a roy | Materiol.Bilonces without Chemical Reaction _60 and hence the balance of dissolved solids (a tte material) 1n the feed water arid boiler water will provide the clue to the problem. Thus. the example is of type (1). | kg of feed water will contain 1200 mg of dissolved solids. Let x kg be the amount of feed water that will be blown down. This blow-down will contain dissolved solids to the exteat of 3500 mg (same as boiler water). Therefore, vx 3500 = 1200 x | of e = 0 342 kg 9 Blow-down = (0.3431) x 100 = °. 4 Note Density of feed water and boiler water is assumed to be 1.0 kg/L This blow-down Fate is 100 high, and therefore improvement in feed-water quolity is recommended. (Lita 3.2 Ina textile mill, a double-effect evaporator system concentrates weak liquor containing 4% (by mass) caustic soda to produce a lye containing 25% solids (by mass). Calculate the evaporation of water per 100 kg feed in the evaporator. Solution In this problem, the basis 1s defined, % Basis 100 kg of weak liquor (feed) Te It contains 4 kg of caustic soda (the te material). ha Let the quantity of the lye he x kg. 4G Caustic soda in the lye = 0.25 x However. the caustic soda does not take part in the evaporation O25x=4 —_ = 4/0.25 = 16 kg Evaporation = 100 — 16 = 84 kg o tocrwple 3.3 The analysis of a sample of babul bork (of northern India) yields 5.8% moisture, 12.6% tannin, 8.3% soluble non-tannin organic matter and the rest, lignin. In order to extract tannin out of the bark, a counter-current extraction process is employed. The residue from the extraction process is analysed and found to contain 0.92% tannin and 0.65% solute non-tannin organic matter on a dry basis. Find the percentage of tannin recovered on the basis of the original tannin present in the bark. All analyses are given on mass basis. Solution Basis 100 kg of babul ark It contains 5.8 kg of moisture, 12.6 kg of tannin and 8.3 kg of soluble non-tan- nin organic material =) Lignin in the bark = 100 - 5.8 - 12.6 - 8.3 = 73.3 kg In this leaching process, it is evident that lignin is unaffected. Therefore, it will be considered inert. Thus, the example is of type (ii) Since the analysis of the residue 1s given on a dry basis, its lignin content will be given by > Lignin content = 100 ~ 0.92 ~ 0.65 = 98.43 kg/100 kg dry residue If the fina] mass of the dry rdsidue is x kg, «0.9843 = 73.373.3 x= = 74.47 kg 0.9843 Janma present in the residue = 74.47 x 0.0092 = 0.685 kg Tannin recovered = [12.6 — 0.685)/12.6] x 100 = 94.56 % 4 \_Bxcnple 3.4 Dry neem leaves were subjected to extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide ct 200 bor and 60°C (333 K). Dry leaves are analysed to contain 0.46% a-tocopnerol and 0,01% B-carotene®. The extract is found to contain 15.5% G-tocopheral and 0.41% B-carotene. All percentages are by mass. If B-ccratere conten: of the ledched residue is nil, calculate (a) the mass of extract phase per kg of dry leaves, and (b) % recovery of a-tocopherol. Solution Basis | kg of dry neem leaves B-carotene content of the leaves = 0.01/100 = 0.0001 kg Extract contains 0.41% B-carotene. sey = 2:00 199 Extract quantity = aL xt ; j = 0.0244 kg ! a-tocopherol in the extract = 0.0244 x 0.155 = 0.003 78 kg @-tocopherol in the neem leaves = 0. 46/100 = 0.0046 kg _ 9.00378 Recovery of a-tocopherol = 0.0046 ” = 82.2% Example 3.5 A100-kg mixture of 27.8% of acetone (A) ond 72.2% of chloroform (8) by mass is to be batch-extrocted with a mixed solvent at 25 ieee The mixed solvent of an unknown composition Is known to contain eles i A e oe acid (S;). The mixture of the original mixture ond the ext eens ston allowed to attain equilibrium, and separated Into two loyers. PC the two layers are given below’. Composition of immiscible Layers Table 2.1 ‘Composition, mass % — SS we 5 ee . eels 20.3 oz (b) the mass-ratio of the mixed solvent to ies of the 1WO ee of the mixed solvent (mass basis) ind (a) the quaaut Hes original mixture. and (c) the com{| The ocene © well yom ot . ; EE Moteriol Bolonce: without Chemical Reoction _ 6 Basis \00 kg of original mixture ‘The mixture contains 27.8 kg of A and 72.2 kg of B. This problem is of type (iit) because here the system contains. more than one component, and the balance of each ‘of the components will yield the complete material balance. Let x and y be the amount of upper and Jower layers, respectively. Accord- ing to the principle of degrees of freedom, two equations are required 1o find the unknowns. Total mixture = (x +») kg Balance of A. 0.075x + 0.203y ~ 27.8 (i) Balance of B. 0.035x + 0.673) = 72.2 (ii) Solving Eqs (1) and (11) by elimination, x = 93.42 kg and y = 102.42 kg Total mixture = 93.42 + 102.42 = 195.84 kg Mixed solvent = 195.84 - 100 = 95.84 kg Mass-ratio of mixed solvent to the original mixture = 95.84/100 = 0.9584 Batance of water (S,) Total S, in the system = 93.42 x 0.574 + 102.42 x 0.028 = 56.49 kg Balance of acetic acid (S>) Total S, in the system = 93.42 x 0.316 + 102.42 x 0.096 = 39.35 kg Quantity of the solvent = 56.49 + 39.35 = 95.84 ke % S, in the mixed solvent = (56.49/95.84) x 100 = 58.94 % S, in the mixed solvent = 100 — 58.94 = 41.06 % Example 3.6 A pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit produces nitrogen for inerting purpose. It is fed with compressed air at 7 ber g and 40°C (313 K) at the rate of 170 Nm®?/h. The unit consists of corbon molecular sieves which adsorbs nitrogen under pressure. Nitrogen is produced from the unit ot the rate of 50 Nm*/h having 99% purity (by volume). Calculate the overage composition of the reject stream. Solution Basis 170 Nmi/h air having 79% N2 and 21% O2 by volume. Nitrogen stream has 99% N; and 1% O; by volume Nitrogen content of the nitrogen stream = 50 x 0.99 = 49.5 Nm'/h Oxygen content of the nitrogen stream = 50 x 0.01 = 0.5 Nm/h Table 3.2 Rejec! Stream Composition ee ‘Component Flow gy, Nm'/h Vol. % Nitrogen 1700.79 49.5 = 84.8 70.67 Oxygen 170» 0.21 - 0.5 = 35.2 __ 29.33 L Total 120.0 100.0064..__ Stoichiometry Example 3.7 A sample of mixed acid contains 55% HNO, and 48% H,SO, with 3% negative water (mass) basis’. Find the actual constituents present in it. | The above mixed acid Is prepared by mixing 100% HNO, and oleum. Find the required strength of oleum and the proportions of the two acids in which they should be mixed. Solution The mixed acid contains 55% HNO, and 48% H,SO, which is theoretically impossible as the total of the percentages comes to 103. The real meaning of the expression is that SO, dissolved in 100 kg of mixed acid of composition 55% HNO; + 45% H,SO, which requires 3 kg water to convert dissolved SO, into H,SO,. Basis 100 kg SO,-free mixed acid ' It contains $5 kg HNO, and 45 kg H,SO,. ; The basic reaction with SO, and water is SO, + H,0 > H,SO, Thus, | kmol HO = | kmol SO; SO, equivalent to 3 kg water = (80/18) x 3 = 13.33 kg Thus, 113.33 kg mixed acid contains 55 kg HNO3, 45 kg H,SO, and 13.33 kg SO). Since the available HNO, for mixing is of 100% strength, 55 kg of it will be required. ' Quantity of oleum required to be mixed = 45 + 13.33 = 58.33 kg 1 13.33 Strength of ol = rength of oleum (8 ) x 100 = 22.85% free SO, 58 i / = = 0.94 Ratio of HNO,/oleum = 55 3 0.943:1 (by mass) 60% " 5 ; Jo.3.8 Itisrequired to make 1000 kg of mixed acid containing 60% H,S0, ! 32% HNO, and 8% water by blending (i) the spent acid containing 11.3% HNO,, 44.4% HSO, and 44.3% H,0, (ii) aqueous 90% HNO3, and (ili) aqueous 98% H,SO,. All percentages are by mass. Calculate the quantities of each of the three acids required for blending. Solution Basis 1000 kg of mixed acid {t contains 600 kg of H,SO., 320 kg of HNO, and 80 kg of water. Let x.» and = be the quantities of spent, syueous nitric and aqueous sulphuric acids, respectively, required for blending Overall material halance x~y+z= 1000 Balance of sulphuric acid 0.444 x + 0.98 = = 600 Balance of nitric acid 0.113 x + 0.9 y = 320 | Hence, HNO, and oleum are required to be mixed in the proportion of 108 +Materiol Balonces without Chemical Reoction 6 Solving Eqs (i), (ii) and (iti), by elimanation method. ¥= 76.3 kg y= 346.0ke 2= 577.7 kg rc C ‘ample 3.9 A, Fable 33,00 CSS OF a sample of borewell near Ahmadabad is given in Table 3.3 Anaiysis of Raw Water Sample 1. Solids, mg/L Total solids Dissolved solids 1625 Supended solids iby difference) 220 > Alkalinity, expressed a5 CaCO, mg/L - Total alkalinity 456.5 Total carbonates 65.9 Total bicarbonates 390.6 3. Hardness, expressed as CaCO, mg/L Temporary hardness 384.0 Permanent hardness Nil Total hardness 384.0 Magnesium hardness 225.0 4. pH 8.7 5. Chlorides as Cl, mg/L 475.6 6. Sulphates as SO,, mg/L 102.9 Find the actual analysis of the water and check whether the repofted-analysis is correct. Solution Basis | litre of water : The water contains only temporary hardness and hence it is due to bicarbon- ates of calcium and magnesium (alkaline hardness). Thus, chlorides and sulphates Present in the water are of sodium (neglecting potassium), | Chlorides as C1 = 475.6 mg 58.5 mg of NaCl = 23 mg of Na = 35.5 mg of Cl. NaCl present in the water = (58.5/35.5) x 475.6 = 783.7 mg Sulphates as $0, = 102.9 mg 142 mg of Na;SO, = 46 mg of Na = 96 mg of SO, 142 . Na,SO, present in the water = (2) < 102.9 = 152.2 mg Carbonates presents in the water can be only due to NaCO,, 100 Equivalent mass of CaCO, = ~~ = 50 106 Equivalent mass of Na;CO, = —> = 53 53) Na,CO, present in the water = (3) x 65.9 = 69.9 mg(a 66 _ Stoichiometry yar in the water = total bicarbonates — temporary hardness = 390.6 — 384 = 6.6 mg as CaCO, Equivffent mass of NaHCO, = 84 NaHCO, present in the water = (2) x 6.6 = 11.1 mg Equivalent mass of Mg(HCO;), = 1463 = 73.15 2 73.15 5 = 329, 0 } X 225 = 329.2 mg Hardness due to Ca(HCO;), = 384 - 225 = 159 mg as CaCO, Equivalent mass of Ca(HCO;), = e =81 Mg(HCO)), present in the water = ( Ca(HCO,), present in the water = (2) x 159 = 257.6 mg Thus, the water sample contains the compounds given in Table 3.4. e Table 34 Component Analysis of Raw Water Compound mg/L Ca(HCO,); 257.6 Mg(HCO;)> 329.2 NaHCO, il Na,CO, 69.9 NaCl 783.7 - Na,SO, 152.2 Toul 1603.7 This total corresponds to dissolved solids. To this, add 220 mg/L of suspended solids, which brings the total solids to 1823.6 mg/L. By actual test, total solids were found to be 1845 mg/L. The calculated and experimental values are not very different and hence, the reported analysis is correct. The difference between the | two values can be attributed to experimental errors. USE OF LINEAR MODEL AND MATRIX METHOD IN SOLVING MATERIAL BALANCE PROBLEMS Steady-state material balance equations are linear equations as seen in Examples 3.1 to 3.8. These linear equations express the outlet flows from unit processes or from unit operations as a linear function of inlet flows and other performance variables. A group of linear equations is defined as a /inear model. ‘The matrix method is useful in solving a linear set of equations. When the inlet flows and performance variables are known, outlet flows can be calculated by writing the data in matrix forms. Unsteady state processes, however, cannot be modeled by linear equations. ‘The linear model method can be seen as a systematic approach for solving y steady-state material balance equations. A generalized computer program can be