"^f^ /a day giam thi l i m a „ = inf {a„ : n e N } .
n—*-\-oo Xet ham so h{x) = 3 - 1 < x < 2. Ta c6
Giai.
a) Gia sii ( a „ ) ; ^ ^ b i ch$n tren. K h i do sup {a„ : n 6 N } = >1 < + 0 0 , suy ra = '- + ');;:"^-^- = ! i l i ± £ i i l i ^ > 0, Vx . (1.2)
a„ < >1, Vn € N .
nen ham h dong bion tron (1; 2). Ket hdp vdi 02 = - > o i , bang phUdng phap
Vdi mpi c > 0, so - e khong phai la can tren cua tap hop {a„ : n 6 N } , nen
ton t g i a„„ sao cho ano> A - e.Do (a„)+f^ la day tang nen quy n?ip suy ra ( a „ ) la day tang. Day (a„) da cho tang va b i c h i n tren bdi 2
nen c6 gidi ban hfm han. Gia si'r gidi han do la L G (1; 2], t a cd L = 3 ^T"-
A> an> A - e, > UQ
=>\an- A\ £, Vn > no. Ta so cLiing m i n h phUdng t r i n h nay c6 nghi?m duy nhat tren (1;2]. T h a t
X + 2
Do vay, ^^]iinâ„ = A. Bay gid, gia sit rang ( a „ ) + ^ khong b i ch^n tren, k h i vay, xet ham so m ( x ) = 3 — x , x G (1;2] t h i 1 , ; ^.
do vdi moi M € R, ton t9,i o„(, sao cho a„o > M. Do {a„);J'f^ la day tang nen ,, ^ In4 + x l n 2 - l l n 4 + x l n 2 - 1 - 2^
rn (x) = r- 1=
2x *- 2^
a „ > M, Vn > no
Ta .vet tiep h a m so n{x) = l n 4 + x ln2 - 1 - 2^, x € (1; 2] t h i
iighia la lim a„ = + 0 0 .
n—>+oo
b) Tudng tvt. n'(x) = l n 2 ( l - 2 * ) < 0 , x e ( l ; 2 ]
184
185
Suy ra day (y„) la day so tSng. Neu day (y„) b i cb$,n tren t b i t o n l ^ i I , e paJ t o a n 93 (HSG Quoc gia -2013). Cho day so {a„) nhu sou: ai = I va
sao cbo l i m j/„ = L . K h i do
71—• + 0O
a „ + i = 3 - ^ , V n > l .
L = L2 - 3L + 3 .3)
> yi > 3
ChUng minh day so c6 gidi han hHu han va tim gidi han do.
Dieu vo l i nay cbving t o day (j/„) khong bi ch$n tren, suy ra l i m j/„ = +oo.
n—*+oo
G i a i . Trade liet, bang quy nap, t a cbilng m i n h 1 < a „ < 2 vdi mpi n > 1. (*)
Ta CO
Ta CO a2 = t l " ^1" (*) '^'""S n = 1, n = 2. Gia sii (*) dung vdi n = fc > 1,
XlX2...Xn\ yiy2--yn ^ j/n+1 - 3 ym-Vn tiic la 1 < at < 2, t a can chiing minh
Xn+1 J y„+i y„+i ' y „ + i - 3
yn+1 - 3 ym-yn-i yn+1 - 3 1 l < 3 - ^ < 2 ^ ^ < 2 ' ' ^ < a , + 2 .
2°t
Vn+l " yn - 3 yn+1 yi - 3'
x+2
Xet cac ham so f{x) = 2^ - (x + 2) va g{x) = 2^ - . Ta CO
lim lim 1 =: 1. / ' ( x ) = 2 M n 2 - l > 0 , V x e ( l ; 2 ) ; ^ ' { x ) = 2^1n2 - - > 0, V x e ( l ; 2 ) .

n->+c!0 \ J n^+oo \ y„+i 2/1-3/ n—•+00 V yn+1
Dodo lim = 1. Suy ra / va 5 don dong bion tren (1; 2). Do do t i t 1 < a t < 2, t a c6
n-.+oo Xn+l
B a i t o a n 92. Chttng minh rang: /(afc) < / ( 2 ) => - (cfc + 2) < 0, fl(afc) > 2°* - > 0.
a) Neu ( a „ ) ; ! ' ^ la day tang thi l i m a „ = s u p { a „ : n e N } .
n-»+oo Vay (*) (lu i g vdi moi n e N*. Tiep theo, t a se chiing m i n h ( a „ ) la day tang.
h) Niu (a„),"^f^ /a day giam thi l i m a „ = inf {a„ : n e N } .
n—*-\-oo Xet ham so h{x) = 3 - 1 < x < 2. Ta c6
Giai.
a) Gia sii ( a „ ) ; ^ ^ b i ch$n tren. K h i do sup {a„ : n 6 N } = >1 < + 0 0 , suy ra = '- + ');;:"^-^- = ! i l i ± £ i i l i ^ > 0, Vx . (1.2)
a„ < >1, Vn € N .
nen ham h dong bion tron (1; 2). Ket hdp vdi 02 = - > o i , bang phUdng phap
Vdi mpi c > 0, so - e khong phai la can tren cua tap hop {a„ : n 6 N } , nen
ton t g i a„„ sao cho ano> A - e.Do (a„)+f^ la day tang nen quy n?ip suy ra ( a „ ) la day tang. Day (a„) da cho tang va b i c h i n tren bdi 2
nen c6 gidi ban hfm han. Gia si'r gidi han do la L G (1; 2], t a cd L = 3 ^T"-
A> an> A - e, > UQ
=>\an- A\ £, Vn > no. Ta so cLiing m i n h phUdng t r i n h nay c6 nghi?m duy nhat tren (1;2]. T h a t
X + 2
Do vay, ^^]iinâ„ = A. Bay gid, gia sit rang ( a „ ) + ^ khong b i ch^n tren, k h i vay, xet ham so m ( x ) = 3 — x , x G (1;2] t h i 1 , ; ^.
do vdi moi M € R, ton t9,i o„(, sao cho a„o > M. Do {a„);J'f^ la day tang nen ,, ^ In4 + x l n 2 - l l n 4 + x l n 2 - 1 - 2^
rn (x) = r- 1=
2x *- 2^
a „ > M, Vn > no
Ta .vet tiep h a m so n{x) = l n 4 + x ln2 - 1 - 2^, x € (1; 2] t h i
iighia la lim a„ = + 0 0 .
n—>+oo
b) Tudng tvt. n'(x) = l n 2 ( l - 2 * ) < 0 , x e ( l ; 2 ]
184
185
lien n la ham nghich bien tren (1; 2]. Suy ra gi In gi + g2 In g2 H h a^ In g,
n ^ ln(gig2.•.an)
n{x) < n ( l ) = ln4 + l n 2 - 3 = l n 8 - 3 < 0 . = lim g^ + g^ + • • • + g ; n
Hay ln4 + a;ln2 - 1 - 2^ < 0 vdi x € (1; 2]. Do do, ham so m{x) nghich bien n
tren (1;2] va phitdng trinh m ( x ) = 0 c6 khong qua mot nghi^m. Hon nua
= ln ( g i g 2 . - - a n ) "
g{2) = 0 nen x = 2 la nghi?m duy nhat cua phudng trinh. Vay day so da cho
CO gidi han la 2. Do do Ao(gi, g 2 , . . . , gn) = ^ g i g 2 . . .g„.
Nhan xet 8. Theo nhan xet 7, trang 186, ta c6 ngay: VSi g > 0,6 > 0 thl
2.4 Gidi han cua cac day so sinh bdi cac dai lifcfng
trung binh m—oo I 2 /
Dinh nghia 17. Ta goi trung blnh bac r ciia n so duang ai,a2,...,an la Tilj/ n/iiert <a c6 the chiing minh sa cap han nhu sau {khong sii dung quy tdc
hir.u thtic xdc dinh hdi: Lopitan): Ta c6
In \/ab am +
Ar(ai,a2,...,a„) = ( - i ^-^ ^ - In(g6)2"' - In â2m62^j < In
m
J
neu r ^ J, j d = ln
Ao(ai,a2,.. .,a„) := lini A r ( a i , 0 2 , •••,an) <i(a;i:-l) + i(6;^-l).

r—>0
C h u y 17. Dac. bir.t khi r = 1 ta c6 trung binh cong, khir = -I ta c6 trung Vdy
binh diiu hoa, khi r = 2 ta c6 trung blnh binh phuang {hay con ggi la trung
/ J ^ y
blnh toan phuang). In Va6 < In
V 2 J
i r
m (a,'" - ij +m (b"' - 1 j , V m = 1,2,...
Nhan xet 7. Ta chUng minh diMc kit qua : neu a i , a 2 , . . .,a„ la nhUng so
T'Ji^ (fd?/, r/io m - » +00 r d sj? dung dinh H 11 d trang 219, ta dMc
duang khdc 1 thl
Ao(ai,a2,...,a„) = ^ a i a 2 . . . a „ . (*)
lim In = In Vab => lim ( —— ] = \/ab.
Do do khi r = 0, ta c6 trung blnh nhan. Con (*) ducic chiing minh nhiC sau: m—'oo 2 J ' mlTi) \
Ta CO
Nhan xet 9. Ta cMcng minh diMc kit qua: Day
ln[Ao(ai,a2, • ••,an)\ In limAr(ai,a2,...,a„)
.r->0 / g £ + g £ + . - . + a;;\
Ar(ai,g2, ...,g„) =
= ln = lim In n
r—0 V n r-.0 n 'a sap c^f/rt; f/ifo r n/i?/r /d md< /id77i dong bien cua ham so bien r € M. Kit
1^0, nay rat quan trong, no dinh hudng cho ta trong qua trinh so sdnh cdc
so duoc thdnh lap tit cdc dai luang trung blnh.
n Lopitan \ )_
= lim = lim ^han xet 10. Doi vdi cdc day so duoc thdnh lap tit cdc dai ittcfng trung blnh
r-.0
r-0 al + + • • • + g;;
gidi han ciia cdc day so thudng Id bdng nhau vd thudng thl ta tlrn duoc so
n
^ng long qudt cua cdc day so do.
186 187
lien n la ham nghich bien tren (1; 2]. Suy ra gi In gi + g2 In g2 H h a^ In g,
n ^ ln(gig2.•.an)
n{x) < n ( l ) = ln4 + l n 2 - 3 = l n 8 - 3 < 0 . = lim g^ + g^ + • • • + g ; n
Hay ln4 + a;ln2 - 1 - 2^ < 0 vdi x € (1; 2]. Do do, ham so m{x) nghich bien n
tren (1;2] va phitdng trinh m ( x ) = 0 c6 khong qua mot nghi^m. Hon nua
= ln ( g i g 2 . - - a n ) "
g{2) = 0 nen x = 2 la nghi?m duy nhat cua phudng trinh. Vay day so da cho
CO gidi han la 2. Do do Ao(gi, g 2 , . . . , gn) = ^ g i g 2 . . .g„.
Nhan xet 8. Theo nhan xet 7, trang 186, ta c6 ngay: VSi g > 0,6 > 0 thl
2.4 Gidi han cua cac day so sinh bdi cac dai lifcfng
trung binh m—oo I 2 /
Dinh nghia 17. Ta goi trung blnh bac r ciia n so duang ai,a2,...,an la Tilj/ n/iiert <a c6 the chiing minh sa cap han nhu sau {khong sii dung quy tdc
hir.u thtic xdc dinh hdi: Lopitan): Ta c6
In \/ab am +
Ar(ai,a2,...,a„) = ( - i ^-^ ^ - In(g6)2"' - In â2m62^j < In
m
J
neu r ^ J, j d = ln
Ao(ai,a2,.. .,a„) := lini A r ( a i , 0 2 , •••,an) <i(a;i:-l) + i(6;^-l).

r—>0
C h u y 17. Dac. bir.t khi r = 1 ta c6 trung binh cong, khir = -I ta c6 trung Vdy
binh diiu hoa, khi r = 2 ta c6 trung blnh binh phuang {hay con ggi la trung
/ J ^ y
blnh toan phuang). In Va6 < In
V 2 J
i r
m (a,'" - ij +m (b"' - 1 j , V m = 1,2,...
Nhan xet 7. Ta chUng minh diMc kit qua : neu a i , a 2 , . . .,a„ la nhUng so
T'Ji^ (fd?/, r/io m - » +00 r d sj? dung dinh H 11 d trang 219, ta dMc
duang khdc 1 thl
Ao(ai,a2,...,a„) = ^ a i a 2 . . . a „ . (*)
lim In = In Vab => lim ( —— ] = \/ab.
Do do khi r = 0, ta c6 trung blnh nhan. Con (*) ducic chiing minh nhiC sau: m—'oo 2 J ' mlTi) \
Ta CO
Nhan xet 9. Ta cMcng minh diMc kit qua: Day
ln[Ao(ai,a2, • ••,an)\ In limAr(ai,a2,...,a„)
.r->0 / g £ + g £ + . - . + a;;\
Ar(ai,g2, ...,g„) =
= ln = lim In n
r—0 V n r-.0 n 'a sap c^f/rt; f/ifo r n/i?/r /d md< /id77i dong bien cua ham so bien r € M. Kit
1^0, nay rat quan trong, no dinh hudng cho ta trong qua trinh so sdnh cdc
so duoc thdnh lap tit cdc dai luang trung blnh.
n Lopitan \ )_
= lim = lim ^han xet 10. Doi vdi cdc day so duoc thdnh lap tit cdc dai ittcfng trung blnh
r-.0
r-0 al + + • • • + g;;
gidi han ciia cdc day so thudng Id bdng nhau vd thudng thl ta tlrn duoc so
n
^ng long qudt cua cdc day so do.
186 187
Giai. ^ ,
2.4.1 T r i f d n g h d p c u n g c h i so
C ^ c h 1 . De thay vdi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a cd
B a i t o a n 94 (Cong cung-nhan ciing). Cho day so (x„)+f°i va {yn)'^=i duac 2a„b„
a„ > 0, 6„ > 0, 6„+i = -= ^ = —
xdc dinh nhiC saii: + br.
1
On
+ J_
On
an
X n - l + Vn-l
x i = a > 0,2/1 = 6 > 0, x „ = , y„ = v/x„_ij/„_i.
On + b n 2anbn
V i v?ly a„+i6„+i = — . — — — = a„6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra
Chtirig miiih rdny hat day so dd cho c6 •gidi han hdu /tan va ^ a„ + On
lim Xn = l i m 2/„. anb„ = •• • = aibi = 06, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

n-»+cx) n—»+oo
Tacd
G i a i . T i l gia thiet suy ra vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . t i n x „ > 0, y„ > 0. Theo bat
- _ an - VanK
dang thvjfc Caucliy t a c6:
y/a^ + y/K. an + vâ„6„
j ; n + i = ^ " ^ ^" > s/XnVn = Vn+i x „ > y „ , Vn = 2, 3, . . . On-I + frn-1 / J—
Suy l a y„+i = y/x^ > ^ynVn = 2/n, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay
Vn > Vn-l > - > y 2 = -yab-
T u d n g t a ta c6 _ a n - l + 6n_i - 2Van-lbn-\ / y/flîrf - y/^.-iV
^ ^ ^
o do, phop quy nap thco n cliiriig to rkng

V^y nen
rr a+ b 2"
Vab < y2 < ys < • • < Vn < < • • • < ^3 < X2 = —2"• . V n = 1,2,...
Suy ra day so (x„) giani, b i ch^n dudi bdi Vab, con day (y„) tang va b i chan
tren bdi ° ^ . Do do chiing hoi t u . Dat

n-\/6;_ j . ^ /v/5-v/6\'"''
lim x „ - Q, l i m y „ = /3. lim v ^ - ^ do < 1
.y/a+\/bJ v/a + \/6
n->+oo n—>+oo
heo tren suy ra
K h i do tiit gia thiet x„+i = ^" ^ ^ " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . cho n —> +00 t a dudc
—= ^ = 7 = => hm — = 0.
ot + P v/rtn + V0„ a„ + V a i an + ^06
Vay hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hiTu han va l i m x „ = l i m j/„. D&t
n->+oo n-»+cx>
B a i t o a n 95 (Cong cung-dieu hoa cimg). Cho hai so duang a,b. Xit cdc - \^ ^ ^ V^jxn +1)
day s6 (a,.),tri va {bn)t^, nhu sau ; — ^ = 2-„ - i ^ a „ x „ + Vabxn = a„ - Va6 an = — z •
On + Vab 1 - Xn
Kludo l i m an= lim ^ v / ^ (do l i m x „ = 0). Vay

a\ = b,a„+i = ° " ^ ",bn+i = ^ ^ ^ , V n = 1,2,...
lim 6„ = l i m — = = y/ab.
n—+c» 11-.+00 a„ v'a6
Tim l i m a„ f d l i m 6„.
188 189
Giai. ^ ,
2.4.1 T r i f d n g h d p c u n g c h i so
C ^ c h 1 . De thay vdi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a cd
B a i t o a n 94 (Cong cung-nhan ciing). Cho day so (x„)+f°i va {yn)'^=i duac 2a„b„
a„ > 0, 6„ > 0, 6„+i = -= ^ = —
xdc dinh nhiC saii: + br.
1
On
+ J_
On
an
X n - l + Vn-l
x i = a > 0,2/1 = 6 > 0, x „ = , y„ = v/x„_ij/„_i.
On + b n 2anbn
V i v?ly a„+i6„+i = — . — — — = a„6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Suy ra
Chtirig miiih rdny hat day so dd cho c6 •gidi han hdu /tan va ^ a„ + On
lim Xn = l i m 2/„. anb„ = •• • = aibi = 06, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .

n-»+cx) n—»+oo
Tacd
G i a i . T i l gia thiet suy ra vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . t i n x „ > 0, y„ > 0. Theo bat
- _ an - VanK
dang thvjfc Caucliy t a c6:
y/a^ + y/K. an + vâ„6„
j ; n + i = ^ " ^ ^" > s/XnVn = Vn+i x „ > y „ , Vn = 2, 3, . . . On-I + frn-1 / J—
Suy l a y„+i = y/x^ > ^ynVn = 2/n, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay
Vn > Vn-l > - > y 2 = -yab-
T u d n g t a ta c6 _ a n - l + 6n_i - 2Van-lbn-\ / y/flîrf - y/^.-iV
^ ^ ^
o do, phop quy nap thco n cliiriig to rkng

V^y nen
rr a+ b 2"
Vab < y2 < ys < • • < Vn < < • • • < ^3 < X2 = —2"• . V n = 1,2,...
Suy ra day so (x„) giani, b i ch^n dudi bdi Vab, con day (y„) tang va b i chan
tren bdi ° ^ . Do do chiing hoi t u . Dat

n-\/6;_ j . ^ /v/5-v/6\'"''
lim x „ - Q, l i m y „ = /3. lim v ^ - ^ do < 1
.y/a+\/bJ v/a + \/6
n->+oo n—>+oo
heo tren suy ra
K h i do tiit gia thiet x„+i = ^" ^ ^ " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . cho n —> +00 t a dudc
—= ^ = 7 = => hm — = 0.
ot + P v/rtn + V0„ a„ + V a i an + ^06
Vay hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hiTu han va l i m x „ = l i m j/„. D&t
n->+oo n-»+cx>
B a i t o a n 95 (Cong cung-dieu hoa cimg). Cho hai so duang a,b. Xit cdc - \^ ^ ^ V^jxn +1)
day s6 (a,.),tri va {bn)t^, nhu sau ; — ^ = 2-„ - i ^ a „ x „ + Vabxn = a„ - Va6 an = — z •
On + Vab 1 - Xn
Kludo l i m an= lim ^ v / ^ (do l i m x „ = 0). Vay

a\ = b,a„+i = ° " ^ ",bn+i = ^ ^ ^ , V n = 1,2,...
lim 6„ = l i m — = = y/ab.
n—+c» 11-.+00 a„ v'a6
Tim l i m a„ f d l i m 6„.
188 189
C a c h 2 . Theo bat dang thiic Cauchy t a c6 j j i f d n g d a n . Theo gia thiet t a cd
1 1
= Y - pTT " ^ ~"2— " = 1.2,... 1 _
—
an
+ T-
fen 1 _ / I I w , ^
— - 5 ' I = \= 1 , 2 , . . .
fln+l 2 6n+l V fln On
J
V6i mQi n = 2, 3 , . . . t a c6 Dat ia„ = Xn, ^ = y„. K h i do x i =
o„
6. a
i > 0, y i = ^ > 0 va
0
a„+i " = a„
2 - 2 a;n+i = — 2 — ' = v/^n^/n, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
6n+i > 6„ ^ > 6 „ <^ a „ 6 „ > 6^ a„ > 6 „ (dung).
a„ + 6„ V$,y theo bai toan 94 suy ra hai day ( x „ ) , ( 2 / „ ) h 9 i t v v a Um x „ = Um w„
Hay t a viet lai Do do hai day (a„), (6„) hpi t y va l i m a„ = Um 6„. r
n->+c» n->+oo
= 62 < • • • < 6„ < 6„+i < a„+i < a „ < - - < a 2 = "^'' B a i t o a n 9 7 (Trung binh b^c r cung-nhan cung). Cho tncdc ha so duang a,
a + 0
b vd r. Xet hai day s o . ( x „ ) + ~ vd {yn)t=i nhu sau
Vay ke t i f so hang t h i i hai t r d d i day so (a„);['î giam va b i chan difdi bdi so
nen c6 gidi h^n hihi han, day so {bn)X=\g va b j chan t r e n b d i so

a + 6
° nen c6 gidi han h i i u han. D a t hm a„ = a, Um 6„ = /3. K h i do tiT

2 . . . „_,4-(X)
Chiing rninh rang hai day so da cho hoi tu vd Um a;„ = Um ?/„. .11
gia thiet n—f+oo n—>+oo
O n + fen w 1 „
fln+l = 2 ' ^ ' ^ ^ 1,2,... G i a i . T i f gia thiet suy ra vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . t h i x „ > 0 , y„ > 0. Theo bat
dang thiic Caucliy t a co:
cho n -> + 0 0 t a difdc a = " ^ <^ a = /3. Vay hai day so da cho cd gidi han
hGu han va l i m a„ = l i m 6„. T i l h m (a„6„) = hm (a6) = a6, t a c6
n—•+(» n—>+(» n—»+oo n-»+cxi
'^"+1 = ("^"2 ^ (V^^)^ = V ^ = yn+i,Vn=l,2,...
Um a„. Um 6„ = a6. Suy ra

n—•+(» n—>+cx) Vn+l = yJXnVn > s/ynVn = Vn, Vn = 2, 3, . . .
Vay
Do do Q/3 = ah, ma Q = /? > 0 nen suy ra a = /3 = -v/ob. Vay
I
J/n > Vn-\ • • • > J/2 = Va6.
Um a„ = Um 6„ = Vob. Tudng t u t a cd
n—'+00 n—>+oo
B a i l o a n 96 (Nhan cung-diou hoa cimg). Cho cdc day so (a„);^f^, ibn)n=i
xdc dinh nhu sau Xn+1 = = x„,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
2
a i = a > 0, 61 = 6 > 0, a„+i = - j j - , 6„+i = \/a„6„ (Vn = 1,2,...) Suy ra
—+ r-
fln On
Xn+l < Xn < • • • < X2 =
ChiCng rninh hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hSu han vd hai gidi han do bdng
nhau.
190 191
C a c h 2 . Theo bat dang thiic Cauchy t a c6 j j i f d n g d a n . Theo gia thiet t a cd
1 1
= Y - pTT " ^ ~"2— " = 1.2,... 1 _
—
an
+ T-
fen 1 _ / I I w , ^
— - 5 ' I = \= 1 , 2 , . . .
fln+l 2 6n+l V fln On
J
V6i mQi n = 2, 3 , . . . t a c6 Dat ia„ = Xn, ^ = y„. K h i do x i =
o„
6. a
i > 0, y i = ^ > 0 va
0
a„+i " = a„
2 - 2 a;n+i = — 2 — ' = v/^n^/n, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
6n+i > 6„ ^ > 6 „ <^ a „ 6 „ > 6^ a„ > 6 „ (dung).
a„ + 6„ V$,y theo bai toan 94 suy ra hai day ( x „ ) , ( 2 / „ ) h 9 i t v v a Um x „ = Um w„
Hay t a viet lai Do do hai day (a„), (6„) hpi t y va l i m a„ = Um 6„. r
n->+c» n->+oo
= 62 < • • • < 6„ < 6„+i < a„+i < a „ < - - < a 2 = "^'' B a i t o a n 9 7 (Trung binh b^c r cung-nhan cung). Cho tncdc ha so duang a,
a + 0
b vd r. Xet hai day s o . ( x „ ) + ~ vd {yn)t=i nhu sau
Vay ke t i f so hang t h i i hai t r d d i day so (a„);['î giam va b i chan difdi bdi so
nen c6 gidi h^n hihi han, day so {bn)X=\g va b j chan t r e n b d i so

a + 6
° nen c6 gidi han h i i u han. D a t hm a„ = a, Um 6„ = /3. K h i do tiT

2 . . . „_,4-(X)
Chiing rninh rang hai day so da cho hoi tu vd Um a;„ = Um ?/„. .11
gia thiet n—f+oo n—>+oo
O n + fen w 1 „
fln+l = 2 ' ^ ' ^ ^ 1,2,... G i a i . T i f gia thiet suy ra vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . t h i x „ > 0 , y„ > 0. Theo bat
dang thiic Caucliy t a co:
cho n -> + 0 0 t a difdc a = " ^ <^ a = /3. Vay hai day so da cho cd gidi han
hGu han va l i m a„ = l i m 6„. T i l h m (a„6„) = hm (a6) = a6, t a c6
n—•+(» n—>+(» n—»+oo n-»+cxi
'^"+1 = ("^"2 ^ (V^^)^ = V ^ = yn+i,Vn=l,2,...
Um a„. Um 6„ = a6. Suy ra

n—•+(» n—>+cx) Vn+l = yJXnVn > s/ynVn = Vn, Vn = 2, 3, . . .
Vay
Do do Q/3 = ah, ma Q = /? > 0 nen suy ra a = /3 = -v/ob. Vay
I
J/n > Vn-\ • • • > J/2 = Va6.
Um a„ = Um 6„ = Vob. Tudng t u t a cd
n—'+00 n—>+oo
B a i l o a n 96 (Nhan cung-diou hoa cimg). Cho cdc day so (a„);^f^, ibn)n=i
xdc dinh nhu sau Xn+1 = = x„,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
2
a i = a > 0, 61 = 6 > 0, a„+i = - j j - , 6„+i = \/a„6„ (Vn = 1,2,...) Suy ra
—+ r-
fln On
Xn+l < Xn < • • • < X2 =
ChiCng rninh hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hSu han vd hai gidi han do bdng
nhau.
190 191
V§,y lien b) Do cdc day so ( x „ ) , ( y „ ) bi ch&n nen day ( x „ + y „ ) „ cung bj ch^n, hon niia
theo cau a), day nay ddn dieu tang, do do hpi t u . D a t
Um (x„+y„)= l i m s„ = s > 0 . S^-K' - , 11

n—>+(» n—+oo
Suy r a day so ( i „ ) giani, b i chan dudi bdi y/aB con day ( y „ ) tang vk h\n 2 2
Ta C O p„ < J va ( s „ ) la day tang, suy r a p„ < j . N h u v$,y day (p„) bj ch?Ln
tren bdi
>oi . Do do chung hOi t u . D a t
tren, ma theo can a), day (p„) ddn dieu tang, suy ra hoi t u ; h m p„ = p
, n-»+oo '
lim Xn = (t, l i m Vn = P- vdi 0 
V 2 - 4 4'
Suy r a
P = l i m p„ > l i m -2^ = — => p > _ =». p = £_ s2 ^ 4

n—+00 4 4 4 4
Vay hai day so da r h o c6 gidi ban hfru ban va l i m x „ = l i m j/„.

Theo diiih l i Viet t h i x,. va y„ la nghi§ni ciia phiTdng t r i n h _ s^t + p„ = 0 .
Cac nghiem ciia phitdng t r i i i h nay la
B a i t o a n 9 8 (Dg t h i Olympic Toan Sinh vien Toan Qu6c-2011). Cho hai
day so ( x „ ) , ( y „ ) thoa man dieu ki^n : Sn + y/sl - 4p„ Sn - \/s\ 4 p n
2 ' 2 •
Suv ra
> — 2 — ' ^"+' - V — 2 — ^
a) Chicng mink rhny (x,, + y „ ) „ , {a-„y„)„ n/ij7m; day dan dieu tanq. lim X,. = l i m y„ = l i m ^" + ~ = Hm ^» + v ' ^ " " ^P" = f
n—+00 n-.+c» n-.+(X) 2 n-.+oo 2 2"
b) Old su cdc day so ( x „ ) , ( y „ ) 6? cHru CMng minh rang hai day nay ciing
hgi tu ve mot diem nao do. N h u v?y hai day so da cho hoi t u ve cung mot digm. " -
G i a i . D o bat dang thite w 2 >

" —:—
2 nen suy r a cac day so { x „ ) , ( y „ ) 2.4.2 Trrfdng h d p lech c h i s6 ^^'^ , " ^"'^
la nhiiug day so diWiig, kc tCr so liûg t h i i 2 .
B & i t o a n 9 9 (Cong cung-cpng l§ch). Cho trade a, 6 e R. A-î hai day ( u „ ) + ~
a) Dat x„ + y„ = Sn, x„y„ = Ta c6
(»^n),t:ri nhu sau:
. x,i + yii s,i ^ /——
2 'i^-^-
-r?, + »/u ^ a:,, + y „ s„
J/n+l ^
2
> Tjm Hm u„, l i m t;„.
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Suy l a s„+i = x„+i + y,.+ i > s„, p„+i = i „ + i y „ + i > p„. Nhir v^y ( x „ + y „ ) n G i a i . T a c6
va (x„y,.)„ la nhOiig day ddn dieu t i n g .
Wn+1 = , Vn+i = , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . i +,„i>A 4
z 4
192
193
V§,y lien b) Do cdc day so ( x „ ) , ( y „ ) bi ch&n nen day ( x „ + y „ ) „ cung bj ch^n, hon niia
theo cau a), day nay ddn dieu tang, do do hpi t u . D a t
Um (x„+y„)= l i m s„ = s > 0 . S^-K' - , 11

n—>+(» n—+oo
Suy r a day so ( i „ ) giani, b i chan dudi bdi y/aB con day ( y „ ) tang vk h\n 2 2
Ta C O p„ < J va ( s „ ) la day tang, suy r a p„ < j . N h u v$,y day (p„) bj ch?Ln
tren bdi
>oi . Do do chung hOi t u . D a t
tren, ma theo can a), day (p„) ddn dieu tang, suy ra hoi t u ; h m p„ = p
, n-»+oo '
lim Xn = (t, l i m Vn = P- vdi 0 
V 2 - 4 4'
Suy r a
P = l i m p„ > l i m -2^ = — => p > _ =». p = £_ s2 ^ 4

n—+00 4 4 4 4
Vay hai day so da r h o c6 gidi ban hfru ban va l i m x „ = l i m j/„.

Theo diiih l i Viet t h i x,. va y„ la nghi§ni ciia phiTdng t r i n h _ s^t + p„ = 0 .
Cac nghiem ciia phitdng t r i i i h nay la
B a i t o a n 9 8 (Dg t h i Olympic Toan Sinh vien Toan Qu6c-2011). Cho hai
day so ( x „ ) , ( y „ ) thoa man dieu ki^n : Sn + y/sl - 4p„ Sn - \/s\ 4 p n
2 ' 2 •
Suv ra
> — 2 — ' ^"+' - V — 2 — ^
a) Chicng mink rhny (x,, + y „ ) „ , {a-„y„)„ n/ij7m; day dan dieu tanq. lim X,. = l i m y„ = l i m ^" + ~ = Hm ^» + v ' ^ " " ^P" = f
n—+00 n-.+c» n-.+(X) 2 n-.+oo 2 2"
b) Old su cdc day so ( x „ ) , ( y „ ) 6? cHru CMng minh rang hai day nay ciing
hgi tu ve mot diem nao do. N h u v?y hai day so da cho hoi t u ve cung mot digm. " -
G i a i . D o bat dang thite w 2 >

" —:—
2 nen suy r a cac day so { x „ ) , ( y „ ) 2.4.2 Trrfdng h d p lech c h i s6 ^^'^ , " ^"'^
la nhiiug day so diWiig, kc tCr so liûg t h i i 2 .
B & i t o a n 9 9 (Cong cung-cpng l§ch). Cho trade a, 6 e R. A-î hai day ( u „ ) + ~
a) Dat x„ + y„ = Sn, x„y„ = Ta c6
(»^n),t:ri nhu sau:
. x,i + yii s,i ^ /——
2 'i^-^-
-r?, + »/u ^ a:,, + y „ s„
J/n+l ^
2
> Tjm Hm u„, l i m t;„.
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Suy l a s„+i = x„+i + y,.+ i > s„, p„+i = i „ + i y „ + i > p„. Nhir v^y ( x „ + y „ ) n G i a i . T a c6
va (x„y,.)„ la nhOiig day ddn dieu t i n g .
Wn+1 = , Vn+i = , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . i +,„i>A 4
z 4
192
193
Suy ra vdi inpi n = 1, 2 , . . . , ta c6 Ta chpn A sao cho
/ I 3A^ 3 21A
Wn+1 + Al'n+l = ^ + A ^ V2 4 / 5' 25 = A ( g + g ) < ^ 1 5 + 21A = A(10 + 4A)
2 + T -+
^4A2-llA-15 = 0<Âe | - 1 ,
Ta chon A sao cho A= -1
A = 2.
V|,y vdi A e { - l , ^ } , t a c 6 :
Vay \di A e { - 1 , 2 } , ta c6:
/ I A\
Vay day so (u„ + Xvn)n=\o thanh mot cap so nhan vdi so hang dau a + A6,
Dat Un + Xvn = Xn, suy ta
• 10 + 4A ^
cong bpi q = — — — • Do do
a;n+i =
n
/ I \
A^
x„,Vn = l , 2 , . . . 25
2 + 4 n-l •3
10 + 4A\
Un + Au„ = (a + Xb) ,Vn=l,2,... A,
Vay day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ tao thanh mot cap so nhan vdi so hang dau x i = a + A6, 25
cong bpi q = - + - . Do do 15
Lan lupt lay A = - 1 , A = — t a dupc:
/ I A\"~'
x„ = {a + A6) + ,Vn=l,2,... / 6 \"~
u„ = u„ + ( a - 6 ) f — j
Un-Vn = {a- b)
Lan lupt lay A = - 1 , A = 2 t a dUdc: 15 / 156\ n-l

4
u„ = i ( a + 26) + ( a - 6 ) . ? ^ '(-T)-<"-"(i)
{ Un + 2Vn = a + 2b
1
a + 26-(a-6).—J V&y
/ lhb\ 4a + 1 5 6
hm t;„ = — a+ —
Suy ra l i m u„ = l i m Vn = \ia + 2b). 19
n—»+c» 19
n—>+oo n—>+oo 3 n-l
4a + 156
B a i t o a n 100. Cho trade a, 6 € R. Xet hai day (u„);J;fi va M^î nhu sau: lim Un = l i m i>„ 4- l i m
n—»+oo n—»+oo n—•+00 19
2u„ + 3vn 2u„+i + 3D„ „ , „
u i = a , i ; i = 6,u„+i = , t;„+i = , V n = 1,2,...
Tit l i m Un = lira v„ = ^ ^ - 7 7 r ~ i ™ dieu phai chiing m i n h .
Tinh lim u„, Um u„. n—>+oo n->+oo 19 Mftrt.il h'•
n—t+co fi—»+cx)
B a i t o a n 101 (Nhan cung-nhan Ipch). Cho trade hai so dicang a vd 6. Xet
4u„ + 6t;„ hai day so (u„), (i;„) nhu sau: ,
5 +^^" 4u„ + 21t;,
G i a i . Ta c6 u„+i = . Suy ra
25 « 1 =a, Vi= 6, W„+i = v/^nt^n, Vn+l = V^n+l^n (Vn = 1, 2, . . .)
j_ V 2u„ + 3v„ 4u„ + 21v„ /2 4A\3 21A\

^dy tim l i m u„ m l i m t)„.
n—.+00 n—»+oo
194 195
Suy ra vdi inpi n = 1, 2 , . . . , ta c6 Ta chpn A sao cho
/ I 3A^ 3 21A
Wn+1 + Al'n+l = ^ + A ^ V2 4 / 5' 25 = A ( g + g ) < ^ 1 5 + 21A = A(10 + 4A)
2 + T -+
^4A2-llA-15 = 0<Âe | - 1 ,
Ta chon A sao cho A= -1
A = 2.
V|,y vdi A e { - l , ^ } , t a c 6 :
Vay \di A e { - 1 , 2 } , ta c6:
/ I A\
Vay day so (u„ + Xvn)n=\o thanh mot cap so nhan vdi so hang dau a + A6,
Dat Un + Xvn = Xn, suy ta
• 10 + 4A ^
cong bpi q = — — — • Do do
a;n+i =
n
/ I \
A^
x„,Vn = l , 2 , . . . 25
2 + 4 n-l •3
10 + 4A\
Un + Au„ = (a + Xb) ,Vn=l,2,... A,
Vay day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ tao thanh mot cap so nhan vdi so hang dau x i = a + A6, 25
cong bpi q = - + - . Do do 15
Lan lupt lay A = - 1 , A = — t a dupc:
/ I A\"~'
x„ = {a + A6) + ,Vn=l,2,... / 6 \"~
u„ = u„ + ( a - 6 ) f — j
Un-Vn = {a- b)
Lan lupt lay A = - 1 , A = 2 t a dUdc: 15 / 156\ n-l

4
u„ = i ( a + 26) + ( a - 6 ) . ? ^ '(-T)-<"-"(i)
{ Un + 2Vn = a + 2b
1
a + 26-(a-6).—J V&y
/ lhb\ 4a + 1 5 6
hm t;„ = — a+ —
Suy ra l i m u„ = l i m Vn = \ia + 2b). 19
n—»+c» 19
n—>+oo n—>+oo 3 n-l
4a + 156
B a i t o a n 100. Cho trade a, 6 € R. Xet hai day (u„);J;fi va M^î nhu sau: lim Un = l i m i>„ 4- l i m
n—»+oo n—»+oo n—•+00 19
2u„ + 3vn 2u„+i + 3D„ „ , „
u i = a , i ; i = 6,u„+i = , t;„+i = , V n = 1,2,...
Tit l i m Un = lira v„ = ^ ^ - 7 7 r ~ i ™ dieu phai chiing m i n h .
Tinh lim u„, Um u„. n—>+oo n->+oo 19 Mftrt.il h'•
n—t+co fi—»+cx)
B a i t o a n 101 (Nhan cung-nhan Ipch). Cho trade hai so dicang a vd 6. Xet
4u„ + 6t;„ hai day so (u„), (i;„) nhu sau: ,
5 +^^" 4u„ + 21t;,
G i a i . Ta c6 u„+i = . Suy ra
25 « 1 =a, Vi= 6, W„+i = v/^nt^n, Vn+l = V^n+l^n (Vn = 1, 2, . . .)
j_ V 2u„ + 3v„ 4u„ + 21v„ /2 4A\3 21A\

^dy tim l i m u„ m l i m t)„.
n—.+00 n—»+oo
194 195
j j i f ^ n g d a n . TCr gia tliiet t a c6
H U d n g d a n . De thay vdi mpi n = 1,2,... t a c6 u„ > 0 va > 0. Gpi
Xn = lnu„, Vn = lnv„ (Vn = 1,2,.. .)• K h i do xi = In a, y i = l n 6 va vdi mpi
— +—
n = 1,2,..., t a c o _ Xn+1 Vn
1 _ Xn yn 1 ,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Xn+1 Vn+X
Xn+i = 2 — 2 — ' ^""""^ ~ 2 2

Vay — = " n , — = i^n- K h i do
Theo bai t^p 9 9 t a c6
r
l n a + 21n6 Inat^ Xn yn
2Un + ZVn 2Un+l + 3t;„
hm x„ = lira y„ = = = In (a6 ) ^ . g , t^n+l = g
Ml = - > 0, Vi = ^ > 0, Un+\

V i ham so n i u lien t y c nen suy r a
a 0
lim u,, = lira Vn = lira e'""" B a i toan 104 ( T i u i i g binh b$c r ciing-truiig binh bac r l§ch). Cho trudc hai
n—•+00 n—•H-oo n—>+oo
De.i day ta,
so duang a bs ivd
i dung
cho ket
trudcqua Xet 100.
bai toan
r ^0. hai ddy so (un), (vn) nhu sau:
= lim e - ' = e " " ' ? < » " ' = e ' " K ) * = (a62)^
n-^+oo
ui = a, vi = b, Un+i = ( 2 Vn+1- — ^
B a i t o a n 102 (Dieu hoa cimg-dieu hoa lech). Cho trudc hai so duang a vd
b. Xet hai day so (u„), (i;„) nhu sau:
Hay tim l i m u„ vd l i m t;„.
2 2
n—>+oo n—>+oo
ui =a, vi = b, Un+i = -J J-, fn+i = —J j - (Vn = 1,2,...)
— + — +— H t r d i i g d a n . De thay rang vdi mpi n = 1,2,... t a c6 U n > 0, t;„ > 0. Vdi
Un Vn Un+l Vn
iiioi n = 1, 2 , . . . , va vdi mpi A e R, t a C P :
Hay tim l i m u„ vd l i m i»„.
n—>+oo n—'+00
'n
HiTdng d i n . T i i gia thiet t a c6 "n+1 -1- -^^n+l — 2 ^ 2 ~ 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 _ Un Vn_ J L- ""+1 ^» Wr, - 1 9 + =i2-^4J"'^+i2 + T J < -
Un+l 2 f„+l 2
Titdng t u n h u bai tap 9 9 , t a chiing minh dUdc
V?iy dat — = Xn, — = 2/„. K h i do
Un Vn
lim It,. -- h m vI. .
x i = - > 0, 2/1 = T > 0, X n + 1 - — - — , yn+1 = •
a b 2 2 Do do va v i ham so /(x) = X' lien tyc tren (0; + 0 0 ) nen
Don day t a si'r dung kot qua bai toan 9 9 .
.. 1
B a i t o a n 103. Cho trxtdc hai so duang a vd b. Xet hai ddy so ( x „ ) , [yn) a + 26\•
lim Un = lira v„ = l i m {iQr = ( Hm vI.
vhu sau: xi — a, y\ vd
SXnj/n 5Xn+iyn w„ , ,
C h i i y 18. Hdm sin hypebolic vd ham cos hypebolic Idn lupt Id hdm
C/ij2n5 mm/i /lai ddi/ so (fd cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd bang nhau. Tim gidi sinhx = r , coshx = .
hQ,n do.
197
196
j j i f ^ n g d a n . TCr gia tliiet t a c6
H U d n g d a n . De thay vdi mpi n = 1,2,... t a c6 u„ > 0 va > 0. Gpi
Xn = lnu„, Vn = lnv„ (Vn = 1,2,.. .)• K h i do xi = In a, y i = l n 6 va vdi mpi
— +—
n = 1,2,..., t a c o _ Xn+1 Vn
1 _ Xn yn 1 ,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Xn+1 Vn+X
Xn+i = 2 — 2 — ' ^""""^ ~ 2 2

Vay — = " n , — = i^n- K h i do
Theo bai t^p 9 9 t a c6
r
l n a + 21n6 Inat^ Xn yn
2Un + ZVn 2Un+l + 3t;„
hm x„ = lira y„ = = = In (a6 ) ^ . g , t^n+l = g
Ml = - > 0, Vi = ^ > 0, Un+\

V i ham so n i u lien t y c nen suy r a
a 0
lim u,, = lira Vn = lira e'""" B a i toan 104 ( T i u i i g binh b$c r ciing-truiig binh bac r l§ch). Cho trudc hai
n—•+00 n—•H-oo n—>+oo
De.i day ta,
so duang a bs ivd
i dung
cho ket
trudcqua Xet 100.
bai toan
r ^0. hai ddy so (un), (vn) nhu sau:
= lim e - ' = e " " ' ? < » " ' = e ' " K ) * = (a62)^
n-^+oo
ui = a, vi = b, Un+i = ( 2 Vn+1- — ^
B a i t o a n 102 (Dieu hoa cimg-dieu hoa lech). Cho trudc hai so duang a vd
b. Xet hai day so (u„), (i;„) nhu sau:
Hay tim l i m u„ vd l i m t;„.
2 2
n—>+oo n—>+oo
ui =a, vi = b, Un+i = -J J-, fn+i = —J j - (Vn = 1,2,...)
— + — +— H t r d i i g d a n . De thay rang vdi mpi n = 1,2,... t a c6 U n > 0, t;„ > 0. Vdi
Un Vn Un+l Vn
iiioi n = 1, 2 , . . . , va vdi mpi A e R, t a C P :
Hay tim l i m u„ vd l i m i»„.
n—>+oo n—'+00
'n
HiTdng d i n . T i i gia thiet t a c6 "n+1 -1- -^^n+l — 2 ^ 2 ~ 2 2
1 1 1 1
1 _ Un Vn_ J L- ""+1 ^» Wr, - 1 9 + =i2-^4J"'^+i2 + T J < -
Un+l 2 f„+l 2
Titdng t u n h u bai tap 9 9 , t a chiing minh dUdc
V?iy dat — = Xn, — = 2/„. K h i do
Un Vn
lim It,. -- h m vI. .
x i = - > 0, 2/1 = T > 0, X n + 1 - — - — , yn+1 = •
a b 2 2 Do do va v i ham so /(x) = X' lien tyc tren (0; + 0 0 ) nen
Don day t a si'r dung kot qua bai toan 9 9 .
.. 1
B a i t o a n 103. Cho trxtdc hai so duang a vd b. Xet hai ddy so ( x „ ) , [yn) a + 26\•
lim Un = lira v„ = l i m {iQr = ( Hm vI.
vhu sau: xi — a, y\ vd
SXnj/n 5Xn+iyn w„ , ,
C h i i y 18. Hdm sin hypebolic vd ham cos hypebolic Idn lupt Id hdm
C/ij2n5 mm/i /lai ddi/ so (fd cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd bang nhau. Tim gidi sinhx = r , coshx = .
hQ,n do.
197
196
B a i todn 105 (Cong cung-nhan lech). Cho triidc hai so duang a, b. Xet cdc Do do
day so (an);tri (bn)^^! nhiC sau:
,. , , ,. sint; sinv 2" ,sinv
* i =0,2/1 =b,Xn+i = ^ " ^ ^ " , Vn+i = \ / a ; „ + i 2 / „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . hm bn = b hm rr- = b lim ^ ., = 6-
„_+oo 2" sin ; f
2" 2"
Tim l i m a;„, l i m j / „ .
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Tir a „ = 6„ cos — t a c6
Giai.
T r v r d n g hc»p 1: a = b. K h i do a„ = 6„ = o, Vn = 1,2,... Bdi vay
lim a„ = lim ( ^ n c o s — ) = l i m 6„. l i m c o s : : ^ = l i m 6„ = 6 — ^
lim a„ = l i m 6„ = a.
n->+oo n—>+oo „_»+oo n^+oo V 2"/ n-^+oo n-.+oo 2" n-.+oo t;
T r t r & n g h d p 2: a < 6. V i 0 < a < 6 nen 0 < ^ < 1. Do do dat T r i f d n g h d p 3: a > 6. V i a > 6 > 0 nen 7 > 1. Goi Q la so dg ^ = cosh a,
0 0
a e" + e-"
a tdcla-= 2 -. Ta c6:
T = cosu < ^ •^)-
b
Taco -^62 + e 2 \ a;
1 + coshx = 1 + - — = - (2 + + e"^) = 2 = 2cosh^ - .
a+ 6 600811 + 6 6(l+cosi;) , 2^
ai - = = - i - 6cos'' - , - er 62 + e 2 6 2 — e 2
2 2 2 2 sinhx = = 2 2 = 2sinh-.cosh-.
lim (1 + x ) ^ = e.
61 = VôTb = y6^ cos2 ^ = 6cos^,
6cos2^+6cos^ bcos^ ( l + c o s ^ ) ^
= 6 COS - cos ^2 ' V i ham so f{x) = lnx lien tuc tren khoang (0; +00) nen
62 = \ / a 2 ^ i = y^6cos^cos2 ^ 6 c o s ^ = 6cos ^ cos ^ , l i m ^"^^ + ^ l i m l n ( l + x ) - = In [ l i m (1 + x ) - = l n e = 1.

I—0 X I—0 ^ ' Lx-.o
~ "^ ^
6 c o s - c o s ^ - 2 + 6 cos-cos-2 ^ t; 2 Dat - 1 = 2/, k h i do
03 ^ ^ ^ ^ = 6cos-cos22Cos ^ ,
lim ^
11111 = Ul iUm
— rr^
J —— r =
= 11m
l i m T — 7 -^ 7- = 1.
63 = \^362 = y t c O S ^ ^ C0S2 ^ C0S2 = 6 COS ^ COS ^ COS ^ ,
X y - 0 l n ( l + 2/) yô l n ( l + y)
2/
Bang phudng phap quy nap ta dg dang chilng minh dUdc: siuhx 1 e^-^ - 1
hm
m i l
=
—
hm
H i l l
=
— ll ii m — ilim
m — i i n —z
— — = 1.
a„ = 6 (^cos 2 cos 22 •' cos — j - j cos — , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . xô X i-ô 2x X - . 0 X - . 0 2x
gX _(_ g - X
l i m cosh X = l i m = 1.
6„ = bcos ^ cos ^ • • -cos cos ^ , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . x-Ô xÔ 2
Ta c6:
sin 2x
Theo cone thufc cosx = — — (vdi sin a; 0), ta c6 a+ b 6coshQ + 6 6 ( 1 + c o s h Q) , ,a
2 s mV x = —X— = = ~ = 6cosh'' - ,
. V . V
sm -2 —T:
sm -2"-2 sm •2 " - ' smu
_ ^ smt; _ L
^1 = \ / a i 6 = J6'2 cosh'^ ^ = 6cosh ^ ,
2sin| 2sin^ ^ s i n ^ 2sin^ 2»sin|^
198 199
B a i todn 105 (Cong cung-nhan lech). Cho triidc hai so duang a, b. Xet cdc Do do
day so (an);tri (bn)^^! nhiC sau:
,. , , ,. sint; sinv 2" ,sinv
* i =0,2/1 =b,Xn+i = ^ " ^ ^ " , Vn+i = \ / a ; „ + i 2 / „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . hm bn = b hm rr- = b lim ^ ., = 6-
„_+oo 2" sin ; f
2" 2"
Tim l i m a;„, l i m j / „ .
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Tir a „ = 6„ cos — t a c6
Giai.
T r v r d n g hc»p 1: a = b. K h i do a„ = 6„ = o, Vn = 1,2,... Bdi vay
lim a„ = lim ( ^ n c o s — ) = l i m 6„. l i m c o s : : ^ = l i m 6„ = 6 — ^
lim a„ = l i m 6„ = a.
n->+oo n—>+oo „_»+oo n^+oo V 2"/ n-^+oo n-.+oo 2" n-.+oo t;
T r t r & n g h d p 2: a < 6. V i 0 < a < 6 nen 0 < ^ < 1. Do do dat T r i f d n g h d p 3: a > 6. V i a > 6 > 0 nen 7 > 1. Goi Q la so dg ^ = cosh a,
0 0
a e" + e-"
a tdcla-= 2 -. Ta c6:
T = cosu < ^ •^)-
b
Taco -^62 + e 2 \ a;
1 + coshx = 1 + - — = - (2 + + e"^) = 2 = 2cosh^ - .
a+ 6 600811 + 6 6(l+cosi;) , 2^
ai - = = - i - 6cos'' - , - er 62 + e 2 6 2 — e 2
2 2 2 2 sinhx = = 2 2 = 2sinh-.cosh-.
lim (1 + x ) ^ = e.
61 = VôTb = y6^ cos2 ^ = 6cos^,
6cos2^+6cos^ bcos^ ( l + c o s ^ ) ^
= 6 COS - cos ^2 ' V i ham so f{x) = lnx lien tuc tren khoang (0; +00) nen
62 = \ / a 2 ^ i = y^6cos^cos2 ^ 6 c o s ^ = 6cos ^ cos ^ , l i m ^"^^ + ^ l i m l n ( l + x ) - = In [ l i m (1 + x ) - = l n e = 1.

I—0 X I—0 ^ ' Lx-.o
~ "^ ^
6 c o s - c o s ^ - 2 + 6 cos-cos-2 ^ t; 2 Dat - 1 = 2/, k h i do
03 ^ ^ ^ ^ = 6cos-cos22Cos ^ ,
lim ^
11111 = Ul iUm
— rr^
J —— r =
= 11m
l i m T — 7 -^ 7- = 1.
63 = \^362 = y t c O S ^ ^ C0S2 ^ C0S2 = 6 COS ^ COS ^ COS ^ ,
X y - 0 l n ( l + 2/) yô l n ( l + y)
2/
Bang phudng phap quy nap ta dg dang chilng minh dUdc: siuhx 1 e^-^ - 1
hm
m i l
=
—
hm
H i l l
=
— ll ii m — ilim
m — i i n —z
— — = 1.
a„ = 6 (^cos 2 cos 22 •' cos — j - j cos — , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . xô X i-ô 2x X - . 0 X - . 0 2x
gX _(_ g - X
l i m cosh X = l i m = 1.
6„ = bcos ^ cos ^ • • -cos cos ^ , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . x-Ô xÔ 2
Ta c6:
sin 2x
Theo cone thufc cosx = — — (vdi sin a; 0), ta c6 a+ b 6coshQ + 6 6 ( 1 + c o s h Q) , ,a
2 s mV x = —X— = = ~ = 6cosh'' - ,
. V . V
sm -2 —T:
sm -2"-2 sm •2 " - ' smu
_ ^ smt; _ L
^1 = \ / a i 6 = J6'2 cosh'^ ^ = 6cosh ^ ,
2sin| 2sin^ ^ s i n ^ 2sin^ 2»sin|^
198 199
6cosh2| + 6cosh| l + cosh| G i a i - T i t gia thiet suy ra a„ > 0,6„ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6 '
«2 = ^ = 6cosh-. — ^ = 6cosh-cosh ^,
62 = y/aî = yb^cosh^ ^ cosh^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f '^^^^^' — =^4^. = 7 — . ^ V n = l,2,.'.,

Bang phirdng phap quy nap ta do dang chi'tng minh dudc: 1 1 7
Vav dat — = x„, r- =yn- K h i do
a„ = 6 ^cosh ^ . cosh ^ . . .cosh ^ ) Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
6„ = bcosh ^ . cosh ^ • • • cosh cosh — , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
sinh 2ic Den day ta sii dung kct qua bai toan 105. ' -
Theo cong thitc coshx = — — — (vdi sinhx ^ 0), ta c6 L i ^ y- Ngoai each giai tren ta con c6 t h i giai trutc tiep cung dUdc k i t qua.
2sinha;
B a i t o a n 108 (HSG Quoc gia - 1993 - Bang A ) . Cho OQ = 2, bo = 1 . Lap
b ^^sinha '^^"^^f ^ ^ " h ^ s i n h ^ ^ b sinh a hai day s6 (an) vd (6„) vdi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . theo quy tdc sau
2smh|'2sinh^ 2sinh 2sinh ^ 2"sinh^ 2a„6„ / —
Do do an + bn
a
ChUng minh ring cdc day (o„) vd {bn) c6 ciing mot gidi han chung khi n dan
bsinha . s i n h a ,. ,sinha O"
lim On = lim pjr = 0 iim — ^ = 0 . Uii dudng vd ct/c. Ttm gu'li han chung do.
„_+oo "^+°°2"sinh— « "^+°°sinh— «
2" 2" H i f d n g d a n . Bai toan nay chi la nipt triTcJng hop rieng cua bai toan 107.
Tir a„ = 6„ cosh — ta CO l i m a„ = l i m 6„. l i m cosh ^ = B a i t o a n 109 (Nhan cimg-cpng l^ch). Cho trudc hai so duang a vd b. Xet
2" n->+oo n—>+oo n->+oo 2" Q
hai ddy s6 («„) vd {bn) nhu sau:
B a i t o a n 106 (De t h i Olympic 30/04/2004). Cho hai so duang a,b khong
doi thoa man a <b. Xet cdc day so {an) vd (6„) nhu sau: • • / T" . O'n+l + bn
ai = a, Oi = ft, 0„+i = VfflnOn. On+l = •
ai = — O i = V aio. ^2 = — ^ — , 02 = y —,
CMng minh rang hai ddy so dd cho c6 gidi hm hHu han vd hai gidi han do
an-l+bn-l , I—r b&ng nhau.
a-n = ^ , On = y/anbn-l-
G i a i . Bang ((uy nap, de dang suy ra vdi mpi n € N * ta c6 an > 0 va 6„ > 0.
Tim lim a„, l i m 6„.
n—>+oo n—•+<»
T r i ' c l n g h d p 1 . a = b. K h i do a„ = a = 6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , suy ra
H t f d n g dan. Bai toan nay la tntcJug hpp d§,c biet cua bai toan 105. lim a„ = l i m 6„.
n—'+oo n—>+oo
B a i t o a n 107 (Dieu hoa cung-nhan lech). Cho cdc day so (a„)+î, (6„)+fi
Trifclng h d p 2.a>b. K h i do a i > 61. Gia sii ak > bk (vdi fc € N * ) . K h i do
xdc dinh nhu sau:
oi > 0, 61 > 0, a„+i ^ -J j - , 6„+i = y/on+ib^ (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) bk < y/okh < ak=>bk < ak+i < ak-
Suy ra
5, . h + bk ak+i + bk ak + bk ^ Uk+ak ^ u ^ k
rim l i m a „ , l i m 6„. 2— 2 —2— —2— = "fc < <
n—>+oo n—>+cx)
200 201
6cosh2| + 6cosh| l + cosh| G i a i - T i t gia thiet suy ra a„ > 0,6„ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta c6 '
«2 = ^ = 6cosh-. — ^ = 6cosh-cosh ^,
62 = y/aî = yb^cosh^ ^ cosh^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ f '^^^^^' — =^4^. = 7 — . ^ V n = l,2,.'.,

Bang phirdng phap quy nap ta do dang chi'tng minh dudc: 1 1 7
Vav dat — = x„, r- =yn- K h i do
a„ = 6 ^cosh ^ . cosh ^ . . .cosh ^ ) Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
6„ = bcosh ^ . cosh ^ • • • cosh cosh — , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
sinh 2ic Den day ta sii dung kct qua bai toan 105. ' -
Theo cong thitc coshx = — — — (vdi sinhx ^ 0), ta c6 L i ^ y- Ngoai each giai tren ta con c6 t h i giai trutc tiep cung dUdc k i t qua.
2sinha;
B a i t o a n 108 (HSG Quoc gia - 1993 - Bang A ) . Cho OQ = 2, bo = 1 . Lap
b ^^sinha '^^"^^f ^ ^ " h ^ s i n h ^ ^ b sinh a hai day s6 (an) vd (6„) vdi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . theo quy tdc sau
2smh|'2sinh^ 2sinh 2sinh ^ 2"sinh^ 2a„6„ / —
Do do an + bn
a
ChUng minh ring cdc day (o„) vd {bn) c6 ciing mot gidi han chung khi n dan
bsinha . s i n h a ,. ,sinha O"
lim On = lim pjr = 0 iim — ^ = 0 . Uii dudng vd ct/c. Ttm gu'li han chung do.
„_+oo "^+°°2"sinh— « "^+°°sinh— «
2" 2" H i f d n g d a n . Bai toan nay chi la nipt triTcJng hop rieng cua bai toan 107.
Tir a„ = 6„ cosh — ta CO l i m a„ = l i m 6„. l i m cosh ^ = B a i t o a n 109 (Nhan cimg-cpng l^ch). Cho trudc hai so duang a vd b. Xet
2" n->+oo n—>+oo n->+oo 2" Q
hai ddy s6 («„) vd {bn) nhu sau:
B a i t o a n 106 (De t h i Olympic 30/04/2004). Cho hai so duang a,b khong
doi thoa man a <b. Xet cdc day so {an) vd (6„) nhu sau: • • / T" . O'n+l + bn
ai = a, Oi = ft, 0„+i = VfflnOn. On+l = •
ai = — O i = V aio. ^2 = — ^ — , 02 = y —,
CMng minh rang hai ddy so dd cho c6 gidi hm hHu han vd hai gidi han do
an-l+bn-l , I—r b&ng nhau.
a-n = ^ , On = y/anbn-l-
G i a i . Bang ((uy nap, de dang suy ra vdi mpi n € N * ta c6 an > 0 va 6„ > 0.
Tim lim a„, l i m 6„.
n—>+oo n—•+<»
T r i ' c l n g h d p 1 . a = b. K h i do a„ = a = 6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , suy ra
H t f d n g dan. Bai toan nay la tntcJug hpp d§,c biet cua bai toan 105. lim a„ = l i m 6„.
n—'+oo n—>+oo
B a i t o a n 107 (Dieu hoa cung-nhan lech). Cho cdc day so (a„)+î, (6„)+fi
Trifclng h d p 2.a>b. K h i do a i > 61. Gia sii ak > bk (vdi fc € N * ) . K h i do
xdc dinh nhu sau:
oi > 0, 61 > 0, a„+i ^ -J j - , 6„+i = y/on+ib^ (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) bk < y/okh < ak=>bk < ak+i < ak-
Suy ra
5, . h + bk ak+i + bk ak + bk ^ Uk+ak ^ u ^ k
rim l i m a „ , l i m 6„. 2— 2 —2— —2— = "fc < <
n—>+oo n—>+cx)
200 201
D o (16 bt luaii: T i o u g nioi trUdng hop t a dcu c6 h a i d a y so (a„), ( 6 „ ) c6 g i d i h ^ i
ak+\ bk Qfc+i + bk+i hauhanva^^limâ,, = ^^lim^6„.
bk+i = 2 ^ 2 •'"^
p a i t o a n 110 (Dicu h o a cimg-cong lech). Cho trUdc hai so duang a vd b.
T h e o n g u y e n l i q u y n?ip s u y r a a „ > 6 „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . Do do
Xet hat day so ( a „ ) vd ( b „ ) nhu sau:
On+l = y0.nOn < \/anO-n = dn, 0„+i = > 6„+i > 6„. 2 . _ Qn+i + K
ai = a, Oi — 0, a„-|.i = j - , o„+i — .
Vay an bn
6 = 6 i < 62 < • • • < 6„ < bn+i < fln+i < a„ < •• < a2 < ai = a. Chitng minh ring hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd hai gidi han do
Suy r a d a y ( a „ ) g i a n i v a b i c h a i i d u 6 i b d i so b, d a y (6„) t a n g v a b i ch$,n t r e n bing nhau. ,..
bcii so a, d o d o h a i d a y so n a y h o i t u . D a t H m a „ = x, l i m b„ = y. T i r
G i a i . B a n g cjuy n a p , de d a n g s u y r a v d i n i p i n 6 N * t a c 6 a „ > 0 v a 6 „ > 0.
n—'+oo n—>+oo
TrUcJng h d p 1 . a = 6. K h i d o o „ = a = 6 „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , s u y r a
bn+1 = V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n + 0 0 ta dUdc
lim a„ = lim 6„.
n—>+oo n-»+oo
X ~|~ y
y = — - — <^ X = y ^ lim an = lim 6„.
2 n—'+oo n—>+cx> T r i f d n g h d p 2. a> b. K h i d o O ] > 61. G i a sijf ajt > bk ( v d i /c € N * ) . K h i d o
T r v T c J n g h d p 3. a < b. K h i d o o i < 61. G i a sur < ( v d i Jt G N * ) . K h i do 1 1 2 1 1 2

Ok bk ak ak bk bk
flfc < Vo'kh <bk=> ak < C f c + i < bk-
2 , .-'f
Suy r a Suy r a 6fc < j - < ak => bk < ak+i < ak- D o do '
, ^fc + bk ak+i +bk ak + bk ^ ak+ttk , , Ojt bk

bk = — ^ — > ^ > — - — > — - — =ak=^bk> bk+i > ak.
2 ^ 2 => < flfc+l-

D o do
Ok+i = ^ > 26fc+i > ajt+i + bk+i =*> ak+i < bk+i- T h e o n g u y e n l i ( j u y n ^ p , s u y r a a „ > 6 „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . V a y — + r - > 1 •
a„ On flji O n
Do do
T h e o n g u y e n l i q u y n?ip s u y r a a „ < 6 „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . D o do
•
'^ •
'^ k « n + l + bn bn+l + bn , ,
"n+i = ^ J- < -J J - = a,,, bn+l = 2 ^ 2
a„ ^ 6„ a„ ^ a„
V&y
Ta Viet lai
a = a i < a2 < • • • < a „ < a „ + i < 6„+i < 6„ < • • • < 62 < 61 = 6. b = bi < bi < • • • < bn < b„+i < Un+i < a „ < • • • < 02 < a i = a.
S u y r a d a y { a „ ) t a n g v a b i c h $ n t r e n b d i so 6, d a y (6„) g i a m v a b j c h a n d u d i Suy r a d a y ( a „ ) g i a m va bj c h a n d u d i b d i so b, d a y (fc„) t a n g v a b j ch$ai t r e n

b d i so a, d o d o h a i d a y so n a y h o i t u . D a t l i m a „ = x, lim 6„ = y. T i t b d i so a, d o d o h a i d a y so n a y h o i t u . D a t lim a„ = x, lim 6„ = y- TxX
71—<+oo n—•+00
bn+i — " " " " " ^ ^ — ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n - » + 0 0 t a dUdc bn+l = °""^'^"'"^",Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n — + 0 0 t a d U d c
X + y
u = ——^ ^ X = y =^ lim a„ = lim 6„.
y = — r — a: = J/ ^ lim a„ = lim 6„. " 2 n-.+oo n—+00
^ n—•+00 n—'+00
202 203
D o (16 bt luaii: T i o u g nioi trUdng hop t a dcu c6 h a i d a y so (a„), ( 6 „ ) c6 g i d i h ^ i
ak+\ bk Qfc+i + bk+i hauhanva^^limâ,, = ^^lim^6„.
bk+i = 2 ^ 2 •'"^
p a i t o a n 110 (Dicu h o a cimg-cong lech). Cho trUdc hai so duang a vd b.
T h e o n g u y e n l i q u y n?ip s u y r a a „ > 6 „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . Do do
Xet hat day so ( a „ ) vd ( b „ ) nhu sau:
On+l = y0.nOn < \/anO-n = dn, 0„+i = > 6„+i > 6„. 2 . _ Qn+i + K
ai = a, Oi — 0, a„-|.i = j - , o„+i — .
Vay an bn
6 = 6 i < 62 < • • • < 6„ < bn+i < fln+i < a„ < •• < a2 < ai = a. Chitng minh ring hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd hai gidi han do
Suy r a d a y ( a „ ) g i a n i v a b i c h a i i d u 6 i b d i so b, d a y (6„) t a n g v a b i ch$,n t r e n bing nhau. ,..
bcii so a, d o d o h a i d a y so n a y h o i t u . D a t H m a „ = x, l i m b„ = y. T i r
G i a i . B a n g cjuy n a p , de d a n g s u y r a v d i n i p i n 6 N * t a c 6 a „ > 0 v a 6 „ > 0.
n—'+oo n—>+oo
TrUcJng h d p 1 . a = 6. K h i d o o „ = a = 6 „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , s u y r a
bn+1 = V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n + 0 0 ta dUdc
lim a„ = lim 6„.
n—>+oo n-»+oo
X ~|~ y
y = — - — <^ X = y ^ lim an = lim 6„.
2 n—'+oo n—>+cx> T r i f d n g h d p 2. a> b. K h i d o O ] > 61. G i a sijf ajt > bk ( v d i /c € N * ) . K h i d o
T r v T c J n g h d p 3. a < b. K h i d o o i < 61. G i a sur < ( v d i Jt G N * ) . K h i do 1 1 2 1 1 2

Ok bk ak ak bk bk
flfc < Vo'kh <bk=> ak < C f c + i < bk-
2 , .-'f
Suy r a Suy r a 6fc < j - < ak => bk < ak+i < ak- D o do '
, ^fc + bk ak+i +bk ak + bk ^ ak+ttk , , Ojt bk

bk = — ^ — > ^ > — - — > — - — =ak=^bk> bk+i > ak.
2 ^ 2 => < flfc+l-

D o do
Ok+i = ^ > 26fc+i > ajt+i + bk+i =*> ak+i < bk+i- T h e o n g u y e n l i ( j u y n ^ p , s u y r a a „ > 6 „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . V a y — + r - > 1 •
a„ On flji O n
Do do
T h e o n g u y e n l i q u y n?ip s u y r a a „ < 6 „ , V n = 1, 2 , . . . D o do
•
'^ •
'^ k « n + l + bn bn+l + bn , ,
"n+i = ^ J- < -J J - = a,,, bn+l = 2 ^ 2
a„ ^ 6„ a„ ^ a„
V&y
Ta Viet lai
a = a i < a2 < • • • < a „ < a „ + i < 6„+i < 6„ < • • • < 62 < 61 = 6. b = bi < bi < • • • < bn < b„+i < Un+i < a „ < • • • < 02 < a i = a.
S u y r a d a y { a „ ) t a n g v a b i c h $ n t r e n b d i so 6, d a y (6„) g i a m v a b j c h a n d u d i Suy r a d a y ( a „ ) g i a m va bj c h a n d u d i b d i so b, d a y (fc„) t a n g v a b j ch$ai t r e n

b d i so a, d o d o h a i d a y so n a y h o i t u . D a t l i m a „ = x, lim 6„ = y. T i t b d i so a, d o d o h a i d a y so n a y h o i t u . D a t lim a„ = x, lim 6„ = y- TxX
71—<+oo n—•+00
bn+i — " " " " " ^ ^ — ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n - » + 0 0 t a dUdc bn+l = °""^'^"'"^",Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n — + 0 0 t a d U d c
X + y
u = ——^ ^ X = y =^ lim a„ = lim 6„.
y = — r — a: = J/ ^ lim a„ = lim 6„. " 2 n-.+oo n—+00
^ n—•+00 n—'+00
202 203
T r t f d n g h d p 3. a < b. K h i do ai < 61. Gia sit < 6^ (vdi k € N ' ) . K h i do
TrtfcJng h d p 1. a = b. K h i do a„ = a = 6 „ , Vn = 1, 2 , . . . , suy r a . „ . r
1 1 2 ^ 1 1 2
lim a„ = l i m 6 „ .
ak bk bk flfc Ok flfc n—f+oo n—>+oo
2 T r t T d n g h d p 2. a> b. K h i do a i > bi. Gia sii a*,. > bk (vdifc€ N * ) . K h i do
Suy r a ak < j - < bk ak < ak+i < bk- Vay ••'
1 1 3 1 2 3
ak — < T - ^— < — + — < — . "
ak bk ak ak bk bk
bfc+i = 2 2 Ôfc+i>"fc+i- 3
Suy ra bk < - j < ak bk < ak+i < ak- Do do
1 1 1 1 ak bk
Theo nguyeii h' quy nap, suy a„ < 6 „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay — + — < + . Qfe+i + 2bk ak+i + 2ak+i _^ ,
Ofc+i ^ < g bk+i < Cfc+i.
Dodo
a„+i = j -> Y ^ ''"+^ = 2 2 Theo nguyen if quy n^p toan hoc suy ra a„ > 6 „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . V§,y
— +— — +— 1 2 1 2
On On On I n — + — > — + —.
a„ On a„ an
Ta viet lai
a = ai < a2 < • • • < an < a-n+i < K+i < bn < • • • < b'j, < bi = b. Do do
a , - ^ < 3 _ "n+1 + 26,. + 2fcn _ . ^ .

Suy ra day (a„) taiig va b i chan tren bdi so 6, day (6„) giam va b i chan ditdi
• b6i so a, do do hai dav so nay hoi t u . Dat, h m a„ = x, Urn 6„ = y. T i t — +— — +—
"n t>n a„ a„
fc^^j = " " + ' ^ + ^ " , V n - 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n ^ +00 t a du:dc Ta viet lai
6 = 61 .< 62 < • • • < < bn+i < a „ + i < a „ < • • • < a2 < a i = a .
^ ^ ^^ ^ an= Hm 6 „ .
Suy ra day (a„) giam va bj chan ditdi bdi so 6, day ( 6 „ ) tang va bi chan tren
bdi so a, do do hai day so nay hoi t u . Dat l i m a„ = x, l i m 6 „ = v. Tit
Kot luan: Trong m o i trvtcJng hdp ta dou cd hai day so (a„), ( 6 „ ) cd gidi han n->+oo n-.+oo
hCu han va l i m a„ = h m 6 „ .
n—•+CX) n—>+cx) o„+i = ,Vn= 1,2,...,
B a i t o a n 1 1 1 . Clio trudc hai so dxMng a va b. Xct day so {an) va ( 6 „ ) nhxi
cho n -» + 0 0 t a dudc y = ^ ^^ ^ ^ jjj^
3a„6„ _ On+i + 26n
a i = a, 61 = 6, a„+i = 5 ^ ; ^ . f'n+i - 3 •
T r u d n g h d p 3. a < b. K h i do aj < 61. Gia sii a)t < 6^ (vdifce N * ) . K h i do
Chitng minh fang hai day so da cho c6 gidi han kSu han vd hai gidi han do 1 1 3 1 2 3
bhng nhau. bk bk ak bk ak
G i a i . Bang quy nap, de dang suy ra vdi moi n € N * t a cd o„ > 0 va 6„ > 0. Suy ra < ^ ^ ^ < 6^ => < a/t+i < 6^. Vay
Ta viet lai ^
~ + IT
fln+i = -J 2 " ' '^'^ = 1' 2 , . . .
gfc+i + 26fc Ofc+i + 2ak+i ,
—+ r bk+i = > => bk+i > ak+l-
'k+1 > v-^
a„ o„
204
205
T r t f d n g h d p 3. a < b. K h i do ai < 61. Gia sit < 6^ (vdi k € N ' ) . K h i do
TrtfcJng h d p 1. a = b. K h i do a„ = a = 6 „ , Vn = 1, 2 , . . . , suy r a . „ . r
1 1 2 ^ 1 1 2
lim a„ = l i m 6 „ .
ak bk bk flfc Ok flfc n—f+oo n—>+oo
2 T r t T d n g h d p 2. a> b. K h i do a i > bi. Gia sii a*,. > bk (vdifc€ N * ) . K h i do
Suy r a ak < j - < bk ak < ak+i < bk- Vay ••'
1 1 3 1 2 3
ak — < T - ^— < — + — < — . "
ak bk ak ak bk bk
bfc+i = 2 2 Ôfc+i>"fc+i- 3
Suy ra bk < - j < ak bk < ak+i < ak- Do do
1 1 1 1 ak bk
Theo nguyeii h' quy nap, suy a„ < 6 „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vay — + — < + . Qfe+i + 2bk ak+i + 2ak+i _^ ,
Ofc+i ^ < g bk+i < Cfc+i.
Dodo
a„+i = j -> Y ^ ''"+^ = 2 2 Theo nguyen if quy n^p toan hoc suy ra a„ > 6 „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . V§,y
— +— — +— 1 2 1 2
On On On I n — + — > — + —.
a„ On a„ an
Ta viet lai
a = ai < a2 < • • • < an < a-n+i < K+i < bn < • • • < b'j, < bi = b. Do do
a , - ^ < 3 _ "n+1 + 26,. + 2fcn _ . ^ .

Suy ra day (a„) taiig va b i chan tren bdi so 6, day (6„) giam va b i chan ditdi
• b6i so a, do do hai dav so nay hoi t u . Dat, h m a„ = x, Urn 6„ = y. T i t — +— — +—
"n t>n a„ a„
fc^^j = " " + ' ^ + ^ " , V n - 1 , 2 , . . . , cho n ^ +00 t a du:dc Ta viet lai
6 = 61 .< 62 < • • • < < bn+i < a „ + i < a „ < • • • < a2 < a i = a .
^ ^ ^^ ^ an= Hm 6 „ .
Suy ra day (a„) giam va bj chan ditdi bdi so 6, day ( 6 „ ) tang va bi chan tren
bdi so a, do do hai day so nay hoi t u . Dat l i m a„ = x, l i m 6 „ = v. Tit
Kot luan: Trong m o i trvtcJng hdp ta dou cd hai day so (a„), ( 6 „ ) cd gidi han n->+oo n-.+oo
hCu han va l i m a„ = h m 6 „ .
n—•+CX) n—>+cx) o„+i = ,Vn= 1,2,...,
B a i t o a n 1 1 1 . Clio trudc hai so dxMng a va b. Xct day so {an) va ( 6 „ ) nhxi
cho n -» + 0 0 t a dudc y = ^ ^^ ^ ^ jjj^
3a„6„ _ On+i + 26n
a i = a, 61 = 6, a„+i = 5 ^ ; ^ . f'n+i - 3 •
T r u d n g h d p 3. a < b. K h i do aj < 61. Gia sii a)t < 6^ (vdifce N * ) . K h i do
Chitng minh fang hai day so da cho c6 gidi han kSu han vd hai gidi han do 1 1 3 1 2 3
bhng nhau. bk bk ak bk ak
G i a i . Bang quy nap, de dang suy ra vdi moi n € N * t a cd o„ > 0 va 6„ > 0. Suy ra < ^ ^ ^ < 6^ => < a/t+i < 6^. Vay
Ta viet lai ^
~ + IT
fln+i = -J 2 " ' '^'^ = 1' 2 , . . .
gfc+i + 26fc Ofc+i + 2ak+i ,
—+ r bk+i = > => bk+i > ak+l-
'k+1 > v-^
a„ o„
204
205
Theo nguyeii l i quy nap toan hpc suy ra a „ < 6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . V$.y
H U d n g d i n . Dat ^ = x„, -1 = Ta dudc 1
1
2 1 2
— + — < — + —.
a„ On a„ a„
= s/XnVn, Vn+l =
Dodo ^*
3 3 . a„+i + 2bn _ bn+i +2b„ _ ^ Sau do sur dung k i t qua bai toan 109.
Un+i = -J 2" '* ~ i 2" ~ ~ '• 3 3
an ^ b„ a„ ^ a„ B a i t o a n 114 (Trung buih bac r cung-nhmi l§ch). Choriî^ a>0 6>0
X£t cdc day so ( a „ ) + ~ vd ( 6 „ ) + ~ nhu sau:
Ta viet Igii
a = a i < 02 < • • < a„ < Cn+i < 6„+i < 6„ < • • • < 62 < 6 i = 6.
00 = a,bo = 6, a „ + , = (~^^ ^, 6„+, = v / ^ T (Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
Suy ra day ( a „ ) tang va bi ch^n tren bdi so 6, day (6„) giam va bj ch^n dudi
bcii so a, do do hai day so nay hoi t u . Tuuiig t y u h u t n l d n g h<^ 2, t a chutng
Ttm l i m a „ vd l i m 6„.
niinh diK^c l i m a „ = Um 6„. n—'+oo n—>+oo
n—'+oo ri—'+00
Ket hian: Trong nioi tnfcJng ht.ip ta deu c6 hai day so ( o „ ) , (6„) c6 gidi han Giai.
hQu han va litn a „ = iini 6„. T r U d n g hdp 1: r > 0.
H—•+00 «—• + (»
TVirdng hdp 1.1: a = b. K h i do a „ = a = 6„,Vn e N . Suy ra
B a i t o a n 112 (Cong lung-dieu hoa lech). Cho trade hai so duong a va b.
Xet hai day so (a„) vd (6„) nhu sau: lim a„ = l i m 6„ = 1.
n—+oo n—'+oo
. , a» + b„ 2
ai = u, bi = b, Un+i = — ^ — , bn+i = 1 1• TVUdng hdp 1.2: a < b. K h i do a"" < f =• 0 < ^ < 1. Do do dat
+
Chiing minh rdng hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd hai gidi han do •^=cosv
bdng nhau.
Tac6
H i r d n g d a n . Dat — = x„, = y„. Ta difdc
On bn a'' + b'" 6'"cost; + f 6'"(H-COSD) 9^
+ Vn
^n+l — ~J J~! Vn+l — "
Sau do su dung ket qua bai toan 1 1 0 . 6'-cos2^+6'-cos^ 6'-cos^ ( l + c o s ^ j ^ t;

a$ = 2_ _i. = LI- LL = 5'-cos - cos'' ^ ,
B a i l o a n 1 1 3 (Nhan cung-dicu hoa Igcli). Cho trudc hai so duong a vd b.
Xet hai day so {a„) vd (6„) nhu sau:
2
'S = = (y^WJ;^) ^ 6^ COS ^ COS ^,
" 1 = a , 61 = 6, a„+i = V ' " n ^ n , t„+i = —-J J-.
+ — 6'- COS ^ COs2 +fcrc o s ^ cOS 4
= 6 COS-COS-rCOS^-7,
a5 = 2 2£
Chvlng minJi rdng hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd hai gidi hfin do 63 = = 6- C O S ^ COS ^ COS ^ .
bdng nhau.
206
Theo nguyeii l i quy nap toan hpc suy ra a „ < 6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . V$.y
H U d n g d i n . Dat ^ = x„, -1 = Ta dudc 1
1
2 1 2
— + — < — + —.
a„ On a„ a„
= s/XnVn, Vn+l =
Dodo ^*
3 3 . a„+i + 2bn _ bn+i +2b„ _ ^ Sau do sur dung k i t qua bai toan 109.
Un+i = -J 2" '* ~ i 2" ~ ~ '• 3 3
an ^ b„ a„ ^ a„ B a i t o a n 114 (Trung buih bac r cung-nhmi l§ch). Choriî^ a>0 6>0
X£t cdc day so ( a „ ) + ~ vd ( 6 „ ) + ~ nhu sau:
Ta viet Igii
a = a i < 02 < • • < a„ < Cn+i < 6„+i < 6„ < • • • < 62 < 6 i = 6.
00 = a,bo = 6, a „ + , = (~^^ ^, 6„+, = v / ^ T (Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
Suy ra day ( a „ ) tang va bi ch^n tren bdi so 6, day (6„) giam va bj ch^n dudi
bcii so a, do do hai day so nay hoi t u . Tuuiig t y u h u t n l d n g h<^ 2, t a chutng
Ttm l i m a „ vd l i m 6„.
niinh diK^c l i m a „ = Um 6„. n—'+oo n—>+oo
n—'+oo ri—'+00
Ket hian: Trong nioi tnfcJng ht.ip ta deu c6 hai day so ( o „ ) , (6„) c6 gidi han Giai.
hQu han va litn a „ = iini 6„. T r U d n g hdp 1: r > 0.
H—•+00 «—• + (»
TVirdng hdp 1.1: a = b. K h i do a „ = a = 6„,Vn e N . Suy ra
B a i t o a n 112 (Cong lung-dieu hoa lech). Cho trade hai so duong a va b.
Xet hai day so (a„) vd (6„) nhu sau: lim a„ = l i m 6„ = 1.
n—+oo n—'+oo
. , a» + b„ 2
ai = u, bi = b, Un+i = — ^ — , bn+i = 1 1• TVUdng hdp 1.2: a < b. K h i do a"" < f =• 0 < ^ < 1. Do do dat
+
Chiing minh rdng hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd hai gidi han do •^=cosv
bdng nhau.
Tac6
H i r d n g d a n . Dat — = x„, = y„. Ta difdc
On bn a'' + b'" 6'"cost; + f 6'"(H-COSD) 9^
+ Vn
^n+l — ~J J~! Vn+l — "
Sau do su dung ket qua bai toan 1 1 0 . 6'-cos2^+6'-cos^ 6'-cos^ ( l + c o s ^ j ^ t;

a$ = 2_ _i. = LI- LL = 5'-cos - cos'' ^ ,
B a i l o a n 1 1 3 (Nhan cung-dicu hoa Igcli). Cho trudc hai so duong a vd b.
Xet hai day so {a„) vd (6„) nhu sau:
2
'S = = (y^WJ;^) ^ 6^ COS ^ COS ^,
" 1 = a , 61 = 6, a„+i = V ' " n ^ n , t„+i = —-J J-.
+ — 6'- COS ^ COs2 +fcrc o s ^ cOS 4
= 6 COS-COS-rCOS^-7,
a5 = 2 2£
Chvlng minJi rdng hai day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han vd hai gidi hfin do 63 = = 6- C O S ^ COS ^ COS ^ .
bdng nhau.
206
Bang plnroiig phap quy nap ta de dang chihig niinh dUdc: 6;; = 6'-cosh | . cosh ^ ...cosh ^ cosh ^ , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
al = (cos ^ cos ^ • • • cos cos^ Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . sinh2x

Theo cong thirc coshx = ^'"^^^^^ (vdi sinhx ^ 0), ta c6
6; = b'-cos^ cos ^ • • cos cos Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .

sinhQ s i n h ^ s i n h ^ ^ ^rgjpt^^^
6: = 6'-
sin 2x 2sinh| 2sinh^ 2sinh^ 2sinh^ 2"sinh^
Theo cong thiic c o s i = — — (vdi sinx 0), ta c6
z sin X 2" ,,„M.;
V . V Do cio
sini; sin- sin r2"-2
r-T sin 2 " - ' _f,r sinu a
6; = 6^ V •-
2sin;f-
. V ~"
2"sin^ ,r ,. 6'"sinhQ sinha ,. o" .-sinho
2 sin I 2sin^ 2sm2„_i 2" 2" lim 6[, = hm ?r = ^ lim —^-"Tv" = •
„^+^ "^+°°2»sinh— " "^+=°siiih — a
2" 2"
Do do
Tir = 6;;cosh ^ ta c6 lim = lim 6!;. lim c o s h ; ^ = sinha g^.
ir Lr ,• smv .rSint; 2" .rSinu 2" 11—+00 n-.+oo n->+c» 2" a
lim 6^ = b'^ hm ^ = 6'^ lim ^ ^ = 6 . vav
n—+00 n->+oo 2n gjji _ f n->+oo gjj^ V
''sinha''
lim a„ = lim 6„ = 6
n—+00 n-»+c>o \ /
Tif < = 6;;cos|^, ta CO
Trirdng hdp 2: r < 0.
Trifdng hgtp 2.1: a = b. K h i do a„ = a = 6„, Vn G N. Suy ra
lim a!; = lim (bl-cos-^) = lim 6;:. lim cos = lim 6^; = i * " ^ ^ .
n-+oo " n-+oo \ 2"/ n-.+oo " n-.+oo 2" n-.+c» " lim a„ = lim 6„ = 1.
n-.+oo ri->+oo
( sinv\
V J
IVirdng hdp 2.2: a > 6. K h i do a*" < 6'" => 0 < — < 1. Do do d$,t
TrvfcJng hdp 1.3: a > 6 > 0. Khi do ^ > 1. Gpi a la so de ^ = cosh a. Ta ^ = cost; ( 0 +oo \
h\ ( v / ^ ) ' = (^^62cosh' I j = b' cosh | ,
lî/diig hdp 2.3: a < 6. Khi do ^ > 1- Gpi a la so de ^ = cosh a. TtTdng
6'-cosh2^ + 6'-cosh| l + cosh|
a5 = iihir trucJng hdp 1.3, ta chiing minh dupc
^ = 6' cosh - . — ^ = 6*^ cosh - cosh^ ^ ,
r
65 = 62 coshr ^ coshr ^ j =6*" cosh ^ cosh ^ . lim a„ = lim 6„ = 6 ( |
K—•+00 n—*+oo \ J
BKng phitrtng phap quy nap ta de dang chi'mg minh dUrtc: y. Bai loan 105 la trirdng lipp rieng ciia bai toan 114 khi r = 1. Bai
|oaii 107 la tiUcJiig hdp rieng cua bai toan 114 khi r = - 1 . Bai toan 109 c6
a ; = 6'" (cosh | . cosh ^ . . . cosh cosh^ ^ , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . ^he xeiu la b6 sung cho trirdng hpp r = 0 chua dUpc xet ci bai toan 114.
208 209
Bang plnroiig phap quy nap ta de dang chihig niinh dUdc: 6;; = 6'-cosh | . cosh ^ ...cosh ^ cosh ^ , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
al = (cos ^ cos ^ • • • cos cos^ Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . sinh2x

Theo cong thirc coshx = ^'"^^^^^ (vdi sinhx ^ 0), ta c6
6; = b'-cos^ cos ^ • • cos cos Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .

sinhQ s i n h ^ s i n h ^ ^ ^rgjpt^^^
6: = 6'-
sin 2x 2sinh| 2sinh^ 2sinh^ 2sinh^ 2"sinh^
Theo cong thiic c o s i = — — (vdi sinx 0), ta c6
z sin X 2" ,,„M.;
V . V Do cio
sini; sin- sin r2"-2
r-T sin 2 " - ' _f,r sinu a
6; = 6^ V •-
2sin;f-
. V ~"
2"sin^ ,r ,. 6'"sinhQ sinha ,. o" .-sinho
2 sin I 2sin^ 2sm2„_i 2" 2" lim 6[, = hm ?r = ^ lim —^-"Tv" = •
„^+^ "^+°°2»sinh— " "^+=°siiih — a
2" 2"
Do do
Tir = 6;;cosh ^ ta c6 lim = lim 6!;. lim c o s h ; ^ = sinha g^.
ir Lr ,• smv .rSint; 2" .rSinu 2" 11—+00 n-.+oo n->+c» 2" a
lim 6^ = b'^ hm ^ = 6'^ lim ^ ^ = 6 . vav
n—+00 n->+oo 2n gjji _ f n->+oo gjj^ V
''sinha''
lim a„ = lim 6„ = 6
n—+00 n-»+c>o \ /
Tif < = 6;;cos|^, ta CO
Trirdng hdp 2: r < 0.
Trifdng hgtp 2.1: a = b. K h i do a„ = a = 6„, Vn G N. Suy ra
lim a!; = lim (bl-cos-^) = lim 6;:. lim cos = lim 6^; = i * " ^ ^ .
n-+oo " n-+oo \ 2"/ n-.+oo " n-.+oo 2" n-.+c» " lim a„ = lim 6„ = 1.
n-.+oo ri->+oo
( sinv\
V J
IVirdng hdp 2.2: a > 6. K h i do a*" < 6'" => 0 < — < 1. Do do d$,t
TrvfcJng hdp 1.3: a > 6 > 0. Khi do ^ > 1. Gpi a la so de ^ = cosh a. Ta ^ = cost; ( 0 +oo \
h\ ( v / ^ ) ' = (^^62cosh' I j = b' cosh | ,
lî/diig hdp 2.3: a < 6. Khi do ^ > 1- Gpi a la so de ^ = cosh a. TtTdng
6'-cosh2^ + 6'-cosh| l + cosh|
a5 = iihir trucJng hdp 1.3, ta chiing minh dupc
^ = 6' cosh - . — ^ = 6*^ cosh - cosh^ ^ ,
r
65 = 62 coshr ^ coshr ^ j =6*" cosh ^ cosh ^ . lim a„ = lim 6„ = 6 ( |
K—•+00 n—*+oo \ J
BKng phitrtng phap quy nap ta de dang chi'mg minh dUrtc: y. Bai loan 105 la trirdng lipp rieng ciia bai toan 114 khi r = 1. Bai
|oaii 107 la tiUcJiig hdp rieng cua bai toan 114 khi r = - 1 . Bai toan 109 c6
a ; = 6'" (cosh | . cosh ^ . . . cosh cosh^ ^ , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . ^he xeiu la b6 sung cho trirdng hpp r = 0 chua dUpc xet ci bai toan 114.
208 209
2.4.3 P h o i hdp b a , b o n day so. Do dot
B a i t o a n 115. Cho ba so th^c a,b,c. Xet 3 day so (x„)+~i, (i/n)^^!, (^n);^^! n-I
nhu sau: , lim Xn - lim | — , (-1)" \
xi =a, yi = 0, zi = c, n->+oo n—.+c» I 3 3 3 •
x„+i = — 2 — ' ^ " + ' — 2 — ' ~ 2 Tirong t i t ta rlninig niinh ditOc
C7nm(/ rnJn/i /ling cac day so nay hoi tu va tinh gidi han cua chung. ,. ,. a + b+c
hm y„ = hm z„ = .
n-t+ao n—>+oo 3
G i a i . Vdi nipi n = 2 , 3 , . . . T a c6
C a c h k h a c . T a c6
y„_l +Zn-\ 2 n - l + X „ - l , Xn-1 +^.1-1
X„ + J / „ + 2 „ = = X„_l +2/„-l+2„-i.
2 2 2 „ _ Vn-l + Zn-l 2n_l+X„_i 1
Xn - Vn = - - {Xn-1 - J/„-l),Vn > 2.
Sii dung lien tiep cac ket qua tren t a t h u duuc:
Do do ^
= a+ + c. (1)
0
X „ + ?/„ + = Xn-l + yn-1 + Zn-1 = • • • = Xi + yi + Zi b
- 2/" = (o - 6) ^ Hrn^ {x„ - y„) = 0.

Dat M = a + b + c, k h i do tiT (1) t a c6
Zu-l +Xn-l Xn-1 + J / n - l X „ _ i + 2/„-l + 2 „ - l X„_i TucHig t\ t i l i l i i h i g niinli dUdc

J/n + Zn= + = +
2 2
a + b + C Xn-l _ M Xn-\ lim (i/„ - zn) = 0, lim - x„) = 0.
,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
2 ^ ^ ~ y ^"T"
Ta CO
Suy r a
a + b + c,
Xn = A/ - (Vn + Zn) = - ^x^-i, Vn = 2, 3, . . . Xn - ^ +2/U-1 +z„-i
Xn -
Siir dung lien ticp cac ket qua tren t a t h u dUdc:

y„-l - Xn-1 _^ 5„-l - X„_i
A/ 1 M _ Xn-2 ^ 6 6
Xn •- = A/
2 2 2 2 ^ rl'^n-l ~yn-l\ -\Xn-i -2„._i|
/I 1
= M
2 2 2 ; ^2'^ [2 2 J ~ 22 ^ 2 V 2^^""^ J^'l'oo " "^3^''- t u ta cluing nuuh duoc
2 ^ ) + ( - ! ) " 2;^^!
n-l " — + 00 3 n-.+oo 3
A/ ^-1-2 n-l
(fdy (u„),tri - (^'-Oitî
(4)
1 - B a i t o a n 116. Cho 3 so duang a,b,c. Lap 3 .("'n)^^!
''it..' quy luat sau: ui = a, v\ b,w\ c vd
- 5
- VVnW^, Vn = \/WnUn, Wn+l - V ^ W ^ , V u = 1, 2, . . .
Ta CO
H-1 •"iw nm u„, lim n , , , lim u;„. , •t.., i.isii<

(-1)" 1 (-1)"
lim = 0, l i m = lim — T = 0 lim = 0.
n-+oo V 2 n—•+00 2"-i n-+oo 2"-l n-.+oo 2"-l
210
211
2.4.3 P h o i hdp b a , b o n day so. Do dot
B a i t o a n 115. Cho ba so th^c a,b,c. Xet 3 day so (x„)+~i, (i/n)^^!, (^n);^^! n-I
nhu sau: , lim Xn - lim | — , (-1)" \
xi =a, yi = 0, zi = c, n->+oo n—.+c» I 3 3 3 •
x„+i = — 2 — ' ^ " + ' — 2 — ' ~ 2 Tirong t i t ta rlninig niinh ditOc
C7nm(/ rnJn/i /ling cac day so nay hoi tu va tinh gidi han cua chung. ,. ,. a + b+c
hm y„ = hm z„ = .
n-t+ao n—>+oo 3
G i a i . Vdi nipi n = 2 , 3 , . . . T a c6
C a c h k h a c . T a c6
y„_l +Zn-\ 2 n - l + X „ - l , Xn-1 +^.1-1
X„ + J / „ + 2 „ = = X„_l +2/„-l+2„-i.
2 2 2 „ _ Vn-l + Zn-l 2n_l+X„_i 1
Xn - Vn = - - {Xn-1 - J/„-l),Vn > 2.
Sii dung lien tiep cac ket qua tren t a t h u duuc:
Do do ^
= a+ + c. (1)
0
X „ + ?/„ + = Xn-l + yn-1 + Zn-1 = • • • = Xi + yi + Zi b
- 2/" = (o - 6) ^ Hrn^ {x„ - y„) = 0.

Dat M = a + b + c, k h i do tiT (1) t a c6
Zu-l +Xn-l Xn-1 + J / n - l X „ _ i + 2/„-l + 2 „ - l X„_i TucHig t\ t i l i l i i h i g niinli dUdc

J/n + Zn= + = +
2 2
a + b + C Xn-l _ M Xn-\ lim (i/„ - zn) = 0, lim - x„) = 0.
,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
2 ^ ^ ~ y ^"T"
Ta CO
Suy r a
a + b + c,
Xn = A/ - (Vn + Zn) = - ^x^-i, Vn = 2, 3, . . . Xn - ^ +2/U-1 +z„-i
Xn -
Siir dung lien ticp cac ket qua tren t a t h u dUdc:

y„-l - Xn-1 _^ 5„-l - X„_i
A/ 1 M _ Xn-2 ^ 6 6
Xn •- = A/
2 2 2 2 ^ rl'^n-l ~yn-l\ -\Xn-i -2„._i|
/I 1
= M
2 2 2 ; ^2'^ [2 2 J ~ 22 ^ 2 V 2^^""^ J^'l'oo " "^3^''- t u ta cluing nuuh duoc
2 ^ ) + ( - ! ) " 2;^^!
n-l " — + 00 3 n-.+oo 3
A/ ^-1-2 n-l
(fdy (u„),tri - (^'-Oitî
(4)
1 - B a i t o a n 116. Cho 3 so duang a,b,c. Lap 3 .("'n)^^!
''it..' quy luat sau: ui = a, v\ b,w\ c vd
- 5
- VVnW^, Vn = \/WnUn, Wn+l - V ^ W ^ , V u = 1, 2, . . .
Ta CO
H-1 •"iw nm u„, lim n , , , lim u;„. , •t.., i.isii<

(-1)" 1 (-1)"
lim = 0, l i m = lim — T = 0 lim = 0.
n-+oo V 2 n—•+00 2"-i n-+oo 2"-l n-.+oo 2"-l
210
211
Hi^dng d a n . Do do
C a c h 1. Giai t r i / c t i e p , t U d n g t\f iihu bai toan 115.
C a c h 2, De t h a y v6i m p i n = 1,2,... t h i u „ > 0, t;„ > 0, u;„ > 0. Do d o t\t y n + 1 ^ •^n+l 9 9 — o V^n + + ^nJ + "^T + ":r
2 ' 2 2 ' ' 2 " 2 ' 2
gia thiet t a c6
=^ x„+i - ^ + ^ =^ ^ n + l - — : r + — .
Invn + lnwn , lnw„+\nun , lnu„+lnD„ 2 ^ 2
hiu„+i = , lnu„+i = , lnw„+i = .
Dat = 5n- K h i do g^+i = - + y , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Bdi vay b a n g quy nap

Gpi x„ = l n u „ , y„ = h i D „ , 2 „ = l n i « „ . K h i do
ta chiing m i n h dupc:
xi=lna, 2 / 1 = ln6, 2:i=lnc,
Vn + Zn Zn+ X„ J'n + l/n w „ _ 1 O -<f--)H)^f.--.v..

a^n+i = — 2 — ' 2/n+i = — 2 — ' """"^ ^ — 2 — - 1, -î • • •
Den day t a siir d u n g b a i t o a n 115. Do do Um g„ = Suy ra hm x„ = . Tuong txs ta chiing m i n h

n—+0O J 71-.+0O
B a i t o a n 117. Cho 3 so duang a,b,c. Lap day (u„)+rj, ivn)t=i <{'Wn)n=i
theo quy ludt sau: u\ n,Vi = b,wi = c vd dupe: hm i/n = h m Zn = ( ^ ] . V§y
n-»+oo
2VnWn 2u;„U„ 2UnVn , „ x n-.+oo n-.+oo \ /
M„ + l = , , l.'„+l = , Wn+X = — — - ( " = 1 . 2 , . . .).
/a'- + 6'- + c'-\

Hm x„ = hm j/„ = hm 2„ =
Tim l i m u „ , lini i ' „ , lin» w„. n->+c» „—+00 n—+00
n—+cxj it—+su U—+0O
N h a n x e t 11. Cdc bai todn 115, 116 Id trUdng rieng cua bai todn 118 nay
H i f d n g d a n . Dat — = x „ , — = j/„, — = 2 „ . K h i do ling vdir = 1, r = - 1 . Bai todn 117 cung c6 thi xem Id bo sung cho trudng
u„ i;„ Wn
h(/p r = 0 khong ductc xet d bai tap 118.
1 1 1
a b c B a i t o a n 119. Cho bon so thuc a,b,c,d. Ldp bon day so (x„)+î, ( y „ ) + ^ ,
(^n)n=i. {9n)t=x i^co quy ludt sau: x i = a, 2/1 = b, zi=c,gi=d vd
= ^ , Vn+X = ^ , 2n+l = 2 ' = 1'^' • • •
_ Vn +Zn + 9n Z„ + g„ + X„
Den d a y t a sir d u n g b a i t o a n 115.

Xn+x - ,y„+i = , V n = 1,2,...
_ tfn + X „ + yn Xn + y n + „
B a i l o a n 118. Cho ba so duang a,b,c vd cho r^Q. Xet ba day so (x„)^fj, •2r.+l - ,gn+i = T ,Vn = 1,2,...
i.yn)n=x> {zn)t=x SQu: xi = «, y i = 6, zx = c vd vdi mqin = 1,2,... thi ,1 ll:

Tim
hm x„, lim 2/„, hm Zn, h m o„.
n-.+oo 71-.+0O n-.+oo n—+00
G i a i . Vdi mpi u = 2 , 3 , . . . Ta c6
Chicng minh rdng cdc day so nay hpi tu vd tinh gidi hQ.n cua c.hung.
Xn + Vn + Zn + 9n = 1 ^
G i a i . De thay vdi nioi n 6 N * t h i x„ > 0, y„ > 0, z„ > 0. Gpi M = a'•+6'•+c^
, g n - 1 + Xn-X + yn-l + X n - 1 + y n - l + •^n-l
K h i d o vcii m p i 7t = 1 , 2 , . . . , ta c6 ^ 3 + 3
<+x + yUx + 4 + 1 = x;; + yr. + < = • • • = + y[ + z[ = a'- + 6^ + = M. = X „ - i + J/„-i + 2„_i + ^„_1.
212 213
Hi^dng d a n . Do do
C a c h 1. Giai t r i / c t i e p , t U d n g t\f iihu bai toan 115.
C a c h 2, De t h a y v6i m p i n = 1,2,... t h i u „ > 0, t;„ > 0, u;„ > 0. Do d o t\t y n + 1 ^ •^n+l 9 9 — o V^n + + ^nJ + "^T + ":r
2 ' 2 2 ' ' 2 " 2 ' 2
gia thiet t a c6
=^ x„+i - ^ + ^ =^ ^ n + l - — : r + — .
Invn + lnwn , lnw„+\nun , lnu„+lnD„ 2 ^ 2
hiu„+i = , lnu„+i = , lnw„+i = .
Dat = 5n- K h i do g^+i = - + y , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Bdi vay b a n g quy nap

Gpi x„ = l n u „ , y„ = h i D „ , 2 „ = l n i « „ . K h i do
ta chiing m i n h dupc:
xi=lna, 2 / 1 = ln6, 2:i=lnc,
Vn + Zn Zn+ X„ J'n + l/n w „ _ 1 O -<f--)H)^f.--.v..

a^n+i = — 2 — ' 2/n+i = — 2 — ' """"^ ^ — 2 — - 1, -î • • •
Den day t a siir d u n g b a i t o a n 115. Do do Um g„ = Suy ra hm x„ = . Tuong txs ta chiing m i n h

n—+0O J 71-.+0O
B a i t o a n 117. Cho 3 so duang a,b,c. Lap day (u„)+rj, ivn)t=i <{'Wn)n=i
theo quy ludt sau: u\ n,Vi = b,wi = c vd dupe: hm i/n = h m Zn = ( ^ ] . V§y
n-»+oo
2VnWn 2u;„U„ 2UnVn , „ x n-.+oo n-.+oo \ /
M„ + l = , , l.'„+l = , Wn+X = — — - ( " = 1 . 2 , . . .).
/a'- + 6'- + c'-\

Hm x„ = hm j/„ = hm 2„ =
Tim l i m u „ , lini i ' „ , lin» w„. n->+c» „—+00 n—+00
n—+cxj it—+su U—+0O
N h a n x e t 11. Cdc bai todn 115, 116 Id trUdng rieng cua bai todn 118 nay
H i f d n g d a n . Dat — = x „ , — = j/„, — = 2 „ . K h i do ling vdir = 1, r = - 1 . Bai todn 117 cung c6 thi xem Id bo sung cho trudng
u„ i;„ Wn
h(/p r = 0 khong ductc xet d bai tap 118.
1 1 1
a b c B a i t o a n 119. Cho bon so thuc a,b,c,d. Ldp bon day so (x„)+î, ( y „ ) + ^ ,
(^n)n=i. {9n)t=x i^co quy ludt sau: x i = a, 2/1 = b, zi=c,gi=d vd
= ^ , Vn+X = ^ , 2n+l = 2 ' = 1'^' • • •
_ Vn +Zn + 9n Z„ + g„ + X„
Den d a y t a sir d u n g b a i t o a n 115.

Xn+x - ,y„+i = , V n = 1,2,...
_ tfn + X „ + yn Xn + y n + „
B a i l o a n 118. Cho ba so duang a,b,c vd cho r^Q. Xet ba day so (x„)^fj, •2r.+l - ,gn+i = T ,Vn = 1,2,...
i.yn)n=x> {zn)t=x SQu: xi = «, y i = 6, zx = c vd vdi mqin = 1,2,... thi ,1 ll:

Tim
hm x„, lim 2/„, hm Zn, h m o„.
n-.+oo 71-.+0O n-.+oo n—+00
G i a i . Vdi mpi u = 2 , 3 , . . . Ta c6
Chicng minh rdng cdc day so nay hpi tu vd tinh gidi hQ.n cua c.hung.
Xn + Vn + Zn + 9n = 1 ^
G i a i . De thay vdi nioi n 6 N * t h i x„ > 0, y„ > 0, z„ > 0. Gpi M = a'•+6'•+c^
, g n - 1 + Xn-X + yn-l + X n - 1 + y n - l + •^n-l
K h i d o vcii m p i 7t = 1 , 2 , . . . , ta c6 ^ 3 + 3
<+x + yUx + 4 + 1 = x;; + yr. + < = • • • = + y[ + z[ = a'- + 6^ + = M. = X „ - i + J/„-i + 2„_i + ^„_1.
212 213
S\i dyng lieu tiep cac ket qua tren ta t h u duoc: p a i t o a n 120. Cho a,b,c,d € ( 0 ; + o o ) . Lap bon day so {Ur,)^^^, K ) ^ ^ ! ,
{'Wn)ti=i • (^n^nî '/^ô ûj/ /ua< sau; U ] = a,vi = 6, wj = c, <i = d ud
Xn+yn+Zn + 9n = Xn-\ Vn-l + + ffn-1 = --=a + b + C + d.
Dat M = a + b + c + d, k h i do ti~r (1) t a c6

Chtifig minh cac day so nay hqi ty, va tim gidi han cua chung. •'
2n-l + 9n-l + Xn-l , 9n-l + ^n-l + t/„-l
yn + Zn +9n = + Hi^<3ng d i n . De thay vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . t h i u „ > 0, u„ > 0, u;„ > 0, („ > 0.
Xn-l + Vn-l + Zn-l ^ 2(a + 6 + C + (f) Goi Xn = l n " n , y n = lnw„, Zn = lnu;„, g„ = l n t „ . K h i do
xi = In a, 2/1 = In 6, z i = Inc, gi = I n d ,
3 3 3
= ^ + ^ , V n = 2,3,... = 5 , yn+i = — — , V n = 1,2,...
ffn + a^n + y n + + „
Suy ra ^n+l = ^ , 9n+l = 3 , V n = 1,2,...
x „ = A / - (y„ + z „ + i ^ „ ) = ^ M - ^ a ; „ _ i , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . D^n day ta .sir dung hai toan 119.
B a i t o a n 1 2 1 . Cho bon so duang a, b, c, d. Lap bon day so ( w „ ) ^ ^ i , { v n ) n = i .

Siir dung lien tiep cac ket qua tren ta t h u dUdc: {u>n)n=i' ^/êo quy hat sau: ui =a,vi = b,wi = c,ti = d va
'iVnWntn 3u;„<„U„
M Xn-l M l 'M Xn-2 ,Vn=l,2,...
= Af
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 ; ^ 32"^"-' Wntn + tnUn + UnWn (J
3tnUnV„ SUnVnWn
/ I I 1 \ 1 "'n+i = 7~:—: ~—, , • . tn+l - ,Vn- 1,2,...
3 3
= M
3 32 ^ 3 3 J 33 """-^
<„«„ + UnVn + V „ t n U „ V n + VnWn + WnUn
1 1 1 1 Chiing minh cac day s6 nay hoi tu va tlm gidi hg,n cua chung.
H i ^ d n g d i n . Dat — = x „ , — = 2/„, — = z„, ^ = gn- K h i do

"n Vn Wn t„
n-l
A/ ^ " l~3, (-1)" M (-1)"
+ Qn-l l-(-3)
+ 3 n - l a. 1 1 1 1
'4 a b e d
a.-„+i = , yn+i = , Vn = 1,2,...
Tac6 gn + Xn + Vn ^ Xn + Vn + Zn w . o ''^
2n+l = 5 , gn+1 = 5 ,Vn=l,2, ...
n-l
/ 1 (-1)" 1 (-1)"
lim - 0, lim Den day ta .sir dung bai toan 119.
Jn-1 = n—>+oo
lim 3 ^—r
n-l = 0 lira
n^+00
^3 " - 'i
71—•+00 n->+cx)
B ^ i t o a n 122. Cho bon so duang a,b,c,d va cho r ^ 0. Xet bon day so
Do do (^"),tr,, (y„),tri, izn)^=i, itn)t=i nhusau: x, = a, yy = b, zi = c, h = d vd
M A/ _ a + b + c + d
lim x„ = lim /t/,'; + 4 + <; (zl + fn + < \
. 2/n+l = , V n = 1,2,...
n—»+oo n—»+oo 4 T ~ 4
Tuong t i t ta cluing minh duoc (i'n+^+yn

2.1+1 = 1 î+l = ' ,Vn = 1,2,...
,. a + b+c + d
hm j/„ = Inn z„ = Inn = .
n—»+(» II—•+00 n—•+00 4 ^'ii^ng minh rang cac day so nay hqi ty. va tinh gidi hm cua chung.
214 215
S\i dyng lieu tiep cac ket qua tren ta t h u duoc: p a i t o a n 120. Cho a,b,c,d € ( 0 ; + o o ) . Lap bon day so {Ur,)^^^, K ) ^ ^ ! ,
{'Wn)ti=i • (^n^nî '/^ô ûj/ /ua< sau; U ] = a,vi = 6, wj = c, <i = d ud
Xn+yn+Zn + 9n = Xn-\ Vn-l + + ffn-1 = --=a + b + C + d.
Dat M = a + b + c + d, k h i do ti~r (1) t a c6

Chtifig minh cac day so nay hqi ty, va tim gidi han cua chung. •'
2n-l + 9n-l + Xn-l , 9n-l + ^n-l + t/„-l
yn + Zn +9n = + Hi^<3ng d i n . De thay vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . t h i u „ > 0, u„ > 0, u;„ > 0, („ > 0.
Xn-l + Vn-l + Zn-l ^ 2(a + 6 + C + (f) Goi Xn = l n " n , y n = lnw„, Zn = lnu;„, g„ = l n t „ . K h i do
xi = In a, 2/1 = In 6, z i = Inc, gi = I n d ,
3 3 3
= ^ + ^ , V n = 2,3,... = 5 , yn+i = — — , V n = 1,2,...
ffn + a^n + y n + + „
Suy ra ^n+l = ^ , 9n+l = 3 , V n = 1,2,...
x „ = A / - (y„ + z „ + i ^ „ ) = ^ M - ^ a ; „ _ i , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . D^n day ta .sir dung hai toan 119.
B a i t o a n 1 2 1 . Cho bon so duang a, b, c, d. Lap bon day so ( w „ ) ^ ^ i , { v n ) n = i .

Siir dung lien tiep cac ket qua tren ta t h u dUdc: {u>n)n=i' ^/êo quy hat sau: ui =a,vi = b,wi = c,ti = d va
'iVnWntn 3u;„<„U„
M Xn-l M l 'M Xn-2 ,Vn=l,2,...
= Af
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 ; ^ 32"^"-' Wntn + tnUn + UnWn (J
3tnUnV„ SUnVnWn
/ I I 1 \ 1 "'n+i = 7~:—: ~—, , • . tn+l - ,Vn- 1,2,...
3 3
= M
3 32 ^ 3 3 J 33 """-^
<„«„ + UnVn + V „ t n U „ V n + VnWn + WnUn
1 1 1 1 Chiing minh cac day s6 nay hoi tu va tlm gidi hg,n cua chung.
H i ^ d n g d i n . Dat — = x „ , — = 2/„, — = z„, ^ = gn- K h i do

"n Vn Wn t„
n-l
A/ ^ " l~3, (-1)" M (-1)"
+ Qn-l l-(-3)
+ 3 n - l a. 1 1 1 1
'4 a b e d
a.-„+i = , yn+i = , Vn = 1,2,...
Tac6 gn + Xn + Vn ^ Xn + Vn + Zn w . o ''^
2n+l = 5 , gn+1 = 5 ,Vn=l,2, ...
n-l
/ 1 (-1)" 1 (-1)"
lim - 0, lim Den day ta .sir dung bai toan 119.
Jn-1 = n—>+oo
lim 3 ^—r
n-l = 0 lira
n^+00
^3 " - 'i
71—•+00 n->+cx)
B ^ i t o a n 122. Cho bon so duang a,b,c,d va cho r ^ 0. Xet bon day so
Do do (^"),tr,, (y„),tri, izn)^=i, itn)t=i nhusau: x, = a, yy = b, zi = c, h = d vd
M A/ _ a + b + c + d
lim x„ = lim /t/,'; + 4 + <; (zl + fn + < \
. 2/n+l = , V n = 1,2,...
n—»+oo n—»+oo 4 T ~ 4
Tuong t i t ta cluing minh duoc (i'n+^+yn

2.1+1 = 1 î+l = ' ,Vn = 1,2,...
,. a + b+c + d
hm j/„ = Inn z„ = Inn = .
n—»+(» II—•+00 n—•+00 4 ^'ii^ng minh rang cac day so nay hqi ty. va tinh gidi hm cua chung.
214 215
Giai. De thay vdi mpi n = 1,2,... thi x„ > 0, j / „ > 0, z„ > 0, t„ > 0. Goi Chitii'y nivnli rang ba day so dd cho hot tu ud chuny co cuiig tiiut yi('H han.
A / = a''+ 6'" + c''+ d'". Khi do vdi mpi n = 1,2,..., ta CO
Giai. V(5i moi n € N thi u„ > 0. Vn > 0, Wn > 0. Theo cac bat dang thufc
<+l + Vn+l + 4 + 1 + *n+l = < + yn + < + <n = • • = + 2/3" + ^[ + <1 = A/. ^L+i^ " ^ " " > â,a2...an > j - , Vai, aa,..., a„ > 0
" — + — + ••• + —
suy ra ui > vi > " ' i - B^ng quy nap, ta de dang suy l a
i/n+1 T" •^n+l "1" — g ."I 3 ^ 3
•«„>t'„>w„,Vn=l,2,... (*)
_ 2 « + i / ; + <. + <,'•.) ^ < 2 M
f If (*) suy ra vdi mpi ri e N*, ta c6
3 3 3 3
=Â/-x;,, = ^ + — ^ x U , =- ^+- . Un + Vn + Wn .
Un + l = 3 < Un
Dat x;; = g„. Khi do p„+i = - ^ 5 „ + y , Vn = 1,2,... Do do bang quy nap 1 1 1 3 3 ^
— + —+ < => Wn+l = - j T 7 - > Wn.
ta cluing niinli diWc: U„ Vn Wn Wn \
^ r IV M Un Vn Wn
+ —,Vn=l,2,...
V 4 Do do 0 < Wn < rvn+i < Un+i < Un, Vn = 1,2,... Hay viet ro ra la
3
Bcii vay lim g„ = Suy ra lim = ( ^ ] • Ttrong t y ta chiing minli 0 < J J Y = Wi < W2 < • • • < Wn+l
n—'+oo 4 n—+oo y4 - + J+ -
diror: a b c
^ ^ ^ ^ a +6+ c
lim Un = lim 2 „ = lim = < < Un < • • • < U2 < Ui = .
n—>+cx> n—>+oo n—>+oo
V$y Nghia la k6 tir so hang wi, day so («;„) tang va bi chan tren bdi ° ^ nen
^ /a^ + 6'- + c'- + rf^\^ hoi tu. Ke tir so hang u j , day so (un) giam va bj chan ditdi bdi j j -
um x„ = lim y„ = lim 2„ = iim t„ = I 1
n—•+<» n—'+oo n—'+00 n—•+00 V. / a b c
nen hoi tu.
Nhan xet 12. Ta c6 the md rong cho k (k > 2) day so. Trong cdc Idi gidi
Gpi lini u„ = a, lim w„ = A, klii do A > 0, A < a va
tren thi viec tlrn ra cdc bat bien la rat quan trong, no giup ta tinh duoc cdc 'i->+oo n->+oo
gidi hQ,n cua cdc day so. Ch&ng han d bdi todn 95 d trang 188 cd hat bien Id 0 < A< lim i'„ = lim (3w,i+i — u„ — Wn) = 3Q — Q — A = 2a — A.
anbn = •• = aibi - ab,Wn = 1,2,... n—*+oo rt—»+oo
V^y day (t'„) hoi tu va lim x;,, = 2a - A. Suy ra • r

con d bdi todn 119 d trang 213 cd bat bien la n—'+oo ^
x„ + y„ +Zn+g„= x„_i +2/„-i + Zn-i +9n-i = -- - = a + 6 + c + d. (2o - A)-'= lim vf= lim u L i = lim (u„i;„u;„) = a (2a - A) A
n—+00 71—•+30 n—+06
Bai toan 123 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho ba s6 thuc duang a,b,c
vd cdc day so ( u „ ) , (jVi), ( u ' n ) '"'fi^ sau: UQ — a, VQ = b, WQ = C vd vdi moi =S>(2a - A)'^ = aA <!=l> 40^ - -SaA + A^ = 0 <!=> (a - A) (4a - A) = 0 a =A
n € N, ta cd (ta loai tnrdng lipj) 4a - A = 0 vi no niau thuan vdi A > 0, A < a). Suy ra
"n + V „ + Wn ... 3 lim v,, = 2a - A = a.
Un+1 = r , Vn+l - ÛnVnWn, Wn+i = j p. n—'+oo
— + —+ ba day HO (u„), (?;„), (w„) hpi t v va lim u„ = lim Vn = li™ "'n-
Un Vn Wn
216 217
Giai. De thay vdi mpi n = 1,2,... thi x„ > 0, j / „ > 0, z„ > 0, t„ > 0. Goi Chitii'y nivnli rang ba day so dd cho hot tu ud chuny co cuiig tiiut yi('H han.
A / = a''+ 6'" + c''+ d'". Khi do vdi mpi n = 1,2,..., ta CO
Giai. V(5i moi n € N thi u„ > 0. Vn > 0, Wn > 0. Theo cac bat dang thufc
<+l + Vn+l + 4 + 1 + *n+l = < + yn + < + <n = • • = + 2/3" + ^[ + <1 = A/. ^L+i^ " ^ " " > â,a2...an > j - , Vai, aa,..., a„ > 0
" — + — + ••• + —
suy ra ui > vi > " ' i - B^ng quy nap, ta de dang suy l a
i/n+1 T" •^n+l "1" — g ."I 3 ^ 3
•«„>t'„>w„,Vn=l,2,... (*)
_ 2 « + i / ; + <. + <,'•.) ^ < 2 M
f If (*) suy ra vdi mpi ri e N*, ta c6
3 3 3 3
=Â/-x;,, = ^ + — ^ x U , =- ^+- . Un + Vn + Wn .
Un + l = 3 < Un
Dat x;; = g„. Khi do p„+i = - ^ 5 „ + y , Vn = 1,2,... Do do bang quy nap 1 1 1 3 3 ^
— + —+ < => Wn+l = - j T 7 - > Wn.
ta cluing niinli diWc: U„ Vn Wn Wn \
^ r IV M Un Vn Wn
+ —,Vn=l,2,...
V 4 Do do 0 < Wn < rvn+i < Un+i < Un, Vn = 1,2,... Hay viet ro ra la
3
Bcii vay lim g„ = Suy ra lim = ( ^ ] • Ttrong t y ta chiing minli 0 < J J Y = Wi < W2 < • • • < Wn+l
n—'+oo 4 n—+oo y4 - + J+ -
diror: a b c
^ ^ ^ ^ a +6+ c
lim Un = lim 2 „ = lim = < < Un < • • • < U2 < Ui = .
n—>+cx> n—>+oo n—>+oo
V$y Nghia la k6 tir so hang wi, day so («;„) tang va bi chan tren bdi ° ^ nen
^ /a^ + 6'- + c'- + rf^\^ hoi tu. Ke tir so hang u j , day so (un) giam va bj chan ditdi bdi j j -
um x„ = lim y„ = lim 2„ = iim t„ = I 1
n—•+<» n—'+oo n—'+00 n—•+00 V. / a b c
nen hoi tu.
Nhan xet 12. Ta c6 the md rong cho k (k > 2) day so. Trong cdc Idi gidi
Gpi lini u„ = a, lim w„ = A, klii do A > 0, A < a va
tren thi viec tlrn ra cdc bat bien la rat quan trong, no giup ta tinh duoc cdc 'i->+oo n->+oo
gidi hQ,n cua cdc day so. Ch&ng han d bdi todn 95 d trang 188 cd hat bien Id 0 < A< lim i'„ = lim (3w,i+i — u„ — Wn) = 3Q — Q — A = 2a — A.
anbn = •• = aibi - ab,Wn = 1,2,... n—*+oo rt—»+oo
V^y day (t'„) hoi tu va lim x;,, = 2a - A. Suy ra • r

con d bdi todn 119 d trang 213 cd bat bien la n—'+oo ^
x„ + y„ +Zn+g„= x„_i +2/„-i + Zn-i +9n-i = -- - = a + 6 + c + d. (2o - A)-'= lim vf= lim u L i = lim (u„i;„u;„) = a (2a - A) A
n—+00 71—•+30 n—+06
Bai toan 123 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho ba s6 thuc duang a,b,c
vd cdc day so ( u „ ) , (jVi), ( u ' n ) '"'fi^ sau: UQ — a, VQ = b, WQ = C vd vdi moi =S>(2a - A)'^ = aA <!=l> 40^ - -SaA + A^ = 0 <!=> (a - A) (4a - A) = 0 a =A
n € N, ta cd (ta loai tnrdng lipj) 4a - A = 0 vi no niau thuan vdi A > 0, A < a). Suy ra
"n + V „ + Wn ... 3 lim v,, = 2a - A = a.
Un+1 = r , Vn+l - ÛnVnWn, Wn+i = j p. n—'+oo
— + —+ ba day HO (u„), (?;„), (w„) hpi t v va lim u„ = lim Vn = li™ "'n-
Un Vn Wn
216 217
B a i t o a n 1 2 4 . Cho ba day so (u„), {t;„), (w;„) nhu sau: 4^4a'^ - 5 A a + A ^ = 0 <f4- ( a - A ) ( 4 a - A) = 0 A = a
4a = A
Uo >0,VQ> 0, Wo > 0, t O „ + i = • ; , TiUcfiig l i d p 1: 4 a = A . K h i d o
UnV„ + v„w„ + WnU„ u„ + i;„ + u;„

i;„+l = • • , Un+l = . ^lim^.„ = 2 a - A = - - A = - - < 0 , ^
( j i l u n a y m a n t h u a n v d i t r e n . V a y t r u d n g h d p (1) k h o n g the' x a y r a ( t a l y
Hay tirn gu'fl haii ciia ba day so da, cho.' . ,
luan each k h a c l a t U 4 a = A s u y r a n i a u t h u a n v d i A > 0, A < a).
G i a i . D e t l i a y v d i i n o i n 6 N t h i u„ > 0, i;„ > 0, w,i > 0, v a T i U d u g 1K.J{) 2: A = a . K h i d o «
hm t)„ = 2 a - A = a
Un+lVn+lWn+l = U„t;„U;„ = ••• = UOVOWQ. n->+oo
Do do
Vdi nipi n € N , t a c6
hm Un = hm Vn = hm t«„ = a
n-.+oo n—+0O n-.+oo
Un+Vn+ Wn UnV„ + i;„U;„ + U ; „ U „
Un+l - Vn+l = ;r ; ; Tit UnVnWn = U Q I ' O U ' O , Vn s N, cho n -» + 0 0 suy ra
3 Un+Vn+ Wn
a'^ = uoVQWo =^ lim Un = hm Vn = hm u;„ = ûnWniUQ.

n-»+oo n—•+c» n—f+oo
3 (u„ + Vn +Wn)
{UnVnf + {Vn^n)^ + (WnUn)^

Vn+l - Wn+l = -, ; ; r: ; ; r
2.5 Phu'dng p h a p so s a n h d a y s6
[Un + Vn + Wn)[UnVn + VnWn + WnUn)
_ iUnVn){VnWn) + {VnWn){WnUn) + {UnV„){WnUn) ^ ^

2.5.1 Mot s6 k i g n thiJc thiTdng d u n g . ,)
("n + Vn + Wn){UnVn + VnWn + U)„U„)
Vay m o i n e N * , t a c 6 u „ > w„ > D o do m o i n e N * , t a c6 P h u d n g p h a p so s a n h car. d a y so de t i m g i d i h a n c i i a m o t d a y so cho t r u d c

duoc thi h i e n q u a n g u y e n h' k e p sau d a y :
Un + Vn + Wn K - "n) + (w„ - U„)
Un+l - Un = 2 Un - < 0 D i i h l y 11 ( N g u y e n l i k e p ) . Niu ba day so ( i „ ) , ( y „ ) , (z,,) thoa man dieu
kien ijn < x „ < 2;„,Vn > no vd lim j/n = hm Zn = L thi lim Xn = L.
n—+oo n—>+oo n—>+oo
N h u vay t a c6 .
Nhan xet 1 3 . Sti dung nguyen li kcp ta c6 the dUa bdi todn tun gidi han
cua mot day da cho ve bdi todn tim gidi han eua nhUng day so it phUc tap
UQVQ + VoU'o + WQUO 3 han.
N l i i r vay, k i t i t so h a i i g wi t h i d a y so (tt;,,) t a n g v a b i c h t o t r e n n e n h o i C h i i y 1 9 . Ta xet mgt ting dung cua nguyen li k^p nhu sau {ggi la khdo sat
tu. Ke t i t so h a n g u i , d a y so ( u „ ) giani va bi chan d u d i nen lipi t v . G p i '^Q lech): De chiing minh day ( x „ ) hoi tu vi L ta chiing minh
lim Un = a, \im Wn = A, k h i d o A > 0, A < Q va 0 < |a:„ - L| < 2/„,Vn > no,
n—•+00 n—'+00
^''('ng do lim y „ = 0. That vay, theo nguyen li kep thi til

0 < A < hin Vn = hm (3u„+i - u„ - u>„) = 3 Q - a - A = 2 a - A.
n—•+30 n—>+oo ,1,
0< |x„-L| <y„,Vn>no
D o do t i t Vn+l = " " ^ " + ^ " " ' " + ^ " " " , V n e N , cho n +oo t a dudc
Un + Vn + Wn Vn = 0 suy ra hm |a;„ - L I = 0 hay
2a-X - - ^) + ~ ^)-^ + _ 2 A a - A^ + 2a^ lim {xn - L) = 0 lim Xn = L.

n—+0O n->+cxi
a + A + 2a ~ A ' 3a
218
B a i t o a n 1 2 4 . Cho ba day so (u„), {t;„), (w;„) nhu sau: 4^4a'^ - 5 A a + A ^ = 0 <f4- ( a - A ) ( 4 a - A) = 0 A = a
4a = A
Uo >0,VQ> 0, Wo > 0, t O „ + i = • ; , TiUcfiig l i d p 1: 4 a = A . K h i d o
UnV„ + v„w„ + WnU„ u„ + i;„ + u;„

i;„+l = • • , Un+l = . ^lim^.„ = 2 a - A = - - A = - - < 0 , ^
( j i l u n a y m a n t h u a n v d i t r e n . V a y t r u d n g h d p (1) k h o n g the' x a y r a ( t a l y
Hay tirn gu'fl haii ciia ba day so da, cho.' . ,
luan each k h a c l a t U 4 a = A s u y r a n i a u t h u a n v d i A > 0, A < a).
G i a i . D e t l i a y v d i i n o i n 6 N t h i u„ > 0, i;„ > 0, w,i > 0, v a T i U d u g 1K.J{) 2: A = a . K h i d o «
hm t)„ = 2 a - A = a
Un+lVn+lWn+l = U„t;„U;„ = ••• = UOVOWQ. n->+oo
Do do
Vdi nipi n € N , t a c6
hm Un = hm Vn = hm t«„ = a
n-.+oo n—+0O n-.+oo
Un+Vn+ Wn UnV„ + i;„U;„ + U ; „ U „
Un+l - Vn+l = ;r ; ; Tit UnVnWn = U Q I ' O U ' O , Vn s N, cho n -» + 0 0 suy ra
3 Un+Vn+ Wn
a'^ = uoVQWo =^ lim Un = hm Vn = hm u;„ = ûnWniUQ.

n-»+oo n—•+c» n—f+oo
3 (u„ + Vn +Wn)
{UnVnf + {Vn^n)^ + (WnUn)^

Vn+l - Wn+l = -, ; ; r: ; ; r
2.5 Phu'dng p h a p so s a n h d a y s6
[Un + Vn + Wn)[UnVn + VnWn + WnUn)
_ iUnVn){VnWn) + {VnWn){WnUn) + {UnV„){WnUn) ^ ^

2.5.1 Mot s6 k i g n thiJc thiTdng d u n g . ,)
("n + Vn + Wn){UnVn + VnWn + U)„U„)
Vay m o i n e N * , t a c 6 u „ > w„ > D o do m o i n e N * , t a c6 P h u d n g p h a p so s a n h car. d a y so de t i m g i d i h a n c i i a m o t d a y so cho t r u d c

duoc thi h i e n q u a n g u y e n h' k e p sau d a y :
Un + Vn + Wn K - "n) + (w„ - U„)
Un+l - Un = 2 Un - < 0 D i i h l y 11 ( N g u y e n l i k e p ) . Niu ba day so ( i „ ) , ( y „ ) , (z,,) thoa man dieu
kien ijn < x „ < 2;„,Vn > no vd lim j/n = hm Zn = L thi lim Xn = L.
n—+oo n—>+oo n—>+oo
N h u vay t a c6 .
Nhan xet 1 3 . Sti dung nguyen li kcp ta c6 the dUa bdi todn tun gidi han
cua mot day da cho ve bdi todn tim gidi han eua nhUng day so it phUc tap
UQVQ + VoU'o + WQUO 3 han.
N l i i r vay, k i t i t so h a i i g wi t h i d a y so (tt;,,) t a n g v a b i c h t o t r e n n e n h o i C h i i y 1 9 . Ta xet mgt ting dung cua nguyen li k^p nhu sau {ggi la khdo sat
tu. Ke t i t so h a n g u i , d a y so ( u „ ) giani va bi chan d u d i nen lipi t v . G p i '^Q lech): De chiing minh day ( x „ ) hoi tu vi L ta chiing minh
lim Un = a, \im Wn = A, k h i d o A > 0, A < Q va 0 < |a:„ - L| < 2/„,Vn > no,
n—•+00 n—'+00
^''('ng do lim y „ = 0. That vay, theo nguyen li kep thi til

0 < A < hin Vn = hm (3u„+i - u„ - u>„) = 3 Q - a - A = 2 a - A.
n—•+30 n—>+oo ,1,
0< |x„-L| <y„,Vn>no
D o do t i t Vn+l = " " ^ " + ^ " " ' " + ^ " " " , V n e N , cho n +oo t a dudc
Un + Vn + Wn Vn = 0 suy ra hm |a;„ - L I = 0 hay
2a-X - - ^) + ~ ^)-^ + _ 2 A a - A^ + 2a^ lim {xn - L) = 0 lim Xn = L.

n—+0O n->+cxi
a + A + 2a ~ A ' 3a
218
C h u y 20. Khi sii dung nguyen ly kep thi ky n&ng thiet lap, chitng minh, sti do
dung hdt ddng thi'tr. mot hir.n la rat quan trong. Sau. day la car. bat ddng thiic. /(2«')(0) = cosil-7r = ( - 1 ) ^ - , / ( 2 * + i ) ( 0 ) = cos (^kn + 0 = 0 .
rat hay ductc. .si? dung de' .10 snnh day so {car bat ddng thiic do se dtMc chitng
minh trong cdc bdi todn).
• ainx < x,Va; € 0; - .
x' x" r.2n-2
^ cos(cjfmr)^2n
x'^ r c o « ^ = l - t r + l ! -••• + ( - ^ ) " ' ' ( ^ . - 2 ) ! • (2n)!
• cosx > 1 - — - , V i ; e 0;- . •
vdi c Id so thuc nhm giiia x vdO. Dang each "ngdt phdn du" ta thu dim: cdc
• X < sinx < x , V x > 0. ]' u
bat ddng thiic.
6
• Lay n — 2 va x e 0; - . Khi do tSn tai c ndm giiia 0 vd x sao cho
• X - — <\\\{\+x) <x,'ix>0.
• ln{x + 1) < X < - l n ( l - x ) , V x e (0; 1). x^ cos(c + 27r) 4 , X- cose 4
• — ^ < ln(x + 1) < X , Vx > 0. cosx
X + 1 2 ! + — l ! " = ' - Y ^ ^ ' -
• -^<ln(x+l)<x,Vxe(-l;0).
X + 1 Md 0 < c < X < - nen cosf; > 0, do do.
2x
• < ln(x + 1) < X, Vx > 0.
x + 2, cosx > 1 - — , Vx 6
x"^ x'^ x^
• X - —- < siiix < X - — + — , V x > 0.
6 6 5!
Lxiu y. Dg thiet lap bat d i n g thiic ta dua vao cong thutc sau: • Lay 71 = 3 vd j : € 0; 2 ' ^^^^ ^ 'J^^"' ^ ^^'^
C o n g thuTc T a y l o r . Clio /(x) la liaiii so c6 dcio hani dcu cap n trong nipt
Ian can nao do ciia diem XQ va dao ham nay lien tuc tai XQ. K h i do ton tai , x'' xV co.s(c + 37r) (. , x^ x"* cose
cosx -X .
mot so thac ^ nam giiia x va XQ sao cho
Vay ta thu duoc bat ddng thiic
/ W = /(x„) + = ^ ( x - x o ) + ^ ( x - x . ) ^
x'
cosx< 1 - y + -,Vxe
-•I
V i d u 6. Xiit ham s6 /(x) = c\ co /({)) = I vd
C o n g thufc M a c l a u r i n . Trong cong thiic Taylor lay xo = 0 t a diXdc:
fix) - f"(x) = e^ . . . , / ' " ' ( x ) = c\) = 1 (Vp = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
/(x) = / ( 0 ) . f f l x . ^ x ^ . . . . . « x - . Z ^ x . ,
Suy ra
x2 x» û-l
vdi c la so thuc nam giuta x va 0. Cong thiic tren goi la cong thiic Maclaurin ( n - 1)! nV
V i d u 5. Xet ham so /(x) = cosx. Ta c6 /(O) = 1 va (• Id so thuc nhm giiia x vd 0. Ddng each "ngdt phdn du" ta thu dMc cdc
ât ddng thiic. ' ' . ,
fix) = - s i n x = cos (a; + f"{x) = - sin {^+^)= cos (x + 20,
• Lay n = 2. Khi do ton tui c ndm giâ 0 yd x sao e/io e-' = 1 + x + ^y- Vdy
f^P^x) = cos ( x + p | ) , /^"HO) = cos ^ (Vp = 1,2,...).
e ' > 1 + X, Vx e
220 221
C h u y 20. Khi sii dung nguyen ly kep thi ky n&ng thiet lap, chitng minh, sti do
dung hdt ddng thi'tr. mot hir.n la rat quan trong. Sau. day la car. bat ddng thiic. /(2«')(0) = cosil-7r = ( - 1 ) ^ - , / ( 2 * + i ) ( 0 ) = cos (^kn + 0 = 0 .
rat hay ductc. .si? dung de' .10 snnh day so {car bat ddng thiic do se dtMc chitng
minh trong cdc bdi todn).
• ainx < x,Va; € 0; - .
x' x" r.2n-2
^ cos(cjfmr)^2n
x'^ r c o « ^ = l - t r + l ! -••• + ( - ^ ) " ' ' ( ^ . - 2 ) ! • (2n)!
• cosx > 1 - — - , V i ; e 0;- . •
vdi c Id so thuc nhm giiia x vdO. Dang each "ngdt phdn du" ta thu dim: cdc
• X < sinx < x , V x > 0. ]' u
bat ddng thiic.
6
• Lay n — 2 va x e 0; - . Khi do tSn tai c ndm giiia 0 vd x sao cho
• X - — <\\\{\+x) <x,'ix>0.
• ln{x + 1) < X < - l n ( l - x ) , V x e (0; 1). x^ cos(c + 27r) 4 , X- cose 4
• — ^ < ln(x + 1) < X , Vx > 0. cosx
X + 1 2 ! + — l ! " = ' - Y ^ ^ ' -
• -^<ln(x+l)<x,Vxe(-l;0).
X + 1 Md 0 < c < X < - nen cosf; > 0, do do.
2x
• < ln(x + 1) < X, Vx > 0.
x + 2, cosx > 1 - — , Vx 6
x"^ x'^ x^
• X - —- < siiix < X - — + — , V x > 0.
6 6 5!
Lxiu y. Dg thiet lap bat d i n g thiic ta dua vao cong thutc sau: • Lay 71 = 3 vd j : € 0; 2 ' ^^^^ ^ 'J^^"' ^ ^^'^
C o n g thuTc T a y l o r . Clio /(x) la liaiii so c6 dcio hani dcu cap n trong nipt
Ian can nao do ciia diem XQ va dao ham nay lien tuc tai XQ. K h i do ton tai , x'' xV co.s(c + 37r) (. , x^ x"* cose
cosx -X .
mot so thac ^ nam giiia x va XQ sao cho
Vay ta thu duoc bat ddng thiic
/ W = /(x„) + = ^ ( x - x o ) + ^ ( x - x . ) ^
x'
cosx< 1 - y + -,Vxe
-•I
V i d u 6. Xiit ham s6 /(x) = c\ co /({)) = I vd
C o n g thufc M a c l a u r i n . Trong cong thiic Taylor lay xo = 0 t a diXdc:
fix) - f"(x) = e^ . . . , / ' " ' ( x ) = c\) = 1 (Vp = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
/(x) = / ( 0 ) . f f l x . ^ x ^ . . . . . « x - . Z ^ x . ,
Suy ra
x2 x» û-l
vdi c la so thuc nam giuta x va 0. Cong thiic tren goi la cong thiic Maclaurin ( n - 1)! nV
V i d u 5. Xet ham so /(x) = cosx. Ta c6 /(O) = 1 va (• Id so thuc nhm giiia x vd 0. Ddng each "ngdt phdn du" ta thu dMc cdc
ât ddng thiic. ' ' . ,
fix) = - s i n x = cos (a; + f"{x) = - sin {^+^)= cos (x + 20,
• Lay n = 2. Khi do ton tui c ndm giâ 0 yd x sao e/io e-' = 1 + x + ^y- Vdy
f^P^x) = cos ( x + p | ) , /^"HO) = cos ^ (Vp = 1,2,...).
e ' > 1 + X, Vx e
220 221
• TfV7ig bat dung thiic > 1 + ar, Va; e R, chi cdn xet x > - I dd cd hai vC 2.5.2 C a c bai toan.
deu ditang, sau do lay Idgarit ca so e hai ve ta duoc
0ai t o a n 1 2 5 (Do t h i O L Y M P I C toaii siiili vicii toaii qu6c-2003). Cho day
l n ( l + a;) < a;,Va; > - 1 . ' sS {x„},tri xdc dinh bdi:
1 2 k • s-5.:^^T' i h .
• Lay n = 4. Khi do tdn tat c nhm gixia Q va x sao cho x. = ^ + ^ + - - - + ^ ^ , V A ; = l , 2 , . . .
x^ x^
Hay tinh lim ^-^7 + 4'+ ' ' ' + 4oo3-
Vay ta thu duUc bat dang thtic k+l
G i a i . V1 xk+i-x^ = jjrp^^_ > 0 ' i ^ " 0 < x i < X2 < • • • < X2002 < X2003 < • • •
e ' > l + x + ^ + ^,yxeR A,- {k + l ) - l I 1
Vi d u 7 . Xet ham so f{x) = + a;), V i € ( - 1 ; + 0 0 ) . Ta c6 /(O) = 0 va

2! ^ 3 ! " ^ • • • ^ ( A ' + l ) !
f'ixl = ( 1 + a : ) - ' , f"{x) = - (1 + X ) - ' ' , f"'{x) = ( - l ) ( - 2 ) (1 + x)-' ,..., 1 l\ 1 1 A . 1
f^^'Hx) = {-!)"-' {p - 1)! (1 + X ) - " =^ f^"\0) - (-ir' (P - 1 ) ! , V p = 1 , 2 , . . . = 'T! - 2 ! ' + V2! •i\)'^"^\k\- + 1 ) ! J ^ (A-+ !)!•;,
Do do vOi mpi a- > - 1 la dUOc T a CO s\,,a < + X2 + • • • + a-.^'|,,,3 < 2()03x5,|„3. S u y r a
,.2 ,.3 ™,4 ™n-l •^20(13 < ^ X ' l ' + x^' + • • • + x5,„).5 < 2 0 0 3 " . X 2 0 0 3 . f* ( T
Vay
vdi c la so thuc nam gtiCa x va 0. Bang each "ngat phdn du" ta thu dtCOc cdc
1 - ^ < ^4 + 4 + - - + 4(.o3 < 2 0 0 3 ^ ( 1 - 2 ^ ) . (1)
but dnng thilc.
• Lay II = 2. Khi do tdn tat c n&m giUa 0 vd x sao cho
^' " T:^^ I'm 2003" ( 1 = 1 — n e n t i t (1) s i i
\ 2004!y n-.+oo \!y 2004!
l n ( l + a;) = a; - y , V x > - 1 . (li.mg i i g u y e i i If k e p H u y r a Hiii ^ x ' / + x » + • • • + x^'„(,3 = 1 -
n^+x ^ ' ^ 2004!'
\'dy ta thu duac hat dang thur: Bai t o a n 1 2 6 . C/io 0 < o , < 0 2 < • • • < nmio, tim
l n ( l +x) <xyx> - 1 .
• Lay n — 4. Khi do ton tut c ndm giUa 0 vd x sao cho G i a i . T i f g i . i tJJet s u y l a
•2 „3 4 ;
"2()i() < a'l' + a?,' + • • • + a^„i(, < 2010aôio
l u ( l + x - ) = x - - + y - - , V a : > - l . =>'i2()io < v/a'i' + a^' + • • • + Q5,„O < 2 0 1 0 " Q 2 0 i o -
Q2010 = ^ j i i n ^ 2 0 1 0 " Q2()io == Q2010 n e n

Vay ta thu diCpc bat dang thiic.
_ _ lim Va'/ + a^' + •.. + a^'îo = «20io.

l i i ( l + x ) < a; - — + — . V a - > - 1
222 223
• TfV7ig bat dung thiic > 1 + ar, Va; e R, chi cdn xet x > - I dd cd hai vC 2.5.2 C a c bai toan.
deu ditang, sau do lay Idgarit ca so e hai ve ta duoc
0ai t o a n 1 2 5 (Do t h i O L Y M P I C toaii siiili vicii toaii qu6c-2003). Cho day
l n ( l + a;) < a;,Va; > - 1 . ' sS {x„},tri xdc dinh bdi:
1 2 k • s-5.:^^T' i h .
• Lay n = 4. Khi do tdn tat c nhm gixia Q va x sao cho x. = ^ + ^ + - - - + ^ ^ , V A ; = l , 2 , . . .
x^ x^
Hay tinh lim ^-^7 + 4'+ ' ' ' + 4oo3-
Vay ta thu duUc bat dang thtic k+l
G i a i . V1 xk+i-x^ = jjrp^^_ > 0 ' i ^ " 0 < x i < X2 < • • • < X2002 < X2003 < • • •
e ' > l + x + ^ + ^,yxeR A,- {k + l ) - l I 1
Vi d u 7 . Xet ham so f{x) = + a;), V i € ( - 1 ; + 0 0 ) . Ta c6 /(O) = 0 va

2! ^ 3 ! " ^ • • • ^ ( A ' + l ) !
f'ixl = ( 1 + a : ) - ' , f"{x) = - (1 + X ) - ' ' , f"'{x) = ( - l ) ( - 2 ) (1 + x)-' ,..., 1 l\ 1 1 A . 1
f^^'Hx) = {-!)"-' {p - 1)! (1 + X ) - " =^ f^"\0) - (-ir' (P - 1 ) ! , V p = 1 , 2 , . . . = 'T! - 2 ! ' + V2! •i\)'^"^\k\- + 1 ) ! J ^ (A-+ !)!•;,
Do do vOi mpi a- > - 1 la dUOc T a CO s\,,a < + X2 + • • • + a-.^'|,,,3 < 2()03x5,|„3. S u y r a
,.2 ,.3 ™,4 ™n-l •^20(13 < ^ X ' l ' + x^' + • • • + x5,„).5 < 2 0 0 3 " . X 2 0 0 3 . f* ( T
Vay
vdi c la so thuc nam gtiCa x va 0. Bang each "ngat phdn du" ta thu dtCOc cdc
1 - ^ < ^4 + 4 + - - + 4(.o3 < 2 0 0 3 ^ ( 1 - 2 ^ ) . (1)
but dnng thilc.
• Lay II = 2. Khi do tdn tat c n&m giUa 0 vd x sao cho
^' " T:^^ I'm 2003" ( 1 = 1 — n e n t i t (1) s i i
\ 2004!y n-.+oo \!y 2004!
l n ( l + a;) = a; - y , V x > - 1 . (li.mg i i g u y e i i If k e p H u y r a Hiii ^ x ' / + x » + • • • + x^'„(,3 = 1 -
n^+x ^ ' ^ 2004!'
\'dy ta thu duac hat dang thur: Bai t o a n 1 2 6 . C/io 0 < o , < 0 2 < • • • < nmio, tim
l n ( l +x) <xyx> - 1 .
• Lay n — 4. Khi do ton tut c ndm giUa 0 vd x sao cho G i a i . T i f g i . i tJJet s u y l a
•2 „3 4 ;
"2()i() < a'l' + a?,' + • • • + a^„i(, < 2010aôio
l u ( l + x - ) = x - - + y - - , V a : > - l . =>'i2()io < v/a'i' + a^' + • • • + Q5,„O < 2 0 1 0 " Q 2 0 i o -
Q2010 = ^ j i i n ^ 2 0 1 0 " Q2()io == Q2010 n e n

Vay ta thu diCpc bat dang thiic.
_ _ lim Va'/ + a^' + •.. + a^'îo = «20io.

l i i ( l + x ) < a; - — + — . V a - > - 1
222 223
" / 2\ 2 " 1
B a i t o a n 127 ( D « iighj Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho day so (u„) c6 ui = a > 0

*:=2
k=2 ^ fc=2 *»=3
m tin+i = u„ + — , V/), = 1,2,... Tint gidi han cua day (—).
tin \ / n(n+ 1) 7r2 / I 1
- 1
2
(n + 2 ) ( n - l ) ^ V l , 1, ^ 1 !
G i a i . Ta co U2 = « i + — > 2\/2 > 2. Gia sii u„ > n , vdi n > 2. K h i do 2 2 V 2 3 " ^ " ^ r t
- (n + 1) = : = > 0.
TlicH) iigiiycn l i {|uy iijjip suy ra u„ > n , v6i mpi n = 2 , 3 , . . . , do do Suy ra ^ ' 5„ > ^ " ^) - Wy
^ > l , V n = 2,3,...
n (n + 2)(n - 1) ^ 5 „ ^ (n + 2)(n - 1) TT^Cn - 1)
2n2 - n2 - 2n2 4n2 "
Tit day ta dudc
^ ,. (n + 2 ) ( n - l ) 1 (n + 2 ) ( n - l ) 7r2(n-l)
\ lim ^ = lim nen theo
l/„+l = (/„ + — < H„ + 1 < M„ 1 + 2 < M„^2 + 3 < - - onff Idi gidi bai todn 128, tii hat ddng thi'tc f'{x) < /'(O) = 0,
n II n n n
vdiQ < X < - ta suy ra ducic hat ddng thiic {thudng siC di^ng) sau:
T i t (*) (ho // —> + 0 C va .sit diuig uguycii l i kyp t a dit(,}c lim — = 1.

sinx < X , Vx G
B a i t o a n 128. /)a/ 5„ - 7 ] A c o s - . Tat/i lim . Mat khdc, udi x > - , ta co x > s i n x . Vay s i n x < x, Vx > 0, ddu ddng thiic
xdy ra khi vd chi khi x = 0.
(1)
G i a i . Ta dn'tiit; m i u h bat daiig tln'tc cosx > 1 - ^ , V x G 0; ^
B a i l o a n 129. Chiing minh rdng day so sau co gidi han hHu han khi n tang
.1^ CO n ^
Di\ / ( j ) = 1 - — co-s./-. K l i i do / ( j ) xac d i i i l i . lieu tuc tren ten vd han vd iim gidi han do: 5„ = A;sin - r , Vn = 1,2,...
k=\: •..1
; J'\x) = ~1 + COSX- < 0,Va:€
y'(j) ^ J - + sinJ-,Vx G G i a i . Do t i n h girri hfm t a si'i dung kot (jua sau:
H.m nita /'(.r) vi. /"(..) cWi t r i o l tieu tai hfiu haii di^m tren [ o ; \ \ ^^^^^'^^^ X - — < sin X < X, Vx > 0.
6
hay vdi 0 < X < ^ Ihi /'(X) < /'(O) = 0. T f c la
i i g h i d i l.ieu t i e u 0;^ Bat dang thilfc s i n x < x,Vx > 0 dUdc chumg m i n h rat ddn giaii (xem nhan
. Vey ta
ham s6 / ( X ) iighich hiCni t i e n [ o ; ^ ] . Hay J { x ) < /(0),Vx € 14). Sau day ta se d u i l i g minh x - — < sinx,Vx > 0. [ )
^^1
0
,Vfc = 2 , 3 , . . . , n n e u t a c6
da ihi'tug m i n h ditctc ( I ) . V i - € Xethams6/(x) = s i u x - x + y,VxG[0;+oo). Taco "
•2 \
f i x ) = cosx - 1 + / " ( x ) = X - s i n x > 0, Vx > 0
fc='^ ^
225
224
" / 2\ 2 " 1
B a i t o a n 127 ( D « iighj Olympic 30/04/2011). Cho day so (u„) c6 ui = a > 0

*:=2
k=2 ^ fc=2 *»=3
m tin+i = u„ + — , V/), = 1,2,... Tint gidi han cua day (—).
tin \ / n(n+ 1) 7r2 / I 1
- 1
2
(n + 2 ) ( n - l ) ^ V l , 1, ^ 1 !
G i a i . Ta co U2 = « i + — > 2\/2 > 2. Gia sii u„ > n , vdi n > 2. K h i do 2 2 V 2 3 " ^ " ^ r t
- (n + 1) = : = > 0.
TlicH) iigiiycn l i {|uy iijjip suy ra u„ > n , v6i mpi n = 2 , 3 , . . . , do do Suy ra ^ ' 5„ > ^ " ^) - Wy
^ > l , V n = 2,3,...
n (n + 2)(n - 1) ^ 5 „ ^ (n + 2)(n - 1) TT^Cn - 1)
2n2 - n2 - 2n2 4n2 "
Tit day ta dudc
^ ,. (n + 2 ) ( n - l ) 1 (n + 2 ) ( n - l ) 7r2(n-l)
\ lim ^ = lim nen theo
l/„+l = (/„ + — < H„ + 1 < M„ 1 + 2 < M„^2 + 3 < - - onff Idi gidi bai todn 128, tii hat ddng thi'tc f'{x) < /'(O) = 0,
n II n n n
vdiQ < X < - ta suy ra ducic hat ddng thiic {thudng siC di^ng) sau:
T i t (*) (ho // —> + 0 C va .sit diuig uguycii l i kyp t a dit(,}c lim — = 1.

sinx < X , Vx G
B a i t o a n 128. /)a/ 5„ - 7 ] A c o s - . Tat/i lim . Mat khdc, udi x > - , ta co x > s i n x . Vay s i n x < x, Vx > 0, ddu ddng thiic
xdy ra khi vd chi khi x = 0.
(1)
G i a i . Ta dn'tiit; m i u h bat daiig tln'tc cosx > 1 - ^ , V x G 0; ^
B a i l o a n 129. Chiing minh rdng day so sau co gidi han hHu han khi n tang
.1^ CO n ^
Di\ / ( j ) = 1 - — co-s./-. K l i i do / ( j ) xac d i i i l i . lieu tuc tren ten vd han vd iim gidi han do: 5„ = A;sin - r , Vn = 1,2,...
k=\: •..1
; J'\x) = ~1 + COSX- < 0,Va:€
y'(j) ^ J - + sinJ-,Vx G G i a i . Do t i n h girri hfm t a si'i dung kot (jua sau:
H.m nita /'(.r) vi. /"(..) cWi t r i o l tieu tai hfiu haii di^m tren [ o ; \ \ ^^^^^'^^^ X - — < sin X < X, Vx > 0.
6
hay vdi 0 < X < ^ Ihi /'(X) < /'(O) = 0. T f c la
i i g h i d i l.ieu t i e u 0;^ Bat dang thilfc s i n x < x,Vx > 0 dUdc chumg m i n h rat ddn giaii (xem nhan
. Vey ta
ham s6 / ( X ) iighich hiCni t i e n [ o ; ^ ] . Hay J { x ) < /(0),Vx € 14). Sau day ta se d u i l i g minh x - — < sinx,Vx > 0. [ )
^^1
0
,Vfc = 2 , 3 , . . . , n n e u t a c6
da ihi'tug m i n h ditctc ( I ) . V i - € Xethams6/(x) = s i u x - x + y,VxG[0;+oo). Taco "
•2 \
f i x ) = cosx - 1 + / " ( x ) = X - s i n x > 0, Vx > 0
fc='^ ^
225
224
vk f"{x) = 0 <(=*• X = 0, do do haiii so /'(x) doiig bicn t i e i i (0; +oo). NhiT v$y, X6t trUdng hdp day ( 5 „ ) khong bi di?ln tren, k h i do ^ h m ^ 5 „ = +oo. T i t gia
vdi x > 0, ta c6 /'(x) > 0. Do do f{x) dong bien tren [0; +oo). Do do vdi mpi thiet CO
X > 0 t a CO /(x) > /(O) = 0, hay (*) dUdc chi'mg m i n h . Vdi x = ^ ta t h u
U „ + l 5 „ + l + U „ < U „ 5 „ + Un-l < U „ _ i 5 „ _ i + u„_2 < • • • < U2S2 + Ui.
Suyra
<ksmX,<'^,k=l,2,...,n.
n3 n9.3!
0<«„<^^H^,Vn = l,2,... (*)
Suy ra
Do l i m •5" = t i t (*) cho n 0 0 va sut dung nguyen l i k^p suy ra

n—+oo
lim u„ = 0. Vay trong mpi trudng hdp, ta deu c6 l i m Un = 0.
n_+(» n-»+oo
B a i t o a n 1 3 1 (De nghj t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2001). Cho day s6 (u„) nhtc
1 uL,
sau: uu = r , "*r = " f c - i + (fc = 1 , 2 , . . . , n ) . Ttm l i m t i „
f
Ma
G i a i . T i t gia thiet ta c6:
» ( > t + l ) ( 2 n + l ) ' ^ , 4 _ n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + l ) ( 3 n ^ + 3 n - 1)
n{uk - Uk-i) = u^_j ^ nuk - nufc_i + UfcU/t_i - wLi = "fcWfc-i
6 ~ 30
fc=i
fc=i
«*(Ufc - M f c - l ) ( " + Ufc_i) =UfcUfc_i ' ^
UfcUfc_i n + Uk-i
nen ta r o
(n + l ) { 2 n + l ) (n+l)(2rt+l)(3n^ + 3n-1) ^(n+l)(2n+l) (1)
6^2 ^l3Q^s < < 6n2 ^^"^^
1
Do - = Mo +(x bn^ 6
^ -;^<i,VA;=l,2,...,n. (2)
( T t + l ) ( 2 a + l ) _ ( n + l ) ( 2 » + l)(3n^ + 3 n - 1) 1
liin
6ri2 3!30n8 3
Trong (2) thay A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , n roi cpng cac bat d i n g thiic t a difdc:
1
nen tiT (**) suy ra lim 5„ = - .
— <1«-1< — « * t x „ < l = > U f c < l,VA; = 0 , l , 2 , . . . , n .
"0 Ufi u„
Bki t o a n 130. Cho { u „ ) Id mot day so dUdng. Dat
% tilt (1) ta CO
5 „ = u? + u^ + - - + u ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
^ - — > ^ , V f c = l,2,...,n. r«J. • (3)
Gids-iiun+i <[(5„-I)u„ + «„-i]-^,Vn = l , 2 , . . . Tim l i m u„. "fc-i Ufc n + 1 , ,
»;t I t - . ' . J •• I
'ông (3) thay A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , n rdi cpng lai ta dupc:
G i a i . Theo gia thiet c6 5 „ - 5„_i = u?. > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , suy ra ( 5 „ ) Ik mot
1 1 n 1 „ n + 2
day tang. \ nen neu ( 5 „ ) bj ch^n tren t h i day (S„) hpi t y va > — < 2 = •
Uo "n n + 1 Un n+1 n+l
lim ul= lim ( 5 „ - 5 „ _ i ) = lim S„ - lim 5 „ _ i = 0 = 4 - l i m u„ = 0.
„_+oo " n-.+oo n-+oo n-.+oo n^+oo
226 227
vk f"{x) = 0 <(=*• X = 0, do do haiii so /'(x) doiig bicn t i e i i (0; +oo). NhiT v$y, X6t trUdng hdp day ( 5 „ ) khong bi di?ln tren, k h i do ^ h m ^ 5 „ = +oo. T i t gia
vdi x > 0, ta c6 /'(x) > 0. Do do f{x) dong bien tren [0; +oo). Do do vdi mpi thiet CO
X > 0 t a CO /(x) > /(O) = 0, hay (*) dUdc chi'mg m i n h . Vdi x = ^ ta t h u
U „ + l 5 „ + l + U „ < U „ 5 „ + Un-l < U „ _ i 5 „ _ i + u„_2 < • • • < U2S2 + Ui.
Suyra
<ksmX,<'^,k=l,2,...,n.
n3 n9.3!
0<«„<^^H^,Vn = l,2,... (*)
Suy ra
Do l i m •5" = t i t (*) cho n 0 0 va sut dung nguyen l i k^p suy ra

n—+oo
lim u„ = 0. Vay trong mpi trudng hdp, ta deu c6 l i m Un = 0.
n_+(» n-»+oo
B a i t o a n 1 3 1 (De nghj t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2001). Cho day s6 (u„) nhtc
1 uL,
sau: uu = r , "*r = " f c - i + (fc = 1 , 2 , . . . , n ) . Ttm l i m t i „
f
Ma
G i a i . T i t gia thiet ta c6:
» ( > t + l ) ( 2 n + l ) ' ^ , 4 _ n ( n + l ) ( 2 n + l ) ( 3 n ^ + 3 n - 1)
n{uk - Uk-i) = u^_j ^ nuk - nufc_i + UfcU/t_i - wLi = "fcWfc-i
6 ~ 30
fc=i
fc=i
«*(Ufc - M f c - l ) ( " + Ufc_i) =UfcUfc_i ' ^
UfcUfc_i n + Uk-i
nen ta r o
(n + l ) { 2 n + l ) (n+l)(2rt+l)(3n^ + 3n-1) ^(n+l)(2n+l) (1)
6^2 ^l3Q^s < < 6n2 ^^"^^
1
Do - = Mo +(x bn^ 6
^ -;^<i,VA;=l,2,...,n. (2)
( T t + l ) ( 2 a + l ) _ ( n + l ) ( 2 » + l)(3n^ + 3 n - 1) 1
liin
6ri2 3!30n8 3
Trong (2) thay A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , n roi cpng cac bat d i n g thiic t a difdc:
1
nen tiT (**) suy ra lim 5„ = - .
— <1«-1< — « * t x „ < l = > U f c < l,VA; = 0 , l , 2 , . . . , n .
"0 Ufi u„
Bki t o a n 130. Cho { u „ ) Id mot day so dUdng. Dat
% tilt (1) ta CO
5 „ = u? + u^ + - - + u ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
^ - — > ^ , V f c = l,2,...,n. r«J. • (3)
Gids-iiun+i <[(5„-I)u„ + «„-i]-^,Vn = l , 2 , . . . Tim l i m u„. "fc-i Ufc n + 1 , ,
»;t I t - . ' . J •• I
'ông (3) thay A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , n rdi cpng lai ta dupc:
G i a i . Theo gia thiet c6 5 „ - 5„_i = u?. > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , suy ra ( 5 „ ) Ik mot
1 1 n 1 „ n + 2
day tang. \ nen neu ( 5 „ ) bj ch^n tren t h i day (S„) hpi t y va > — < 2 = •
Uo "n n + 1 Un n+1 n+l
lim ul= lim ( 5 „ - 5 „ _ i ) = lim S„ - lim 5 „ _ i = 0 = 4 - l i m u„ = 0.
„_+oo " n-.+oo n-+oo n-.+oo n^+oo
226 227
n +1
Vay t a da chiing m i n h dUdc: < u„ < l , V n 6 N . M a
n +2
n+1 each 1 . De thay x „ > 0, Vn e N * . D a t ^ ^ = b, k h i do 6 = . T a c6
lim „ = 1 = lim 1
^ 2+6
n—+0O n + 2 n—+00
1 + x„ 1 +6 2 + 6 + 2x„ + 6xn - 2 - x„ - 26 - 6x,
nen sit dung nguyen l y kep suy r a l i m u„ = 1 . - 6 | = 2 + x-„ ~ 2 + 6
(2 + x„)(2 + 6)
B a i t o a n 132 (De t h i v6 djch Singapore-1997). Cho day so (a„) nhtc sau:
(2 + x„)(2 + 6)"
ao = ^ , Ofc+i =ak + ^ (A; = l , 2 , . . . , n - 1 ) .
Ma (2 + x„)(2 + 6) > 4,Vn = 1,2,... nen |x„+i - 6| < '"^"^ ^', Vn = 1,2,...
Chitfig minh r&ng 1 - - < a„ < 1 .
Do do vdi moi n = 1,2,... t a c6
n
H i r d n g dkn. Xeui Idi giai bai toan 1 3 1 .
|x„+i - 6|< l^Y^ < 1 |x„_i - 6| < . . . < 1 |xi - 6| = 1 |a - 6|
B a i t o a n 133 (Do ughi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2003). Cho hai day (u„) va
{v„) nhu sau: u„ = n? (0,8)" , v„ = ( 0 , 9 ) " ( n = 1 , 2 , . . .)• Chiing minh rdng
V?ly 0 < |2;„ - 6| < \a - b\, t i t day cho n +00 va suf dung nguyen l i
ton tai mot so k sao cho vdi mpi n > 17 thi 0 < Un < A; (0,9)". Kit lu(in g\
ve gidi han cua day {u„). kep t a dituc lim x„ = 6 = — — - . ,
n—+00 2
G i a i . Goi a„ = — , k h i do a„ = f ^ . - . Vay de cho
y
e a c h 2. mu a = thi x„ = Do do l i m x„ =
9
^ < 1 thi
n < o' 'lay Tritdng hdp a > K h i do 2 + a > ^ ^ ^ ^ (1). T h a t vay
a„
, 1 3 1 3 - 2v^ 2\/2
= 6^/2 + 8 > 16. (l)^2a + 2 > - Q - 2+ av^+2v/5â> ^^ = ^ ~ ^ d u n g ) . '
n ~ 2\/2 n 2\/2 3 - 2v^ 3-\/5 o \ !
Do n nguyen nen suy ra vdi mpi n > 17 t a c6 a„+i < a „ . Bdi vay day so (a„) Viv^y
la day so giani ke t i i so hang t h i i 17. Tiic la a„ < an, Vn > 17. N6i each khac:
V5- 1 1+a s/E-1
— < ai7,Vn > 17. Xi > -,X2 = Xn >
2 '•*'^~2 + a ^ 2 ••••'^n>—2—
75-1
Hay u„ < 172 - ( 0 , 9 ) " , Vn > 17. V i u„ > 0 va hm ( 0 , 9 ) " = 0 nen theo Tiic la day so (x„) bi ch?ln difdi. Mat khac, v i x „ e ^ n§n
\^9y n-.+oo
nguyen ly k?p suy ra lim u„ = 0. 2 + a;,, > 0 va x2 + x„ - 1 > 0. Do do
L i f u y . Sau day t a se de cap den mot triTcJng hdp dJLc biet ciia nguyen l i kep. 1 +x„ _ -(4+a^n-l)
dudc thi hien qua phudng phap khao sat do lech. Xii+l - Xn = X <0.
2 + x„ 2 + x„
B a i t o a n 1 3 4 . Chitng minh rdng vdi moi a > 0 thi day so sau luon hoi tv-
Tihi gidi han cua day so do. V§y khi a > 1 t h i day {x„}^^^ giam va b i ch$xi dudi nen hpi t u .
xi = a
= i ^ , V n = l,2,... '^rudng hop 0 < a < \i do titdng t i t n h u tren t a cnng chitng minh
2 + Xn ^Ôc day {x„}+ri tang va bi chan tren nen hpi t u .
228
229
n +1
Vay t a da chiing m i n h dUdc: < u„ < l , V n 6 N . M a
n +2
n+1 each 1 . De thay x „ > 0, Vn e N * . D a t ^ ^ = b, k h i do 6 = . T a c6
lim „ = 1 = lim 1
^ 2+6
n—+0O n + 2 n—+00
1 + x„ 1 +6 2 + 6 + 2x„ + 6xn - 2 - x„ - 26 - 6x,
nen sit dung nguyen l y kep suy r a l i m u„ = 1 . - 6 | = 2 + x-„ ~ 2 + 6
(2 + x„)(2 + 6)
B a i t o a n 132 (De t h i v6 djch Singapore-1997). Cho day so (a„) nhtc sau:
(2 + x„)(2 + 6)"
ao = ^ , Ofc+i =ak + ^ (A; = l , 2 , . . . , n - 1 ) .
Ma (2 + x„)(2 + 6) > 4,Vn = 1,2,... nen |x„+i - 6| < '"^"^ ^', Vn = 1,2,...
Chitfig minh r&ng 1 - - < a„ < 1 .
Do do vdi moi n = 1,2,... t a c6
n
H i r d n g dkn. Xeui Idi giai bai toan 1 3 1 .
|x„+i - 6|< l^Y^ < 1 |x„_i - 6| < . . . < 1 |xi - 6| = 1 |a - 6|
B a i t o a n 133 (Do ughi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2003). Cho hai day (u„) va
{v„) nhu sau: u„ = n? (0,8)" , v„ = ( 0 , 9 ) " ( n = 1 , 2 , . . .)• Chiing minh rdng
V?ly 0 < |2;„ - 6| < \a - b\, t i t day cho n +00 va suf dung nguyen l i
ton tai mot so k sao cho vdi mpi n > 17 thi 0 < Un < A; (0,9)". Kit lu(in g\
ve gidi han cua day {u„). kep t a dituc lim x„ = 6 = — — - . ,
n—+00 2
G i a i . Goi a„ = — , k h i do a„ = f ^ . - . Vay de cho
y
e a c h 2. mu a = thi x„ = Do do l i m x„ =
9
^ < 1 thi
n < o' 'lay Tritdng hdp a > K h i do 2 + a > ^ ^ ^ ^ (1). T h a t vay
a„
, 1 3 1 3 - 2v^ 2\/2
= 6^/2 + 8 > 16. (l)^2a + 2 > - Q - 2+ av^+2v/5â> ^^ = ^ ~ ^ d u n g ) . '
n ~ 2\/2 n 2\/2 3 - 2v^ 3-\/5 o \ !
Do n nguyen nen suy ra vdi mpi n > 17 t a c6 a„+i < a „ . Bdi vay day so (a„) Viv^y
la day so giani ke t i i so hang t h i i 17. Tiic la a„ < an, Vn > 17. N6i each khac:
V5- 1 1+a s/E-1
— < ai7,Vn > 17. Xi > -,X2 = Xn >
2 '•*'^~2 + a ^ 2 ••••'^n>—2—
75-1
Hay u„ < 172 - ( 0 , 9 ) " , Vn > 17. V i u„ > 0 va hm ( 0 , 9 ) " = 0 nen theo Tiic la day so (x„) bi ch?ln difdi. Mat khac, v i x „ e ^ n§n
\^9y n-.+oo
nguyen ly k?p suy ra lim u„ = 0. 2 + a;,, > 0 va x2 + x„ - 1 > 0. Do do
L i f u y . Sau day t a se de cap den mot triTcJng hdp dJLc biet ciia nguyen l i kep. 1 +x„ _ -(4+a^n-l)
dudc thi hien qua phudng phap khao sat do lech. Xii+l - Xn = X <0.
2 + x„ 2 + x„
B a i t o a n 1 3 4 . Chitng minh rdng vdi moi a > 0 thi day so sau luon hoi tv-
Tihi gidi han cua day so do. V§y khi a > 1 t h i day {x„}^^^ giam va b i ch$xi dudi nen hpi t u .
xi = a
= i ^ , V n = l,2,... '^rudng hop 0 < a < \i do titdng t i t n h u tren t a cnng chitng minh
2 + Xn ^Ôc day {x„}+ri tang va bi chan tren nen hpi t u .
228
229
Vay vdi a > 0 day da cho hoi t u . Dat l i m a;„ = L . T\t x „ > 0, Vn e N * suy B a i toan 136 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2006). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu
r 1<X, < 2 ^
ra L > 0. T i t x„+i = ^ ^ " , cho n - » +oo t a ditdc L = \ Giai phuong Tim lim x„.
n—>+cx)
I x„+i = l + x „ - | i , V n = l , 2 , . . .
t r i n h nay vdi dieu kien L > 0 t a dUdc L = ^ „ ^. Vay h m a;„ = -.
2, n—>+oo 2 G i a i . T a c6
B a i t o a n 135 (De t h i HSG toan 12 ciia t i n h Gia Lai-nSm 199G). Cho day
1 a;2' Xn+l = l + x „ - ^ = - 1 {xl - 2x„ - 2) = - 1 (x„ - 1 ) V ^ < ^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
so ( x „ ) nhK sau: xi = - va x„+i = - 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ChiCng minh r&ng
o 2
Bang quy n?ip t a chiing minh x „ > 1, Vn = 1,2,... Theo gia thiet t a c6 x i > 1.
day so da cho c6 gidi han hftu han va tim gidi han do.
Gia sii x „ > 1. K h i do tir 1 < x „ < 2 ta c6 x^ - 3x„ + 2 < 0. Hay
G i a i . Bang phvtdng phap quy nap t a de dang chiing m i n h dUdc
^ - 5 x „ + l < 0 ^ x „ - ^ > l - ^ .
- l < x „ < 0 , V n = 2,3... (1)
Do do
Neu Hm x „ = L t h i tOt x„+i = ^ - 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . cho n -> +oo t a duoc
n—>+oo 2
T2 x„+i = l + ( x „ - ^ ) > l + l -^ = 2 - ^ > 2 - l = : l (dox„ < 2 ) .
L = 1 + ^3
L = 1 - \/3. Vay theo nguyen l y quy nap t a suy ra x „ > 1, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . N h u vay t a da
Theo (1) suy ra - 1 < L < 0. Do do L = 1 - v/3. Tiep theo t a chiing minh chiing minh dudc
hm x „ = L = 1 — v/3. l < x „ < ^,Vn = 2,3,...

n—>+oo 2
Taco Dat = a, k h i do a = 1 + a - y . Do do vdi mpi n = 2 , 3 , . . . t a c6
/L2 \
\Xn+l -L\ \\xl-L'\ \\x^-L\\x^ + L\.
F n + i - a| = (l +a - ^ ) | =|(x„-a)-l(x^-a2)
Ma Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . t h i - 1 < x „ < 0 nen vdi mpi n = 2,3,... t a c6

= x„ - o . = |x„-o|.-. | 2 - a - x „ | .
- 1 + L < x „ + L < 0 + L = > - \ / 3 < x „ + L < 1 - v/3
=> - \/3 < x „ + L < \/3 |x„ + L| < \/3. 3 3
V i 1 < x „ < - , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . nen - - < - x „ < - l , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . . Hay
1 \/3
V^y |x„+i - L | = - | x „ + L | | x „ - L | < ^ |x„ - L|, Vn = 2,3,... D o d o
2-V2--<2-\/2-x„ < 2 - v/2 - l , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
|x„+i - L| < — |x„ - L| < J |x„_i - L| < = > ^ - v / 2 < 2 - ^ - x „ < l - v / 2 , V n = 2,3,...
n-l
v/3\ Suy ra |2 - v/2 - x„| < 1, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Do do
=^0 < |x„+, -L\< |x2-L|,Vn = 2,3,...
|a;„+i - a| = |x„ - a| |2 - a - x„| +oo Sii diing lien tiep cac ket qua tren t a dUdc:
lim |x„ - L| = 0 ^ Um x „ = L = 1 - \/3.
n—>+oo n—»+oo ia^n+i - a| 0 day da cho hoi t u . Dat l i m a;„ = L . T\t x „ > 0, Vn e N * suy B a i toan 136 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2006). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu
r 1<X, < 2 ^
ra L > 0. T i t x„+i = ^ ^ " , cho n - » +oo t a ditdc L = \ Giai phuong Tim lim x„.
n—>+cx)
I x„+i = l + x „ - | i , V n = l , 2 , . . .
t r i n h nay vdi dieu kien L > 0 t a dUdc L = ^ „ ^. Vay h m a;„ = -.
2, n—>+oo 2 G i a i . T a c6
B a i t o a n 135 (De t h i HSG toan 12 ciia t i n h Gia Lai-nSm 199G). Cho day
1 a;2' Xn+l = l + x „ - ^ = - 1 {xl - 2x„ - 2) = - 1 (x„ - 1 ) V ^ < ^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
so ( x „ ) nhK sau: xi = - va x„+i = - 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ChiCng minh r&ng
o 2
Bang quy n?ip t a chiing minh x „ > 1, Vn = 1,2,... Theo gia thiet t a c6 x i > 1.
day so da cho c6 gidi han hftu han va tim gidi han do.
Gia sii x „ > 1. K h i do tir 1 < x „ < 2 ta c6 x^ - 3x„ + 2 < 0. Hay
G i a i . Bang phvtdng phap quy nap t a de dang chiing m i n h dUdc
^ - 5 x „ + l < 0 ^ x „ - ^ > l - ^ .
- l < x „ < 0 , V n = 2,3... (1)
Do do
Neu Hm x „ = L t h i tOt x„+i = ^ - 1, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . cho n -> +oo t a duoc
n—>+oo 2
T2 x„+i = l + ( x „ - ^ ) > l + l -^ = 2 - ^ > 2 - l = : l (dox„ < 2 ) .
L = 1 + ^3
L = 1 - \/3. Vay theo nguyen l y quy nap t a suy ra x „ > 1, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . N h u vay t a da
Theo (1) suy ra - 1 < L < 0. Do do L = 1 - v/3. Tiep theo t a chiing minh chiing minh dudc
hm x „ = L = 1 — v/3. l < x „ < ^,Vn = 2,3,...

n—>+oo 2
Taco Dat = a, k h i do a = 1 + a - y . Do do vdi mpi n = 2 , 3 , . . . t a c6
/L2 \
\Xn+l -L\ \\xl-L'\ \\x^-L\\x^ + L\.
F n + i - a| = (l +a - ^ ) | =|(x„-a)-l(x^-a2)
Ma Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . t h i - 1 < x „ < 0 nen vdi mpi n = 2,3,... t a c6

= x„ - o . = |x„-o|.-. | 2 - a - x „ | .
- 1 + L < x „ + L < 0 + L = > - \ / 3 < x „ + L < 1 - v/3
=> - \/3 < x „ + L < \/3 |x„ + L| < \/3. 3 3
V i 1 < x „ < - , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . nen - - < - x „ < - l , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . . Hay
1 \/3
V^y |x„+i - L | = - | x „ + L | | x „ - L | < ^ |x„ - L|, Vn = 2,3,... D o d o
2-V2--<2-\/2-x„ < 2 - v/2 - l , V n = 2 , 3 , . . .
|x„+i - L| < — |x„ - L| < J |x„_i - L| < = > ^ - v / 2 < 2 - ^ - x „ < l - v / 2 , V n = 2,3,...
n-l
v/3\ Suy ra |2 - v/2 - x„| < 1, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Do do
=^0 < |x„+, -L\< |x2-L|,Vn = 2,3,...
|a;„+i - a| = |x„ - a| |2 - a - x„| +oo Sii diing lien tiep cac ket qua tren t a dUdc:
lim |x„ - L| = 0 ^ Um x „ = L = 1 - \/3.
n—>+oo n—»+oo ia^n+i - a| < i |x„ - a| < ^ |x„_i - a| < ^ k n - 2 - a| < •"" < ^ |xi - a|.
23
230 231
1:
V|Ly tCf (3) |x„+i - L| < i |x„ - Z,|, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . . Suy ra

0 < |x„ - a| < — Y - v / 2 ,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . (1)
1 / l \ ' ''
Vi l i m - — r = 0 " e n tft (1) siif dung nguyen ly kep suy ra |x„+i - i | < 2 --^1 < ( 2 J -''^l < •••< (^) |a;i-L|.
n—+x 2"~'
lim x„ = a = V2.
/iV'"' a
n—>+oo
Do do |x„ - L| < j 2 ~ ^ 1 ' 2. • • •• Tiif day, cho n +oo ta
B M t o a n 137 (D^ t h i vo dirh Canada-1985). Cho I < xi < 2. Vdi n =
jifijc lim x„ = L , hay lim x„ = Vl + - 1.
1 , 2 , . . . ta dmh nyhla
Bai toan 139. Cho day so (x„) nAt/ sau:
Xn+l = 1 + X„ -
( 2010 1
I Xl =
Chiing minh r&ng x„ - v/2 < Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . 1003
. x„+i = 4x„ - 5 - (x„ - l ) ^ V n = 1 , 2 , . . . j
Hvtdng d i n . Xem Idi giai bai toan 136.
Hay tim lim x„.
B a i toan 138. Cho trade a e [0; 1], xet day so {xn)t=i n—>+oo
Giai. Gi(3i han neu c6 so la mot nghieni (nao do) cua phudng t r i n h 'I
< x:
x, = |, x„+i = ^ - ^ (Vn = l , 2 , . . . ) . (1) X = 4x - 5 - (x - 1)'^ <^ - 5x + 6 = 0 <^
Chiing rninh rdng day so dd cho hoi tu vd tim gidi han cua no. Taco
x„+i - 3 = 4x„ - 5 - (x„ - 1)2 _ 3 = -xl + 6x„ - 9 = - ( x „ - 3)^.

G i a i . X2 - ^ - ^ , a e [0; 1]. Suy ra < < ^ Gia sut < x„ < ^.
Vay
1 a x'^ 1
K h i (16 - - < Xn+i = o - ^ < o - "^^y nguyen l y quy nap suy ra
8 2, I 2.
3 - x„+, = (3 - x „ ) 2 = (3 - xn-if = --- = i3- xi)2" = /„
3-
2010N
1003
- g < x „ < i , V n = 1,2,... (2)
Do do
Gia sijf day so da cho hpi t u , dat lim x„ = L. K h i do tiJt (1) cho n -» +oo
/ 999
n—•+0O
lim (3-x„+i)= lim -0(doO<^<l).^'
ta ditdc n-.+oo^ n-+oo\l003/
L = - - ^ ^ L ^ + 2L-a = Q^L = \/l + - 1 îr? -.^L
(ta M nghi?m L = - v / T T ? - 1 v i (2)). Ta c6 (/l Lai, nam hoc 2004-2005). Cho day so
"J ntiu sau:
|x„+i - L \ = - | x „ - L | | x „ + L | , V n = l , 2 , . . . (3) 2005
2 2 2 2 Xl =
2004
V i (2) nen I ^n+i = x ^ - 2 ( x „ - l ) 2 , V n = 1,2,... •. '"^
'^^^^''^ '''^"tf cfay so CO ^ j d i han hiiu han khi n tdng vd hg,n vd tim gidi
yjl+a? - \ < X n + L< \ / l + a 2 - i = > |x„ + L| < 1 (do a G [0; 1]).
232 233
1:
V|Ly tCf (3) |x„+i - L| < i |x„ - Z,|, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . . Suy ra

0 < |x„ - a| < — Y - v / 2 ,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . (1)
1 / l \ ' ''
Vi l i m - — r = 0 " e n tft (1) siif dung nguyen ly kep suy ra |x„+i - i | < 2 --^1 < ( 2 J -''^l < •••< (^) |a;i-L|.
n—+x 2"~'
lim x„ = a = V2.
/iV'"' a
n—>+oo
Do do |x„ - L| < j 2 ~ ^ 1 ' 2. • • •• Tiif day, cho n +oo ta
B M t o a n 137 (D^ t h i vo dirh Canada-1985). Cho I < xi < 2. Vdi n =
jifijc lim x„ = L , hay lim x„ = Vl + - 1.
1 , 2 , . . . ta dmh nyhla
Bai toan 139. Cho day so (x„) nAt/ sau:
Xn+l = 1 + X„ -
( 2010 1
I Xl =
Chiing minh r&ng x„ - v/2 < Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . 1003
. x„+i = 4x„ - 5 - (x„ - l ) ^ V n = 1 , 2 , . . . j
Hvtdng d i n . Xem Idi giai bai toan 136.
Hay tim lim x„.
B a i toan 138. Cho trade a e [0; 1], xet day so {xn)t=i n—>+oo
Giai. Gi(3i han neu c6 so la mot nghieni (nao do) cua phudng t r i n h 'I
< x:
x, = |, x„+i = ^ - ^ (Vn = l , 2 , . . . ) . (1) X = 4x - 5 - (x - 1)'^ <^ - 5x + 6 = 0 <^
Chiing rninh rdng day so dd cho hoi tu vd tim gidi han cua no. Taco
x„+i - 3 = 4x„ - 5 - (x„ - 1)2 _ 3 = -xl + 6x„ - 9 = - ( x „ - 3)^.

G i a i . X2 - ^ - ^ , a e [0; 1]. Suy ra < < ^ Gia sut < x„ < ^.
Vay
1 a x'^ 1
K h i (16 - - < Xn+i = o - ^ < o - "^^y nguyen l y quy nap suy ra
8 2, I 2.
3 - x„+, = (3 - x „ ) 2 = (3 - xn-if = --- = i3- xi)2" = /„
3-
2010N
1003
- g < x „ < i , V n = 1,2,... (2)
Do do
Gia sijf day so da cho hpi t u , dat lim x„ = L. K h i do tiJt (1) cho n -» +oo
/ 999
n—•+0O
lim (3-x„+i)= lim -0(doO<^<l).^'
ta ditdc n-.+oo^ n-+oo\l003/
L = - - ^ ^ L ^ + 2L-a = Q^L = \/l + - 1 îr? -.^L
(ta M nghi?m L = - v / T T ? - 1 v i (2)). Ta c6 (/l Lai, nam hoc 2004-2005). Cho day so
"J ntiu sau:
|x„+i - L \ = - | x „ - L | | x „ + L | , V n = l , 2 , . . . (3) 2005
2 2 2 2 Xl =
2004
V i (2) nen I ^n+i = x ^ - 2 ( x „ - l ) 2 , V n = 1,2,... •. '"^
'^^^^''^ '''^"tf cfay so CO ^ j d i han hiiu han khi n tdng vd hg,n vd tim gidi
yjl+a? - \ < X n + L< \ / l + a 2 - i = > |x„ + L| < 1 (do a G [0; 1]).
232 233
I'
H t r d n g d i n . X e m Idi giai bai toan 139.

Xet day (««) " l n ^ sau' a„ = x„ - (1 + v ^ ) , Vn 6 N * . K h i do a i = 1 - va
B a i t o a n 141. Cho day so (r„) nhu sau:
+ (1 + V^) = 2 + 1 _ (1-V2)a„
On+l
2005 a„ + ( l + v / 2 ) ' ^ " " ^ ' - a „ + l + v ^ -
{vo =
vn+i =°2! - + 3t;„, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Tft se chufiig m i n h l i m a„ = 0. T i r (1) ta c6
Hay tim lim v„. 1 - v^||a„_i| |a„_i| ^ 1

n—+oo
H i f d n g d a n . X e m Idi giai bai toan 139.

.ar7TTT7r^R;::7l^2i""-i'^" = 2 , 3 , . . . (2)
B a i t o a n 142. Cho trUdc a € (0; +oo), xet day so {xn)t=\^ Silr fl'.ing (2) lion tiop, ta durto 0 < |a„| < 2;^|ai|, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Sii dyng
Xn+\ Xn (2 - axn) (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) . (1) iiguyen If kej) suy ra l i m a„ = 0 l i m x„ = 1 + \/2.

° II—•+(» n—>+oo
Chiing minh r&ng neu a;„ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . thl day so da, cho hQi tv va tm B a i t o a n 144 (HSG Quoc gia nam 2012). Cho day so thifc (x„) xdc dinh
gidi han nla day so do. nhu sau: xi = 3 vd
G i a i . Ta c6 X2 = xi{2- axi) > 0, 2 - a x i > 0, 1 - a x i > - 1 . Nhiftig vi n + 2 ,

= - g ^ ( x „ - i + 2 ) , Vn > 2. (1)
x i > 0, a > 0 nen 1 - a x i < 1. Suy ra 11 - axi| < 1. V6i mpi n € N * , ta c6
Ch^ng minh rdng day so c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi han do.
1
X,i+l - - — x „ ( 2 - a x „ ) - ^
a G i a i . Ta c6
=»|1 - ax„+i| = |1 - a x „ { 2 - a x „ ) | = \a'^xl - 2ax„ + l | = |1 - ax„|^ n + 2 2
\Xn - 1| = — — ( x „ _ i - 1 + -
=>\l- ax„| = |1 - ax„_i|^ = |1 - axn-2f = • • • = |1 - axif . 6n n 3n n
1} Vn > 10.
V?Ly lim ( | l - a x „ | ) = l i m |1 - a x i l ^ " " ' = 0 (do |1 - axi| < 1). Do do < 5 ( k n - l - 1| +
n—>+oo n—+ao
lim ( l - a x „ ) = 0 = 4 - l i m ax„ = 1 lim x„ = a"^

n—+00 n—+00 n—+oo Dat = max ||xfc - 1|; V/c > 10. Vdi mpi n > 11:
B a i t o a n 143. Chiing minh rdng day 2, 2 + |, 2 + ... c6 gidi han •Neuy„ = | x „ - 1| t h i

2+ -
Vn < I (|x„_, -l\ l)< f .2y„_, = (2)
hitu hq.n. Tim gidi h(m do.
G i a i . K i h i f u (x„) la day da cho. Do thay r l i i g day (x„) thoa man x i = 2 vva 'N4uy„ = ^ t h i y „ < - A _ . y „ _ , .
x„+i = 2 + — , Vn = l , 2 , . . . j^^y {yn}„>ij la day giam, bi,chan dudi bdi 0 nen ton t a i gidi han hull han.
luny,, = a, k h i do a > 0 va y„ > a, Vn > 11. Ta chiing m i n h a = 0. Th?lt
Do x „ > 0, Vn e N * nen gidi h?in neu c6 se la nghi?m khdng am cua phird"g ^^y. gia sir a > 0. Ton t a i no 6 N sao cho — < a. K h i do vdi mpi n > no > -
trinh taco no
L = 2 + - L = l + v/2 ( W i 1 - v/2 < 0). y,, = max ||x„ - 1 | ; ^ | = |x„ - 1| (do ^ < a, j/„ > a).
1J
234
I'
H t r d n g d i n . X e m Idi giai bai toan 139.

Xet day (««) " l n ^ sau' a„ = x„ - (1 + v ^ ) , Vn 6 N * . K h i do a i = 1 - va
B a i t o a n 141. Cho day so (r„) nhu sau:
+ (1 + V^) = 2 + 1 _ (1-V2)a„
On+l
2005 a„ + ( l + v / 2 ) ' ^ " " ^ ' - a „ + l + v ^ -
{vo =
vn+i =°2! - + 3t;„, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Tft se chufiig m i n h l i m a„ = 0. T i r (1) ta c6
Hay tim lim v„. 1 - v^||a„_i| |a„_i| ^ 1

n—+oo
H i f d n g d a n . X e m Idi giai bai toan 139.

.ar7TTT7r^R;::7l^2i""-i'^" = 2 , 3 , . . . (2)
B a i t o a n 142. Cho trUdc a € (0; +oo), xet day so {xn)t=\^ Silr fl'.ing (2) lion tiop, ta durto 0 < |a„| < 2;^|ai|, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . Sii dyng
Xn+\ Xn (2 - axn) (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) . (1) iiguyen If kej) suy ra l i m a„ = 0 l i m x„ = 1 + \/2.

° II—•+(» n—>+oo
Chiing minh r&ng neu a;„ > 0, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . thl day so da, cho hQi tv va tm B a i t o a n 144 (HSG Quoc gia nam 2012). Cho day so thifc (x„) xdc dinh
gidi han nla day so do. nhu sau: xi = 3 vd
G i a i . Ta c6 X2 = xi{2- axi) > 0, 2 - a x i > 0, 1 - a x i > - 1 . Nhiftig vi n + 2 ,

= - g ^ ( x „ - i + 2 ) , Vn > 2. (1)
x i > 0, a > 0 nen 1 - a x i < 1. Suy ra 11 - axi| < 1. V6i mpi n € N * , ta c6
Ch^ng minh rdng day so c6 gidi han hHu han. Tinh gidi han do.
1
X,i+l - - — x „ ( 2 - a x „ ) - ^
a G i a i . Ta c6
=»|1 - ax„+i| = |1 - a x „ { 2 - a x „ ) | = \a'^xl - 2ax„ + l | = |1 - ax„|^ n + 2 2
\Xn - 1| = — — ( x „ _ i - 1 + -
=>\l- ax„| = |1 - ax„_i|^ = |1 - axn-2f = • • • = |1 - axif . 6n n 3n n
1} Vn > 10.
V?Ly lim ( | l - a x „ | ) = l i m |1 - a x i l ^ " " ' = 0 (do |1 - axi| < 1). Do do < 5 ( k n - l - 1| +
n—>+oo n—+ao
lim ( l - a x „ ) = 0 = 4 - l i m ax„ = 1 lim x„ = a"^

n—+00 n—+00 n—+oo Dat = max ||xfc - 1|; V/c > 10. Vdi mpi n > 11:
B a i t o a n 143. Chiing minh rdng day 2, 2 + |, 2 + ... c6 gidi han •Neuy„ = | x „ - 1| t h i

2+ -
Vn < I (|x„_, -l\ l)< f .2y„_, = (2)
hitu hq.n. Tim gidi h(m do.
G i a i . K i h i f u (x„) la day da cho. Do thay r l i i g day (x„) thoa man x i = 2 vva 'N4uy„ = ^ t h i y „ < - A _ . y „ _ , .
x„+i = 2 + — , Vn = l , 2 , . . . j^^y {yn}„>ij la day giam, bi,chan dudi bdi 0 nen ton t a i gidi han hull han.
luny,, = a, k h i do a > 0 va y„ > a, Vn > 11. Ta chiing m i n h a = 0. Th?lt
Do x „ > 0, Vn e N * nen gidi h?in neu c6 se la nghi?m khdng am cua phird"g ^^y. gia sir a > 0. Ton t a i no 6 N sao cho — < a. K h i do vdi mpi n > no > -
trinh taco no
L = 2 + - L = l + v/2 ( W i 1 - v/2 < 0). y,, = max ||x„ - 1 | ; ^ | = |x„ - 1| (do ^ < a, j/„ > a).
1J
234
Giai-
Ket hop vdi (2) suy ra a < -a (v6 l y ) . Vay a = 0. Suy ra l i m y „ = 0 neu C a c h 1. Vdi iiioi n = 1, 2 , . . . , ta cd
o
l i m | x „ - 1| = 0. Do do l i m x „ = 1. xl^,-4={xl-2f-A = xt,-4xl = xl (4-4)
B a i t o a n 145. Cho day so (u„) nhiX sau: = ^l^l-i i^l-i - 4) = • • • = xlxlî .. .xlx\ - 4)
= 21 {Xn.Xn-l . . .Xif .
ui = U 2 - l ; Un+i = 4u„ - 5 w „ - i , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . (1)
TCt (1) ta cd
Chiiny niinh rdng vdi mot so thUc a > \/5, ta c6 = 0-
Xn+l
2 1 = 21 + 2 , V n = 1,2,... (2)
XiX2...X,J (xiX2...X„)
G i a i . Xet 0 < < / . < - sao cho coscp = sin <;6 = -7=. Ta c6 phUdng trhih
2 v/S v5 M^t khac v i x i = 5 > 2 nen x „ > 2, Vn = 1,2,... Do do
dac tnriig - A\ 5 = 0 <^ \ 2±i <^ X = VE {cos (p ± i sin 4>). So hang
toug (luat ciia day so da cho co daiig x„.x„_i...xi > 2 " , V n € N ' .
Un = (y^^ (-^ cos ncj) + B sill n<l>), Vn = 1,2
4 4
Bdi v?ly 0 <
ir 1 1 ..A., J \/5 (>lcos<6 + Bsinfli) = 1 r '{^.^ 7y < 22^' = 1.2,... Theo nguyen l y k?p suy ra
V i u, = l,U2 = l neu | ^ ( i e o s 2 0 + B s i n 2 0 ) = 1. '
4
Hm = 0.
(X1X2...X„)2
v/5cos0 v^.sin?!' = 5\/5(siii2c/>cos</) - cos2(;^sin0) = 5 \ / 5 s i i i 0
5 cos 2(j> 5 sin 20
1 5fin2(^ = 5sin20 ~ \ / 5 s i n 0 = v/5sin0 ^2v/5cos0 - Vay tir (2) SUV ra Hui ( — ^ = 21. V i ham so / ( x ) = ^ x lien tuc
u-^+cx \xiX2...XnJ
^cos^ 1 = y5cos0-5cos2<3i tren iiiia khoang [0; +00) ntMi:

5 cos 20 1
DA 2\/5COS0 - 1 3 / \ \
A = '•11+1
D
lim —fli±L_=
n - ' + o o X1X2 . . . X „
H„.
»i—+0O = 1/ l i m V2\.
\X1X2.. .x„ J y II—+30 \X1X2.. .x„y
-v/5
DB COS<^ — •\/5COS20 \/5 d t r a n g 11). Dat
C a c h 2 (each n a y difdc d i n h hifdng bdi bai toan 1 1 6
B =
D 5sin(/) v/5 5' aî = a + - , vdi a = ^JL^_ ^\(^
a
Vay «„ = ( v ^ ) " f - cos7i(i6 - ^ s i u n c / i Y v n 6 N*. Do do vdi a > \ / 5 , t a c6
\ 5 y X2 = x ' f - 2 - f a + - V
- cos n(^ - ^ sin n 0 < ,Vn=l,2,... (*)

a" 5 5 [a J fiaiig quy nap, ta suy ra x„+i = u^" + - 1 ^ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Do do
Vi Urn f — ^ = 0 lien t i t (*), suy ra duoc hm ( ^ ) = 0. 2" 1

x„+i
^1X2...x„ / 1\ 1 \ 1 \ 1 N
B a i t o a n 146 ( O L Y M P I C toan sinh vien toan qu6c-2005). Cho day {x„ a + - a2' + a2^ + ... a2"-*+
Xn+l \
nhit sau: xi = 5 vd Xn+i = - 2,Vn 6 N * . Tim Vim
u—+00 X1X2 • • Xn
237
236
Giai-
Ket hop vdi (2) suy ra a < -a (v6 l y ) . Vay a = 0. Suy ra l i m y „ = 0 neu C a c h 1. Vdi iiioi n = 1, 2 , . . . , ta cd
o
l i m | x „ - 1| = 0. Do do l i m x „ = 1. xl^,-4={xl-2f-A = xt,-4xl = xl (4-4)
B a i t o a n 145. Cho day so (u„) nhiX sau: = ^l^l-i i^l-i - 4) = • • • = xlxlî .. .xlx\ - 4)
= 21 {Xn.Xn-l . . .Xif .
ui = U 2 - l ; Un+i = 4u„ - 5 w „ - i , Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . (1)
TCt (1) ta cd
Chiiny niinh rdng vdi mot so thUc a > \/5, ta c6 = 0-
Xn+l
2 1 = 21 + 2 , V n = 1,2,... (2)
XiX2...X,J (xiX2...X„)
G i a i . Xet 0 < < / . < - sao cho coscp = sin <;6 = -7=. Ta c6 phUdng trhih
2 v/S v5 M^t khac v i x i = 5 > 2 nen x „ > 2, Vn = 1,2,... Do do
dac tnriig - A\ 5 = 0 <^ \ 2±i <^ X = VE {cos (p ± i sin 4>). So hang
toug (luat ciia day so da cho co daiig x„.x„_i...xi > 2 " , V n € N ' .
Un = (y^^ (-^ cos ncj) + B sill n<l>), Vn = 1,2
4 4
Bdi v?ly 0 <
ir 1 1 ..A., J \/5 (>lcos<6 + Bsinfli) = 1 r '{^.^ 7y < 22^' = 1.2,... Theo nguyen l y k?p suy ra
V i u, = l,U2 = l neu | ^ ( i e o s 2 0 + B s i n 2 0 ) = 1. '
4
Hm = 0.
(X1X2...X„)2
v/5cos0 v^.sin?!' = 5\/5(siii2c/>cos</) - cos2(;^sin0) = 5 \ / 5 s i i i 0
5 cos 2(j> 5 sin 20
1 5fin2(^ = 5sin20 ~ \ / 5 s i n 0 = v/5sin0 ^2v/5cos0 - Vay tir (2) SUV ra Hui ( — ^ = 21. V i ham so / ( x ) = ^ x lien tuc
u-^+cx \xiX2...XnJ
^cos^ 1 = y5cos0-5cos2<3i tren iiiia khoang [0; +00) ntMi:

5 cos 20 1
DA 2\/5COS0 - 1 3 / \ \
A = '•11+1
D
lim —fli±L_=
n - ' + o o X1X2 . . . X „
H„.
»i—+0O = 1/ l i m V2\.
\X1X2.. .x„ J y II—+30 \X1X2.. .x„y
-v/5
DB COS<^ — •\/5COS20 \/5 d t r a n g 11). Dat
C a c h 2 (each n a y difdc d i n h hifdng bdi bai toan 1 1 6
B =
D 5sin(/) v/5 5' aî = a + - , vdi a = ^JL^_ ^\(^
a
Vay «„ = ( v ^ ) " f - cos7i(i6 - ^ s i u n c / i Y v n 6 N*. Do do vdi a > \ / 5 , t a c6
\ 5 y X2 = x ' f - 2 - f a + - V
- cos n(^ - ^ sin n 0 < ,Vn=l,2,... (*)

a" 5 5 [a J fiaiig quy nap, ta suy ra x„+i = u^" + - 1 ^ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Do do
Vi Urn f — ^ = 0 lien t i t (*), suy ra duoc hm ( ^ ) = 0. 2" 1

x„+i
^1X2...x„ / 1\ 1 \ 1 \ 1 N
B a i t o a n 146 ( O L Y M P I C toan sinh vien toan qu6c-2005). Cho day {x„ a + - a2' + a2^ + ... a2"-*+
Xn+l \
nhit sau: xi = 5 vd Xn+i = - 2,Vn 6 N * . Tim Vim
u—+00 X1X2 • • Xn
237
236
- p ( x i - p) + p ( m - p ) = 0 * 4 - x i - p = m - p < = > a ; i = m .
fdng t'X ditdr x„ = m , Vn 6 N . Suy ra l i m x„ = m .
n-.+oo
ifdng hcJp 2: X Q = p. Trong (1) lay n = 1 ta diroc m ( x i - p) = 0, suy ra
, s p. Tirong t u ta ditdc x„ = p, Vn e N . Suy ra l i m x„ = p
' n-.+oo
IVirdng h(?p 3: x,, 7^ r/i va XQ ^ p. K h i do x„ / m va x „ ^ p. D a t — ^ ~ — = z„,

a;n - p
khi do x„ = p H . Thay vao (1) ta c6:
1 N
2" . 1 1 p rn m l '
a2 /
-•7- + — - - = 0 ^ 1 + P ^ n - m z „ _ i = 0 ^ ^ „ = !^^„_i-l.
Xet phUdng t r i n h x = — x - - = j . x ( p - m ) = - l = j . x = — — . Ta c6
V P m - p
Suy ra 1 ni 1 1 1
—2„_i
tn - p p p m-p —— 2n-l
( 1^ 1
P ni - p
liin lim
n->+oo XiX'2 . . .X„ a ni-p
• Ni'u |r/t| < IPI t h i lim = 0, suy ra

B a i t o a n 147 (Olympic toau Siuh vieu Quoc tc - 2010). Cho day (x„) nhu II—+00
sau: x i = m x„+i = xj?, - 2,Vn > 1 . Tim lim ^. 1

lim 1
n—+00 X„+i
11 — + CX)
= 0 l i m Zn = lim x„ = p + m - p = m .
m - p U-.+00 rn — p n-.+oo
Htrdng d a n . T u d u g t i f bai toau 146.
B a i t o a n 148 (De ughi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2004). Gia siC phuang trinh

• Neu \m\ IPI t h i
ax'^ + 6x + c = 0 (a / 0) c.d hat nghi^m phan bi^t. Xet day so {x,,},"^^ dKOc 1 1 1
-2» - 20 -
VI - p ^0 -
xac dinh kii .so xo cho tntdc. vii thoa man dicu kic.n: Vdi moi n= 1 , 2 , . . . , ta ni — p m-p m - p
CO x„ (ax„_i + t ) + c = 0. 71m l i m x„ theo X Q .
n—+oo 1
. Vay trirdng li(?p nay, day (x„)
1 1
G i a i . Goi hai ughieni cna pluWng t r i n h da cho la p va m , gia sit \m\ \p\. ±
r/i — p X() - p m - p
khi do p 7^ 0. Ta c6
khoug C O gidi han liffu lii,ui
/ b\ B a i todn 149. \ct day s6 {x,.},t^ (fi/<rc xdc dinh bdi:
x„ (ax„_i + 6) + c = 0 x„ x„_i + - + - = 0
\ a
=^Xu (x„_i - {rn +p))+ nip = 0 <=> x„x„_i - r»ix„ - px„ + mp = 0 _^l-2{x,.}'
x i = a > 1, x,i+i = (n = l , 2 , . . . ) ,
=>(x„ - p ) ( x „ _ i - p ) + /;(x„_i -/>) - m ( x „ - p) = 0 , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
Tiitdug hop 1: Xo - m. TVong (1) lay n = 1 , roi thay XQ = m t a dU0c:

(1)
I'""/; f/o [a-] la phan nguyen cua x va {x} la phan thap phan cua x. Chiing
'•^"•h rang day so {x„}+f°j cd yidi han hHu han khi n tdng v6 han vd tim gidi
( x i - p) ( m - p) + p ( / / I - p) - m ( x i - p) = 0 "•9-n do.
238 239
- p ( x i - p) + p ( m - p ) = 0 * 4 - x i - p = m - p < = > a ; i = m .
fdng t'X ditdr x„ = m , Vn 6 N . Suy ra l i m x„ = m .
n-.+oo
ifdng hcJp 2: X Q = p. Trong (1) lay n = 1 ta diroc m ( x i - p) = 0, suy ra
, s p. Tirong t u ta ditdc x„ = p, Vn e N . Suy ra l i m x„ = p
' n-.+oo
IVirdng h(?p 3: x,, 7^ r/i va XQ ^ p. K h i do x„ / m va x „ ^ p. D a t — ^ ~ — = z„,

a;n - p
khi do x„ = p H . Thay vao (1) ta c6:
1 N
2" . 1 1 p rn m l '
a2 /
-•7- + — - - = 0 ^ 1 + P ^ n - m z „ _ i = 0 ^ ^ „ = !^^„_i-l.
Xet phUdng t r i n h x = — x - - = j . x ( p - m ) = - l = j . x = — — . Ta c6
V P m - p
Suy ra 1 ni 1 1 1
—2„_i
tn - p p p m-p —— 2n-l
( 1^ 1
P ni - p
liin lim
n->+oo XiX'2 . . .X„ a ni-p
• Ni'u |r/t| < IPI t h i lim = 0, suy ra

B a i t o a n 147 (Olympic toau Siuh vieu Quoc tc - 2010). Cho day (x„) nhu II—+00
sau: x i = m x„+i = xj?, - 2,Vn > 1 . Tim lim ^. 1

lim 1
n—+00 X„+i
11 — + CX)
= 0 l i m Zn = lim x„ = p + m - p = m .
m - p U-.+00 rn — p n-.+oo
Htrdng d a n . T u d u g t i f bai toau 146.
B a i t o a n 148 (De ughi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2004). Gia siC phuang trinh

• Neu \m\ IPI t h i
ax'^ + 6x + c = 0 (a / 0) c.d hat nghi^m phan bi^t. Xet day so {x,,},"^^ dKOc 1 1 1
-2» - 20 -
VI - p ^0 -
xac dinh kii .so xo cho tntdc. vii thoa man dicu kic.n: Vdi moi n= 1 , 2 , . . . , ta ni — p m-p m - p
CO x„ (ax„_i + t ) + c = 0. 71m l i m x„ theo X Q .
n—+oo 1
. Vay trirdng li(?p nay, day (x„)
1 1
G i a i . Goi hai ughieni cna pluWng t r i n h da cho la p va m , gia sit \m\ \p\. ±
r/i — p X() - p m - p
khi do p 7^ 0. Ta c6
khoug C O gidi han liffu lii,ui
/ b\ B a i todn 149. \ct day s6 {x,.},t^ (fi/<rc xdc dinh bdi:
x„ (ax„_i + 6) + c = 0 x„ x„_i + - + - = 0
\ a
=^Xu (x„_i - {rn +p))+ nip = 0 <=> x„x„_i - r»ix„ - px„ + mp = 0 _^l-2{x,.}'
x i = a > 1, x,i+i = (n = l , 2 , . . . ) ,
=>(x„ - p ) ( x „ _ i - p ) + /;(x„_i -/>) - m ( x „ - p) = 0 , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
Tiitdug hop 1: Xo - m. TVong (1) lay n = 1 , roi thay XQ = m t a dU0c:

(1)
I'""/; f/o [a-] la phan nguyen cua x va {x} la phan thap phan cua x. Chiing
'•^"•h rang day so {x„}+f°j cd yidi han hHu han khi n tdng v6 han vd tim gidi
( x i - p) ( m - p) + p ( / / I - p) - m ( x i - p) = 0 "•9-n do.
238 239
GiAi.
TVirdng hop 1: a la, so ngiiyen. K h i do [a] = a va { a } = 0. Do do t a c6:
Giii- Dat
7 + 4^/3 = x i , 7 - 4\/3 = X2, X ? + = S„ (Vn 6 N ) .
j^lii d o xi va X 2 la nghi^m cua phuong t r i n h x^ - 14x + 1 = 0. Ta c6
So = 2, 5 i = x i + X2 = 14, X1X2 = 1, 52 = 145i - So-

V$yT„ = l,Vn = 2,3,.... Dodo lim x „ = 1.
n—•+CX)
Trudug hop 2: a la so khong n g u y e n . Ta c6 pang Qii.y "^P' '^'^ minh d i M c :

5 „ + 2 - 1 4 5 „ + i + 5„ = 0 , V n e N
a^-2{a}^ ([a] + { a } ) ^ - 2 { a } ^
^5„+2 = 145„+i - 5 „ , Vn € N . (*)
2{af-{\af-2[a].{a}+{af) Vi So, 5 i € Z nen t\l ( * ) s u y ra 5 „ € Z , V n e N . Do d o •
(7 + 4\/3)"+ ( 7 - 4 \ / 3 ) " 6Z,VneN.

/[a] - {a}
= 2 - = 2 - 1
[a] [a] J • Ta nhan thay rang 0 < 7 - 4^3 < 1 nen 0 < ( 7 - 4 v / 3 ) " < l , V n e N * . Do
v|iy
{"}
a > 1 non ( X J ^ f < 1. Do do 0:2 = 2- (1 - t h u p c k h o a n g (1; 2).
{(7 + 4^3)"} = 1 - (7-4v/3)",Vne N*.
2
Gin sir 1 < x„ < 2. K h i do x„+i = 2 - { 1 - cung thupc (1;2). Vav Tir d a y s u y ra
thc'o nguyen ly quy nap suy ra 1 < x„ < 2, V71 = 2 , 3 , . . . Do do lim ( f 7 + 4\/3)") = lim [l - f7 - 4^3)"! = 1- lim (7-4V3Y = l
n->+oo L \J 7i->+oo L \J n—+oo \
{j;,} = - [j;,] = x„ - 1, V/i = 2 , 3 , . . .
Bai toan 1 5 1 . Ky hieu [x] Id so nguyen Idn nhdt khong vu^t qud x va ky
Bdi \-$y hifu { x } = X - [x]. Hdy tim lim ((2 + \ / 3 ) " } . i
71—•+(» <• ^ ' '
= x'i - 2 {a-„ - 1 ) ' = - x ^ + 4x„ - 2, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . D a p s 6 . ^ h i n ^ { ( 2 + V3)"} = l .
Su\ ra
Bai toan 152 (De t h i v6 dich K i c p ) . Cho day so duang dan dieu gidm
2"^ ^'^"In:^ • Biet rhng tSng cua mot so hSu han bat ky cdc so hang cua no khong
2 - x „ ^ i = (2 - j ' „ ) = [(2 - x „ _ i ; (2-x„_i)'' = - —(S-xz)
ôt qua dan vi. ChiCng minh rdng lim (na„) = 0
71—•+00 , ,
Dodo
GJai. Dat a i + a2 + • • • + a „ = 5 „ . T i l gia thiet suy ra { 5 „ } Ik day so tang va
lim (2 - x„ + i ) = l i m (2 - x-^y = 0 (do 0 < 2 - X2 < 1).
71—•+0U 71 — + 0 0 •î Chan tren (bdi so 1) nen hoi t y . D j t l i m 5 „ = 5. X e t hi?u 6„ = 5 „ - 5f „ i .
n—+oo 12)
Ket luan: Neu a IL so nguyon Idn luJn hoac bang 1 t i n l i m x„ = 1. Nen "
r»—'+00 hieu nay goni n - ^ so hang, moi so hgng khong nho hdn a„ ( v i theo
khong phai la so nguyen va a > 1 t i n l i m x„ = 2.
71—>+0O ^« bai t h i day ( a „ ) la day so giain ), do do
b„
B a i toaii 150. Ky hieu [x\ no nguyen Idn nhdt khong vu<ft qua x va
n
hiû {x} = X - [ x ] . Hay tim lim { ( 7+ 4v/3)"}.
L2
210 241
GiAi.
TVirdng hop 1: a la, so ngiiyen. K h i do [a] = a va { a } = 0. Do do t a c6:
Giii- Dat
7 + 4^/3 = x i , 7 - 4\/3 = X2, X ? + = S„ (Vn 6 N ) .
j^lii d o xi va X 2 la nghi^m cua phuong t r i n h x^ - 14x + 1 = 0. Ta c6
So = 2, 5 i = x i + X2 = 14, X1X2 = 1, 52 = 145i - So-

V$yT„ = l,Vn = 2,3,.... Dodo lim x „ = 1.
n—•+CX)
Trudug hop 2: a la so khong n g u y e n . Ta c6 pang Qii.y "^P' '^'^ minh d i M c :

5 „ + 2 - 1 4 5 „ + i + 5„ = 0 , V n e N
a^-2{a}^ ([a] + { a } ) ^ - 2 { a } ^
^5„+2 = 145„+i - 5 „ , Vn € N . (*)
2{af-{\af-2[a].{a}+{af) Vi So, 5 i € Z nen t\l ( * ) s u y ra 5 „ € Z , V n e N . Do d o •
(7 + 4\/3)"+ ( 7 - 4 \ / 3 ) " 6Z,VneN.

/[a] - {a}
= 2 - = 2 - 1
[a] [a] J • Ta nhan thay rang 0 < 7 - 4^3 < 1 nen 0 < ( 7 - 4 v / 3 ) " < l , V n e N * . Do
v|iy
{"}
a > 1 non ( X J ^ f < 1. Do do 0:2 = 2- (1 - t h u p c k h o a n g (1; 2).
{(7 + 4^3)"} = 1 - (7-4v/3)",Vne N*.
2
Gin sir 1 < x„ < 2. K h i do x„+i = 2 - { 1 - cung thupc (1;2). Vav Tir d a y s u y ra
thc'o nguyen ly quy nap suy ra 1 < x„ < 2, V71 = 2 , 3 , . . . Do do lim ( f 7 + 4\/3)") = lim [l - f7 - 4^3)"! = 1- lim (7-4V3Y = l
n->+oo L \J 7i->+oo L \J n—+oo \
{j;,} = - [j;,] = x„ - 1, V/i = 2 , 3 , . . .
Bai toan 1 5 1 . Ky hieu [x] Id so nguyen Idn nhdt khong vu^t qud x va ky
Bdi \-$y hifu { x } = X - [x]. Hdy tim lim ((2 + \ / 3 ) " } . i
71—•+(» <• ^ ' '
= x'i - 2 {a-„ - 1 ) ' = - x ^ + 4x„ - 2, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . D a p s 6 . ^ h i n ^ { ( 2 + V3)"} = l .
Su\ ra
Bai toan 152 (De t h i v6 dich K i c p ) . Cho day so duang dan dieu gidm
2"^ ^'^"In:^ • Biet rhng tSng cua mot so hSu han bat ky cdc so hang cua no khong
2 - x „ ^ i = (2 - j ' „ ) = [(2 - x „ _ i ; (2-x„_i)'' = - —(S-xz)
ôt qua dan vi. ChiCng minh rdng lim (na„) = 0
71—•+00 , ,
Dodo
GJai. Dat a i + a2 + • • • + a „ = 5 „ . T i l gia thiet suy ra { 5 „ } Ik day so tang va
lim (2 - x„ + i ) = l i m (2 - x-^y = 0 (do 0 < 2 - X2 < 1).
71—•+0U 71 — + 0 0 •î Chan tren (bdi so 1) nen hoi t y . D j t l i m 5 „ = 5. X e t hi?u 6„ = 5 „ - 5f „ i .
n—+oo 12)
Ket luan: Neu a IL so nguyon Idn luJn hoac bang 1 t i n l i m x„ = 1. Nen "
r»—'+00 hieu nay goni n - ^ so hang, moi so hgng khong nho hdn a„ ( v i theo
khong phai la so nguyen va a > 1 t i n l i m x„ = 2.
71—>+0O ^« bai t h i day ( a „ ) la day so giain ), do do
b„
B a i toaii 150. Ky hieu [x\ no nguyen Idn nhdt khong vu<ft qua x va
n
hiû {x} = X - [ x ] . Hay tim lim { ( 7+ 4v/3)"}.
L2
210 241
V $ y t a c6: B k l t o a n 154 ( D e nghj thi O L Y M P I C 3 0 / 0 4 / 2 0 0 6 ) . Cho day so (x„) xdc
nbn dinh bdi:
0 < nan < < ^ = 26„,VneN*.
n'
n — " " 2
L2J
Mk lim 6„= lim fs„ - 5 r „ i ) = 5 - 5 = 0 nen tvt (*), sur d y n g nguyen
n—>+oo n—>+oo \ 2 J /
ly k ? p suy r a lim (na„) = 0. Hay tlm lim (lnx„).
n—•+00 n—<+oo
B a i t o a n 153. Cho ( a „ ) la mot day gom v6 han cdc so nguyen duang duoc G i a i . T r u 6 c het t a chi'mg m i n h bat d i n g thifc
dinh nghia nhu sau:
x2
X - y < l n ( l + x) < x , V x > 0 . (1)
Qn+i.Vn = 1,2,...
a ) Chiing minh a„ > n , vdi mpi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . X e t fix) = l n ( l + i ) - X + y , Vx > 0 v a g{x) = x - l n ( l + x ) , Vx > 0. T a c6
v6i mpi X > 0 thi

6) £)(K Un + ••• + — . Tim lim u„.
an J n—>+oo
X
/'W = T - ? - T - l + ^ = 7 ^ > 0 , 5 ' ( x ) = l - ^ > 0
Giai. 1 + x 1+x 1+x l+x
a) D a t a;„ = — , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . T i r gia thiet
(dau bauji chi x a y r a tai nipt so lifm h a n diem trcn [0; +oo)). D o do / ( x ) v a
gix) l a nhOng h a m so tang tren nfla khoang [0; +oo). D o do
al > a „ _ i a „ + i , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
/(x) > /(O) = 0,Vx € [0; +CX)); ^ { x ) > 5(0) = 0,Vx e [0; + 0 0 ) .
suy r a — > ^ , V n € N . D o do x„ > x „ + i , V n e N . T a se chiing minli
a„_i a„ Bdi vay (1) dupc chiJng m i n h . B a y gid t a t i m lim ( l n x „ ) . Vdi mpi n e N * :
c a u a) hkng p h a n cluing. G i a svi ton tgi n € N sao cho a„ < n. V i ao = 1 neii n->+oo
{ n e N ' : o„ < n } 0. D ^ t min { n e N* : a„ < n } = no, k h i do

lnx„ = l n ( l + ^ ) + l n ( l + - ^ ) + . . . + ,n(l + ^ ) . ^
flno-i > no - 1 => a ^ _ i > no.
Vi w t a CO a „ „ _ i > no > a „ o D o do xô = < 1- Tilt cac bat d&ng thitc T h e o (1) t a c6:
1 > x„o > x„o+i > Xno+2 > t a suy r a rang vdi mpi i > no t h i Xi < 1. T i f
day suy r a •^2-^<^-[^ + ^)<^,^n=l,2,...;^fi=l,2,...,n.
C j = X j . O j - i < a j - i , V i = no + l , n o + 2,no + 3,...

S u y r a vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a c6
V^y > ano+i > ar^+2 > • • • S u y r a (a„) khong the l a mpt d a y gom v6 han
cac so nguyen dudng. D i e u nay m a u t h u a n vdi gia thiet. Y^y o„ > n , V n G N ' i ( l + 2 + .-. + n ) - ^ ( l 2 + 22 + ... + n 2 ) < l n x „ < l ( l + 2 + ... + n).
b) T h e o c a u a ) , s u y r a
M U + 2 + ... + n = ! ^ , l2 + 2^ + . . . + n 2 ^ n ( n + l)(2n+l)
Un = • + 6
n" On) n^ n^ n (*) t a cd:
V$.y 0 < u„ < - , V n 6 N * . T i t day theo nguyen 15^ k ? p suy r a lim u„ = 0 n(n_+1) n ( n + l)(2n + 1 ) n(n + l)
jl n—•+00 2n2 m i < l n x „ < - y ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . . ( )
242
V $ y t a c6: B k l t o a n 154 ( D e nghj thi O L Y M P I C 3 0 / 0 4 / 2 0 0 6 ) . Cho day so (x„) xdc
nbn dinh bdi:
0 < nan < < ^ = 26„,VneN*.
n'
n — " " 2
L2J
Mk lim 6„= lim fs„ - 5 r „ i ) = 5 - 5 = 0 nen tvt (*), sur d y n g nguyen
n—>+oo n—>+oo \ 2 J /
ly k ? p suy r a lim (na„) = 0. Hay tlm lim (lnx„).
n—•+00 n—<+oo
B a i t o a n 153. Cho ( a „ ) la mot day gom v6 han cdc so nguyen duang duoc G i a i . T r u 6 c het t a chi'mg m i n h bat d i n g thifc
dinh nghia nhu sau:
x2
X - y < l n ( l + x) < x , V x > 0 . (1)
Qn+i.Vn = 1,2,...
a ) Chiing minh a„ > n , vdi mpi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . X e t fix) = l n ( l + i ) - X + y , Vx > 0 v a g{x) = x - l n ( l + x ) , Vx > 0. T a c6
v6i mpi X > 0 thi

6) £)(K Un + ••• + — . Tim lim u„.
an J n—>+oo
X
/'W = T - ? - T - l + ^ = 7 ^ > 0 , 5 ' ( x ) = l - ^ > 0
Giai. 1 + x 1+x 1+x l+x
a) D a t a;„ = — , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . T i r gia thiet
(dau bauji chi x a y r a tai nipt so lifm h a n diem trcn [0; +oo)). D o do / ( x ) v a
gix) l a nhOng h a m so tang tren nfla khoang [0; +oo). D o do
al > a „ _ i a „ + i , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
/(x) > /(O) = 0,Vx € [0; +CX)); ^ { x ) > 5(0) = 0,Vx e [0; + 0 0 ) .
suy r a — > ^ , V n € N . D o do x„ > x „ + i , V n e N . T a se chiing minli
a„_i a„ Bdi vay (1) dupc chiJng m i n h . B a y gid t a t i m lim ( l n x „ ) . Vdi mpi n e N * :
c a u a) hkng p h a n cluing. G i a svi ton tgi n € N sao cho a„ < n. V i ao = 1 neii n->+oo
{ n e N ' : o„ < n } 0. D ^ t min { n e N* : a„ < n } = no, k h i do

lnx„ = l n ( l + ^ ) + l n ( l + - ^ ) + . . . + ,n(l + ^ ) . ^
flno-i > no - 1 => a ^ _ i > no.
Vi w t a CO a „ „ _ i > no > a „ o D o do xô = < 1- Tilt cac bat d&ng thitc T h e o (1) t a c6:
1 > x„o > x„o+i > Xno+2 > t a suy r a rang vdi mpi i > no t h i Xi < 1. T i f
day suy r a •^2-^<^-[^ + ^)<^,^n=l,2,...;^fi=l,2,...,n.
C j = X j . O j - i < a j - i , V i = no + l , n o + 2,no + 3,...

S u y r a vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a c6
V^y > ano+i > ar^+2 > • • • S u y r a (a„) khong the l a mpt d a y gom v6 han
cac so nguyen dudng. D i e u nay m a u t h u a n vdi gia thiet. Y^y o„ > n , V n G N ' i ( l + 2 + .-. + n ) - ^ ( l 2 + 22 + ... + n 2 ) < l n x „ < l ( l + 2 + ... + n).
b) T h e o c a u a ) , s u y r a
M U + 2 + ... + n = ! ^ , l2 + 2^ + . . . + n 2 ^ n ( n + l)(2n+l)
Un = • + 6
n" On) n^ n^ n (*) t a cd:
V$.y 0 < u„ < - , V n 6 N * . T i t day theo nguyen 15^ k ? p suy r a lim u„ = 0 n(n_+1) n ( n + l)(2n + 1 ) n(n + l)
jl n—•+00 2n2 m i < l n x „ < - y ^ , V n = l , 2 , . . . ( )
242
n(n + l ) n(n+l)(2n + l) n ( n + 1) Ma lim x „ = lim ( a - 1 j = 0 nen tiT (2) suy ra lim nx„ = Ina.
(3)
Vi lim - lim = - nen t i l
2n2 n—'+00 2n2 ln(l + x )
n—'+oo
V i l'i m
m '-^^^^—'- = 1, lim (A; + 1)( ^ - 1) = 0 nen
-0 X
(**) suf dung nguyen ly k?p t a suy ra ^hm^(lnx„) = - .
l n [ l + (A: + l ) ( ^ - l ) ] _
C h u y 2 1 . Cdc cong thiic n-+<x, (fc+l)(^-l)
" ( " + 1 ) , 2 „2 2 n(n+l)(2n +1) Do do ket hdp vdi (1) va sii dung t i n h hen tuc cua ham so / ( x ) = suy ra
1 + 2+ • • • + n = — 1 ^ + 2^ + • • • + =
lim [{k + 1) - kV'= l i m e'"[('=+i)«^-*]" = e ( * + ' ) ' " " = e'"°*^'

diMc chiing minh hhng phudng phdp qmj nap. - • J—^ n—>+oo
Cong thac 1 + 2 H hn = ^^"J" (ft/crc chiing minh nhanh hdn nhu sau: B a i t o a n 156 (DC nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2004). Cho day s6 (u„) nhu
sau:
Dat
5„ = l + 2 + - - - + ( n - l ) + n, ui = U2 = V^, u„+iu„_i = uî^n > 2).
khi do ta viet lai o) CViJ^n^ mm/i rfin^ ^ < u„ < e, Vn = 1, 2 , . . .

5„ = n + ( n - l ) + - - + 2 + l . b) Tim lim ^ u i U 2 .. .u„.
n—.+CX)
Cong hang tren v6i hang dxCdi ta dxMc:
H i f d n g d a n . Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h diTdc
25„ = (n + l ) n ^ 5 „ = ^ ,
u„ = e^°»'^,Vn= 1,2,...
-0
Nev, de bai yeu c&u ttm l i m x „ thl tic l i m ( l n x „ ) = ^ <a tinh tiep nhu
(, 0
n—'+oo n—+oo i Ta CO sir
sin X — sin = 2 cos A;x sin -
X
nen
sau: Vi ham h{x) = e-^ lien t\ic nin ^ 2; £1
I _ I'm (Inxn) 1 _
lim x„= l i m e'"^" = e " - + - = = ê.
kn
sin - sin (k-l) I]
n—'+oo n—>+(»
cos = I 2; 6, { 2) 6.
6
B a i t o a n 155 ( O L Y M P I C 30/04/2004). Tinh Jjm^ (2004N/4 - 2003)".
Suy xi
ra
G i a i . Ta xet bai toan t6ng quat hdn: T i m l i m [{k + 1) ^ - fc]", vdi keN*,
. (2n + l)7r
n—>+oo ^TT 27r HTT sin sin —
a>0. D u n g dao ham t a chiJng minh ditdc cos - + cos — + ••• + cos — = 12
2x < ln{x+ 1) < x , V x > 0. (*) 6 6 6 - . TT
x + 2 '^•"12 1;, .A Jrt^j".:
Do do t a clnhig iniuh dUdc

Ta c6:
In [{k + l) ^ - f c ] " = n l n [ l + (fc + 1 ) ( ^ - 1)
r ^ r - COS i l l i i i l s i n a»
^ . /- , , , Ina do(.) 2x„ Ino M^t khac

Gpi ^ - 1 = x „ ln(x„ + 1) = => ^ < < x „ . Do do:
n x„ + 2 n
cos ^2±iilsinS|
12 -,Vn= 1,2,,
+2 X nsin ^
<
(2) n sin
In a < nx„ < — — In a, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
245
244
n(n + l ) n(n+l)(2n + l) n ( n + 1) Ma lim x „ = lim ( a - 1 j = 0 nen tiT (2) suy ra lim nx„ = Ina.
(3)
Vi lim - lim = - nen t i l
2n2 n—'+00 2n2 ln(l + x )
n—'+oo
V i l'i m
m '-^^^^—'- = 1, lim (A; + 1)( ^ - 1) = 0 nen
-0 X
(**) suf dung nguyen ly k?p t a suy ra ^hm^(lnx„) = - .
l n [ l + (A: + l ) ( ^ - l ) ] _
C h u y 2 1 . Cdc cong thiic n-+<x, (fc+l)(^-l)
" ( " + 1 ) , 2 „2 2 n(n+l)(2n +1) Do do ket hdp vdi (1) va sii dung t i n h hen tuc cua ham so / ( x ) = suy ra
1 + 2+ • • • + n = — 1 ^ + 2^ + • • • + =
lim [{k + 1) - kV'= l i m e'"[('=+i)«^-*]" = e ( * + ' ) ' " " = e'"°*^'

diMc chiing minh hhng phudng phdp qmj nap. - • J—^ n—>+oo
Cong thac 1 + 2 H hn = ^^"J" (ft/crc chiing minh nhanh hdn nhu sau: B a i t o a n 156 (DC nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2004). Cho day s6 (u„) nhu
sau:
Dat
5„ = l + 2 + - - - + ( n - l ) + n, ui = U2 = V^, u„+iu„_i = uî^n > 2).
khi do ta viet lai o) CViJ^n^ mm/i rfin^ ^ < u„ < e, Vn = 1, 2 , . . .

5„ = n + ( n - l ) + - - + 2 + l . b) Tim lim ^ u i U 2 .. .u„.
n—.+CX)
Cong hang tren v6i hang dxCdi ta dxMc:
H i f d n g d a n . Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h diTdc
25„ = (n + l ) n ^ 5 „ = ^ ,
u„ = e^°»'^,Vn= 1,2,...
-0
Nev, de bai yeu c&u ttm l i m x „ thl tic l i m ( l n x „ ) = ^ <a tinh tiep nhu
(, 0
n—'+oo n—+oo i Ta CO sir
sin X — sin = 2 cos A;x sin -
X
nen
sau: Vi ham h{x) = e-^ lien t\ic nin ^ 2; £1
I _ I'm (Inxn) 1 _
lim x„= l i m e'"^" = e " - + - = = ê.
kn
sin - sin (k-l) I]
n—'+oo n—>+(»
cos = I 2; 6, { 2) 6.
6
B a i t o a n 155 ( O L Y M P I C 30/04/2004). Tinh Jjm^ (2004N/4 - 2003)".
Suy xi
ra
G i a i . Ta xet bai toan t6ng quat hdn: T i m l i m [{k + 1) ^ - fc]", vdi keN*,
. (2n + l)7r
n—>+oo ^TT 27r HTT sin sin —
a>0. D u n g dao ham t a chiJng minh ditdc cos - + cos — + ••• + cos — = 12
2x < ln{x+ 1) < x , V x > 0. (*) 6 6 6 - . TT
x + 2 '^•"12 1;, .A Jrt^j".:
Do do t a clnhig iniuh dUdc

Ta c6:
In [{k + l) ^ - f c ] " = n l n [ l + (fc + 1 ) ( ^ - 1)
r ^ r - COS i l l i i i l s i n a»
^ . /- , , , Ina do(.) 2x„ Ino M^t khac

Gpi ^ - 1 = x „ ln(x„ + 1) = => ^ < < x „ . Do do:
n x„ + 2 n
cos ^2±iilsinS|
12 -,Vn= 1,2,,
+2 X nsin ^
<
(2) n sin
In a < nx„ < — — In a, Vn = 2 , 3 , . . .
245
244
Do do si3t dung nguycn ly kep suy ra lim ^ u i U 2 . . .u„ = e" = 1.
, Hlu 01 < 1 thi a f i o = ai < 1 aa > ai a„ > ai (Vn = 1,2,...) Ti^ (*)
guy ra ^
B a i toan 157 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2004). Cho hai day so (a„), (6„)
a f i " < a„ + (n - 2)a„ = (n - l)a„ =^ af^^ < n - 1
thoa man cong thUc:
a„>^2009 ^ n - 1 1-i
, n(H-n) , n"(l+n")^ ^ ,M. >. / a n \?;T^ W ^ RJ. n
^2009 „2008 •
1+ 1 + n^" Vn + 1 /
Tim lim 6„ 1-i 2009

n->+oo
G i a i . Ta c6 , Neu ai > 1 thi a„ > 1, Vn = 2,3,.... T i i (*) suy ra:
0 < a r ' < a„^ + n - 2 ^

2009 ai n - 2
l ^ ^ ^
1 + n-'*
= ^ ^ 2 , V n . N % V ; f c = l,2,...,n.
1 + n"'* < n2009.a„ + n2009
2009 ai n - 2 '^n ^ 2009/ fli , n - 2
^2009• ^+^2009 =^ °
Do do 1 + n < a„ < 1 + 2n < 2(1 + n), Vn 6 N*. Hay < ^2009 ^ ^2009 •
l<-^<2,Vn=l,2,...
n +1
« ' i ^ ^ ' 0 nan (2^) = 0.
Suy ra Cach 2. Tii ket luan 02 < 03 < 04 < • • • ta c6
1<6„<2^^ <2",Vn€N*. « = + a „ = a „ ( a f 09 + 1) < („2009 ^
Ma 2^ = (2.1.1... 1)^ < i^tZLli = 1 + i nen Hay a200j9 < a f o ^ + 1, vdi n = 2,3,.... Suy ra (theo quy n?ip)
1 / iN _2009 ^ ^2009 , „ 1
1 < 6„ < 1 + - lim 6„ = 1 (do lim 1 = hm 1+ - = 1). a„+i < 02 + n - 1.
n n->+oo n->+oo n->+oo \ nJ
B a i toan 158. C/io day so thijCc duang {an}n=i thoa dieu kien: 0 < / ' ^ ^ " ' ° ' < /_a2_\2009 __n^l
\n+l/ Vn+l// (( n ++ l1)2009-
)
a20"' = ai + a2 + --- + a„_i,Vn = 2,3,...
Chttng minh r&ng day so \ \ gidi han hHu h(in khi n —> +oo va hay
Kn Jn=l „hm ( ^ ) ^ ° ° ^ o ^ Hm (^)=0^ lim ^ = 0
tim gidi han do.
toan 159 (Da nghj thi OLYMPIC 30/04/200G). Cho hai day s6 (a„), (6„)
Giai.
C a c h 1. Ta CO
af^? - (ai + a2 + • • • + a„_i) + a„ = a^"!" + a„ > a^"!", Vn = 2,3,... 2005 , 2007 fln+i = a „ + - i , V n = 1,2,...
Suy ra a„+i > a„ (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) . Hay 02 < 03 < 04 < • • • Suy ra 2006' 2006' 1"
^n+i = 6 „ + — , V n = l , 2 , . . .
+ a„ = af+'o = ai + (02 + • • • + a„) < ai + (n - l)a„, Vn = 2,3,... a„
= J > a 2 0 i o < a i + ( n - 2 ) a „ ,Vn = 2,3,... (*) li:„
246
247
Do do si3t dung nguycn ly kep suy ra lim ^ u i U 2 . . .u„ = e" = 1.
, Hlu 01 < 1 thi a f i o = ai < 1 aa > ai a„ > ai (Vn = 1,2,...) Ti^ (*)
guy ra ^
B a i toan 157 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2004). Cho hai day so (a„), (6„)
a f i " < a„ + (n - 2)a„ = (n - l)a„ =^ af^^ < n - 1
thoa man cong thUc:
a„>^2009 ^ n - 1 1-i
, n(H-n) , n"(l+n")^ ^ ,M. >. / a n \?;T^ W ^ RJ. n
^2009 „2008 •
1+ 1 + n^" Vn + 1 /
Tim lim 6„ 1-i 2009

n->+oo
G i a i . Ta c6 , Neu ai > 1 thi a„ > 1, Vn = 2,3,.... T i i (*) suy ra:
0 < a r ' < a„^ + n - 2 ^

2009 ai n - 2
l ^ ^ ^
1 + n-'*
= ^ ^ 2 , V n . N % V ; f c = l,2,...,n.
1 + n"'* < n2009.a„ + n2009
2009 ai n - 2 '^n ^ 2009/ fli , n - 2
^2009• ^+^2009 =^ °
Do do 1 + n < a„ < 1 + 2n < 2(1 + n), Vn 6 N*. Hay < ^2009 ^ ^2009 •
l<-^<2,Vn=l,2,...
n +1
« ' i ^ ^ ' 0 nan (2^) = 0.
Suy ra Cach 2. Tii ket luan 02 < 03 < 04 < • • • ta c6
1<6„<2^^ <2",Vn€N*. « = + a „ = a „ ( a f 09 + 1) < („2009 ^
Ma 2^ = (2.1.1... 1)^ < i^tZLli = 1 + i nen Hay a200j9 < a f o ^ + 1, vdi n = 2,3,.... Suy ra (theo quy n?ip)
1 / iN _2009 ^ ^2009 , „ 1
1 < 6„ < 1 + - lim 6„ = 1 (do lim 1 = hm 1+ - = 1). a„+i < 02 + n - 1.
n n->+oo n->+oo n->+oo \ nJ
B a i toan 158. C/io day so thijCc duang {an}n=i thoa dieu kien: 0 < / ' ^ ^ " ' ° ' < /_a2_\2009 __n^l
\n+l/ Vn+l// (( n ++ l1)2009-
)
a20"' = ai + a2 + --- + a„_i,Vn = 2,3,...
Chttng minh r&ng day so \ \ gidi han hHu h(in khi n —> +oo va hay
Kn Jn=l „hm ( ^ ) ^ ° ° ^ o ^ Hm (^)=0^ lim ^ = 0
tim gidi han do.
toan 159 (Da nghj thi OLYMPIC 30/04/200G). Cho hai day s6 (a„), (6„)
Giai.
C a c h 1. Ta CO
af^? - (ai + a2 + • • • + a„_i) + a„ = a^"!" + a„ > a^"!", Vn = 2,3,... 2005 , 2007 fln+i = a „ + - i , V n = 1,2,...
Suy ra a„+i > a„ (n = 2 , 3 , . . . ) . Hay 02 < 03 < 04 < • • • Suy ra 2006' 2006' 1"
^n+i = 6 „ + — , V n = l , 2 , . . .
+ a„ = af+'o = ai + (02 + • • • + a„) < ai + (n - l)a„, Vn = 2,3,... a„
= J > a 2 0 i o < a i + ( n - 2 ) a „ ,Vn = 2,3,... (*) li:„
246
247
G i a i . T a c6 0262 = (ai + (h + — ) = a i ^ i + + 2 > 4. Suy ra ti-iv t a (la cln'nig uiiiih duot bat d i n g t l n k — ^ — - 5 < - . Do do . ' •
"'"••^ (a2 + l ) ' ' 4
uUi<i("^+^^)G+i)->,u^'?.)
Gia siif ak + bk> 2V2k. K h i do t a c6:
(ajt+i + bk+if = Ofc+i 4- ifc+i + 2ak+ibk+i
=al+^+2^ + bl + \+2^-^ + 2akbk+-^+4

bl bk af. ak akbk Suy ra u\^x + ^^n+i ^ ^('4 + ^'-^J. do do lim (u\ t;^) = 0. Ma
= {ak + bkf+(- + f ) ' + 2(^ + ^ ] + 4 > 8 f e + 4 + 4 = 8(/c+l). 0 2v'2(fc + l ) . Vay theo nguyen l y quy n?ip suy ra:
n—'+00 n—'+00
a„ + 6„>2\/2^,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . B a i t o a n 161. Hai day so («„) m {b,,) ditOc xdc dinh bdi:
Do do 0 < < ^ ^ , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . . B6i vay theo nguyen l y k^p suy la ai = 3, 6, = 2, a,.+i - a^ + 26?„ 6„+i = 2a„6„(n = 1 , 2 , . . .)•
a„ + 6„ 2>/2n'
71m lim vd l i m '^^/a 1 a2 . . . a „ .
1™ -i21_ = o.
n—+00 a„ + 0„ G i a i . a„+i + 6„+2\/2 = ai + 2bl + 2y2a„6„ = (a„ + v/26„)^ . Do do
B a i t o a n 160 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2012). Cho hai day so (u„) va (r„ 2 , _ )1
nhu sau : ui = 2011, i - i = 2012, y 2 = ( « n - l + \/26„-i) = ( «71-2 + V ^ 6 „ _ 2 )
1 UnV„ 1 UnVn ,
+ s i n u„ = (a, + v ^ ^ i ) ' = ( 3 + 2^2)^ = (v/2+l)\vn=l,2,..."
Un+l = 2 Wn + 1
Tim gidi han cua hai day sS da cho. Tudng t u t a c6 a„ - 6„^2 = - l)'^" , Vn = 1,2,... Do do
G i a i . Theo bat d i n g thilc Bunhiacopxki, t a c6 1

2" (y2+lf'+ (v^-lf'
an + b„V2= (v/2+1)
2" = 2 2"
. 2 { a „ - 6 „ v / 2 = ( v / 2 - 1) (y2+l)'"-(v/2-l)
S i n Un
4 Wn + l 6„ = 2v^
J
_ 1 ( UnVn t'e y rang
+ u„cosv„
~ 4
111 , : ,
(v/2 + 1)^': ^ , ,
Ta CO sU tUdng dUdng sau: < < < \/2 +1
4v/2
^2
^ T < 7 ^ 40^ < + 2a2 + 1 <^ (a^ - 1)^ > 0 (dung).
(a2 + l ) 2 4 T»-. + 0O y +
248 249
G i a i . T a c6 0262 = (ai + (h + — ) = a i ^ i + + 2 > 4. Suy ra ti-iv t a (la cln'nig uiiiih duot bat d i n g t l n k — ^ — - 5 < - . Do do . ' •
"'"••^ (a2 + l ) ' ' 4
uUi<i("^+^^)G+i)->,u^'?.)
Gia siif ak + bk> 2V2k. K h i do t a c6:
(ajt+i + bk+if = Ofc+i 4- ifc+i + 2ak+ibk+i
=al+^+2^ + bl + \+2^-^ + 2akbk+-^+4

bl bk af. ak akbk Suy ra u\^x + ^^n+i ^ ^('4 + ^'-^J. do do lim (u\ t;^) = 0. Ma
= {ak + bkf+(- + f ) ' + 2(^ + ^ ] + 4 > 8 f e + 4 + 4 = 8(/c+l). 0 2v'2(fc + l ) . Vay theo nguyen l y quy n?ip suy ra:
n—'+00 n—'+00
a„ + 6„>2\/2^,Vn = 2 , 3 , . . . B a i t o a n 161. Hai day so («„) m {b,,) ditOc xdc dinh bdi:
Do do 0 < < ^ ^ , V n = 2 , 3 , . . . . B6i vay theo nguyen l y k^p suy la ai = 3, 6, = 2, a,.+i - a^ + 26?„ 6„+i = 2a„6„(n = 1 , 2 , . . .)•
a„ + 6„ 2>/2n'
71m lim vd l i m '^^/a 1 a2 . . . a „ .
1™ -i21_ = o.
n—+00 a„ + 0„ G i a i . a„+i + 6„+2\/2 = ai + 2bl + 2y2a„6„ = (a„ + v/26„)^ . Do do
B a i t o a n 160 (De nghi Olympic 30/04/2012). Cho hai day so (u„) va (r„ 2 , _ )1
nhu sau : ui = 2011, i - i = 2012, y 2 = ( « n - l + \/26„-i) = ( «71-2 + V ^ 6 „ _ 2 )
1 UnV„ 1 UnVn ,
+ s i n u„ = (a, + v ^ ^ i ) ' = ( 3 + 2^2)^ = (v/2+l)\vn=l,2,..."
Un+l = 2 Wn + 1
Tim gidi han cua hai day sS da cho. Tudng t u t a c6 a„ - 6„^2 = - l)'^" , Vn = 1,2,... Do do
G i a i . Theo bat d i n g thilc Bunhiacopxki, t a c6 1

2" (y2+lf'+ (v^-lf'
an + b„V2= (v/2+1)
2" = 2 2"
. 2 { a „ - 6 „ v / 2 = ( v / 2 - 1) (y2+l)'"-(v/2-l)
S i n Un
4 Wn + l 6„ = 2v^
J
_ 1 ( UnVn t'e y rang
+ u„cosv„
~ 4
111 , : ,
(v/2 + 1)^': ^ , ,
Ta CO sU tUdng dUdng sau: < < < \/2 +1
4v/2
^2
^ T < 7 ^ 40^ < + 2a2 + 1 <^ (a^ - 1)^ > 0 (dung).
(a2 + l ) 2 4 T»-. + 0O y +
248 249
Theo bat dang tlnic Cauchy t a c6:
Nen theo nguyen l y k?p suy ra lim = lira Ûa^ = v/2 + 1. M ^ t
1 + 1 + • • • + l+Vm + 1 + V^JThl > m 'Â^r+T
kliac 6„+i = 2a„6„ hay a„ = (n > 1). Suy ra (m-2) s6 1
_ &2 &3 _ _ 2anbn _ «n6n

Dodo
''^"^ 261262 26„ - 2 » + i " 2 " + i " 2» •
(3)
\/mTT m - 2 + 2v'm + 1'
Do (16
Txt (2) va (3) suy ra: x^ > . Chu y 0 < X < 1 nen x^ < 1.
m - 2 + 2v/m + 1
„_»+oo. n-»+oo V * n->oo '
V^y m
1 \ < x^ < 1. (4)
= (v^+l)' = 3+ 2A(do^hm^^y^ = „Hm^(^j" = D- -2 + 2\/m + 1
m
Vi = m nen k h i x —• 0 t h i m —» +00. Vi lim = 1
m-.+oo m - 2 + 2y/m + l
Bai t o a n 162. Xet day s6 {xr^ft^, dm xdc dinh bdi Xn = a"", trong do
nen t i t (4) sut dung nguyen ly kep suy ra l i m x^ = 1. Vay
(2n)! -,Vn = l , 2 , . . . x>0
"""(n!)2.22»'
lim x„ = l i m a"" = 1.
Ch-Ccng minh r&ng day so {a;„},"^fj c6 gidi hQ,n hHu h(in khi n ddn tdi vd hg,n n—•+<» n—•+00
I'd tim gidi han do. Lifu y. Ket qua l i m a„ = 0 con dUdc sii dyng de giai bai toan 3 4 0 (6 trang
G i a i . Ta c6 454).
(2n)! 1.2.3 • •. (2n - l)(2n) _ 1.3.5 ... (2n - 1) ^ „ Bai t o a n 163 (Boi dudng dpi t u y l n M i t h i O L Y M P I C toan quoc te-1992).
" (u!)^22n - [2.4.6...(2n)f " 2.4.6...(2n)
Gid SVC a„ = ^-î-.-^l":/^ (Vn = 1,2,...), tinh lim a„.
2.4.6... (2n) n-*+ao
Do do
l2.32.52...(2n-l]2 12.32.52... ( 2 n - ^ Bai t o a n 164 (Chpu dpi tuyfiu Viet Nam dvt t h i O L Y M P I C toan quoc t§
= 22.42.62." ..(210'^ " (22-l)(42-l)(62-l)...((2n)-^-l) nam hpc 1990-1991). Cho day so {xn)t=i ihoa man:
12.32.52... ( 2 n - 1 ) 2
,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
â2 < X l = X4 = 1, X2 = X3 = 9, X„+4 = ^Xn+i.Xn+2-Xn+l-Xv. (Vn = 1,2,...).
^ 1.3.3.5.5.7... (2n - 1) (2n + 1) 2n + 1
fâytim lim x„. ' '
Do do 0 < a„ < Vn = 1,2,.... V^y theo nguyen ly k?p suy r a
n—>+oo
V2n + 1
hm a„ = 0. (1) Giai. De t h i y x„ > 0,Vn = 1,2,... D^t lnx„ = y„, Vn = 1,2 K h i do t a
n->+oo
'^ôcdaysS {y„}+ri n h u sau: , , .,,
= m , k h i do
T i i p theo t a se chiing m i n h lim^ = 1. Vdi 0 < x < 1, dat
= = 0, y2 = ya = In9, y„+4 = \+s + 2/n+2 + Vn+i + yn) € N').
m < - < m + l\ _1 < I < —. Do do

\m+l)
^ ^ < X - < x^. Suy ra
^•îmSineN* takyhi?u: , ^.^
X i
771 + 1 rn
1 = max {y4„, Vin-l, yin-2, VAn-i), m„ = min {y4„, y 4 n - l , y 4 n - 2 , VAn-i)-
< I". (2)
Vm + 1
251J
250 I
Theo bat dang tlnic Cauchy t a c6:
Nen theo nguyen l y k?p suy ra lim = lira Ûa^ = v/2 + 1. M ^ t
1 + 1 + • • • + l+Vm + 1 + V^JThl > m 'Â^r+T
kliac 6„+i = 2a„6„ hay a„ = (n > 1). Suy ra (m-2) s6 1
_ &2 &3 _ _ 2anbn _ «n6n

Dodo
''^"^ 261262 26„ - 2 » + i " 2 " + i " 2» •
(3)
\/mTT m - 2 + 2v'm + 1'
Do (16
Txt (2) va (3) suy ra: x^ > . Chu y 0 < X < 1 nen x^ < 1.
m - 2 + 2v/m + 1
„_»+oo. n-»+oo V * n->oo '
V^y m
1 \ < x^ < 1. (4)
= (v^+l)' = 3+ 2A(do^hm^^y^ = „Hm^(^j" = D- -2 + 2\/m + 1
m
Vi = m nen k h i x —• 0 t h i m —» +00. Vi lim = 1
m-.+oo m - 2 + 2y/m + l
Bai t o a n 162. Xet day s6 {xr^ft^, dm xdc dinh bdi Xn = a"", trong do
nen t i t (4) sut dung nguyen ly kep suy ra l i m x^ = 1. Vay
(2n)! -,Vn = l , 2 , . . . x>0
"""(n!)2.22»'
lim x„ = l i m a"" = 1.
Ch-Ccng minh r&ng day so {a;„},"^fj c6 gidi hQ,n hHu h(in khi n ddn tdi vd hg,n n—•+<» n—•+00
I'd tim gidi han do. Lifu y. Ket qua l i m a„ = 0 con dUdc sii dyng de giai bai toan 3 4 0 (6 trang
G i a i . Ta c6 454).
(2n)! 1.2.3 • •. (2n - l)(2n) _ 1.3.5 ... (2n - 1) ^ „ Bai t o a n 163 (Boi dudng dpi t u y l n M i t h i O L Y M P I C toan quoc te-1992).
" (u!)^22n - [2.4.6...(2n)f " 2.4.6...(2n)
Gid SVC a„ = ^-î-.-^l":/^ (Vn = 1,2,...), tinh lim a„.
2.4.6... (2n) n-*+ao
Do do
l2.32.52...(2n-l]2 12.32.52... ( 2 n - ^ Bai t o a n 164 (Chpu dpi tuyfiu Viet Nam dvt t h i O L Y M P I C toan quoc t§
= 22.42.62." ..(210'^ " (22-l)(42-l)(62-l)...((2n)-^-l) nam hpc 1990-1991). Cho day so {xn)t=i ihoa man:
12.32.52... ( 2 n - 1 ) 2
,Vn = l , 2 , . . .
â2 < X l = X4 = 1, X2 = X3 = 9, X„+4 = ^Xn+i.Xn+2-Xn+l-Xv. (Vn = 1,2,...).
^ 1.3.3.5.5.7... (2n - 1) (2n + 1) 2n + 1
fâytim lim x„. ' '
Do do 0 < a„ < Vn = 1,2,.... V^y theo nguyen ly k?p suy r a
n—>+oo
V2n + 1
hm a„ = 0. (1) Giai. De t h i y x„ > 0,Vn = 1,2,... D^t lnx„ = y„, Vn = 1,2 K h i do t a
n->+oo
'^ôcdaysS {y„}+ri n h u sau: , , .,,
= m , k h i do
T i i p theo t a se chiing m i n h lim^ = 1. Vdi 0 < x < 1, dat
= = 0, y2 = ya = In9, y„+4 = \+s + 2/n+2 + Vn+i + yn) € N').
m < - < m + l\ _1 < I < —. Do do

\m+l)
^ ^ < X - < x^. Suy ra
^•îmSineN* takyhi?u: , ^.^
X i
771 + 1 rn
1 = max {y4„, Vin-l, yin-2, VAn-i), m„ = min {y4„, y 4 n - l , y 4 n - 2 , VAn-i)-
< I". (2)
Vm + 1
251J
250 I
K h i t l o A/„ > 0 , V n = 1,2,... va , -,i t u . D a t l i m M„ = M. D a y { m „ } + ^ i l a d a y t a n g v a h i c h ^ n t r e n ( v i
M„+i = max {y4n+4, 2/4n+3, y 4 n + 2 , 1 / 4 n + l } < M n < A/i, Vn = 1,2,...) nen hoi t u . D $ t l i m m „ = m . T a l a i c6:
/Tin — n—'+00
W„+i = m i n {2/4n+4.2/4n+3i y 4 n + 2 . y 4 n + l } -
0 <: A/n+i - " ^ n + i - YQ (15Af„ + m „ - 15m„ - A/„) = ^ (A/„ - m „ ) , V n € N ' .

T a c6:
2/4n+l = ^ (2/4n + 2 / 4 n - l + J / 4 n - 2 . + Vin-s) < ^ (3M„ + m„)
0 < A/„ - m „ < j ^ - j {A/i-mi),Vn=l,2,... (*)

y4n+i > 7 ( 3 m „ + A/„)
4
J/4n+2 = T j / 4 r . + l T (j/4u + y 4 r . - l + y 4 n - 2 ) < 7 ^ ( 3 M „ + m „ ) + -.3M„ Vi l i m . (^g j = 0 n e n t£f (*). s i i d u n g n g u y e n l y k e p s u y r a

4 4 16 4
y4T.+2 < 7 7 (15A/„ + m „ ) lim {Mn+\ m „ + i ) = 0.

Jo tl->+0O
Ho d o lim A / „ = A / = lim r7i„ = n i . V ^ y Ve > 0, 3 n o € N * sao c h o v 6 i

2/4n+2 = j y 4 n + l ^ (y4n + y4n-l + 2/4n-2) > i^^n + M„) + -.3m„
n->+oo n->+oo
lUQi n = no + 1, 7io + 2, no + 3 , . . . t a c 6 :
J/4n+2 > ^ (15m„ + il/„)
\Mn - A/| < e, |m„ - A/| < e ( h a y Af„, m „ € ( A / - e; A f + e).
y4n+3 = J ( y 4 n + 2 + 2/4n+l) + - (j/4„ + 2 / 4 n - l )
Hay Vin, 2 / 4 n - i , 2 / 4 n - 2 , 2 / 4 n - 3 € ( A / - £ ; A / + e), V n > U Q . D O d o
^ 1 / 15A/„ + m „ , 3A/,. + m „ ^ 4 . 1 = 5 9 M n + brun
^4"+^ ^ i4 (, 16 ^ 4 J^ 4-^^"~ 64 Ve > 0, 3ni = ATIQ + 4 e N * : |y„ - A/| < e, V n > 4no + 4.
Nghia l a d a y so ( 2 / „ ) l i p i t u v a l i m 2 / „ = M. T a c6:
y4n+3>7
4 V 7^
16 +' 4 ; l +•7 - 2
4 " ^ »" - 6 4 n—>+oo
4l/n+4 + 3 y „ + 3 + 2l/„+2 + Vn+l

J/4ri+4 = ^ (j/471+3 + y 4 n + 2 + 2/4r.+ l + 2/4n)
= (Vn+i + J/n+2 + 2/n+l + ^ n ) + 3 j / „ + 3 + 22/„+2 + y „ + i ,
1 /59A/,. + 57?t„ 15A/„ + m „ , 3A/„ + m „ \ ^

=42/„+3 + 32/„+2 + 22/„+i + 2/„ = • • • = 4^4 + 3 y 3 + 22/2 + 2/i = 10 I n 3.
y^-^" ^ 4 64 + 16 + 4 J + 4^^" T i l 4j/„+4 + 3 t / „ + 3 + 22/„+2 + 2/„+i = 101n3, V n € N * , cho n +oo t a dit^c:

^ 231A/„ + 25nj„
- 256 4 A f + 3A/ + 2A/ + M = 101n3 ^ M = I n 3.
^ 231m„ + 25A/„
lim lna;„ = 3. V i h a m s o / ( x ) = I n x l i e n t y c t r e n ( 0 ; + o o ) v a f f ( x ) =
y'^'^' - 256 •
lien t u c t r e n R n e n t o n t a i l i m a;„ va:
Vi
^/o,^ , ^ ^ 231A/„ + 25m„ ^ 59A/„ + 5 m „ ^ 1 , . lim x„ = l i m e ' — = e " " ? - ^ ' " " ' ' = e'"^ = 3 .
n—>+oo n—>+oo
4(3m„ + A/„)> — > >_(i5m„ + A/„) ^"»l*i l i m x „ = 3. " " • '
xet 1 5 . Ldi gidi tren thdt Id hay, cung cap rngt so ki ndng rat quan
nen A/„+, < ( i 5 A / „ + m „ ) < A/„, m „ + i > ( 1 5 m „ + M„) > m „ . Suv r » ^^9- Trong do phep cong
d a y so {A/nj+rî l a d a y g i a m v a b i c h a n d u d i b d i so 0. D o d o d a y s6 {A/„}HÎ
4j/„+4 + 3 y „ + 3 + 2 y „ + 2 + J / n + i
252 253
K h i t l o A/„ > 0 , V n = 1,2,... va , -,i t u . D a t l i m M„ = M. D a y { m „ } + ^ i l a d a y t a n g v a h i c h ^ n t r e n ( v i
M„+i = max {y4n+4, 2/4n+3, y 4 n + 2 , 1 / 4 n + l } < M n < A/i, Vn = 1,2,...) nen hoi t u . D $ t l i m m „ = m . T a l a i c6:
/Tin — n—'+00
W„+i = m i n {2/4n+4.2/4n+3i y 4 n + 2 . y 4 n + l } -
0 <: A/n+i - " ^ n + i - YQ (15Af„ + m „ - 15m„ - A/„) = ^ (A/„ - m „ ) , V n € N ' .

T a c6:
2/4n+l = ^ (2/4n + 2 / 4 n - l + J / 4 n - 2 . + Vin-s) < ^ (3M„ + m„)
0 < A/„ - m „ < j ^ - j {A/i-mi),Vn=l,2,... (*)

y4n+i > 7 ( 3 m „ + A/„)
4
J/4n+2 = T j / 4 r . + l T (j/4u + y 4 r . - l + y 4 n - 2 ) < 7 ^ ( 3 M „ + m „ ) + -.3M„ Vi l i m . (^g j = 0 n e n t£f (*). s i i d u n g n g u y e n l y k e p s u y r a

4 4 16 4
y4T.+2 < 7 7 (15A/„ + m „ ) lim {Mn+\ m „ + i ) = 0.

Jo tl->+0O
Ho d o lim A / „ = A / = lim r7i„ = n i . V ^ y Ve > 0, 3 n o € N * sao c h o v 6 i

2/4n+2 = j y 4 n + l ^ (y4n + y4n-l + 2/4n-2) > i^^n + M„) + -.3m„
n->+oo n->+oo
lUQi n = no + 1, 7io + 2, no + 3 , . . . t a c 6 :
J/4n+2 > ^ (15m„ + il/„)
\Mn - A/| < e, |m„ - A/| < e ( h a y Af„, m „ € ( A / - e; A f + e).
y4n+3 = J ( y 4 n + 2 + 2/4n+l) + - (j/4„ + 2 / 4 n - l )
Hay Vin, 2 / 4 n - i , 2 / 4 n - 2 , 2 / 4 n - 3 € ( A / - £ ; A / + e), V n > U Q . D O d o
^ 1 / 15A/„ + m „ , 3A/,. + m „ ^ 4 . 1 = 5 9 M n + brun
^4"+^ ^ i4 (, 16 ^ 4 J^ 4-^^"~ 64 Ve > 0, 3ni = ATIQ + 4 e N * : |y„ - A/| < e, V n > 4no + 4.
Nghia l a d a y so ( 2 / „ ) l i p i t u v a l i m 2 / „ = M. T a c6:
y4n+3>7
4 V 7^
16 +' 4 ; l +•7 - 2
4 " ^ »" - 6 4 n—>+oo
4l/n+4 + 3 y „ + 3 + 2l/„+2 + Vn+l

J/4ri+4 = ^ (j/471+3 + y 4 n + 2 + 2/4r.+ l + 2/4n)
= (Vn+i + J/n+2 + 2/n+l + ^ n ) + 3 j / „ + 3 + 22/„+2 + y „ + i ,
1 /59A/,. + 57?t„ 15A/„ + m „ , 3A/„ + m „ \ ^

=42/„+3 + 32/„+2 + 22/„+i + 2/„ = • • • = 4^4 + 3 y 3 + 22/2 + 2/i = 10 I n 3.
y^-^" ^ 4 64 + 16 + 4 J + 4^^" T i l 4j/„+4 + 3 t / „ + 3 + 22/„+2 + 2/„+i = 101n3, V n € N * , cho n +oo t a dit^c:

^ 231A/„ + 25nj„
- 256 4 A f + 3A/ + 2A/ + M = 101n3 ^ M = I n 3.
^ 231m„ + 25A/„
lim lna;„ = 3. V i h a m s o / ( x ) = I n x l i e n t y c t r e n ( 0 ; + o o ) v a f f ( x ) =
y'^'^' - 256 •
lien t u c t r e n R n e n t o n t a i l i m a;„ va:
Vi
^/o,^ , ^ ^ 231A/„ + 25m„ ^ 59A/„ + 5 m „ ^ 1 , . lim x„ = l i m e ' — = e " " ? - ^ ' " " ' ' = e'"^ = 3 .
n—>+oo n—>+oo
4(3m„ + A/„)> — > >_(i5m„ + A/„) ^"»l*i l i m x „ = 3. " " • '
xet 1 5 . Ldi gidi tren thdt Id hay, cung cap rngt so ki ndng rat quan
nen A/„+, < ( i 5 A / „ + m „ ) < A/„, m „ + i > ( 1 5 m „ + M„) > m „ . Suv r » ^^9- Trong do phep cong
d a y so {A/nj+rî l a d a y g i a m v a b i c h a n d u d i b d i so 0. D o d o d a y s6 {A/„}HÎ
4j/„+4 + 3 y „ + 3 + 2 y „ + 2 + J / n + i
252 253
la mot thu thuat rht hay dung de tvnh cdc gtOi han cua cac day so djnh n9h^, Suy ra „lim^''n = „lim^ (|a - 11 - 1 + ^ ) = |a - 1| - 1.
quy nap dang trung binh c^ng nhu 6 bat toan 164. Ngoa^ cachgâ^tren, t, , Trirdng h<?p 2: a 6 [0; 2]: Ta chihig minh:
con cdthi Idm each khdc nhU sau: 5 t i dung phumg tnnh dac trwng cua day
(y„) ta tim dU0c s6 hang tdng qudt cua day so {vn), tU do tmh duac hm^ 0<u„ <2-"+SVneN*.
roi sau do tlm lim x„. Ta CO 0 +oo
K h i do:
u„ - 2 - " < 2""+^ - 2 - " = 2 - " . (*)
B a i t o d n 165. Cho trade a e R. X6t day so (ti„) nhu sau: Vi un ^ 0 nen
t uo = a 1 "n - 2"" > - 2 - " .
,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
Un+l =
Tif (*) va (**) suy r a
Chitng minh rdng day so dd cho hoi ty, vd tim gidi hg,n d6. - 2 " " < u„ - 2 - " < 2 - " " n + i = |u„ - 2 - " | < 2 - " = 2 - ( " + i ) + ^
Giai. Theo nguyen ly quy ngip suy ra 0 < u„ < 2 """"^ Vn € N*. M a l i m 2~"'*'^ - 0
n—»+oo
• Trudng h0p 1: a € (-oo; 0) U (2 + oo): Ta se chiing m i n h nen theo nguyen ly k?p suy ra l i m u„ = 0.
n-»+oo
tx„>2-"+>,Vn=l,2,... Kitluaji: lim u „ = | ^^î a G -oo; 0) U (2 + oo)
khi a G "0; 2].
n—'+00 L U
T a c 6 wi = | a - 1| > 1 = 2'^+'^ (vi a e (-oo; 0) U (2 + ( » ) ) . Gia sii
B a i t o a n 166 (De nghi thi O L Y M P I C 30/04/2003). Kit day so (u„) nhu
> i j , I - J - > 2-"+^ - 2 - " = 2-("+»)+^ sau:
1 / Un = 2003
\+1 = | 2 " u „ - l | , V n = 0 , l , . . .
Theo nguyen ly quy n^p suy r a u„ > 2 - + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... Do do, k6t hop v «
Chitng minh rdng day so dd cho hoi tu vd tim gidi h^n do.
,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . Hxidng d i n . Bai toan nay l a mot trUdng hdp d i e biet c u a bai t o ^ 165.
Un+l =
B a i t o a n 167 (De nghi thi toan quoc te n a m 1987). Cho {ak}, {6*} Id hai
day so duong thoa man: Vdi moi n = 1,2,..., ta cd an<bn vd
s u y r a u „ + i = n „ - - , V n = l,2,... Dodo
c o s o „ x 4-cos6„x > - i , Vx G R *
( 1 n
( 1 +00 ^
^ 1
"n-l = "n-2 - 2;;Z2 Chang minh r&ng day so \} c6 gidi hfm hHu hg.n vd tinh lim
i
1X2 = " 1 - 2 -
<îai. Gpi X = k h i do a„— + cos
On bnj
COiig lai t a dudc
na.
cos a,. 7 - > 1- - < arccos
1^ ~ 2 ^
V bnJ n
= |a-l|-l + 2n-r
=*-0 < < - arccos
bn TT
255
la mot thu thuat rht hay dung de tvnh cdc gtOi han cua cac day so djnh n9h^, Suy ra „lim^''n = „lim^ (|a - 11 - 1 + ^ ) = |a - 1| - 1.
quy nap dang trung binh c^ng nhu 6 bat toan 164. Ngoa^ cachgâ^tren, t, , Trirdng h<?p 2: a 6 [0; 2]: Ta chihig minh:
con cdthi Idm each khdc nhU sau: 5 t i dung phumg tnnh dac trwng cua day
(y„) ta tim dU0c s6 hang tdng qudt cua day so {vn), tU do tmh duac hm^ 0<u„ <2-"+SVneN*.
roi sau do tlm lim x„. Ta CO 0 +oo
K h i do:
u„ - 2 - " < 2""+^ - 2 - " = 2 - " . (*)
B a i t o d n 165. Cho trade a e R. X6t day so (ti„) nhu sau: Vi un ^ 0 nen
t uo = a 1 "n - 2"" > - 2 - " .
,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
Un+l =
Tif (*) va (**) suy r a
Chitng minh rdng day so dd cho hoi ty, vd tim gidi hg,n d6. - 2 " " < u„ - 2 - " < 2 - " " n + i = |u„ - 2 - " | < 2 - " = 2 - ( " + i ) + ^
Giai. Theo nguyen ly quy ngip suy ra 0 < u„ < 2 """"^ Vn € N*. M a l i m 2~"'*'^ - 0
n—»+oo
• Trudng h0p 1: a € (-oo; 0) U (2 + oo): Ta se chiing m i n h nen theo nguyen ly k?p suy ra l i m u„ = 0.
n-»+oo
tx„>2-"+>,Vn=l,2,... Kitluaji: lim u „ = | ^^î a G -oo; 0) U (2 + oo)
khi a G "0; 2].
n—'+00 L U
T a c 6 wi = | a - 1| > 1 = 2'^+'^ (vi a e (-oo; 0) U (2 + ( » ) ) . Gia sii
B a i t o a n 166 (De nghi thi O L Y M P I C 30/04/2003). Kit day so (u„) nhu
> i j , I - J - > 2-"+^ - 2 - " = 2-("+»)+^ sau:
1 / Un = 2003
\+1 = | 2 " u „ - l | , V n = 0 , l , . . .
Theo nguyen ly quy n^p suy r a u„ > 2 - + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... Do do, k6t hop v «
Chitng minh rdng day so dd cho hoi tu vd tim gidi h^n do.
,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . . Hxidng d i n . Bai toan nay l a mot trUdng hdp d i e biet c u a bai t o ^ 165.
Un+l =
B a i t o a n 167 (De nghi thi toan quoc te n a m 1987). Cho {ak}, {6*} Id hai
day so duong thoa man: Vdi moi n = 1,2,..., ta cd an<bn vd
s u y r a u „ + i = n „ - - , V n = l,2,... Dodo
c o s o „ x 4-cos6„x > - i , Vx G R *
( 1 n
( 1 +00 ^
^ 1
"n-l = "n-2 - 2;;Z2 Chang minh r&ng day so \} c6 gidi hfm hHu hg.n vd tinh lim
i
1X2 = " 1 - 2 -
<îai. Gpi X = k h i do a„— + cos
On bnj
COiig lai t a dudc
na.
cos a,. 7 - > 1- - < arccos
1^ ~ 2 ^
V bnJ n
= |a-l|-l + 2n-r
=*-0 < < - arccos
bn TT
255
en x „ > 0, Vn = 1, 2,
iie« M a t khac, vdi mpi n = 2,3,..., t a c6
Vi lim
1 1^1 1^ = 0 lien cho n ^ + 0 0 va siit dung nguyen l y
n—+00 — arccos 1 .
\J 0< \ / 2 - 7 2 + ^ 2 + ... + v/2< V 2 W 5
kep suy ra l i m - ^ = 0 . n ;
B a i t o a n 168 (De t h i O L Y M P I C toan Sinh vien toan quoc nSm 2001). Cho ^ c6 n dAu c a n
trudc p > 0, q > 0, p + q < I va day so khong am {xn]nî thoa man diiu nen x „ < (\/2 - \/2)" \ v n = 2,3,.... Tom l?ii, t a c6
kien sau:
< PXn+\ QX'n, Vn = 1, 2, . . . 0<x„ < (V2-V2)" \ v n = 2,3,... (*)
Chiing minh ring day so {xn}nî hoi tu va hay tim gU'H han cua day do. Mat khac, t a c6 ] i m ^ ( \ / 2 - v ^ ) " ' = Q ^do 0 < \/2 - s/2 < 1 ^ nen t i i
G i a i . X e t day so {yn]ti=i xac dinh bdi (+), sit dung nguyen ly k?p suy ra l i m x „ = 0.
= Pyn+l + q'l/n, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
Vl = - T l , y-l = XI, y„+2
Cach 2. Ta chiiiig minh durtc yj2+ ^2 + • • • + v/2 = 2 cos ^ (n = 2,3,...).
K l i i day
ciia {y„},tî
do {y„}t=i la
la:day -l i u
pXy hoi tuyun
- q = 0 <^ tiiih cap hai, phitOng t r i n h d^c t r i n i g
CO n d&u c S n
p--Jf~+Tq p+ ^/p^ + Aq
X, = - , X, = . Do do y 2 - / 2 + V ^ T ~ T ^ = 2 sin 2;^. Vay ap dung bat ding thfe
Vay yn co dang: y „ = Â',' + BX'i,\/n = 1,2,... (A, B la hSng so ) . Ta c6 C O Ti ilau c a n
sill J' < V.r > 0, t a c6

0 < lAi I < A2. V I p>0, 7 > 0, p + q<l lien 0 < A2 < 1. Do do l i m y „ = 0.
Ma bang quy nap t a cluing minh dudc 0 < a;„ < Vn = 1, 2,..., nen t i i day
2"• 2"+i '23 • • • 2 " ' 2 " + !
cho n —> + 0 0 t a dUdc l i m x-„ — 0. n - 1
»—'+00 TT n-1
= 2"-' =2 ,n-l
L i f u y . V i day so ( x „ ) cho bcii bat diing tlnic nen vice t i n l i gidi han cua no 23+4 + -.-(-(n+i)
gap iihieu klio khan, do do ta da "miiOn" day so (2/„) (cho bdi d i n g thiic) va »-i
ket hdp vdi nguyen If kep de suy ra lim

2 2 L2^J
B a i t o a n 169. Tinh ^ ^ ^ Vay ta co
/7r\»-i
lim \/^^.\/2-\/2 + v/2...V2- ^2+V2 + --- + ^^ 0 < Xn <

L2^J
<[j) ,Vn = 2,3,...
\ CO n dau c&n Tir day sii dung nguyen l y kep suy ra l i m x „ = 0.

;i—+00
Giai. _ I / = ^^-h 3. Dat ^J2+^/^7r:W^2 = u „ , v^ri;;^: = (n = 2,3,...). Ta

each 1. D a t ^/^2. sJ^^T^^ .. .\] 2 - \/2 + V2 + • • • + = Xn- 1 , CO ?i d a u c a n y,, , i , 3,
c6 n d 4 u c a n '^"g nnnh .ludc day tang va hi cliSn tren va l i m K „ = 2. T a
Vl ^ 'lifdc day {i;„},tr2 giam va bj ch§n dirdi bdi 0 va l i m v,, = 0.

nOa ta c6
\ / 2 - \ / 2 4 - v / ^ T ^ ^ T 7 2 > V 2 - \ / 2 + V 2 + --- + v / 2 ^ ^ - v / 2 ^ 0
si . ' ' —^ • ' ^ < V2.V, . . . v „ < v^' =(V2^)"-' = , Vn = 2,3,...
c6 n dau cSn
c6 n dau c a n
256 257
en x „ > 0, Vn = 1, 2,
iie« M a t khac, vdi mpi n = 2,3,..., t a c6
Vi lim
1 1^1 1^ = 0 lien cho n ^ + 0 0 va siit dung nguyen l y
n—+00 — arccos 1 .
\J 0< \ / 2 - 7 2 + ^ 2 + ... + v/2< V 2 W 5
kep suy ra l i m - ^ = 0 . n ;
B a i t o a n 168 (De t h i O L Y M P I C toan Sinh vien toan quoc nSm 2001). Cho ^ c6 n dAu c a n
trudc p > 0, q > 0, p + q < I va day so khong am {xn]nî thoa man diiu nen x „ < (\/2 - \/2)" \ v n = 2,3,.... Tom l?ii, t a c6
kien sau:
< PXn+\ QX'n, Vn = 1, 2, . . . 0<x„ < (V2-V2)" \ v n = 2,3,... (*)
Chiing minh ring day so {xn}nî hoi tu va hay tim gU'H han cua day do. Mat khac, t a c6 ] i m ^ ( \ / 2 - v ^ ) " ' = Q ^do 0 < \/2 - s/2 < 1 ^ nen t i i
G i a i . X e t day so {yn]ti=i xac dinh bdi (+), sit dung nguyen ly k?p suy ra l i m x „ = 0.
= Pyn+l + q'l/n, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
Vl = - T l , y-l = XI, y„+2
Cach 2. Ta chiiiig minh durtc yj2+ ^2 + • • • + v/2 = 2 cos ^ (n = 2,3,...).
K l i i day
ciia {y„},tî
do {y„}t=i la
la:day -l i u
pXy hoi tuyun
- q = 0 <^ tiiih cap hai, phitOng t r i n h d^c t r i n i g
CO n d&u c S n
p--Jf~+Tq p+ ^/p^ + Aq
X, = - , X, = . Do do y 2 - / 2 + V ^ T ~ T ^ = 2 sin 2;^. Vay ap dung bat ding thfe
Vay yn co dang: y „ = Â',' + BX'i,\/n = 1,2,... (A, B la hSng so ) . Ta c6 C O Ti ilau c a n
sill J' < V.r > 0, t a c6

0 < lAi I < A2. V I p>0, 7 > 0, p + q<l lien 0 < A2 < 1. Do do l i m y „ = 0.
Ma bang quy nap t a cluing minh dudc 0 < a;„ < Vn = 1, 2,..., nen t i i day
2"• 2"+i '23 • • • 2 " ' 2 " + !
cho n —> + 0 0 t a dUdc l i m x-„ — 0. n - 1
»—'+00 TT n-1
= 2"-' =2 ,n-l
L i f u y . V i day so ( x „ ) cho bcii bat diing tlnic nen vice t i n l i gidi han cua no 23+4 + -.-(-(n+i)
gap iihieu klio khan, do do ta da "miiOn" day so (2/„) (cho bdi d i n g thiic) va »-i
ket hdp vdi nguyen If kep de suy ra lim

2 2 L2^J
B a i t o a n 169. Tinh ^ ^ ^ Vay ta co
/7r\»-i
lim \/^^.\/2-\/2 + v/2...V2- ^2+V2 + --- + ^^ 0 < Xn <

L2^J
<[j) ,Vn = 2,3,...
\ CO n dau c&n Tir day sii dung nguyen l y kep suy ra l i m x „ = 0.

;i—+00
Giai. _ I / = ^^-h 3. Dat ^J2+^/^7r:W^2 = u „ , v^ri;;^: = (n = 2,3,...). Ta

each 1. D a t ^/^2. sJ^^T^^ .. .\] 2 - \/2 + V2 + • • • + = Xn- 1 , CO ?i d a u c a n y,, , i , 3,
c6 n d 4 u c a n '^"g nnnh .ludc day tang va hi cliSn tren va l i m K „ = 2. T a
Vl ^ 'lifdc day {i;„},tr2 giam va bj ch§n dirdi bdi 0 va l i m v,, = 0.

nOa ta c6
\ / 2 - \ / 2 4 - v / ^ T ^ ^ T 7 2 > V 2 - \ / 2 + V 2 + --- + v / 2 ^ ^ - v / 2 ^ 0
si . ' ' —^ • ' ^ < V2.V, . . . v „ < v^' =(V2^)"-' = , Vn = 2,3,...
c6 n dau cSn
c6 n dau c a n
256 257
Tir clay sir dung nguyen ly kgp suy ra lim x„ = 0. gai ôan 171. Chiing minh
B a i toan 170. Xet day so {x„) nhu sau:

lirn^ \ + 2 ^ 1 + 30~+ • • • + y'l + (n - l)\/T^ = 3.,
Giai. Tac6
Chiing minh r&ng lim u„ = e, d day k = lim ( 1 + -
3 = v'l + 2.4= >/l + 2v/l6= \ / l +2\/T+3y25
Giai. Ta c6
= \/l + 2\/i~+"3\/l + 4\/36
"n^ 2!(n-2)! 2\n^ 2\\ va bang quy nap ta diWc
. J _ ^ j _ n(n-l)...(n-fc + l)
\ + 2\jl+3\Jl + --.+ \/lT"nv/(n + 2)2 = 3. (1)

Bcii v$,y
( 2\
Tir do suy ra 1 + 2 ^ 1 + 3Y^l + . . . + yi + ( n - l ) v T l ^ < 3. (2)
=1 + 1 + + •••+-;. 1 - - Ta chiing minh dudc: v T + x a < y/av/x+T, x > 0, g > 1. (3)
2!V n) n! n
1 1 Tiif (3) vdi X= n, a = n + 2 ta CO ^ / l + ny'Cn + 2)2 < VnT2>/^m. V?iy
< 1 + 1 + ; ; : + • • + - : = W„ e < U„.
2! n!
M^t khac ^ 1 + (n - 1 ) ^ 1 +nv/(n +2)2
n-l\
<Y/I + \/nT2{n - 1)>/1 + ^ < (n + 2)Ty^l + (n - l ) v ' n + 1
1\ trong do bat ding thvic sau cung dU0c suy ra tCt (3) vdi a = y/n + 2. T i l (1)
>1 + 1 + 1-- = Ufc-
l^p 1^ each lam n Ian cho ta:
V§iy v6i mpife= 1,2,... ta c6 > ufc, Vn = 1,2,... cho n — +CX3 ta
(*) 3 < (n + 2)2-"-^ 1 + 2\Jl+3^1 + ... + y/i + (n-l)y/{^^ (4)

dUdc e > Ufc, VA; = 1,2,... V?ly e +oo '^'^ (2) (4) cho ta
L i A i y. Ta se g|lp lî day so u„ = 1 + ^ + ^ + • • • + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... trong
bai toan 2 3 5 a t r a n g 342, t u y nhien trong b a i toan do t a c h i chiJng minh
dUdc gidi h a n c u a d a y ( u „ ) la m p t so v6 t i , c o n trong b a i toan 170 n a y lim
tinh dir0c gidi h a n c u a day (u„) l a e = 2,7182818284...
n—+oo \ 1 + 2^1 + 3)Jl + ...+ y^]~+{n-l)Vr+^ = 3.
258 259
Tir clay sir dung nguyen ly kgp suy ra lim x„ = 0. gai ôan 171. Chiing minh
B a i toan 170. Xet day so {x„) nhu sau:

lirn^ \ + 2 ^ 1 + 30~+ • • • + y'l + (n - l)\/T^ = 3.,
Giai. Tac6
Chiing minh r&ng lim u„ = e, d day k = lim ( 1 + -
3 = v'l + 2.4= >/l + 2v/l6= \ / l +2\/T+3y25
Giai. Ta c6
= \/l + 2\/i~+"3\/l + 4\/36
"n^ 2!(n-2)! 2\n^ 2\\ va bang quy nap ta diWc
. J _ ^ j _ n(n-l)...(n-fc + l)
\ + 2\jl+3\Jl + --.+ \/lT"nv/(n + 2)2 = 3. (1)

Bcii v$,y
( 2\
Tir do suy ra 1 + 2 ^ 1 + 3Y^l + . . . + yi + ( n - l ) v T l ^ < 3. (2)
=1 + 1 + + •••+-;. 1 - - Ta chiing minh dudc: v T + x a < y/av/x+T, x > 0, g > 1. (3)
2!V n) n! n
1 1 Tiif (3) vdi X= n, a = n + 2 ta CO ^ / l + ny'Cn + 2)2 < VnT2>/^m. V?iy
< 1 + 1 + ; ; : + • • + - : = W„ e < U„.
2! n!
M^t khac ^ 1 + (n - 1 ) ^ 1 +nv/(n +2)2
n-l\
<Y/I + \/nT2{n - 1)>/1 + ^ < (n + 2)Ty^l + (n - l ) v ' n + 1
1\ trong do bat ding thvic sau cung dU0c suy ra tCt (3) vdi a = y/n + 2. T i l (1)
>1 + 1 + 1-- = Ufc-
l^p 1^ each lam n Ian cho ta:
V§iy v6i mpife= 1,2,... ta c6 > ufc, Vn = 1,2,... cho n — +CX3 ta
(*) 3 < (n + 2)2-"-^ 1 + 2\Jl+3^1 + ... + y/i + (n-l)y/{^^ (4)

dUdc e > Ufc, VA; = 1,2,... V?ly e +oo '^'^ (2) (4) cho ta
L i A i y. Ta se g|lp lî day so u„ = 1 + ^ + ^ + • • • + ^ , Vn = 1,2,... trong
bai toan 2 3 5 a t r a n g 342, t u y nhien trong b a i toan do t a c h i chiJng minh
dUdc gidi h a n c u a d a y ( u „ ) la m p t so v6 t i , c o n trong b a i toan 170 n a y lim
tinh dir0c gidi h a n c u a day (u„) l a e = 2,7182818284...
n—+oo \ 1 + 2^1 + 3)Jl + ...+ y^]~+{n-l)Vr+^ = 3.
258 259
2.6 SvC d u n g d i n h l i L a g r a n g e de c h i i n g m i n h d a y s6
2 6.4 ^^'^ toan.
C O gidi h a n
gai to^" '^"•y ^° ^^"')n=i '^'^ sau:
2.6.1 M o t s6 k i l n thufc t h i * 5 n g d u n g . XI 6e M
=
2009
D i n h n g h i a 18. Ham so y = f{x) xdc dinh tren khodng {a,b) goi Id lien tuc xn+i = — ln(x2 + 2009^) - 2009^, Vn = 1,2,...
tai xo e (a,b) neu l i m f{x) = f{xo)-
X-*XQ
Chiing minh r&ng day so {xn}n=\ gidi han hHu han khi n —> +oo. "*
C h u y 22. Ham so sa cap xdc dinh tren tap xdc dinh cua no.
G i a i . Xet ham so /(x) = — ln(x2 + 2009^) - 20092,Vx G M. K h i do f{x)
D i n h l y 12. Niu ham so y = g{x) lim tuc tren doan [a;b]vd g{a).g{b) < o
thi phuony trinh g{x) = 0 c d nghiem tren khodng {a;b). Neu them gid thiet xac dinh va lien tuc tren R va x„+i = / ( x „ ) , Vn e N*. Ta c6
g{x) ddn dieu tren doan [a; b] thl phuang trinh g{x) = 0 cd dung mot nghiem 2009 2x
tren khodng (a; 6). fix) = ,Vxe
3 •x2 +20092
D i n h l y 13 ( D i n h l i Lagrange). Neu ham so y = f{x) lien tuc tren doan 21x1 1
x2 + 20092 > 2\/x2.20092 = 2.2009. Ixl
[a-b] vd CO dao ham tren khodng (a; 6) thi ton tqti mot so c & {a;b) sao cho: x2 + 20092 -< 2009
2009 2 Ixl 2009 1 1
m-na) = f'{c)ib-a). < - ^ . ^ ^ = - , V x € R.
3 'x2 +20092 - 3 '2009 3
D i n h l y 14. Neu q Id so ma \q\ 1 thi lira = 0. Xet ham so g{x) = x - /(x), k h i do ^(x) la ham so xac dinh va hen tuc tren
R. Hon nfia ^'(x) = 1 - /'(x) > 0, Vx e R. M a t khac: "i
2.6.2 Nhan dang. 2009 4018 6027

ln(20092) + 20092 = In 2009 >0,
Sir dung diiih l i Lagrange k h i g a p day R6 { x n l + ^ i ^ l o nh« sau:
-2009
5(-20092) = ln(2009'* + 20092) < 0.
{ x l + " = /(x„),Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Suy ra 5(0).5(-20092) < 0. Tom lai g{x) la ham so xac dinh, lien tuc va
vdi / la hani s o xac dinh tren D va |/'(x)| < 1, Vx € D, phitdug t r i n h / ( x ) = J
dong bien tren R, va 5(0).g(-20092) < 0. Do do phuong t r i n h ^(x) = 0, hay
CO nghiem duy nhat tren mot t a p con C nao do cua D.
phuang t r i n h /(x) = x c6 mot nghiem duy nhat tren khoang (-20092; 0). Tiic
la ton tai duy nhat L e (-20092; O) sao cho L = f{L). Ta c6 x„+i = /(x„)
2.6.3 P h i T d n g p h a p giai. va x i = b. Then dinh l i Lagrange ton tai q,, nam gifla x„ va L sao cho
Sau k h i nhan dang t a t i e n hanh giai nhif sau: /(x„) - f(L) = f'(qn){xn - L), Vn = 1,2,...
Bifdc 1. Cluing m i n h |/'{x)| < l , V x e £>.
Do do
Btrdc 2. Dat g{x) = x - /(x) (hofic dat g{x) = f(x) - x cfing dime), si't di.mS
diiih l i 12) cluing m i n h p h U d n g t r i n h ^(x) = 0 t o dung mot nghiem treii C
- L| = |/(x„) - / ( L ) l = |/'(g„)| |x„ -L\<1 \xn - L|, Vn = 1,2,... .
tiic la ton t a i duy nhat L thupc C sao cho L = f{L).
Bifdc 3. Nfeu X , = L t h i x„ = L, suy ra l i m x„ = L. Neu xi L thi
n->+oo Tit do
dung dinh l i Lagrange (dinh l i 13), sii dung dinh l i 14, sut dung nguyen » n-l
k ? p va sii dung |/'{x)|"< l , V x e D, t a chiing m i n h d U d c ^lim^x„ = L. 0< \b-L\.
^n-L|<^|x„_i-L|<.-< Q |Xi
260
261
2.6 SvC d u n g d i n h l i L a g r a n g e de c h i i n g m i n h d a y s6
2 6.4 ^^'^ toan.
C O gidi h a n
gai to^" '^"•y ^° ^^"')n=i '^'^ sau:
2.6.1 M o t s6 k i l n thufc t h i * 5 n g d u n g . XI 6e M
=
2009
D i n h n g h i a 18. Ham so y = f{x) xdc dinh tren khodng {a,b) goi Id lien tuc xn+i = — ln(x2 + 2009^) - 2009^, Vn = 1,2,...
tai xo e (a,b) neu l i m f{x) = f{xo)-
X-*XQ
Chiing minh r&ng day so {xn}n=\ gidi han hHu han khi n —> +oo. "*
C h u y 22. Ham so sa cap xdc dinh tren tap xdc dinh cua no.
G i a i . Xet ham so /(x) = — ln(x2 + 2009^) - 20092,Vx G M. K h i do f{x)
D i n h l y 12. Niu ham so y = g{x) lim tuc tren doan [a;b]vd g{a).g{b) < o
thi phuony trinh g{x) = 0 c d nghiem tren khodng {a;b). Neu them gid thiet xac dinh va lien tuc tren R va x„+i = / ( x „ ) , Vn e N*. Ta c6
g{x) ddn dieu tren doan [a; b] thl phuang trinh g{x) = 0 cd dung mot nghiem 2009 2x
tren khodng (a; 6). fix) = ,Vxe
3 •x2 +20092
D i n h l y 13 ( D i n h l i Lagrange). Neu ham so y = f{x) lien tuc tren doan 21x1 1
x2 + 20092 > 2\/x2.20092 = 2.2009. Ixl
[a-b] vd CO dao ham tren khodng (a; 6) thi ton tqti mot so c & {a;b) sao cho: x2 + 20092 -< 2009
2009 2 Ixl 2009 1 1
m-na) = f'{c)ib-a). < - ^ . ^ ^ = - , V x € R.
3 'x2 +20092 - 3 '2009 3
D i n h l y 14. Neu q Id so ma \q\ 1 thi lira = 0. Xet ham so g{x) = x - /(x), k h i do ^(x) la ham so xac dinh va hen tuc tren
R. Hon nfia ^'(x) = 1 - /'(x) > 0, Vx e R. M a t khac: "i
2.6.2 Nhan dang. 2009 4018 6027

ln(20092) + 20092 = In 2009 >0,
Sir dung diiih l i Lagrange k h i g a p day R6 { x n l + ^ i ^ l o nh« sau:
-2009
5(-20092) = ln(2009'* + 20092) < 0.
{ x l + " = /(x„),Vn = l , 2 , . . .
Suy ra 5(0).5(-20092) < 0. Tom lai g{x) la ham so xac dinh, lien tuc va
vdi / la hani s o xac dinh tren D va |/'(x)| < 1, Vx € D, phitdug t r i n h / ( x ) = J
dong bien tren R, va 5(0).g(-20092) < 0. Do do phuong t r i n h ^(x) = 0, hay
CO nghiem duy nhat tren mot t a p con C nao do cua D.
phuang t r i n h /(x) = x c6 mot nghiem duy nhat tren khoang (-20092; 0). Tiic
la ton tai duy nhat L e (-20092; O) sao cho L = f{L). Ta c6 x„+i = /(x„)
2.6.3 P h i T d n g p h a p giai. va x i = b. Then dinh l i Lagrange ton tai q,, nam gifla x„ va L sao cho
Sau k h i nhan dang t a t i e n hanh giai nhif sau: /(x„) - f(L) = f'(qn){xn - L), Vn = 1,2,...
Bifdc 1. Cluing m i n h |/'{x)| < l , V x e £>.
Do do
Btrdc 2. Dat g{x) = x - /(x) (hofic dat g{x) = f(x) - x cfing dime), si't di.mS
diiih l i 12) cluing m i n h p h U d n g t r i n h ^(x) = 0 t o dung mot nghiem treii C
- L| = |/(x„) - / ( L ) l = |/'(g„)| |x„ -L\<1 \xn - L|, Vn = 1,2,... .
tiic la ton t a i duy nhat L thupc C sao cho L = f{L).
Bifdc 3. Nfeu X , = L t h i x„ = L, suy ra l i m x„ = L. Neu xi L thi
n->+oo Tit do
dung dinh l i Lagrange (dinh l i 13), sii dung dinh l i 14, sut dung nguyen » n-l
k ? p va sii dung |/'{x)|"< l , V x e D, t a chiing m i n h d U d c ^lim^x„ = L. 0< \b-L\.
^n-L|<^|x„_i-L|<.-< Q |Xi
260
261
I
Giai. Tit x^^.j - 3x„+i(x„+i - 1) = x„ + 1 ta c6

Tir 0 < lx„ - L\< \b - L\o n -+ +00 va suf dyng nguyen \i k?p ta
(X„+1 - 1)^ ^Xn-^ Xn+l = + 1.
dUdc hm |a;„ - LI = 0 hay lim (a;„ - L) = 0 hay lim x„ = L. V^y day
n—»+oo n—»+oo n—>+oo
Do xo = 2, 7 nen x„ > 2, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Xet ham so
SO {xn)t=]. luon CO giai h ^ hOu h^n khi n -> +00.
Bai toan 173 (De nghi OLYMPIC 30/04/2002). Choa>Q va day {x„}+^j /(x) = 1 + ^ , V x e (2;+oo).
1 4
nhu saw. xi = a va x„+i = log3(x^ + 1)3 + - , V n € N . Tim ^hm^x„. Ta CO Xn+i = /(ic„), Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . va
Giai. Ttf gia thiet suy ra x„ > ^, Vn = 2,3,... Xet ham so /'(^) = 3/ 0 < /'(x) < -1= = g < l,Vx > 2.
3^
o '
vx^
/(x) = log3(l + x3)3 + l , V x > 0 . Ta CO phUdng trinh x = /(x) tUdng ditdng vdi:
Khi do x„+i = f{xn),^n = 1,2,... va ham so f{x) xac dinh, lien tuc tren x = i ^ + l < ^ x - l = - ^ < ^ x ^ - 3 x 2 + 2 x - l = 0.
khoang (0; +00). Ta c6 /'(x) = j y y - ^ . Ma v6i mgi x > 0 thi Dat g{x) = x^ - Sx^ + 2x - 1, t a c6
g'{x) = 3x2 - 6x + 2> 3^^^ - 2) > 0, Vx > 2.
Vi ham so ^(x) lien tuc, dong bien tren (2; +00) va g{2).g{Z) < 0 nen phUdng
trinh ^(x) = 0 (tiic la phUdng trinh x = /(x)) c6 dung mot nghiem tren
Do do |/'(x)| < ^ < l,Vx > 0. D a t g{x) = x - /(x), khi do
khoang (2; 3). Ta goi nghiem do la L. Vay L la so duy nhat thupc khoang
5'(x) = l-/'(x)>0,Vx>0 (2; 3) sao cho L = f{L). Thco dinh l i Lagrange ton tai qn nhn giOa x„ va L
sao cho
va g{2) - 0. Vay g{x) la ham so xac dinh, lien tuc, dong bi6n tren (0; +00) /(x„) - f{L) = /'(9„)(x„ - L), Vn = 1,2,... ;
va 5(2) = 0. Do do 2 la nghiem duy nhat cua phUdng trinh g{x) = 0 tren Dodo
(0; +00). Tudng t u nhu bai toan 172 ta chiing minh dUdc lirn^ x„ = 2.
|x„+i -L\ |/(x„) - /(L)| = \f'{qn)\ - L| < 9 |x„ - L|, Vn - 1,2,...
Bai toan 174 (De thi OLYMPIC toan Sinh vien toan quoc nSm 2002). Cho
Tiifdo
day so {x„}^î nhu sau:
0 < |x„+i -L\<q\xn-L\< q^ |x„_i -L\< ... < 9" |xi - L\ q"" \b - L\.
f xi e R
"^^ 0 < |x„ - L\ |6 - L\o n -+ +00 va sii dung nguyen l i kep ta
I x„+i = ^ l n ( l + xl) - 2002, Vn = 1,2,... ^Wdc lim |x„ - L| = 0 hay lim (x„ - L) = 0 hay lim x„ = L. V^y day
n—>+oo n->+oo n—f+oo
Chiing minh rang day so da cho hoi tu.
^ (x„) luon CO gidi han hufu h^n khi n -+ +00.
Hijrdng d i n . Tudng ty bai toan 172. Bai toan 176. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
B a i toan 175 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2002). Cho day so {xn}tô
r Xo = 2011 ii
nhu sau: \i = l n ( l + e-^").Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
r XQ = 2, 7
Chiing minh rang day so da cho hoi tu va tinh lim x„.
' I < + i - 3x„+i(x„+i - 1) = x„ + 1, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . n->+oo
Chiing minh rang day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han.

262 263
I
Giai. Tit x^^.j - 3x„+i(x„+i - 1) = x„ + 1 ta c6

Tir 0 < lx„ - L\< \b - L\o n -+ +00 va suf dyng nguyen \i k?p ta
(X„+1 - 1)^ ^Xn-^ Xn+l = + 1.
dUdc hm |a;„ - LI = 0 hay lim (a;„ - L) = 0 hay lim x„ = L. V^y day
n—»+oo n—»+oo n—>+oo
Do xo = 2, 7 nen x„ > 2, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Xet ham so
SO {xn)t=]. luon CO giai h ^ hOu h^n khi n -> +00.
Bai toan 173 (De nghi OLYMPIC 30/04/2002). Choa>Q va day {x„}+^j /(x) = 1 + ^ , V x e (2;+oo).
1 4
nhu saw. xi = a va x„+i = log3(x^ + 1)3 + - , V n € N . Tim ^hm^x„. Ta CO Xn+i = /(ic„), Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . va
Giai. Ttf gia thiet suy ra x„ > ^, Vn = 2,3,... Xet ham so /'(^) = 3/ 0 < /'(x) < -1= = g < l,Vx > 2.
3^
o '
vx^
/(x) = log3(l + x3)3 + l , V x > 0 . Ta CO phUdng trinh x = /(x) tUdng ditdng vdi:
Khi do x„+i = f{xn),^n = 1,2,... va ham so f{x) xac dinh, lien tuc tren x = i ^ + l < ^ x - l = - ^ < ^ x ^ - 3 x 2 + 2 x - l = 0.
khoang (0; +00). Ta c6 /'(x) = j y y - ^ . Ma v6i mgi x > 0 thi Dat g{x) = x^ - Sx^ + 2x - 1, t a c6
g'{x) = 3x2 - 6x + 2> 3^^^ - 2) > 0, Vx > 2.
Vi ham so ^(x) lien tuc, dong bien tren (2; +00) va g{2).g{Z) < 0 nen phUdng
trinh ^(x) = 0 (tiic la phUdng trinh x = /(x)) c6 dung mot nghiem tren
Do do |/'(x)| < ^ < l,Vx > 0. D a t g{x) = x - /(x), khi do
khoang (2; 3). Ta goi nghiem do la L. Vay L la so duy nhat thupc khoang
5'(x) = l-/'(x)>0,Vx>0 (2; 3) sao cho L = f{L). Thco dinh l i Lagrange ton tai qn nhn giOa x„ va L
sao cho
va g{2) - 0. Vay g{x) la ham so xac dinh, lien tuc, dong bi6n tren (0; +00) /(x„) - f{L) = /'(9„)(x„ - L), Vn = 1,2,... ;
va 5(2) = 0. Do do 2 la nghiem duy nhat cua phUdng trinh g{x) = 0 tren Dodo
(0; +00). Tudng t u nhu bai toan 172 ta chiing minh dUdc lirn^ x„ = 2.
|x„+i -L\ |/(x„) - /(L)| = \f'{qn)\ - L| < 9 |x„ - L|, Vn - 1,2,...
Bai toan 174 (De thi OLYMPIC toan Sinh vien toan quoc nSm 2002). Cho
Tiifdo
day so {x„}^î nhu sau:
0 < |x„+i -L\<q\xn-L\< q^ |x„_i -L\< ... < 9" |xi - L\ q"" \b - L\.
f xi e R
"^^ 0 < |x„ - L\ |6 - L\o n -+ +00 va sii dung nguyen l i kep ta
I x„+i = ^ l n ( l + xl) - 2002, Vn = 1,2,... ^Wdc lim |x„ - L| = 0 hay lim (x„ - L) = 0 hay lim x„ = L. V^y day
n—>+oo n->+oo n—f+oo
Chiing minh rang day so da cho hoi tu.
^ (x„) luon CO gidi han hufu h^n khi n -+ +00.
Hijrdng d i n . Tudng ty bai toan 172. Bai toan 176. Cho day so (x„) nhu sau:
B a i toan 175 (De nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2002). Cho day so {xn}tô
r Xo = 2011 ii
nhu sau: \i = l n ( l + e-^").Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
r XQ = 2, 7
Chiing minh rang day so da cho hoi tu va tinh lim x„.
' I < + i - 3x„+i(x„+i - 1) = x„ + 1, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . n->+oo
Chiing minh rang day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han.

262 263
l W 5 \ fit diiy- t ' ' ' ^ " phutfng phap quy nap, t a dUdc: j / . •./
D a p so. l i m x„ = In (
2 ) | u n + i - 6 | < a " | u i - 6 | = a"|a-6|. * '
B a i t o a n 177. Cho day so { u „ ) ; n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . diCrfc xdc dinh nhu sau:
\/i lim rt" = 0 nen theo nguyen l i k?p suy ra
uo = a; Un+i = sin2(u„ + 3) - 2011 ,Vn eN, a la so thuc cho trUdc.
lim \un+i - 6| = 0 =!> lim u„ = 6. >
1—+00 n-.+oo
Chiing mink ring:
a) Phuang trinh sm'^{x + 3) - x = 2011 c6 mot nghiem duy nhat. Gpi nghiem N h a n x e t 16. TYong bai toan 177, each chiing minh phuang trinh g{x) = 0
do la b. CO nghiem duy nhat tren [-2011;+oo) hai khde so vdi edc bat toan d tren
b) l i m u„ = 6. nh(ng cung rat hay.
II—+00 frong bdi toan 177, vice nhdn xet phuang trinh /'(x) = 1 khong c6 nghiem
tren [-2011; -2010] la khong the' bo qua. Con chiing niinh nay rdt ddn gidn
S^TCt gia thiet, suy ra u„ > - 2 0 1 1 , Vn € N* va neu x la nghiem cua phuong
nen ddnh cho ban doc tiX chiing minh.
t r i n h sin^{x + 3) - x = 2011 t h i x > - 2 0 1 1 . Xet hajn so
Cdc bdi todn trong bdi 2.6 nay chiia dung kicn thiic ndng cao vc gidi tich: Vdi
/(x) = sin'^(x + 3 ) - 2 0 1 1 , V x e [-2011;+oo). ham so f{x) xdc dinh tren m.iln Dj c6 tinh chat |/'(x)] < a < \ phuong
trinh f{x) = x c6 nghiem duy nhdt x = b trong Dj thi day so {x„}+f°i xdc
K h i do Un+i = /(u„), Vn - 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Ta CO dtnh theo cong thiic x„+, = f{xn)yn = 1 , 2 , . . . cd gidi hg-n b.
fix) = 2sin(x + 3) cos(x + 3) = sin(2x + 6), Vx € [-2011; +oo). Bai t o a n 178 (D6 ughi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2011). Cho day (u„) nhu sau:
ui = 2011 vd
Vay |/'(x)| < 1,Vx € [-2011; +oo). Xet ham so g{x) = f{x) - x. K h i do
" n + i = - eos2u„ - TT, Vn = 1,2,...
g'{x) = fix) - 1 = sin(2x + 6) - 1 < 0, Vx € [-2011; +oo)
Chiing minh rang ( u „ ) + ^ hoi ty..
Taco
5(-2011) = / ( - 2 0 1 1 ) + 2011 = s i n 2 ( - 2 0 0 8 ) > 0 , ^ l i m ^ 5 ( x ) = - o o . H i f d n g d i n . Xet ham so f{x) = - eos2x - TT. K h i do
4
1 • •
V?Ly g{x) lien tuc va nghich bien tren [-2011; +oo) va _^hm^5(x) = - o o va S\x) = - - s i n 2 x = > |/'(x)| = -|sin2x| < ^, Vx € R.
i;(-2011) > 0 nen do t h i c u a ^(x) cat true hoanh t a i duy nhat mot dieni.
t o a n 179. Ddy { a : „ } + ~ xdc dinh nhu sau: x i € [a; 6], x„+i = / ( x „ ) .
Tiic la phUdng trinh g{x) = 0 eo diiiig mot nghiem thuOc [-2011; 4-oo), gpi
do J : [a; 6] — [a; b] Id dnh xa co, tiic la 3A € [0; 1) d€
nghiem do la b. K h i do phUdng trinh sin'^(x + 3) - x = 2011 (tiie la phildng
trinh /(x) = x) c6 iiglii?in duy nhat la b (khi do 6 = f(b)). l/(^)-/(2/)l <A|x-2/|,Vx,2/€[a;6].
b) K i hieu a = max |/'(x)|, k h i do 0 < Q < 1. Ta thay
' xe(-2011;-2010]
Cb'
"^.7 mrnh rang ddy .so dd cho hoi tu, vd gidi han cua no In dic'm bat dong
- 2 0 1 1 <u„< -2010 (n = 1,2,...) '^''y nhdt cila fix).
va phuoiig t r i n h sin(2x + 6) = 1 (tiic la phuoiig t r i n h /'(x) = 1) vo nghiem Ôrî* vdi bai toan nay t a eo the t r i n h bay Idi giai sd cap u h u eac bai
tren [-2011;-2010] nen 0 < a < 1. Theo djnh ly Lagrange, ling vdi m o i û'al^-^'^*^"" nhioii sau day ta so t r i n h bay mot Idi giai mang dang ve
ôan hoc cao cap hoii. TCr gia thiet suy r a
n 6 N*, ton t a i c„ e [-2011; -2010] saxj cho:
'*''+2 ~ a:„+,| = \f{xn+i) - /(x„)| < A |x„+i - x„|, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . (A 6 [0; 1)).
l " n + i -b\ | / ( u „ ) - /(6)| = |/'(c„)| |u„ -b\<aK-b\.
264 265
l W 5 \ fit diiy- t ' ' ' ^ " phutfng phap quy nap, t a dUdc: j / . •./
D a p so. l i m x„ = In (
2 ) | u n + i - 6 | < a " | u i - 6 | = a"|a-6|. * '
B a i t o a n 177. Cho day so { u „ ) ; n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . diCrfc xdc dinh nhu sau:
\/i lim rt" = 0 nen theo nguyen l i k?p suy ra
uo = a; Un+i = sin2(u„ + 3) - 2011 ,Vn eN, a la so thuc cho trUdc.
lim \un+i - 6| = 0 =!> lim u„ = 6. >
1—+00 n-.+oo
Chiing mink ring:
a) Phuang trinh sm'^{x + 3) - x = 2011 c6 mot nghiem duy nhat. Gpi nghiem N h a n x e t 16. TYong bai toan 177, each chiing minh phuang trinh g{x) = 0
do la b. CO nghiem duy nhat tren [-2011;+oo) hai khde so vdi edc bat toan d tren
b) l i m u„ = 6. nh(ng cung rat hay.
II—+00 frong bdi toan 177, vice nhdn xet phuang trinh /'(x) = 1 khong c6 nghiem
tren [-2011; -2010] la khong the' bo qua. Con chiing niinh nay rdt ddn gidn
S^TCt gia thiet, suy ra u„ > - 2 0 1 1 , Vn € N* va neu x la nghiem cua phuong
nen ddnh cho ban doc tiX chiing minh.
t r i n h sin^{x + 3) - x = 2011 t h i x > - 2 0 1 1 . Xet hajn so
Cdc bdi todn trong bdi 2.6 nay chiia dung kicn thiic ndng cao vc gidi tich: Vdi
/(x) = sin'^(x + 3 ) - 2 0 1 1 , V x e [-2011;+oo). ham so f{x) xdc dinh tren m.iln Dj c6 tinh chat |/'(x)] < a < \ phuong
trinh f{x) = x c6 nghiem duy nhdt x = b trong Dj thi day so {x„}+f°i xdc
K h i do Un+i = /(u„), Vn - 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Ta CO dtnh theo cong thiic x„+, = f{xn)yn = 1 , 2 , . . . cd gidi hg-n b.
fix) = 2sin(x + 3) cos(x + 3) = sin(2x + 6), Vx € [-2011; +oo). Bai t o a n 178 (D6 ughi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2011). Cho day (u„) nhu sau:
ui = 2011 vd
Vay |/'(x)| < 1,Vx € [-2011; +oo). Xet ham so g{x) = f{x) - x. K h i do
" n + i = - eos2u„ - TT, Vn = 1,2,...
g'{x) = fix) - 1 = sin(2x + 6) - 1 < 0, Vx € [-2011; +oo)
Chiing minh rang ( u „ ) + ^ hoi ty..
Taco
5(-2011) = / ( - 2 0 1 1 ) + 2011 = s i n 2 ( - 2 0 0 8 ) > 0 , ^ l i m ^ 5 ( x ) = - o o . H i f d n g d i n . Xet ham so f{x) = - eos2x - TT. K h i do
4
1 • •
V?Ly g{x) lien tuc va nghich bien tren [-2011; +oo) va _^hm^5(x) = - o o va S\x) = - - s i n 2 x = > |/'(x)| = -|sin2x| < ^, Vx € R.
i;(-2011) > 0 nen do t h i c u a ^(x) cat true hoanh t a i duy nhat mot dieni.
t o a n 179. Ddy { a : „ } + ~ xdc dinh nhu sau: x i € [a; 6], x„+i = / ( x „ ) .
Tiic la phUdng trinh g{x) = 0 eo diiiig mot nghiem thuOc [-2011; 4-oo), gpi
do J : [a; 6] — [a; b] Id dnh xa co, tiic la 3A € [0; 1) d€
nghiem do la b. K h i do phUdng trinh sin'^(x + 3) - x = 2011 (tiie la phildng
trinh /(x) = x) c6 iiglii?in duy nhat la b (khi do 6 = f(b)). l/(^)-/(2/)l <A|x-2/|,Vx,2/€[a;6].
b) K i hieu a = max |/'(x)|, k h i do 0 < Q < 1. Ta thay
' xe(-2011;-2010]
Cb'
"^.7 mrnh rang ddy .so dd cho hoi tu, vd gidi han cua no In dic'm bat dong
- 2 0 1 1 <u„< -2010 (n = 1,2,...) '^''y nhdt cila fix).
va phuoiig t r i n h sin(2x + 6) = 1 (tiic la phuoiig t r i n h /'(x) = 1) vo nghiem Ôrî* vdi bai toan nay t a eo the t r i n h bay Idi giai sd cap u h u eac bai
tren [-2011;-2010] nen 0 < a < 1. Theo djnh ly Lagrange, ling vdi m o i û'al^-^'^*^"" nhioii sau day ta so t r i n h bay mot Idi giai mang dang ve
ôan hoc cao cap hoii. TCr gia thiet suy r a
n 6 N*, ton t a i c„ e [-2011; -2010] saxj cho:
'*''+2 ~ a:„+,| = \f{xn+i) - /(x„)| < A |x„+i - x„|, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . (A 6 [0; 1)).
l " n + i -b\ | / ( u „ ) - /(6)| = |/'(c„)| |u„ -b\<aK-b\.
264 265
K h i A = 0 t h i d a y d a c h o l a d a y h k i i g ( k h o n g d 5 i ) n c n h p i t u . B a y gib t a x c t
G i a i . D a t J{x) = l n ( 3 + s i n x + c o s x ) - 2008, t a co ,
A G (0; 1). V 6 i m p i j = 1, 2 , . . . , t a co
^ cosX - sinX ,,
\Xn+j - Xn+j-l \ A \Xn+j-l - Xn+j-2\ f{x) = 7i : ,Vx€]R.
' 3 + s i n x + cosx •"
< \Xn+j-2 - Xn+j-3\ < \X2 - Xi\
Ma
D o d o v 6 i n i o i A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a co
| c o s x - s i n x | < s/2, | s i n x + cosx| < = • |/'(x)l < ^ = g < 1-
\Xn+k - < \3:n+k - Xn+k-l \ \Xn+k-\ a:„+*:_2| + H \x„+l - X „ |
Theo d i n h l y L a g r a n g e , v d i m o i cSLp hsd so t h t t c x , y ( x < y ) , l u o n t 6 n tg,]

= A " - ' ( l + A + --- + A ' = - i ) | x 2 - x i | z e ( x ; y) t h o a m a n :
/ ( x ) - f{y) = /'(z)(x - y).
T i t d o suy r a
l/(x)-/(y)|<<?|x-y|,Vx,yGR.
Vay \xn+k - xn\ ^ \X2 - x i l , V n , k e N * (vfli A € (0; 1)). V i A e (0; 1) Sil d y n g t i n h c h a t t r e n , v d i m> n > N, ta, c o :
uen U m A " " ' = 0, d o d o v 6 i m o i e > 0, co t h e t i m dit<?c m o t so n g u y e n |Xm - a:„| = \ - / ( x „ - l ) | < q\x,n-l -Xn-\\
n—»+oo
d u d n g no sao c h o < < 7"''|x,„_„+i - X i l < q^'-^\Xm-n+l
A " o - i \xi -xo\ £(1 - A ) .
M $ t k h a c d a y ( x „ ) b i chSn v a q < 1 n e n v d i m p i e > 0 t o n t ^ i N d i i I d n sao
Bcii v a y v 6 i n > no t a co \xn+k - a;„| < e. V a y ( x „ ) l a d a y C o s i t r o n g [a; 6].
V i [a; b] d o n g t r o n g R u e n [a; 6] d a y d u , d o d o d a y ( x „ ) c o g i 6 i h a i i n g h i ^ i n q" '\Xm-n+l - xi\ e.
d u n g f{L) = L ( d o / h e n t y c ) . N e u p h u d n g t r i n h / ( x ) = x c o m p t nghi§m N h u vay d a y ( x n ) t h o a m a n t i c u c h u a n C a u c h y , d o d o ( x „ ) h p i t u .

khac L t h i
C h u y 2 3 . Ve tieu chuaii Cauchy, ban doc co the xern lai d trang 105. Cdch
\n-L\ |/(n) - < fc|n - L| |n - L| < fc|n - L| trinh bay bang each si'c dung tie.u chudn Cauchy r.6 iCu diem Id khong can phdi
chilng minh phuong trinh f{x) — x co nghi^m duy nhdt.
d i e u n a y n i a u t h u a u vcii g i a t h i e t 0 < f c < l , Q.^ L.
B a i t o a n 1 8 1 . Cho trudc so thiCc a> 1. Xet day so ( x „ ) nhu sau: •' *
N h a n x e t 1 7 . Trong mQt so tncdng hop, day chi "co tic m^t chi so no
ndo do. Cung co the' ban than f chUa phdi Id dnh xg, co nhitng g = / o / lai
xo = a ; x„+i = . / i + _ L ^ V n = 0 , l , . . .
dnh xa co, khi do ta phdi xet hai day ch&n le {hai day con ke nhau). TnCdng
V Xn + 1
hop day Hep quan den dnh xa co se duoc trinh bay d bai todn 212 d trang
lim Xn.
307 cua bai "PhiCOng phdp svC dy,ng day con" vdi mUc dg tdng qudt hon, day
du hOn.
«^^ng d i n . T i r g i a t h i l t s u y r a x „ > 1, V n = 0 , 1 , . . . X e t h a m s6
B a i t o a n 1 8 0 ( D a b j V M O - 2008). Cho so thxjcc a vd day so thuc ( x „ ) xdc
dinh bdi:
/ W = \ / l + ^ . V x > l .
x i = a ; x „ + i = l n ( 3 + c o s x „ + s i n x „ ) - 2008, V n € N * .
a Co
Chiing rninh r&ng day so ( x „ ) co gidi han hHu han khi n tien dan den dvCdiî
v6 cimg. fix) = ^ < 0 ; |/'(x)| 1.
266
K h i A = 0 t h i d a y d a c h o l a d a y h k i i g ( k h o n g d 5 i ) n c n h p i t u . B a y gib t a x c t
G i a i . D a t J{x) = l n ( 3 + s i n x + c o s x ) - 2008, t a co ,
A G (0; 1). V 6 i m p i j = 1, 2 , . . . , t a co
^ cosX - sinX ,,
\Xn+j - Xn+j-l \ A \Xn+j-l - Xn+j-2\ f{x) = 7i : ,Vx€]R.
' 3 + s i n x + cosx •"
< \Xn+j-2 - Xn+j-3\ < \X2 - Xi\
Ma
D o d o v 6 i n i o i A; = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a co
| c o s x - s i n x | < s/2, | s i n x + cosx| < = • |/'(x)l < ^ = g < 1-
\Xn+k - < \3:n+k - Xn+k-l \ \Xn+k-\ a:„+*:_2| + H \x„+l - X „ |
Theo d i n h l y L a g r a n g e , v d i m o i cSLp hsd so t h t t c x , y ( x < y ) , l u o n t 6 n tg,]

= A " - ' ( l + A + --- + A ' = - i ) | x 2 - x i | z e ( x ; y) t h o a m a n :
/ ( x ) - f{y) = /'(z)(x - y).
T i t d o suy r a
l/(x)-/(y)|<<?|x-y|,Vx,yGR.
Vay \xn+k - xn\ ^ \X2 - x i l , V n , k e N * (vfli A € (0; 1)). V i A e (0; 1) Sil d y n g t i n h c h a t t r e n , v d i m> n > N, ta, c o :
uen U m A " " ' = 0, d o d o v 6 i m o i e > 0, co t h e t i m dit<?c m o t so n g u y e n |Xm - a:„| = \ - / ( x „ - l ) | < q\x,n-l -Xn-\\
n—»+oo
d u d n g no sao c h o < < 7"''|x,„_„+i - X i l < q^'-^\Xm-n+l
A " o - i \xi -xo\ £(1 - A ) .
M $ t k h a c d a y ( x „ ) b i chSn v a q < 1 n e n v d i m p i e > 0 t o n t ^ i N d i i I d n sao
Bcii v a y v 6 i n > no t a co \xn+k - a;„| < e. V a y ( x „ ) l a d a y C o s i t r o n g [a; 6].
V i [a; b] d o n g t r o n g R u e n [a; 6] d a y d u , d o d o d a y ( x „ ) c o g i 6 i h a i i n g h i ^ i n q" '\Xm-n+l - xi\ e.
d u n g f{L) = L ( d o / h e n t y c ) . N e u p h u d n g t r i n h / ( x ) = x c o m p t nghi§m N h u vay d a y ( x n ) t h o a m a n t i c u c h u a n C a u c h y , d o d o ( x „ ) h p i t u .

khac L t h i
C h u y 2 3 . Ve tieu chuaii Cauchy, ban doc co the xern lai d trang 105. Cdch
\n-L\ |/(n) - < fc|n - L| |n - L| < fc|n - L| trinh bay bang each si'c dung tie.u chudn Cauchy r.6 iCu diem Id khong can phdi
chilng minh phuong trinh f{x) — x co nghi^m duy nhdt.
d i e u n a y n i a u t h u a u vcii g i a t h i e t 0 < f c < l , Q.^ L.
B a i t o a n 1 8 1 . Cho trudc so thiCc a> 1. Xet day so ( x „ ) nhu sau: •' *
N h a n x e t 1 7 . Trong mQt so tncdng hop, day chi "co tic m^t chi so no
ndo do. Cung co the' ban than f chUa phdi Id dnh xg, co nhitng g = / o / lai
xo = a ; x„+i = . / i + _ L ^ V n = 0 , l , . . .
dnh xa co, khi do ta phdi xet hai day ch&n le {hai day con ke nhau). TnCdng
V Xn + 1
hop day Hep quan den dnh xa co se duoc trinh bay d bai todn 212 d trang
lim Xn.
307 cua bai "PhiCOng phdp svC dy,ng day con" vdi mUc dg tdng qudt hon, day
du hOn.
«^^ng d i n . T i r g i a t h i l t s u y r a x „ > 1, V n = 0 , 1 , . . . X e t h a m s6
B a i t o a n 1 8 0 ( D a b j V M O - 2008). Cho so thxjcc a vd day so thuc ( x „ ) xdc
dinh bdi:
/ W = \ / l + ^ . V x > l .
x i = a ; x „ + i = l n ( 3 + c o s x „ + s i n x „ ) - 2008, V n € N * .
a Co
Chiing rninh r&ng day so ( x „ ) co gidi han hHu han khi n tien dan den dvCdiî
v6 cimg. fix) = ^ < 0 ; |/'(x)| 1.
266
Nhir vay do thi ham so g va true hoaiih c6 khong qua mpt diem chung, suy
Dat g{x) = fix) - x =^ 5 ( 1 ) > 0, g{2) < 0, suy ra phudng trinh x = f{x) ra phircJng trinh ^(x) = 0 c6 nghiem duy nhat tren R, goi nghiem do la L , 16
CO nghiein duy nhat tren khoang (1;2), gpi nghi§m nay Ik L . Theo dinh h' rang / ( ^ ) = ^- Ta thay rang
Lagrange, ta rhi'mg minh ditdc Urn x„ = L . Vdi x € (0; 2), xet phuong trinh
|x„ - L \ | / ( x „ _ i ) - f{L)\ <7|x„_i - L | < • • • < g")xo - L \
D o q e (0; 1) nen ^ Hrn^ 9" = 0. V?ly tit 0 < |x„ - L\ q»\0 - L \ Vn e N, su
^ x2(x + l ) = x + 2 « > x ^ + x 2 - x - 2 = 0. (1)
dv«g nguye" If k?p suy ra ^ Hrn^ x„ = L . Vay day so da cho hoi tu vfi L, ta
Dat X = < - thay vao (1) dtrcJc CO dilu phai chiing minh.
4t_43
^ 3 27'
(2) 2.7 Phi/cfng phap su: dung day con
Dat t = - u , thay vao (2) ditrtc Trong nhieu bai toan tim gidi han cua day so, vi$c khao sdt cac day con da
3 gop phaii khang dinh sy hoi tu cua day so, dong thdi no con lam cho 16i giai
d^p hun. Khi xet day so (x„) tin hai day con duuc siV dung nhieu nhat la day
(3) {X2n-i)t=i^ va (lay (xanj+^j (Day (xan-O+î va day (x2„)+f5 dudc goi la hai
day con ke nhau ciia day (x„),"^f^).
2 I 3 /43 - 3 v / l 7 7 _^ 3 43 + 3v/l77 j _ 1
TOt day ta dildc x = - 16 • V 16 2.7.1 M o t so k i l n thufc thtfcJng d u n g .
LiTu y. Bai toan 182 sau day la mot bai toan hay, c6 m\ic do tong quat cao
Dinh ly 15. Neu (x„) hoi tu ve L thi moi day con cua no cung hoi tu ve L .
B a i toan 182 (Do thi Olympic Toan Siuh viCn toan quoc -2000). Cho ham
so f CO dao ham tren R. Gid sit ton tai cdc so p > 0 va q e (0; 1) sao cho Dinh ly 16. Cho day so (x„)+f^. Kht do neu hat day ke nhau {x2„-i)^,î
va {x2„)+f^ cimy hot In den L thi day (x„) cung hoi tu den L {tUc lit neu
\f{x)\<p, V x e R ; |/'(x)| <9, VxeR. Km x-j„_i = L va lim X2„ = L thi lim x„ = L ) .
n—+00
Chihig ininh rang day so (x„) xdc dinh bdi X Q = 0, x„+i = / ( x „ ) hqi tu.
ChufJig m i n h . Vi Urn xjp-i = L va lim xjp = L nen Ve > 0, 3ni € N* va
G i a i . Ham so / c6 dao ham trcin R nen hen ti.ic tren R. V6i moi x , y € K- 3n2 G N" sao cho
theo dinh h' Lagrange, s\xy ra t6n tai z nkm gifra x va y sao cho
J{x) - f{y) = f'{z){x -y)^\fix) - / ( y ) | = | / ' ( ^ ) | |x - y|. N p - I I <£,Vp>n2. (2)
Do | / ' ( x ) | < q, Vx e R nen | / ( x ) - / ( y ) | < q\x - y\. Xet ham so ^(x) = lu?u 7to = max {2ni - 1, 2 / ( 2 } , khi do v(3i moi so t u nhieu n > m ton tai
^ tu nhien p sao cho n = 2p hoac n = 2p - 1.
/ ( x ) - X xac dinh va hen tuc tren R. V i
^woug hop l:n = 2p. Ta c6 2p^n>no> 2n2 (vi no = max {2ni - 1,2n2}),
g(-p) = f{-p) +p>0, g{p) = fip) - p < 0 (do | / ( x ) | n 2 . T i r d o s u y ra
nen suy ra phttOng trinh g{x) = 0 c6 nghiem tren [-p;p]- Mat khac, ham 9 |x„ - L \ |x2p -L\<e (vi theo ( 2 ) ) .
nghich bien tren R do
^ O ' l g hop 2: n = 2 p - 1. Ta CO
g'(x) = fix) - 1 < q - 1 < 0, Vx € R.
2 p - 1 = n > no > 2ni - 1 (vi no = max {2ni - 1, 2n2}).
268
268
Nhir vay do thi ham so g va true hoaiih c6 khong qua mpt diem chung, suy
Dat g{x) = fix) - x =^ 5 ( 1 ) > 0, g{2) < 0, suy ra phudng trinh x = f{x) ra phircJng trinh ^(x) = 0 c6 nghiem duy nhat tren R, goi nghiem do la L , 16
CO nghiein duy nhat tren khoang (1;2), gpi nghi§m nay Ik L . Theo dinh h' rang / ( ^ ) = ^- Ta thay rang
Lagrange, ta rhi'mg minh ditdc Urn x„ = L . Vdi x € (0; 2), xet phuong trinh
|x„ - L \ | / ( x „ _ i ) - f{L)\ <7|x„_i - L | < • • • < g")xo - L \
D o q e (0; 1) nen ^ Hrn^ 9" = 0. V?ly tit 0 < |x„ - L\ q»\0 - L \ Vn e N, su
^ x2(x + l ) = x + 2 « > x ^ + x 2 - x - 2 = 0. (1)
dv«g nguye" If k?p suy ra ^ Hrn^ x„ = L . Vay day so da cho hoi tu vfi L, ta
Dat X = < - thay vao (1) dtrcJc CO dilu phai chiing minh.
4t_43
^ 3 27'
(2) 2.7 Phi/cfng phap su: dung day con
Dat t = - u , thay vao (2) ditrtc Trong nhieu bai toan tim gidi han cua day so, vi$c khao sdt cac day con da
3 gop phaii khang dinh sy hoi tu cua day so, dong thdi no con lam cho 16i giai
d^p hun. Khi xet day so (x„) tin hai day con duuc siV dung nhieu nhat la day
(3) {X2n-i)t=i^ va (lay (xanj+^j (Day (xan-O+î va day (x2„)+f5 dudc goi la hai
day con ke nhau ciia day (x„),"^f^).
2 I 3 /43 - 3 v / l 7 7 _^ 3 43 + 3v/l77 j _ 1
TOt day ta dildc x = - 16 • V 16 2.7.1 M o t so k i l n thufc thtfcJng d u n g .
LiTu y. Bai toan 182 sau day la mot bai toan hay, c6 m\ic do tong quat cao
Dinh ly 15. Neu (x„) hoi tu ve L thi moi day con cua no cung hoi tu ve L .
B a i toan 182 (Do thi Olympic Toan Siuh viCn toan quoc -2000). Cho ham
so f CO dao ham tren R. Gid sit ton tai cdc so p > 0 va q e (0; 1) sao cho Dinh ly 16. Cho day so (x„)+f^. Kht do neu hat day ke nhau {x2„-i)^,î
va {x2„)+f^ cimy hot In den L thi day (x„) cung hoi tu den L {tUc lit neu
\f{x)\<p, V x e R ; |/'(x)| <9, VxeR. Km x-j„_i = L va lim X2„ = L thi lim x„ = L ) .
n—+00
Chihig ininh rang day so (x„) xdc dinh bdi X Q = 0, x„+i = / ( x „ ) hqi tu.
ChufJig m i n h . Vi Urn xjp-i = L va lim xjp = L nen Ve > 0, 3ni € N* va
G i a i . Ham so / c6 dao ham trcin R nen hen ti.ic tren R. V6i moi x , y € K- 3n2 G N" sao cho
theo dinh h' Lagrange, s\xy ra t6n tai z nkm gifra x va y sao cho
J{x) - f{y) = f'{z){x -y)^\fix) - / ( y ) | = | / ' ( ^ ) | |x - y|. N p - I I <£,Vp>n2. (2)
Do | / ' ( x ) | < q, Vx e R nen | / ( x ) - / ( y ) | < q\x - y\. Xet ham so ^(x) = lu?u 7to = max {2ni - 1, 2 / ( 2 } , khi do v(3i moi so t u nhieu n > m ton tai
^ tu nhien p sao cho n = 2p hoac n = 2p - 1.
/ ( x ) - X xac dinh va hen tuc tren R. V i
^woug hop l:n = 2p. Ta c6 2p^n>no> 2n2 (vi no = max {2ni - 1,2n2}),
g(-p) = f{-p) +p>0, g{p) = fip) - p < 0 (do | / ( x ) | n 2 . T i r d o s u y ra
nen suy ra phttOng trinh g{x) = 0 c6 nghiem tren [-p;p]- Mat khac, ham 9 |x„ - L \ |x2p -L\<e (vi theo ( 2 ) ) .
nghich bien tren R do
^ O ' l g hop 2: n = 2 p - 1. Ta CO
g'(x) = fix) - 1 < q - 1 < 0, Vx € R.
2 p - 1 = n > no > 2ni - 1 (vi no = max {2ni - 1, 2n2}).
268
268
Vsly p > n i . T i t do suy ra ' XrircJng h(?p 1: min { x i , X 2 , . . . , x^} < a. Ta clnhig m i n h du<?c day (a„) tang,
bi chan tren bdi a.
|x„ - L| = \x2p-i -L\<e{vi theo (1)). Trifdng hgip 2: m i n { x i , X 2 , . . . , x * } > a. Ta chiing m i n h duoc day (a„) giam
va bi ch^n dudi bdi a.
V|Ly Ve > 0, 3no e N * sao cho |x„ - L| < £,Vn > no- Nghia la
yf^y trong ca hai trudng hgp, day (o„) deu hoi t u va l i m a„ = a. Tit gia
Urn Xn = L.
n—>+oo thiet / la ham so tang theo tifng bien suy ra x„ > a„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tuong
tvr ta chiing m i n h dUdc x„ < 6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . va l i m 6„ = a. V$,y
D i n h l y 17. Cho day so { x „ ) . Neu ba day so {x3n)t=i > (^^Sn+OitTi. (a;3n+2);^* n—•+00
cunq hoi tu din L thi lira i „ = L. a„ < x„ < 6„,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , l i m a„ = a, l i m b„ = a

n->+oo n->+oo
Hirdng d a n chuTng m i n h . TUdng t\f nh\i chiing m i n h d j n h l y 16, xet ba ngn theo nguyen ly k?p suy ra l i m x„ = a.
n—>+oo
trudng h(?p n = 3p, n = 3p + 1, n = 3p + 2.
2.7.3 C a c bai toan.

2.7.2 V e m o t hki t o a n t o n g q u 4 t .
B a i toan 184. Cho day so (x„) duac xdc dinh bdi cong thttc
Co nhiou bai toan vo gicii han day so da tiimg x\iat hion t r c n tap chi to4n hQc
va tu6i tre, trong cac k i t h i Olympic la tru5ng h0p rieng cua bai to4n 183 f xo = X i = 1
sau day. Co thg vi§c giai bai toan 183 g?ip nhieu kho khan, t u y nhien b^n \2 = Xn + x„+i, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . .
doc hay c6 g i n g van dung, "bat chu6c" cac k l thuat giai, ^cac bildc giai ciia
bai toan nay vao cac bai toan cn tha so t h u ditdc nhicu dieu t h u v j . Chiing minh rang day (x„)+^, hqi tu vd tinh lim x„.
n—>+oo
B a i t o a n 183. Cho ham so k bien
G i a i . Xet day so (a„) n h u sau: CQ = 1 va a„+, = Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . K h i do
f, (0;+oo)'' ^ (0;+oo) '/
(xi,l2,...,Xfc)'-» /(xi,X2, ...,Xfc) a„ > 0,Vn 6 N . Suy ra a„+i - a„ = ^ - a„ = ^ < 0, Vn € N . V^y (a„)
Gid thiet them ring f Id hdm so tang theo tiCng bien vd ton <a» a > 0 sao cho la day so giam. (a„)+fS la ckp so nhan vdi cong bpi 9 = | < 1, s6 h ^ g dau
/2\ /9\
/(x, X , . . . , x) > X vdiQ<x <a, oo = 1. V^y a„ = ao.q" = - , Vn € N . Do do h m a„ = Urn ( - ) = 0 .
\o/ n->+oo n-.+oo \^3 /
/ ( x , x , . . . , x ) <x vdix> a.
Ta chumg to
Cho cac so duang x i , X 2 , . . . , x*, xet day so {xn)t=i nhu saw. m a x { x 2 „ , X 2 „ + i } < a„. (1)
Taco
Xn = / ( x „ - 1 , x „ _ 2 , . . . , x„_fc) vdi n> k.
m a x { x o , x i } = 1 = oo, raax{x2, X 3 } = max | | , ^ | = | = a i -
Chiinq minh l i m x„ = a.
ri-.+30 (1) diing k h i n = 0 va n = 1. Gia sii (1) dung vdi n = )t ()b > 1), tiic la
H i f d n g d a n . Ta c6 f(a,a a) = a. Xay dvfng day (a„);tri. ibn)nZ "^"^ max{x2it,X2fc+i} <Ofc. (2)
sau:
a, = • • • = afc = m i n { x i , X 2 , . . . , X f c } , a„ = / ( a „ _ i , a „ _ 2 , • • . . O n - k ) . Vn > k
^ ^ " i y rang {a„) la day giam, ta c6
bi = • • = bk = m a x { x i , X 2 , . . . . x ^ } , 6„ = f{bn-i,bn-2, • • •,fcn-fc).Vn > A;. •i^ Jo (2) 2ak

'^^2k+2 = X2k + X2fc+i < a*; + ttfc = 2ak => X2k+2 < -IT —
270 271
Vsly p > n i . T i t do suy ra ' XrircJng h(?p 1: min { x i , X 2 , . . . , x^} < a. Ta clnhig m i n h du<?c day (a„) tang,
bi chan tren bdi a.
|x„ - L| = \x2p-i -L\<e{vi theo (1)). Trifdng hgip 2: m i n { x i , X 2 , . . . , x * } > a. Ta chiing m i n h duoc day (a„) giam
va bi ch^n dudi bdi a.
V|Ly Ve > 0, 3no e N * sao cho |x„ - L| < £,Vn > no- Nghia la
yf^y trong ca hai trudng hgp, day (o„) deu hoi t u va l i m a„ = a. Tit gia
Urn Xn = L.
n—>+oo thiet / la ham so tang theo tifng bien suy ra x„ > a„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Tuong
tvr ta chiing m i n h dUdc x„ < 6„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . va l i m 6„ = a. V$,y
D i n h l y 17. Cho day so { x „ ) . Neu ba day so {x3n)t=i > (^^Sn+OitTi. (a;3n+2);^* n—•+00
cunq hoi tu din L thi lira i „ = L. a„ < x„ < 6„,Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . , l i m a„ = a, l i m b„ = a

n->+oo n->+oo
Hirdng d a n chuTng m i n h . TUdng t\f nh\i chiing m i n h d j n h l y 16, xet ba ngn theo nguyen ly k?p suy ra l i m x„ = a.
n—>+oo
trudng h(?p n = 3p, n = 3p + 1, n = 3p + 2.
2.7.3 C a c bai toan.

2.7.2 V e m o t hki t o a n t o n g q u 4 t .
B a i toan 184. Cho day so (x„) duac xdc dinh bdi cong thttc
Co nhiou bai toan vo gicii han day so da tiimg x\iat hion t r c n tap chi to4n hQc
va tu6i tre, trong cac k i t h i Olympic la tru5ng h0p rieng cua bai to4n 183 f xo = X i = 1
sau day. Co thg vi§c giai bai toan 183 g?ip nhieu kho khan, t u y nhien b^n \2 = Xn + x„+i, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . .
doc hay c6 g i n g van dung, "bat chu6c" cac k l thuat giai, ^cac bildc giai ciia
bai toan nay vao cac bai toan cn tha so t h u ditdc nhicu dieu t h u v j . Chiing minh rang day (x„)+^, hqi tu vd tinh lim x„.
n—>+oo
B a i t o a n 183. Cho ham so k bien
G i a i . Xet day so (a„) n h u sau: CQ = 1 va a„+, = Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . K h i do
f, (0;+oo)'' ^ (0;+oo) '/
(xi,l2,...,Xfc)'-» /(xi,X2, ...,Xfc) a„ > 0,Vn 6 N . Suy ra a„+i - a„ = ^ - a„ = ^ < 0, Vn € N . V^y (a„)
Gid thiet them ring f Id hdm so tang theo tiCng bien vd ton <a» a > 0 sao cho la day so giam. (a„)+fS la ckp so nhan vdi cong bpi 9 = | < 1, s6 h ^ g dau
/2\ /9\
/(x, X , . . . , x) > X vdiQ<x <a, oo = 1. V^y a„ = ao.q" = - , Vn € N . Do do h m a„ = Urn ( - ) = 0 .
\o/ n->+oo n-.+oo \^3 /
/ ( x , x , . . . , x ) <x vdix> a.
Ta chumg to
Cho cac so duang x i , X 2 , . . . , x*, xet day so {xn)t=i nhu saw. m a x { x 2 „ , X 2 „ + i } < a„. (1)
Taco
Xn = / ( x „ - 1 , x „ _ 2 , . . . , x„_fc) vdi n> k.
m a x { x o , x i } = 1 = oo, raax{x2, X 3 } = max | | , ^ | = | = a i -
Chiinq minh l i m x„ = a.
ri-.+30 (1) diing k h i n = 0 va n = 1. Gia sii (1) dung vdi n = )t ()b > 1), tiic la
H i f d n g d a n . Ta c6 f(a,a a) = a. Xay dvfng day (a„);tri. ibn)nZ "^"^ max{x2it,X2fc+i} <Ofc. (2)
sau:
a, = • • • = afc = m i n { x i , X 2 , . . . , X f c } , a„ = / ( a „ _ i , a „ _ 2 , • • . . O n - k ) . Vn > k
^ ^ " i y rang {a„) la day giam, ta c6
bi = • • = bk = m a x { x i , X 2 , . . . . x ^ } , 6„ = f{bn-i,bn-2, • • •,fcn-fc).Vn > A;. •i^ Jo (2) 2ak

'^^2k+2 = X2k + X2fc+i < a*; + ttfc = 2ak => X2k+2 < -IT —
270 271
d o (2)
3 x 2 ^ + 3 = -^2^+1 + a;2fc+2 < a/t + X2k+2 <ak+ "fe+i < a* + a*,- = 2afc {<hi d o t a c h i ' n i g m i n h ducJc day (a„) la day so giam va l i m a „ = 0. Tuong
2ak
ttt tihit bai toan 184 t a chiJng minh d U d c
max { X 2 „ , X 2 „ + i } < a „ , Vn € N .
Vay inax{T2A-t-2,a:2A:+3} < ak+\, tuTc la (1) diing k h i n = fc + 1. D o do the,,
uguyou l y quy nap (1) dung v6i nioi n € N. T i i c la Tff day va tilt x „ > 0,Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . s i i dung nguyen l y k ? p t a c 6 : lim X2„ = 0
max { X 2 n , X 2 r i + i } < a n , Vn 6 N . (3) va l i m X2n+i = 0. Suy r a l i m x „ = 0.
De thay x,. > 0, Vn € N nen tiT ( 3 ) t a suy ra B a i toan 186. Cho day so ( x „ ) dticfc xdc dinh bdi
f O < X 2 „ < a „ , V n = 0,l,2,... x o , x i , X 2 e (0; 1)

\ < i 2 n + i < an,yn = 0,1,2,...
3x„+3 = xl + x 2 ^ 2 . Vn = 0,1,2,...
Theo nguyen ly kep suy ra lini X 2 „ = 0, l i m X 2 „ + i = 0. Vay l i m x „ = o
C/iih^j^ minh r&ng day so ( x „ ) hoi tu vd tinh lim x „ .
Lifti y .
Giai. Xay dung day so (a„) n h u sau: ao = max { X Q , x i , X 2 } va
• Ldi giai t i e n da dila vao day phu (a„) c6 tac dung ch^n ca hai day con kt:
2a2
nhau la {x2„+i)„ va ( x 2 „ ) „ va lam cho chung cung hoi t u ve mot d i l m .
a„+i = ^3, V n e N . (1)
• Ncu dat lim j „ = x t i n t i t 3 x „ + 2 = ^n+i + x „ , cho n - * + o o t a dttcJc
Ta CO ,
2x
3x — X + X X = — . 2a2
- an = - 3 ^ - a„ < 0, Vn G N ( v i a„ 6 (0; 1), Vn G N ) .

Difni nay gdi y cho t a xet day («„) thoa dieu kien n„+i - -^^^^^ = 0, L .
• Day da cho la day t n i y hoi tuyen tinh cap 2. So hang tong quat c6 daiig V?ly (a„) la day giain va b i chau dudi nen hoi t u . D a t h m a„ =^ a. T i t (1)
n—»+(»
cho n -» + 0 0 t a dUdc a = — . Vay a = 0 hoSc a = - ^ [0; 1] (loai). D o do

o 2
nl!!?oo = T a se chiing m i n h rfing vdi mpi n = 0,1,2,... t h i
Suy l a lim j „ = 0 .
max{x3„, X 3 „ + i , X 3 „ + 2 } < a „ . (2)
B a i t o a n 185. Cho day so (x„) dtcac xdc dmh bdi cong three Ta CO max { X Q , x i , X 2 } = OQ. Suy r a (2) diing k h i n = 0. T a c6
3x3 = xg + x^ < + ag = 2ag X3 < ^ = ai.
( x„ = X i = 1 O
\„+2 = xi + X , % 1, V 7 t = 0, 1, . . . 3x4 = x\ xl < al + a\ al + al = 2al =^ Xi = ai.

2Q2
Chi'Cng minh rany day (x„)|^^ hoi tu vd tinh lim x „ . 3x5 = x| + x| < + a? < + = 2ag X5 < - T ^ = ai.
Hufdng d a n . X a y ditng day so (a„) n h u sau ao = 1 va
max {xa, X 4 , X 5 } < a i . Suy ra (2) dung k h i n = 1. TUdng tvt chiJng m i n h
max { x 6 , X 7 , xg} < 0 2 . Vay (2) dung k h i n = 2. G i a sii (2) dung vdi
a,.+i = ^ , V n = 0,1,2,...
(A:>2), t i i c l a
max{x3fc,X3fc+i,X3*:+2} < flfc- (3)

272
273
d o (2)
3 x 2 ^ + 3 = -^2^+1 + a;2fc+2 < a/t + X2k+2 <ak+ "fe+i < a* + a*,- = 2afc {<hi d o t a c h i ' n i g m i n h ducJc day (a„) la day so giam va l i m a „ = 0. Tuong
2ak
ttt tihit bai toan 184 t a chiJng minh d U d c
max { X 2 „ , X 2 „ + i } < a „ , Vn € N .
Vay inax{T2A-t-2,a:2A:+3} < ak+\, tuTc la (1) diing k h i n = fc + 1. D o do the,,
uguyou l y quy nap (1) dung v6i nioi n € N. T i i c la Tff day va tilt x „ > 0,Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . s i i dung nguyen l y k ? p t a c 6 : lim X2„ = 0
max { X 2 n , X 2 r i + i } < a n , Vn 6 N . (3) va l i m X2n+i = 0. Suy r a l i m x „ = 0.
De thay x,. > 0, Vn € N nen tiT ( 3 ) t a suy ra B a i toan 186. Cho day so ( x „ ) dticfc xdc dinh bdi
f O < X 2 „ < a „ , V n = 0,l,2,... x o , x i , X 2 e (0; 1)

\ < i 2 n + i < an,yn = 0,1,2,...
3x„+3 = xl + x 2 ^ 2 . Vn = 0,1,2,...
Theo nguyen ly kep suy ra lini X 2 „ = 0, l i m X 2 „ + i = 0. Vay l i m x „ = o
C/iih^j^ minh r&ng day so ( x „ ) hoi tu vd tinh lim x „ .
Lifti y .
Giai. Xay dung day so (a„) n h u sau: ao = max { X Q , x i , X 2 } va
• Ldi giai t i e n da dila vao day phu (a„) c6 tac dung ch^n ca hai day con kt:
2a2
nhau la {x2„+i)„ va ( x 2 „ ) „ va lam cho chung cung hoi t u ve mot d i l m .
a„+i = ^3, V n e N . (1)
• Ncu dat lim j „ = x t i n t i t 3 x „ + 2 = ^n+i + x „ , cho n - * + o o t a dttcJc
Ta CO ,
2x
3x — X + X X = — . 2a2
- an = - 3 ^ - a„ < 0, Vn G N ( v i a„ 6 (0; 1), Vn G N ) .

Difni nay gdi y cho t a xet day («„) thoa dieu kien n„+i - -^^^^^ = 0, L .
• Day da cho la day t n i y hoi tuyen tinh cap 2. So hang tong quat c6 daiig V?ly (a„) la day giain va b i chau dudi nen hoi t u . D a t h m a„ =^ a. T i t (1)
n—»+(»
cho n -» + 0 0 t a dUdc a = — . Vay a = 0 hoSc a = - ^ [0; 1] (loai). D o do

o 2
nl!!?oo = T a se chiing m i n h rfing vdi mpi n = 0,1,2,... t h i
Suy l a lim j „ = 0 .
max{x3„, X 3 „ + i , X 3 „ + 2 } < a „ . (2)
B a i t o a n 185. Cho day so (x„) dtcac xdc dmh bdi cong three Ta CO max { X Q , x i , X 2 } = OQ. Suy r a (2) diing k h i n = 0. T a c6
3x3 = xg + x^ < + ag = 2ag X3 < ^ = ai.
( x„ = X i = 1 O
\„+2 = xi + X , % 1, V 7 t = 0, 1, . . . 3x4 = x\ xl < al + a\ al + al = 2al =^ Xi = ai.

2Q2
Chi'Cng minh rany day (x„)|^^ hoi tu vd tinh lim x „ . 3x5 = x| + x| < + a? < + = 2ag X5 < - T ^ = ai.
Hufdng d a n . X a y ditng day so (a„) n h u sau ao = 1 va
max {xa, X 4 , X 5 } < a i . Suy ra (2) dung k h i n = 1. TUdng tvt chiJng m i n h
max { x 6 , X 7 , xg} < 0 2 . Vay (2) dung k h i n = 2. G i a sii (2) dung vdi
a,.+i = ^ , V n = 0,1,2,...
(A:>2), t i i c l a
max{x3fc,X3fc+i,X3*:+2} < flfc- (3)

272
273
Chii y rang (a„) la day giam, t a c6 vdi X > V3. Bay gid t a giai phudiig t r i n h (1) vcii dieu kicn x > y/3. Dat
1 Q 2a? i = cos Q . Vay de x > v/3 t h i
3x3fc+3 = + xik+2 < "it + alt = 2ait ^3^+3 < - 3 ^ = afc+i X
9 , do (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2a? — > v/3 => 0 < cosa <

3x3^+4 = xik+i + < 0.% + a^+i <ak + ak = ia^ => X3k+4 < ~ = a^^^ cos a ~ V3
3x3fc+5 = + ^3fc+4 < a * + "fc+i + "A = 2afc a;3fc+5 ^ ^ = "fc+i. Thay x = vao (1) t a dUdc:
cos a
Vay m a x { i 3 f c + 3 , a ; 3 f c + 4 , a ; 3 f c + 5 } < O f c + i , tiic la (2) diing k h i n = A; + 1. Do 1
= V3 +
do theo iiguyen ly quy nap suy ra (2) dung vcli moi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . De t h i y
cos a COSQ v/1 - cos2 a
x „ > 0,Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . nen t i l max { x 3 „ , X 3 „ + i , X 3 „ + 2 } < a„,Vn 6 N ta c6 COSQ - 1
cos-^x
0 < X 3 „ < a„, 0 < a;3„+i < a„, 0 < X 3 n + 2 < a „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . 1 1 do 8h^Q>0 1 1
= \/3 + = V3+- sm Q — C O S a
COS a \/sin^ a cos Q
= V3.
Do do t i l l i m a„ = 0 va sur dyng nguyen ly k^p ta suy ra sma s m a . cosa
n—>+oo
lim X 3 „ = 0, lira X 3 „ + i = 0, l i m X 3 „ + 2 = 0. Dat u = s i n a - C O S Q . Suy ra
n—•+c» n—"+00 n-»+oo
Vay theo dinh ly 17 suy ra l i m x „ = 0. \u\ \/2, u^ = I - 2 sin a. cos Q sin a. cos a =
n—•+00
N h a n xet 18. Hai bai todn tren c6 chung mQt day phy., tii day phu nay c6 Thay vao tren ta dudc:
thi tao ra mot Idp cdc bai todn khdc, chang han ta c6 the dUa ra khdng dinh
sau: Cdc day so duong (x„) cho bdi cdc cong thiic sau deu hoi tu ve 0 vdt 2u 1
u = 1
x o , x i , X 2 , X 3 den thuoc (0; 1) : 1 - u 2 = \/3 V3u^ + 2u - v/3 = 0 <=>
lu = -V3
1) 3 x „ + 3 = xi + X„+i.X„+2, 3x„+3 = X ^ + X„.X„+i,
1
O\Q™ + . ^2 Q_ + ^n+2 , ^ _ Thay u = _ vao sm
— o - cos o = \/3 ta difdc sin a . cosa = - . V$.y
s/S s m a . cosa ' " 3'
2) J X „ + 3 = !• -^^n+a = H Xn-Xn+\,
3 ) 6 x „ + 4 = X „ + i . X „ + 2 + x\ 2 x „ x „ + i . . .
(sina + cos(t)'"^ = l + 2 s i n a . c o s a = 1 + ^ = - => s i n a + cosa = \
B a i t o a n 187 (D6 t h i chon dpi t u y i n Viet Nam di t h i toan quoc te-1985). 3 3 V 3
Cho day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ nhiC sau
{do sin Q + cos a > 0). Do do
xi =2,9
x„+i = y 3 + - y ^ = , V n = l , 2 , . . .
{ sm Q - cos a -
^ =>2cosa = ;^=*>cosa =
Hay tim mQt so thyCc ndm ben trdi day con { x i , X 3 , X 5 , . . . } vd nhm ben pha' sin a + cos a = v/3 2V3
day con {xa, X 4 , xe, • • •} cua day (x„)+f°i. v/3
G i a i . T i t quy luat day so suy ra x „ > v/3, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Yeu cau bai toan 1''
t i m so thitc a sao cho X2*: < a < x j f c - i , VA; = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta d u doan a chinh 1=' cosa v/5-1 2 2
gi6i hû ciia day (x„)|^2i ^ h i " —* + 0 0 . K h i do a la nghi^m ciia phuong t r i n ' '
X 2 . < a = ^ ( ^ + ^ ) < X 2 . - i , V A : = l , 2 , . . . (2)

VX2 - 1
274 275
Chii y rang (a„) la day giam, t a c6 vdi X > V3. Bay gid t a giai phudiig t r i n h (1) vcii dieu kicn x > y/3. Dat
1 Q 2a? i = cos Q . Vay de x > v/3 t h i
3x3fc+3 = + xik+2 < "it + alt = 2ait ^3^+3 < - 3 ^ = afc+i X
9 , do (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2a? — > v/3 => 0 < cosa <

3x3^+4 = xik+i + < 0.% + a^+i <ak + ak = ia^ => X3k+4 < ~ = a^^^ cos a ~ V3
3x3fc+5 = + ^3fc+4 < a * + "fc+i + "A = 2afc a;3fc+5 ^ ^ = "fc+i. Thay x = vao (1) t a dUdc:
cos a
Vay m a x { i 3 f c + 3 , a ; 3 f c + 4 , a ; 3 f c + 5 } < O f c + i , tiic la (2) diing k h i n = A; + 1. Do 1
= V3 +
do theo iiguyen ly quy nap suy ra (2) dung vcli moi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . De t h i y
cos a COSQ v/1 - cos2 a
x „ > 0,Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . nen t i l max { x 3 „ , X 3 „ + i , X 3 „ + 2 } < a„,Vn 6 N ta c6 COSQ - 1
cos-^x
0 < X 3 „ < a„, 0 < a;3„+i < a„, 0 < X 3 n + 2 < a „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . 1 1 do 8h^Q>0 1 1
= \/3 + = V3+- sm Q — C O S a
COS a \/sin^ a cos Q
= V3.
Do do t i l l i m a„ = 0 va sur dyng nguyen ly k^p ta suy ra sma s m a . cosa
n—>+oo
lim X 3 „ = 0, lira X 3 „ + i = 0, l i m X 3 „ + 2 = 0. Dat u = s i n a - C O S Q . Suy ra
n—•+c» n—"+00 n-»+oo
Vay theo dinh ly 17 suy ra l i m x „ = 0. \u\ \/2, u^ = I - 2 sin a. cos Q sin a. cos a =
n—•+00
N h a n xet 18. Hai bai todn tren c6 chung mQt day phy., tii day phu nay c6 Thay vao tren ta dudc:
thi tao ra mot Idp cdc bai todn khdc, chang han ta c6 the dUa ra khdng dinh
sau: Cdc day so duong (x„) cho bdi cdc cong thiic sau deu hoi tu ve 0 vdt 2u 1
u = 1
x o , x i , X 2 , X 3 den thuoc (0; 1) : 1 - u 2 = \/3 V3u^ + 2u - v/3 = 0 <=>
lu = -V3
1) 3 x „ + 3 = xi + X„+i.X„+2, 3x„+3 = X ^ + X„.X„+i,
1
O\Q™ + . ^2 Q_ + ^n+2 , ^ _ Thay u = _ vao sm
— o - cos o = \/3 ta difdc sin a . cosa = - . V$.y
s/S s m a . cosa ' " 3'
2) J X „ + 3 = !• -^^n+a = H Xn-Xn+\,
3 ) 6 x „ + 4 = X „ + i . X „ + 2 + x\ 2 x „ x „ + i . . .
(sina + cos(t)'"^ = l + 2 s i n a . c o s a = 1 + ^ = - => s i n a + cosa = \
B a i t o a n 187 (D6 t h i chon dpi t u y i n Viet Nam di t h i toan quoc te-1985). 3 3 V 3
Cho day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ nhiC sau
{do sin Q + cos a > 0). Do do
xi =2,9
x„+i = y 3 + - y ^ = , V n = l , 2 , . . .
{ sm Q - cos a -
^ =>2cosa = ;^=*>cosa =
Hay tim mQt so thyCc ndm ben trdi day con { x i , X 3 , X 5 , . . . } vd nhm ben pha' sin a + cos a = v/3 2V3
day con {xa, X 4 , xe, • • •} cua day (x„)+f°i. v/3
G i a i . T i t quy luat day so suy ra x „ > v/3, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Yeu cau bai toan 1''
t i m so thitc a sao cho X2*: < a < x j f c - i , VA; = 1 , 2 , . . . Ta d u doan a chinh 1=' cosa v/5-1 2 2
gi6i hû ciia day (x„)|^2i ^ h i " —* + 0 0 . K h i do a la nghi^m ciia phuong t r i n ' '
X 2 . < a = ^ ( ^ + ^ ) < X 2 . - i , V A : = l , 2 , . . . (2)

VX2 - 1
274 275
(16 a i < 4. T t f (*) suy ra 0 3 = < 2v/4 = 4. Bang phudng phap quy
jiap t a rhi'mg m i n h ditoc (a„) la day b i ch^n tren: a„ < 4, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vdi
Xet ham so /(x) = \/3 + ,Vx > \/3. T a c o
iiipi n = 1, 2 , . . . t a CO
fln+i - Qn = 2 v/a^ - a,i = y/aî^ (2 - y ^ ) > 0 (do 0 < a„ < 4).

-1
f'ix) <o,Vxe Vay ("n) la day so tSng va b i chan tren nen hoi t u . D a t l i m a„ = a k h i
X 2 - 1 (x2 n-.+oo
%/3(v/5 + l ) ,16 t i t (*) cho n + 0 0 t a dUdc a = 2^/5 { ^2-^^^ [ a = 4. V i (a„)

Vay / ngliich bien tren [\/3; + 0 0 ) . T a c6 x i = 2, 9 > a = • Suy
la day tang nen ai < ^ h m ^ a„ = a =^ a > 0. Vay chpn a = 4. NhU vay t a da
ra X 2 = / ( x i ) < /(a) = a. Do do X 2 < a < x j . Gia sii '
chumg m i n h dUdc ^hrnâ„ = 4. Tudng tU t a cung chiing m i n h dUdc (6„) la
\/3(V5 + l ) day so giain va h i chaii dudi va l i m 6„ = 4. Tiep theo t a chiing m i n h vdi
X2fc < a = 2 <^2k-l,
niQi n eN' ta c6
ta chiing m i n h X2fc+2 < a < X2k+i- V i /(x) nghich bien tren [\/3; + 0 0 ) nen a„ < m i n { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } . (1)
then gia thiet quy n^p t a c6: V i ai = m i n { t i , C 2 , 4 } nen (1) diing k h i n = 1. G i a sii < min{c2fc-i,C2fc},
tufc la Ck < C2k-\a < C2k- K h i do
X2k+l = f{x2k) > /(ft) = a-
C2Jt+l = \/C2k + \/C2k-\ y/a^ + •Jo^ = 2 ^ 0 ^ = Ofc+i
Suy ra X2fc+2 = f{x2k+i) < f(a) = a. Vay X2fc+2 < a < X2k+i- D o do tlico
d o dk+l ^(^k
ngnyon l y qny nap t h i (2) dung, t\'tc la a = ^ ^ ^ " ^ l a so can t i m .
B a i t o a n 188 (D€ t h i HSG tinh Hai Duong nam 1998). Cho day so ( u „ ) + ~ V^y o^.+i < min {a2k+i,a2k+2} hay (1) diing khi n =fc+ l . Do d6 theo nguyen
ly quy nap (1) diing vdi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . TUdng tir t a chiing m i n h ditdc
nhu sau:
13
6„ > m a x { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
U, = J
. , V n = 1,2,... Tir car hat dang tliiic
a„ < m i n { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ; 6 „ > m a x { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
71m oo thijCc r thoa man U2k <r < • U 2 * : - i , Vfc = 1 , 2 , . . .
C h u y 24. Niu yeu cdu chiing minh day so d bai todn 187, 188 hgi ty, va
« n < C2n < bn, O n < C 2 „ - l < 6„, Vn = 1 , 2, . . . (2)
tinh gidi han thi ta cung gidi quyet dudc. Chdng han doi vdi bai todn 187 ta
si chting minh duoc day {x2k)k=i idng vd bi chdn tren, day {x2k-i)k^ 9^^^
Ma l i m a„ = 4 = l i m 6„ nen tit (2) sir dung nguyen l y k?p t a c6
n—.+00 71—•+00
vd bj chdn dudi. Han nUa

lim C2„ = 4 va l i m C 2 „ - i = 4 . D o d o l i m c„ = 4.
Hm X2fc ^l5ll±±L= lim X2fc-i=^ h m Xk = 5 •
n-»+oo 2 n-'+oo n-,+00 i C h u y 25. Niu dat l i m c„ = x thi tit c„+i Jc^ + Jcn-\, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
n->+oo
B a i t o a n 189. Gia sxl c i > 0, C2 > 0 vd c„+i = + V/S^TH, Vn - 2 , 3 , .
'^'iw rt d^rt ra diCdng vd cUc ta dxCdc
Ch<lng mmh r&ng day so (c„) hoi tu vd tim gidi han cua no. x = \/x + \/x=>x~ 2\/x.
^^hi nay gar y cho ta xet hai day so (a„)+ri , {bn)t=i '/i"'" '^^•^
cSh 1. X e t hai day s6 (a„)+ri, ibn)t=i sau: (**). Con 5(5 a = 4 trong ai = min { c i , C 2 , 4 } , 61 = m a x { c i , C 2 , 4 } duac tim
'"•ghian ciia phuang trinh x - 2sjx.
. / a„+i = 2 y 5 ; : , V n = 1,2,
ai = m i n { c i , C 2 , 4 } , 61 = max { ^ i ' ^ 2 , 4 } , | 5„î = 2 V 6 ; , V n = l , 2 , . (**)
211
(16 a i < 4. T t f (*) suy ra 0 3 = < 2v/4 = 4. Bang phudng phap quy
jiap t a rhi'mg m i n h ditoc (a„) la day b i ch^n tren: a„ < 4, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . Vdi
Xet ham so /(x) = \/3 + ,Vx > \/3. T a c o
iiipi n = 1, 2 , . . . t a CO
fln+i - Qn = 2 v/a^ - a,i = y/aî^ (2 - y ^ ) > 0 (do 0 < a„ < 4).

-1
f'ix) <o,Vxe Vay ("n) la day so tSng va b i chan tren nen hoi t u . D a t l i m a„ = a k h i
X 2 - 1 (x2 n-.+oo
%/3(v/5 + l ) ,16 t i t (*) cho n + 0 0 t a dUdc a = 2^/5 { ^2-^^^ [ a = 4. V i (a„)

Vay / ngliich bien tren [\/3; + 0 0 ) . T a c6 x i = 2, 9 > a = • Suy
la day tang nen ai < ^ h m ^ a„ = a =^ a > 0. Vay chpn a = 4. NhU vay t a da
ra X 2 = / ( x i ) < /(a) = a. Do do X 2 < a < x j . Gia sii '
chumg m i n h dUdc ^hrnâ„ = 4. Tudng tU t a cung chiing m i n h dUdc (6„) la
\/3(V5 + l ) day so giain va h i chaii dudi va l i m 6„ = 4. Tiep theo t a chiing m i n h vdi
X2fc < a = 2 <^2k-l,
niQi n eN' ta c6
ta chiing m i n h X2fc+2 < a < X2k+i- V i /(x) nghich bien tren [\/3; + 0 0 ) nen a„ < m i n { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } . (1)
then gia thiet quy n^p t a c6: V i ai = m i n { t i , C 2 , 4 } nen (1) diing k h i n = 1. G i a sii < min{c2fc-i,C2fc},
tufc la Ck < C2k-\a < C2k- K h i do
X2k+l = f{x2k) > /(ft) = a-
C2Jt+l = \/C2k + \/C2k-\ y/a^ + •Jo^ = 2 ^ 0 ^ = Ofc+i
Suy ra X2fc+2 = f{x2k+i) < f(a) = a. Vay X2fc+2 < a < X2k+i- D o do tlico
d o dk+l ^(^k
ngnyon l y qny nap t h i (2) dung, t\'tc la a = ^ ^ ^ " ^ l a so can t i m .
B a i t o a n 188 (D€ t h i HSG tinh Hai Duong nam 1998). Cho day so ( u „ ) + ~ V^y o^.+i < min {a2k+i,a2k+2} hay (1) diing khi n =fc+ l . Do d6 theo nguyen
ly quy nap (1) diing vdi moi n = 1 , 2 , . . . TUdng tir t a chiing m i n h ditdc
nhu sau:
13
6„ > m a x { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
U, = J
. , V n = 1,2,... Tir car hat dang tliiic
a„ < m i n { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ; 6 „ > m a x { c 2 „ - i , C 2 „ } , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
71m oo thijCc r thoa man U2k <r < • U 2 * : - i , Vfc = 1 , 2 , . . .
C h u y 24. Niu yeu cdu chiing minh day so d bai todn 187, 188 hgi ty, va
« n < C2n < bn, O n < C 2 „ - l < 6„, Vn = 1 , 2, . . . (2)
tinh gidi han thi ta cung gidi quyet dudc. Chdng han doi vdi bai todn 187 ta
si chting minh duoc day {x2k)k=i idng vd bi chdn tren, day {x2k-i)k^ 9^^^
Ma l i m a„ = 4 = l i m 6„ nen tit (2) sir dung nguyen l y k?p t a c6
n—.+00 71—•+00
vd bj chdn dudi. Han nUa

lim C2„ = 4 va l i m C 2 „ - i = 4 . D o d o l i m c„ = 4.
Hm X2fc ^l5ll±±L= lim X2fc-i=^ h m Xk = 5 •
n-»+oo 2 n-'+oo n-,+00 i C h u y 25. Niu dat l i m c„ = x thi tit c„+i Jc^ + Jcn-\, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
n->+oo
B a i t o a n 189. Gia sxl c i > 0, C2 > 0 vd c„+i = + V/S^TH, Vn - 2 , 3 , .
'^'iw rt d^rt ra diCdng vd cUc ta dxCdc
Ch<lng mmh r&ng day so (c„) hoi tu vd tim gidi han cua no. x = \/x + \/x=>x~ 2\/x.
^^hi nay gar y cho ta xet hai day so (a„)+ri , {bn)t=i '/i"'" '^^•^
cSh 1. X e t hai day s6 (a„)+ri, ibn)t=i sau: (**). Con 5(5 a = 4 trong ai = min { c i , C 2 , 4 } , 61 = m a x { c i , C 2 , 4 } duac tim
'"•ghian ciia phuang trinh x - 2sjx.
. / a„+i = 2 y 5 ; : , V n = 1,2,
ai = m i n { c i , C 2 , 4 } , 61 = max { ^ i ' ^ 2 , 4 } , | 5„î = 2 V 6 ; , V n = l , 2 , . (**)
211
C h u y 26. Doi chieu bai todn 189 d trang 276 vdi bai todn 183 d trang 270 'Jrt'c'ng hdp 2: m i n { c i , C 2 } > 4. Tudng t u t a chiing m i n h duoc (a„)„ giam
ta thay: Ham so hai bien d day la va bi chan dudi bdi so 4 va ^ Urn^ a„ = 4. V^y trong ca hai trudng hcTp, day
f. (0;+oof ^ (0;+oo) (a„) deu hoi t u v a ^ h m ^ an = 4. Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h duoc
{x,y) ^ f{x,y) = Vx + ^
c„ > a „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
TOc la f Id ham hai bien: f{x, y) = y/x + y/y,^x,y > 0. Ta cd
TUdug t u t a chiing uiinh dUdc c „ < 6„, Vn = 1,2,... v a Um 6„ = 4. Vay
/ ( x , x) = V x + \/S = 2 v ^ , Va: > 0. n—+00
a„ < c „ < 6„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . , l i m a „ = 4, l i m 6„ = 4.

Khi CO dinh y thl g{x) = f{x,y) Id ham mot bien, tdng tren (0;+oo). Cdn n—»+oo n—>+oo
khi CO dinh x thi h{y) = f{x,y) Id ham mot bien, tdng tren ( 0 ; + o o ) . Ton tai
Theo nguyen ly k?p suy r a l i m c „ = 4. v
a = 4 > 0 {so a = 4> 0 dUdc tim nhu da noi d tren) sao cho: n->+oo
f{a,a) =a Bai toan 190 (De nghi thi O L Y M P I C 30/04/2006). Cho ddy so ( u „ ) + ^
thoa man: UQ = l,ui = 3,
f{x, x) = 2s/x > X, vdi 0 < X < 4. (3)
/ ( x , x ) = 2\/x < X, vdi X > 4. (4) u^+i + 4u„+i =Un + u „ - i + 2v'u„ + 2v'u„_i + 2 , Vn = 1, 2 , . . . (1)
Cho hai so duang c i , C 2 , xet ddy so {cn)X=i "Z*'^ sau Chiing mmh ddy (u„)+f^ c6 gidi han hHu han. Tim gidi han do.
Cn = / ( a ; „ - - l , X „ _ 2 ) = ^Cn-\ •y/C„_2 = , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Htfdng d a n . Tiit (1) t a c6
Do do ta CO Idi gidi thii hai.

(u„+i + 2)2 = (v/«^7+2 + v^î;rTT2) , V n € N ^
C a c h 2. X a y dung day so ( a „ ) + ~ , (6„)+~i n h u sau:
=>u„+i + 2 = Vun + 2 + 7u„_i + 2 , V n e N . ' '
ai = a2 = min { c j , C 2 } , a „ = v / ^ n - i + y/an-2, Vn = 3 , 4 , . . .
Datu„ + 2 = x„,Vn = l , 2 , . . . . T a c o
61 = 62 = max { c i , C2}, 6„ = \ / 6 „ - i 4- \ / ^ n - 2 , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . .
xo = 3, x i = 5, x„+i = + v/S^TT, Vn e N
T r i i d n g hdp 1: m i n { c i , C 2 } < 4. K h i do o i < 4 , a 2 < 4. Do do
Theo bai toan 189 d trang 276 t a c6
03 = + \/ar < \/4 + \/4 = 4.
^ l i r n ^ x „ = 4 =^ lirn^ = ^ lim^(^„ _ 2) = ( ^ l i m ^ x „ ) - 2 = 2. ^'
Bang quy nap t a de dang chiing m i n h dUdc : 0 < a „ < 4, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (5)
Ta d n i n g m i n h a„+i > a„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . bang phuong phap quy nap. T a c6 Bai toan 191. Cho ddy sS (x„)+ô xdc dinh nhu sau: x o , x i , X 2 /d cdc sS
"•^cng cho trudc;
a2 > a i , 03 = y/a^ + ^/a{ > 2y/ai > 02 (do (3), (4), (5))
2;n+2 = V ^ ; T r + v ^ + \ / ^ ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ,, (1)
Gia sii ak > ak-i > ak-2, k h i do do (3), (4), (5) ta c6
"^^ng mmh rang ddy ( x „ ) + ^ hoi tu vd tim gidi han cua ddy.
^ ' ^ i - Xay dung day s6 ( a „ ) + - , (6„)+ro n h u sau: . . ^ ,

Do do a„+i > a „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . hay {a„) Ik day tang va b i chan tren. Vay ta
chiing m i n h dUdc day (a„) tang, b i c h ^ i tren nen hpi ty. L y lu$n tUdng tit ^ - 0 1 = 0 2 = m i n { x o , x i , X 2 } , a„+2 = v / o ^ + + = 1,2,...
nhu d each 1 t a suy r a l i m a„ = 4.
n—•+00 ° * ^1 = 62 = m a x { x o , x i , X 2 } , 6„+2 = V / ^ T K + V'VT,Vn =1,2,...
278 279
C h u y 26. Doi chieu bai todn 189 d trang 276 vdi bai todn 183 d trang 270 'Jrt'c'ng hdp 2: m i n { c i , C 2 } > 4. Tudng t u t a chiing m i n h duoc (a„)„ giam
ta thay: Ham so hai bien d day la va bi chan dudi bdi so 4 va ^ Urn^ a„ = 4. V^y trong ca hai trudng hcTp, day
f. (0;+oof ^ (0;+oo) (a„) deu hoi t u v a ^ h m ^ an = 4. Bang quy nap t a chiing m i n h duoc
{x,y) ^ f{x,y) = Vx + ^
c„ > a „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
TOc la f Id ham hai bien: f{x, y) = y/x + y/y,^x,y > 0. Ta cd
TUdug t u t a chiing uiinh dUdc c „ < 6„, Vn = 1,2,... v a Um 6„ = 4. Vay
/ ( x , x) = V x + \/S = 2 v ^ , Va: > 0. n—+00
a„ < c „ < 6„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . , l i m a „ = 4, l i m 6„ = 4.

Khi CO dinh y thl g{x) = f{x,y) Id ham mot bien, tdng tren (0;+oo). Cdn n—»+oo n—>+oo
khi CO dinh x thi h{y) = f{x,y) Id ham mot bien, tdng tren ( 0 ; + o o ) . Ton tai
Theo nguyen ly k?p suy r a l i m c „ = 4. v
a = 4 > 0 {so a = 4> 0 dUdc tim nhu da noi d tren) sao cho: n->+oo
f{a,a) =a Bai toan 190 (De nghi thi O L Y M P I C 30/04/2006). Cho ddy so ( u „ ) + ^
thoa man: UQ = l,ui = 3,
f{x, x) = 2s/x > X, vdi 0 < X < 4. (3)
/ ( x , x ) = 2\/x < X, vdi X > 4. (4) u^+i + 4u„+i =Un + u „ - i + 2v'u„ + 2v'u„_i + 2 , Vn = 1, 2 , . . . (1)
Cho hai so duang c i , C 2 , xet ddy so {cn)X=i "Z*'^ sau Chiing mmh ddy (u„)+f^ c6 gidi han hHu han. Tim gidi han do.
Cn = / ( a ; „ - - l , X „ _ 2 ) = ^Cn-\ •y/C„_2 = , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . . Htfdng d a n . Tiit (1) t a c6
Do do ta CO Idi gidi thii hai.

(u„+i + 2)2 = (v/«^7+2 + v^î;rTT2) , V n € N ^
C a c h 2. X a y dung day so ( a „ ) + ~ , (6„)+~i n h u sau:
=>u„+i + 2 = Vun + 2 + 7u„_i + 2 , V n e N . ' '
ai = a2 = min { c j , C 2 } , a „ = v / ^ n - i + y/an-2, Vn = 3 , 4 , . . .
Datu„ + 2 = x„,Vn = l , 2 , . . . . T a c o
61 = 62 = max { c i , C2}, 6„ = \ / 6 „ - i 4- \ / ^ n - 2 , Vn = 3 , 4 , . . .
xo = 3, x i = 5, x„+i = + v/S^TT, Vn e N
T r i i d n g hdp 1: m i n { c i , C 2 } < 4. K h i do o i < 4 , a 2 < 4. Do do
Theo bai toan 189 d trang 276 t a c6
03 = + \/ar < \/4 + \/4 = 4.
^ l i r n ^ x „ = 4 =^ lirn^ = ^ lim^(^„ _ 2) = ( ^ l i m ^ x „ ) - 2 = 2. ^'
Bang quy nap t a de dang chiing m i n h dUdc : 0 < a „ < 4, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . (5)
Ta d n i n g m i n h a„+i > a„, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . bang phuong phap quy nap. T a c6 Bai toan 191. Cho ddy sS (x„)+ô xdc dinh nhu sau: x o , x i , X 2 /d cdc sS
"•^cng cho trudc;
a2 > a i , 03 = y/a^ + ^/a{ > 2y/ai > 02 (do (3), (4), (5))
2;n+2 = V ^ ; T r + v ^ + \ / ^ ^ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . ,, (1)
Gia sii ak > ak-i > ak-2, k h i do do (3), (4), (5) ta c6
"^^ng mmh rang ddy ( x „ ) + ^ hoi tu vd tim gidi han cua ddy.
^ ' ^ i - Xay dung day s6 ( a „ ) + - , (6„)+ro n h u sau: . . ^ ,

Do do a„+i > a „ , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . hay {a„) Ik day tang va b i chan tren. Vay ta
chiing m i n h dUdc day (a„) tang, b i c h ^ i tren nen hpi ty. L y lu$n tUdng tit ^ - 0 1 = 0 2 = m i n { x o , x i , X 2 } , a„+2 = v / o ^ + + = 1,2,...
nhu d each 1 t a suy r a l i m a„ = 4.
n—•+00 ° * ^1 = 62 = m a x { x o , x i , X 2 } , 6„+2 = V / ^ T K + V'VT,Vn =1,2,...
278 279
T r t r d n g h d p 1 : min { X Q , x i , 0:2} > 9. Ta c6 ao, a j , 02 > 9. Giasuf a„+i, a„, a^^j
cung Idn hdn hoSc bang 9. K h i do I<hi
Ojt+3 = y o f c + i + y/Ok+l + y/ok < \/Xk+2 + V^k+1 + y/x^ = Xfc+3.
a„+2 = V^h^ + y/a^ + >\/9 + v/9 + \/9 = 9, :
Vay (3) '^""S vdi mpi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . hay
a„+3 = y/î^ + y/S:^ + v/5;;>\/9 + v/9 + \/9 = 9,
Xn > flrnVn = 0, 1 , . . . '•' •
0„+4 = y/^^ + y/^^ + >\/9 + \/9 + \/9 = 9.
Xitrtng t'.f f ' l i ' f i ' g " " " h dUdc x„ < 6„, V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . va l i m 6„ = 9. V$.y
V§,y theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra 'On > 9, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Ta cluing m i n h
flji ^ -^71 < /Jni V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , l i m a„ = 9, l i m 6„ = 9
an+i < an- (2)
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Hicn nhicn (2) diing k h i n = 0 , 1 . Ta c6 Do do llico ngiiycH ly kcp suy ra l i m x„ = 9. ' ' '
03 = v/a2 + v/oT + v/oo = 3^/a2 < 02 (do 3y/a2 - 02 = v/a2(3 - v ^ ) < 0). Bai t o a n 192 (HSG G i a Lai nam 2010 - Bang A ) . Cho day so ( x „ ) + ^ xdc
Vay (2) dung k h i n = 0,1,2. Gia sir (2) dung k h i n = k,k + l,k + 2, tiic la dinh nhu sau: xo, x i , X 2 la cdc so ducfng cho tnCdc;
flfc+i < ak,ak+2 < ak+i,ak+3 < a/t+2- Xn+2 = v/^n+l + v ' ^ n - l , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
K h i do Chiing minh rdng day ( x „ ) ^ ^ hqi ty, va tim gidi h(in cua day.
a*:+4 = + \/a*:+2 + \/ajt+i < \/o-k+2 + s/ok+i + v/ojt = o.k+3 G i a i . Xay diing day so (a„),"^f^,, ( 6 „ ) + ^ nhu sau:
00 = 0 1 = 0 2 = m i n { x o , x i , X 2 } , a„+2 = y/Un+i + ^/a^,\/n = 1, 2 , . . . ,

afc+6 = v/ofc+i + v/afc+4 + v/"fc+3 ^ \/afc+4 + \/afc+3 + \/afc+2 = CLk+5-
6(, = 61 = b2 = max { x o , x i , X 2 } , 6„+2 = \/bn+i + v'6„-i,Vn = 1,2,...
Vay (2) dung vdi moi n = 0 , 1 , . . . hay a„+i < a„, V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Ta da chi'tiig
uiinh ditOc day (a„) giiun va bi chan dutii bdi 9. D o do day (a„) hoi t u . Dat TrifcJnghdp 1 : m i n { x o , x i , X 2 } > 4. T a 0 6 0 0 , 0 1 , 0 2 > 4. G i a s U a „ 4 . i , a „ , a „ _ i
l i m a „ = o, k h i do tilt (1) cho n —» + 0 0 t a duoc cung idii hrfti hoAr hang 4. K h i do
an+2 = V°"i+i + v/o„_i > ^4 + \/4 = 4,

n—>+oo
0,1+3 = \/a„+2 + > \/4 + ^ 4 = 4,
a=V^+y/E+y/Eâ = 3V^^[ ^ [ a = 9. 0„+4 = y/an+3 + v/""+l > v/4 + ^ 4 = 4.
M a t khac tiJt a„ > 9, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . ta c6 a l i m a„ > 9. Do do t a loai gia Vay theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra o„ > 4, V n = 0 , 1 , . . . Ta chiing m i n h
n—>+oo
t r i a = 0. B6i vay l i m a„ = 9. On+l < o„. (2)
n—»+oo Hien nhien (2) dung k h i n = 0 , 1 . Ta c6
T r i f d n g h d p 2: min { X Q , x i , X 2 } < 9. Tudng t u ta chiJng m i n h duoc day (o„)„
tang va bj ch$n tren b6i 9 va l i m a„ = 9. Vay trong ca hai trudng h(?p, da> "3 = + = 2^/a^ < 02 (do 2y/a^ - a^ = \/ai{2 - < 0). ;
Tl—"+00
(a„) deu hoi t u va l i m a„ = 9. Tiep
X „ >theo
On ta cluing m i n h (3) (2) dung k h i n = 0,1,2.- Gia sii (2) dung khi n = A;, A; + 1, A; + 2, tilc la
n-»+oo
Ta CO ao < X Q , a i < x i , 02 < X2. Vay (3) dung k h i n = 0,1,2. G i a sii (3) dung ak+i < ak,(ik+2 < ak+i,ak+3 < ak+2- "'•
k h i n = k,k + l,k + 2 {k> 0), tiic la ^ h i do ,,i;>
> afc,Xfc+i > afc+i,Xfc+2 > afc+2. Ofc+4 = y/ak+3 + y/Ok+l < y/ak+2 + y/^k = Ofc+3
280 281
T r t r d n g h d p 1 : min { X Q , x i , 0:2} > 9. Ta c6 ao, a j , 02 > 9. Giasuf a„+i, a„, a^^j
cung Idn hdn hoSc bang 9. K h i do I<hi
Ojt+3 = y o f c + i + y/Ok+l + y/ok < \/Xk+2 + V^k+1 + y/x^ = Xfc+3.
a„+2 = V^h^ + y/a^ + >\/9 + v/9 + \/9 = 9, :
Vay (3) '^""S vdi mpi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . hay
a„+3 = y/î^ + y/S:^ + v/5;;>\/9 + v/9 + \/9 = 9,
Xn > flrnVn = 0, 1 , . . . '•' •
0„+4 = y/^^ + y/^^ + >\/9 + \/9 + \/9 = 9.
Xitrtng t'.f f ' l i ' f i ' g " " " h dUdc x„ < 6„, V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . va l i m 6„ = 9. V$.y
V§,y theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra 'On > 9, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Ta cluing m i n h
flji ^ -^71 < /Jni V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , l i m a„ = 9, l i m 6„ = 9
an+i < an- (2)
n—>+oo n—>+oo
Hicn nhicn (2) diing k h i n = 0 , 1 . Ta c6 Do do llico ngiiycH ly kcp suy ra l i m x„ = 9. ' ' '
03 = v/a2 + v/oT + v/oo = 3^/a2 < 02 (do 3y/a2 - 02 = v/a2(3 - v ^ ) < 0). Bai t o a n 192 (HSG G i a Lai nam 2010 - Bang A ) . Cho day so ( x „ ) + ^ xdc
Vay (2) dung k h i n = 0,1,2. Gia sir (2) dung k h i n = k,k + l,k + 2, tiic la dinh nhu sau: xo, x i , X 2 la cdc so ducfng cho tnCdc;
flfc+i < ak,ak+2 < ak+i,ak+3 < a/t+2- Xn+2 = v/^n+l + v ' ^ n - l , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . (1)
K h i do Chiing minh rdng day ( x „ ) ^ ^ hqi ty, va tim gidi h(in cua day.
a*:+4 = + \/a*:+2 + \/ajt+i < \/o-k+2 + s/ok+i + v/ojt = o.k+3 G i a i . Xay diing day so (a„),"^f^,, ( 6 „ ) + ^ nhu sau:
00 = 0 1 = 0 2 = m i n { x o , x i , X 2 } , a„+2 = y/Un+i + ^/a^,\/n = 1, 2 , . . . ,

afc+6 = v/ofc+i + v/afc+4 + v/"fc+3 ^ \/afc+4 + \/afc+3 + \/afc+2 = CLk+5-
6(, = 61 = b2 = max { x o , x i , X 2 } , 6„+2 = \/bn+i + v'6„-i,Vn = 1,2,...
Vay (2) dung vdi moi n = 0 , 1 , . . . hay a„+i < a„, V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Ta da chi'tiig
uiinh ditOc day (a„) giiun va bi chan dutii bdi 9. D o do day (a„) hoi t u . Dat TrifcJnghdp 1 : m i n { x o , x i , X 2 } > 4. T a 0 6 0 0 , 0 1 , 0 2 > 4. G i a s U a „ 4 . i , a „ , a „ _ i
l i m a „ = o, k h i do tilt (1) cho n —» + 0 0 t a duoc cung idii hrfti hoAr hang 4. K h i do
an+2 = V°"i+i + v/o„_i > ^4 + \/4 = 4,

n—>+oo
0,1+3 = \/a„+2 + > \/4 + ^ 4 = 4,
a=V^+y/E+y/Eâ = 3V^^[ ^ [ a = 9. 0„+4 = y/an+3 + v/""+l > v/4 + ^ 4 = 4.
M a t khac tiJt a„ > 9, Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . ta c6 a l i m a„ > 9. Do do t a loai gia Vay theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra o„ > 4, V n = 0 , 1 , . . . Ta chiing m i n h
n—>+oo
t r i a = 0. B6i vay l i m a„ = 9. On+l < o„. (2)
n—»+oo Hien nhien (2) dung k h i n = 0 , 1 . Ta c6
T r i f d n g h d p 2: min { X Q , x i , X 2 } < 9. Tudng t u ta chiJng m i n h duoc day (o„)„
tang va bj ch$n tren b6i 9 va l i m a„ = 9. Vay trong ca hai trudng h(?p, da> "3 = + = 2^/a^ < 02 (do 2y/a^ - a^ = \/ai{2 - < 0). ;
Tl—"+00
(a„) deu hoi t u va l i m a„ = 9. Tiep
X „ >theo
On ta cluing m i n h (3) (2) dung k h i n = 0,1,2.- Gia sii (2) dung khi n = A;, A; + 1, A; + 2, tilc la
n-»+oo
Ta CO ao < X Q , a i < x i , 02 < X2. Vay (3) dung k h i n = 0,1,2. G i a sii (3) dung ak+i < ak,(ik+2 < ak+i,ak+3 < ak+2- "'•
k h i n = k,k + l,k + 2 {k> 0), tiic la ^ h i do ,,i;>
> afc,Xfc+i > afc+i,Xfc+2 > afc+2. Ofc+4 = y/ak+3 + y/Ok+l < y/ak+2 + y/^k = Ofc+3
280 281
afc+5 = v/nfc+4 + Vak+2 < \/afc+3 + ^/afc+l = afc+4 -. = 61 = 62 = max { 1 0 , x i , X 2 } ; 6 „ + 3 == logg (S*" + 4 * " + ^ ) , Vn € N . J
flfc+e = v/ofc+s + \/ak+3 < y/aik+i + y/ak+2 = a-k+b- ; j . , ,.

IVitcJnghdp 1. m i n { x o , x i , 2 ; 2 } > 2. T a c 6 a o , a i , a 2 > 2. G i a s i i a „ , a „ + i , a „ + 2
Vay (2) dung vdi moi n = 0 , 1 , . . . hay a „ + i < a „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Ta da chiing Cling Ictti hdn hoac bang 2. K h i do
niinh dildc day (o„) giaui va b i chaii dxldi hdi 4. Do do day ( a „ ) hoi t u . Dat
a„+3 = logs ( 3 " " + 4 ° " + 2 ) > log5 (32 + 4 2 ) = 2, ! ' '' ''
Um a n = a , k h i do t i l (1) cho n + 0 O ta d U d c
n—>+oo = logs ( 3 ° " + ' + 4""+^) > logs (3^ + 4 ^ ) = 2, ;
a = v ^ + y ^ ^ a = 2 v / ^ ' ^ { ^2-^04^ < = ^ [ a = 4. â„+5 = logs (3""+= 4- 4""+^) > logs ( 3 ^ + 4 ^ ) = 2.
M a t khac t i t a „ > 4 , V n = 0 , 1 , . . . ta c6 a = ^ l i r n ^ a „ > 4 . Do do ta loai gia Theo nguyen If quy nap toan hoc suy ra a „ > 2, Vn 6 N . T i e p theo t a chiing
iniiih
t r i a-0. Bdi vay Um a „ = 4 .
an+i < an- (1)
n—>+oo
Trifdng hdp 2: min {xa, x i , 0:2} < 4. Tudng t u ta chiing m i n h dudc day (a„) Hign nhien (1) diing k h i n = 0, n = 1. V i a2 > 2 nen
tang v a b i chan tren bdi 4 va l i m a „ = 4. Vay trong c a hai tritdng hdp, day
° • ri—•+00
(an) deu hoi t u v a l i m a „ - 4. Tiep theo t a chiing m i n h
5 1 +(5 1 < 1 <^ 3"2 + 4"2 < 5 » 2
n—>+oo
logs ( 3 « 2 + 4"'^) < logs 5"^ ^ logs (3°^ + 4 ° 2 ) < a 2 .
X n > 0,n (3)
Do do 03 = logs ( 3 " " + 4 " 2 ) = logs (3"^ + 4"^) < a j . Vay (1) diing k h i n = 0,
Ta CO ao < X Q , a i < x i , 03 < x j . Vay (3) diing k h i n = 0,1,2. Gia sil (2) diiiig n = 1, n = 2. Gia sOf (1) diing khi n = k,k+l,k + 2, tiic la
khi n = k,k + l,k + 2, tiic la
Ofc+l < aA:,afc+2 < aA:+l,aA;+3 < afc+2.
Xk > afc,Xfe+i > aA;+i,Xfc+2 > afc+2-
Khi do
K h i do ^ , ^
afe+3 = s/ak+2 + Vaic < x/xfc+2 + V ^ f c = a^fc+s- afc+4 = logs ( 3 " * + ' + 4"'+') < logs ( 3 " * + 4"^+^) = a^+a '
afc+5 = logs (3"''+^ + 4"'^") < logs ( 3 " " + ' + 4'"=+3) = ak+4 '
Vay (3) diing vdi mpi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . hay
afc+6 = logs ( 3 " " + ^ + 4"'=+5) < logs (3"*^+' + 4 " " + " ) = afc+5. ,;;
Xn > a„,Vn = 0 , 1 , . . .
Theo nguyen If quy nap suy ra (1) dung vdi moi so t i t nhien n . V | y day
Titdng t u t a chiing m i n h d U d c x„ < 6„, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . v a ^ h r n ^ 6„ = 4 . Vay
(^n) giam va bi cliftn dudi nen cd gidi han hOu han. D a t l i m a „ = a. T i t
«n+3 = logs (3«" + 4 " " + 2 ) , Vn e N , cho n +00 t a ditdc
a„ < x „ < 6„,Vn=: 0,1,2,... , l i m a „ = 4 , l i m 6„ = 4.
n—•+cx> n—++00
a = logs ( 3 " + 4 " ) <^ 5 " = 3 " + 4 " <^ a = 2.
Do do tht'o ngiiyen ly kep suy ra lim x „ = 4.
n—>+oo
B a i t o a n 193 (HSG Gia Lai nam 2010 - Bang A , de d i | bi). Cho day s6^ ^tf6ng hgrp 2. m i n {xo, x i , X 2 } < 2. Tudng t i t ta chiing m i n h dUdc day (a„)
{Xn) nhu sau: { ^ ^ ^ f i f ^ g ^ fy. + 4--^), Vn € N . ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ '"^"'^ ^ " " ^ ^"2/ va bi chan tren bdi so 2 va l i m a „ = 2. Vay day (a„) luon hoi t u va
1. n—>+oo
tfa cho CO gidi han hHu han va tim gidi han do. "-.ÔQo„ = 2. Tiep theo ta cluing m i n h ... - •
G i a i . Xet hai day so ( a „ ) v a (6„) n h u sau.

x„ > a „ . (2)
ao = a i = a2 = min { X Q , x i , X 2 } ; a „ + 3 = logs (3"" + 4 " " + ^ ) , Vn G N
282 283
afc+5 = v/nfc+4 + Vak+2 < \/afc+3 + ^/afc+l = afc+4 -. = 61 = 62 = max { 1 0 , x i , X 2 } ; 6 „ + 3 == logg (S*" + 4 * " + ^ ) , Vn € N . J
flfc+e = v/ofc+s + \/ak+3 < y/aik+i + y/ak+2 = a-k+b- ; j . , ,.

IVitcJnghdp 1. m i n { x o , x i , 2 ; 2 } > 2. T a c 6 a o , a i , a 2 > 2. G i a s i i a „ , a „ + i , a „ + 2
Vay (2) dung vdi moi n = 0 , 1 , . . . hay a „ + i < a „ , Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . Ta da chiing Cling Ictti hdn hoac bang 2. K h i do
niinh dildc day (o„) giaui va b i chaii dxldi hdi 4. Do do day ( a „ ) hoi t u . Dat
a„+3 = logs ( 3 " " + 4 ° " + 2 ) > log5 (32 + 4 2 ) = 2, ! ' '' ''
Um a n = a , k h i do t i l (1) cho n + 0 O ta d U d c
n—>+oo = logs ( 3 ° " + ' + 4""+^) > logs (3^ + 4 ^ ) = 2, ;
a = v ^ + y ^ ^ a = 2 v / ^ ' ^ { ^2-^04^ < = ^ [ a = 4. â„+5 = logs (3""+= 4- 4""+^) > logs ( 3 ^ + 4 ^ ) = 2.
M a t khac t i t a „ > 4 , V n = 0 , 1 , . . . ta c6 a = ^ l i r n ^ a „ > 4 . Do do ta loai gia Theo nguyen If quy nap toan hoc suy ra a „ > 2, Vn 6 N . T i e p theo t a chiing
iniiih
t r i a-0. Bdi vay Um a „ = 4 .
an+i < an- (1)
n—>+oo
Trifdng hdp 2: min {xa, x i , 0:2} < 4. Tudng t u ta chiing m i n h dudc day (a„) Hign nhien (1) diing k h i n = 0, n = 1. V i a2 > 2 nen
tang v a b i chan tren bdi 4 va l i m a „ = 4. Vay trong c a hai tritdng hdp, day
° • ri—•+00
(an) deu hoi t u v a l i m a „ - 4. Tiep theo t a chiing m i n h
5 1 +(5 1 < 1 <^ 3"2 + 4"2 < 5 » 2
n—>+oo
logs ( 3 « 2 + 4"'^) < logs 5"^ ^ logs (3°^ + 4 ° 2 ) < a 2 .
X n > 0,n (3)
Do do 03 = logs ( 3 " " + 4 " 2 ) = logs (3"^ + 4"^) < a j . Vay (1) diing k h i n = 0,
Ta CO ao < X Q , a i < x i , 03 < x j . Vay (3) diing k h i n = 0,1,2. Gia sil (2) diiiig n = 1, n = 2. Gia sOf (1) diing khi n = k,k+l,k + 2, tiic la
khi n = k,k + l,k + 2, tiic la
Ofc+l < aA:,afc+2 < aA:+l,aA;+3 < afc+2.
Xk > afc,Xfe+i > aA;+i,Xfc+2 > afc+2-
Khi do
K h i do ^ , ^
afe+3 = s/ak+2 + Vaic < x/xfc+2 + V ^ f c = a^fc+s- afc+4 = logs ( 3 " * + ' + 4"'+') < logs ( 3 " * + 4"^+^) = a^+a '
afc+5 = logs (3"''+^ + 4"'^") < logs ( 3 " " + ' + 4'"=+3) = ak+4 '
Vay (3) diing vdi mpi n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . hay
afc+6 = logs ( 3 " " + ^ + 4"'=+5) < logs (3"*^+' + 4 " " + " ) = afc+5. ,;;
Xn > a„,Vn = 0 , 1 , . . .
Theo nguyen If quy nap suy ra (1) dung vdi moi so t i t nhien n . V | y day
Titdng t u t a chiing m i n h d U d c x„ < 6„, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . v a ^ h r n ^ 6„ = 4 . Vay
(^n) giam va bi cliftn dudi nen cd gidi han hOu han. D a t l i m a „ = a. T i t
«n+3 = logs (3«" + 4 " " + 2 ) , Vn e N , cho n +00 t a ditdc
a„ < x „ < 6„,Vn=: 0,1,2,... , l i m a „ = 4 , l i m 6„ = 4.
n—•+cx> n—++00
a = logs ( 3 " + 4 " ) <^ 5 " = 3 " + 4 " <^ a = 2.
Do do tht'o ngiiyen ly kep suy ra lim x „ = 4.
n—>+oo
B a i t o a n 193 (HSG Gia Lai nam 2010 - Bang A , de d i | bi). Cho day s6^ ^tf6ng hgrp 2. m i n {xo, x i , X 2 } < 2. Tudng t i t ta chiing m i n h dUdc day (a„)
{Xn) nhu sau: { ^ ^ ^ f i f ^ g ^ fy. + 4--^), Vn € N . ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ^ '"^"'^ ^ " " ^ ^"2/ va bi chan tren bdi so 2 va l i m a „ = 2. Vay day (a„) luon hoi t u va
1. n—>+oo
tfa cho CO gidi han hHu han va tim gidi han do. "-.ÔQo„ = 2. Tiep theo ta cluing m i n h ... - •
G i a i . Xet hai day so ( a „ ) v a (6„) n h u sau.

x„ > a „ . (2)
ao = a i = a2 = min { X Q , x i , X 2 } ; a „ + 3 = logs (3"" + 4 " " + ^ ) , Vn G N
282 283
Ta CO an < Xo, ni < xu a^ < X2- Vay (2) diiiig khi n = 0 , 1 , 2. Gia siif (2) dviug
khi n = k , k + l , k + 2, ti'rc la (16 0<x„ <4,VnGN. Ta c6
Ok < Xk,ak+i < Xk+i,ak+2 < Xk+2- x„+i - x„ = v ^ ( 2 - > 0,Vn G N.
guy ra x„+i > x „ , Vn G N . V?ly day ( x „ ) + ^ tang va bi ch^n tren nen hoi tu.
Khi do Tirdiig t u uhu cac bai toan tritdc t a cliihig minh dUdc lim x„ = 4. Hien
log5 (3°^ + 4""+=) < logs (3^* + 4'*+^) = Xfc+3.
«fc+3 =
iihien o„ > 0,Vn G N. Vi a,6 G (0;4) nen ao,ai < 4. Gia sii a„_i < 4 va
Theo nguyen li quy nap suy ra (2) dung v6i moi so t u nhien n, nghla la „,^<4.Khid6
Xn > a,i Vn € N . _ 2 ( a „ + a„_i) 2(v^-v/5^+ x/an-iV'^n-i)
Cn + l — ' ' •
Tirong tit t a cln'nig niiuh diruc x„ < b„, Vn G N va ^ l i m ^ = 2. V§,y ta c6 /a„ + â„-i
2 ( 2 ^ + 2ya;;zr)
< = 4.
" n < x„ < 6„, Vn G N; lini a„ = lim 6„ = 2.
V^y theo nguyen ly quy n^p suy ra a„ < 4, Vn G N. Tiep theo ta rhiJng minh
Theo nguyen li kep suy ra lim i „ = 2. x„ < min{a2„,a2„+i}. (1)
B a i t o a n 194. Cho day so (a;,,) ducfr xdr dinh hai: XQ, xi,X2 duang cho trade \ xa - niin {«, - min { O Q , a i } nOn (1) diing khi n = 0. Uia sii x„ < a2„ va
va JN < «jTt+i- Khi do theo bat dang thiic Bunhiacopski ta c6
x„+3 = \/x„+2 + x„, Vn 6 N.
Chiing uiing rkng day so hoi ta va tirn lim x„.
Du d(')
H U d n g d i n . Ta xay dyng hai day so (a„);^fj, {b„)^=i nhu sau:
f ap - inAx{xo,xuX2} . ( bp - min {XQ, x i , X 2 }
I a„+i = v / 2 ^ , V n G N ' I 6„+i = v ^ , Vn G N .
2 («2>.+i +a2„)
a2„+2 = = >
Day (a„),tri giani va lim a„ = 2. Day (6„)+ri tang va lim 6„ = 2. Nhd

= vâ2n+i + ^ + Vî = 2\/x^ = x„+i.
do bang quy nap theo n ta chuTng minh dvtdc: Tuoug tu
b„ < min{x3„,X3„+i,X3„+2} < max{x3„,X3„+i,X3„+2} < a „ , V n G N.
"'•^"+3 > \ / a 2 n + 2 + vâ2„+i > 1+ > + v/x^ = 2v/x;^ = x„+i.
Tit do dan den
do a : „ + i < rain { a 2 „ + 2 , « 2 n + 3 } . Theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra • '
lim X3„ = lim X3„+i = lim X3„+2 = 2 => lim x„ = 2.
f
n—>+oo n—+00 n—>+oo n—'+00 x„ < min {a2„,a2„+i}, Vn G N.
B a i t o a n 195. Cho hai so thuc a,b thuQc khoang (0;4). Day so (a„) x^c x„ < < 4,Vn e N va x„ < uan+i < 4,Vn G N m a lim x„ = 4 nen
ao = a, oi = 6
Tim lim a„.
n->+oo
w„ c N
„ , - ^ (""+1 +
"11+2— _ t l-q. n—+00 n-l?Lo2„ = 4, lim 02,1+1 = 4. Do do lim a„ = 4.
= -'J^'lU = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
n—+00 n—+oo
Giai. Xet day s 6 ( x j - nhu sau: { th^^ toan 196 (De iighi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2004). Cho day so (u„) xdc
f _ 1 _ 1
x„ > 0, Vn G N. Bang phuung phap quy nap ta de dang chiing minh diicfc '^''^'^ nhu sua: I " " ~ 3 ' " ^ - 2 „ nm lim u„.
x„ < 4,Vn G N. Un+2 = + " v ^ . V n G N.
284
Ta CO an < Xo, ni < xu a^ < X2- Vay (2) diiiig khi n = 0 , 1 , 2. Gia siif (2) dviug
khi n = k , k + l , k + 2, ti'rc la (16 0<x„ <4,VnGN. Ta c6
Ok < Xk,ak+i < Xk+i,ak+2 < Xk+2- x„+i - x„ = v ^ ( 2 - > 0,Vn G N.
guy ra x„+i > x „ , Vn G N . V?ly day ( x „ ) + ^ tang va bi ch^n tren nen hoi tu.
Khi do Tirdiig t u uhu cac bai toan tritdc t a cliihig minh dUdc lim x„ = 4. Hien
log5 (3°^ + 4""+=) < logs (3^* + 4'*+^) = Xfc+3.
«fc+3 =
iihien o„ > 0,Vn G N. Vi a,6 G (0;4) nen ao,ai < 4. Gia sii a„_i < 4 va
Theo nguyen li quy nap suy ra (2) dung v6i moi so t u nhien n, nghla la „,^<4.Khid6
Xn > a,i Vn € N . _ 2 ( a „ + a„_i) 2(v^-v/5^+ x/an-iV'^n-i)
Cn + l — ' ' •
Tirong tit t a cln'nig niiuh diruc x„ < b„, Vn G N va ^ l i m ^ = 2. V§,y ta c6 /a„ + â„-i
2 ( 2 ^ + 2ya;;zr)
< = 4.
" n < x„ < 6„, Vn G N; lini a„ = lim 6„ = 2.
V^y theo nguyen ly quy n^p suy ra a„ < 4, Vn G N. Tiep theo ta rhiJng minh
Theo nguyen li kep suy ra lim i „ = 2. x„ < min{a2„,a2„+i}. (1)
B a i t o a n 194. Cho day so (a;,,) ducfr xdr dinh hai: XQ, xi,X2 duang cho trade \ xa - niin {«, - min { O Q , a i } nOn (1) diing khi n = 0. Uia sii x„ < a2„ va
va JN < «jTt+i- Khi do theo bat dang thiic Bunhiacopski ta c6
x„+3 = \/x„+2 + x„, Vn 6 N.
Chiing uiing rkng day so hoi ta va tirn lim x„.
Du d(')
H U d n g d i n . Ta xay dyng hai day so (a„);^fj, {b„)^=i nhu sau:
f ap - inAx{xo,xuX2} . ( bp - min {XQ, x i , X 2 }
I a„+i = v / 2 ^ , V n G N ' I 6„+i = v ^ , Vn G N .
2 («2>.+i +a2„)
a2„+2 = = >
Day (a„),tri giani va lim a„ = 2. Day (6„)+ri tang va lim 6„ = 2. Nhd

= vâ2n+i + ^ + Vî = 2\/x^ = x„+i.
do bang quy nap theo n ta chuTng minh dvtdc: Tuoug tu
b„ < min{x3„,X3„+i,X3„+2} < max{x3„,X3„+i,X3„+2} < a „ , V n G N.
"'•^"+3 > \ / a 2 n + 2 + vâ2„+i > 1+ > + v/x^ = 2v/x;^ = x„+i.
Tit do dan den
do a : „ + i < rain { a 2 „ + 2 , « 2 n + 3 } . Theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra • '
lim X3„ = lim X3„+i = lim X3„+2 = 2 => lim x„ = 2.
f
n—>+oo n—+00 n—>+oo n—'+00 x„ < min {a2„,a2„+i}, Vn G N.
B a i t o a n 195. Cho hai so thuc a,b thuQc khoang (0;4). Day so (a„) x^c x„ < < 4,Vn e N va x„ < uan+i < 4,Vn G N m a lim x„ = 4 nen
ao = a, oi = 6
Tim lim a„.
n->+oo
w„ c N
„ , - ^ (""+1 +
"11+2— _ t l-q. n—+00 n-l?Lo2„ = 4, lim 02,1+1 = 4. Do do lim a„ = 4.
= -'J^'lU = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
n—+00 n—+oo
Giai. Xet day s 6 ( x j - nhu sau: { th^^ toan 196 (De iighi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2004). Cho day so (u„) xdc
f _ 1 _ 1
x„ > 0, Vn G N. Bang phuung phap quy nap ta de dang chiing minh diicfc '^''^'^ nhu sua: I " " ~ 3 ' " ^ - 2 „ nm lim u„.
x„ < 4,Vn G N. Un+2 = + " v ^ . V n G N.
284
ia Sli On ^ " " + 1 "n+l - <^»+2-
Cach 1 . Xet day so (i^„);t^ vdi t;o = min i - , - I = - , 1 2 3 ^ 1 2 3 ^

a„+2 = Tfln+l + 7 V « n < T a n + 2 + T V ^ ^ n + l = an+3-
1 3 V^y theo nguyen ly quy n?ip suy ra a„ < a„+i,Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Vay day (a„)
Vn+i = ^vl + -^{n€N). • (1)
*8n(rvabi chan tren nen hpi tu. Tudng tvfnha each 1 ta CO dUdc lim a„ = 1.
Bang qny nap ta chxtng minh (htac 0 < t;„ < 1, Vn = 0,1,2,... (2]
TitcJiig tit nlnt tren ta cung cln'mg minh dupe lim 6„ = 1. Ta cluing minh
1 3 '
Dat /(i) = -x'^ + -^/x. Khi do Vn+i = f{vn),Vn e N va f{x) la ham tang
" n < bn,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
tren khoang (0; +oo). Ta c6 = ^.^ + ^ > ^ = VQ. DO do t\t f{x) la ham
Ta CO ui < bi va UQ < 6o. Gia suf u„ < 6„ va u„+i < 6„+i. Khi do
tang tren (0; +oo) va sii dung phitUng phap quy nap ta chiing niinh dUdc day
{vn)n=o 1^ day so tang. Ket h^p vdi (2) suy ra day so {vn)t=o hoi t u . Dat
lim i'„ = a. Suy ra - < a < 1. Tif (1) cho n —» +oo ta dilcJc:
n—.+00 3 V^y theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra u„ < 6„, Vn = 0,1,2,... Tudng tU ta cluing
minh dUpc a„ < u„, V/i = 0,1,2,... Vay tit a„ < Un < 6„, Vri = 0,1, 2,... va
a = <F> - 4 a + 3v/a = O-t* s/a - 4v/a + 3^ = 0 lim 6„ = 1 = lim a,, sii dung nguyen ly k?p suy ra lim u„ = 1.
n—+00 II—+30 n-»+oo
Ov/^(v^-l) (v^+v/^-3)=o«v/Se |o,i.~^^^^|- Bai toan 197. Cho a, b la hai so th\Cc thuQC khodng (0; 1). Day so { x „ ) dviac
xdc dinh nhu sau:
(
Ma ^- < a < 1 non < v/" < 1- Do do ta chi thpn = 1 a = 1. Bang
x i = a, x^ = t ^^^^
qviy nap ta cfuig cln'nig niinh (hroc: 0 < u„ < 1, Vri = 0,1, 2 , . . . va
Vn < n n n { u 2 n , U 2 n + i } , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
""^^^20io"-' + iT5^'^" = ''2'-"
Chitng minh day so ( x „ ) c6 gidi ban hiiu han va tlm gidi han do.
Vav r „ < 112,1 < l . V n = 1,2,... va D„ < ii2n+i < l,^n = 1,2,... Do do tiTt
lim i'„ = 1 va sit dung nguyen ly k(?p ta suy ra Dap so. lim x„ = 1.
II—+CX1
II — + 0O
lim U2n = 1, lim U2ri+1 = 1-
«—> + 3 0 II—.+00 Bai toan 198 (Do nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2002). Tinh gidi han cua day
^° (un) xdc dinh bdi:
Vav lim u„ = 1.
n—• + 0O ( ui< 2,U2 < 2
Cach 2. Xet hai day so (a„), (6„) nhu sau:
1 1 3
«i) = "1 = ^, a„+2 = -âl+i + -^\/a7i (n = 0,1,...)
I u„+2 = g K + i + 2 " " ) , V n = 1,2,...
Xet hai day (a„), (6„) nhusau: aj = m a x { u i , U 2 , l } , 6 i = min { u i , U2,1},
^. = ''1 = ^. = hl^, + ^ v / ^ (n = 0 , 1 , . . . ) .
Bang (juy nap ta cung chi'mg minh diroc: 0 < a„ < l , V n = 0,1,2,..- ^' a„+, = ^ ( a „ + 2 ' ' " ) , 6 „ + i = i ( 6 „ + 2''") ( n = l , 2 , . . . ) .
clu'tng minh day (a,,) tang. Ta c6
dang chving minh duoc 1 < a„ < 2, Vn = 1,2,... (diing quy n^p). Ta c6
ao<aua2 = - + -^->a,. ' S 1 < ai < 2. Xet ham so /(x) = 2^-2x,Vx e R. Khi d6/'{x) = 2 M n 2 - 2 .
287
ia Sli On ^ " " + 1 "n+l - <^»+2-
Cach 1 . Xet day so (i^„);t^ vdi t;o = min i - , - I = - , 1 2 3 ^ 1 2 3 ^

a„+2 = Tfln+l + 7 V « n < T a n + 2 + T V ^ ^ n + l = an+3-
1 3 V^y theo nguyen ly quy n?ip suy ra a„ < a„+i,Vn = 0 , 1 , . . . Vay day (a„)
Vn+i = ^vl + -^{n€N). • (1)
*8n(rvabi chan tren nen hpi tu. Tudng tvfnha each 1 ta CO dUdc lim a„ = 1.
Bang qny nap ta chxtng minh (htac 0 < t;„ < 1, Vn = 0,1,2,... (2]
TitcJiig tit nlnt tren ta cung cln'mg minh dupe lim 6„ = 1. Ta cluing minh
1 3 '
Dat /(i) = -x'^ + -^/x. Khi do Vn+i = f{vn),Vn e N va f{x) la ham tang
" n < bn,Vn = 0 , l , 2 , . . .
tren khoang (0; +oo). Ta c6 = ^.^ + ^ > ^ = VQ. DO do t\t f{x) la ham
Ta CO ui < bi va UQ < 6o. Gia suf u„ < 6„ va u„+i < 6„+i. Khi do
tang tren (0; +oo) va sii dung phitUng phap quy nap ta chiing niinh dUdc day
{vn)n=o 1^ day so tang. Ket h^p vdi (2) suy ra day so {vn)t=o hoi t u . Dat
lim i'„ = a. Suy ra - < a < 1. Tif (1) cho n —» +oo ta dilcJc:
n—.+00 3 V^y theo nguyen ly quy nap suy ra u„ < 6„, Vn = 0,1,2,... Tudng tU ta cluing
minh dUpc a„ < u„, V/i = 0,1,2,... Vay tit a„ < Un < 6„, Vri = 0,1, 2,... va
a = <F> - 4 a + 3v/a = O-t* s/a - 4v/a + 3^ = 0 lim 6„ = 1 = lim a,, sii dung nguyen ly k?p suy ra lim u„ = 1.
n—+00 II—+30 n-»+oo
Ov/^(v^-l) (v^+v/^-3)=o«v/Se |o,i.~^^^^|- Bai toan 197. Cho a, b la hai so th\Cc thuQC khodng (0; 1). Day so { x „ ) dviac
xdc dinh nhu sau:
(
Ma ^- < a < 1 non < v/" < 1- Do do ta chi thpn = 1 a = 1. Bang
x i = a, x^ = t ^^^^
qviy nap ta cfuig cln'nig niinh (hroc: 0 < u„ < 1, Vri = 0,1, 2 , . . . va
Vn < n n n { u 2 n , U 2 n + i } , V n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
""^^^20io"-' + iT5^'^" = ''2'-"
Chitng minh day so ( x „ ) c6 gidi ban hiiu han va tlm gidi han do.
Vav r „ < 112,1 < l . V n = 1,2,... va D„ < ii2n+i < l,^n = 1,2,... Do do tiTt
lim i'„ = 1 va sit dung nguyen ly k(?p ta suy ra Dap so. lim x„ = 1.
II—+CX1
II — + 0O
lim U2n = 1, lim U2ri+1 = 1-
«—> + 3 0 II—.+00 Bai toan 198 (Do nghi thi OLYMPIC 30/04/2002). Tinh gidi han cua day
^° (un) xdc dinh bdi:
Vav lim u„ = 1.
n—• + 0O ( ui< 2,U2 < 2
Cach 2. Xet hai day so (a„), (6„) nhu sau:
1 1 3
«i) = "1 = ^, a„+2 = -âl+i + -^\/a7i (n = 0,1,...)
I u„+2 = g K + i + 2 " " ) , V n = 1,2,...
Xet hai day (a„), (6„) nhusau: aj = m a x { u i , U 2 , l } , 6 i = min { u i , U2,1},
^. = ''1 = ^. = hl^, + ^ v / ^ (n = 0 , 1 , . . . ) .
Bang (juy nap ta cung chi'mg minh diroc: 0 < a„ < l , V n = 0,1,2,..- ^' a„+, = ^ ( a „ + 2 ' ' " ) , 6 „ + i = i ( 6 „ + 2''") ( n = l , 2 , . . . ) .
clu'tng minh day (a,,) tang. Ta c6
dang chving minh duoc 1 < a„ < 2, Vn = 1,2,... (diing quy n^p). Ta c6
ao<aua2 = - + -^->a,. ' S 1 < ai < 2. Xet ham so /(x) = 2^-2x,Vx e R. Khi d6/'{x) = 2 M n 2 - 2 .
287
<^{x- \/3^ {x^ + V 3 x + = 0 X = \/3.
f>{x) = 0 <^ 2 ' = X -oc ] l + log_,(log,e) 2 -H3c>
ln2j
^ 2^-1 =
1 f(x) — - 0 + + p o d o a = \/3- T a se c h i i n g m i n h b a n g q u y n a p r k n g
ln2
f(x)
4^X=\Ar loga (log2 e). X2n > a;27i+2,Vn = 0,1,2,...
S u y r a 2-^ < 2 x , V i € [ l ; 2 l . Taco „ •

. ..••••fe,.t,
2^ > 2-r, V J : € ( - o o ; 1] U [ 2 ; + o o ) .
2 v/3 2 , v/3 4 + 3v/3 ,
1 doai€[l;2] J ^ , , X2 = 1 9" = 7= H Z~T = 7= < 1 = Xn.
D o <16 t a t 6 a i = - ( a i + 2 " ' ) < - ( a i + 2 a i ) = a j . G i a sU a „ < a „ _ , . XI x? 2+\/3 (2+v/3) 7 + 4v/3
K h i do
G i a sii k h a n g d i n h d u n g v d i m p i n t i i 1 d e n k. T a se c h i i n g m i n h r k n g
a „ + i = ^ ( a „ + 2 " " ) < \i + 2 " " •) - ^ n - X2k+2 > X2k+4- T h a t v^y, t a c 6 :
T h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p s u y r a a „ + i < a „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . V ^ y d a y ( a „ ) g i a n i va
2 \/3 2 v/3
b i c l i a n d u 6 i u c nh o i t u . D a t h i n a „ = a, k h i d o t i r 1 < a „ < 2, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
n—•+00
s u y r a 1 < a < 2. T i t a „ + i = ^ (a„ + 2"") ( n = 1,2,...) cho n - » +oo ta 2 73 2 v/3

=>J^2*,+2 = + 2 > ~2 = X2k+i-
(hrrtc a = - ( a + 2*^) h a y 2^ - 2a = 0. D u a t h e o b a n g b i e n t h i e n t a c6
3
X2k+l IjA+l ^'2^+3 X2fc+3
2" - 2 a = 0<t4>a6 { 1 ; 2 } .
Vay k h a n g d j n h d u n g v d i n = A; + 1. D o d o t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n9,p s u y r a :
Vi ai > a2 > > a„ > a„+i > • • • > 1 nen a = hm a „ < o i < 2. D o dc
n-«+(X) 1 = Xo > X2 > X4 > •••> X2„ > X2„+2 > • • • > 0. (1)
c h g n a—\. \%y hm a „ = 1. T u u n g t U t a c h i i n g n i i n h dUdc:
n—•+0O
Tii l i m Xn = v/3 S U V r a h m X 2 „ = v/3, d i e u n a y m a u t h u a n v d i ( 1 ) . V a y
(lay SO d a c h o k h o n g h o i l u .
61 < 6 2 < • • • < 6 „ < 6 „ + i < • • • < ! , h m 6 „ = 1.
B a i t o a n 2 0 0 . Cho { x „ } la day so gidm, x „ > 0 , V n e N * v d l i m x „ = 0.
n—+00
n—'+00
Xct day so (5„),"^rj nhu sau: ^
C u n g b k n g p h u d n g phap q u y n a p t a chiing m i n h dudc: II
•5n = x,,Vn= 1,2,...

hn < U2n < an, b„ +oo n—>+oo n—>+oo
2 v^3
B a i t o a n 1 9 9 . Cho day so (a;„) nhu sau: XQ = 1, x „ + i = 1—^ ( n £ N ) '
x„ x4 , G i a i . D a y so { 5 2 „ } + f ^ l a d a y so t a n g v i v d i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . t a c 6 : , \\
//di A,7ii n —> -roo (/iz day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han khong. ^ -î^-
•k S2n-v2 - S-m = x'2,,+1 - X2„4.2 > 0 (do day ( x „ ) giam). ' '
G i a i . G i a s i i tt o n t i ^ i g i d i h a n h C u h a n h m Xn = a. K h i d o o l a n g h i ^ m cua
n—>+oo l a CO • , , „ •
phuong trhih:
27J+1
^2'. < 52n+i = ^ ( - 1 ) * + ' Xk = X i - ( X 2 - Xa) ( X 2 „ - X2„+l) < Xj.
X x^
288
<^{x- \/3^ {x^ + V 3 x + = 0 X = \/3.
f>{x) = 0 <^ 2 ' = X -oc ] l + log_,(log,e) 2 -H3c>
ln2j
^ 2^-1 =
1 f(x) — - 0 + + p o d o a = \/3- T a se c h i i n g m i n h b a n g q u y n a p r k n g
ln2
f(x)
4^X=\Ar loga (log2 e). X2n > a;27i+2,Vn = 0,1,2,...
S u y r a 2-^ < 2 x , V i € [ l ; 2 l . Taco „ •

. ..••••fe,.t,
2^ > 2-r, V J : € ( - o o ; 1] U [ 2 ; + o o ) .
2 v/3 2 , v/3 4 + 3v/3 ,
1 doai€[l;2] J ^ , , X2 = 1 9" = 7= H Z~T = 7= < 1 = Xn.
D o <16 t a t 6 a i = - ( a i + 2 " ' ) < - ( a i + 2 a i ) = a j . G i a sU a „ < a „ _ , . XI x? 2+\/3 (2+v/3) 7 + 4v/3
K h i do
G i a sii k h a n g d i n h d u n g v d i m p i n t i i 1 d e n k. T a se c h i i n g m i n h r k n g
a „ + i = ^ ( a „ + 2 " " ) < \i + 2 " " •) - ^ n - X2k+2 > X2k+4- T h a t v^y, t a c 6 :
T h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p s u y r a a „ + i < a „ , V n = 1 , 2 , . . . V ^ y d a y ( a „ ) g i a n i va
2 \/3 2 v/3
b i c l i a n d u 6 i u c nh o i t u . D a t h i n a „ = a, k h i d o t i r 1 < a „ < 2, V n = 1 , 2 , . . .
n—•+00
s u y r a 1 < a < 2. T i t a „ + i = ^ (a„ + 2"") ( n = 1,2,...) cho n - » +oo ta 2 73 2 v/3

=>J^2*,+2 = + 2 > ~2 = X2k+i-
(hrrtc a = - ( a + 2*^) h a y 2^ - 2a = 0. D u a t h e o b a n g b i e n t h i e n t a c6
3
X2k+l IjA+l ^'2^+3 X2fc+3
2" - 2 a = 0<t4>a6 { 1 ; 2 } .
Vay k h a n g d j n h d u n g v d i n = A; + 1. D o d o t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n9,p s u y r a :
Vi ai > a2 > > a„ > a„+i > • • • > 1 nen a = hm a „ < o i < 2. D o dc
n-«+(X) 1 = Xo > X2 > X4 > •••> X2„ > X2„+2 > • • • > 0. (1)
c h g n a—\. \%y hm a „ = 1. T u u n g t U t a c h i i n g n i i n h dUdc:
n—•+0O
Tii l i m Xn = v/3 S U V r a h m X 2 „ = v/3, d i e u n a y m a u t h u a n v d i ( 1 ) . V a y
(lay SO d a c h o k h o n g h o i l u .
61 < 6 2 < • • • < 6 „ < 6 „ + i < • • • < ! , h m 6 „ = 1.
B a i t o a n 2 0 0 . Cho { x „ } la day so gidm, x „ > 0 , V n e N * v d l i m x „ = 0.
n—+00
n—'+00
Xct day so (5„),"^rj nhu sau: ^
C u n g b k n g p h u d n g phap q u y n a p t a chiing m i n h dudc: II
•5n = x,,Vn= 1,2,...

hn < U2n < an, b„ +oo n—>+oo n—>+oo
2 v^3
B a i t o a n 1 9 9 . Cho day so (a;„) nhu sau: XQ = 1, x „ + i = 1—^ ( n £ N ) '
x„ x4 , G i a i . D a y so { 5 2 „ } + f ^ l a d a y so t a n g v i v d i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . t a c 6 : , \\
//di A,7ii n —> -roo (/iz day so da cho c6 gidi han hHu han khong. ^ -î^-
•k S2n-v2 - S-m = x'2,,+1 - X2„4.2 > 0 (do day ( x „ ) giam). ' '
G i a i . G i a s i i tt o n t i ^ i g i d i h a n h C u h a n h m Xn = a. K h i d o o l a n g h i ^ m cua
n—>+oo l a CO • , , „ •
phuong trhih:
27J+1
^2'. < 52n+i = ^ ( - 1 ) * + ' Xk = X i - ( X 2 - Xa) ( X 2 „ - X2„+l) < Xj.
X x^
288
Vay d a y {S2n}n=i ^5 ^ 1 ' ^ " ^''^^ ''^'^ f i r d u g ti.f t a clu'rug m i u h ditcJc y = f{x). V a y t a c6 h e
l i m S2„+i = l i m iS2n + X2n+i) = l i m 52„ + l i m X2„+i = l i m 52„.

„^+oo n^+oo n-^+co n-.+oo n^+oo
D o do day so {5„}+ri h o i t u . 1 2/ = fix)

4=> ''[27, (2)
y = logjL X
Chu y 2 7 . Tt/c/nif ta thu duoc kit qua sau: Cho { x „ } ; ^ ^ i Id day s6 gidrn
vd Xn > 0, V n e N * vd l i m x „ = 0. Xet day s6 {Sn)'^=i nhu sau:
n—»+oo Ham so 5(2^) = l o g i X l a h a m ngiroc c i i a h a m / ( x ) = ( ^ j (ca h a i h a m
n
5 „ = 5]l(-l)'=Xfe,Vn= 1,2,... s6 fix) v a 5 ( x ) c i m g u g h i c h b i e u t r e n k h o a n g (0; + 0 0 ) ) , d o d o d o t h i c i i a
fc=i hai h a m n a y d o i x i i n g n h a u q u a d i r d n g p h a n giac c u a goc p h a n t u ' t h i i ; n h a t
y = x. Bdi v a y ( x , y) l a n g h i e m c i i a (2) k h i v a c h i k h i x = y, n g h i a l a
Khi do day so {Sn]tî hoi tu.
y = X
Bai t o a n 2 0 1 . Cho day so {xnj^.Z (2)^ ^x = y = - .
X =
[27)
( 1 Y'^
x i = 0, x „ + i = — ,Vn=l,2,... Taco
hm X2„-i = l i m X 2 „ = ^ => l i m x „ = - .
Chifng rninh rdng day so dd cho c6 gidi han hiiu han vd tlm gidi han do.
3 3
( 1 LiAi y . H o (2) c o n dirdc g i a i n h u sa>i: D f i ( x ; y) l a n g h i e m cvia h e t h i x > 0

va y>0. K h o n g m a t t i u h t6ng q u a t , g i a s i i 2/ > x . D a t y = tx, k h i d o i > 1.
G i a i . D e t l i a y x „ > 0 , V n e N * . X e t h a m so / ( x ) = j , V x > 0. K h i do Thay vao ( a ) d u o c
= / ( a : „ ) , V n = 1,2,... ^, tx
1 1
= a^, vdi a = , 0 < a < — ( d o i > 1).
H a m / u g h i c h b i e u t r e u [0; + o o ) , d o d o / ( x ) < /(O) = l , V x e [0; +cx)). V a y 27 y ' - 27
0 < x „ < l , V n = 1,2,... (1)
Tren (0; + 0 0 ) , x e t h a i h a m so / i ( x ) - x , / 2 ( x ) = a^. D e t h a y h a m / i d o n g
Ta C O ^ hiea TOu h a m / 2 u g h i c h b i e n , d o d o (c) c6 k h o n g q u a m o t n g h i e m . Thay
X i = 0, X 2 = 1, X 3 = — X I < X3. ^ = - vao (1) d u d c
V i / u g h i c h b i 6 u u e u X4 = / ( X 3 ) < / ( x i ) = X 2 . G i a s i i X 2 „ - i < x 2 „ + i , k h i do,

/
vi / ughich bien neu fl\^V 1 / 1 \
V27; ^ 5 " (0 ^ < = 1 ^ J o h{t) = Q j Iighich b i l u
/(a'2u-l) > !{X2n+\) ^2n > X2n+2 f{X2n) < f{X2n+2) =^ X2n+l < X2n+3'
Vay t h e o u g u y e n l y q u y n a p t o a n h o c suy r a day so {x2n-i}t=i "^'^y ô ^.aiig

'^^ do ( x ; ^) = 0 l a n g h i ? m d u y n h a t c i i a h§.
T u d n g t i r t a c l u i n g m i n h difdc d a y so {x2„},tri l a day so g i a m . D o d o ket lu.'l'
vdi (1) s u y r a d a y so { x 2 „ - i } ; ^ ^ i v a {x2„},tri h o i t u (c6 gi6i h a n l i Q u h a n )
t o a n 2 0 2 . Cho day s6 { x „ } + f j nhu sau:
DhX, l i m X 2 „ - i = y, l i m X 2 „ = x. K h i d o t h e o (1) s u y r a 0 < x , y < 1 v a
n—•+00 n-»+oo
vi /(x) lien tuc uen xi = 0, x „ + i = ,Vn= 1,2,...
x = lim X2„= l i m f{x2n-i)=f{ h m X2n-i] = fiv)-

'^^S mtn/i Tdng ddy so dd cho cd gidi han hHu han vd tlm gidi han do.
n->+c)o ?i—+00 yn->+oo J
290 291
Vay d a y {S2n}n=i ^5 ^ 1 ' ^ " ^''^^ ''^'^ f i r d u g ti.f t a clu'rug m i u h ditcJc y = f{x). V a y t a c6 h e
l i m S2„+i = l i m iS2n + X2n+i) = l i m 52„ + l i m X2„+i = l i m 52„.

„^+oo n^+oo n-^+co n-.+oo n^+oo
D o do day so {5„}+ri h o i t u . 1 2/ = fix)

4=> ''[27, (2)
y = logjL X
Chu y 2 7 . Tt/c/nif ta thu duoc kit qua sau: Cho { x „ } ; ^ ^ i Id day s6 gidrn
vd Xn > 0, V n e N * vd l i m x „ = 0. Xet day s6 {Sn)'^=i nhu sau:
n—»+oo Ham so 5(2^) = l o g i X l a h a m ngiroc c i i a h a m / ( x ) = ( ^ j (ca h a i h a m
n
5 „ = 5]l(-l)'=Xfe,Vn= 1,2,... s6 fix) v a 5 ( x ) c i m g u g h i c h b i e u t r e n k h o a n g (0; + 0 0 ) ) , d o d o d o t h i c i i a
fc=i hai h a m n a y d o i x i i n g n h a u q u a d i r d n g p h a n giac c u a goc p h a n t u ' t h i i ; n h a t
y = x. Bdi v a y ( x , y) l a n g h i e m c i i a (2) k h i v a c h i k h i x = y, n g h i a l a
Khi do day so {Sn]tî hoi tu.
y = X
Bai t o a n 2 0 1 . Cho day so {xnj^.Z (2)^ ^x = y = - .
X =
[27)
( 1 Y'^
x i = 0, x „ + i = — ,Vn=l,2,... Taco
hm X2„-i = l i m X 2 „ = ^ => l i m x „ = - .
Chifng rninh rdng day so dd cho c6 gidi han hiiu han vd tlm gidi han do.
3 3
( 1 LiAi y . H o (2) c o n dirdc g i a i n h u sa>i: D f i ( x ; y) l a n g h i e m cvia h e t h i x > 0

va y>0. K h o n g m a t t i u h t6ng q u a t , g i a s i i 2/ > x . D a t y = tx, k h i d o i > 1.
G i a i . D e t l i a y x „ > 0 , V n e N * . X e t h a m so / ( x ) = j , V x > 0. K h i do Thay vao ( a ) d u o c
= / ( a : „ ) , V n = 1,2,... ^, tx
1 1
= a^, vdi a = , 0 < a < — ( d o i > 1).
H a m / u g h i c h b i e u t r e u [0; + o o ) , d o d o / ( x ) < /(O) = l , V x e [0; +cx)). V a y 27 y ' - 27
0 < x „ < l , V n = 1,2,... (1)
Tren (0; + 0 0 ) , x e t h a i h a m so / i ( x ) - x , / 2 ( x ) = a^. D e t h a y h a m / i d o n g
Ta C O ^ hiea TOu h a m / 2 u g h i c h b i e n , d o d o (c) c6 k h o n g q u a m o t n g h i e m . Thay
X i = 0, X 2 = 1, X 3 = — X I < X3. ^ = - vao (1) d u d c
V i / u g h i c h b i 6 u u e u X4 = / ( X 3 ) < / ( x i ) = X 2 . G i a s i i X 2 „ - i < x 2 „ + i , k h i do,

/
vi / ughich bien neu fl\^V 1 / 1 \
V27; ^ 5 " (0 ^ < = 1 ^ J o h{t) = Q j Iighich b i l u
/(a'2u-l) > !{X2n+\) ^2n > X2n+2 f{X2n) < f{X2n+2) =^ X2n+l < X2n+3'
Vay t h e o u g u y e n l y q u y n a p t o a n h o c suy r a day so {x2n-i}t=i "^'^y ô ^.aiig

'^^ do ( x ; ^) = 0 l a n g h i ? m d u y n h a t c i i a h§.
T u d n g t i r t a c l u i n g m i n h difdc d a y so {x2„},tri l a day so g i a m . D o d o ket lu.'l'
vdi (1) s u y r a d a y so { x 2 „ - i } ; ^ ^ i v a {x2„},tri h o i t u (c6 gi6i h a n l i Q u h a n )
t o a n 2 0 2 . Cho day s6 { x „ } + f j nhu sau:
DhX, l i m X 2 „ - i = y, l i m X 2 „ = x. K h i d o t h e o (1) s u y r a 0 < x , y < 1 v a
n—•+00 n-»+oo
vi /(x) lien tuc uen xi = 0, x „ + i = ,Vn= 1,2,...
x = lim X2„= l i m f{x2n-i)=f{ h m X2n-i] = fiv)-

'^^S mtn/i Tdng ddy so dd cho cd gidi han hHu han vd tlm gidi han do.
n->+c)o ?i—+00 yn->+oo J
290 291
H U d i i g d a n . T i t o i i g t i t hai toan 2 0 1
l,Ôn hcji t u . D a t ^ ^ h i r i ^ x , , , = a vh Jhn^X2n+i = b. DO d n h i g m i n i . claA' s6
B a i t o a n 2 0 3 ( D e t h i H S G q n o c gia, n i n i hoc 1999-2000, b a n g B ) . Cho s6
J h o i t t i ta.se c h i i n g m i n h a = b. V i (i) nen 0 < « < ^ va 0 < ^ < Vi
tItUr (• > 2. Day ,so { x „ } , n = 0,1,2, diMc ray (hmg the.o each sau:
j(j-) la h a m .sc') l i e n ti.ic t r e n [0: ^/^ n e n t a c6:
= s/c, Xn+i = \UrWc + xî (n = 0,1,2,...)
nni cdc hicu tht'tc dudi can la kh6ng,am. Chiing niinh r&ng day { x „ } duoc xdc
dnih viii irioi iiid Ui 7t. vd ton tai gidi han hHu han l i m x „ khi n —> + o o
n—•+00 = ^ {jl'l'. ^(^^")) = / - 2 „ ) ) = / (/(a)). (1)
G i a i . D(' ( l u h i g n i i n l i d a y { J - „ } dUdc xac d i n h v d i m o i g i a t r i n t a chuiig

Tiroiig ti.r r a c l u i n g m i n l i d i M c b = f{f{b)). (2)'
i n i n h c > ^/c + x„, V n = 1, 2 , . . . D o c > 2 n e n
Xet h a m .sc^ ,j{x) = / ( / ( x ) ) - x t r e n [0; Jl]. T a c6
( ) < C + Xt) = c + y/c < 2c => s/c + xo < \f2c < c.

ffV) = /'(/(xj)/'(x)-l,Vxe f0;v^ (*)
Siiy l a r - v/f -i- X() > 0 . S u y r a x\c xac d i n h . G i a sit Xk (k > 1) duot
Taco
dUdc xac d i n h . K h i d o . h i e n n h i e n c6:
c-l- x / c T x
0 < j-;^. < ^/c < 0 < c + XI, <2c=> s/c + Xk < \/2c < c =^ c - ^Jc + Xk > 0.
16 (c v/^n^) (c + x) 1 6 ( c ^ - c - x ) (c + x ) -
S u y l a X i + i d\r(.lc xac chnh. Vay t h c o nguyc-n l y q i i y n a p sny r a x „ ditrtc x a r
d i n h vc3i men ; i = 1, 2 , . . . T i r ccmg t h i r c xac d i n h day ( x „ ) t a c6 Mil c + v/T+T < c + ^ < 2c, Vx e [0; ^ ] va:
16(r^ - c - x ) (c + x ) > l G ( r - x ) (c + x )
0<x„ < v^,V/i = 0 , l , 2 , . . . (i)
= lG(c^ - x^) > 16(c2 - c) > 1 6 r , V x e fO;
D o d u t a xc'n h a m sau: f(x) = y/c - \/F+^,Vx e [0; v^]. K h i do
Do do
Xn + i = / ( x „ ) , V n = 0,l,2,...
(**)
T a c'o fix) = = < 0,Vx e [0; v/?]. Vay'
a CC3 /(O) ^ ^(^^ ^ v ' c - v / 2 Z va d o / ( x ) nghjch b i l n , lien tuc
f{x) n g h i c h \mm turn [0; >/(•]. T a xct h a i d a y c o n ke u h a u c i i a d a y ( J „ ) v^rj n e n ta]) g i a t n c i i a h a m so / ( x ) t r e n d o a n [0; ^ la
{^•2n)tZ V a {X2n + l)t^.

T r i / c J n g h d p 1 : x^ < x-z. Suy r a J{XQ) > f(x2) hay xi > X3. S u y r a v/C - V ^ ; yjc-^c .
fi-i-l) < /(J-J) ^ J--2 < -iM =^ / ( j - 2 ) > 7(2:4) ^ X - i > X 5 . Ma

y^'^^c; ^c- V/E] C [0; v/J^ n e n t i r (*) va t i r (**) suy r a
G i a si't X2k < X'2k+'2- S u y r a f{x2k) > /(^2fc+2) l i a y X2k+i > X2k+i- D"
f{-i:2k+\) < J'{j'2kKi) l i a y -'•2A+2 < 2-2fc+4- Vay t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p suy 5'(2-) < 0 , V x e [0;v^].
day so ( j ' 2 u ) , t ^ ) Iiv day t a n g . Tifclng t\t t a c lui^ng m i n h dUrJc day .so (X271+1
la d a y so g i a m . S(6)l"'n ' f ' * ' ^ ^''^ (2) t a C O c,(fl) = 0
TrvTdng l i U p 2 : xn > x-j. T\r(:)ng t u n h i l t r u d n g hd}) 1, t a chi'mg m i n h t'^"'^ (3) S U V ''^ " " g l i i e i n c i i a p h u d n g t r i n h ^ ( x ) = 0. K e t h d p v d i
> l a a _ ^. V i i y l i m X2n = l i m x2„+i, d o d o d a y .so d a cho hen t u .
d a y so (x-2„),"|'^, l a d a y so g i i i m , con d a y so ( x 2 „ + i ) , " ^ ^ l a d a y so tang '^^j
hcjp v d i ( « ) suy r a t r o n g m o i t r i t d n g h d p h a i d a y so ( x 2 „ ) ^ ^ v a ( x 2 n + i ) ' i * ' '
292
293
H U d i i g d a n . T i t o i i g t i t hai toan 2 0 1
l,Ôn hcji t u . D a t ^ ^ h i r i ^ x , , , = a vh Jhn^X2n+i = b. DO d n h i g m i n i . claA' s6
B a i t o a n 2 0 3 ( D e t h i H S G q n o c gia, n i n i hoc 1999-2000, b a n g B ) . Cho s6
J h o i t t i ta.se c h i i n g m i n h a = b. V i (i) nen 0 < « < ^ va 0 < ^ < Vi
tItUr (• > 2. Day ,so { x „ } , n = 0,1,2, diMc ray (hmg the.o each sau:
j(j-) la h a m .sc') l i e n ti.ic t r e n [0: ^/^ n e n t a c6:
= s/c, Xn+i = \UrWc + xî (n = 0,1,2,...)
nni cdc hicu tht'tc dudi can la kh6ng,am. Chiing niinh r&ng day { x „ } duoc xdc
dnih viii irioi iiid Ui 7t. vd ton tai gidi han hHu han l i m x „ khi n —> + o o
n—•+00 = ^ {jl'l'. ^(^^")) = / - 2 „ ) ) = / (/(a)). (1)
G i a i . D(' ( l u h i g n i i n l i d a y { J - „ } dUdc xac d i n h v d i m o i g i a t r i n t a chuiig

Tiroiig ti.r r a c l u i n g m i n l i d i M c b = f{f{b)). (2)'
i n i n h c > ^/c + x„, V n = 1, 2 , . . . D o c > 2 n e n
Xet h a m .sc^ ,j{x) = / ( / ( x ) ) - x t r e n [0; Jl]. T a c6
( ) < C + Xt) = c + y/c < 2c => s/c + xo < \f2c < c.

ffV) = /'(/(xj)/'(x)-l,Vxe f0;v^ (*)
Siiy l a r - v/f -i- X() > 0 . S u y r a x\c xac d i n h . G i a sit Xk (k > 1) duot
Taco
dUdc xac d i n h . K h i d o . h i e n n h i e n c6:
c-l- x / c T x
0 < j-;^. < ^/c < 0 < c + XI, <2c=> s/c + Xk < \/2c < c =^ c - ^Jc + Xk > 0.
16 (c v/^n^) (c + x) 1 6 ( c ^ - c - x ) (c + x ) -
S u y l a X i + i d\r(.lc xac chnh. Vay t h c o nguyc-n l y q i i y n a p sny r a x „ ditrtc x a r
d i n h vc3i men ; i = 1, 2 , . . . T i r ccmg t h i r c xac d i n h day ( x „ ) t a c6 Mil c + v/T+T < c + ^ < 2c, Vx e [0; ^ ] va:
16(r^ - c - x ) (c + x ) > l G ( r - x ) (c + x )
0<x„ < v^,V/i = 0 , l , 2 , . . . (i)
= lG(c^ - x^) > 16(c2 - c) > 1 6 r , V x e fO;
D o d u t a xc'n h a m sau: f(x) = y/c - \/F+^,Vx e [0; v^]. K h i do
Do do
Xn + i = / ( x „ ) , V n = 0,l,2,...
(**)
T a c'o fix) = = < 0,Vx e [0; v/?]. Vay'
a CC3 /(O) ^ ^(^^ ^ v ' c - v / 2 Z va d o / ( x ) nghjch b i l n , lien tuc
f{x) n g h i c h \mm turn [0; >/(•]. T a xct h a i d a y c o n ke u h a u c i i a d a y ( J „ ) v^rj n e n ta]) g i a t n c i i a h a m so / ( x ) t r e n d o a n [0; ^ la
{^•2n)tZ V a {X2n + l)t^.

T r i / c J n g h d p 1 : x^ < x-z. Suy r a J{XQ) > f(x2) hay xi > X3. S u y r a v/C - V ^ ; yjc-^c .
fi-i-l) < /(J-J) ^ J--2 < -iM =^ / ( j - 2 ) > 7(2:4) ^ X - i > X 5 . Ma

y^'^^c; ^c- V/E] C [0; v/J^ n e n t i r (*) va t i r (**) suy r a
G i a si't X2k < X'2k+'2- S u y r a f{x2k) > /(^2fc+2) l i a y X2k+i > X2k+i- D"
f{-i:2k+\) < J'{j'2kKi) l i a y -'•2A+2 < 2-2fc+4- Vay t h e o n g u y e n l y q u y n a p suy 5'(2-) < 0 , V x e [0;v^].
day so ( j ' 2 u ) , t ^ ) Iiv day t a n g . Tifclng t\t t a c lui^ng m i n h dUrJc day .so (X271+1
la d a y so g i a m . S(6)l"'n ' f ' * ' ^ ^''^ (2) t a C O c,(fl) = 0
TrvTdng l i U p 2 : xn > x-j. T\r(:)ng t u n h i l t r u d n g hd}) 1, t a chi'mg m i n h t'^"'^ (3) S U V ''^ " " g l i i e i n c i i a p h u d n g t r i n h ^ ( x ) = 0. K e t h d p v d i
> l a a _ ^. V i i y l i m X2n = l i m x2„+i, d o d o d a y .so d a cho hen t u .
d a y so (x-2„),"|'^, l a d a y so g i i i m , con d a y so ( x 2 „ + i ) , " ^ ^ l a d a y so tang '^^j
hcjp v d i ( « ) suy r a t r o n g m o i t r i t d n g h d p h a i d a y so ( x 2 „ ) ^ ^ v a ( x 2 n + i ) ' i * ' '
292
293
B a i t o a n 2 0 4 ( D e t h i H S G q u o c g i a , n a m 2000, b a n g A ) . Cho c la so thicc
cho n - > + 0 0 - t-a. d i t d c
duang. Day so { x „ } , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , duoc xdy dUng Ihco each sau:
a = v c - v/c + a = c - \/c + a c + a = (c - a^)^
X n + \ Vc- \/c + x^ ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . )
.jzâ" - 2a^c + c 2 - a - c = 0
neu cdc bicu thtic dudi can Id khong dm. Tim tat CO, cdc gid tri cua c dc ua^
(a'' + + - cn^) - (a^ + + a - c a ) - (ca' ' + CO + c - c^) = 0
moi gin tri ban dan XQ € ( 0 ; c ) day { a ; „ } diMc xdc dinh vcti moi gid tri n VQ
ton tai gidi han hHu han l i m Xn khi n —> +oo. <t* (a^ + a + 1 ~ c) (a^ - a - c) = 0.
Tit 0 < " < v^. t a CO - « - c < 0, suy r a + o + 1 - c = 0.

G i a i . D i e u k i e n d e x a c d i n h xi v d i m o i g i a t r i b a n d a u X Q G (0; c) l a
G i a i e a c h k h a c . X e t h a m so / ( x ) = s/c - \ / c T x , V x e [0; T a CO
c > v / ^ ^ T ^ =^ c{c - 1) > xo =^ c(c - 1) > c c(c - 2) > 0"^"^° c>2.
. ( c - v/F+¥)' - 1
N g i t o c l a i , b a n g p h i l d n g p h a p q u y n a p t h e o n , t a se d n i n g m i n h r K n g vcji / (J^) = ^ / £ = , < 0, V x € 0;
2vc-v/c + x 4v^c + x \ / c - v/c + X
c > 2 t i l l Xn d U d c x a c d i n h v 6 i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . T h a t v§,y, d o X Q < c v a c > 2
neu T i t c > 2, t a ( d
C + X() < 2c =^ \/c + XQ < \/2c < C => C - \/c + XQ > 0.
S u y r a x i d i t d c x a c d i n h . G i a s i i Xfc (fc = 1 , 2 , . . . ) d a d U d c x a c d i n h . K h i do 1 C+ s/c+X
0 < Xk < s/c < c. V i t h e 16 (c - v/c + x ) (c + x ) ~ 16(c2 - c - x ) (c + x ) •
0 < c + Xfc < 2c ^ s/c + Xk < V2c <c^ c - \/cVx^ > 0.

M a c + y/c + x <c+ VcTyS < c + v/2^ < 2 c , V x e [0; va
S u y r a x^+i d U d c x a c d i n h . V a y t h e o n g i i y e n l i q u y n a p s u y r a Xn d i t d c xac
d i n h vfji m o i rt = 1, 2 , . . . V d i c > 2 t h i p h i t d n g t r i n h x ^ + x + 1 = c c6 ngliiein 16(c^ - c - x ) (c + x ) > 16(c - x ) (c + x )
d i t d i i g . G o i a l a i i g i i i e u i d u d i i g cvia p h a d i i g t r i n h x ^ + x + 1 = c, t i i c l a = 16(c2 - x 2 ) > 16(c2 - c) > 16c, V x € [O; .
+ a+l =c (a > 0 ) . Do d o
V d i m p i n = 1, 2 , . . . , t a CO
C - v/c + X n - Q}\ |a + 1 - y/c + Xn]

y/c - y/c+ x „ - a
- "I = \Jc- ^fc f x „ 4- a
Xet h a m so ^ ( x ) = / ( x ) - x t r e n [0; ^/c\. T a cd
( a + l ) 2 - c - x „ |x„ - a\„ - a 9'ix) = / ' ( x ) - 1 < 0, 5 ( 0 ) > 0, 5 ( v ^ ) < 0.

< a (a + 1 + sjc + x „ )
< + a+ asfc c - 1 + a-v'c'
Do d o p h i t d n g t r i n h / ( x ) = x c d n g h i e m d u y i i l i a t ae[0;^. Theo dinh ly
V i cf : = c - 1 + a-^c > 1 + a^/c > 1 n e n t i i Lagrange, v d i n d u I d n t o n t a i A;„ G ( x „ ; a) sao c h o
\x„ - a| < ^ k n - i -a\< Qj |x„_2 - a| < • • • <

|xo - a| fiXn) - f{a) = / ' ( f c „ ) ( x „ - tt).
l a d a y s6 x „ + j = / ( x „ ) t h o a m a n
suy r a l i m x „ = o, v d i a =
L i f u y . P l u t d i i g t r i n h x ^ + x + 1 = c dUdc t i m r a n h u s a u : G i a s i i l i m Xn 0 < |xn+i - A| < ^ |x„ - a| < • • • <
( v d i 0 < a < ^/c) k h i d o t i t

^«tJ6 lim x „ = a.
n-.+oo
Xn+i = A/C - \ / c + x ^ ( n = 0,1,2,...),
294
B a i t o a n 2 0 4 ( D e t h i H S G q u o c g i a , n a m 2000, b a n g A ) . Cho c la so thicc
cho n - > + 0 0 - t-a. d i t d c
duang. Day so { x „ } , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . , duoc xdy dUng Ihco each sau:
a = v c - v/c + a = c - \/c + a c + a = (c - a^)^
X n + \ Vc- \/c + x^ ( n = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . )
.jzâ" - 2a^c + c 2 - a - c = 0
neu cdc bicu thtic dudi can Id khong dm. Tim tat CO, cdc gid tri cua c dc ua^
(a'' + + - cn^) - (a^ + + a - c a ) - (ca' ' + CO + c - c^) = 0
moi gin tri ban dan XQ € ( 0 ; c ) day { a ; „ } diMc xdc dinh vcti moi gid tri n VQ
ton tai gidi han hHu han l i m Xn khi n —> +oo. <t* (a^ + a + 1 ~ c) (a^ - a - c) = 0.
Tit 0 < " < v^. t a CO - « - c < 0, suy r a + o + 1 - c = 0.

G i a i . D i e u k i e n d e x a c d i n h xi v d i m o i g i a t r i b a n d a u X Q G (0; c) l a
G i a i e a c h k h a c . X e t h a m so / ( x ) = s/c - \ / c T x , V x e [0; T a CO
c > v / ^ ^ T ^ =^ c{c - 1) > xo =^ c(c - 1) > c c(c - 2) > 0"^"^° c>2.
. ( c - v/F+¥)' - 1
N g i t o c l a i , b a n g p h i l d n g p h a p q u y n a p t h e o n , t a se d n i n g m i n h r K n g vcji / (J^) = ^ / £ = , < 0, V x € 0;
2vc-v/c + x 4v^c + x \ / c - v/c + X
c > 2 t i l l Xn d U d c x a c d i n h v 6 i m o i n = 1 , 2 , . . . T h a t v§,y, d o X Q < c v a c > 2
neu T i t c > 2, t a ( d
C + X() < 2c =^ \/c + XQ < \/2c < C => C - \/c + XQ > 0.
S u y r a x i d i t d c x a c d i n h . G i a s i i Xfc (fc = 1 , 2 , . . . ) d a d U d c x a c d i n h . K h i do 1 C+ s/c+X
0 < Xk < s/c < c. V i t h e 16 (c - v/c + x ) (c + x ) ~ 16(c2 - c - x ) (c + x ) •
0 < c + Xfc < 2c ^ s/c + Xk < V2c <c^ c - \/cVx^ > 0.

M a c + y/c + x <c+ VcTyS < c + v/2^ < 2 c , V x e [0; va
S u y r a x^+i d U d c x a c d i n h . V a y t h e o n g i i y e n l i q u y n a p s u y r a Xn d i t d c xac
d i n h vfji m o i rt = 1, 2 , . . . V d i c > 2 t h i p h i t d n g t r i n h x ^ + x + 1 = c c6 ngliiein 16(c^ - c - x ) (c + x ) > 16(c - x ) (c + x )
d i t d i i g . G o i a l a i i g i i i e u i d u d i i g cvia p h a d i i g t r i n h x ^ + x + 1 = c, t i i c l a = 16(c2 - x 2 ) > 16(c2 - c) > 16c, V x € [O; .
+ a+l =c (a > 0 ) . Do d o
V d i m p i n = 1, 2 , . . . , t a CO
C - v/c + X n - Q}\ |a + 1 - y/c + Xn]

y/c - y/c+ x „ - a
- "I = \Jc- ^fc f x „ 4- a
Xet h a m so ^ ( x ) = / ( x ) - x t r e n [0; ^/c\. T a cd
( a + l ) 2 - c - x „ |x„ - a\„ - a 9'ix) = / ' ( x ) - 1 < 0, 5 ( 0 ) > 0, 5 ( v ^ ) < 0.

< a (a + 1 + sjc + x „ )
< + a+ asfc c - 1 + a-v'c'
Do d o p h i t d n g t r i n h / ( x ) = x c d n g h i e m d u y i i l i a t ae[0;^. Theo dinh ly
V i cf : = c - 1 + a-^c > 1 + a^/c > 1 n e n t i i Lagrange, v d i n d u I d n t o n t a i A;„ G ( x „ ; a) sao c h o
\x„ - a| < ^ k n - i -a\< Qj |x„_2 - a| < • • • <

|xo - a| fiXn) - f{a) = / ' ( f c „ ) ( x „ - tt).
l a d a y s6 x „ + j = / ( x „ ) t h o a m a n
suy r a l i m x „ = o, v d i a =
L i f u y . P l u t d i i g t r i n h x ^ + x + 1 = c dUdc t i m r a n h u s a u : G i a s i i l i m Xn 0 < |xn+i - A| < ^ |x„ - a| < • • • <
( v d i 0 < a < ^/c) k h i d o t i t

^«tJ6 lim x „ = a.
n-.+oo
Xn+i = A/C - \ / c + x ^ ( n = 0,1,2,...),
294
Bai t o a n 2 0 5 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2001). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu ( - h i J y 2 8 . 5 a n rfpt /m?/ / i e n he bdi toan 2 0 5 (<? trang 296) n a j / vdz 6dt toan
sau: 386 ^'•«"S' 508.
xi = - 5 , xn+i = \xl + x „ - 2 (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
Bai t o a n 2 0 6 ( D e n g h i t h i O l y m p i c 3 0 / 0 4 / 2 0 1 2 ) . Cho day s6 ( x „ ) nhu sau:
Chitng mmh rang day so da cho hdi lu. Tim gidi han cua no.
2
G i a i . V 6 i m p i n = 1, 2 , . . . , t a c6
^"+1 = 7 — T ' ^ " = 1 . 2 , . . . (a > 0 ) . • •
= + -2 = \ + X„ - 2^ + ^xl + X^ - 2 - 2
flay khdo sat su hoi tu cua day s6 da cho.
= \ + + 4 + 4 - 2x1 - 4Xn^ +\xl + Xn-i G i a i . De t h a y x „ > 0 , V n e N * . X e t h a m so / ( x ) = - ^ - l - _ , V x € [0;+00).

1 +x2
-4x
X
- \4 + \4 - - 2. (i)
Ta c6 / ' ( x ) = < 0, Vx e [0; + < ^ ) . V a y _>L p
f'(x) 0 —
/ ( x ) la h a m so k l i o n g a m , l i e n t u c va n g h i c h b i 6 n ff ( (xx) ) 2 - ^
X e t h a n i so f{x) = ^x"^ + - x - 2, t a c6:
tren [0; + 0 0 ) va ^ h m ^ / ( x ) = 0. T a c6 / ( x ) thuoc " ^ 0
fix) = \x' + Ix' - 1; / " ( X ) = I {x'+2x) < 0,Vx € ( - 2 ; 0 ) .

(0; 2j, Vx e [0; +00). S u y r a x „ € (0; 2], V n e N * .
D o do v d i - 2 < X < - 1 t a c6 / ' ( x ) > / ' ( - I ) - 0 ( v i f'{x) nghich bign tieu I V i / d n g hqrp 1 : x i < X 3 . Sny r a / ( x j ) > / ( x g ) h a y X 2 > X 4 . S u y r a ,;
k h o a n g ( - 2 ; 0 ) ) . Suy l a v d i - 2 < x < - 1 t a c6 / ( - 2 ) < / ( x ) < / ( - I ) . Hay
f{x2) < f{x4) ^ X3 < X5 /(X3) > /(X5) =^ X4 > Xg.
- 2 < / ( x ) < - ^ < -l,Vxe(-2;-l).

o Bang each q u y n a p t a suy r a dUdc day s 6 (x2„)„ g i a m va b i c h a n d u d i ( b d i
so 0) nen l i o i t u . D a y so { x 2 „ _ i ) + r j t a n g va b i c h a n t r e n ( b d i s 6 2) n e n h o i
Ta CO X2 = ^ - ^ - 2 = € (-2; -1), do do tit X2„+2 = / (x2„) suy ra tu. D a t h m ^ X 2 „ = u, l i m X 2 n _ i - v. V i / ( x ) l i e n t u c nen
-2 <X2„ < - l , V n = 1,2,... (*)
T i n h t o a n t r u e t i e p t a c6 X 2 > X 4 . V i / ( x ) d o n g b i € n t r e n ( - 2 ; - 1 ) nen
f{X2) > Xi > XG, ...,

Tudng t i r t a dUdc v = f{u). V a y t a c6 h?
hoan toan tUdng t u t a duoc:
- 1 > X 2 > X 4 > X 6 > • • • > X2n > X2n+2 > > -2.
v = f(u
D o d o day so {x2,^)n=i g i ^ i li*;^" I'l'fu Dat l i m X 2 n = a, k h i do t i t (*)
suy r a - 2 < a < - 1 . T f t (/) cho n +CXD t a dUdc:

t h V " ' - ^ ^ l a n g h i e n i c i i a h0 t r e n t h i 0 < u < 2 va 0 < t; < 2. L a y (1) t r i i (2)
a = ^ + ^ _ „ _ 2 ^ a" + 4a^ - 16a - 16 = 0 (a - 2) (a + 2)^ = 0. ^ 0 ve t a dUdc
8 2
_ 2(u2 - t;2)
M a - 2 < a < - 1 nen a = - 2 . Vay l i m X2„ = - 2 . T u d n g t u ta chiing miuh u — V =
n-'+oo 1 + 1^2 1 ^ y2 ( l + u 2 ) ( l + ,;2)
d u o c day so {x2n+i)n=i t ^ n g va b i ch$.n t r e n bcii - 1 v a ^ h m ^ X 2 „ + i =
tl+Û^Kl + V^) = 2{U + v)
Tif hni X2„ = - 2 , l i m X 2 „ + i = - 2 suy r a l i m x „ = -2.
n—> + oo n—"+00 ti—•+cxi
29G 297
Bai t o a n 2 0 5 (De nghi t h i O L Y M P I C 30/04/2001). Cho day so ( x „ ) nhu ( - h i J y 2 8 . 5 a n rfpt /m?/ / i e n he bdi toan 2 0 5 (<? trang 296) n a j / vdz 6dt toan
sau: 386 ^'•«"S' 508.
xi = - 5 , xn+i = \xl + x „ - 2 (Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
Bai t o a n 2 0 6 ( D e n g h i t h i O l y m p i c 3 0 / 0 4 / 2 0 1 2 ) . Cho day s6 ( x „ ) nhu sau:
Chitng mmh rang day so da cho hdi lu. Tim gidi han cua no.
2
G i a i . V 6 i m p i n = 1, 2 , . . . , t a c6
^"+1 = 7 — T ' ^ " = 1 . 2 , . . . (a > 0 ) . • •
= + -2 = \ + X„ - 2^ + ^xl + X^ - 2 - 2
flay khdo sat su hoi tu cua day s6 da cho.
= \ + + 4 + 4 - 2x1 - 4Xn^ +\xl + Xn-i G i a i . De t h a y x „ > 0 , V n e N * . X e t h a m so / ( x ) = - ^ - l - _ , V x € [0;+00).

1 +x2
-4x
X
- \4 + \4 - - 2. (i)
Ta c6 / ' ( x ) = < 0, Vx e [0; + < ^ ) . V a y _>L p
f'(x) 0 —
/ ( x ) la h a m so k l i o n g a m , l i e n t u c va n g h i c h b i 6 n ff ( (xx) ) 2 - ^
X e t h a n i so f{x) = ^x"^ + - x - 2, t a c6:
tren [0; + 0 0 ) va ^ h m ^ / ( x ) = 0. T a c6 / ( x ) thuoc " ^ 0
fix) = \x' + Ix' - 1; / " ( X ) = I {x'+2x) < 0,Vx € ( - 2 ; 0 ) .

(0; 2j, Vx e [0; +00). S u y r a x „ € (0; 2], V n e N * .
D o do v d i - 2 < X < - 1 t a c6 / ' ( x ) > / ' ( - I ) - 0 ( v i f'{x) nghich bign tieu I V i / d n g hqrp 1 : x i < X 3 . Sny r a / ( x j ) > / ( x g ) h a y X 2 > X 4 . S u y r a ,;
k h o a n g ( - 2 ; 0 ) ) . Suy l a v d i - 2 < x < - 1 t a c6 / ( - 2 ) < / ( x ) < / ( - I ) . Hay
f{x2) < f{x4) ^ X3 < X5 /(X3) > /(X5) =^ X4 > Xg.
- 2 < / ( x ) < - ^ < -l,Vxe(-2;-l).

o Bang each q u y n a p t a suy r a dUdc day s 6 (x2„)„ g i a m va b i c h a n d u d i ( b d i
so 0) nen l i o i t u . D a y so { x 2 „ _ i ) + r j t a n g va b i c h a n t r e n ( b d i s 6 2) n e n h o i
Ta CO X2 = ^ - ^ - 2 = € (-2; -1), do do tit X2„+2 = / (x2„) suy ra tu. D a t h m ^ X 2 „ = u, l i m X 2 n _ i - v. V i / ( x ) l i e n t u c nen
-2 <X2„ < - l , V n = 1,2,... (*)
T i n h t o a n t r u e t i e p t a c6 X 2 > X 4 . V i / ( x ) d o n g b i € n t r e n ( - 2 ; - 1 ) nen
f{X2) > Xi > XG, ...,

Tudng t i r t a dUdc v = f{u). V a y t a c6 h?
hoan toan tUdng t u t a duoc:
- 1 > X 2 > X 4 > X 6 > • • • > X2n > X2n+2 > > -2.
v = f(u
D o d o day so {x2,^)n=i g i ^ i li*;^" I'l'fu Dat l i m X 2 n = a, k h i do t i t (*)
suy r a - 2 < a < - 1 . T f t (/) cho n +CXD t a dUdc:

t h V " ' - ^ ^ l a n g h i e n i c i i a h0 t r e n t h i 0 < u < 2 va 0 < t; < 2. L a y (1) t r i i (2)
a = ^ + ^ _ „ _ 2 ^ a" + 4a^ - 16a - 16 = 0 (a - 2) (a + 2)^ = 0. ^ 0 ve t a dUdc
8 2
_ 2(u2 - t;2)
M a - 2 < a < - 1 nen a = - 2 . Vay l i m X2„ = - 2 . T u d n g t u ta chiing miuh u — V =
n-'+oo 1 + 1^2 1 ^ y2 ( l + u 2 ) ( l + ,;2)
d u o c day so {x2n+i)n=i t ^ n g va b i ch$.n t r e n bcii - 1 v a ^ h m ^ X 2 „ + i =
tl+Û^Kl + V^) = 2{U + v)
Tif hni X2„ = - 2 , l i m X 2 „ + i = - 2 suy r a l i m x „ = -2.
n—> + oo n—"+00 ti—•+cxi
29G 297
Khi u = V. Thay vao (1) ta (htgc ^.rj / la l i a m so d u d n g , l i e n t u c v a n g h i c h h i e n t r e n [0; + o o ) . Ta c6
Xi = 1,X2 = 1+ - = -,X3 = 1+ g = - > X i .

\ v?
K h i (1 + u'^){\ v'^) = 2{u + v). Ket hdp vdi (1) va (2) ta dUdc Vi / i i g l ' i c h bi6n t r e n [0; + o o ) u e n t a c6
2 2 /(Xl) > f{Xi) => X2 > X4 => /(X2) < / ( X 4 ) =>Xi< X5.
- . - = 2(M + V)'^2 = UV{U + v).

Bang p h U d u g i ) h a i ) q u y n a p , t a c h i h i g m i n h d U d c d a y { x z n - i j + ^ i la d a y so
U V
tang, c o n ( l a y {x2n}n=\a d a y s o g i a m . Do d o tiif x „ G [0;2],\/n G N * s u y r a
Thay (2) vao (3) t a dude hai d a y s o { x 2 „ - i } , | ^ , { x 2 „ } , t i ^ lioi t u . Dftt lim X2„-i = u, h m X2„ = i;.
n->+cx n—>+(»
2u 2 , , u u^ + u + 2 Khi do 1 < w, c < 2. \ / ( x ) lien tuc nen

^,(,4 ^ + 1= + ,^2 ^ 2u - 2u + 1 = 0 <^ u = 1.
Thay vao (3) ta A\l(}c + 1) = 2 <^ t;^ + u - 2 = 0 =• v = 1 (do v > 0).

Tom l?ii
TiTdng t u ta cluing m i n h dUdc v = f{u). Vay ta c6 h §
Do do hm 2-2H = 1 = 1™ x 2 „ - i , suy ra vdi mpi a > 0 t a dcu co r u = J(v)

1 +
\= fin)
I' = 1+
hm x „ = 1. 1 + u
n—>+oo ^ ,
Lay phuong t r i n h tron t r u cho plutdng t r i n h ditdi, ta ditdc
T r i f d n g h d p 2: x i > xa. Tudng t u nhU tren t a chiing m i n h d U d c
1 1 U - V
u - V = Q
hm X2„ = 1 = hm X2n-i- 1
n-'+oo n->+oo u - V =
1 + c l+tz (\ u){\ v) = 1
_ {\ u){l + v)
Vay trong moi tntrJng hdj) ta dcu c6
Khi u = (;. thay vao tren ta d U d c
hm X2n = 1 = hm X2n-1-
n—+00 n—+oo
" = 1+ <^ + « = 1+ U + 1 ^ U2 ^ 2 U = V/2 (do U > 0).

Suy ra hm x„ = 1.
I1-.+0O
Khi 1 1 1
Bai t o a n 2 0 7 . Xet day so {xn}t=i nhu sau: (HI^KITTO = 1- CO — = 1 + u, thay vao tx = 1 + — , ta dUdc
x i = 1, x„+i = 1 + — ^ , V n - 1,2,... u = 1 + 1 + u <=> Ou = 2.

1 + Xn
fhudi'iig t r i n h 0.« = 2 vd nghieni. Tom lai u = i> = v ^ , do do
Chicnq minh rang hm x„ = \f2.
n->+oo
lim X2„_i = lim X2„ = ^2.
U —+00 n-.+oo
G i a i . Xet ham so / ( x ) = 1 + T - ^ , Vx G [0; +oo). K h i do de thay Hoi
^'ay day so da cho hoi ti.i va l i m x„ = \/2.
n—>+oo
1 < / ( x ) < 2 , V x > 0 ; x„+i = / ( x „ ) , V n = l , 2 , . . . ; x „ G [0; 2], Vn G N*
298 299
Khi u = V. Thay vao (1) ta (htgc ^.rj / la l i a m so d u d n g , l i e n t u c v a n g h i c h h i e n t r e n [0; + o o ) . Ta c6
Xi = 1,X2 = 1+ - = -,X3 = 1+ g = - > X i .

\ v?
K h i (1 + u'^){\ v'^) = 2{u + v). Ket hdp vdi (1) va (2) ta dUdc Vi / i i g l ' i c h bi6n t r e n [0; + o o ) u e n t a c6
2 2 /(Xl) > f{Xi) => X2 > X4 => /(X2) < / ( X 4 ) =>Xi< X5.
- . - = 2(M + V)'^2 = UV{U + v).

Bang p h U d u g i ) h a i ) q u y n a p , t a c h i h i g m i n h d U d c d a y { x z n - i j + ^ i la d a y so
U V
tang, c o n ( l a y {x2n}n=\a d a y s o g i a m . Do d o tiif x „ G [0;2],\/n G N * s u y r a
Thay (2) vao (3) t a dude hai d a y s o { x 2 „ - i } , | ^ , { x 2 „ } , t i ^ lioi t u . Dftt lim X2„-i = u, h m X2„ = i;.
n->+cx n—>+(»
2u 2 , , u u^ + u + 2 Khi do 1 < w, c < 2. \ / ( x ) lien tuc nen

^,(,4 ^ + 1= + ,^2 ^ 2u - 2u + 1 = 0 <^ u = 1.
Thay vao (3) ta A\l(}c + 1) = 2 <^ t;^ + u - 2 = 0 =• v = 1 (do v > 0).

Tom l?ii
TiTdng t u ta cluing m i n h dUdc v = f{u). Vay ta c6 h §
Do do hm 2-2H = 1 = 1™ x 2 „ - i , suy ra vdi mpi a > 0 t a dcu co r u = J(v)

1 +
\= fin)
I' = 1+
hm x „ = 1. 1 + u
n—>+oo ^ ,
Lay phuong t r i n h tron t r u cho plutdng t r i n h ditdi, ta ditdc
T r i f d n g h d p 2: x i > xa. Tudng t u nhU tren t a chiing m i n h d U d c
1 1 U - V
u - V = Q
hm X2„ = 1 = hm X2n-i- 1
n-'+oo n->+oo u - V =
1 + c l+tz (\ u){\ v) = 1
_ {\ u){l + v)
Vay trong moi tntrJng hdj) ta dcu c6
Khi u = (;. thay vao tren ta d U d c
hm X2n = 1 = hm X2n-1-
n—+00 n—+oo
" = 1+ <^ + « = 1+ U + 1 ^ U2 ^ 2 U = V/2 (do U > 0).

Suy ra hm x„ = 1.
I1-.+0O
Khi 1 1 1
Bai t o a n 2 0 7 . Xet day so {xn}t=i nhu sau: (HI^KITTO = 1- CO — = 1 + u, thay vao tx = 1 + — , ta dUdc
x i = 1, x„+i = 1 + — ^ , V n - 1,2,... u = 1 + 1 + u <=> Ou = 2.

1 + Xn
fhudi'iig t r i n h 0.« = 2 vd nghieni. Tom lai u = i> = v ^ , do do
Chicnq minh rang hm x„ = \f2.
n->+oo
lim X2„_i = lim X2„ = ^2.
U —+00 n-.+oo
G i a i . Xet ham so / ( x ) = 1 + T - ^ , Vx G [0; +oo). K h i do de thay Hoi
^'ay day so da cho hoi ti.i va l i m x„ = \/2.
n—>+oo
1 < / ( x ) < 2 , V x > 0 ; x„+i = / ( x „ ) , V n = l , 2 , . . . ; x „ G [0; 2], Vn G N*
298 299
B a i t o a n 2 0 8 . Cho f Id ham so dicang, lien tuc vd nghich bien tren [0; + 0 0 ) . j3ai t o a n 2 0 9 ( D e n g h j t h i O l y m p i c 30/04/2013). Cho hat day so ( a „ ) vd
Gid Stic rhruj he. phuong trinh (bn) ''"'^ "0 = 2, 60 = 3, u i = 3, bi = 5 vd
I V
u =
=
fiv
f(u)
a „ = a „ _ 2 + 6 „ _ 2 , 6 „ = a „ _ i + 6 „ _ i , V n 6 N , n > 2.
" 1
CO iighicm dug nhdt u = v = L. Chiing miiih rang day so dxtOng
Pat n„ = y^(-lf.-—r-,n € N . Chjing minh day ( u „ ) co gidi h(in vd tinh
f x i = a > 0 ( a cho trudc)
yiOi han do.
\ = /(x„),Vn = 1,2,...
G i a i . T i r g i i i t h i e t t a co a„+2 = « „ + « » + ! , ^ . = fi„+i,Vn e N. Ta chiing m i n h
hoi til tdi L. bfliig q ' l y rang, vdi moi n € N t h i
G i a i . T a c l i i a l a x e t h a i tritcfiig h d p . «"«"+2 --«f,+i = ( - 1 ) " . (*)

T r i f d n g h d p 1 : x i < X 3 . V i / d i t d n g , n g h i c h b i e n t r e n [0; + 0 0 ) n e n t a c6
Vai n = {}\n = 1 t h i (*) d i i n g . C i a .sir (•) d i i n g t d i n ( n e N * ) . K h i d o
x„>0,Vn = l,2,... (1)
« » + l « n + 3 - « ^ + 2 = ( « n - i + « „ ) (a„+i + a„+2) " + a„ + i f
T a CO
=«7i-ia«+i - + «„a„+2 - i + a„a„+i + a „ _ i a „ + 2 - 2a„a„+i
/(Xi) > /(X3) X2 > X4 /(X2) < /(X4) =(-1)"-' + ( - ! ) " + «„_,„„^2-«„«„
+1
is < X5 =4- / ( X 3 ) > / ( X 5 ) =4- X4 > X 6 .
n+ l
B i a i g p h i r o n g p h a p q u y n a p , t a chi'rng n i i n h ditUc d a y {x2n-\]t.= \a ^^Y «o
t a n g , c o n d a y {x2n}n=\a day so g i a n i . T i t (1) s u y r a d a y {x2n}t=i l a day
Suy l a (*) d u n g v d i 11 + 1. V a y (*) d u n g v d i m o i n € N . Sit d u n g (*) t a co
so b i c l i a n d i t d i , v a y d a y so { x 2 „ } , t r j l i o i t u . V i / n g h i c h b i l n , l i e n t u c t r e n
[0; + 0 0 ) n e n v d i i n o i x > 0 t a c6 / ( x ) < /(O), s u y r a
(ikf'k (tkdk+i "k+i (Ik

j;„ < / ( 0 ) , V n = 1,2,... (2)
Suy r a ,1
T i t (2) s u y r a d a y { x 2 „ _ i l a d a y so b i c h a n t r e n , s u y r a d a y so {x2n-\)ti=\
hoi t u . D a t lim X2„ = u, lini X 2 „ _ i = v. V i / ( x ) Hen t u c n e n
U—> + 0 0 T l — + 30
\ " i "It/ \"2 "1/ \an+i (hi J «»+! 2
/ \
u= lim X2„ = lim / ( x 2 „ - i ) = / hm X2„-i = lim /(x2„-i) =/(") Dai„„ = ^ , k h i d d
n-»+oo »—•+30 yu—'+30 J n—>+oo
T i r o i i g ti.r, t a ditrtc 1; = / ( « ) . V a y t a c 6 IIQ
{::/[;;! <"
Ta CO ( v „ ) l a d a y so d i t d n g " v a v„ < 2,Vn € N . X e t h a i d a y so x „ = V2„,
T h e o g i t i t h i e t , h e (3) c6 n g h i e m d u y n h a t u = v = L. V a y h a i d a y cou
^" = ^2n+l . T a CO
( X 2 „ ) , ( x 2 „ - i ) r u n g h o i ti.i flon L. d o d o d a y so d a c h o c6 g i d i h a n h f n i h a i '
va l i m x„ = L.
11 — + 3 0
T r i f d i i g h d p 2 : xi > X 3 . T u d n g t U , t a c l i A i g m i n h dUdc lim x„ = L.
n—' + oo
300 301
B a i t o a n 2 0 8 . Cho f Id ham so dicang, lien tuc vd nghich bien tren [0; + 0 0 ) . j3ai t o a n 2 0 9 ( D e n g h j t h i O l y m p i c 30/04/2013). Cho hat day so ( a „ ) vd
Gid Stic rhruj he. phuong trinh (bn) ''"'^ "0 = 2, 60 = 3, u i = 3, bi = 5 vd
I V
u =
=
fiv
f(u)
a „ = a „ _ 2 + 6 „ _ 2 , 6 „ = a „ _ i + 6 „ _ i , V n 6 N , n > 2.
" 1
CO iighicm dug nhdt u = v = L. Chiing miiih rang day so dxtOng
Pat n„ = y^(-lf.-—r-,n € N . Chjing minh day ( u „ ) co gidi h(in vd tinh
f x i = a > 0 ( a cho trudc)
yiOi han do.
\ = /(x„),Vn = 1,2,...
G i a i . T i r g i i i t h i e t t a co a„+2 = « „ + « » + ! , ^ . = fi„+i,Vn e N. Ta chiing m i n h
hoi til tdi L. bfliig q ' l y rang, vdi moi n € N t h i
G i a i . T a c l i i a l a x e t h a i tritcfiig h d p . «"«"+2 --«f,+i = ( - 1 ) " . (*)

T r i f d n g h d p 1 : x i < X 3 . V i / d i t d n g , n g h i c h b i e n t r e n [0; + 0 0 ) n e n t a c6
Vai n = {}\n = 1 t h i (*) d i i n g . C i a .sir (•) d i i n g t d i n ( n e N * ) . K h i d o
x„>0,Vn = l,2,... (1)
« » + l « n + 3 - « ^ + 2 = ( « n - i + « „ ) (a„+i + a„+2) " + a„ + i f
T a CO
=«7i-ia«+i - + «„a„+2 - i + a„a„+i + a „ _ i a „ + 2 - 2a„a„+i
/(Xi) > /(X3) X2 > X4 /(X2) < /(X4) =(-1)"-' + ( - ! ) " + «„_,„„^2-«„«„
+1
is < X5 =4- / ( X 3 ) > / ( X 5 ) =4- X4 > X 6 .
n+ l
B i a i g p h i r o n g p h a p q u y n a p , t a chi'rng n i i n h ditUc d a y {x2n-\]t.= \a ^^Y «o
t a n g , c o n d a y {x2n}n=\a day so g i a n i . T i t (1) s u y r a d a y {x2n}t=i l a day
Suy l a (*) d u n g v d i 11 + 1. V a y (*) d u n g v d i m o i n € N . Sit d u n g (*) t a co
so b i c l i a n d i t d i , v a y d a y so { x 2 „ } , t r j l i o i t u . V i / n g h i c h b i l n , l i e n t u c t r e n
[0; + 0 0 ) n e n v d i i n o i x > 0 t a c6 / ( x ) < /(O), s u y r a
(ikf'k (tkdk+i "k+i (Ik

j;„ < / ( 0 ) , V n = 1,2,... (2)
Suy r a ,1
T i t (2) s u y r a d a y { x 2 „ _ i l a d a y so b i c h a n t r e n , s u y r a d a y so {x2n-\)ti=\
hoi t u . D a t lim X2„ = u, lini X 2 „ _ i = v. V i / ( x ) Hen t u c n e n
U—> + 0 0 T l — + 30
\ " i "It/ \"2 "1/ \an+i (hi J «»+! 2
/ \
u= lim X2„ = lim / ( x 2 „ - i ) = / hm X2„-i = lim /(x2„-i) =/(") Dai„„ = ^ , k h i d d
n-»+oo »—•+30 yu—'+30 J n—>+oo
T i r o i i g ti.r, t a ditrtc 1; = / ( « ) . V a y t a c 6 IIQ
{::/[;;! <"
Ta CO ( v „ ) l a d a y so d i t d n g " v a v„ < 2,Vn € N . X e t h a i d a y so x „ = V2„,
T h e o g i t i t h i e t , h e (3) c6 n g h i e m d u y n h a t u = v = L. V a y h a i d a y cou
^" = ^2n+l . T a CO
( X 2 „ ) , ( x 2 „ - i ) r u n g h o i ti.i flon L. d o d o d a y so d a c h o c6 g i d i h a n h f n i h a i '
va l i m x„ = L.
11 — + 3 0
T r i f d i i g h d p 2 : xi > X 3 . T u d n g t U , t a c l i A i g m i n h dUdc lim x„ = L.
n—' + oo
300 301
V i l i a u i so f{x) = 1 + — la hhm so g i a i n t r o u ( 0 ; + 0 0 ) i i e i i h a m so hop 15Ji vay
/ (f{x)) = 1 + — ^ - la h a m so t a n g . H o n niita _ 3 ( 2 + x2)2 _ _ 12 + 12x2 + 3x^ - 4 x - 4x^ - x ^ - 18x

1 + - gi^) (2 + x2)2 + 18 ^ (2 + x2)2 + 18
X
_ x^ - 3x^ + 4 x ^ - 12x2 ^ 2 2 x - 12
3 5 8 13 (2 + x2)2 + l 8
^ -(x- l)(x-2)(x^ + 2x-6)
ti'fc I'D < V2,1'l > Vi n e n cjuy n a p s u y r a d a y so (a;„) tang v a b i chan t r e n b d i (2 + x2)2 + l 8
2 n e n t o n t a i l i m x , , = L va d a y so ( y „ ) g i a m va b i c h a n ditdi hdi 0 n e n t o n
Vi (x^ + 2x - 6 ) ' = 3x2 + 2 > 0 n e n i)liifang t r h i h
t a i lini</„ = K vd'\ K > 0 va L, K d e u l a n g l i i e m c i i a p h U d n g t r i n h
x^ + 2 x 6 = 0.
1 , 2; 2 , l±\/5 (1)
CO k h o n g q u a 1 n g h i e m . D a t x = —r-u. T h a y vao (1) t a d u d c

X
48V6ti^ 'Iv/fi ^, 16u^ 12 ^ ., 9v/C

N l u r vay L = K = — y ^ - Suy r a lmu'„ = — - y ^ - (•"") —:pj— + — " = ii<^ + —a = 4 u ' ' + 3n = - j - .
(2)
..... , ,. l + \/5 3 ^5-2
t a i giiJi l i a n va h n n i , i = = —-—. Xi't so thi.rc ft / 0 sao cho
£, di ^
9v^ 1 1 \
B a i t o a n 210. Oio day .so ( x „ ) nku sau: xi = a {a > 0) vd
2 -
3 ^ 9v^+ v/502
•l-n+l = .) , .2 = 1-2, ...
//riiy klido sat hui tu ciia day so da, cho Iheo a.
Giai. Mot c|uy n a p chfn gian chi r a r a n g , v d i m o i ii= 1 , 2 , . . . t i n x„

1 ^ ^>/'WOj-j/^ 9^ 1
t o n t a i va j „ > 0. X e t i i a n i so l i e n t u c J{x) = i^,\lx > 0. K h i d o
a 4 ' 4 2 (3)
Xn+i = fU'n)yn = 1,2,... De tliay rang
3
^' = ,. ~^^.2V2 - - 0 l i e n h a m so / n g h i c h b i e n t r e n [ 0 ; + o o ) . "1 / i V 1 / 1M
+ 3 1 a - - 1
Va\ h a m so f o f d o n g b i e n t r e n [0; + 0 0 ) . D a t g = f o f, hay L2 V 2
Q-
^ ' " ^ ^ > t u (3) suyra
y(x) = (/ o / ) (x) = f (fix)), V x G [0; +^).
K h i d('
2
4
a-.'M + l = fU-2n) = / ( / ( j - 2 n - l ) ) =y(-'--2n-l)
la
c u u (2). \ p h u o n g , r i u h (1) c6 n g h i e n , d u y n h A t .
- » _ 6 _ 3(2+ X^)^
2+[/(x)]^ ~ ^ , 36 - (2 + x2)2 + 18- x=f3 = ^(jy^5±9^^ 3 / ^ - 9 ^ ^

(2 + x2)2
302
303
V i l i a u i so f{x) = 1 + — la hhm so g i a i n t r o u ( 0 ; + 0 0 ) i i e i i h a m so hop 15Ji vay
/ (f{x)) = 1 + — ^ - la h a m so t a n g . H o n niita _ 3 ( 2 + x2)2 _ _ 12 + 12x2 + 3x^ - 4 x - 4x^ - x ^ - 18x

1 + - gi^) (2 + x2)2 + 18 ^ (2 + x2)2 + 18
X
_ x^ - 3x^ + 4 x ^ - 12x2 ^ 2 2 x - 12
3 5 8 13 (2 + x2)2 + l 8
^ -(x- l)(x-2)(x^ + 2x-6)
ti'fc I'D < V2,1'l > Vi n e n cjuy n a p s u y r a d a y so (a;„) tang v a b i chan t r e n b d i (2 + x2)2 + l 8
2 n e n t o n t a i l i m x , , = L va d a y so ( y „ ) g i a m va b i c h a n ditdi hdi 0 n e n t o n
Vi (x^ + 2x - 6 ) ' = 3x2 + 2 > 0 n e n i)liifang t r h i h
t a i lini</„ = K vd'\ K > 0 va L, K d e u l a n g l i i e m c i i a p h U d n g t r i n h
x^ + 2 x 6 = 0.
1 , 2; 2 , l±\/5 (1)
CO k h o n g q u a 1 n g h i e m . D a t x = —r-u. T h a y vao (1) t a d u d c

X
48V6ti^ 'Iv/fi ^, 16u^ 12 ^ ., 9v/C

N l u r vay L = K = — y ^ - Suy r a lmu'„ = — - y ^ - (•"") —:pj— + — " = ii<^ + —a = 4 u ' ' + 3n = - j - .
(2)
..... , ,. l + \/5 3 ^5-2
t a i giiJi l i a n va h n n i , i = = —-—. Xi't so thi.rc ft / 0 sao cho
£, di ^
9v^ 1 1 \
B a i t o a n 210. Oio day .so ( x „ ) nku sau: xi = a {a > 0) vd
2 -
3 ^ 9v^+ v/502
•l-n+l = .) , .2 = 1-2, ...
//riiy klido sat hui tu ciia day so da, cho Iheo a.
Giai. Mot c|uy n a p chfn gian chi r a r a n g , v d i m o i ii= 1 , 2 , . . . t i n x„

1 ^ ^>/'WOj-j/^ 9^ 1
t o n t a i va j „ > 0. X e t i i a n i so l i e n t u c J{x) = i^,\lx > 0. K h i d o
a 4 ' 4 2 (3)
Xn+i = fU'n)yn = 1,2,... De tliay rang
3
^' = ,. ~^^.2V2 - - 0 l i e n h a m so / n g h i c h b i e n t r e n [ 0 ; + o o ) . "1 / i V 1 / 1M
+ 3 1 a - - 1
Va\ h a m so f o f d o n g b i e n t r e n [0; + 0 0 ) . D a t g = f o f, hay L2 V 2
Q-
^ ' " ^ ^ > t u (3) suyra
y(x) = (/ o / ) (x) = f (fix)), V x G [0; +^).
K h i d('
2
4
a-.'M + l = fU-2n) = / ( / ( j - 2 n - l ) ) =y(-'--2n-l)
la
c u u (2). \ p h u o n g , r i u h (1) c6 n g h i e n , d u y n h A t .
- » _ 6 _ 3(2+ X^)^
2+[/(x)]^ ~ ^ , 36 - (2 + x2)2 + 18- x=f3 = ^(jy^5±9^^ 3 / ^ - 9 ^ ^

(2 + x2)2
302
303
V i ham so k{x) =x^ +2x-6 hen tuc tren [0; +00) va fc(l).fc(2) < 0 nen suy y^y theo bang dau ciia g{x) - x ta c6 ;
ra 1 < /3 < 2, kix) = {x - l3)h(x), trong do h{x) > 0,Vx > 0. Ta c6
a;2n+2 - X2n = g{X2n) - X2n > 0
X X2n+l - X2n-l = g{x2n-l) " X2n-l < 0.

x = (3.
V?iy day {X2n)t=i t ^ " g va bi chan tren bdi so 2 nen hpi t u , day ix2n-i)t=i
Mat khac giani va bj chan dirdi bdi so 1 nen hpi t u . T i t bang tren de thay rang
^3 + 2^ - 6 = 0 ^-/J^ = 6 - 2/3 ^ = 6.- - 2 hm X2„_i = 1, h m X 2 „ = 2 =^ Um X2„_i 7^ hm X 2 „ . *
n->+oo n-»+oo n-*+oo n—»+oo
Vay k h i I < a < 0, day so da cho khong hpi t u .

T r U d n g h d p 3: a = /?. K h i do x „ = ^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . V$,y h m x„ = /?.
n—•+00
X 0 1 ^ 2 + 0 0 Tri^dng h d p 4: p < a <2. K h i do /? < x i < 2. Suy ra
1 ^^^^^ +00
1 < X 2 = / ( X i ) < P, P<X3= 5 ( x i ) < 2, 1 < X 4 = 5(X2) <P.
Bang phep quy nap dcfn gian, do thay rang vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , ta c6
6 ^
P < X2n-i < 2, 1 < X2„ < p.
11
Vay theo bang dau ciia g ( x ) - X ta c6 '
fix) 3 2^271+2 - 2^271 = giX2n) ' X2n < 0
X2n+1 - X2n-l = 5 ( ^ 2 n - l ) - X2n-1 > 0.
gix)-x + {3 - 0 + (} - W^y day ( x 2 n ) , t ^ i giani va bj chan dudi bdi so 1 nen hpi t u , day ( x 2 „ - i ) ; ^ ^ i
tang va bi chan tren bdi so 2 nen hpi t u . T i r bang tren de thay rang
T r v r d n g h d p 1 : 0 < a < 1. K l i i do 0 < n < 1. Suy ra X2 = f{xi) e [2;3j,
hm X 2 „ - i = 2, hm X 2 „ = 1 hm X 2 „ - i ^ hm X 2 „ .
^•3 = ^(^'1) e [0; 1], X4 = g{x2) > 2. Bang phep quy nap ddn gian, de thay »>->+oo n->+oo n->+oo n—t+oo
rang vdi nioi /( = 1, 2 , . . . , ta c6 0 < X2n-i < 1, > 2. Bdi vay, theo bang
V^y khi P <a <2. day so da cho khdng hpi t u .
dau ciia (j{x) - x ta c6
T r i r d n g h d p 5: a > 2. K h i do x i > 2. Suy ra
X2n+2 - X2n = 9{x2n) - X2n < 0
0 < X 2 = f{xi) < 1, X 3 = g{xi) > 2, 0 < X 4 = g{x2) < I.
X2n+l - -'••271-1 = (j{X2n-l) ' ^2n-l > 0.
\'ay chly (x2n)tî gi^"' ^^'cii ^di so 2 nen lioi t u , day {x2n-\)n '•
^ ^ i g phep quy nap ddn gian, do thay rang vdi nipi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a c6
tang va hi chan tren l)rti so 1 nen hoi t u . T i r bang tren de thay rang X 2 „ - l > 2 , 0 < X 2 „ < 1. it
hm = 1, hm X2„ = 2 hm X2n-i lim ^2n-
^^•y theo bang dau cvia 5{x) - X ta C O
71—+0C 71—+00 n—+00 n—>+oo
Vay k h i 0 < « < 1, day so da cho khdng hoi t u . X 2 n + 2 - X2n = ff(X2n) - X2n > 0
T r v r d n g h d p 2: 1 < a < /?. K h i do 1 ,l>
P < X2 = f{xi) < 2, l<Xi = g{xi) <p,p<Xi = g{x2) < 2. day (x2„)+f°j tang va bj ch$,n tren bdi so 1 nen hpi t u , day {x2n-i)t=i
Bang phop quy nap ddn gian, do thay rang vdi nioi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , ta c6 va bi chan dudi bdi s6 2 nen hpi t y . T t t bang tren de thay riing
1 < X2n-1 < /3, /3 < X2n < 2- hm X2„_i=2, hm X 2 n = 1 ^ h m X2n-i I'lp ^ 2 n -
»»-»+oo n-t+oo n-.+oo n->+oo
304 305
V i ham so k{x) =x^ +2x-6 hen tuc tren [0; +00) va fc(l).fc(2) < 0 nen suy y^y theo bang dau ciia g{x) - x ta c6 ;
ra 1 < /3 < 2, kix) = {x - l3)h(x), trong do h{x) > 0,Vx > 0. Ta c6
a;2n+2 - X2n = g{X2n) - X2n > 0
X X2n+l - X2n-l = g{x2n-l) " X2n-l < 0.

x = (3.
V?iy day {X2n)t=i t ^ " g va bi chan tren bdi so 2 nen hpi t u , day ix2n-i)t=i
Mat khac giani va bj chan dirdi bdi so 1 nen hpi t u . T i t bang tren de thay rang
^3 + 2^ - 6 = 0 ^-/J^ = 6 - 2/3 ^ = 6.- - 2 hm X2„_i = 1, h m X 2 „ = 2 =^ Um X2„_i 7^ hm X 2 „ . *
n->+oo n-»+oo n-*+oo n—»+oo
Vay k h i I < a < 0, day so da cho khong hpi t u .

T r U d n g h d p 3: a = /?. K h i do x „ = ^, Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . V$,y h m x„ = /?.
n—•+00
X 0 1 ^ 2 + 0 0 Tri^dng h d p 4: p < a <2. K h i do /? < x i < 2. Suy ra
1 ^^^^^ +00
1 < X 2 = / ( X i ) < P, P<X3= 5 ( x i ) < 2, 1 < X 4 = 5(X2) <P.
Bang phep quy nap dcfn gian, do thay rang vdi mpi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , ta c6
6 ^
P < X2n-i < 2, 1 < X2„ < p.
11
Vay theo bang dau ciia g ( x ) - X ta c6 '
fix) 3 2^271+2 - 2^271 = giX2n) ' X2n < 0
X2n+1 - X2n-l = 5 ( ^ 2 n - l ) - X2n-1 > 0.
gix)-x + {3 - 0 + (} - W^y day ( x 2 n ) , t ^ i giani va bj chan dudi bdi so 1 nen hpi t u , day ( x 2 „ - i ) ; ^ ^ i
tang va bi chan tren bdi so 2 nen hpi t u . T i r bang tren de thay rang
T r v r d n g h d p 1 : 0 < a < 1. K l i i do 0 < n < 1. Suy ra X2 = f{xi) e [2;3j,
hm X 2 „ - i = 2, hm X 2 „ = 1 hm X 2 „ - i ^ hm X 2 „ .
^•3 = ^(^'1) e [0; 1], X4 = g{x2) > 2. Bang phep quy nap ddn gian, de thay »>->+oo n->+oo n->+oo n—t+oo
rang vdi nioi /( = 1, 2 , . . . , ta c6 0 < X2n-i < 1, > 2. Bdi vay, theo bang
V^y khi P <a <2. day so da cho khdng hpi t u .
dau ciia (j{x) - x ta c6
T r i r d n g h d p 5: a > 2. K h i do x i > 2. Suy ra
X2n+2 - X2n = 9{x2n) - X2n < 0
0 < X 2 = f{xi) < 1, X 3 = g{xi) > 2, 0 < X 4 = g{x2) < I.
X2n+l - -'••271-1 = (j{X2n-l) ' ^2n-l > 0.
\'ay chly (x2n)tî gi^"' ^^'cii ^di so 2 nen lioi t u , day {x2n-\)n '•
^ ^ i g phep quy nap ddn gian, do thay rang vdi nipi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , t a c6
tang va hi chan tren l)rti so 1 nen hoi t u . T i r bang tren de thay rang X 2 „ - l > 2 , 0 < X 2 „ < 1. it
hm = 1, hm X2„ = 2 hm X2n-i lim ^2n-
^^•y theo bang dau cvia 5{x) - X ta C O
71—+0C 71—+00 n—+00 n—>+oo
Vay k h i 0 < « < 1, day so da cho khdng hoi t u . X 2 n + 2 - X2n = ff(X2n) - X2n > 0
T r v r d n g h d p 2: 1 < a < /?. K h i do 1 ,l>
P < X2 = f{xi) < 2, l<Xi = g{xi) <p,p<Xi = g{x2) < 2. day (x2„)+f°j tang va bj ch$,n tren bdi so 1 nen hpi t u , day {x2n-i)t=i
Bang phop quy nap ddn gian, do thay rang vdi nioi n = 1 , 2 , . . . , ta c6 va bi chan dudi bdi s6 2 nen hpi t y . T t t bang tren de thay riing
1 < X2n-1 < /3, /3 < X2n < 2- hm X2„_i=2, hm X 2 n = 1 ^ h m X2n-i I'lp ^ 2 n -
»»-»+oo n-t+oo n-.+oo n->+oo
304 305
Vay k h i a > 2, day so da cho khong hoi t u . M^y t i r {*) suy ra U2n < ê*"" =4- 0 < 2n.W2„ < 2w;„e'"" ( n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
Ket luan:
VI lirn^ W n = 0 nen ^ h m ^ 2i(;„e"'" = 0. Do d6 theo nguyen l y k?p suy ra
v/6 f 3IV5O2 + 976 , 3^N/502 - 9^6
. Neu a 7^ t h i day so da cho khong
lim 2n.U2n = 0. Ho^n toan tUdng t i / ta c6
hoi t u .
+ V ^-^M
v/6 f 3IV502 + 976 , 3 /
t h i day s6 da cho hoi
• Neu
eua = -|^y 4
t„
Suy ra ^
N/6
hm x„ = —
?>->+oo o 4 • V 4
U 2 n + i < — e " ' " =• 0 < (2n + l ) . t i 2 „ + i < ^ ^ ^ u ; „ e ' " " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
n n
B a i t o a n 2 1 1 . C/io day so duang (u„) fAon man dieu kien sau:
Do do thco ugTiyCni ly kep suy ra l i m (2n + l ) . U 2 n + i = 0. Tiif
11 n-'+x
lim 2n.U2n = hm {2n + l ) . U 2 n + i = 0

n—+00 n-.+oo ' ^
«„+i 0 : ^ < A / , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
suy ra lim /i.7t„ = 0.
C/it?no 7Min/i rhng l i m nu„ = 0.

n—>+oo 2.7.4 N g h i e n cufu t6ng q u a t c a c d a y t r u y h o i c S p 1
G i a i . X e t day so {v„), vdi v„ = u i + U 2 + • • + u „ . V i v6i mpi n = 1,2
t h i u„ > 0 nen (v,,) la day so tang. TiT gia thiet t a c6 t;„ < A/, Vn = 1,2,... Bai toan 2 1 2 . Cho I Id mot khoang cua R vd f Id mqt ham so lien tuc tren
Vay day ( t ' „ ) hoi t u . Dftt h m ^ f , . = 5. Xet day so mdi (u;„) n h u sau: I . Xet triQt day (x„) cac phdn tri cua I sao cho:
W„ - V2n - Vn = I'n+l + V„+2 H (" V 2 n -
Xu+i= f{xn),Vn e N.
K h i do
Hni tx;,, = lim V2n - hm i;„ = 5 - 5 = 0. a) Chiing mink rhng neu f t&ng thi day so { x „ } + f ^ dan dieu.
n->+oo n->+oo n—>+oo
b) Gia stc rhng ton tai mot khoang con J cua I tren do f tang vd tdn tî
0 € J sao cho / ( Q ) = Q vd
Gpi ut = min {i'„+i, Vn+2, V2n), k h i do ut < -Wn-
2n-l
{f{x)-x](x-a)<gyx£j\{a}. (i)
Ut Ut Ut+l U2n-l k=t
Cho a-,, 6 J , chxing minh ring ton tq.i mQt day {xn}n=o ciio J
^tôa man p ,i
x„+i = / ( x „ ) , V n € N lim x„ = Q. ^.-W;
1 ^la su f yiam vd ton tai mgt day bj chdn { x „ } + f ^ thoa man

Siir dung bat dang thiic e-" > 1 + x, V i > 0 va do > 0, suy r a
x„+i = / ( x „ ) , V n e N .
U2n
Ut
< Yl e"* =e^=' "* < e""' do u;„ = Uk ^'^^ng minh rhng cac day con {x2„},tf^, {x2n+\}n=Q {JJm^X2n vd
k=t k=t I
" • - ' ? o o ^ ^ " + i ^fi'Ong nhdt thiet bhng nhau).
306 307
Vay k h i a > 2, day so da cho khong hoi t u . M^y t i r {*) suy ra U2n < ê*"" =4- 0 < 2n.W2„ < 2w;„e'"" ( n = 1 , 2 , . . . ) .
Ket luan:
VI lirn^ W n = 0 nen ^ h m ^ 2i(;„e"'" = 0. Do d6 theo nguyen l y k?p suy ra
v/6 f 3IV5O2 + 976 , 3^N/502 - 9^6
. Neu a 7^ t h i day so da cho khong
lim 2n.U2n = 0. Ho^n toan tUdng t i / ta c6
hoi t u .
+ V ^-^M
v/6 f 3IV502 + 976 , 3 /
t h i day s6 da cho hoi
• Neu
eua = -|^y 4
t„
Suy ra ^
N/6
hm x„ = —
?>->+oo o 4 • V 4
U 2 n + i < — e " ' " =• 0 < (2n + l ) . t i 2 „ + i < ^ ^ ^ u ; „ e ' " " , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
n n
B a i t o a n 2 1 1 . C/io day so duang (u„) fAon man dieu kien sau:
Do do thco ugTiyCni ly kep suy ra l i m (2n + l ) . U 2 n + i = 0. Tiif
11 n-'+x
lim 2n.U2n = hm {2n + l ) . U 2 n + i = 0

n—+00 n-.+oo ' ^
«„+i 0 : ^ < A / , Vn = 1 , 2 , . . .
suy ra lim /i.7t„ = 0.
C/it?no 7Min/i rhng l i m nu„ = 0.

n—>+oo 2.7.4 N g h i e n cufu t6ng q u a t c a c d a y t r u y h o i c S p 1
G i a i . X e t day so {v„), vdi v„ = u i + U 2 + • • + u „ . V i v6i mpi n = 1,2
t h i u„ > 0 nen (v,,) la day so tang. TiT gia thiet t a c6 t;„ < A/, Vn = 1,2,... Bai toan 2 1 2 . Cho I Id mot khoang cua R vd f Id mqt ham so lien tuc tren
Vay day ( t ' „ ) hoi t u . Dftt h m ^ f , . = 5. Xet day so mdi (u;„) n h u sau: I . Xet triQt day (x„) cac phdn tri cua I sao cho:
W„ - V2n - Vn = I'n+l + V„+2 H (" V 2 n -
Xu+i= f{xn),Vn e N.
K h i do
Hni tx;,, = lim V2n - hm i;„ = 5 - 5 = 0. a) Chiing mink rhng neu f t&ng thi day so { x „ } + f ^ dan dieu.
n->+oo n->+oo n—>+oo
b) Gia stc rhng ton tai mot khoang con J cua I tren do f tang vd tdn tî
0 € J sao cho / ( Q ) = Q vd
Gpi ut = min {i'„+i, Vn+2, V2n), k h i do ut < -Wn-
2n-l
{f{x)-x](x-a)<gyx£j\{a}. (i)
Ut Ut Ut+l U2n-l k=t
Cho a-,, 6 J , chxing minh ring ton tq.i mQt day {xn}n=o ciio J
^tôa man p ,i
x„+i = / ( x „ ) , V n € N lim x„ = Q. ^.-W;
1 ^la su f yiam vd ton tai mgt day bj chdn { x „ } + f ^ thoa man

Siir dung bat dang thiic e-" > 1 + x, V i > 0 va do > 0, suy r a
x„+i = / ( x „ ) , V n e N .
U2n
Ut
< Yl e"* =e^=' "* < e""' do u;„ = Uk ^'^^ng minh rhng cac day con {x2„},tf^, {x2n+\}n=Q {JJm^X2n vd
k=t k=t I
" • - ' ? o o ^ ^ " + i ^fi'Ong nhdt thiet bhng nhau).
306 307
d) Gia sU I dony {chdny han I = [a; b\) va tai moi diem trony x cua I {ch&ny C a c h 1. Lap lai cluing m i n h d bai toan 208, trang 300.
han X 6 (a; 6)) ta ludn c6 \ k, vdi 0 < k < 1. ChiJCng minh rdny day C a c h 2. Sir dung ket qua neu / giam t h i <? = / o / la ham tang. Cac day so
so {xn}t=o ' « ^"2/ Cosi (Cauchy) vd gidi hg-n cua no Id nghi$m duy nhdt cua (2/,.):S va iz.):=o, vdi
phuang trinh f{x) = x.
yn = X2„, 2„ = X2„+i, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Giai. tljda nuui cac dicu kiCn;
a) Tudng t u u h u bai toan 50a, 50b, d tratig 148. Chu y them r i n g neu day
so {xn}t=o l»Oi t u den a€ I t h i v i / lien tyc tren / nen ta c6 2/n+i = &(y„), 2„+i = gizn), Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Theo cau a) nhftng day nay ddn diou. Vay n6u day {xn},"!'^^ bi chan t h i cac
f(a) = / ( lim Xn ] = lim /(a;„) = lim x„+i = a.
V n->+oo / n—+00 n—+oo day .s6 (x2„),tro va (x2„+,)+ro (t^c la cac day s6 iyr,)^^^ va (^„);tro) Ôi t y .
Goi lim X2„ = u, lim X2„+i = v, khi do u va v thoa man dicu kicn sau:
V§iy a la mot diem bat dong ciia ham so /.
6) Trade het t a chi ra rKng, vdi moi x € J ta cd /(x) € J . Neu x > Q (x € J)
t i n do (i) ta o6 /(x) - x < 0, Do do va do / tang tren J nen /(") = / ( Hm X2n
\n—+oo J = „ii?00^(^2„)=^lim^X2„+l=r, ,^J^;
a = f{a) < fix) < X ^ fix) 6 ( « ; x) C J ^ fix) € J.

fiv) = f( lim X 2 „ + i ' ) = l i m /(x2„+i) = lim X2„+2 = u.
yn—'+00 y n—'+oo n—>+oo
Cung v$y, neu x < a (x € ./), theo (i) ta c6 /(x) > x, vay
X < fix) < fin) = a fix) 6 (x; a) C J ^ fix) € J. Hay u va i ; la nghieni ciia he | - ^ j " ! ~ ^ (day la ho d6i xiing loai 2).
d)
Sau cung, neu x = a t h i fix) = /(a) = a £ J . Vay, vdi nioi XQ € J , ta c6
C&ch 1. Tien lianh tadng t a nha da lam d cac bai toan ciia bai "PhUdng
the xay dang Ijling quy nap niOt day {x„},"^^ cac phan t i i ciia J tlioa man
phap sii dung dinh ly Lagrange", ta chiing minh dadc phadng t r i n h /(x) = x
Xn+i - / ( x „ ) , Vri e N va mot day n h u vay duoc xar djnh mot each duy nhat
CO ughiem duy nhat, k i hieu nghiem do la L, sau do sii dung dinh ly Lagrange,
bdi xo e J cho trade. ta chu;ng m i n h ditdc l i m x„ = L.
Trirdng hdp 1: xo > a. Theo (i) ta c6 x i = / ( X Q ) < X Q . Gia sii x„+i < x„, n—+oo
k h i do v i / tftng tren J nen C a c h 2 (each nay c6 m o t so k i e n thuTc viidt r a ngoai chifdng t r i n h

pho thong t r u n g hoc, n e n no p h i i hdp vdi c a c ban doc la S i n h vien,
x,i+2 = / ( x „ + i ) < /(x„) = x„+i. Giao v i e n ) . Theo dinh ly Lagrange, vdi moi n € N, ta c6
V^y theo nguyen l i quy n^p suy ra day {x„}|J^f^ la day giam. De thay trUdng |x„+i - x „ | = |/(x„) - / ( x „ _ i ) | < A;|x„ - x „ _ i | ,
hglp nay day bi chftn dadi bdi n.
Trirdng hdp 2: XQ < Q . Tudng t a ta cluing minh dadc day { x „ } ; ^ ^ tang v^ fif do bang quy imp ta suy ra |x„+i - x„| < k" \xi - xo|. V^y vdi mpi so t a
bj chan tren bdi a. "liien n va ni sao cho n > m, ta cd:
Trildng hdp 3: XQ = n. K h i do x„ = Q , Vn 6 N.
k„ - X,„| = |(x„ - X „ _ i ) + ( X „ _ i - X„_2) + • • • + (Xm +l - X,„)| i,
V?iy trong moi tradng hdp day {x„};[^^ hpi t u va gidi h^n ciia no phai thoa
man phuong t r l n h /(x) = x. M a < (fc"-' + fc-"-^ + • • • + fc"") |xi - xol . ;. ,-t-
(/(x)-x] ( X - Q ) < 0 , V X G J\{a}
cho thay rang Q la nghi^ni duy nhat ciia phUdng t r i n h /(x) = x trong J . Be" ^ h i (16 vdi mpi e > 0, cd the t i m dUdc mot so nguyen dudng mo sao cho
v^y lim x„ = a.
n—'+oo fc-^lx, -xo|<e(l-fc).
C)
308 309
d) Gia sU I dony {chdny han I = [a; b\) va tai moi diem trony x cua I {ch&ny C a c h 1. Lap lai cluing m i n h d bai toan 208, trang 300.
han X 6 (a; 6)) ta ludn c6 \ k, vdi 0 < k < 1. ChiJCng minh rdny day C a c h 2. Sir dung ket qua neu / giam t h i <? = / o / la ham tang. Cac day so
so {xn}t=o ' « ^"2/ Cosi (Cauchy) vd gidi hg-n cua no Id nghi$m duy nhdt cua (2/,.):S va iz.):=o, vdi
phuang trinh f{x) = x.
yn = X2„, 2„ = X2„+i, Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Giai. tljda nuui cac dicu kiCn;
a) Tudng t u u h u bai toan 50a, 50b, d tratig 148. Chu y them r i n g neu day
so {xn}t=o l»Oi t u den a€ I t h i v i / lien tyc tren / nen ta c6 2/n+i = &(y„), 2„+i = gizn), Vn = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . .
Theo cau a) nhftng day nay ddn diou. Vay n6u day {xn},"!'^^ bi chan t h i cac
f(a) = / ( lim Xn ] = lim /(a;„) = lim x„+i = a.
V n->+oo / n—+00 n—+oo day .s6 (x2„),tro va (x2„+,)+ro (t^c la cac day s6 iyr,)^^^ va (^„);tro) Ôi t y .
Goi lim X2„ = u, lim X2„+i = v, khi do u va v thoa man dicu kicn sau:
V§iy a la mot diem bat dong ciia ham so /.
6) Trade het t a chi ra rKng, vdi moi x € J ta cd /(x) € J . Neu x > Q (x € J)
t i n do (i) ta o6 /(x) - x < 0, Do do va do / tang tren J nen /(") = / ( Hm X2n
\n—+oo J = „ii?00^(^2„)=^lim^X2„+l=r, ,^J^;
a = f{a) < fix) < X ^ fix) 6 ( « ; x) C J ^ fix) € J.

fiv) = f( lim X 2 „ + i ' ) = l i m /(x2„+i) = lim X2„+2 = u.
yn—'+00 y n—'+oo n—>+oo
Cung v$y, neu x < a (x € ./), theo (i) ta c6 /(x) > x, vay
X < fix) < fin) = a fix) 6 (x; a) C J ^ fix) € J. Hay u va i ; la nghieni ciia he | - ^ j " ! ~ ^ (day la ho d6i xiing loai 2).
d)
Sau cung, neu x = a t h i fix) = /(a) = a £ J . Vay, vdi nioi XQ € J , ta c6
C&ch 1. Tien lianh tadng t a nha da lam d cac bai toan ciia bai "PhUdng
the xay dang Ijling quy nap niOt day {x„},"^^ cac phan t i i ciia J tlioa man
phap sii dung dinh ly Lagrange", ta chiing minh dadc phadng t r i n h /(x) = x
Xn+i - / ( x „ ) , Vri e N va mot day n h u vay duoc xar djnh mot each duy nhat
CO ughiem duy nhat, k i hieu nghiem do la L, sau do sii dung dinh ly Lagrange,
bdi xo e J cho trade. ta chu;ng m i n h ditdc l i m x„ = L.
Trirdng hdp 1: xo > a. Theo (i) ta c6 x i = / ( X Q ) < X Q . Gia sii x„+i < x„, n—+oo
k h i do v i / tftng tren J nen C a c h 2 (each nay c6 m o t so k i e n thuTc viidt r a ngoai chifdng t r i n h

pho thong t r u n g hoc, n e n no p h i i hdp vdi c a c ban doc la S i n h vien,
x,i+2 = / ( x „ + i ) < /(x„) = x„+i. Giao v i e n ) . Theo dinh ly Lagrange, vdi moi n € N, ta c6
V^y theo nguyen l i quy n^p suy ra day {x„}|J^f^ la day giam. De thay trUdng |x„+i - x „ | = |/(x„) - / ( x „ _ i ) | < A;|x„ - x „ _ i | ,
hglp nay day bi chftn dadi bdi n.
Trirdng hdp 2: XQ < Q . Tudng t a ta cluing minh dadc day { x „ } ; ^ ^ tang v^ fif do bang quy imp ta suy ra |x„+i - x„| < k" \xi - xo|. V^y vdi mpi so t a
bj chan tren bdi a. "liien n va ni sao cho n > m, ta cd:
Trildng hdp 3: XQ = n. K h i do x„ = Q , Vn 6 N.
k„ - X,„| = |(x„ - X „ _ i ) + ( X „ _ i - X„_2) + • • • + (Xm +l - X,„)| i,
V?iy trong moi tradng hdp day {x„};[^^ hpi t u va gidi h^n ciia no phai thoa
man phuong t r l n h /(x) = x. M a < (fc"-' + fc-"-^ + • • • + fc"") |xi - xol . ;. ,-t-
(/(x)-x] ( X - Q ) < 0 , V X G J\{a}
cho thay rang Q la nghi^ni duy nhat ciia phUdng t r i n h /(x) = x trong J . Be" ^ h i (16 vdi mpi e > 0, cd the t i m dUdc mot so nguyen dudng mo sao cho
v^y lim x„ = a.
n—'+oo fc-^lx, -xo|<e(l-fc).
C)
308 309
Bdi vey vdi n > m > mo ta c6 |x„ - Xm\ £• V|iy (x„) la day Cosi. V i / ^^y xo < 4, x i < 4 , . . . , x „ _ i < 4 ( v i neu ton t§d i e { 1 , 2 , . . . , n - 1} .sao cho
dong trong R nen / day du, do do day (x„) c6 gidi han huTu han nghiem diing ^. ^ 4 t h i theo bang dau d tren suy ra X i + i = / ( x j ) < X j , dieu nay mau
f{L) = L (do / lien t y c ) . Neu phuong t r i n h / ( x ) = x c6 niQt nghiem f l khac thuan vdi (**))• Bdi v^y neu x„ dUdc xac dinh vdi moi n € N t h i day so (x„)
L thi tang va bi chan tren bdi so 4 nen hoi t u . Gpi L = ^ l i m ^ x „ , k h i do L > A
^•a vi ham / lien tuc nen t i t (*) cho n ^ +oo ta diMc L = f{L). T u y nhien
\n-L\ |/(n) - / ( L ) | <m-L\^\n-L\<k\n-L\,
khong ton t ^ i L sao cho L = f{L) va L > A. Vay khong the ton tai x „ , vdi
dieu nay man thnan vdi gia thiet 0 < fc < 1, Q.^ L. iiipi n, nghia la khong ton tai day ( x „ ) .
TrifcJng hdp 4: 0 < xo < A. Silt dung k i t qua bai toan 212b d trang 307, vdi
B a i t o a n 2 1 3 . Cho day so (x„) theo quy lug,t sau
„ = 1 va .7 = [0; A), suy ra day so (x„) ton tai va l i m x „ = 1.
1 n->+oo
.,Vn = 0,1,2,...
2- v ^ ' TrUc^ng hdp 5: xo = A =J> x „ = A, Vn 6 N . D o do l i m x „ = A.
n-'+oo
i/dj/ 6ien /uan </ieo XQ vi sif ton tQ,i va hgi tu cua day so ( x „ ) . K i t l u a n : Dg day so (x„) xac dinh t h i dieu kien c i n va d i i la
G i a i . Xet hani so / ( x ) =
1
.,Vx€ [ 0 ; + o o ) \ { 4 } . K l i i do +
0;
2-
Xn+\;„),Vn = 0 , l , . . . (*)
/ l + v/5
• Neu Xo 6 0; va Xo khac thi l i m x „ = 1.
Taco n->+oo
1 '1
/'(x) = - > 0,Vxe [0;+oo)\{4}. l + v/5\
"(2-yi)2 2v/5(2-v/i)2 • Neu Xo — thi x„ = , Vn e N . Suy ra
Vay / ( x ) dong bicn tron [0;4) va (4;+oo). Vdi moi x € [0;+oo) \, dat
v/x = 2/, ta CO lim X
n—+oo
1 1 - 2x + x v / i
/(x)-x = - X =
2 - v ^ " 2-v/i Bai t o a n 2 1 4 . Cho a e R sao cho \a\<l. Xet day so (x„) nhu sau: XQ € R
"0 Xn+i = a sin x „ + 6, Vn 6 N . Bien luan theo XQ SU hoi tu cua day so da cho.
2-2/ 2-y
G i a i . De thay vdi moi n e N t h i x„ ludn ton tai. Xet ham so
V$.y / ( x ) = x < ^ x G { 1 , A } , vdi A = / ( x ) = a s i n x + 6,Vx 6 R. '

. 2 ; •
Khi do x „ + , = / ( x „ ) , Vn 6 N . Ta c6 | / ' ( x ) | < \a\ | / ( x ) | < |a| + |6|, Vx e R.
X 0 1 A 4 +00
du chpn Xo nlur the nao t h i day so (x„) van xac dinh va bi chan. R
/(x)-x + 0 - 0 + -
^ " S va |a| < 1 nen sii dung ket qua bai toaai 212d d trang 307 suy ra day
TriTcJng h d p 1: XQ < 0. K h i do x i khong xac dinh. da cho hpi t u den nghiem duy nhat ciia phudng t r i n h a s i n x + 6 = x.
Trifc^ng h d p 2: XQ > 4. K h i do 2 - < 0 =^ x i = / ( X Q ) < 0, v?ty X 2 khong ^» t o a n 215. Hay khdo sat day s6 (xnj+ô dMc xac dinh bdi ....
xac dinh.
T r i r d n g h d p 3: A < xo < 4. K h i do x i = / ( X Q ) > XQ. V I ham / tang nen neu
Xo€R, x„+i = " \n = 0 , 1 , 2,. ..{vdi a > 0).
CO the xac dinh diwc xo, x i , . . . , x „ t h i bang phirong phap quy nap t a suy la 1 + x„
Xo < x i < • • • < x„,
310 311
Bdi vey vdi n > m > mo ta c6 |x„ - Xm\ £• V|iy (x„) la day Cosi. V i / ^^y xo < 4, x i < 4 , . . . , x „ _ i < 4 ( v i neu ton t§d i e { 1 , 2 , . . . , n - 1} .sao cho
dong trong R nen / day du, do do day (x„) c6 gidi han huTu han nghiem diing ^. ^ 4 t h i theo bang dau d tren suy ra X i + i = / ( x j ) < X j , dieu nay mau
f{L) = L (do / lien t y c ) . Neu phuong t r i n h / ( x ) = x c6 niQt nghiem f l khac thuan vdi (**))• Bdi v^y neu x„ dUdc xac dinh vdi moi n € N t h i day so (x„)
L thi tang va bi chan tren bdi so 4 nen hoi t u . Gpi L = ^ l i m ^ x „ , k h i do L > A
^•a vi ham / lien tuc nen t i t (*) cho n ^ +oo ta diMc L = f{L). T u y nhien
\n-L\ |/(n) - / ( L ) | <m-L\^\n-L\<k\n-L\,
khong ton t ^ i L sao cho L = f{L) va L > A. Vay khong the ton tai x „ , vdi
dieu nay man thnan vdi gia thiet 0 < fc < 1, Q.^ L. iiipi n, nghia la khong ton tai day ( x „ ) .
TrifcJng hdp 4: 0 < xo < A. Silt dung k i t qua bai toan 212b d trang 307, vdi
B a i t o a n 2 1 3 . Cho day so (x„) theo quy lug,t sau
„ = 1 va .7 = [0; A), suy ra day so (x„) ton tai va l i m x „ = 1.
1 n->+oo
.,Vn = 0,1,2,...
2- v ^ ' TrUc^ng hdp 5: xo = A =J> x „ = A, Vn 6 N . D o do l i m x „ = A.
n-'+oo
i/dj/ 6ien /uan </ieo XQ vi sif ton tQ,i va hgi tu cua day so ( x „ ) . K i t l u a n : Dg day so (x„) xac dinh t h i dieu kien c i n va d i i la
G i a i . Xet hani so / ( x ) =
1
.,Vx€ [ 0 ; + o o ) \ { 4 } . K l i i do +
0;
2-
Xn+\;„),Vn = 0 , l , . . . (*)
/ l + v/5
• Neu Xo 6 0; va Xo khac thi l i m x „ = 1.
Taco n->+oo
1 '1
/'(x) = - > 0,Vxe [0;+oo)\{4}. l + v/5\
"(2-yi)2 2v/5(2-v/i)2 • Neu Xo — thi x„ = , Vn e N . Suy ra
Vay / ( x ) dong bicn tron [0;4) va (4;+oo). Vdi moi x € [0;+oo) \, dat
v/x = 2/, ta CO lim X
n—+oo
1 1 - 2x + x v / i
/(x)-x = - X =
2 - v ^ " 2-v/i Bai t o a n 2 1 4 . Cho a e R sao cho \a\<l. Xet day so (x„) nhu sau: XQ € R
"0 Xn+i = a sin x „ + 6, Vn 6 N . Bien luan theo XQ SU hoi tu cua day so da cho.
2-2/ 2-y
G i a i . De thay vdi moi n e N t h i x„ ludn ton tai. Xet ham so
V$.y / ( x ) = x < ^ x G { 1 , A } , vdi A = / ( x ) = a s i n x + 6,Vx 6 R. '

. 2 ; •
Khi do x „ + , = / ( x „ ) , Vn 6 N . Ta c6 | / ' ( x ) | < \a\ | / ( x ) | < |a| + |6|, Vx e R.
X 0 1 A 4 +00
du chpn Xo nlur the nao t h i day so (x„) van xac dinh va bi chan. R
/(x)-x + 0 - 0 + -
^ " S va |a| < 1 nen sii dung ket qua bai toaai 212d d trang 307 suy ra day
TriTcJng h d p 1: XQ < 0. K h i do x i khong xac dinh. da cho hpi t u den nghiem duy nhat ciia phudng t r i n h a s i n x + 6 = x.
Trifc^ng h d p 2: XQ > 4. K h i do 2 - < 0 =^ x i = / ( X Q ) < 0, v?ty X 2 khong ^» t o a n 215. Hay khdo sat day s6 (xnj+ô dMc xac dinh bdi ....
xac dinh.
T r i r d n g h d p 3: A < xo < 4. K h i do x i = / ( X Q ) > XQ. V I ham / tang nen neu
Xo€R, x„+i = " \n = 0 , 1 , 2,. ..{vdi a > 0).
CO the xac dinh diwc xo, x i , . . . , x „ t h i bang phirong phap quy nap t a suy la 1 + x„
Xo < x i < • • • < x„,
310 311
G i a i . X e t h a m s6 f{x) = " " G M. K h i do 1011 h i o " •'if'^'^ ^'^ ^ " > 0 ' ^ " ^ ^ * ("^^y { ^ n } , t ^ b i c h a n
1 -T X • 0 < / ( ^ ' ^ < a (1 + g2),Vx G M ) . B a y g i d t a x e t d a y {x„}+r5 (tiic la bo di
a{\+a') g (1 + g^) - X (1 + x^) hail tvr X ( ) ) , t a dUa ve t r U d n g h o p m o t day so t h u c d U d n g . V i h a m / n g h i c l i
fix) - x ^ — X = lîeii t r e i i (0; +CXD) n e i i t h e o cau c) c i i a b a i t o a n 2 1 2 d t r a n g 307 suy r a h a i
1 + X2 1+X2
Jay {X2n}t=v {x2n-i}n=i ^ô'i t i l vo cac S O u, V t h o a m a n he p l i U d n g t r i i i h
(x3 - g^) + (x - g) ^ ( x - g ) ( x ^ + g x + a^ + l )
l + x2 ~ l+x2 a (1 + g2)
u =
1 + z;2
V a y fix) = X <!4> X = g. H a y / c6 d u n g m o t d i 6 m b a t d o n g l a x = g. T a c6 (1)
g(l +g2)
V =
- 2 g x ( l + g'-^) 1 + g2 •
xn+x =fix„),yn e N ; / ( g ) = g; fix) = ' 2^2 '^^ ^
^1 + X j Vay van de q n y l a i l a t i m t a t ca cac caj) ( u , v) ( v d i u > 0, n > 0) t h o a m a n he
pliitrtiig t r i n h (1). G i a siif ( u , v) t h o a m a n (1), t a d a t 6 = g ( l + g2), 5 = u + v,
D o do
p = uv (vrfi d i e n k i e n S'^ > 4 / ' ) Tit he (1), lay h a i phiTdng t r i n h t r i r n h a u t a
- 2 g ( l + g 2 ) ( l + x2)2 + 8 g ( l + g2)x2(l + x^) (hrdc
(l+x2)4
b {v^ - u2) biv - u)iv + u)
- 2 g ( l + g ^ ) ( l + x^) + 8 g ( l + a^)x^ _ 2a{l + a^)i3x^ - 1) V — u = (1 + U 2 ) (1 + ^2)
1 + 1/2 + 1)2 - f u'^v'^
(l+x2)3 (l + x2)3
V — a =- 0
b{v + u)
D a t t{x) = | / ' ( x ) | ,Vx € R. K h i do i ( x ) = yjif'ix))\y ~ 1 + M 2 + i-2 + u2^;2 •
/'(x)/"(x) /'(x) 2g(l + g2)(3x2-l) Neu u = V t h i he (1) d u o c v i o t l a i

t'ix) =
yi77(^ |/'(x)r (l+x2)3
U = V <1" / ( x ) = x « x = a ^ < U = a
xi = f[u) ^ \u = a-^\v = a.
(t
t'{x) k h o u g xac d i i i h k h i b (v + u)
t h i kgt hop v6i
va c h i k h i x = 0.
1
t'{x) z= 0 o X = ± 62 62
uv =
/'(.V) (1 + g 2 ) ( i +t,2) 1 + U2 + t;2 + u2j,2
/ 1
= t - «uy r a
V3 v/3
62
uv =
/ 1 3\/3g ( 1 + g^) l + u^ + i;2 + «2,i;2 ^ . b^ = P{l + S^ + P''-2P)
m a x /(x) = t 6 iv + u) 65 = 1 + 52 + p2 _ 2 P
V3 73 1 =
1 + u2 4. ,;2 ^ y_2y2
SPb = 62 SP = b
iP - l)^ + 52 ^ 56 ^ { ( P - 1)2 = 5 6 - 52
D o do n e u ^ "'^ < 1 ^ g ( l + g^) < ^ t h i | / ' ( x ) | < 1, Vx £ R-
b o i vav t h e o k e t ( l u a c a u d) c i i a b a i t o a n 2 1 2 0 t r a i i g 307 suy l a hm x„ = "

n—>+oo P=l (2)
62 62 62 62
T i e p t l i e o t a x e t trttcing h o p a ( l + g'^) > -^-j=. C h i i y i f i n g d a y so {x„},t=i' (^'-1) - p - p 2 = p 2 ( ^ - l )
312 313
G i a i . X e t h a m s6 f{x) = " " G M. K h i do 1011 h i o " •'if'^'^ ^'^ ^ " > 0 ' ^ " ^ ^ * ("^^y { ^ n } , t ^ b i c h a n
1 -T X • 0 < / ( ^ ' ^ < a (1 + g2),Vx G M ) . B a y g i d t a x e t d a y {x„}+r5 (tiic la bo di
a{\+a') g (1 + g^) - X (1 + x^) hail tvr X ( ) ) , t a dUa ve t r U d n g h o p m o t day so t h u c d U d n g . V i h a m / n g h i c l i
fix) - x ^ — X = lîeii t r e i i (0; +CXD) n e i i t h e o cau c) c i i a b a i t o a n 2 1 2 d t r a n g 307 suy r a h a i
1 + X2 1+X2
Jay {X2n}t=v {x2n-i}n=i ^ô'i t i l vo cac S O u, V t h o a m a n he p l i U d n g t r i i i h
(x3 - g^) + (x - g) ^ ( x - g ) ( x ^ + g x + a^ + l )
l + x2 ~ l+x2 a (1 + g2)
u =
1 + z;2
V a y fix) = X <!4> X = g. H a y / c6 d u n g m o t d i 6 m b a t d o n g l a x = g. T a c6 (1)
g(l +g2)
V =
- 2 g x ( l + g'-^) 1 + g2 •
xn+x =fix„),yn e N ; / ( g ) = g; fix) = ' 2^2 '^^ ^
^1 + X j Vay van de q n y l a i l a t i m t a t ca cac caj) ( u , v) ( v d i u > 0, n > 0) t h o a m a n he
pliitrtiig t r i n h (1). G i a siif ( u , v) t h o a m a n (1), t a d a t 6 = g ( l + g2), 5 = u + v,
D o do
p = uv (vrfi d i e n k i e n S'^ > 4 / ' ) Tit he (1), lay h a i phiTdng t r i n h t r i r n h a u t a
- 2 g ( l + g 2 ) ( l + x2)2 + 8 g ( l + g2)x2(l + x^) (hrdc
(l+x2)4
b {v^ - u2) biv - u)iv + u)
- 2 g ( l + g ^ ) ( l + x^) + 8 g ( l + a^)x^ _ 2a{l + a^)i3x^ - 1) V — u = (1 + U 2 ) (1 + ^2)
1 + 1/2 + 1)2 - f u'^v'^
(l+x2)3 (l + x2)3
V — a =- 0
b{v + u)
D a t t{x) = | / ' ( x ) | ,Vx € R. K h i do i ( x ) = yjif'ix))\y ~ 1 + M 2 + i-2 + u2^;2 •
/'(x)/"(x) /'(x) 2g(l + g2)(3x2-l) Neu u = V t h i he (1) d u o c v i o t l a i

t'ix) =
yi77(^ |/'(x)r (l+x2)3
U = V <1" / ( x ) = x « x = a ^ < U = a
xi = f[u) ^ \u = a-^\v = a.
(t
t'{x) k h o u g xac d i i i h k h i b (v + u)
t h i kgt hop v6i
va c h i k h i x = 0.
1
t'{x) z= 0 o X = ± 62 62
uv =
/'(.V) (1 + g 2 ) ( i +t,2) 1 + U2 + t;2 + u2j,2
/ 1
= t - «uy r a
V3 v/3
62
uv =
/ 1 3\/3g ( 1 + g^) l + u^ + i;2 + «2,i;2 ^ . b^ = P{l + S^ + P''-2P)
m a x /(x) = t 6 iv + u) 65 = 1 + 52 + p2 _ 2 P
V3 73 1 =
1 + u2 4. ,;2 ^ y_2y2
SPb = 62 SP = b
iP - l)^ + 52 ^ 56 ^ { ( P - 1)2 = 5 6 - 52
D o do n e u ^ "'^ < 1 ^ g ( l + g^) < ^ t h i | / ' ( x ) | < 1, Vx £ R-
b o i vav t h e o k e t ( l u a c a u d) c i i a b a i t o a n 2 1 2 0 t r a i i g 307 suy l a hm x„ = "

n—>+oo P=l (2)
62 62 62 62
T i e p t l i e o t a x e t trttcing h o p a ( l + g'^) > -^-j=. C h i i y i f i n g d a y so {x„},t=i' (^'-1) - p - p 2 = p 2 ( ^ - l )
312 313
ji) 'BUdng h0p a > 1. K h i do | ^ - « ( l + Gpi u va i ; (u < t;) la nghiem
Ta CO
p2(p _ 1) = 62 ^ p 3 _ p2 a^f = 0 cua phUdng t r i n h
^[P-{l+a^)] [p2 + a2p + a 2 ( l + a 2 ) ] =0 k{x) = x^ - a ( l + a^) X + 1 = 0.
Vi o > 1 " e n phuong t r i n h nay c6 hai nghi?m phan bi?t, hdn nOa
k{a) = - a ( l + a'^)a + 1 = 1 - a" < 0

Vay (2) V i e t tiep
suy i-du<a<v. N h u vay k h i a > 1 t h i h? (1) c6 hai nghi?m la {u; v) = (a; a)
S = b f 5 = a (1 + a*) va (w; f ) la ' ' a i nghiem ciia phudng t r i n h A:(x) = 0 da noi d tren. X e t ham so
F = l do 6, =
=a^l+a2)i
I F = l 5(x) = / ( / W ) - K h i d o
f S = a
> ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2(l + a2)2 ^

Neu (5, F ) - (a, 1 + a^) t h i ^ a ( l + a2)(l + x2)2 - xa2(l + a2)2 - x ( l + x2)2
5^ > 4 P o > 4 (1 + a^) Sa^ + 4 < 0, ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2(l + a2)2

_ - [ ( ! + x2) - a x ( l + a2)][x(l + x2) - a ( l + a^)\
dicu m a n thnaii nay clu'mg to trirrmg hap {S, P) = (a, 1 + a^) khong thd xay
(l+x2)2+a2(l+a2)2
ra. De tritdng hop ( 5 , P ) = ( a ( l + a^), l ) xay ra t h i dieu kien can va d i i la - T
.2 a(l+a2)x+l][x^ + x-a(l+Q2)]
( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2(l+a2)2 (3)
a (1 + a^)]^ > 4 <^ a (1 + a''^) > 2 <^ 4- a - 2 > 0
Vi + X - a ( l + a 2 ) = x^ - + X - a = (x - a ) ( x 2 + ax + a2 + 1) nen t\i (3)
{ « - 1) (a'^ + a + 2) > 0 <(=> a > 1 (do a > 0).
suy ra dau cua ^(x) - x la dan ciia - ( x - u)(x - a)(x -v).
Theo c a c ket q u a cua can b) va cau c ) ciia bai toan 2 1 2 d trang 307 t a c6
X U u a V
bien luan s a u : g(x) - X + 0 - 0 + 0 -
i) T i i t d n g liop (t < 1. K h i do khong t6n tai cap {S,P) nao t h o a m a n (2), suy Neu 0 < X o < a t h i v i / nghich bien tren (0; +oo) nen x i = / ( X Q ) > f{a) > a.
ra tritdng hop T i t x i > o va 5 la ham d6ng bien tren (0; +oo) nen X3 = g{xi) > g{a) = a. Quy
^ h{v + u) 'lap ta diror x2„+i > a,Vn € N . Vay day (x2„+i) tifin den i ; . T i r 0 < X Q < a
^'^ 5 la ham dong bien tren (0; +00) nen X2 = giô) < g{a) = a. Quy nap t a
1 + u2 + t;2 + u2j;2
'lutoc X 2 „ < a, Vn 6 N . Vay day (x2„) tien den u.
khong t h ^ x a y r a . Do do he (1) c6 nghiem d\iy nliat {IL,V) = (a, a). Bdi vay •^û -Ti) > a t h i 0 < x i < a, X2 > a, quy nap ta ditdc X2„+i < a,Vn e N vk
•^2n > a,V/t g N . Vay day ( x 2 n ) tien den v va day ( x 2 „ + i ) tien den u.
lim X2n = h m X 2 „ _ i = a =*• l i m x „ = a.
n—+oo n—+oo n-»+cx) X(j = a t h i day (x„) khong d6i.
Xet h a m so h{a) - a ( l + a2),Va € (0; 1]. K h i do lai, day ( x „ ) chi hOi t u neu a < 1 hojc neu X Q = a.
/i'(a) = 30^ + 1 > 0 , V a € ( 0 ; l ] .
t o a n 216 (De t h i chpn dpi tuyen Viet Nam t h i toan quoc te nam 1996).
V^y h a m h d6ng bifin tren (0; 1]. Suy ra thn tat cd cdc so thuc. a sao cho day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ fM/c xdc dinh bdi
h{a) = a{l+u^) < / t ( l ) - 2 , V a € (0;1].
X o = / 1 9 9 6 , x„+i = V n = 0,1, 2,...
8 > S
Ma < 2 nen t n t 6 n g liOp a < 1 bao goni ca trUdng hop a ( l + a^) < ^
° hg,n hHu han khi n ddn tdi +00.
trong phan d a n .
315
314
ji) 'BUdng h0p a > 1. K h i do | ^ - « ( l + Gpi u va i ; (u < t;) la nghiem
Ta CO
p2(p _ 1) = 62 ^ p 3 _ p2 a^f = 0 cua phUdng t r i n h
^[P-{l+a^)] [p2 + a2p + a 2 ( l + a 2 ) ] =0 k{x) = x^ - a ( l + a^) X + 1 = 0.
Vi o > 1 " e n phuong t r i n h nay c6 hai nghi?m phan bi?t, hdn nOa
k{a) = - a ( l + a'^)a + 1 = 1 - a" < 0

Vay (2) V i e t tiep
suy i-du<a<v. N h u vay k h i a > 1 t h i h? (1) c6 hai nghi?m la {u; v) = (a; a)
S = b f 5 = a (1 + a*) va (w; f ) la ' ' a i nghiem ciia phudng t r i n h A:(x) = 0 da noi d tren. X e t ham so
F = l do 6, =
=a^l+a2)i
I F = l 5(x) = / ( / W ) - K h i d o
f S = a
> ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2(l + a2)2 ^

Neu (5, F ) - (a, 1 + a^) t h i ^ a ( l + a2)(l + x2)2 - xa2(l + a2)2 - x ( l + x2)2
5^ > 4 P o > 4 (1 + a^) Sa^ + 4 < 0, ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2(l + a2)2

_ - [ ( ! + x2) - a x ( l + a2)][x(l + x2) - a ( l + a^)\
dicu m a n thnaii nay clu'mg to trirrmg hap {S, P) = (a, 1 + a^) khong thd xay
(l+x2)2+a2(l+a2)2
ra. De tritdng hop ( 5 , P ) = ( a ( l + a^), l ) xay ra t h i dieu kien can va d i i la - T
.2 a(l+a2)x+l][x^ + x-a(l+Q2)]
( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2(l+a2)2 (3)
a (1 + a^)]^ > 4 <^ a (1 + a''^) > 2 <^ 4- a - 2 > 0
Vi + X - a ( l + a 2 ) = x^ - + X - a = (x - a ) ( x 2 + ax + a2 + 1) nen t\i (3)
{ « - 1) (a'^ + a + 2) > 0 <(=> a > 1 (do a > 0).
suy ra dau cua ^(x) - x la dan ciia - ( x - u)(x - a)(x -v).
Theo c a c ket q u a cua can b) va cau c ) ciia bai toan 2 1 2 d trang 307 t a c6
X U u a V
bien luan s a u : g(x) - X + 0 - 0 + 0 -
i) T i i t d n g liop (t < 1. K h i do khong t6n tai cap {S,P) nao t h o a m a n (2), suy Neu 0 < X o < a t h i v i / nghich bien tren (0; +oo) nen x i = / ( X Q ) > f{a) > a.
ra tritdng hop T i t x i > o va 5 la ham d6ng bien tren (0; +oo) nen X3 = g{xi) > g{a) = a. Quy
^ h{v + u) 'lap ta diror x2„+i > a,Vn € N . Vay day (x2„+i) tifin den i ; . T i r 0 < X Q < a
^'^ 5 la ham dong bien tren (0; +00) nen X2 = giô) < g{a) = a. Quy nap t a
1 + u2 + t;2 + u2j;2
'lutoc X 2 „ < a, Vn 6 N . Vay day (x2„) tien den u.
khong t h ^ x a y r a . Do do he (1) c6 nghiem d\iy nliat {IL,V) = (a, a). Bdi vay •^û -Ti) > a t h i 0 < x i < a, X2 > a, quy nap ta ditdc X2„+i < a,Vn e N vk
•^2n > a,V/t g N . Vay day ( x 2 n ) tien den v va day ( x 2 „ + i ) tien den u.
lim X2n = h m X 2 „ _ i = a =*• l i m x „ = a.
n—+oo n—+oo n-»+cx) X(j = a t h i day (x„) khong d6i.
Xet h a m so h{a) - a ( l + a2),Va € (0; 1]. K h i do lai, day ( x „ ) chi hOi t u neu a < 1 hojc neu X Q = a.
/i'(a) = 30^ + 1 > 0 , V a € ( 0 ; l ] .
t o a n 216 (De t h i chpn dpi tuyen Viet Nam t h i toan quoc te nam 1996).
V^y h a m h d6ng bifin tren (0; 1]. Suy ra thn tat cd cdc so thuc. a sao cho day so ( x „ ) ^ ^ fM/c xdc dinh bdi
h{a) = a{l+u^) < / t ( l ) - 2 , V a € (0;1].
X o = / 1 9 9 6 , x„+i = V n = 0,1, 2,...
8 > S
Ma < 2 nen t n t 6 n g liOp a < 1 bao goni ca trUdng hop a ( l + a^) < ^
° hg,n hHu han khi n ddn tdi +00.
trong phan d a n .
315
314
G i a i . Ta xet bai toan t6ng quat vd\ > 0 cho triXdc bat lei. V6i a = 0, ta C Q guy ra day so (x„) hoi t u .
x„ = 0, V/( € N, suy l a lini a:„ = 0. Vay day hoi tu. Tiif day ve sau ta vpt ^ i l p theo ta chimg minh vdi a > 2 t i n day so (x„) hpi t u k h i va chi k h i
«—'+00
f i : = X o + ^"o- T h a t vay, gia sii a = + XQ, k h i do
XQ + Xo
a > 0. De thay rkng vdi a > 0 t i n a:,, > 0, Vn € N , do do xet cac liain s6 1+^0 l + xl 1 +x,,2 — ^0)
Xn = Xo.
y-y x„ = Xo, Vn € N . Suy ra ^lira^ x^ = xo, nghia la day (a;„) hoi t u . Ngudc
lai, g'^ ^' ^'^ "^^^^ (^"^ ''^^ "S^"^ A; e K sao cho l i m x„ = fc. K h i
Ta CO f'{x) — ^"''^ „ < 0, Va- > o! V§ly ham so / nghich bien tren (0; +oc) (]6 tCr X n + i = / ( ^ » ) ' Vn e N , cho n —• +oo, ta dUdc f{k) = k hay a = k + k^,
(i + x'^y hay ^' la nghiem ciia phudng t r i n h x^ + x - a = 0. De thay phildng t r i n h
do do ham so g dong bien tren (0; +oo). Xet day so (x2„). Dat u„ = X2n, k\i\ J.3 ^. 2; - a = 0 CO nghiem duy nhat nen
do x^ + x - a = {x- k)p{x), vdi p(x) > 0, Vx € R.

Un+l = X2{n+l) = ^2n+2 = f {X2n+l) = f {f{X2n)) = 9{X2n) = 9{Un).
Do ham y tang nen (?i„) la day ddn dieu (tang hoac giam). Mat khac, ta c6 Xet ham so g{x) = f (/(a)). Ta c6
0 < w„ < a, nen day {u„) hoi tu. Dat lim u„ = /. K h i do tit u„+i = g{u^) a a
g{x) - x = — X = • X
va g la ham lieu tuc, cho n —> +oo ta dUdc / = g{l). (1) 1 + [f{x)P
1 +
Tuong tir, (a;2„+i) cung dUn dicu (tang hoac gitun) va bi chan nen hoi tu. ' ' ' ( 1 + X 2 ) 2
Ta chi'mg minh neu 0 < « < 2 thi day (x„) c6 gidi han h d u han. T h a t vay, a{\+x'f-x[(l+xy + a^]
giii .siif /(/) = i;, hay ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2
= yâ = v + vl\) ^ (1+X'^)'^(H-3-) -g^x ^ -(x3+x-a)(x^-ax+l)

(l+x2)2+fl2 - ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2
Ta CO I
Vi a > 2 nen phudng t r i n h x^ - ax + 1 = 0 c6 hai nghiem phan bi?t a, p. Gia
sir a < /?. V i a > 2 nen
/ (/(/)) - /(iO ^ <Al) = f{v) / = fiv) ^ I = â = l + Iv'. (3)
Tiir (2) cho (3) dUdc fc^ + fc>2=>A;^ + fc-2>0=>(fc- l)(A.-2 + fc + 2 ) > 0 = J . A ; > l .
/ - + lvi^) -l)^0<^(v ~ l){lv - 1) = 0.
Do do o - aA;2 < 0. Thay a = fc^ + A; vao ta dirdc
Neu V I thi Iv = 1. Thay vao (2) dUdc a = v-\-1, suy ra / va v la nghiew
ciia phUdng trinh ''^ + k~ak^ <0^ fc(A;2 _ ak + 1) < O'^Â"^ k:^-ak + l<0=>a<k<p.
x"^ -ax+ 1 = 0. (^) Dau
cua g{x) - X la dau ciia - ( x - k){x -a){x-ij).
Do /, V da ton tai non (4) phai c6 nghiem, suy ra
X n A: li
A = a2-4>0'°=^>%>2.
g(x)-x •+ 0 - U + 0 -
Ket hdj) vdi a < 2 suy ru o = 2. K h i do / = = 1, trai vcJi dieu gia sit.
/ = V, tiic la /(/) — I. Tfr do va do / la ham lien tuc nen ('^n) n h u tren {u„ = X2„). K h i do (u„) la day ddn dicu. V i Hm_M„ = k
n—>+oo
/ \ tî „„ a < < p. N l u Q < < A: t h i
hm X2:i — I — f{l) = f lim X2n = lim f{X2n)= lim X2n+1-
n—>+tx) ^71—+CX) J n—>+oo n—>+oo
"no + 1 = i^(w,K,) < U„o.
316 317
G i a i . Ta xet bai toan t6ng quat vd\ > 0 cho triXdc bat lei. V6i a = 0, ta C Q guy ra day so (x„) hoi t u .
x„ = 0, V/( € N, suy l a lini a:„ = 0. Vay day hoi tu. Tiif day ve sau ta vpt ^ i l p theo ta chimg minh vdi a > 2 t i n day so (x„) hpi t u k h i va chi k h i
«—'+00
f i : = X o + ^"o- T h a t vay, gia sii a = + XQ, k h i do
XQ + Xo
a > 0. De thay rkng vdi a > 0 t i n a:,, > 0, Vn € N , do do xet cac liain s6 1+^0 l + xl 1 +x,,2 — ^0)
Xn = Xo.
y-y x„ = Xo, Vn € N . Suy ra ^lira^ x^ = xo, nghia la day (a;„) hoi t u . Ngudc
lai, g'^ ^' ^'^ "^^^^ (^"^ ''^^ "S^"^ A; e K sao cho l i m x„ = fc. K h i
Ta CO f'{x) — ^"''^ „ < 0, Va- > o! V§ly ham so / nghich bien tren (0; +oc) (]6 tCr X n + i = / ( ^ » ) ' Vn e N , cho n —• +oo, ta dUdc f{k) = k hay a = k + k^,
(i + x'^y hay ^' la nghiem ciia phudng t r i n h x^ + x - a = 0. De thay phildng t r i n h
do do ham so g dong bien tren (0; +oo). Xet day so (x2„). Dat u„ = X2n, k\i\ J.3 ^. 2; - a = 0 CO nghiem duy nhat nen
do x^ + x - a = {x- k)p{x), vdi p(x) > 0, Vx € R.

Un+l = X2{n+l) = ^2n+2 = f {X2n+l) = f {f{X2n)) = 9{X2n) = 9{Un).
Do ham y tang nen (?i„) la day ddn dieu (tang hoac giam). Mat khac, ta c6 Xet ham so g{x) = f (/(a)). Ta c6
0 < w„ < a, nen day {u„) hoi tu. Dat lim u„ = /. K h i do tit u„+i = g{u^) a a
g{x) - x = — X = • X
va g la ham lieu tuc, cho n —> +oo ta dUdc / = g{l). (1) 1 + [f{x)P
1 +
Tuong tir, (a;2„+i) cung dUn dicu (tang hoac gitun) va bi chan nen hoi tu. ' ' ' ( 1 + X 2 ) 2
Ta chi'mg minh neu 0 < « < 2 thi day (x„) c6 gidi han h d u han. T h a t vay, a{\+x'f-x[(l+xy + a^]
giii .siif /(/) = i;, hay ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2
= yâ = v + vl\) ^ (1+X'^)'^(H-3-) -g^x ^ -(x3+x-a)(x^-ax+l)

(l+x2)2+fl2 - ( l + x 2 ) 2 + a2
Ta CO I
Vi a > 2 nen phudng t r i n h x^ - ax + 1 = 0 c6 hai nghiem phan bi?t a, p. Gia
sir a < /?. V i a > 2 nen
/ (/(/)) - /(iO ^ <Al) = f{v) / = fiv) ^ I = â = l + Iv'. (3)
Tiir (2) cho (3) dUdc fc^ + fc>2=>A;^ + fc-2>0=>(fc- l)(A.-2 + fc + 2 ) > 0 = J . A ; > l .
/ - + lvi^) -l)^0<^(v ~ l){lv - 1) = 0.
Do do o - aA;2 < 0. Thay a = fc^ + A; vao ta dirdc
Neu V I thi Iv = 1. Thay vao (2) dUdc a = v-\-1, suy ra / va v la nghiew
ciia phUdng trinh ''^ + k~ak^ <0^ fc(A;2 _ ak + 1) < O'^Â"^ k:^-ak + l<0=>a<k<p.
x"^ -ax+ 1 = 0. (^) Dau
cua g{x) - X la dau ciia - ( x - k){x -a){x-ij).
Do /, V da ton tai non (4) phai c6 nghiem, suy ra
X n A: li
A = a2-4>0'°=^>%>2.
g(x)-x •+ 0 - U + 0 -
Ket hdj) vdi a < 2 suy ru o = 2. K h i do / = = 1, trai vcJi dieu gia sit.
/ = V, tiic la /(/) — I. Tfr do va do / la ham lien tuc nen ('^n) n h u tren {u„ = X2„). K h i do (u„) la day ddn dicu. V i Hm_M„ = k
n—>+oo
/ \ tî „„ a < < p. N l u Q < < A: t h i
hm X2:i — I — f{l) = f lim X2n = lim f{X2n)= lim X2n+1-
n—>+tx) ^71—+CX) J n—>+oo n—>+oo
"no + 1 = i^(w,K,) < U„o.
316 317

Bồi Dưỡng Học Sinh Giỏi Chuyên Khảo Dãy Số

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Bồi Dưỡng Học Sinh Giỏi Chuyên Khảo Dãy Số

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NGUYEN TAI CHUNG

B6i dvtdng hoc sinh gioi, chuyen toan

B6i dvtdng hoc sinh gioi, chuyen toan

^I3 (ivj*-! 1"

L&i noi dau Chu'dng 1

^I3 (ivj*-! 1"

L&i noi dau Chu'dng 1

I4.'»J.l2-|....J.1'>-2 t-?"'' ,n-l 3"~'-l / 6 \

I4.'»J.l2-|....J.1'>-2 t-?"'' ,n-l 3"~'-l / 6 \

Tilf (1) d l dang suy ra u„ = (2n - 1) (2n + 1), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . . V$y

(2x)2 + ( l - x 2 ) 2 = ( l + x 2 ) 2 , V x e R . I l f thiic dai so ling vdi cos 5t = 16 cos^ t - 20 cos^ t + 5 cos t la

D i n h l y 1 . Gid sii cosnt = Pn (cost), vdi P„(x) la da thiic bac n. Khi do

Tilf (1) d l dang suy ra u„ = (2n - 1) (2n + 1), Vn = 1 , 2 , . . . . V$y

(2x)2 + ( l - x 2 ) 2 = ( l + x 2 ) 2 , V x e R . I l f thiic dai so ling vdi cos 5t = 16 cos^ t - 20 cos^ t + 5 cos t la

D i n h l y 1 . Gid sii cosnt = Pn (cost), vdi P„(x) la da thiic bac n. Khi do

j / i G R; Vn+i = 2yl - 1, Vn = 1, 2,... = yi li' = 2/1 + ^^y\ 1.

x i = Q, x„+i = ox^ + 6, Vn e N ' , at = - 2 .

Taco Sau do Slit dung bai toan 10.

py„+i = ap^yl + 6 y„+i = apyl + |. (2)

Ttf (1) va (2) suy ra ta can tim p sao cho

j / i G R; Vn+i = 2yl - 1, Vn = 1, 2,... = yi li' = 2/1 + ^^y\ 1.

x i = Q, x„+i = ox^ + 6, Vn e N ' , at = - 2 .

Taco Sau do Slit dung bai toan 10.

py„+i = ap^yl + 6 y„+i = apyl + |. (2)

Ttf (1) va (2) suy ra ta can tim p sao cho

So hang t6ng quat ciia day so (w„) la

1 9 1 B a i t o a n 13. Ttm day so {x„}+f°i biet

vdi /3 = 2/1 + v^y2 _ 1 ^ + ^4x2 - 1. Dat Xet so th^tc /3 sao cho

Khi do Vay neu dat ^ = yi + y ^ y f + T thi

Gia sii Vn = ^ (^P'^'"' - ) . K h i do

So hang t6ng quat ciia day so (w„) la

1 9 1 B a i t o a n 13. Ttm day so {x„}+f°i biet

vdi /3 = 2/1 + v^y2 _ 1 ^ + ^4x2 - 1. Dat Xet so th^tc /3 sao cho

Khi do Vay neu dat ^ = yi + y ^ y f + T thi

Gia sii Vn = ^ (^P'^'"' - ) . K h i do

2/n = 2 x i = n, Xn+\ o x „ - 3 x „ , a > 0.

2n-l H i r i n g d i n . Dfit x „ = - p 2 / n - K h i do y„+i = Ayl - 32/„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . Sau

Giai. bVn+i + c = a {byn + c)^ - 3 (62/,, + c)

• K h i I2/11 > 1. X e t so thyc l3 sao cho Vay t a cho

Do do t a dat x „ = —;=2/u- T u y uhien c6 t h ^ t i m ra cong thiic doi bien nhanh

1 B a i t o a n 16. Ttin {x,,},"^^, biet xi = a, x,i+i = axf, + 3x„, a > 0.

G i a i . Dat x „ = -7=2/11- K h i do 2/1 = va

Giasu2/„ = - /fl-^ + : ? r : ^ , khi do Xet so thuc /:* sao clio

2/n = 2 x i = n, Xn+\ o x „ - 3 x „ , a > 0.

2n-l H i r i n g d i n . Dfit x „ = - p 2 / n - K h i do y„+i = Ayl - 32/„, Vn = 1, 2 , . . . Sau

Giai. bVn+i + c = a {byn + c)^ - 3 (62/,, + c)

• K h i I2/11 > 1. X e t so thyc l3 sao cho Vay t a cho

Do do t a dat x „ = —;=2/u- T u y uhien c6 t h ^ t i m ra cong thiic doi bien nhanh

1 B a i t o a n 16. Ttin {x,,},"^^, biet xi = a, x,i+i = axf, + 3x„, a > 0.

G i a i . Dat x „ = -7=2/11- K h i do 2/1 = va

Giasu2/„ = - /fl-^ + : ? r : ^ , khi do Xet so thuc /:* sao clio

Gia sii y„ = cos Khi do

Gia sii y„ = cos Khi do

G i 4 i . D^t — =?;„. K h i d6 v i = 7. gia thiet suy ra

1 V - ^ ^ l = ^(2^"-"+2-^" ' ) , V n e N * . 16 •x[a + -]

XI = ^, x„+i = 16x1 - 20x1 + 5a;„, Vn = 1,2,... If l\

T i m so hQ.ng long qudt cua day so da cho. ^ - t i i ^ si> 2V a)

G i 4 i . D^t — =?;„. K h i d6 v i = 7. gia thiet suy ra

1 V - ^ ^ l = ^(2^"-"+2-^" ' ) , V n e N * . 16 •x[a + -]

XI = ^, x„+i = 16x1 - 20x1 + 5a;„, Vn = 1,2,... If l\

T i m so hQ.ng long qudt cua day so da cho. ^ - t i i ^ si> 2V a)

Giai. Vdi m6i n G N*, d$,t x„ = 2y„. Khi do yi = 3 vli

Vay so hang tong quat cua day so da oho la Taco

Giai. Vdi m6i n G N*, d$,t x„ = 2y„. Khi do yi = 3 vli