SR2013 06KawerauGeothermalFieldWellLogs

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Kawerau Geothermal Field well logs
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Kawerau Geothermal Field Well Logs
S.D. Milicich
GNS Science Report 2013/06

August 2013
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
Milicich, S.D. 2013. Kawerau Geothermal Field Well Logs, GNS Science
Report 2013/06 32 p.
S.D. Milicich, GNS Science, PO Box 2000, Taupo
© Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2013

ISSN 1177-2425
ISBN 978-1-972192-39-9
i
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................II
KEYWORDS ..........................................................................................................................II
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1
2.0 WELL LOGS ..............................................................................................................5
2.1 Graphic Well Logs .......................................................................................... 5
3.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................5
4.0 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................6
FIGURES
Figure 1 Map of Kawerau Geothermal Field showing drillholes, active faults (GNS Science, 2013),
and approximate resistivity boundary zone defined at about 500 m depth......................................... 1
Figure 2 Comparative stratigraphic summary of the main geological units in Kawerau Geothermal
Field. .................................................................................................................................................. 2
TABLES
Table 1 Summary of the main stratigraphic units and lithologies in the Kawerau Geothermal Field ............... 3
Table 2 Translation from the previous stratigraphy (vertical) summarised in Bignall and Harvey
(2005) to the stratigraphy described in this paper (horizontal). .......................................................... 4
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Geological reference information ..................................................................................................... 26
GNS Science Report 2013/06 i

ABSTRACT
This science report presents revised stratigraphic and lithological logs for wells drilled in the
Kawerau Geothermal Field between 1952 and September 2012. The revised logs result
benefit from insights obtained by U-Pb dating in 2011-12 on selected Kawerau core samples,
and detailed petrographic and hand-specimen examination of core and drill chip samples
(Milicich et al. (2013 a,b). Consequently, the stratigraphy and lithology in this report
supersede those in logs published in Browne (1978) and Tulloch (1990) and other Kawerau
geological reports and Resource Consent documentation up to September 2012.
The well logs in this report are a record of the geological sequence, from surface to
approximately 3 km depth, encountered by wells in the Kawerau (prefixed KA) and Putauaki
(prefixed PK) sectors of the Kawerau Geothermal Field. The purpose of this report is to
provide a listing of the Kawerau well stratigraphy that can be used by future geothermal
research and industry specialists.
KEYWORDS
Kawerau Geothermal Field; well logs; stratigraphy.
GNS Science Report 2013/06 ii

2013
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Kawerau Geothermal Field is located in the north east of the central North Island of New
Zealand. It is situated in the northern-most onshore part of Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), near
its eastern boundary with the North Island’s axial ranges (Figure 1). Geothermal activity
occurs at the southern end of the NE-trending Whakatane Graben, in an area where the NE-
striking active rift of the TVZ intersects the N-trending strike-slip faults of the North Island
Shear Belt (Nairn and Beanland, 1989; Mouslopoulou et al., 2007). More than 70 wells used
for geothermal production, injection and monitoring have been drilled in the field since the
1950’s.
Figure 1 Map of Kawerau Geothermal Field showing drillholes, active faults (GNS Science, 2013),
and approximate resistivity boundary zone defined at about 500 m depth (after Allis,
1997). Wells with no prefix belong to the ‘KA’ series of wells.
The general geology of the field consists of a faulted Mesozoic-age basement of meta-
sandstone and argillite, unconformably overlain by late-Quaternary volcanic and sedimentary
strata. There is ambiguity in the categorisation of the Kawerau greywacke. Wood et al.
(2001) classified the greywacke at Kawerau as belonging to the Waioeka (petro-) facies of
the Pahau terrane (i.e., part of the Torlesse composite terrane: Leonard et al., 2010). In
contrast, on the same lithological basis, Adams et al. (2009) and Leonard et al. 2010)
assigned the greywacke to the Waipapa composite terrane, and linked it to greywacke
exposed at the ground surface ~30 km to the northwest of Kawerau. This ambiguity has yet
to be resolved and in this report is only referred to as Mesozoic greywacke.
Differentiation of units encountered by drilling at Kawerau previously was based on lithology

of core and drill chip specimens and petrography descriptions. The stratigraphy was
documented in Browne (1978), Grindley (1986), Christenson (1987), Nairn (1977, 1981,
1982, 1986), Tulloch (1990) and Allis et al. (1995), and was summarised, based on the
GNS Science Report 2013/06 1

2013
information at the time by Bignall and Harvey (2005). Improved technology during the past 20
years afforded better quality and more accurate chip sampling during drilling, that in turn
allowed more clearly defined unit boundaries to be drawn. However, extensive re-logging of
cuttings and core was still needed to correlate strata between recently drilled wells and the
older series. The re-logging, aided by U-Pb dates of zircons from key volcanic units (detailed
in Milicich et al. 2013 a,b), has resulted in re-interpreted geology and many re-named units.
This science report provides revised well logs in the Kawerau Geothermal Field using this re-
interpreted stratigraphy. Figure 2 compares the old stratigraphic names (summarised in
Bignall and Harvey, 2005) to the revised / current ones, and Table 1 provides the description
of the new stratigraphy, with their ages and proposed type sections. The stratigraphy
presented here does not translate units directly (i.e., “Unit X” renamed entirely to “Unit Y”).
Rather, in most cases, units encountered in the Kawerau drillholes were variously reassigned
into one or several of the newly defined formations. Table 2 demonstrates the translation of
the old stratigraphy to the new version given in this report.
Figure 2 Comparative stratigraphic summary of the main geological units in Kawerau Geothermal
Field. The old stratigraphy is also summarised in Bignall and Harvey (2005).

2013
Table 1 Summary of the main stratigraphic units and lithologies in the Kawerau Geothermal Field (ages from Milicich et al., 2013a).
Formation Lithology Thickness Age Type Section
(m) (Ma) (mRL)
Recent Alluvium Peat deposits; sands and gravels; unconsolidated pyroclastics (incl. Whakamana 10 - 50
Breccia, Rotoiti Breccia)
Hydrothermal Eruption Breccias Hydrothermal eruption deposits, from 14,500 and 9000 yr BP 1 - 4 & 2 - 10
Unconsolidated pyroclastics Unwelded pumiceous pyroclastic flows and airfall tuffs 0 - 80 KA27 (25 to -55)
#
Onepu Formation Twin surficial domes of rhyodacite (pl, qz, px, hbl, bt) and intrusive (porphyritic 2 - 200 0.15 KA30 (-739 to -849)
crystal-rich; corroded qz, pl, mafics)
Matahina Formation Partly welded grey-brown ignimbrite & vitric tuff (pl, qz, px) 10 - 410 0.32* PK3 (-11 to -244)
#
Tahuna Formation Crystal-rich, fine sandstone, siltstone, muddy lithic-breccia and unwelded pumice- 0 - 360 0.44 KA21 (-477 to -570)
rhyolite lapilli tuff
#
Caxton Formation Buried domes of spherulitic and banded rhyolite (corroded and fractured qz and pl) 0 - 450 0.36 KA17 (-167 to -307)
and intrusive (corroded and fractured qz and pl, ± bt ± amp)
#
Karaponga Formation Partly welded crystal-lithic tuffs (pl, qz ± bt) 0 - 180 0.51–0.60 KA21 (-570 to -624)
#
Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous to muddy breccias and coarse tuffaceous sandstone 0 - 85 KA17 (-563 to -630)
Kawerau Andesite Augite-plagioclase andesite flows, breccias and tuff (in south) 0 - 300 KA48 (-507 to -644)
Raepahu Formation Partly welded crystal-vitric tuffs (qz,pl,bt, lithic-poor and qz,pl,bt, ferromagnesians, 0 - 165 1.0 KA23 (-400 to -564)
lithic-rich)
#
Tasman Formation Muddy breccia, sandstone and siltstone, but widely represented by reddish brown 0 - 25 KA48 (-781 to -786)
siltstone
#
Te Teko Formation Partly welded grey crystal-vitric tuff (corroded qz, pl, bt) 0 - 255 1.34–1.46 KA23 (-583 to -839)
#
Rotoroa Formation Tuffaceous sandstone, poorly sorted crystal and vitric, water-laid tuff, siltstone 0 - 200 2.17–2.4 KA25 (-706 to -898)
Waikora Formation Greywacke pebble conglomerate and minor intercalated tuff and siltstone 0 - 450 KA48 (-820 to -1285)
Mesozoic greywacke Weathered, sheared greywacke and argillite -
Abbreviations used are pl = plagioclase; qz = quartz; px = pyroxene; hbl = hornblende; bt = biotite; amp = amphibole. *Leonard et al. (2010). Dates of hydrothermal eruption
#
breccias from bracketing tephra ages (Lowe et al., 2013); new stratigraphic names defined by this study. The Rotoroa and Waikora Formations are part of the Tamurenui
subgroup as defined in Milicich et al. (2013b).

2013
Table 2 Translation from the previous stratigraphy (vertical) summarised in Bignall and Harvey (2005) to the stratigraphy described in this paper
(horizontal). X denotes the most common translations, with * denoting less common translations.
Surficial Onepu Matahina Tahuna Caxton Karaponga Onerahi Kawerau Raepahu Tasman Te Teko Rotoroa Waikora
Greywacke
deposits Formation Formation Formation Formation Formation Formation Andesite Formation Formation Formation Formation Formation
Surficial
deposits
X
Matahina
Formation
X
Onepu ash *
Onepu
Rhyolite
X
Upper
Tahuna X
Breccia
Huka Falls
Formation
X X *
Lower
Tahuna X
Breccia
Rangitaiki
ignimbrites
X X X
Caxton
Rhyolite
X X
Kawerau
Andesite
X
Te Teko
Ignimbrite
X X
Pyroclastic
unit A & B
*
Tasman
Breccia
* X * *
Ignimbrites
A&B
* *
Opunoke
Ignimbrite
X *
Pyroclastic
unit C
* *
Sedimentary
units A, B & * *
C
Waikora
Formation
X X
Greywacke X

2013
2.0 WELL LOGS
The well logs on pages 8 to 23 use the following abbreviations:
Sst- sandstone Zst- siltstone Rhy- rhyolite

And- andesite Pum- pumice Cong- conglomerate
Bp- bypiramidal Frac- fractured E-embayed
Carb- carbonaceous Xtl- crystals Spher- spherulites
Bt- biotite Pl- plagioclase FeMg- ferromagnesians
Amp- amphibole Px- pyroxene Hbl- hornblende
Mag-magnetite Qz- quartz
Cuttings and core from KA1, 3-5, 7-8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 were not stored and hence unable to
be re-logged. Cuttings and core description from Browne (1978) and Tulloch (1990) were
used for these wells and the new nomenclature applied to their stratigraphy. The depths of
geological units were not changed in this process.
2.1 Graphic Well Logs
The graphic logs on pages 24 and 25 are detailed visual logs of those wells with core and/or
cuttings available at the time of re-logging. Cuttings and core from many of the wells drilled
early in the field’s history have not been stored or were found to be mixed or incomplete, and
hence could not be re-logged without substantial uncertainty. The ages marked on the logs
are from U-Pb dated zircons published in Milicich et al., (2013a).
3.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
GNS Science acknowledges generous funding support for this project from Mighty River
Power Ltd and their permission, along with that of Ngati Tuwharetoa Geothermal Assets Ltd,
to publish these data. Thanks also go to A8D Trust, Putauaki Trust, Te Tahuna Putakuaki
Trust and other local Maori trusts for access to well core and cuttings. Additional funding
came from a Victoria University PhD scholarship to Sarah Milicich. PhD supervision was
provided by Colin Wilson and Greg Bignall, with funding via the Foundation for Research
Science and Technology (FRST) PROJ-20199-GEO-GNS “Harnessing New Zealand’s
Geothermal Resources: Hotter and Deeper”, which is now part of the GNS Science CSA
(Core Science Area) Geothermal Research Programme. Thanks also to Michael Rosenberg
for valuable comments and discussion on the early work at Kawerau and support throughout
the work.

2013
4.0 REFERENCES
Adams, C.J., Mortimer, N., Campbell, H.J., Griffin, W.J. 2009. Age and isotopic
characterisation of Torlesse Supergroup and Waipapa Group metasediments in the
central North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 52,
149–170.
Allis, R.G., Christenson, B.W., Nairn, I.A., Risk, G.F., Sheppard, D.S., White, S.P. 1995.
Kawerau geothermal field: its natural state and response to development. Client Report
72436C.10, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Allis, R.G. 1997. The natural state and response to development of Kawerau Geothermal
Field, New Zealand. Transactions of the Geothermal Resources Council 21, 3–10.
Bignall, G., Harvey, C.C, 2005. Geoscientific review of the Kawerau Geothermal Field. Client
Report 2005/20, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Browne, P.R.L. 1978. Petrological logs of drillholes, Kawerau Geothermal Field. New
Zealand Geological Survey Report 84, 57 p.
Christenson, B.W. 1987. Fluid-mineral equilibria in the Kawerau hydrothermal system, Taupo
Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand.
GNS Science, 2013. GNS Science Active Fault Database
http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Products/Databases/Active-Faults-Database-of-New-Zealand.
Grindley, G.W. 1986. Subsurface geology and structure of the Kawerau Geothermal Field. In:
M.A. Mongillo (Ed.), The Kawerau Geothermal Field: contributions from the 1982 seminar
and other recent scientific investigations. Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Wellington, New Zealand, Geothermal Report 10, 49-65.
Leonard, G.S., Begg, J.G., Wilson, C.J.N. (compilers). 2010. Geology of the Rotorua area:
scale 1:250,000. Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 geological map 5.
Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
Lowe, D.J., Blaauw, M., Hogg, A.G., Newnham, R.M. 2013. Ages of 24 widespread tephras
erupted since 30,000 years ago in New Zealand, with re-evaluation of the timing and
palaeoclimatic implications of the late-glacial cool episode recorded at Kaipo bog.
Quaternary Science Reviews (in press: doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.022).
Milicich, S.D., Wilson, C.J.N., Bignall, B., Pezaro, B., Charlier, B.L.A., Wooden, J.L., Ireland,
T.R. 2013a. U-Pb dating of zircon in hydrothermally altered rocks of the Kawerau
Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research. 253, 97-113.
Milicich, S.D., Wilson, C.J.N., Bignall, G., Pezaro, B., Bardsley, C. 2013b. Reconstructing the
geological and structural history of an active geothermal field: a case study from New
Zealand. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (submitted).
Mouslopoulou, V., Nicol, A., Little, T.A. and Walsh, J.J. 2007. Displacement transfer between
intersecting regional strike-slip and extensional fault systems. Journal of Structural
Geology, 29, 100–116.
Nairn, I.A. 1977. Geology of Kawerau geothermal field: preliminary report on new data.
Geothermal circular IN/1, Department of Industrial and Scientific Research, Wellington,
New Zealand.
Nairn, I.A. 1981. Some studies of the geology, volcanic history, and geothermal resources of
the Okataina volcanic centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Ph.D. thesis, Victoria
University, Wellington, New Zealand.

2013
Nairn, I.A. 1982. Geology of Kawerau geothermal field (MK11): results of drilling, 1977-1982,
Geothermal circular IAN/4, Department of Industrial and Scientific Research, Wellington,
New Zealand.
Nairn, I.A. 1986. Geology of Kawerau geothermal field - results of drilling, 1977-present. In:
M.A. Mongillo (Ed.), The Kawerau Geothermal Field: contributions from the 1982 seminar
and other recent scientific investigations. Geothermal Report 10, Department of Scientific
and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand, 23–47.
Nairn, I.A. and Beanland, S. 1989. Geological setting of the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake,
New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 32, 1–13.
Tulloch, A.J. 1990. Petrological logs of drillholes KA 27-35 and KA 10, 17 (deepened),
Kawerau Geothermal Field. DSIR Geology and Geophysics contract report. 1990/11.
Wood, C. P., Brathwaite, R. L., Rosenberg, M. D. 2001. Basement structure, lithology and
permeability at Kawerau and Ohaaki geothermal fields, New Zealand. Geothermics 30,
461-481.

2013
KA1 Exploration
NZTM E 1926528
NZTM N 5780663
CHF 25 mRL
Well Formation mKD mKD mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness
from to from to from to from to (vertical)
KA01 Surficial Deposits 0 76 0 71 0 71 25 -46 71
Caxton Formation
KA01 76 427 71 422 71 422 -46 -397 351
(extrusive)
KA01 Tahuna Formation 427 450 422 445 422 445 -397 -420 >23
Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Browne (1978).
KA3 Exploration
NZTM E 1926151
NZTM N 5780705
CHF 32 mRL
KA03 Surficial Deposits 0 22 0 15 0 15 32 17 15
KA03 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded crystal-vitric tuff (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 22 83 15 76 15 76 17 -44 61
Rhyolite lava: massive to flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 83 192 76 185 76 185 -44 -153 109
Rhyolite tuff: rare qz+pl 192 201 185 194 185 194 -153 -162 9
Caxton Formation
KA03 Rhyolite lava: massive to flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 201 500 194 493 194 493 -162 -461 299
(extrusive)
Silicified grey zst 500 503 493 496 493 496 -461 -464 3
Rhyolite lava: massive to flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 503 533 496 526 496 526 -464 -494 30
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, moderately xtl-rich (qz
KA03 533 579 526 572 526 572 -494 -540 46
(extrusive) (e + bp + frac, <3 mm) + pl + bt). Qz sub-rounded
KA03 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 579 768 572 761 572 761 -540 -729 189
KA03 Raepahu Formation 768 915 761 908 761 908 -729 -876 147
Caxton Formation
KA03 915 972 908 965 908 965 -876 -933 57
(intrusive)
KA03 Te Teko Formation 972 1082 965 1075 965 1075 -933 -1043 110
Caxton Formation
KA03 1082 1099 1075 1092 1075 1092 -1043 -1060 >17
(intrusive)
Cuttings below the Caxton Formation extrusives are mixed and were not able to provide detail for clear re-logging.
KA4 Exploration
NZTM E 1926100
NZTM N 5780885
CHF 37 mRL
KA04 Matahina ignimbrite 21 81 15 75 15 75 22 -38 60
Caxton Formation
KA04 81 498 75 492 75 492 -38 -455 417
(extrusive)
KA04 Tahuna Formation 498 500 492 494 492 494 -455 -457 >2
KA5 Exploration
NZTM E 1926240
NZTM N 5779928
CHF 26 mRL
Caxton Formation
KA05 51 425 47 420 47 420 -20 -394 >379
(extrusive)
KA7A Exploration
NZTM E 1926533
NZTM N 5780583
CHF 23 mRL
KA07A Tahuna Formation 607 653 603 649 603 649 -580 -626 >46
Caxton Formation
KA07A 653 683 649 679 649 679 -626 -656 30
(intrusive)
KA07A Kawerau Andesite 683 851 679 847 679 847 -656 -824 168
KA07A Raepahu Formation 851 871 847 867 847 867 -824 -844 >20

2013
KA8 Exploration
NZTM E 1926647
NZTM N 5780491
CHF 26 mRL
KA08 Karaponga Formation 588 606 581 599 581 599 -558 -576 >18
Caxton Formation
KA08 606 628 599 621 599 621 -576 -598 22
(intrusive)
KA08 Kawerau Andesite 628 835 621 828 621 828 -598 -805 207
KA08 Raepahu Formation 835 922 828 915 828 915 -805 -892 >87
KA10 Exploration
NZTM E 1926297
NZTM N 5780310
CHF 24 mRL
KA10 Kawerau Andesite 631 756 628 753 628 753 -599 -724 >125
Caxton Formation
KA10 844 856 841 853 841 853 -812 -824 12
(intrusive)
KA10 Te Teko Formation 856 1007 853 1004 853 1004 -824 -975 >151
Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells. Formation depths are from Tulloch (1990).
KA12 Exploration
NZTM E 1926644
NZTM N 5780705
CHF 23 mRL
KA12 Karaponga Formation 625 686 622 683 622 683 -599 -660 >61
Caxton Formation
KA12 686 701 683 698 683 698 -660 -675 15
(intrusive)
KA12 Onerahi Formation 701 710 698 707 698 707 -675 -684 9
Caxton Formation
KA12 920 930 917 927 917 927 -894 -904 10
(intrusive)
KA12 Te Teko Formation 931 1002 927 998 927 998 -904 -975 >71
KA14 Exploration
NZTM E 1926480
NZTM N 5780233
CHF 23 mRL
Caxton Formation
KA14 610 647 606 643 606 643 -583 -620 >37
(intrusive)
KA14 Karaponga Formation 647 686 643 682 643 682 -620 -659 39
KA14 Raepahu Formation 769 840 765 836 765 836 -742 -813 >71
KA16 Exploration
NZTM E 1926004
NZTM N 5780996
CHF 55 mRL
Caxton Formation
KA16 136 426 131 421 131 421 -76 -366 290
(extrusive)
KA16 Tahuna Formation 426 441 421 436 421 436 -366 -381 15
Caxton Formation
KA16 441 490 436 485 436 485 -381 -430 49
(extrusive)
KA16 Tahuna Formation 490 582 485 577 485 577 -430 -522 92
KA16 Karaponga Formation 582 636 577 631 577 631 -522 -576 54
KA16 Onerahi Formation 636 664 631 659 631 659 -576 -604 28
Caxton Formation
KA16 664 773 659 768 659 768 -604 -713 109
(intrusive)
KA16 Kawerau Andesite 773 977 768 972 768 972 -713 -917 >204
Cuttings were highly mixed and correlations are largely inferred from nearby wells.

2013
KA17 Exploration
NZTM E 1926157
NZTM N 5781027
CHF 51 mRL
KA17 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 21 122 16 117 16 117 35 -66 101
KA17 Tahuna Formation Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 122 223 117 218 117 218 -66 -167 101
Rhyolite lava: brecciated, spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 223 247 218 242 218 242 -167 -191 24
Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 247 253 242 248 242 248 -191 -197 6
Caxton Formation
KA17 Rhyolite lava: brecciated, spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 253 302 248 297 248 297 -197 -246 49
(extrusive)
Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 302 335 297 330 297 330 -246 -280 34
Rhyolite lava: flow banded, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 335 363 330 358 330 358 -280 -307 28
Breccia: tuff + zst 363 381 358 376 358 376 -307 -325 18
Zst (pale brown with tuff) 381 387 376 382 376 382 -325 -332 6
KA17 Tahuna Formation
Tuff 387 396 382 391 382 391 -332 -341 9
Breccia: mostly brown sst +zst + rhy + tuff 396 415 391 410 391 410 -341 -344 19
Caxton Formation
KA17 Rhyolite lava: common qz (e, frac, <6 mm) + pl 415 500 410 495 410 495 -359 -444 85
(extrusive)
Muddy breccia (tuff/crystal fragments) 500 521 495 516 495 516 -444 -466 21
KA17 Tahuna Formation Zst (brown, carbonaceous) 521 543 516 538 516 538 -466 -487 22
Crystal rich sandstone 543 570 538 565 538 565 -487 -514 27
KA17 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 570 619 565 614 565 614 -514 -563 49
Tuffaceous sst 619 625 614 620 614 620 -563 -569 6
KA17 Onerahi Formation Dark grey zst 625 652 620 647 620 647 -569 -596 27
Tuffaceous sst 652 686 647 681 647 681 -596 -630 34
Caxton Formation Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding, brecciated, pl (<6 mm) +
KA17 686 792 681 787 681 787 -630 -736 106
(intrusive) qz (e + frac; <4 mm), amp
KA17 No returns 1092 1197 1088 1192 1088 1192 -1037 -1141 104
KA17 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 1197 1200 1192 1195 1192 1195 -1141 -1144 3
KA17 No returns 1200 1295 1195 1290 1195 1290 -1144 -1239 95
KA17 Mesozoic greywacke 1295 1452 1290 1447 1290 1447 -1239 -1396 >157
KA19 Exploration
NZTM E 1926301
NZTM N 5781114
CHF 55 mRL
KA19 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 9 128 6 125 6 125 49 -70 119
KA19 Tahuna Formation Rhyolite tuff: rare qz+pl 128 137 125 134 125 134 -70 -79 9
Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz (e +
137 247 134 244 134 244 -79 -188 110
bp) + pl)
Caxton Formation
KA19 Rhyolite tuff: rare qz + pl 247 256 244 253 244 253 -188 -198 9
(Extrusive)
Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, vesicular, xtl-poor
256 412 253 409 253 409 -198 -354 156
(qz + pl)
KA19 Breccia: sst + rhy + and + tuff 412 442 409 439 409 436 -354 -381 27
Tahuna Formation
KA19 Brown/grey zst + breccia with tuff clasts 442 457 439 454 436 454 -381 -399 18
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, xtl-rich (qz (e + bp +
KA19 457 552 454 549 454 549 -399 -494 95
(Extrusive) frac, <4 mm) + pl + bt). Qz sub rounded
KA19 Tahuna Formation Breccia: rhy, sst, tuff, and 552 588 549 585 549 585 -494 -530 36
KA19 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 588 604 585 601 585 601 -530 -546 16
KA19 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous sst + zst 604 686 601 683 601 683 -546 -628 82
Caxton Formation Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl (<6 mm) + qz (e
KA19 686 866 683 863 683 863 -628 -808 180
(intrusive) + frac; <4 mm), amp
KA19 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 1022 1111 1019 1108 1019 1108 -964 -1053 >89

2013
KA21 Production compilation of KA21+KA21ST

NZTM E 1927158
NZTM N 5780517
CHF 26 mRL
Welded to non-welded ignimbrite (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 40 186 34 180 34 180 -8 -154 146
KA21 Matahina ignimbrite
Tuff: abundant qz (e + bp) + pl 186 253 180 247 180 247 -154 -221 67
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: brecciated at top, flow banded/spherulitic,
KA21 253 509 247 503 247 503 -221 -477 256
(Extrusive) xtl-poor (qz + pl)
Muddy breccia 509 512 503 506 503 506 -477 -481 3
Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl, diffuse bedding 512 549 506 543 506 543 -481 -517 37
Grey carb zst, muddy breccia, sst 549 564 543 558 543 558 -517 -533 15
Grey med sst & zst 564 601 558 595 558 595 -533 -570 37
KA21 Onerahi Formation Breccia 655 680 649 674 649 674 -624 -648 25
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: spher, brecciated, pl (<6 mm)+qz (e + frac;
KA21 680 710 674 704 674 704 -648 -678 30
(intrusive) <4 mm), amp
Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 710 740 704 734 704 733 -678 -707 29
KA21 Kawerau Andesite Zst 740 755 734 749 733 747 -707 -722 15
Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 755 805 749 799 747 796 -722 -770 49
KA21 Te Teko Formation Vitric tuff: pl + qz + bt, lithic-xtl rich 805 915 799 909 796 905 -770 -879 109
Zst + sst 915 940 909 934 905 930 -879 -904 25
Vitric tuff: pl + qz, lithic-xtl poor 940 1015 934 1009 930 1005 -904 -979 75
KA21 Rotoroa Formation
Sst + zst 1015 1050 1009 1044 1005 1040 -979 -1014 35
Tuff 1050 1110 1044 1104 1040 1104 -1014 -1078 64
KA22 Production
NZTM
1925507
E
NZTM
5780223
N
CHF 61 mRL
Lapilli tuff: rhyolite pumice, qz + pl + FeMg 145 241 140 236 138 236 -78 -175 98
Vitric tuff: rare qz + pl + very rare bt 241 326 236 321 236 321 -175 -261 85
Lithic lapilli tuff: lithics pumice + tuff. Xtls qz+pl 326 381 321 376 321 376 -261 -315 55
Muddy breccia & sst 381 393 377 389 376 389 -316 -328 12
Tuff: qz + pl, xtl poor 393 399 389 395 389 395 -328 -334 6
Breccia 399 404 395 400 395 404 -334 -343 9
Zst 404 421 400 416 404 416 -343 -356 12
Zst + sst 421 460 416 456 416 456 -356 -395 40
Muddy breccia 460 466 456 462 456 462 -395 -401 6
Dark grey zst 466 479 462 474 462 474 -401 -413 12
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, xtl-rich (qz (e + bp +
KA22 479 546 474 541 474 541 -413 -480 67
(Extrusive) frac + subrounded, <6 mm) + pl).
KA22 Tahuna Formation Grey zst + fine sst 546 595 541 590 541 590 -480 -530 49
KA22 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous sst 674 736 670 732 670 731 -609 -671 61
Caxton Formation Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding, pl + qz (e + frac; <4 mm),
KA22 736 854 731 849 731 849 -670 -788 118
(intrusive) + FeMg
KA22 Te Teko Formation Lithic-xtl tuff: pl + qzt 921 1006 916 1001 916 1001 -855 -940 85
Caxton Formation Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding, pl + qz (e + frac; <4 mm)
KA22 1006 1128 1001 1123 1001 1123 -940 -1062 122
(intrusive) + FeMg

2013
KA23 Production
NZTM E 1925370
NZTM N 5779386
CHF 28 mRL
Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 36 180 34 179 34 178 -6 -150 144
KA23 Matahina ignimbrite Rhyolite tuff: pumiceous, qz (bp) + pl + rare bt 180 305 178 303 178 303 -150 -274 125
Rhyolite tuff: pumiceous, xtl-poor qz (e + bp) + pl 305 354 303 352 303 352 -274 -323 49
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: minor spherulites, xtl-rich (qz (e + bp, <6
KA23 354 399 352 398 352 398 -323 -369 46
(Extrusive) mm) + pl)
KA23 Tahuna Formation Breccia, silty matrix 399 430 398 429 398 429 -369 -400 31
KA23 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl +bt 430 594 429 593 429 593 -400 -564 164
Muddy breccia 594 604 593 603 593 603 -564 -574 10
KA23 Tasman Formation
Fine sst + zst 604 613 603 612 603 612 -574 -583 9
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + hbl 613 704 611 703 611 703 -583 -674 92
Ignimbrite: qz + pl, grainy matrix 704 735 703 733 703 733 -674 -705 30
KA23 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + hbl 735 765 733 764 733 764 -705 -735 31
Red zst 765 789 764 788 764 788 -735 -759 24
Ignimbrite: pl + qz + bt + px 789 869 788 867 788 867 -759 -839 79
Red & grey sst + zst 869 899 867 898 867 898 -839 -869 31
KA23 Rotoroa Formation Ignimbrite: xtl + lithic rich 899 905 898 904 898 904 -869 -875 6
Reddish sandy zst + tuffaceous zst 905 930 904 928 904 928 -875 -900 24
KA24 Production
NZTM E 1926962
NZTM N 5781274
CHF 22 mRL
Lapilli tuff: pumice lapilli, rhyolite, xtls qz + pl 235 271 232 268 232 268 -210 -246 36
Coarse grey sandstone 271 277 268 274 268 274 -246 -252 6
Lithic-lapilli tuff/breccia 277 357 274 354 274 354 -252 -332 80
KA24 Tahuna Formation Current bedded fine sst + zst, carbonaceous 357 396 354 393 354 393 -332 -371 39
Tuffaceous sst 396 445 393 442 393 442 -371 -420 49
Lithic-lapilli tuff and lithic tuff/breccia 445 530 442 527 442 527 -420 -505 85
Grey zst 530 540 527 536 527 536 -505 -514 9
KA24 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz + pl, lithic-rich 540 549 536 546 536 546 -514 -524 10
Caxton Formation Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz (e + frac; <4
KA24 549 658 546 655 546 655 -524 -633 109
(intrusive) mm),+ bt
KA24 710 774 707 771 707 771 -685 -749 64
(intrusive) mm),+bt
KA24 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg, xtl-poor 774 853 771 850 771 850 -749 -828 79
Caxton Formation Rhyolite: diffuse flow banding/ spher, pl + qz(e + frac; <6
KA24 853 1052 850 1049 850 1049 -828 -1027 199
(intrusive) mm), FeMg
KA24 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 1052 1164 1049 1161 1049 1161 -1027 -1139 112

2013
KA25 Production
NZTM E 1927319
NZTM N 5779910
CHF 28 mRL
KA25 Matahina ignimbrite Welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 74 172 70 168 70 168 -42 -140 98
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: generally glassy and flow banded. Several
KA25 172 479 168 475 168 472 -140 -444 304
(extrusive) flow units. Xtl-poor (qz + pl)
Lithic-lapilli tuff: lithics greywacke, argillite, rhyolite, tuff,
479 491 475 487 472 487 -444 -462 15
ignimbrite. Xtls qz + pl
KA25 Tahuna Formation Breccia: xtl-lithic rich, muddy matrix 491 509 487 505 487 505 -465 -477 18
Fine sst + zst 509 521 505 517 505 517 -477 -489 12
Tuffaceous sst 521 536 517 532 517 532 -489 -504 15
KA25 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl, xtl-rich 536 555 532 551 532 551 -504 -523 19
KA25 Onerahi Formation Xtl-lithic sst 555 570 551 566 551 566 -523 -538 15
KA25 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 570 691 566 687 566 687 -538 -659 121
KA25 Tasman Formation Red zst 691 701 687 697 687 697 -659 -669 10
KA25 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 701 738 697 734 697 734 -669 -706 37
Red/grey zst 738 808 734 804 734 804 -706 -776 70
Xtl-tuff: qz + pl + lots FeMg 808 826 804 822 804 822 -776 -794 18
Muddy breccia 826 860 822 856 822 856 -794 -828 34
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + lots FeMg 860 884 856 880 856 880 -828 -852 24
Lithic breccia 884 900 880 896 880 896 -852 -868 16
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + rare FeMg 900 930 896 926 896 926 -868 -898 30
Greywacke cong 930 945 926 941 923 938 -895 -910 15
Zst + sst - leaf impressions 945 951 941 947 938 944 -910 -916 6
Zst 981 1003 977 999 974 996 -946 -968 22
Greywacke cong 1003 1039 999 1035 996 1032 -968 -1004 36
KA26 Production
NZTM E 1927101
NZTM N 5778564
CHF 31 mRL
KA26 Surficial Deposits 0 15 0 7.7 0 7.7 31 24 8
KA26 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded to welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 15 186 8 179 8 179 24 -147 171
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spehulitic, glassy at base, xtl-
KA26 186 402 179 395 179 395 -147 -363 216
(extrusive) poor (qz + pl)
KA26 Tahuna Formation Sedimentary breccia : sst, zst, rhy, tuff 402 427 395 420 395 420 -363 -388 25
KA26 Raepahu Formation Pumice tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + mag 427 500 420 493 420 493 -388 -461 73
KA26 Tasman Formation Sediments: zst + sst + lithics + tuff 500 518 493 511 493 511 -461 -479 18
Sst 585 610 578 603 578 603 -546 -571 25
Tuff: qz (bp) + pl + mag 610 689 603 682 603 682 -571 -650 79
Carbonaceous sst + zst 689 695 682 688 682 688 -650 -656 6
Ash tuff 695 719 688 712 688 713 -656 -681 25
KA27 Production
NZTM E 1927247
NZTM N 5780703
CHF 25 mRL
KA27 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded to welded ignimbrite (qz (e + bp) + pl + px) 86 270 80 264 80 264 -55 -239 184
KA27 Tahuna Formation Ash: fine-grained, vesicular, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 270 330 264 324 264 324 -239 -299 60
Caxton Formation
KA27 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 330 500 324 494 324 494 -299 -469 170
(extrusive)
Breccia: tuff, rhyolite, sst, zst 500 540 494 534 494 534 -469 -509 40
KA27 Tahuna Formation Brown sst + zst 540 590 534 584 534 584 -509 -559 50
Muddy sst 590 640 584 634 584 634 -559 -609 50
KA27 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + maybe bt 640 660 634 654 634 654 -609 -629 20
KA27 Onerahi Formation Tuffaceous breccia 660 800 654 794 654 794 -629 -769 140
KA27 800 850 794 844 794 844 -769 -819 50
KA27 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt (v. rare) + mag 850 950 844 944 844 944 -819 -919 100
Greywacke + argillite cong 950 986 944 980 944 980 -919 -955 36
Ignimbrite: Qz + pl + bt - xtl-poor 986 1060 980 1054 980 1054 -955 -1029 74
KA27 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong + some zst 1060 1090 1054 1084 1054 1084 -1029 -1059 30
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + FeMg 1090 1110 1084 1104 1084 1104 -1059 -1079 20
Lithic tuff/breccia 1110 1150 1104 1144 1104 1144 -1079 -1119 40

2013
KA28 Production
NZTM E 1926891
NZTM N 5780744
CHF 25 mRL
KA28 Tahuna Formation Ash: fine-grained, xtl-poor (qz+pl) 120 180 115 175 115 175 -90 -150 60
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulites, minor brecciation,
KA28 180 410 175 405 175 405 -150 -380 230
(extrusive) xtl-poor (qz + pl)
Brown zst 410 430 405 425 405 425 -380 -400 20
Xtl-rich sst 430 460 425 455 425 455 -400 -430 30
Brown zst 460 520 455 515 455 515 -430 -490 60
Muddy breccia 520 560 515 555 515 555 -490 -530 40
KA28 560 1140 555 1135 555 1135 -530 -1110 580
KA28 Mesozoic greywacke 1140 1345 1135 1340 1135 1340 -1110 -1315 205
Onepu Formation Rhyolite: Xtl-rich; qz (e, <8 mm), pl (<5 mm); amp (<1
KA28 1345 1420 1340 1415 1340 1415 -1315 -1390 75
(intrusive) mm)
KA29 Production
NZTM E 1927020
NZTM N 5778980
CHF 38 mRL
Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, glassy obsidian,
105 180 100 175 100 175 -62 -137 75
glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl)
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded, perlitic, finely vesicular, xtl-
KA29 180 270 175 265 175 265 -137 -227 90
(extrusive) poor (qz + pl)
Rhyolite lava: vuggy, flow banded, brecciated at top,
270 460 265 455 265 455 -227 -417 190
perlitic glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl)
KA29 Tahuna Formation Tuff: lithics + xtls fine matrix 460 470 455 465 455 465 -417 -427 10
KA29 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl + bt 470 490 465 485 465 485 -427 -447 20
KA29 Tasman Formation Xtl-lithic sandstone 490 520 485 515 485 515 -447 -477 30
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt 520 590 515 585 515 585 -477 -547 70
KA29 Te Teko Formation
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt (more qz, less bt) 590 680 585 675 585 675 -547 -637 90
KA30
NZTM E 1924626
NZTM N 5779725
CHF 40 mRL
Breccia(?): common Matahina ignimbrite lithics, pumice,
rhyolite, andesite, zst
Welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 30 206 25 201 25 201 15 -161 176
KA30 Matahina ignimbrite Tuff: lithics (pum, rhy, zst), xtl-rich (qz (e + bp, <3 mm) +
206 440 201 435 201 435 -161 -395 234
pl + altered bt)
Brown zst 440 470 434 464 434 463 -394 -423 29
Breccia: muddy matrix, tuff clasts + other lithics 470 540 464 534 463 533 -423 -493 69
KA30 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 540 630 534 624 533 621 -493 -581 88
Ignimbrite: qz + pl - pum rich 630 670 624 664 621 660 -581 -620 39
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt - lithic rich 670 720 664 714 660 707 -620 -667 47
Dark grey zst 720 730 714 724 707 716 -667 -676 9
Ignimbrite: pl + qz - xtl poor 730 800 724 794 716 779 -676 -739 63
KA30 Onepu Formation 800 936 794 930 779 889 -739 -849 110
Rhyolite: xtl-rich; qz (e, <5 mm), pl (<5 mm); amp (<1 mm)
KA30 Rotoroa Formation Muddy fine sst 936 1016 930 1010 889 955 -849 -915 66

2013
KA31
NZTM E 1926018
NZTM N 5780040
CHF 24 mRL
KA31 Surficial Deposits 0 38 24 -14 38
KA31 Matahina ignimbrite 38 75 -14 -51 37
Caxton Formation
KA31 75 735 -51 -711 660
(extrusive)
KA31 Te Teko Formation 735 797 -711 -773 62
Caxton Formation
KA31 797 1027 -773 -1003 230
(intrusive)
KA31 Mesozoic greywacke 1027 1616 -1003 -1592 >589
Cuttings were not available for re-logging. Correlations are inferred from nearby wells.
KA32
NZTM E 1927290
NZTM N 5781074
CHF 22 mRL
KA32 Matahina ignimbrite Tuff: lithics (pum, rhy, zst), xtl-rich (qz (e + bp, <3 mm) +
235 300 230 295 230 295 -208 -273 65
pl)
Grey zst and pumiceous tuff 300 320 295 315 295 315 -273 -293 20
Lithic pumice tuff 320 450 315 445 315 445 -293 -423 130
Tuffaceous sst 450 540 445 535 445 535 -423 -513 90
Breccia 540 600 535 595 535 595 -513 -573 60
Sst + zst 600 630 595 625 595 625 -573 -603 30
Breccia 630 660 625 655 625 655 -603 -633 30
KA32 Raepahu Formation Lithic pumice tuff 660 840 655 835 655 835 -633 -813 180
KA32 Te Teko Formation Vitric tuff 840 950 835 945 835 945 -813 -923 110
Greywacke cong + tuff 950 970 945 965 945 965 -923 -943 20
Tuff + greywacke cong 970 1000 965 995 965 995 -943 -973 30
KA32 Waikora Formation Tuff + greywacke cong 1025 1075 1020 1070 1020 1070 -998 -1048 50
Greywacke + tuff 1075 1085 1070 1080 1070 1080 -1048 -1058 10
Tuff + greywacke cong 1085 1110 1080 1105 1080 1105 -1058 -1083 25
KA34
NZTM E 1925716
NZTM N 5778646
CHF 33 mRL
Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 61 186 55 180 55 180 -22 -147 125
KA34 Matahina ignimbrite Pumiceous tuff: pumice, glass, rhyolite lava, xtl-rich (qz +
186 310 180 304 180 304 -147 -271 124
pl)
Rhyolite lava breccia: variety of rhyolite lithologies 310 320 304 314 304 314 -271 -281 10
Perlitic grey glass 320 350 314 344 314 344 -281 -311 30
Caxton Formation
KA34 Rhyolite lava breccia: variety of rhyolite lithologies 350 360 344 354 344 354 -311 -321 10
(extrusive)
Perlitic grey glass 360 370 354 364 354 364 -321 -331 10
Rhyolite lava: glassy and spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 370 413 364 407 364 409 -331 -376 45
KA34 Tahuna Formation Muddy sst + zst 413 480 407 474 409 474 -376 -441 65
KA34 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 480 500 474 494 474 494 -441 -461 20
KA34 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite : qz + pl + bt lithic rich 500 660 494 654 494 654 -461 -621 160
Sediments: sst + red zst 660 720 654 714 654 714 -621 -681 60
KA34 Rotoroa Formation Ignimbrite : pl + qz - xtl +lithic poor 720 750 714 744 714 744 -681 -711 30
Muddy fine sst 750 770 744 764 744 764 -711 -731 20

2013
KA35
NZTM E 1926131
NZTM N 5780701
CHF 34 mRL
KA35 Surficial Deposits glass, pumice, rhyolite, qz (e + bp) + pl 0 30 0 24 0 24 34 10 24
KA35 Matahina ignimbrite Silicified ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 30 80 24 74 24 74 10 -40 50
Rhyolite lava: pumiceous 80 100 74 94 74 94 -40 -60 20
Caxton Formation
KA35 Rhyolite breccia: mixed rhyolite lithologies 100 230 94 224 94 224 -60 -190 130
(extrusive)
Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 230 586 224 580 224 573 -190 -539 349
KA35 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl, lithic rich 810 930 804 924 780 884 -746 -850 104
KA35 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 930 1111 924 1105 884 966 -850 -1000 >83
KA36
NZTM E 1926879
NZTM N 5780397
CHF 23 mRL
KA36 Matahina Ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 26 160 20 154 20 154 3 -131 134
Rhyolite breccia: mixed rhyolite lithologies 160 200 154 194 154 194 -131 -171 40
Caxton Formation
KA36 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, glassy at base, xtl-
(extrusive) 200 250 194 244 194 244 -171 -221 50
poor (qz + pl)
Pumiceous rhyolitic tuff: Lithics of rhyolite lava, xtl-poor
250 360 244 354 244 354 -221 -331 110
(qz + pl)
KA36 Tahuna Formation Lithic breccia 360 460 354 454 354 454 -331 -431 100
Ignimbrite : qz (e) + pl 460 540 454 534 454 534 -431 -511 80
Sst + zst 540 570 534 564 534 564 -511 -541 30
KA36 Karaponga Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl 570 590 564 584 564 584 -541 -561 20
KA36 Onerahi Formation Waterlaid tuff + sst 590 600 584 594 584 594 -561 -571 10
Caxton Formation
KA36 Rhyolite lava: xtl poor (<2 mm qz + pl), flow banding 600 690 594 684 594 684 -571 -661 90
(intrusive)
KA36 Raepahu Formation Lithic breccia: tuffaceous 840 900 834 894 834 894 -811 -871 60
Caxton Formation
KA36 Rhyolite lava: xtl poor (<2 mm qz + pl), flow banding 900 1060 894 1054 894 1054 -871 -1031 160
(intrusive)
KA37
NZTM E 1926935
NZTM N 5780451
CHF 23 mRL
Rhyolite breccia: mixed rhyolite lithologies 160 210 154 204 154 204 -131 -181 50
Caxton Formation
KA37 Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, glassy at base, xtl-
(extrusive) 210 270 204 264 204 264 -181 -241 60
poor (qz + pl)
Pumiceous rhyolitic tuff: lithics of rhyolite lava, xtl-poor
270 410 264 404 264 404 -241 -381 140
(qz + pl)
KA37 Tahuna Formation Pumice breccia + sst + zst 410 480 404 474 404 474 -381 -451 70
Vitric tuff: qz + pl 480 540 474 534 474 534 -451 -511 60
Sst 540 590 534 584 534 584 -511 -561 50
KA37 Onerahi Formation Breccia 630 660 624 654 624 654 -601 -631 30
Caxton Formation
KA37 Rhyolite: pl (<6 mm)+qz(e + frac; <4 mm), amp 660 720 654 714 654 714 -631 -691 60
(intrusive)
KA37 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl - lithic-rich 865 990 859 984 859 984 -836 -961 125
KA37 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt - lithic-poor 990 1130 984 1124 984 1124 -961 -1101 140
KA37 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 1130 1160 1124 1154 1124 1154 -1101 -1131 30

2013
KA37A
NZTM E1926935 N5780451 (CHF)
NZTM E1927020 N5780369 (TD)
CHF 23 mRL
KA37A Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 720 855 714 849 714 849 -691 -826 135
KA37A Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl - lithic-rich 855 990 849 984 849 984 -826 -961 135
KA37A Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt - lithic-poor 990 1065 984 1059 984 1059 -961 -1036 75
KA37A Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 1065 1095 1059 1089 1059 1089 -1036 -1066 30
KA37A Mesozoic greywacke 1095 1310 1089 1310 1089 1310 -1066 -1287 >221
KA38 Reinjection
NZTM E 1926246 (CHF)
NZTM N 5780862
CHF 35 mRL
KA38 Surficial Deposits Pumice, rhyolite, xtls (qz + pl) 0 20 0 15 0 15 35 20 15
KA38 no returns 60 170 55 165 55 165 -20 -130 110
Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, pumiceous base,
Caxton Formation 170 290 165 285 165 285 -130 -250 120
KA38 xtl-poor (qz + pl)
(extrusive)
Breccia: rhyolite, tuff, pumice 290 360 285 355 285 355 -250 -320 70
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, large (<5 mm) qz
KA38 360 390 355 385 355 385 -320 -350 >30
(extrusive) (frac + e) like peas
KA39 Reinjection
NZTM N 5780486
CHF 23 mRL
KA39 Matahina ignimbrite Non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 60 115 55 110 55 110 -32 -87 55
Caxton Formation
KA39 Rhyolite lava: pumiceous, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 115 343 110 338 110 338 -87 -315 >228
(extrusive)
KA40 Reinjection
NZTM N 5780381
CHF 23 mRL
Rhyolite breccia: glass, flow banded, spherulitic. Xtl poor
Caxton Formation 80 95 75 90 75 90 -52 -67 15
KA40 (qz + pl)
(extrusive)
Rhyolite lava: pumiceous, xtl-poor (qz + pl) 95 315 90 310 90 310 -67 -287 >220
KA41 Production
NZTM N 5779647
CHF 25 mRL
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, pumiceous top,
KA41 90 420 80 410 80 410 -55 -385 330
(extrusive) glass at base, xtl-poor (qz + pl)
KA41 Tahuna Formation Fine xtl-sst, muddy matrix 420 465 410 455 410 455 -385 -430 45
KA41 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (bp)+pl, xtl-lithic rich 465 495 455 485 455 485 -430 -460 30
KA41 Onerahi Formation Coarse tuffaceous xtl sst 495 545 485 535 485 535 -460 -510 50
KA41 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-poor (silicified) 545 565 535 555 535 555 -510 -530 20
Sediments : red zst 675 735 665 725 665 725 -640 -700 60
Breccia: and, rhy, tuff, sst, ignimbrite 735 765 725 755 725 755 -700 -730 30
Sediments: red zst 765 770 755 760 755 760 -730 -735 5
Ignimbrite: rare qz + bt, fine grained 770 880 760 870 760 870 -735 -845 110
KA41 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and tuff 880 915 870 905 870 905 -845 -880 35

2013
KA42 Production
NZTM N 5779652
CHF 25 mRL
KA42 Matahina ignimbrite Non- welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 40 90 30 80 30 80 5 -45 50
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded/spherulitic, pumiceous top,
KA42 90 425 80 415 80 415 -45 -380 335
(Extrusive) glass at the base, xtl-poor (qz+pl)
KA42 Tahuna Formation Fine sst & zst 425 440 415 430 415 430 -380 -395 15
KA42 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (bp) + pl 440 450 430 440 430 440 -395 -405 10
KA42 Onerahi Formation Coarse xtl-lithic sst 450 530 440 520 440 520 -405 -495 80
KA42 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz+pl 530 550 520 540 520 540 -495 -515 20
KA42 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt + FeMg 565 670 555 660 555 659 -530 -634 104
Sediments: red zst 670 690 660 680 659 679 -634 -654 20
Sediments: sst + zst 690 740 680 730 679 728 -654 -703 49
Breccia: and, rhy, tuff, sst, ignimbrite 740 790 730 780 728 777 -703 -752 49
Ignimbrite: rare qz + bt, fine grained 790 880 780 870 777 862 -752 -837 85
KA42 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong, zst (grey & red) and tuff 880 900 870 890 862 881 -837 -856 19
KA42 1030 1040 1020 1030 1003 1013 -978 -988 10
(intrusive) mm)
KA43 Deviated Reinjection

NZTM E1928789 N5781488 (CHF)
NZTM E1928321 N5781639 (TD)
CHF 25 mRL
Non- welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 35 270 25 260 25 260 0 -235 235
KA43 Matahina ignimbrite Pumiceous tuff: Abundant free xtls qz (e + bp) +pl.
270 360 260 350 260 350 -235 -325 90
Intervals rich in lithics and carbonaceous material
KA43 Muddy breccia 360 415 350 405 350 405 -325 -380 55
KA43 Tahuna Formation Tuff: qz+ pl 415 440 405 430 405 430 -380 -405 25
KA43 Tuffaceous sst 440 525 430 515 430 515 -405 -490 85
KA43 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (frac + e; <4 mm) + pl 525 550 515 540 515 540 -490 -515 25
KA43 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (bp) + pl + mag - xtl-poor 730 800 720 790 720 789 -695 -764 69
KA43 Tasman Formation Sediments: red zst 800 810 790 800 789 799 -764 -774 10
KA43 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz + pl + bt - xtl-poor, more lithics 810 885 800 875 799 872 -774 -847 73
Greywacke gravel and tuff 885 900 875 890 872 887 -847 -862 15
KA43 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong, carbonaceous siltstone 900 910 890 900 887 896 -862 -871 9
Greywacke cong 910 1330 900 1320 896 1218 -871 -1193 388
Rhyolite: Xtl-rich; qz (e, <8 mm), pl (<5 mm); amp (<1
KA43 Onepu Formation 1930 1940 1920 1930 1284 1849 -1814 -1824 10
mm)
KA44 Reinjection
NZTM N 5781468
CHF 25 mRL
Non- welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 25 290 15 280 15 280 10 -255 265
KA44 Matahina ignimbrite Pumiceous tuff. Abundant free xtls qz (e + bp) +pl.
290 360 280 350 280 350 -255 -325 70
Muddy breccia + sst + zst 360 410 350 400 350 400 -325 -375 50
Tuff: qz + pl 410 430 400 420 400 420 -375 -395 20
KA44 Tahuna Formation Sst + zst - carbonaceous 430 470 420 460 420 460 -395 -435 40
Tuff: qz + pl, lots pum 470 485 460 475 460 475 -435 -450 15
Sst + zst - carbonaceous 485 505 475 495 475 494 -450 -469 19
KA44 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl - xtl-rich 505 535 495 525 494 524 -469 -499 30
KA44 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 725 800 715 790 711 785 -686 -760 74
KA44 Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 800 805 790 795 785 790 -760 -765 5
KA44 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl - xtl-poor, lithic-rich 805 865 795 855 790 849 -765 -824 59
Greywacke cong and tuff 865 880 855 870 849 864 -824 -839 15
KA44 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong and carbonaceous zst 880 890 870 880 864 874 -839 -849 10
Greywacke cong 890 1345 880 1335 874 1296 -849 -1271 422
KA44 Mesozoic greywacke 1345 2484 1335 2474 1296 -821 -1271 846 >1178

2013
KA44A Reinjection
NZTM N 5781468
CHF 25 mRL
Tuff: qz + pl, lots lithics 410 425 400 415 400 425 -344 -387 >25
Grey sst 425 470 415 460 425 470 -387 -432 45
KA44A Tahuna Formation
Tuff: qz + pl 470 480 460 470 470 480 -432 -442 10
Sst + zst 480 505 470 495 480 495 -442 -497 15
KA44A Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl, lithic-rich 505 540 495 530 495 530 -497 -502 35
KA44A Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 540 750 530 740 530 731 -502 -703 202
KA44A Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 750 795 740 785 731 773 -703 -744 41
KA44A Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 795 800 785 790 773 777 -744 -749 5
KA44A Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt + FeMg 800 885 790 875 777 855 -749 -826 77
Greywacke cong and tuff 885 900 875 890 855 868 -826 -840 14
KA44A Waikora Formation Greywacke cong, carbonaceous zst 900 910 890 900 868 877 -840 -826 9
Greywacke cong 910 1340 900 1330 877 1278 -826 -1250 401
KA44A Mesozoic greywacke 1340 2592 1330 2582 1278 2448 -1250 -2420 >1170
KA45 Production

NZTM N 5779064
CHF 31 mRL
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: variably pumiceous/ flow banded/
KA45 160 465 150 455 150 455 -119 -424 305
(Extrusive) spherulitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl)
Tuffaceous sst 465 490 455 480 455 480 -424 -449 25
Muddy xtl sst 490 515 480 505 480 505 -449 -474 25
KA45 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + bt 515 550 505 540 505 540 -474 -509 35
KA45 Tasman Formation Xtl sst 550 575 540 565 540 565 -509 -534 25
Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl + rare bt 575 615 565 605 565 605 -534 -574 40
Ignimbrite: brown, qz + pl + mag 615 630 605 620 605 620 -574 -589 15
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 630 650 620 640 620 640 -589 -609 20
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt 650 690 640 680 640 680 -609 -649 40
Red zst 690 705 680 695 680 695 -649 -664 15
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt + rare mag 705 750 695 740 695 740 -664 -709 45
Sediments: tuff, greywacke, red zst, sst (some carb.) 750 805 740 795 740 795 -709 -764 55
Tuff: qz (bp) + pl 805 810 795 800 795 800 -764 -769 5
KA46 Production
NZTM E1926004 N5779059 (CHF)
NZTM E1925724 N5779119 (TD)
CHF 31 mRL
KA46 165 465 155 455 155 456 -124 -425 301
(Extrusive) spherulitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl)
KA46 Tahuna Formation Xtl-lithic sst, muddy matrix 465 520 455 510 456 520 -425 -489 64
KA46 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 520 545 510 535 520 535 -489 -504 15
KA46 Tasman Formation Sediments: red zst + sst 545 590 535 580 535 580 -504 -549 45
Ignimbrite: qz + pl 590 610 580 600 580 600 -549 -569 20
Ignimbrite: brown, qz + pl + mag 610 640 600 630 600 630 -569 -599 30
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 640 665 630 655 630 655 -599 -624 25
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt 665 690 655 680 655 679 -624 -648 25
Red zst 690 705 680 695 679 694 -648 -663 15
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + bt + minor mag 705 770 695 760 694 758 -663 -727 64
Tuff + greywacke + red & grey zst + sst 770 800 760 790 758 789 -727 -758 31
Tuff: qz (bp) + pl 800 825 790 815 789 812 -758 -781 23
KA46 Mesozoic greywacke 825 2031 815 2021 812.1 1898.9 -781 -1959 >1178

2013
KA47 Production
NZTM E1926944 N5780453 (CHF)
NZTM E1923653 N5772345 (TD)
CHF 31 mRL
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: flow banded, glass at base, xtl-poor (qz +
KA47 165 270 155 260 155 260 -124 -229 105
(Extrusive) pl)
Pumiceous rhyolitic tuff: Lithics of rhyolite lava, xtl-poor
270 420 260 410 260 410 -229 -382 150
(qz + pl)
Muddy breccia 420 460 410 450 410 450 -382 -422 40
Pumice breccia + sst + zst 460 480 450 470 450 470 -422 -442 20
Vitric tuff: qz (e) + pl 480 530 470 520 470 520 -442 -492 50
Muddy breccia 530 590 520 580 520 580 -492 -552 60
KA47 Karaponga Formation Crystal-lithic breccia: qz (e + bp) + pl 590 635 580 625 580 624 -552 -596 45
KA47 Onerahi Formation Muddy breccia 635 650 625 640 624 639 -596 -611 15
Caxton Formation
KA47 Rhyolite lava: pl (<6 mm)+qz (e + frac; <4 mm), amp 650 710 640 700 639 699 -611 -671 60
(intrusive)
KA47 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl - lithic-rich 850 985 840 975 837 969 -809 -941 131
KA47 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite: qz (e) + pl - lithic-poor 985 1040 975 1030 969 1020 -941 -992 52
KA47 Waikora Formation Tuff + greywacke cong 1040 1100 1030 1090 1020 1077 -992 -1049 57
KA48 Injection
NZTM E1928803 N5781487 (CHF)
NZTM E1929095 N5781325 (TD)
CHF 18 mRL
mKD mKD
Well Formation mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness
(mRF) (mRF)
275 345 265 335 265 335 -247 -317 70
Muddy + tuffaceous sst and zst 345 415 335 405 335 405 -317 -387 70
KA48 Tahuna Formation Tuff: qz+pl- xtl + lithic-rich 415 420 405 410 405 410 -387 -392 5
Grey sst 420 495 410 485 410 485 -392 -467 75
KA48 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz+pl- xtl + lithic-rich 495 535 485 525 485 525 -467 -507 40
KA48 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-lithic rich 695 815 685 805 682 799 -664 -781 117
KA48 Tasman Formation Red/brown zst - paleosol 815 820 805 810 799 804 -781 -786 5
KA48 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp)+ pl + bt 820 855 810 845 804 838 -786 -820 34
KA48 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong (minor intercalated soft sediments) 855 1330 845 1320 838 1303 -820 -1285 465
KA50 Injection
NZTM E1928803 N5781487 (CHF)
NZTM E1923653 N5772345 (TD)
CHF 18 mRL
275 355 265 345 265 345 -247 -327 80
Breccia: brown matrix, lithic-rich 355 425 345 415 345 415 -327 -397 70
KA50 Tahuna Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl- xtl-rich 425 435 415 425 415 425 -397 -407 10
Sst (some tuffaceous) 435 505 425 495 425 495 -407 -477 70
KA50 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl- xtl-rich 505 545 495 535 495 535 -477 -517 40
KA50 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl + FeMg- xtl-poor 710 820 700 810 699 807 -681 -789 108
KA50 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt- xtl-poor 820 850 810 840 807 837 -789 -819 29

2013
PK1 Exploration
NZTM N 5779537
CHF 22 mRL
Well Formation mRKB mRKB mCHF mCHF mVD mVD mRL mRL Thickness
PK01 Surficial Deposits 0 60 0 55 0 55 25 -30 55
PK01 Matahina ignimbrite Welded to non-welded ignimbrite:qz (e + bp) + pl + px 60 100 55 95 55 95 -30 -70 40
Rhyolite lava 100 145 95 140 95 140 -70 -115 45
Caxton Formation
PK01 Rhyolite pyroclastics 145 175 140 170 140 170 -115 -145 30
(Extrusive)
Rhyolite lava 175 405 170 400 170 400 -145 -375 230
PK01 Tahuna Fomration Sedimentary breccia: sst, zst, rhy, tuff 405 420 400 415 400 415 -375 -390 15
PK01 Karaponga Formation Pumice tuff: qz (e) + pl + bt +rutile(?) 420 475 415 470 415 470 -390 -448 55
PK01 Raepahu Formation Ignimbrite: qz+pl - lithic rich 475 580 470 575 470 582 -448 -559 112
PK01 Tasman Fomration Sediments: red/brown zst 580 600 575 595 582 592 -559 -570 11
PK01 Te Teko Formation Pumice tuff : qz + pl + bt + mag 600 645 595 640 592 635 -570 -613 42
Greywacke cong 645 740 640 735 635 721 -613 -699 86
Tuff: qz + pl 740 750 735 745 721 729 -699 -707 8
Greywacke cong 750 805 745 800 729 777 -707 -754 48
PK01 Waikora Formation
Tuff: qz + pl 805 850 800 845 777 816 -754 -794 39
Fine carbonaceous sst 850 890 845 885 816 851 -794 -829 35
Sst + greywacke pebbles 890 915 885 910 851 873 -829 -850 22
PK01 Mesozoic greywacke 915 2000 910 1995 873 1768 -850 -1746 >895
PK3 Exploration
NZTM E1927863 N5780992 (CHF)
NZTM E1927790 N5780541 (TD)
CHF 21 mRL
PK03 Matahina ignimbrite
Lapilli tuff: Glass, rhyolite, xtl-rich qz (e + bp) + pl 270 330 265 325 265 325 -244 -304 60
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: Glassy, flow banded. Xtl-poor (qz + pl).
PK03 330 430 325 425 325 425 -304 -404 100
(Extrusive) Glass at base
Tuffaceous sst 430 540 425 535 425 530 -404 -509 104
Tuff: qz+pl 540 570 535 565 530 559 -509 -538 29
PK03 Tahuna Formation
Muddy breccia + zst 570 600 565 595 558 588 -538 -567 30
Dark grey zst 600 665 595 660 588 648 -567 -627 60
PK03 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz(e) + pl, xtl-rich 665 705 660 700 648 667 -627 -676 19
PK03 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-lithic rich 705 825 700 820 667 767 -646 -745 100
PK03 Tasman Formation Red/brown zst - paleosol 825 830 820 825 767 770 -745 -746 3
PK03 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - lithic-poor 830 978 825 973 770 885 -746 -864 115
PK03 Waikora Formation Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-poor 1122 1185 1117 1180 1012 1071 -991 -1050 59
Greywacke cong 1185 1235 1180 1230 1071 1118 -1050 -1097 47
PK4 Exploration
NZTM E1927866 N5780244 (CHF)
NZTM E1928338 N5780739 (TD)
CHF 21 mRL
Caxton Formation Rhyolite lava: Glassy, flow banded. Xtl-poor (qz + pl).
PK04 370 408 365 403 365 391 -344 -370 26
(Extrusive) Glass at base
Muddy breccia 408 468 403 463 391 463 -370 -442 72
Tuff: qz (e) + pl- lithic-rich 468 480 463 475 463 475 -442 -454 12
Xtl-lithic sst (breccia) 480 528 475 523 475 523 -454 -502 48
Grey zst 528 576 523 571 523 571 -502 -550 48
PK04 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz + pl, common xtls 576 624 571 619 571 617 -550 -596 47
PK04 Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 624 672 619 667 617 659 -596 -638 42
PK04 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 672 732 667 727 659 717 -638 -696 58
PK04 Tasman Formation Red/brown zst - paleosol 732 737 727 732 717 722 -696 -701 5
PK04 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl + bt + FeMg 737 888 732 883 722 863 -701 -842 141
Greywacke cong 888 1020 883 1015 863 987 -842 -966 123
Tuff: qz (e) + pl + FeMg - xtl-rich 1020 1044 1015 1039 987 1009 -966 -988 22
Greywacke cong 1044 1128 1039 1123 1009 1087 -988 -1066 78
PK04 Waikora Fomration
Tuff: qz(bp) + pl + minor FeMg - xtl-rich 1128 1176 1123 1171 1087 1132 -1066 -1111 44
Greywacke cong 1176 1224 1171 1219 1132 1175 -1111 -1154 44
Tuff qz + pl + rare FeMg- xtl-poor 1224 1248 1219 1243 1175 1197 -1154 -1176 22

2013
Exploration; side
PK4a
track of PK4
NZTM E1928338 N5780739 (CHF)
NZTM E1928280 N5781456 (TD)
CHF 21 mRL
Coarse xtl sst 400 470 395 465 395 464 -374 -443 >69
Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-rich 470 480 465 475 464 474 -443 -453 10
PK04A Tahuna Formation
Medium xtl-sst 480 550 475 545 474 543 -453 -522 69
Grey zst 550 580 545 575 543 571 -522 -550 28
PK04A Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl - xtl-lithic rich 580 620 575 615 571 609 -550 -588 38
PK04A Kawerau Andesite Plagioclase and augite phyric andesite 620 690 615 685 609 674 -588 -653 65
PK04A Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl + FeMg - xtl+lihic-poor 690 830 685 825 674 797 -653 -776 123
PK04A Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 830 835 825 830 797 801 -776 -780 4
PK04A Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt + FeMg 835 944 830 939 801 891 -780 -870 90
Greywacke cong + zst + coal 944 1090 939 1085 891 1007 -870 -986 116
Tuff: qz (e) + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 1090 1110 1085 1105 1007 1023 -986 -1002 16
PK04A Waikora Formation
Greywacke cong 1110 1270 1105 1265 1023 1144 -1002 -1123 121
Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-poor 1270 1315 1265 1310 1144 1178 -1123 -1157 34
PK04A Mesozoic greywacke 1315 1922 1310 1917 1178 1646 -1157 -1625 >528
PK5 Exploration, vertical

NZTM E 1928648
NZTM N 5780809
CHF 20 mRL
Caxton Formation
PK05 Rhyolite lava: Glassy, perlitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl) 295 335 285 325 285 325 -265 -305 40
(Extrusive)
Muddy litihc-xtl sst + zst 335 375 325 365 325 365 -305 -345 40
Tuff: qz + pl- xtl-lithic rich 375 395 365 385 365 385 -345 -365 20
Muddy xtl-lithic sst 395 415 385 405 385 405 -365 -385 20
Xtl sst 415 455 405 445 405 445 -385 -425 40
Tuff: qz + pl - xtl-lithic poor 455 465 445 455 445 455 -425 -435 10
Muddy xtl sst 465 525 455 515 455 515 -435 -495 60
PK05 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz (e) + pl 525 565 515 555 515 555 -495 -535 40
PK05 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + FeMg - xtl-poor 625 755 615 745 615 745 -595 -725 130
PK05 Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 755 760 745 750 745 750 -725 -730 5
PK05 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp)+ pl + bt + FeMg -xtl-ltihic poor 760 825 750 815 750 815 -730 -795 65
Greywacke cong 825 985 815 975 815 975 -795 -955 160
PK05 Waikora Formation Tuff: qz + pl- xtl-lithic-rich 985 990 975 980 975 980 -955 -960 5
Greywacke cong 990 1185 980 1175 980 1175 -960 -1155 195
PK6 Exploration
NZTM E1927129 N5779619 (CHF)
NZTM E1926724 N5779726 (TD)
CHF 28 mRL
PK06 Surficial Deposits 0 35 0 25 0 25 28 3 25
Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 35 120 25 110 25 110 3 -82 85
PK06 150 510 140 500 140 500 -112 -472 360
(extrusive) spherulitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl)
PK06 Tahuna Formation Xtl-rich sst 510 520 500 510 500 510 -472 -482 10
PK06 Karaponga Formation Tuffaceous, lithic-xtl sst (possibly ig.) 520 570 510 560 510 560 -482 -532 50
PK06 Onerahi Formation Breccia, abundant andesite lithics 570 610 560 600 560 600 -532 -572 40
PK06 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-lithic rich 610 650 600 640 600 640 -572 -612 40
PK06 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-lithic rich 650 710 640 700 640 700 -612 -672 60
Red paleosol + sst 710 740 700 730 700 730 -672 -702 30
PK06 Rotoroa Formation Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag 740 800 730 790 730 790 -702 -762 60
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt + FeMg 800 860 790 850 790 850 -762 -822 60
PK06 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 860 910 850 900 850 900 -822 -872 50

2013
PK7 Exploration
NZTM N 5779626
CHF 28 mRL
PK07 Surficial Deposits 0 25 10 15 0 15 28 13 15
Welded to non-welded ignimbrite: qz (e + bp) + pl + px 25 120 15 110 15 110 13 -82 95
PK07 Matahina Ignimbrite
Glass, rhyolite, xtl-rich qz (e + bp) + pl 120 175 110 165 110 165 -82 -137 55
PK07 175 510 165 500 165 500 -137 -472 335
(extrusive) spherulitic. Xtl-poor (qz + pl)
PK07 Tahuna Formation Xtl-rich sst 510 520 500 510 500 510 -472 -482 10
PK07 Karaponga Formation Tuffaceous, lithic-xtl sst (possibly ig.) 520 570 510 560 510 559 -482 -531 49
PK07 Onerahi Formation Breccia, abundant andesite lithics 570 630 560 620 559 618 -531 -590 58
PK07 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-lithic rich 630 650 620 640 618 637 -590 -609 19
PK07 Tasman Formation Red paleosol in ignimbrite 650 670 640 660 637 655 -609 -627 19
PK07 Te Teko Formation Ignimbrite : qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 670 740 660 730 655 717 -627 -689 62
Sst (some carbonaceous) 740 790 730 780 717 759 -689 -731 42
Sst gravelly (rewoked ig from below) 790 830 780 820 759 793 -731 -765 34
PK07 Rotoroa Formation
Red zst 830 850 820 840 793 811 -765 -783 18
Ignimbrite: qz + pl + mag + bt + FeMg 850 900 840 890 810 855 -782 -827 45
PK07 Waikora Formation Greywacke cong 900 940 890 930 855 892 -827 -864 36
PK8 vertical
NZTM E 2838675
NZTM N 6341668
CHF 20 mRL
PK08 No Returns 0 40 0 30 0 30 20 -10 30
PK08 Matahina Ignimbrite
Caxton Formation Rhyolite breccia: glass, flow banded, spherulitic. Xtl
PK08 285 335 275 325 275 325 -255 -305 50
(Extrusive) poor (qz + pl)
Muddy sst/zst 335 380 325 370 325 370 -305 -350 45
Brown zst 380 410 370 400 370 400 -350 -380 30
PK08 Tahuna Formation Muddy xtl sst 410 435 400 425 400 425 -380 -405 25
Tuff: qz + pl, xtl-rich 435 450 425 440 425 440 -405 -420 15
Coarse sst 450 470 440 460 440 460 -420 -440 20
PK08 Karaponga Formation Tuff: qz + pl- xtl + lithic-rich 470 485 460 475 460 475 -440 -455 15
PK08 Raepahu Formation Tuff: qz + pl- xtl + lithic-rich 520 640 510 630 510 630 -490 -610 120
PK08 Tasman Formation Sediments: red/brown zst 640 645 630 635 630 635 -610 -615 5
PK08 Te Teko Formation Tuff: qz (e + bp) + pl + bt 645 695 635 685 635 685 -615 -665 50
Greywacke cong 695 825 685 815 685 815 -665 -795 130
Tuff: qz + pl- xtl & lithic-rich 825 840 815 830 815 830 -795 -810 15
Greywacke cong 840 865 830 855 830 855 -810 -835 25
PK08 Waikora Formation Mix-tuff + greywacke 915 945 905 935 905 935 -885 -915 30
Greywacke cong 945 1045 935 1035 935 1035 -915 -1015 100
Mix-tuff + greywacke + carb zst 1045 1070 1035 1060 1035 1060 -1015 -1040 25
Greywacke cong + carb. zst + sst + tuff 1110 1145 1100 1135 1100 1135 -1080 -1115 35
PK08 Mesozoic greywacke 1145 2667 1135 2657 1135 2657 -1115 -2637 1522
PK08 2667 2668 2657 2658 2657 2658 -2637 -2638 1
(intrusive) mm)

2013

2013

2013
APPENDIX 1: GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE INFORMATION
GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC AND CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Grain Size Pyroclastic - Sedimentary – Sedimentary –

Pyroclastic - Lithified
(mm) Unconsolidated Unconsolidated Lithified
Mudstone, siltstone,
<2 Ash Tuff Clay, silt, sand
sandstone
(Granule, Pebble,
2 – 64 Lapilli ash Lapilli tuff granule, pebble, cobble
Cobble) conglomerate
> 64 Block/bomb Tuff breccia Boulder Boulder conglomerate
Modified from White, J.D.L. and Houghton, B.F., Primary Volcaniclastic Rocks, Geology, August 2006, v. 34, no. 8, p. 677-680.
LITHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC SEDIMENTS AND ROCKS
After Jerram, D., and Petford, N., 2011, The Field Description of Igneous Rocks, 2nd Ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 238p.
ALTERATION ASSEMBLAGES / MINERALOGY
Assemblage Mineralogy Fluid Conditions
Alunite, diaspore, quartz, ± pyrophyllite (>300°C), ± Acid-sulphate fluids form from oxidised steam
Advanced Argillic
chalcedony, ± kaolinite, ± dickite, ± anhydrite condensates
Intermediate Low-T (<250°C), acid to neutral pH and low

Kaolinite, smectite, and interlayered illite-smectite
Argillic salinity fluids
Moderate- to high-T (>200°C), acid to neutral

Illite/sericite, quartz, pyrite ± anhydrite ± minor
Phyllic fluids at a range of salinity; Common in
chlorite, calcite, titanite and rutile
permeable zones and adjacent to veins
Chlorite, illite/sericite, epidote, quartz, albite, calcite Moderate-T (>200°C), near-neutral pH fluids,
Propylitic
and anhydrite commonly in low permeability areas
K-feldspar, biotite, quartz, magnetite, muscovite, ± High-T (>300°C), near-neutral pH fluids, close to
Potassic
anhydrite, ± apatite, ± sulphides or within intrusions
After Guilbert, J.M. and Park, C. F. Jr., The Geology of Ore Deposits, 1986, Freeman: New York, 985p.

2013
ALTERATION INTENSITY
Intensity Number Description
Unaltered 0 Fresh rock; primary mineralogy and texture preserved (Note: unaltered rock can be weathered).
Texture and most primary mineralogy (>75%) preserved; small patches of groundmass replaced
Weak 1
with secondary minerals
Texture preserved; primary mineralogy partially (25-75%) replaced; generally ferromagnesian
Moderate 2
minerals and phyllosilicates are replaced by secondary minerals but feldspars are preserved
Strong 3 Texture preserved; primary mineralogy completely replaced by secondary minerals
Intense / Texture completely obliterated and primary mineralogy completely replaced by secondary minerals
4
Pervasive (except for primary quartz, zircon, and apatite)
MINERAL / ROCK PROPORTIONS (in alteration, vein, or cuttings descriptions)
Term Number Equivalent %
Absent 0 0
Rare 1 <5%
Minor 2 5 – 20 %
Common 3 20 – 50 %
Abundant 4 > 50 %

2013
DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGICAL TERMS FOR VOLCANIC AND PYROCLASTIC ROCKS
Term Definition / Association
Anhedral Mineral devoid of crystal faces

Aphyric Crystals not visible to the naked eye (i.e. lacking phenocrysts)
Amygdaloidal Vesicles filled with secondary minerals
Breccia Coarse (usually >2mm) fragmental rock consisting of angular clasts of one or more lithologies
Clast Rock fragment (includes juvenile clasts and lithics)
Cryptocrystalline crystals not discernible with a microscope (<5 µm)
Euhedral minerals entirely bound by crystal faces
Eutaxitic Planar texture caused by compaction of glass shards or pumice clasts
Fiamme Hot volcanic ejecta fragments (generally pumice) deformed by compaction in a pyroclastic deposit
Flow-banding Volcanic texture resulting from slow creep of lava (generally rhyolite) while still plastic
Holocrystalline Rock composed entirely of crystals
Hypocrystalline Rock containing both crystals and volcanic glass; synonymous with hypohyaline
Ignimbrite Volcanic rock formed by widespread deposition and consolidation of ash flows and volcanic ejecta;
includes welded tuff and non-welded but recrystallised/lithified ash flows
Juvenile Clast Rock fragment derived directly from erupting magma
Lithic Rock fragment derived from pre-existing rock
Lithophysae Ovoid structures representing gas bubbles in devitrified rhyolitic glass and welded pyroclastic deposits
Microlitic Texture of needle-like crystals (often of plagioclase) in volcanic rocks, only visible microscopically
Monomict(ic) Brecciated rock containing only one lithology
Ophitic Texture of coarse ferromagnesian crystals (often pyroxenes) enclosing plagioclase lathes
Perlitic Texture of concentric/arcuate fractures resulting from contraction and hydration of some volcanic glass
upon
cooling
Pilotaxitic Texture of felted mass of acicular or lathe-like crystals in a volcanic rock
Phyric Containing crystals visible to the naked eye
Polymict(ic) Brecciated rock containing multiple lithologies
Porphyritic Large crystals (phenocrysts) in a fine-grained groundmass
Spherulitic Devitrification texture consisting of spherical aggregates of radiating, intergrown quartz and K-feldspar
needles
Subhedral Minerals partly bound by crystal faces
Tephra Collective term for all unconsolidated clastic materials ejected from a volcano, including dust, ash,
cinders, lapilli, scoria, pumice, bombs, and blocks
Trachytic Volcanic texture exhibiting parallel flow-aligned feldspar in groundmass of volcanic rocks
Tuff General term for all consolidated pyroclastic rocks
Welded Tuff Glass-rich pyroclastic rock indurated by the welding together of its glass shards under the combined
action of heat from the particles, overburden weight, and hot gases.
Vitric Glassy; synonymous with holohyaline
Vitriclastic Fragmented rock containing clasts of volcanic glass
Vitrophyric Phenocrysts lie in a glassy matrix
After Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., Eds., Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd Ed., 1984, American Geological Institute, Anchor:
New York, 571p. Also after Winter, J.D., An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, 2001, Prentice Hall: Upper
Saddle River, NJ, 697

Principal Location Other Locations
1 Fairway Drive Dunedin Research Centre Wairakei Research Centre National Isotope Centre
Avalon 764 Cumberland Street 114 Karetoto Road 30 Gracefield Road
PO Box 30368 Private Bag 1930 Wairakei PO Box 31312
Lower Hutt Dunedin Private Bag 2000, Taupo Lower Hutt
New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand New Zealand
T +64-4-570 1444 T +64-3-477 4050 T +64-7-374 8211 T +64-4-570 1444
www.gns.cri.nz F +64-4-570 4600 F +64-3-477 5232 F +64-7-374 8199 F +64-4-570 4657
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Kawerau Geothermal Field well logs

Book · January 2013

Sarah Dawn Milicich

Taupo Volcanic Zone geothermal research View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

GNS Science Report 2013/06

S.D. Milicich, GNS Science, PO Box 2000, Taupo

© Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited, 2013

GNS Science Report 2013/06 i

Kawerau Geothermal Field; well logs; stratigraphy.

GNS Science Report 2013/06 ii

Differentiation of units encountered by drilling at Kawerau previously was based on lithology

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2.0 WELL LOGS

The well logs on pages 8 to 23 use the following abbreviations:

Sst- sandstone Zst- siltstone Rhy- rhyolite

2.1 Graphic Well Logs

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GNS Science Report 2013/06 7

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GNS Science Report 2013/06 9

GNS Science Report 2013/06 10

KA21 Production compilation of KA21+KA21ST

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GNS Science Report 2013/06 12

GNS Science Report 2013/06 13

GNS Science Report 2013/06 14

GNS Science Report 2013/06 15

GNS Science Report 2013/06 16

GNS Science Report 2013/06 17

KA43 Deviated Reinjection

GNS Science Report 2013/06 18

NZTM E 1925996 (CHF)

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GNS Science Report 2013/06 20

GNS Science Report 2013/06 21

PK5 Exploration, vertical

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GNS Science Report 2013/06 24

GNS Science Report 2013/06 25

APPENDIX 1: GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE INFORMATION

GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC AND CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Grain Size Pyroclastic - Sedimentary – Sedimentary –

LITHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PYROCLASTIC SEDIMENTS AND ROCKS

ALTERATION ASSEMBLAGES / MINERALOGY

Assemblage Mineralogy Fluid Conditions

Intermediate Low-T (<250°C), acid to neutral pH and low

Moderate- to high-T (>200°C), acid to neutral

GNS Science Report 2013/06 26

Intensity Number Description

MINERAL / ROCK PROPORTIONS (in alteration, vein, or cuttings descriptions)

Term Number Equivalent %

GNS Science Report 2013/06 27

DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGICAL TERMS FOR VOLCANIC AND PYROCLASTIC ROCKS

Term Definition / Association

Anhedral Mineral devoid of crystal faces

GNS Science Report 2013/06 28