42 Fluid Mechanics Pump Calcul Various terms in connection with the pump caleulations (Fig. 2:10) are defined in the following paragraphs. Capacity Capacity is the quantity of fluid discharged per unit time, In the fps system, this is expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) for liquias. Static Head. Static head for a liquid being pumped is the differ- ence in elevation, in feet, between the datum line and the liquid surface or the point of free delivery. For the horizontal centrifu- gal pumps, the datum the pump centerline. For the vertical pumps the datum line is taken atthe eye of the first-stage impeller. Figure 2-10. Pumping system terminology. (Not: Ifthe discharge line of the pump is connected to the bottom of the receiver tank as chown by the dashed line, then Zs it the distance from the centerline of the ump to the liquid surface) meet Fluid Mechanics 43, In Fig. 2-10, Z, and Zz are the static heads. Note that Zz is measured up to the end of the discharge pipe because the pipe end is the point of free delivery. Ifthe pipe were connected at the bottom, Z2 would be measured up to the liquid surface. Prossure Head. This is given in feet and defined as follows: 144P,_ 2.317) ? s Pressure head (2-33) where P; = absolute pressure, psia p= density of the fluid, lb/ft? 4 = specify gravity of the fluid with respect to water. Velocity Head. This is given in feet and defined as follows: . Velocity head = 3 where u is the velocity, ft/s, and g, is Newton's law propor- tionality factor = 82.17 ft-Ib/ibfss? Static Suction Head. This is the difference in elevation, in fect, between the centerline (or impeller. eye) of the pump and the liquid surface in the suction vessel. ‘The liquid surface is above the pump centerline, In Fig. 2-10, Z; is the static suction head. Static Suction Lift. When the liquid level in the suction vessel is below the centerline (or impeller eye) of the pump, the differ. ence in elevation, in feet, between tke liquid surface of the suction vessel and the centerline of the pump is called the suction {if In Fig. 2-1c, 21 isthe static suction lift. Total Suction Head or Lift. This is defined as total suction head (Fig. 2-116 and c) and is the absolute pressure head in the supply44 Fluid Mechanics ‘vessel plus the static suction head minus the friction head, or Total suction head = Zp. Z1~Zy (234) Use the minus sign for 21 in the case of the suction Tift. If the total suction head (or lift) is measured from the reading of a pressure gauge at the suction flange of the pump, then Ps(idd) | ul wh 25 P 2K (249) Total suction head where Ps +* gauge reading + barometric pressure, psia density ef liquid, lb/ft? us = suction velocity, ft/s g. = Newton's law proportionality factor 82.17 fi-lb/IbE-s* Static Discharge Head. This is the difference in elevation, in feet, between the point of th: free delivery or the liquid surface in the discharge’ vessel and the centerline of the pump. In Fig, 2-11, Zs is the static discharge head. Total Discharge Head. The total discharge head is defined as the absolute pressure head in the discharge vessel plus the static discharge head plus the friction head. Ifthe total discharge head is determined’ from the reading of the pressure gauge at the discharge flange of the pump as shown in Fig. 2-10, then « laa, Wd ‘Total discharge head =————* + Ze + 5* (2-3 gehead=——T+Zqt a 296) where Pj arometric pressure + gauge reading, psia Zg = elevation of the discharge flange from the datum line, fe uy discharge velocity, ft/s **Use the minus sign when using the vacuumgauge reading Fluid Mechanics 45 otal Dynamic Head or Total Head ("DH). This is the energy, im etbt/b, of quid that the pamp bas to impart to the lquie iF ve der to anspor tit to the desied location. Tecan be calculated “EDH = total discharge head ~ total suction head or from. spon eMidPs_ AP: , APAOUN) , 48) BP 7,7, e # - Pp a (Pa= Py + AP + AP) E+ Za 2 37 where Pp = pressure in discharge vessel, psia Py = pressure in suction vessel, psia App = pressure érop insuction line, pst ‘Aj, = pressure drop indischarge line, psi fm gravity of liquid at pumping temperature with respect to water 24 = elevation of liquid discharge point above pump centerline, f 7, = elevation of liquid level in suction vessel above pump centerline, fe (Z1 is negative for suction lift) Shutott Head. This is the head developed by a pump with dis Shange talve closed. It is added to the suction head to determine the maxirium discharge pressure of the pump. Net Pesiive Suction Heed (NPSH,|. The net positive suction head Nelable NPSH, is the toual suction head, in feet, of liquid (absolute) that isavailable in excess of the liquid vapor pressure, Miso expressed in feet, of liquid at the pump suction flange. 1" is Tequired to move the liquid irto the eye of the impeller» for ‘which the pump itself is not responsible. The liquid shouldl be brought into the pump in the liquid state without vaporization.46 Fluid Mechanics ach pump requires a particular NPSH depending upon its design. Typical suction systems with formulas for NPSH, in each ‘case are given below. System 1A. In this case, the suction supply is open to atmos- phere, the liquid level ofthe supply is above the pump centerline (Fig. 2-11¢),and the NSE, is NPSH, = 2, + 2-2-2 (238) Pam Figure 2-11, NPSH, for various suction conditions: (a suction vessel ‘open to atmosphere and liquid level above purmp centerline; (0) suc: tion vesel elored to atmosjere and above the fenterfine af pu (6)suction vessel open to atmosphere but below the centerline of ‘pump: (2) suction vessel closed to atmosphere and below the center- Tine of pump; (¢) boiling liquid in a closed tank located above the ‘pump. (Note: Ifthe discharge line of the pump is connected to the ‘bottom of the receiver tank as shown by the dashed line, then Zs is the distance from the centerline of the pump tothe liquid surface.) | | | | Fluid Mechanics 47 where Z, = static suction head, ft Z,= absolute atmospheric pressure over the liq uid level, ft Z,=absolute vapor pressure of liquid at the pumping temperature, ft frictional losses, ft jelocity head, fi (usually negligible) Zz w/e System 1B. In this case, the suction vessel is closed to the atmosphere and #s located above the pump centerline (Fig. 2- 115). For this system . NPSH, = 2+ +4) (2-39) where Zp is the total absolute pressure 6n the surface of the liquid, ft. If Zp = Z, the above reduces to NPSH, = 21 -Z (2-40) System 2A. In this case, the suction vessel i8 open to atmos- phere but is located below the centerline of the pump (Fig. 2- Me). For this system NPSH, in which Z, is the suction lift, ft (@i+Z+Z) (2-41) ‘System 2B. In this case, the suction vessel is closed to atmos- phere and below the centerline of the pump (Fig. 2-114). For this NPSH, = Zy (Zi +242) (2-42) System 3.,For a boiling liquid in a closed tank located above the pump suction line (e.g, liquid refrigerant), . NPSHy = Z) +2 (2. +2) =ZitIp- len y (2-43)48 Fluid Mechanies since Z, Z, in this case. Requirements of NPSH are usually determined on the basis of handling water. In an existing system, the NPSH, is determined by gauge reading at the pump suction and with the use of the following formul NPSH, = Zp ~ Zp Ro +24 Zip (244) where Re= gauge reading, ft (Use minus sign for vacuum gauge reading.) 2 velocity head in suction pipe at the gauge con- nection, fi Zip = static suction head or lift of pressure gauge with respect to centerline of the pump (Use plus sign. for the suction head and minus sign for the suction lift.) ' Cavitation. When there is no sufficient NPSH at the pump suc- tion, the pressure of the liquid reduces to a value equal to or below its vapor pressure, which causes the liquid to vaporize resulting in the formation of small vapor bubbles. ‘These bubbles collapse, when they reach a high-pressure area as they move along the impeller vanes, This is called cavitation of the pump. ‘To prevent the adverse effects of cavitation (such as pump noise, loss of head, and impeller damage), it must be ensured that the available NPSH in the system is greater than the NPSH required by the pump, Specific Speed. The szecific speed of an impeller is defined as the revolutions per minute needed to produce 1 gpm at 1 ft head. ‘The specific speed is related to the capacity, head, and impeller speed by (2-45) (2-46) Fluid Mechanics 49 where N, = specific speed ofthe pump impels rpm here Ms > SPecie speed of the blower or fan impeier pm tLinmpeller speed rpm flow, gpm _ Fr Lesa dynamic head, tof Mud owing Gye fiow, cn i case of fans jon in the pump must be ition Parameter 0. The cavitation in must Soided for the sake of efficiency and for the prevention of impeller damage. For pumps, a cavitation parameter 0 i give by Pifp-P./o+Zi-% (2-47) H total dynamic head of the pimp, ft jor pressure, ft ; rere eapon the Tiguid surface in the suction vessel, ft ter ¢; is the value at 1¢ critical value of the cavitation parameter d, ist es which there jan observed changein the efficiency. ,andN,are related as follows (6.3 x 10-°N!3% for single suction pumps (2-48) {eens geese pms 9) ‘Suction Specific Speed. The suction specific speed S is given by “ “5. (2-50) Npsit «9, depends upon both Nand S. A relation among 0, Nivand S is on(8)" es ! of the pump, rpm. The where Sis the erica suction speed of the TA Set pose suction head, NPSH,sgiven by NPSH, = 0 (2-52)50 Fluid Mechanics | Pertormance Curves. A plot of the head developed vs. the pump capacity is called the perprmance curve. Iti als called the head capacity or the HQ curve (Fig. 2-12). The head developed is the net head obiained after subtraction of the vane and shock losses. For a given pump, the head-capacity curve is unique System Head. The total head a pump has to produce is the sum of all the work from the liquid source to the discharge. This includes the frictional resistance, the static head difference, and the pressure head difference that have to be overcome. For a given pump and piping arrangement, a system curve can be prepared and superimposed on the head-capacity curve (Fig. 2- 12), The system head curve is a function of the system static head, pressure head, and frictional head. Only the frictional head varies with the flow. “The point of intersection of the system curve with the HQ curves the operating point (A in Fig. 2-12). This is the only flow rate the pump will deliver. Ifa change in the flow rate delivered is desired, characteristics for the system must be changed (point B in Fig, 2-12). This is usually accomplished by throttling the discharge valve. Head efficiency and horsepower curves vary with specific speed. Brake Horsepower. The brake horsepower (bhp) is the actual horsepower consumed by the pump in generating the required head and volumetric flow rate. Centrifugal Pump Calculations. The expressions for calculation of various quantities in the case of the centrifugal pumps are summarized next: and AP =0.4335Z. (253) (2-54) aonaee- rit arent sz.-2 55 Fluid Mechanics 51 Mead copely ce Heed. (P+ AP) 23 See Ee (2-371 Figure 2-12. Operating characteristics and gperating, points for a cen- wilugal pump. Net Positive Suction Head. NPSH=(P\-P, AP) heZ, R58) 1 £ 0.43826 ~ AP (257) Py=P,+0.433(TDH)s (2-58) *_ WOPDH) _QCrDH)s _QPs=P) og bhp 98 x 10 3960 4 (259) __WODH) _Q(TDH)s _ QPe-P) ». bhP= T98x 10% 3960 I7i4e G60) hp = DBE 261) sy = 0745000) where W = weight rate of flow, Ib/h “TDH = required total dynamic head of the pump, Ft ah iy52 Fluid Mechanics = pressure in suction vessel, psia Py= pressure in discharge vessel, psia AP; = total pressure drop in suetion line, psi ‘ABje = total pressure drop in discharge ine, ps BZ apor pressure at purping temperatare, psa Q= pump capacity, apm 7, =satic suction head, ft Z, = satic discharge head, ft hp = motor horsepower hhhp = hydraulic horsepower bhp = brake horsepower ‘¢=efficiency of pump = motor efficiency P, = suction pressure, psia Py= discharge pressure, psia $= specific gravity ‘Actual motor size selection depends upon available standard motor sizes, This results in having motors of ratings 110 to 125 percent of the rated brake horsepower of the pump. ump Affinity Laws. These are the relationships among the capac: ity Q, head H1, power bp, impeller diameter D, and speed of revolution (in revolutions per minute) of centrifugal purmps and fans. 1. Effect of Speed Change When D Is Constant. Capacity: (2-62) He my es) Poi my es wostreqieas NESHE(M See ‘ Fluid Mechanics 58 “These laws can be used to determine the performance curve at another rpm level if the performance curve is available at @ known rpm. 2. Effect of Impeller Diameter Change. Within the sare pump ata constant speed, the folowing relations apply when the impeller diameter is changed Capacity: (2-66) Head: He (Bs) eon bhp Bhp, \Di/< 268) “The laws relating to the impeller diameter are accurate within certain range of the change of impeller diameter. In general, these laws are not as accurate as the laws relating the rpm: 3. For Geometrically Similar Pumps with Different Impel~ ler Diameter But Same Speed. Pumps are geometrically similar if they are of different sizes but of the same style, and the relationship between the casirg and impeller dimensions is the same. For such pumps, ceno(2) wacom “oo me (2 2) N = const 2-69) hye bap (Ze) =cons. “These laws can be applied to develop a performance curve at a different diameter from a given performance curve at a known diameter.