hÅ-t‑¯‑mÄ \‑mc‑m-b-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m³

(1878-þ1958‑)
1878- HI‑vtS‑ m‑ _ - À 16-þ\‑v P\‑n¨ - p‑ . B[‑p\ - n‑ I ae-bm‑ f Ih‑n{- X ‑ b- ¯
- n‑ s‑e
Hc‑mÄ. h‑nZ‑y‑m`‑y‑mkI‑me-¯‑p-Xs‑¶ ]Z‑y-c-N\ Bc‑w-`‑n¨‑p. `‑mj‑m
t- ]
‑ m‑ j
- n‑ W
- n‑ k` k‑wL-Sn‑ ¸ - n‑ ¨ aÕc¯‑n Ih‑nX - b‑¡ v v‑ H¶‑mw‑ Ø‑m\‑w
t‑\S‑nb - t- X‑ m‑ s‑S Ih‑n F¶ \‑ne-bn‑ Â A‑wK‑oI - m‑ c‑w k‑n²‑n¨ - p‑ . h‑me‑vao‑ I‑n-
c‑m-a‑m-b-Wh‑p‑w At‑\I‑w ]‑pc‑m-W-§f‑p‑w ae-b‑m-f-¯‑n-t‑e¡‑v h‑nhÀ
¯\‑w s‑Nb‑X v p‑ . t‑Zi‑ob
- t- _‑ m‑ [‑w C´‑y³ \‑mj-WÂ t‑Im‑ ¬{‑KÊ - n‑ s‑â
{‑]hÀ¯-\-§-t‑f‑mS‑v AS‑p-¸‑n-¨‑p. 1930-þ I‑p¶‑w-I‑p-f¯‑v IY-If‑n
h‑nZ‑y‑m-eb‑w Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p. AX‑mW‑v t‑Icf Ie‑m-a-Þ-e-a‑mb‑n h‑nI-k‑n-
¨X‑v. Ie‑m-a-Þ-e-¯‑ns‑â [\-t‑i-J-c-W-¯‑n-\‑mb‑n IY-If‑nk‑wL-
t‑¯‑m-s‑S‑m¸‑w h‑nt‑Z-i-c‑m-P‑y-§Ä kµÀi‑n-¨‑p. ]ß-`‑q-j¬ DÄs‑¸s‑S
Ht‑«s‑d _l‑pa - X
- n‑ I
- Ä e`‑n¨ - n‑ «- p‑ |
- .v‑ s‑Xm‑ ®‑qt- d
‑ m‑ f‑w I‑rX‑nI - Ä {‑]k‑n² -
-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n. _Ô\-Ø-\‑mb A\‑n-c‑p-²³‑, i‑nj‑y\‑p‑w aI-\‑p‑w‑, _[‑n-c

s‑Im‑ ¨‑pk - o‑ X KS
-h‑n-e‑m-]‑w‑, KW-]X‑n‑, N‑n{‑X-t‑b‑mK‑w‑, k‑ml‑n-X‑y-a-R‑vP-c‑n‑, aK‑vZ-e\ad‑n-b‑w‑,
- ,‑ AÑ\‑pw‑ aI-fp‑ w‑ ,‑ Et‑Kz‑ Z‑wþ h‑me‑vao‑ I‑n c
a-IÄ X‑pS-§‑n-b-h-b‑mW‑v {‑][‑m\ I‑rX‑n-IÄ. 1958 a‑mÀ¨‑v 15-þ\‑v
- m‑ a
- m‑ b- W XÀÖ-

bi‑xic‑o-c-\‑m-b‑n.
O
BO

al‑m-Ih‑n hÅ-t‑¯‑m-f‑ns‑â R§Ä {‑]k‑n-²oIcn¨ I‑rX‑n-IÄ

ic-W-a-¿¸‑m
k‑ml‑n-X‑y-a-R‑vPc‑n I—IX
AÑ\pw aIfpw
C

injy\pw aI\pw
aKvZe\adnbw
D

kmlnXyaRvPcn (k¼qÀ®w)
hÅt¯mÄ IhnXIÄ
 hÅ-t‑¯‑m-f‑ns‑â ]‑pc‑m-W-I-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑X-§Ä

t‑ht‑Z‑m-]-\‑n-j-¯‑p-¡Ä Z‑pÀ{‑K-l-a‑m-l‑m-ß‑y-§-f‑m-W‑v. A{‑Z‑n-k-a‑m-\-

§-f‑mb Ah-b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p \‑nÀ¤-a‑n-s‑¨‑m-g‑p-I‑nb \‑nÀ½-e-\-Z‑n-I-f‑mW‑v
]‑pc‑m-t‑W-X‑n-l‑m-k-§Ä. k‑zÑ-i‑o-X-f-§-f‑mb B ]‑pc‑m-t‑W-X‑n-l‑m-
k-§-f‑mW‑v `‑mc-X‑o-b- k‑wk‑vI‑m-cs‑¯ \‑nX‑y-l-c‑n-X-a‑m¡‑n \‑ne-\‑nÀ
¯‑n-t‑¸‑m-c‑p-¶-X‑v. BÀj-N‑n-´-b‑ps‑S P\-I‑o-b-h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-§-f‑mW‑v
Ah. C´‑yb‑v¡‑v Hc‑p P\-I‑o-b-k‑w-k‑vI‑m-c-a‑p-s‑|-¦‑nÂ‑, cà-a‑m‑w-
KS
k‑m-Z‑n-I-f‑p-a‑mb‑n Cg‑p-I‑n-t‑¨À¶ Hc‑p [‑mÀ½‑n-I-t‑_‑m-[-a‑p-s‑|-¦‑nÂ‑,
AX‑ns‑\ Ic‑p-¸‑n-S‑n-¨X‑p‑w hfÀ¯‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¯X‑p‑w ]‑pc‑m-t‑W-X‑n-l‑m-
O
k-§-f‑m-I‑p¶‑p. AX‑o-X-I‑m-e-s‑¯-¶-t‑]‑ms‑e `‑mh‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w k‑m[‑m-
cW `‑mc-X‑o-bs‑â Bi‑m-t‑I{‑µ‑w Ah-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w; Ah-b‑nÂ
BO

\‑ n - ¶ ‑ p Äs‑ ¡ ‑ m - Å ‑ p ¶ Bt‑ h i‑ w Ah\‑ p P‑ o h‑ n - X - a ‑ m À¤- ¯ ‑ n Â

s‑s‑I¯‑nc‑n I‑mW‑n¡‑p‑w; A´-c‑w-Ks‑¯ A`‑n-a‑m-\-]‑q-c‑n-X-a‑m-¡‑p‑w.
A{‑Xb‑v¡p‑ w‑ {‑]`‑mh - ]
- q‑ À®h‑pw‑ s‑s{‑ X
‑ I‑me
- n‑ I
- h
- p‑ a
- m‑ W‑v ]‑pc‑mW - §- -
C

f‑ps‑S A´-Ê-¯.
]s‑¯‑m-¼X‑m‑w \‑qä‑m-|‑ns‑â {‑]‑mc‑w-`-¯‑n-e‑p-|‑mb `‑mc-X‑o-b
D

-\-t‑h‑m-°‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â t‑{‑]cI-i-à‑n-I-f‑n {‑]a‑p-J-a‑mb H¶‑v ]‑pc‑m-

t‑W-X‑n-l‑m-k-§-f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p k‑n²‑n¨ Bt‑h-i-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \t‑h‑m-
°-‑m-\-¯‑ns‑â {‑]N‑m-c-I-·‑m-c‑n {‑][‑m-\-\‑mb ch‑o-{‑µ-\‑m-Y -S‑m-t‑K‑mÀ
]‑pc‑m-W-I-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑X-§s‑f ]‑pX‑p-cà‑w IeÀ¯‑n ]‑p\‑x-{‑]-I‑m-i-\‑w-
s‑Nb‑vX‑v F{‑Xt‑b‑m I‑rX‑n-IÄ \‑nÀ½‑n-¨‑n-«‑p|‑v‑! At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â
IÀ®\‑p‑w I‑p´‑n-b‑p‑w‑, N‑n{‑X‑m‑w-K-Z‑, IN\‑p‑w t‑Zh-b‑m-\‑nb‑p‑w X‑pS-
§‑nb ]e I‑rX‑n-If‑p‑w C‑u kµÀ`-¯‑n k‑vacW‑o-b-§-f‑m-W‑v.
ae-bm‑ f
- ¯- n‑ Â \t‑hm‑ ° - m‑ \
- ¯
- n‑ s‑â \‑mµ‑n ]‑mS‑n c - w‑ K
- {- ]
‑ t- h
‑ i- w‑ -
s‑Nb‑vX BZ‑ys‑¯ Ih‑n hÅ-t‑¯‑m-f‑m-I‑p-¶‑p. ]‑pc‑m-W-§-f‑p-a‑mb‑n
5
 A{‑X-t‑bs‑d X‑mZ‑mß‑y‑w {‑]‑m]‑n¨ as‑ä‑mc‑p al‑m-Ih‑n t‑Icf-¯‑n-e‑p-
|‑m-b‑n-«‑pt‑|‑m F¶‑p k‑wi-b-a‑m-W‑v. At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â "]‑pc‑m-W-
§Ä‑' F¶ JÞ-I‑rX‑n {‑]k‑vX‑pX- \‑n-_-Ô-§-f‑ps‑S A´Àa-Þ-
e-¯n‑ t- e
‑ ¡‑p \s‑½ k‑pZ‑qc‑w \b‑n¡ - b‑pw‑ Ah‑ns‑S k‑uµ-cy‑ t
- p‑ I - _ ‑ m‑ [ -
-¯‑n-s‑âb‑p‑w [À½-t‑_‑m-[-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p-a‑mb Hc‑p ]‑pX‑nb t‑e‑mI‑w
\a‑p¡‑p I‑mW‑n-¨‑p-X-c‑n-Ib‑p‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶‑p. \‑nX‑y-\‑q-X-\-a‑mb B
k‑pµ-c-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n \‑m‑w Fs‑´Ã‑m‑w AÛ‑p-X-Z‑r-i‑y-§-f‑mW‑p
I‑mW‑p¶ - X‑!v‑ "]‑mc‑n\‑pÅS‑n¡ - Ã‑p ]‑mÀ¯‑pI - |
- d - n‑ ª‑'v‑ `‑mc-Xh - Àj-
¯‑ns‑e B ]‑qÀhÀj‑n-IÄ {‑_Ò-\‑n-Ý-e-[‑y‑m\‑w s‑N¿‑p-¶X‑p‑w
h‑n{‑i-a-t‑h-f-I-f‑n Ih‑n-X‑mt‑Z-h‑n-b‑p-a‑mb‑n \À½-k-Ã‑m]‑w \S-¯‑p-
¶X‑pw‑ s‑\ä‑n¯ - S‑w h‑nbÀ¡‑pt‑¼m‑ Ä h‑mK-[o‑ i - z‑ c‑n Ahs‑c t‑]m‑ Àa‑p-
KS
e-¡-¨-¯‑p-¼‑p-s‑I‑m|‑p h‑ob‑p-¶X‑p‑w FÃ‑m‑w Hc‑p Ne-¨‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e
¶t‑]‑ms‑e h‑yà-a‑mb‑n I‑mW‑p-¶‑p. B h‑mK‑vt‑Z-h‑n-b‑ps‑S s‑s‑I¯-
O
|‑n N‑n¶‑n-a‑n-¶‑nb hf-I-f‑ps‑S a[‑p-c-I‑z‑mW‑w \‑m‑w t‑IÄ¡‑p¶‑p.
BO

Fs‑´m‑ c‑p KÔÀh-te ‑ m‑ I- a - m‑ W‑v B JÞI‑rX - n‑ b

- n‑ e - q‑ s‑S al‑mI - h‑n
Bk‑z‑mZ-I-·‑m-c‑ps‑S `‑mh-\‑m-N-£‑p-Ê‑p-I-f‑ps‑S a‑p¼‑n X‑pd-¶‑n-«‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶X‑v‑!
C

]‑pc‑mW - §
- f - p‑ s‑S A´-ʯ - s‑b k‑m£‑mX - I v‑ c - n‑ ¨‑v hÅ-t¯ ‑ m‑ Ä
Ah-bn‑ s‑e t‑cm‑ a‑m© - Z - m‑ b- I - § - f- m‑ b kµÀ`-§s - f‑ b‑pw‑ \‑nX‑yb - p‑ h -
D

-X‑z-a‑mÀ¶ h‑yà‑n-I-s‑fb‑p‑w h‑y‑mJ‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑ne‑p‑w N‑n{‑X‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-

¶-Xn‑ e‑pw‑ Xs‑â i‑ne‑] v k - m‑ a - À°‑yw‑ \‑nÀt‑Ãm‑ ]‑w h‑n\‑nt- b ‑ m‑ K
- n‑ ¨
- n‑ «- p‑ |- v.‑
BJ‑y‑m-t‑\‑m-]‑m-J‑y‑m-\-P-S‑n-e-a‑mb ]‑pc‑m-W-§-f‑nÂ\‑n¶‑v Ah-b‑ps‑S
k‑m‑wk‑vI‑m-c‑nI i‑p²‑n¡‑p t‑e‑m]‑w- X-«‑ms‑X ka‑p-N‑n-X-k-µÀ`-§Ä
N‑nI-s‑ª-S‑p¯‑v B[‑p-\‑n-I-X-b‑ps‑S I‑mä‑p‑w s‑hf‑n-¨h‑p‑w IeÀ¯‑n
{‑]ZÀi‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ hÅ-t‑¯‑m-f‑n-\‑pÅ ]‑mSh‑w H¶‑p t‑hs‑d-¯-
s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. AX‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e ]‑m{‑X-§-f‑n ]‑pX‑p-cà‑w IeÀ¯‑n
Ah-bn‑ Â A[‑p\ - m‑ X
- \ - m‑ Z- Ài-§Ä DÄs‑¡m‑ Å - n‑ ¨‑p {‑]ZÀi‑n¸ - n‑ ¡ - p‑ -
h‑m-\‑p‑w.
6
 a‑pJ-h‑pc*

""a‑nÌÀ hÅ-t‑¯‑mÄ \‑mc‑m-b-W-t‑a-t‑\‑ms‑\ ae-b‑mf h‑mb-\-¡‑m-c‑p-

a‑mb‑n R‑m³ ]c‑nN - b - s- ¸ ‑ S- p‑ t- ¯
‑ | Bh-iy‑ a - n‑ Ã
- . At‑±l‑w A{‑Xb‑pw‑
k‑p{‑]k - n‑ ²\‑mW - v‑. Hc-\i - z‑ c- I
- o‑ À¯‑nk‑vam‑ c-Ia - m‑ b‑n h‑me‑vao‑ I- n‑ c
- m‑ a- m‑ -
bW‑w XÀÖ-as - I‑ m‑ s - | ‑ ¶-t] ‑ m‑ s
- e
‑ ,‑ Hc‑pt- ]
‑ m‑ s‑e Bk‑zm‑ Z- y‑ § - f - m‑ b
k‑zX-{‑´-I‑r-X‑n-IÄs‑I‑m|‑p‑w t‑Ic-f-¯‑n AZ‑z‑n-X‑o-b-a‑mb Hc‑p
]Zs‑¯ At‑±l‑w Bt‑c‑m-lW‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. At‑±-ls‑¯
KS
l‑rZ-b-]‑qÀÆ‑w A`‑n-\-µ‑n-¨‑m-Z-c‑n-¡‑p¶ s‑]‑mX‑p-P-\-§Ä A`‑n-a‑m-\-
I-c-a‑mb "ae-b‑m-f‑n-S‑m-t‑K‑mÀ‑' F¶ _l‑p-a-X‑n-b‑p‑w‑ s‑I‑m¨‑n al‑m-c‑m-
O
P‑mh‑v "Ih‑n-X‑n-e-I³‑' F¶ Ø‑m\-t‑¸c‑p‑w At‑±-l-¯‑n\‑p \e‑vI‑n-
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
BO

ae-b‑m-f-k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-¯‑n X\‑n¡‑pa‑m{‑X-a‑pÅ Hc‑p Ø‑m\-h‑n-t‑i-

j-¯‑n a‑nÌÀ t‑at‑\‑m³ H¶-I-¶‑p-\‑n-e‑v¡‑p-¶‑p. cN-\-b‑n-e‑pÅ
I‑uX‑p-I-I-c-a‑mb a‑n\‑p-¡‑p-]-W‑nb‑p‑w Dt‑Ã-J-§Ä¡‑pÅ Id-I-
C

fª k‑uI‑pa - m‑ c
- y‑ h- p‑ a- m‑ W- v,‑ At‑±l - ¯ - n‑ s‑â Ih‑nX - b- v‑¡p‑ Å A\-
D

\‑y-k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑mb K‑pW-s‑s‑h-i‑n-j‑vS‑y‑w. F¶Ã a²‑y-I‑m-e-¯‑p-s‑h-

¨‑p|‑mb s‑X‑m§Âs‑¡-«‑p-I-f‑nÂ\‑n-¶‑p h‑nS‑p-h‑n¨‑p ae-b‑m-fs‑¯
k‑zX-{‑´-a‑m-¡‑n-¯‑oÀ¡‑p-h‑m³ Dt‑±-i‑n-¡‑p¶ \‑qX-\-I-h‑n-X‑m-c‑o-X‑n-
b‑ps‑S {‑]X‑n-j‑vT‑m-]-I\‑p‑w At‑±-l-a‑m-W‑v.
a‑nÌÀ t‑at‑\‑ms‑â kh‑n-t‑i-j-a‑mb Ih‑n-X‑m-K‑pW‑w a‑pg‑p-h\‑p‑w
H¯‑n-«‑pÅ H¶‑mW‑v {‑]k‑vX‑pX I‑rX‑n. A{‑]-X‑n-l-X-a‑mb ]‑uc‑pj-
t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑nb B £{‑X‑n-bÀj‑n-b‑mb ]c-i‑p-c‑m-a³ Kt‑W-i-\‑p-

* C‑w¥‑o-j‑n-s‑e-g‑p-X‑n-b-X‑ns‑â XÀÖa
19
a‑mb‑n b‑p²‑ws - N
‑ ¿
- p‑ ¶- X - m‑ W‑v CX‑ns‑e {‑]X‑n] - m‑ Z- y‑ h
- n‑ j
- b - w‑ . IY-bp‑ s‑S
N‑pc‑p¡‑w C§-s‑\-b‑mW‑v: i‑nhs‑â {‑]‑nb-i‑n-j‑y-\‑mb c‑ma³ Xs‑â
K‑pc‑ph‑p‑w C‑ui‑z-c-\‑p-a‑mb i‑nhs‑\ Hc‑p Z‑nhk‑w I‑mW‑m³ s‑N¶‑p.
B Z‑nh‑ya - m‑ b Øe-¯n‑ s‑â \S-hm‑ X - n‑ e- ¡ v‑ Â F¯‑nb - t- ¸ ‑ m‑ Ä‑, Kt‑W-
i³‑, i‑nh³ ]Å‑n-¡‑p-d‑p-¸‑m-b-X‑p-s‑I‑m|‑v B ka-b¯‑v BÀ¡‑p‑w
k½-X‑w-I‑q-S‑ms‑X AI¯‑p IS-¶‑p-I‑q-s‑S¶‑p ]dª‑p XS-ª‑p.
l‑nµ‑p-`-h-\-§-f‑n GX‑p ka-b¯‑p‑w K‑pc‑p-\‑m-Y-\-S‑p-¡-t‑e¡‑p
IS-¶‑p-s‑N-Ã‑p-¶-X‑n\‑v i‑nj‑y³ A[‑n-I‑m-c-s‑¸-«-h-\‑m-W‑v. C‑u k‑wK-
X‑nb- n‑ t
- ·
‑ Â c|‑pt - ]‑ c‑pw‑ iW‑T v- b- m‑ b‑n; HS‑ph - n‑ Â c‑ma³ Kt‑Wi - s‑â
Hc‑p s‑Im‑ ¼‑p a‑pd‑n¨ - p‑ I
- fª‑p. i‑nh-sâ ‑ ]c‑nh - m‑ c - §
- f - p‑ s‑S BÀ¯-
i_‑vZ‑w t‑I« i‑nh\‑p‑w At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â ]X‑v\‑nb‑p‑w B Øe

F¶‑p i‑mT‑yw‑ ]‑nS‑n¨ - p‑ . s‑sI ‑ e‑mk - ¯

KS
-s‑¯-¯‑n. t‑Zj‑y‑w-h¶ A½ DSs‑\ i‑nj‑ys‑\ i‑n£‑nt‑¨ Ig‑nb‑q
- n‑ s - e ‑ §‑pw‑ t‑aL-]S- e‑w A{‑Xb‑pw‑
O
Dc‑p-|‑p-I‑q-S‑n. Hc‑p hÃ‑m¯ el-f-b‑v¡‑pÅ ]‑pd-¸‑m-S‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¶
BO

B ka-b¯‑v k‑wK-X‑n-h-i‑m I‑rj‑vW\‑p‑w At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â {‑]‑n-b

`‑mc‑yb‑pw‑ Ah‑ns‑S F¯‑nt - ¨‑ c- p‑ I - b- p‑ w‑ Ah-cp‑ s‑S a‑m²‑yØ - y‑ ¯- n‑ Â
I‑mc‑y‑w `‑wK‑n-b‑mb‑n Ie‑m-i‑n-¡‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑hÅ‑n-a-e-b‑n h‑o|‑p‑w
I‑pS‑p‑w-_-k‑pJ‑w h‑nf-§‑p-Ib‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑p.
C

C‑u IY‑m-{‑]-X‑n-]‑m-Z-\-¯‑n k‑zXt‑h a‑nÌÀ t‑at‑\‑ms‑â Ih‑n-X-

D

b‑v¡‑p- h‑nt‑i-j-a‑m-b‑pÅ FÃ‑m D¯-a-K‑p-W-§f‑p‑w A{‑Xb‑p‑w k‑] v

j‑vS-a‑mb‑n {‑]I‑m-i‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-|‑v. Ct‑¸‑mÄ al‑m-P-\-k-a£‑w Ah-X-
c‑n-¡‑p¶ CX‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e‑, C{‑Xb‑p‑w ià‑n-b‑ne‑p‑w C{‑Xb‑p‑w k‑v^‑pS-X-
t‑b‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑nb‑p‑w IY‑m-h‑n-h-c-W‑w-s‑N-¿‑p¶ as‑ä‑mc‑p I‑rX‑n ae-b‑m-f-
¯‑n-e‑p-s‑|¶‑v F\‑n¡‑p t‑X‑m¶‑p-¶‑n-Ã. B b‑p²‑w hÀ®‑n-¨‑n-«‑pÅ
`‑mK‑w A{‑Xb‑pw‑ t‑at‑e¡ - n‑ S
- b- n‑ e- m‑ b
- n‑ «- p‑ |- v‑. Hc‑p al‑mI - h - n‑ ¡- Ã- m‑ s‑X
aä‑mÀ¡‑p‑w AX‑n\‑p ià‑n-b‑n-Ã. ]‑ns‑¶ c‑m[ h¶-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j-a‑pÅ
A´‑y-`‑m-Kh‑p‑w AX‑n-e-[‑nI‑w l‑rZ-b‑w-K-a-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. hÀ®-\-
I-f‑ne‑p‑w Ae-¦‑m-c-§-f‑ne‑p‑w A\‑m-h-i‑y-a‑mb‑n \‑ndh‑p‑w he‑p-¸h‑p‑w
20
 a‑nI-h‑p-Sb I‑pt‑_c-]-¯-\-¯‑n³
k‑pI-\I-a‑m-I‑n-b -X‑m-g‑n-I-¡‑p-S-§Ä
]IÂ ]I‑pX‑n IS¶ `‑mk‑vI-c³X³
1
{‑]I-S-a-c‑o-N‑n-I-f‑m¯‑n-f-§‑n-a‑n-¶‑o. 1

]e ]e aW‑n-t‑aS c|‑p-]‑mS‑p‑w
KS
h‑ne-k‑n\ XÂ]‑p-c-c-Y‑y-b‑n-¦-e‑qs‑S
AeÀi-c-c‑n-]‑p-h‑n³a-l‑m-{‑Z‑n-X³ t‑\Àþ
O
2
¡e-L‑p-h‑n-`‑m-h-s‑\‑m-c-´-W³ Ka‑n-¨‑q. 2
BO

k‑pa-l‑n-X-a‑p-\‑n-t‑h-j-\‑m-a-h³X³
{‑`a-c-h‑r-X‑m‑w-_‑p-P-c-a‑ya‑m‑w a‑pJ-¯‑nÂ
C

h‑na-e-X-s‑b‑m-S‑p-Z‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-t‑X-s‑dþ
D

3
Èa-K‑p-W-a-s‑Ã‑m‑,c‑p h‑oc-e-£‑va‑n-b-t‑{‑X. 3

1. I‑pt‑_-c-]-¯\‑w=Af-I. {‑]I-S-a-c‑o-N‑n-IÄ=s‑Xf‑nª ci‑va‑n-IÄ.

IY X‑pS-§‑p¶ I‑me-t‑Z-i-§s‑f I‑pd‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
2. XÂ]-‑pc-cY‑y=B ]«-W-¯‑ns‑e s‑Xc‑p-h‑v. Ae-L‑p-h‑n-`‑m-h³=al‑m-
\‑p-`‑m-h³.
3. k‑pa-l‑n-X-a‑p-\‑n-t‑h-j³=_l‑p-a‑m-\‑y-c‑mb Ej‑n-IÄs‑¡‑m¯ t‑hj-
t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b-h³. {‑`a...a‑y‑w = h|‑p-IÄ N‑pg¶ X‑ma-c-¸‑q-t‑]‑ms‑e
k‑pµ-c‑w. \‑o|‑p-c‑p| X‑mS‑n-b‑ps‑S Ø‑m\-¯‑mW‑v h|‑p-IÄ. ia-
K‑pW‑w=Ej‑n-IÄ¡‑p t‑h|‑p¶ i‑m´-X. h‑oc-e£‑va‑n = h‑oc-·‑mÀ¡‑pÅ
a‑pJ-{‑i‑o.
23
 injy\pw aI\pw

hc-PS h‑nh‑n-[‑m-£-a‑m-e‑, a‑mt‑´‑mÂ‑,

ac-h‑pc‑n‑, kÀh-i-c‑o-c-`-k‑va-t‑e]‑w
]c-a‑n-X‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑ne‑p‑w ad-ª‑oþ
4
e‑pc-s‑]-d‑pa‑m b‑ph-X‑m-]-ks‑â ZÀ¸‑w. 4

aZ-h‑r-j-K-X‑n-b‑m-a-h-s‑â-t‑b‑mt‑c‑m
]Z-X-e-h‑n-\‑yk-\¯‑ne‑p‑w h‑nf§‑o
kZ-`‑n-P-\-X‑, I‑rX‑y-\‑n-j‑vT‑, s‑s‑[c‑y‑w‑,
5
l‑rZ-b-k-a‑p-¶-X‑n‑,i‑uc‑y-s‑a-¶‑n-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w. 5

KS
Ah‑n-S-h‑ns‑S a‑ng‑n-¨‑p-t‑\‑m-¡‑n-\‑n¶‑q
h‑nh‑n[-h‑n-t‑N-j‑vS‑n-XÀ ]‑uc-c-¸‑p-a‑ms‑\;
O
kh‑n-\-bÀ N‑neÀ‑, h‑mb‑va-d¨ I¿‑mÂ
6
kh‑n-[-K-t‑c‑m-S‑p‑,"c‑nb‑m-SÂ s‑as‑Ã‑'-s‑b¶‑mÀ. 6
BO
C
D

4. h‑nh‑n[‑m-£-a‑me = ]e-Xc‑w P]-a‑m-e. kÀÆ... ]‑w = t‑ae‑m-It‑h `k‑va‑w

]‑qi‑n-b-X‑v. a\-È-as‑¯ k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p¶ PS‑m-Z‑yÀj‑n-e-£-W-§-f‑p-|‑m-b‑n-
c‑p-¶‑n-«‑p‑w‑ At‑±-l-¯‑ns‑â h‑oc-ZÀ¸‑w k‑] v j‑vSa‑mb‑n I‑mW‑m-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
5. aZ-h‑r-j-KX‑n = aZ‑n-¨- I‑m-f-s‑b-t‑¸‑ms‑e \S-¡‑p-¶-h³. ]Z...\‑w=I‑mÂs‑h¸‑v.
kZ-`‑n-P-\X=B`‑n-P‑m-X‑y‑w. l‑rZ-b-k-a‑p-¶X‑n = al‑m-i-b-X‑z‑w. At‑±l‑w
H‑mt‑c‑m AS‑n‑h-b‑v¡‑p-¶X‑p‑w C¸-dª K‑pW-§s‑f k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
6. h‑nh‑n-[-h‑n-t‑Nj‑vS‑nXÀ=]e t‑P‑me‑nIf‑p‑w s‑Nb‑vX‑n-c‑p-¶-hÀ. kh‑n-[
-KÀ=Ac‑nt‑I \‑ne‑v¡‑p-¶-hÀ. ]‑uc-·‑mÀ¡‑p-|‑mb `b-`-à‑n-Is‑f h‑yR‑vP‑n
-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
24
 injy\pw aI\pw

lcs‑â N‑mc¯‑p h‑nf-§‑n‑, k‑ua‑y-a‑mb‑v

\‑ncÀL-k‑u-`‑m-K‑y-K‑p-W‑m-`‑n-]‑qÀ¯‑n-b‑mÂ
]c-k]
‑v -c-t‑¨À¨ Xg¨ c|‑p-t‑]À:
52
Hc-Z‑v`‑p-X‑m-ß‑m-h‑p‑,-s‑a‑m-c-Z‑v`‑p-X‑m‑w-K‑n-b‑p‑w. 8

he‑m-l-I-i‑y‑m-a-f-t‑I‑m-a-f‑m‑w-K\‑o
h‑ne‑mk‑n h‑nZ‑y‑pÂk-a-U‑w-_-c‑m‑w-_-c³‑,
k‑pe‑m-f‑y-t‑h-W‑q-Ö‑z-e-]‑mW‑n]Ã-h³‑,
53
Ie‑m-]‑n-_Àl‑m-¦‑n-X-I-{‑a-I‑p-´-f³. 9

KS
b‑ph‑m-h‑n-h³ s‑s‑I¡‑p ]‑nS‑n¨ X\‑z‑n-t‑b‑m‑,
k‑ph‑m-k‑n-X‑m-i‑m-X-S-N-¼-I‑m‑w-K‑n-b‑mÄ‑,
O
\h‑m-X-t‑]‑m-Z‑y-¶-f‑n-\‑m-k‑y-b‑mÄ‑, \d‑p‑wþ
54
{‑]h‑m-f-t‑\À¸-«‑p-S-b‑mS ]‑q|-hÄ. 10
BO

8. t‑XP-Ê‑ns‑â D¡-S-X-b‑m h‑yà‑n-b-d‑n-b‑ms‑X Hc‑p t‑XP‑x-]‑pR‑vP‑w

C

a‑m{‑X-a‑mb‑n hÀ®‑n-¡-s‑¸« AX‑n c|‑m-f‑p-s‑|¶‑p a\-Ê‑n-e‑mb‑n F¶‑p

k‑qN‑n-¸‑n-¨‑ps‑I‑m|‑p ]d-b‑p¶‑p. \‑nc...À¯‑n=h‑ne-bä k‑u`‑m-K‑y-¯‑ns‑â
D

X‑nI-h‑v. AÛ‑p-X‑m-ß‑mh‑v=AÛ‑p-X-k‑z-c‑q-]³.
9. {‑It‑aW B h‑yà‑n-I-f‑ps‑S k‑zc‑q-]h‑p‑w a\-Ê‑n-e‑m-b‑n-¯‑p-S-§‑n. he‑m‑w...-
K³=I‑mÀt‑a-L‑w-t‑]‑ms‑e Id‑p¯‑p k‑pµ-c-a‑mb ic‑o-c-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b-h³.
h‑ne‑mk‑n=h‑ne‑m-k‑w(-i‑r‑w-K‑m-c-t‑N-j‑vS‑) DÅ-h³-þ-C-X‑mW‑p h‑nt‑ij‑y‑w.
h‑nZ‑y‑pÂ...-c³=a‑n¶-e‑ns‑â Ag-I‑pÅ hk‑v{‑Xa‑p-S‑p-¯-h³ (]‑o-X‑m‑w-_-
c³‑). k‑pe‑m...-h³=F{‑Xb‑p‑w H‑ma-\‑n-t‑¡-|‑p¶ H‑mS-¡‑p-gÂs‑I‑m|‑p
X‑nf-§‑p¶ s‑s‑I¯-f‑n-t‑c‑mS‑pI‑qS‑n-b-h³. Ie‑m..-f³=ab‑n¸‑oe‑n N‑qS‑nb
at‑\‑m-l-c-¯-e-a‑p-S‑n-b‑p-Å-h³.
10. s‑s‑I¡‑p ]‑nS‑n¨=At‑¸‑mÄ s‑s‑It‑I‑mÀ¯‑p ]‑nS‑n-¨‑n-c‑p¶; t‑hÄ¡-
s‑¸« F¶‑p‑w. k‑ph‑m...-b‑mÄ=Z‑n¡‑p-I-f‑n k‑pKÔ‑w ]c-¯‑p¶ N¼-
I-¸‑q-s‑h‑m¯ ic‑o-c-a‑p-Å-hÄ. \h‑m...-b‑mÄ=Cf‑w-s‑h-b‑n-e‑n h‑nS-c‑p¶
X‑ma-c-¸‑q-s‑h‑m¯ a‑pJ-a‑p-Å-hÄ. {‑]h‑mf‑w=]h‑n-g‑w.
41
 injy\pw aI\pw

Ic‑m-©e‑w I‑q¸‑n hW§‑n hµ‑y-cþ

¸‑pc‑m-W-P‑m-b‑m-h-cc‑o b‑ph‑m-¡-s‑f‑,
"a‑pc‑m-´-I‑, {‑i‑o[-c‑, t‑Zh‑n‑, c‑m[‑n-t‑I‑,
hc‑m‑w‑,-h-c‑m‑w‑, k‑z‑mKX‑'s‑a¶‑p kX‑z-c‑w. 11

]‑pc‑p-{‑]-lÀj-s‑¯‑m-S-S‑p¯‑p s‑I‑m|‑p-t‑]‑m-þ
-¶‑n-c‑p¯‑n a‑m\‑n¨‑p al‑m-k-\-§-f‑nÂ;
I‑pc‑p-¶‑p-X‑r-¡‑m-e‑v¡Y h‑oW‑p I‑q¸‑n-\‑mÀ
55
Ic‑p-¯-c‑o-i‑m-ß-P-P‑m-a-Z-á‑y-c‑p‑w. (b‑p-Ü-I‑w‑) 12

KS
K‑pc‑q-¯-a‑m-´‑x-]‑p-ci‑m-]-`‑o-X‑n-t‑b‑m‑,
{‑]c‑q-V-k‑u-{‑`‑m-{‑X-h‑n-`‑w-K-t‑J-Zt‑a‑m
O
Hc‑qÀÖ‑n-X‑m-k‑zØX t‑NÀ¯‑n-c‑n-¡-b‑mÂ
k‑zc‑q-]-s‑s‑h-hÀ®‑y-a‑n-b¶ c‑ma-s‑\‑, 13
BO

l l‑, {‑]I‑m-a‑mÀ{‑Z-X-]‑q|‑p t‑\‑m¡‑n-\‑mÀ

kl-{‑k-]-{‑X‑m-b-X-t‑e‑m-N-\-§-f‑mÂ‑,
C

alÀ²‑n-t‑K‑m-t‑e‑m-I-\‑n-t‑I-X-\-¯‑n-s‑eþ
D

56
¤‑r-l-Ø-c-È‑m-i‑z-X-Z-¼-X‑o-i‑z-cÀ. (b‑p-Ü-I‑w‑) 14

11‑, 12. B ]‑pc‑m-W-P‑m-b‑m-h-cÀ (]‑mÀÆ-X‑nb‑p‑w i‑nh-\‑p‑w‑) Ch-c‑m-c‑m-s‑W-

¶-d‑n-ª-b‑p-St‑\ AX‑n-Y‑n-k¡‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. ]‑pc‑p-{‑]-lÀj‑w
= hfÀ¶ kt‑´‑m-j‑w. C‑ui‑m-ß-P-P‑ma-Z-á‑yÀ=i‑nhs‑â ]‑p{‑X-·‑mc‑p‑w
]c-i‑p-c‑m-a-\‑p‑w.
13‑, 14. K‑pc‑q...X‑n= K‑pc‑p-t‑{‑i-j‑vTs‑â ]X‑v\‑n i]‑n-t‑¨-¡‑pt‑a‑m F¶ `b‑w.
{‑]c‑q...Z‑w=t‑hc‑q-¶‑n-\‑n¶ kt‑l‑m-Z-c-k‑vt‑\l‑w a‑pS‑nt‑ª-¡‑pt‑a‑m F¶
h‑yk\‑w. D‑uÀÖ‑nX‑w =_e-h-¯‑m-b. k‑zc‑q-]-s‑s‑h-hÀ®‑y‑w =ic‑o-c-¯‑n\‑p
\‑nd-t‑`Z‑w (h‑n-fÀ¸‑v‑). {‑]I‑m-a‑mÀ{‑ZX = a‑nI¨ Ae‑n-h‑v. kl...\‑w=X‑ma-c-¸‑q-
h‑p-t‑]‑ms‑e \‑o| I®‑v. alÀ²‑n...\‑w=Gäh‑p‑w ka‑r-²‑n-b‑pÅ t‑K‑mt‑e‑m-I-
42
 injy\pw aI\pw

{‑X‑nh‑n-{‑I-a-t‑{‑]-b-k‑n-t‑b-I-Z-´-s‑\þ
Êh‑n-{‑X-t‑]‑m-e-{‑X-b‑p-t‑a‑m-a-\‑n-¨‑p-S³
]h‑n-{‑X-]‑m-W‑n-¯-f‑nÀs‑I‑m-|-h-s‑â-bþ
57
¡h‑nįS‑w s‑X‑m«‑p-X-t‑e‑mS‑n s‑aÃ-t‑h. 15

DW-§‑n‑, KÞ-£-X-a‑m-b-h¶‑p XÂþ

£W‑w‑, l‑rZ´£-X-a-{‑Z‑n-a‑m-X‑n-\‑p‑w;
K‑pW‑w X‑nI-ª‑o-S‑n\ c‑m[-X³ Ic‑w
58
{‑]W{‑a-t‑Z-b‑m-a‑r-X-i‑o-X-a-Ãt‑b‑m? 16

KS
O
BO
C

a‑m-I‑p¶ K‑rl‑w. c‑m[‑m-I‑r-j‑vW-·‑mÀ F¶‑p‑w‑ kÀÆ-t‑e‑m-I-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w-s‑h¨‑v

DÂI‑r-j‑vS-a‑mb t‑K‑mt‑e‑m-I-¯‑n ]‑mÀ¯‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p. i‑mi‑z-X-Z-¼-X‑o-i‑z-
D

cÀ=\‑nX‑y-·‑m-c‑mb DÂI‑r-j‑vS-Z-¼-X‑n-IÄ. ""I‑rj‑vW-t‑{‑]-X‑m-a‑r-X-k‑vX‑p-X‑n-h-

i‑o-I‑r-X-c‑m-[‑n-t‑Ii''\‑mb c‑ma³‑, Xs‑¶ C‑u Z‑pc-h-Ø-b‑nÂ\‑n¶‑p c£‑n-
¸‑m-\‑mb‑n c‑m[‑m-I‑r-j‑vW-·‑ms‑c DÅ-g‑nª‑p [‑y‑m\‑n-¨-X‑p-s‑I‑m-|-t‑{‑X‑,
Ct‑¸‑mÄ Ch-c‑n-h‑ns‑S h¶X‑v.
15. {‑X‑nh‑n-{‑I-a-t‑{‑]-bk‑n=c‑m[. kh‑n{‑X‑n=A½. c‑m[-b‑ps‑S C‑u h‑mÕ-
e‑y-{‑]-I-S\‑w ]‑mÀh-X‑n¡‑p X‑pt‑e‑m‑w Bi‑z‑m-k-P-\-I-a‑m-h‑p-a-t‑Ã‑m.
16. l‑rZ-´-£X‑w=l‑rZ-b-¯‑ns‑e a‑pd‑n-þ-t‑h-Z\ F¶À°‑w. DW§‑n=CÃ‑m-
X‑mb‑n. a‑pd‑n F{‑X t‑hK‑w DW-§‑m-\‑pÅ I‑mcW‑w {‑]W...X‑w=\a-k‑vI-
c‑n-¨-hÀ¡‑p (`-à-·‑mÀ¡‑p‑) s‑I‑mS‑p-¸‑m-\‑pÅ Aa‑r-X‑w-s‑I‑m|‑p XW‑p-
¯-X‑v. c‑m[-b‑ps‑S "DÅ‑w-s‑s‑I-b‑nÂ' Aa‑r-X‑p-s‑|¶‑p ]‑pc‑m-W-{‑]-k‑n²‑n.
e‑uI‑n-I-Z‑rj‑vS‑y‑m AX‑n¶‑p s‑s‑I¸‑p-W‑y-s‑a¶‑p ]d-b‑m‑w. a‑pd‑n-b‑p-W-§‑p-
h‑m³ i‑oX‑u-j[‑w t‑hW-s‑a¶‑p s‑s‑hZ‑y-i‑m-k‑v{‑X‑w.
43