Brana sini patacgisse xsi ees anaseinas ssn BOOK-13 | — MATHS |ethe Remon © Some. Clasd terval. a Bxtition oF Closed Potion ay Th clanuary treatments, le | Process of ‘etagration ‘is geet bet szhsjbe od bean tte 5 ied os Ue inverse of 8P aeryeayeee ES agy Vache «| Bifewetiation the finite, ovdend see a | * ie ec) efter foratt » | PEfte, ay cas, tented oe pera to tae donate, af theRintion| Where "82 by ann, bs Called 0 patite : ® leo e ig. cottad an Whegel of te ie - a ok : “ he Gert), Wiekd aga, 22 t 3 fe Apstint ‘y rh ne 7 é : . aT sWtatoriealty, , however, the Subjet] fotsta ‘op P! -@ |e Awtegral arose in CDnnection with the - ey a ee of Be aya ot a pone be a 1} tolcitaeedd as te Batt of Ebielp , [@™ Fits Sellon of. tego! oF sheet etennined by Pare cotted: Segrient of he oatiteon °F ee kr 1A Gerson wattamstician: | clea a= 8 s Gee Biskdin ioe Ae Ree Yous ao fare Te cmtentlhe. tritinde of: defttte Ute! athe nisin gop concepts. Kreis defirition covered, only = cites. Casschiy tho eatertied the wi ba onaak ove ¥ Pe cibeap er on ng of the, Hh, sabinterull = [reir] t6 denoted by Ge he. Gee tS eB de ‘ ; HCD By changing the fart g Sy. A ptrars chaptor esha! | quints he ptttion can be changee | ny the "amano! Satay of AY ond bene the Gn be br Gpotweded Randers “Beings on | numbls: of Pattttions OF the Ynteciali#? dafinizon to , unbounded - ~Ranckions. 2 ae 5 & Noles. ©65 ith dete He hy PLAT | proofed]. te alee my the ur Cor family) of all portions! finiy than P- he ot [a8] . he. HP! is finer than P, thee fei @- Vartition Wi alio known as ovagy “pot of Po uted inthe fy dissection | construction “of PI ond PI has atten i one additiona) goink: be 2 1 99 Py, Pr, die, bao partitions offal The mamainin of hes Meats OF | ae, RO ROR Gd BC RUf the Subtepuals of a gorRfion PIs | “hehe BOP; ie Called a Common Gatted — nonn Cor ) meth, of the Tefinemgnt of 'P, & Pi. = be Partition Pang is Senbted’ by tipi [ Note: 2F Pe € PG] ond Rae, ie 9 weep. 5” then WPal s 218, : -e. hPL suoxf Bp a2 _ A Upper and—Lowex : Doroour Seis | = Ha Lag ayr [stern | } La -fi[aib}—nie be 0 Bounded i PNT ate ratapees ated Sluation aed 8 OF Refit, aaa] Pe Ye tot s--- anzbf be £8 Pon: (iN ten Sfmt Lov, 2 ~ Site £ ig Bounded on [ib] ,-P is 1 SS 24, cis +n ies Pe ae alio boarded “On, cash Of “the — Cue res 4,)7 saints. he Fe =o Ae]rcia Lek” hin “be the “Saprematsy Gad eR of. in Tadiland Mt be the Supremuum and inkindon ff a 6 Yo athe wth Subtnkervals. SPP, pt be tw. Partitions of the wth Sadstrkervels. (TG and Pept thes tue fiom See Bete) 5 eM - PES called a Fefiement ef firhion| son| = Ciind the Upper Rabie Simof | be wR) = : | 3 6+] £ coweynding tore ston, fet #: (5, - @ foi is’ denoted Bis housed on tad Subinlevad 2 LUD = Zombie; Ae i Ca ae a hes Pig bounded on: 2 © ft Sistatiy Sam “ po e Lee 4 La bJ—re b& a. bounbkal Lar muy and My be the. tine 3 ® | irerion and’ P=fareto yaa mam of Y Om thy! ‘Paes, 6 Fak} We . suis ergs ™ Smy SMS : $ eee Ca why Sp oe's ys SMB, Bf ak omy and My bee Vondriscd-oaie dn | Te Sapecnuin of F on of Meat OS Fe Oe SE OS sp peta ne bed oye Leen ote anes © | UGE) ECE = Ears Bway: a or gee | ee” ORR EB matora) = UU) < vetentc f 6. FB Garde |. td] a | i. ee om. : : Sok 6 3 : vet Notd! te hove theoren 5 : gf ROPHE Ove vymrme denotes hE | "10 0.4) Be OEP) are hounded L @ | Srlistion of 2° on ty. Sone * i P ee ey [pt Saree aed estate . | B| Silig, he css Am of enim, : @ |e Cortipondig 9 the poeta Pode Lee $2 fa.e] rip bi a Bounded! @ | deond by ORAS * Rindtton. and PePTAie] “thes ° nn : |oe have’ - milbra) < LCP) OCRLS Mtb-a) where MYM are Tafimam and Supremun ok PF on Gaeh mesa by (MCb-a). 2 Be Thay the, “Kore caper we vibe seb -P BCR Bs ae ‘oper sume is reba bound he ome ower bow tb) ot (AsbT ogg ie denoted y i Agia. @ Jovsia 3 fucooy } Perley} and! the” gh Fis Be af Pe rel Ws celled Upper _Pemdin Dakregenll i} omc if denoted by .frte. internal fect] ts umbels a and -b ove called Bre lower. .ofd: -epper intogvokion rerpectively. oni [ais] ts denoted bye [arb] fe Rf] A bounded YU Seid to be Riemann inkegratble @ Reiotyprable) fer eve PE PLL, he have! on fab) Hf its Bqoer and epper LOPES MC ba)" Grek Riemann whyal: dreeenah OLEL) Sm Cbs a) . 1 b he. dx = J Fond the ae CCR) Y ; Joo } k I fa. . é of fina boat J the: -edmmon Value: of these Intggrae | Called Ahé= Rieswnn integral of fon [a.b] ond is : & dhnoted ky ffrrdx. 7 5 a 8, Jteorde =. Sefayan= flees br tes ch) Called he, rouge of the inbygration. the Simits of. ‘of all bounded demettons chidh Ore Reintepable- SPF ig integrable, hy [arb] they |bid is, R-integrable “on Lavbl] EERE BTL “JSarfis bounded oo [ab] = et A) E% 5 Prono = Fes. = Pecan | oo Ls) = Samet _ 3 é p co © 6 Oe =% —_— ce ter Te . “jor compute LCRA) ond 0 (PIF frond + J gery ae the Paserion defined by fod = eS a on fou].ond P= Yo. Me She Alen Fis gt B= nigral om B89) gaia: the partition set P divides Problunt . ove), Tee “po =x Wit [ont] and te | Sefer). tyes Hod HAG, Pa fo¥. Yar tf ve & rititggsh > 6) = bas 3554 My Pout]. compue UCP-f) ogee feet is a0 Tocca I Jaa’ Rasikinn sek P divid ae | interval [0,1] who Suotatervols. s,2 fou}, m= [ee], tL ted bounded’ Panction £. onfavt s| Lou] into. Subyntervats AE nn Oo 0.00 9 oe ® ms Yes i ek ye Ue Myst LUBE) = Bivwte lL v = Hoy and ote).S BEB = met Ly xg 4 is defined “on Caibll by - _ tek cefa.b) whee: Constont ‘they -PERfab] sand : : ° : 2 URAES 2 ty frende = OO. 9 , ep TE a a ipa 20,4 Mabe tees 1 Ginikont Ronson 38 RANGERS eoSOHHHTOKEHHOHOEHESsot Lek Px fant, ~—-Hpcb}] show. ty on cane Mat, ee “ny partition af [a,b]. qs [aris], e4o-—-o be the vf supatival of Cat Fy -g be denoted on [a.th by Since. AO) = BC Conitant ) soe f? uke xi a) = 1 chen A Meigs. ea : d n> i \ Uy eB Mee tel fod Mowndcten [ab] =) becaue Sf 2) relat] Lee Pa fact ya --- dn eb} bel” = 2k (yo4) ie a), 2 «a. tert) @ postition oF fab), | Fle wey i Cis Lee 9, fone eg) Fer i i ond ee Bo mina PRE TS subintaval of [a8] i —_ a x ae | eek Cee) Ls myed. aoe teres, stab fire | ORD 5 Botte oa otc oe ae ; ge Re, : te ani bea Sond LIP P) 23 rnp Sy » St yBeiss =f oe a f Pespe Re, eg: > | So. Neto joa = Lun] E03 el ma “fee fas) oo rebels : Sk CbHa).~ 7 : ~ Jenin agienpy Bhat Hie fusction £ deed fay Srateieeat Rimano J Tobygrable 08 Ong *} es) |yout f - Maisto LB As tet Rtemand, ntygrable on fat. hero Gemann -bgrable 2 @ — ots. Lee ten be aa calo.t}} : c “gs cfaltows - 7 when % ie raktoiol e deo=[ chen © & traktor e | Shia thok “PE “nok Riemann @ | Integrable pvea, Lou’) @ o |e Palos am ond Bo: “fastition of [oa] : e 2 CVSS | ® = Dna 2a), 2 ws é a Eyoduote Jan by borg @ | the defini ton of Riemonn—totyge| Ons etn be in eave [orl] : & a i 2 Evecy bounded function neednol aepotd 00 font) by | ecvoodovee Bro tee dg TEhee ao -) LOPE) ots Cored - in) Gerry BEY 1 he maeftwar nie] = ap fre SNoss fe taf eens] 2 =dt Yate Me] = = k (10) -o ah Gade = gb LOUD] 4 ae oar [Chr] a @: - , . . ~ Feiefori) and” fParann yy, t 4 . 4 4 ic defined on [0,0] ;a>0 foyer” % xe[o,a) thes “eo a forest = Gyr jee ~ bey # oer He] Se Ler aged - =aCoomvcany 99 — Sey, reds - 298. 23.[lor, ) Crna} Now Pe, PG | Eo = 2 ‘ond Finan: ge {ut} = 0% art . n : A UCRE = = Mer re TS Sg , He OP . ne os } zo8 [Pewen : 6 = BC+ hs )erk, ot Loe fy = Bo meer 22) en : er =e. cy Pleas = Lanfut nf, Pip ail’ " sae fe CC) Crh d | Pe Perfo.)| | bs { ae [2 (ub) Ge)] -| Mow OR) = Zo vete y ; = 8 (uo cers | "2,00" mF 3 “e tf = _ - “aE : ~ ° a Prove 5 Jaeos ee owls Be i ele feito’ ‘and jr o& : HAG iin | : ote hs dedined on (0,04), 90 by REE ae a - 2afs a Peay ead ¥ refoe] hen - soe] ® ° fest ef: ee co . G¥ Ya). ® fs ot dew that ~ Jem) = Bart Gap © | agente “rat ah | e . : @ [ait ee foo eau ee ; @ | the) fis Sbaanted on'T5.0), : Bee P= fot : e . ‘ea L[E (rie saecd eH) i Oy are ys, a : b. “6 | | ! 34; . : a) ® enya bab} LCRA] ar ie, 2a Ewer 2B = Ausion 26 (bin) nue BE) my i fone 0 soeeeda 3 i | i : sean 3 28 J-$ear gu -atb Sucre ) 7 as te estes dt [Code] aye = PA Fonda loka r =I fara =, ood - a FER[O.Jemd f(surarcha = 5h, . ® —> show -thab fen ‘etegiable. on Cu2Jona featnacs! i AK Us Le -fayearal ¥aefy a} ptber Fenris bounded on Puz} PED ay ee : “ooo eet (eb al be egy partthion of Cte] Lee , ab ws] Be 4 A provers hat Stevie, { Uthese! Bety cate. — | : [ASS Prove that fia) sat is Inkigeable 5 on Ent and *, flovoe - sa! Lab fey 24 ¥ efi it'J4tcs | fray ts bowed on [aie] Larsthe: partition P= faza, dork. argh ,---- sath where heba be’ dividie the Yokuval [a,b] to W) gpa Tats, hee By = [ance ror], Jr Lit 4b be defined on Toni] ty Seay z fewten 228 2 Y when Teme then shod “Hak -f 15 “bounded but nok Giemdne mbegrabye’,on Loni], I+ 8 function fis bounded on Fert) « Show thot Uy then _k teackve: Constants, - 6 b i Bea oWtda ond petan eh fin Also dediice that Bis integrable, on faye]. then Kf is) alto Riemano intgatle here & constant rd fs gree feee Sotor Lek $ be Oo bounded -fenétion on faub') and Let P= Gare tes rf be noe Mey en ntPee eesesagegot scorer “ang partie of [ot] bee By oP, ed Lek my and My be the reer fon ond Sup of cs Lats ont dengy benthe, woRtmam’ ond Simm often ST Kis” cdhen, Foye Const a= kemy and” Mp = KM = BO knyor i = KEL Myo =ROU Si ‘Lai LC ekg) = RLU) f For =gth LOWE) =efh {soe} o fe rgpslor PD) oad ee Pepa) =k ftord. and 2 Jue: toe [LOD] 9 Es SLObYRLCME). ric? Bete Fe pla, a =ktubf tC Pt) CO gf 7 “aK f Sede.” ps hee wi 2 RM no PKR = and My Kr 5 Maéi i 2 = kms a =k Bimpd = LPH) Smiley LCP ED = KORO ® Jet de 2 gt Jutens Mees 2g OM cra} Se Mb LLOP. $3 93 a. Pe plane whe & feeayax = Sasa = on tae bout Pom pats” sahy dss sents cafe ae Ke “piceons gee on fsb! ond frgae eI Kft. jy Lak fea ee) ia we Pe Lote. Maer ~ be a qostition’ OF (ort%)} .-Coinpate Poteet) and L CRAY: Hen Prove thor FER[OM].SP Lek fen <8ine ¥ re [omy] then fis bounded on Lo.) an 73 be partition of Lot, ), Le weft] rete Sioa fis tncreatig feretion onfot] “Bn. WS Let P= fog ae re, aT yy cx 1 Lee esngey my my 2 sin (& 7 oe Lot) +1) Me's soft) Leet) = Pw - 2 Pont Ge -trion aay Se a an? = 3 gine | : i sin BT 4... Sih] ee Se || e888 cossescsepnnsuecses 2.8.8 @'O.4 Joa Jord = int focney} repCore] ° I 1 he Chae Laeoaeo4 2 bea puttin a [oy Ee [e@)-] Now The = Sup LePay} verfos] ~ ae leG)) nie Wa - We, & frees Sf Pow du = 4 ° T per sue SS i is nvm Tye (ee : FE] peas gine, C&R 7 SOR joe. sions Coin to [0%] sone = So( UE) cs 2 EI" ) ond 80> 5 Now OCP) = SL Mybe sat -2 OG iu, x aon PE [ens coh Bh Bike es alee ) ealGP8E De *£28)]Nowa Sone: “theorems: Statemen —y, af 4 :fabhie is a bounded 7 -dnazon ond Pe PLa.b} thea ; sof a & bePA) = cet) a, LH) = -0 (PH) anf) J4ere = ta feces pe efor] sence ty UCP, -#) =-L( RE) e250 . p> 4! [abJ—ar.and. g: fa, nPoe) ” 4 se | We) ao ve bonded omekions and. Pe PoE f Feed anti)" then ag - eb OC R#tg).<< OCRE) bv CPag) oo eae () snl) cy LCP fag): > ECR AV HAL Pg) = asin (gy ty CPG) & wo (PB) CPE) r na 4 fort 4efab]—se is a bounded | ee fenton then 7 5 & a 4 ie. Lower Riemahn Tnkegral | Cannot ercesch Upper Riemann, Vetagral | fonction, then x mun-0< freran ¢ exdacrithal g 4 ‘hee wert are’ the “inPiriuins dnd I siprmum of fon [a,b], ; % | i fend [fateh s+ af FeER[at] then z inane ays Pfeardx = MCb-a yi bs i meso > feanax > MCb~A) * | * Te bea,“Ghed we and Hove: the wftmam oad Suppers Of co Gal. yaebin “fend ch then bso ‘pounded’ and whegrasle 0” (ash 1.2. bea. 2) die, cohen O>b eoevoesceoraerses F Kore ® tho. fiforyde 20 when abe Na a rr—~—e—S (Derbous “Teese at of fare] rie Aso bognded ce cod, et) woth“ WPURS. =e Lat sdiuraag forspon SO ‘aes on fared: for fe. 2 spat’ a goastion Po such erat OCPD Pee eg Aafa. pI] IR 1S Conkinucts famdzion 09 Case] thee Ris mtegrable “on [a ,6] Hd, eg, fs Pay] Rf Movoto @ fon Paw) ton Vis Yatygeatle @ ow Tab]. o: se ALP A) WP = Iq AS UPL 70 5.0 2,2 om we ke aoe 1 s=%m Lar Gr ty ‘Sch Aha 6 G)S3) Panes shen bows aie tis oke Hak: the tts of Itsy ore the vobaiss Of Aor the fiat eG tore tennt ot 8) a Sake St MR) = oe Syepeo FE | sooty. 34 et oo Bt, Bei [Yeuy-de = (5 fet ne Oo ashere oe ne em RR TIE| | | | Fos ahMEbf bea fostttion of [a b') See faw, of]; ree Ao er dr BAKE yt ASWPI0 host AS ©. Joetig © By Suds hak ONS fos toon heal eave =e bs we cae har t S gar) Contant) 7 NSH FEI ~ s face Cant-ah™!) £(ahr), phd tbicree, definition , os Mak - fines coheje ton = ans zasd y nef] eee PME Hy ‘bottnded Fond Continuo ine ofa Bho - > ol 25, 4 othe HL, BE nS. ce : “5:} —r Euatnate Sines ba 0. poattign ef [ii2) hich Site 9S fa, ahah’ -~ohy aly fides Pita). Wrip 9 egal sidinterat * AMPH Eke ond SMIPN—0 aL nuse- Fe. Retr Such that fy: Shey * fjorar = eae 2+We, Prop = ait 2 Fo or Coury § aa) 2 ate 2 $a) mpeg Ba? = ett [Sri 3 neey | et eres ae, fox t wed 3] ~ chee fay = 1a). “ek tajetal ¥aeEi i)i @ ih pesos o ese sel Fs fe) 16 Bounded ded Citinsous eeeeoes oe ee or Eu) = Fed ts hegable ont), Bae rtites 77%, Senet ings t= = nan = one} std, “lr = oe sanpeee cree rf be a “partition OF T-A:') , catch divides snd] icty Qh eqpal abintervats, Cath oF engin = bea sie) neh = b—y0 an no Jak Dee Phe uw] § Bete am a e Ge Bach sta aS GACT Fe ay = A one aa SL eee OH) ee er | han * fionan's oe ete) e ait n900 EL HL Comore = 1040) =an)] 2 at bf) ay fn wool} [erin es ae S26) - a tk bx ten] ae 2) samt) | 2 4 wk) +Ork, x] ahem re tee Proves de thd ne & 430° Since fey = ie ie Pea) bounded and aes Sutton on E42!) “a et evi geet ao ai ae Sasi be a. posttttos ated which divider a2) into Sn equal 8 Tatevols cach Sibe Totervol L765 va eae aha puesi 3 3 i i : i 3 (ab Gyety Such tek Sees Sols 2. - a0 ae 3) Siw) aoe 1 ea EE Cee) Stetele Se Pou me = AP som B= Care tr) [EVE ae] eae tal - (RES oF 8G ani fong ee ot aE hee fap TF trove hat J Sind = Htosa where ais-fited Rol number. _ Clsbing Fe a5) r 40) Hata) og] + HI PEED ot - and ‘Continuoue On foc"). =P Bleman Integrable on [0,21) Flog fautition of [oa’] akich divldei’ SUP U0 Ob neo 7 baa te 2480 fy | tipiero =e Bopp 4 int #5M [ea p)estatecr>pye— | Haase QA B= _se(weleaye) de ce pine fod = Sina is “Wurdaa a foie] into nn egual subiuterval tl d SALE cua ey Sug tS = = SB 2g. ‘2 ' ‘ $)se8)] = fede | ae een) a ees : a eo) (21 aga) Blea a eat ais ate sol 5 “BRE ees geo 8k) 6 a a2 : ; KE uy stl PSP Pew Hat fea) = ales Tatageoble- on fore) and Posies [= cose ES Prode that Fox) = Le] is e Toteg able, oo Lt, reJand’ fea das = —— a 3" chod that | Cotxdx =sina. é ee EE where” ats aidinad Tesobor vol wich | igo, . (eae Fries thot the uimetion : J Gadel daginid yf i 0x 1 i tah ctor dy whes Faas * Sgn Fao Aan Ae 1 ee enesteo fen fa) ts “As infegrable on Low, ‘te has. an finite. number of Louw] ond } ey oe Too oh dicot. hein a, E seo) suhen 0Sa8E Gen axe? HO) RPP ike, Fersz 3 then as as = ‘2s bounded ond haa onty four points of Plait Beco, Tama Srtee Sen ie its of ein : ces 1] ace finite in mabe sie one. a ad 3 ape feos Fea Fog fonn : i me Sra oe : | eauseeroe coset igaiaceammnaiainenasiar S45 bounted end Continious on Lu], eieye Othe pint “the su of inks iscontnty | 4. wot) e fore ke Yoh fas oily one Brit point “oO! Since, the Sek of int’ of aitiggticniy of ¥ 05 ei shes 02 Rite Raber «FM jpatets . 18 si able — on[d,1]; | Novo. Jes le Pc Eom ow By i + Pretax — + Feo a % Se. 1 | $0) is bounded 00d Continuo ws LEH) encepr ak the point j 1 wi i Limit “when Wo00, i004 Lee Ihara ies = (16 fs) ; ye. 1 = a dx = % jx shows -that f defined on Coody Ieay fe Ova Oj;azo 7 & weyrotle oy [ou] aly Sow hat for. Ty 7 Set. fey) free ne bal Oa. Se ee re § a G4 of pints of Silent® - e ee eO.4 Se0e8g soetesscevocss 1eoeoed SF bo Lovie Ly Midge ty Pad one Limit pola 0 the Gu Of pointy oF discontinuity off on Loi), hu @ Reite nub LBhqAdenst points. has inte, os [ow], Now freran = J¥oy dae Fheots a mH 4 ‘ 6 Jaeaice= a i Sevan % a fn “4 7 “din + yaa Jee afr * % “hy ee oh = (hee Che) Oe - Beeroo "Gr ta): = = Gerke Re — 45 )— $@ Ee eee beberc te = Geer aeg (0 Ss) Hs) 4-7 Now tarig Beit as nee, we. z _ Jaeos 2 x | (eon ' ~ Cay > Jooaem It Geren) we, ta) ee wey (he sien Trey beet go . Comms ett PE) (#9, don Wat ae Rinesion Sati 2% [orJes Rey = seGiesia << is y fu] ona Foun < a Grepetts tea “oh Rleweinds ahpe fae tekfab} theo Ate Rais) ice hemp ae ferfay) ton vee ei Roker converse is nak bes . SE VELA) thers mided ok be Redoty rable on [hit] — FeLi dpi offollows “a ig rational ft arf Use oc / 1. af 4 iS inrational: m ma 469 ema} an Rigen om fe 19)eo & foe ose res Samanta i i XE toerfau}ond xiperr cleo fi Rg afar] “PHP feels] thin PE 68] I? TF Sg Rfaw}ond there enites $20 Suh that lgoo] vxelael Feit] => Fg erat) ten Agent) Note | Note: ienn Ahough figure nit Taeegantte 09 Fat), 4p soy” be inkegrobteom [Bi] exter Haw] ow +g: Cana be dufined “by 4). 2 fe Fre” an Tr) men Then. giher= Fenegoy Bu Fig. are! pe Rienainn inky 3 fel pfs] aint a0 Now Prose = bin fs (PA) | > ci o> pePlsn] Bak foie = Joan (terbel] 0h, se FgerB bend S58, Finn, rg stu] ie! fire zs foie. Agerfae] wn Be =r tye ga.) : =P toy —gei) e 0 ve (at fay so vH pean toe Enow “Hat tf Ferfays] ond-farze Yxelap) 6 : fe | J. ofa). | | [- | FeOd6.818 @ 29 TF OHSS HOHY ST FOECGS OED eee eo eo ‘Soa (Arde po” + terse 20" = fiea- Sgcon 0 may * ad Joogee Foss Comins, gg f.g.h €R [a0] on8 Hoos gen sheen vrelast] er b Heovar> facia > fe che. Note? ocr 7 O frees fen < fess oa ee pas payl< Jetan < ie ‘fo ue feR[as] aren \h Pree] < frogs tat: sie Perfo) . sy Ulerfae] Her fae) oe fase, —heolstis | Feal_vrefar] ry » bs [> faooldes foods fHerla« a » ob ea ~ [Heolans Frenass | tea “|Pon|s «fin Gee — [ab] and “mm ov infin Supreme, Of Sie Bol, ten Sura) Fen oes Meo-a and & Joos = Heh rauchnet kefis.or], Soli= For every Pe rei ata, ratied. eto eSsoeen ne FY LPAI Fron —e. ang ago fou} ee! Proms = = Htoys o Peep sD edQ a z fret is getingmr pe faut) * fom O.8 2@ we hove. ACe fark] dad, that Presncgan : , : i ma(o-adsLCPf) < Sierras OCR) | Raa- Sik, 438 Conkiioay” nf) i : & Mba) => fers]. = = m(b-a < Pesan SN(b-a) “3 he Cmaa] Bush tak Preis "4 I => ris a ee is Ht frase Since Fie Conkiwubus ont; k a WW attainy ove Valu beboeen ite e = fede iS rinnber Etta, A I 2 OF sts mn). Sq Bebwcen Ue bows v9 Bp Be fm, 1] 3 @ number Seta} : boa Hen dus Suh tg $C) =p, 5 ao : Re =f fovds S f(b-a) Prose (b-ardecy, i & 4 = -L—Lrt—— feel [a eee ey | href Sta Bre |siwal s) YaeiR “tee |

Lehane Ray oe houe, | fits ar [ee ‘jer : ¢ Bo. 4 & i dire? The Gosiction w= froin, oil Woke the intyyral ” ft Perec ad ix Continaous on... |! PTB Continscur on [o.N] ae. fu Nhvoscdts, ° Ler dt © # vxé[o.i] : = = Olay s ah eats. 09 oa)” ;@:@ 6 © 6 oO derivable on (oug] S. dovis 2 O18 24% =e ref] dw o ae of Fon Pout). 5 Sy femiomertal Ahsoren of Sotigral lene { prove. 4G —bto %-O Ms FEHQ) shows thal” fCabc che Sinha os. =m 18° continuous: on [Ab Jean cuss Le dey Sion ¥ reach} Ply = Gav xe [as] Od * 60 18 derivable on [a,b] 5 leas eta fey) yes oh a. primitive of on (OB ay grnenta) theorem hina = ee) - dea) 6 a Gigs Glew = Bt Agee] ont geo2.0 Cen) BO) so vive [yb] they thew enti ranger Kathy 20 SSM Bd, an e Jeger = pl qerae Paof- let Gen) 30-¥ xe[a.t], Sica. FER Lar] =e Fis bounded om fete) “> 3 BP m,04 are . Suprema of then MSFOO SMV aca] the: fini and on fad]. Swe gory 20 2? 26 Fars] . mas oe goo spew ype das tom a a How Seppare Wit YESS Rei SE Gorre we Picea], wee have fre Cgen)an= wfegeane ~ Gor) faerie - ~ fies oud we: st qeay = tv se [arb] ther de Ge efash) and genre VrElab}3 a a SOY Mtn Vata Theseus, too. have. * b Jeo.) de = tf ida ° a =H (b-a) where, a elm) * Hoya fetb-0y* . ieee and J20 9 Faro Vrefau] then F Celok) Suh hak Poop 10 ftvae. v BREE 8 tg - Continues onfect] => ferCow] : “A Be Buit] Sath tor Poke : Ob gerbe =p igen = Pie A twos OnE], adlatns Query. Value behwiny ts “bound! wy, Hef] 3 Cela] Sects pee Fee =p , 6 7 Jateo Foye #4, Oat at VBE L is continuous on by] a By fleet Mean Wohi theorem TPrteo thot 3 Fe Lo.) sad Mok ~ ms f sein de=y 4” aoe HAhén foxy -Cntmmucue and.” Goa) te inkgable on [0,1] and gen) = Sime zo VreLo%g]} Aelying fick 20n Vahun ASeewer , we get, wee [astanets. = & (ae at ° S Hho 4.9" ore, Conbiviwoas., ond hence Tnteqrable on four). ond 30) 2o-Waefou] Sms fie Peeceosing ove [bel] Wwfimum f= 440 = © Supamumf =Pt0) = 1.«| Sud thok [eager fB me Beth ; Jaeree =] BOE gy = Hf ena of 2) rg Stee Lis Cotiiaows 09 Cot). We awabis — eveiy value bekwoain tts bends” Yond 2. “Heft =? & “nuiber CLD +12] Sed Heat Ko =u fom Oy > 7 SOT ge So gfe ° Bee 08 ci. ant Fis decrosigerfd Hide ft 2400 — hie feos & = ~ a neal a 4 Se Goes 4B. Pease e gees esc ee cores ceeecooecuesest Pe ts fae Bers der Foe gen: i? R * EEE" Prove thot: ey a Hs Sax ber fey = ees: im aa a ay ‘Prove Kate SE rade beetiny cece, gar. aio Lek Bes = Vox niet va thin $9 are Continuous 0 Bel] and hente, nkeg rate oy Bate], : and Jo pre wrebe) Gy Pee Wed volt. Ahearn! & fe qoode ee teen f goad tl a 3 = => fre de = fee Jean 4 s = tales) FHC whore celal,a a i i i | i i Now acc el 7 KS) > fea > few) Ce fisdao =F hr fosy, : mr GS. [Penar s & 3 2S Sy SQogyyt ey, =? ke myle)er = hse ta}e ° or Oe yaa | [2P> Bornes aon Value. Troe ME GeR ERY ond Oe the prow chenasi and | fen 3b } Negative, on fia,03 Shen Be sone yCfat] tu, tae ie b> Peblens 1 — TE ogach, “Shes hat pralea cacy | fee an fe =a few Te snonotoni gad 9) = Sion y nef} 7 YOO $8 Conkinucus on fa. bF =r qe Pe] . Sethe Conditron: of, Bonnet’ “Keon Anine “theorem ose Satichted be 9 ger _ fede 6 = ina : Ife 1 setts Car Fred sg cue stot j aie - ef =e ¥nefar6], a>0 decreasing on farb] ond #2) >0 y rela], aso. a Fe [apo Sia Mot fe a +t “he dx eal nals os] “3 J tesa stealGp gayaa, Goose WAY the | os wwe bave fee Jqcodas e ok “i ea =| free sean Value Ataorem ta E Be ie O20 octee Gonnet!s ‘ean vata. theorem oEEN A] for athe Plnetions Fea) ee nd. Geran.” 2 the fink Mion Vadue: theorem : t Jfeny gens de= fo f gore a | Mee @) fonee goo er vretuil}. 1S wAdted =r fig sare Continusts on E141) > gee Lut and qa ee*>o v refi), Hy Since Goyer vxe Ens) =r MH iy continunas om [11 Ky gea tral ard oy ze" is sacwokont Cay trevinshy S ford ste on ENG Ja the Conditions of Bémiret? Maan wala Beojon ore tad, | i joo ff gone e z jose 2 he tenditions of First, enn Vaan Meow ore saishids - Now Hergen a= Jaces . “bee : =e and fgooda = fades % CD ER hor ag Eur dee) fgeca zed (1) Lee us oot teas Hat & Gap he via Ea SHSGHEHHCEDHHOHBVSBOE Sire $4 Continuein on Ete Wealtains ering sia toetoretn ft . then “Oevataare 2 [Cea Huse SS, as Yn & ie 4] gt Lee ne Cosy] TB | game ete given Gok Ebayer (ss [Seema |e a sy eak,, SoCs) Hag eg Sk eae Gat — 7] otal Se rata “Ses Sess a Sod ey tae? OT = fis alas - oe cals a Ja Saal Jae a (etredns ate ote Mees aa aE nee er 2 fogay rans =[wuoe]t- faa stondonsescsigeoessesec esammuaaenaeses corsa : how Fak: 5thefumation-f defined bf lr ig vis aninteger TU othesotse son Lop], m benag ontve Ve. e 8 fb dati 2 € aoe ‘Show fo Bas athe ag e. osterg: velar] fp, boarded -00 (ul) ons te, scifle eon] d es » fron = Prorat, ia TF BE Bis ContimeossoLaib] || solo 98 possible. Seppore “that” Pint of distostinel} PS Patton 3 Hollows Torys © then x20 vf show f Is vise ony, dose: Hein = AS . oe idee vie ' Bayo ¥ re [awl [Wen Ce fyb] Such tharFee) Loesfegip ler es Yyefed~ © gapote 41 < b HOF) 1 <@ whenever lac] 3 oy MOA~€ Syefees Nig” Chooting © se +a foree, gon CHP = ~ Jfeandi >o- ds 44 e26 or c2b then alto ag (a Gairodicttos. “49 $b Vre farbJis trg- a fondeo ¥ x6 fab] See His Conttiogus ate Fo SFSU” this Centsadiekton to Sie =0.) 2es POOH FORGO OO COE @©eSS6HHO HOT OCOH ODE aly # Uniform mr Coqvexgpoce : 1 [sequences God Seles of fenton Fast as Sinjsnce and Sees of tel Bamie @ += Numbers png a Sundomectal wlein -| PE ty 3 > veol- vatued « fe analy. detined, by 7 Sequamma ond Steits of fincting Pas) AWK | each TTP ese eles tenprtint elem =) are cles Repatnt elem of em | fo cay ataenetaea- oo] ancls Bp many Stan, te cone [efit S822, Bi across ete elements, prubteutady to of real Votusd uation orf Commedion tol - at - os a aoe ee |v 28 f-fa} ta 0 2Oyenurot A pr Sopoences Of weal yoted | gefined ot, theo for Cet, Par Corin). AS =] Bor erase» & Gy Ee fy ts Paschions:— i Lik fj, We a reat Vatied feet defined on. an Interval x (GFOn 0. Subset D of: W) ond for each nen. hen PH fa Be tye} is billed a Sequence of real-valued) fs one. Th ded by If o rea) Velgeed font ne tog Bed ES os rel. then. L490 F809, oJ rend Gr) by ay Katee Jf C0 , fo.00,-- ft, 150 Sequemen of Teal wmber forenomye : BP Ya] ie aSequnten Of fe defined by Prey ea, O84 ot OA : ler ae Sayers. Of Meal: venus, ++ Poinkwise ceavaiguie OF" ou fequente ob fawcttone:— Lak Hod Loe Ci Seqplanice! of talsa a A ba Fond Cet thea Whe Faye of ral nunbne § Cay way he Comergust a So Fake for each Cet, the Corresponding Seqpeate Of real Members may be Convergent .Nolued. fam ckion 06 and -for Cash jie the Corresponding Sequance, of veal nambets is Conv then we, day He Sagan $n} Convergas foitaiae. the Sst Valuer of the Sogpanet Of real numbers or ceigondiog ower Pepi "a imation “% Catiad the Of the Beopante {Eo of Gadi Eee Bn} & © Sonpamtin Of (nation oon = kb each LEE ond tO Boch €0. here. CBreeaponds to pattie ‘tages we Beds ““that— Epon tea [ce Winem othe we. Sy kak” Uo] Corweges ‘Pointwise, tn the -fuxckion -— on T. Ln y is @ Square of real- © when Os rd, re Gace, Aeinetion foe) singly ~the Lint] 2 Aye = ft ee Ashen for 9 foe [fend is fotled the” fenution( Siogly Whe Gost Gey We pointatse tiga? OP Ffatray on Mele the Paitin: intyger ° deper One ond given €>0 iement Bar G Lek Bot) = 2", 2€(O.i) Siew 3E a =0 for gate neo ie tso fo oat] aa _ [Shea at, Abe Comesjondig pase HOPE WL, Seyptince, Convergiig, 104 -= Fis 0 conte yoink Hoi fa) Convérges [2 tou mic) of when Ona} | then Zed 1S Hela Fesetton of Hntoy om Bow], “a ee ai be gin, Hereent each xe [i a ave Walger Sf Suth WHAE Hated te Jo zr 0 Haro and fot SiMe finco oir} = 10-01 =f19.0.0 PHFHSOSHATOHSHHHSSTSHOHOCHIOG “exon. 8 =0s%N net. SO is trey for MEP Gohen TO Sirnlody © ts wus ~ foe me} when 11 Ff 422g s ferree andes)” o}Pne ie =a. Vora 2 is Arye for m=3 when, 4.23 there iS mo Singles Vala of for hich, (D holds aefan), Le ie 12 depending onabe. Lk At = = tee, cthein for “420, 3, le yee geo Alto A.W eo Vinen! Bothat, flat coages 9S Ay Sie-fed 0 Ve tee on 6S bod etery 0 iefthe Aaa Lunda BECO] on [.02). Seanad Le fold = OA KER ae For #0 r-foeay = Yn 4.9 gy wet Sirslaty Os tte, fos mas chert Is torah} cavoge To Spiel wise On TR aeet Fix <0 is the —fanaion of $801} on Noiew: cor © Sequane Mat of feanesions,o9 “Tmportast qestlon BH ead femction L a sequent tos o Certain property, Such as Continuity + Svffexontiatslity Ox) integ erbea le tats ps I-then te. tohiat rontferrel to the AGE poorwise Groergenee is Stiongenoigh + Aronifes ony Lane. feopedies ertioned -above Line, “Aerme fo oF Hn} tose Vt Hore -toxh fr eee bur Pas - discentiviat ak 22h 4 ‘Abo -Lnlo) 56 wines S ab tk sioty =o VER. Woe ‘on omuige Eh: Ft. ae A Baqprinee eR f cheictille-fe ‘obi ah nit, of the detuak ed seep tothe “daiivet ae TRSg ' | i | the Bini function: Consider “the Gquance {Po} where foe) = Sm eg 7 ah Co LPH w) 30 Oy Fi Seaiane, °F -feanekions. 'm eohich tia Gist of ‘megprats ts nok egal FO the integral Of the: fimit farce, Abe! me nate a7 | now ffatrad = joo vy fe VP Gai ESE h fe ae Fenny =, freon: ae Tesco 8 iso fers = Joss =0" ‘ i pede Sfneods # [fay de Sthé above fio Gramples shout ented cto Inwastiginte under chat Sapphmentary CondittonsAbeseQabetiea Properties of the tims -f, of fo O¥e bansformed to tthe: Limit, HHandion fA Concept of: Gab. ‘eportome “wis. respi (BatSCCHHHSSHSESCHIPHSHOGHE DE Ya CG OCesOeGEHOs ‘ ‘here, evsks @ fests Sotape, Cegendig on © onl) Sach bat Lnnit of athe seayence [it OT deftned by Pata) aa 120 4] 2 Comers pointwise. to zero 12. Aed=o v x70 How ~ os-fia) = = eve be ony €>0, Eon tol =fforri}ygce cuhehever woke Vo Le {B,00) Sf wis a ave Integer >¥¢ 1 then an WZ which chpends oe anno da te fe. [hg BE cntknG: Civagott ba fo). fy al abuiy Of 2s Me, Seqyecnee, Abas & ‘eer one cap Poon Haca-foo]<€ y n7 ond Vaer The Panckion “fis Glted bre EY" Now Consider he Sequanci Ea} Noteay wi Sf A. umferm “Fo leAfeund Mott + A enifernly Conver: Sepiewen 8 6 Pointwsige Comers Seywnce Ve niforen CORVEIGEE Hy Polnkette G -yowever the Conese 5 10 & For Gompee + BE Lays Vae “then the Seapsence Eng Con 4o the function fon BH osacy 1 Mast bat Apes snot , Comwigg. Gn ye omg ong ee BPA Sempuence [fof of da poioteotse, where 4%) al Ayefted ont docirot Coney gy of on a HE there ests, Such Mot there Ws no route’ Geo forlee yrzmand 240:)] in for _whids Bo “that jy athis—enongle 62 - Condte Lecec-eesslxe- ca e > birt folds. hpetoitin: # infeed; Boundes! feuenio. + festions:— A Saysenes Po} of ede defined on Zig dla be [uniforaly” Goda on FWA geal mumbes kK Suh Yok Leacul tee \ “| Le themes 1» A (tte ie. ha te We eS Petter The abe FE ites ext 109% : hows \Rimeen VA ‘ a les, BE m OwI Kt. il Soom 0 Yankive Yoke mgptatle eh thes Hint fog] Cae ‘Also 2 ins Grastnnenant Cet = Dim CoH) CHT og |scopes 2 Hae Man, PEat®)~ tea} | xefa) . ae | Cf) = Mace aefas) =. = 90. ar w— ree cro ois Comerge wif 1'Fonfib rshow, Bat if gen = wae a thy Conveger ron— entforaly ro, sownelond], | Now [abe Fey ne ® = (Hor com 7 = Cunha Ceatae™ For mat or min ey ea at) = Cita nto Y =y nF (inte) = 0 => tanh <0 =a ate” slaps Ke Allo, felis PGi attr Canta) (iat) af stit at ae they ofa cbe Oat eyertay ydic(iate Castor * 2 stCastof uy warts Cate] Cana? caneste[aentity “Ono = mB co, T |e is max whan Lede and the war ta 2 My = ax: Ents — P03] nefou)}COS OCHRTOOHHHOHTHLOOCESOSOSFOSSGCOCHSHOHOA Fite. eek, ane | catch digeot Pad = ig mot ntfern eet = oe ceed [zo Preise ares = OC any tatoo Ay shows Hat athe fegeene ffs], is not unify there faa) = bP Convergent on [out] Hy shows thot “the Seguuenee of “Bentions {in}, hese. hire AER converges footy Closed terval fab]. ess Urdfoimly Comesgent on Lou] sly Por o iy Pf 7 IR ts doled ly hee se Stimt then the Serer, n Sh SR A Hap HO 2 Sian p SME “Sine aes Series of f Let SLR, be o Seeder Of, a-function defined 6a “On “inlenel TeCHOSE HSCTOHHOHSHOESUOOE ‘ eeee4 ) © HE OO Pr Sate). hen the Stiene [Ba} is 0S of Postial Seong of hE Sentis ZF 1 Simply the Siam of the Seree Zfy | £89 Sotq Zed? or eriasgle + Conttder “the Series Z40 detined by fatay Sa tenet fren Sofa) RCO ERO. Hina \ Now ab a: a FRO eet Lap Oso ar, oni ee the Seryuemee [S)-0f paitial Bans Convesges’ peintiolse on Eta) ° __ fer the Series Zly Converges pie wise bo: PH) SL on ey ee Guy ao OF Te ford Mes tte Hf Me SEAT and, Gongs iat. wise Ong, then te "hs Bit Base tat vist = BB role’ ont - the tantt-focaion é | SP he Sequsnee (Sn) of fadion OF [Sag ts called the pointiatse samen} and ive sorite, Z-tned =-Foovret agian ¢ reftntion’ tet Eh Heo HNE fusions defined 07 OP itor Comages uoifoinly on When te certs Sufn is Sotd to be unit coneget on Z thas, SH of enatons Converge: uniforty 40 0 fn 2" onan interval Z -ie te esah and: —for cosh et A te Tolege wpe ; thee “HA |f2 Coreen) sol Gy Neve. Satay = menaa) oa yeah {nto+29] s a sb arty VIER. Sine: Bi Mye3_dp is comet Coy potest). Dey -toetstrasss Ho tat the Gees 5 i Series is cotfamly Comecgot be: Oe Ly Shown’ that the following rier ore ' ° . at | Sotto org obi overt 2 for alt Teal Values of Zand PSI> L 2 Ha) us i & Sion | a Goa) 81 wa wl > al 2 [st 2am : OD: Here: facxd = [she m7 26 T% O18 ‘ at 22) = 2 [Bwol = 2[fee I: % (a + ona 2 7 “yao a 2 : : ‘Since FE # ertata) is workmen akizfa | : See. Sov 2 Fe ts Comemmunt z 3 “a ee arate Valu Of Poe) ts t ° ~ tee gor Coyat) PO e | AE ats Um) DRY aeastasss Wot, gon} Taae = en 3 2 Geter tonveges Gitfoinly ond . a ° salt. Yeat values fh Heo] si Sete e . ——— oe oe Bee { tat Her Tuniforin Convers Aa = in we | Of seit by Be s ger) : Cy et | Ti , Tear Ub SGD) ° ky Codekstias Fe-tat, thesis coniigeat 6 Sto Gy teie Ceo ee 1s Unify comiigere 4 : ah on ae ail Values of & bein) Lore lacks) on fe) ort ar 2 i Fate we -_ _ fh Mere AROS ey 3° ay Stic, Lucente 5 a Caney : - 7 E = we £ : : aCe) & ; an aR) i 3 or min Eko i & Fore! ah i 3 =) . g ot BaCerne )s = Lrivo), : aa Byfic) Is han ab 15 Vole of Fi re once). ee Fron] a oe leit): by aikesteait ia teh the, gid ‘Saris iy ‘Sntforly ae: Aor ‘all. Malai “ofa R tho hot he seriog zt. ay, bene eee _—~ Here. lend 2 Cia) Land the mas| Fe od th see Baty = EL de ie Comment 4 Westies He Tek , The org P seter Is conifornly Comet vac, shou that the Sevtesdy S Qned ner te 4) S209” conveege unsfio ie ee all veal valu OF HE Zan ie ser otosolakehy Convegpak: os Hee fata) =O ee Snes OS Hore fyb = £199 att nP led Sine 9°? “— <1 vier hae © [fycy) ene oe nf yer Vag sop EM, = Zr Conve Why Webisbow’s yout thea Hbaas H obsetely Aik “elton eR ip BSE ie pune nee ae ‘ent iy Gnegake! Ba. Pr erin: BP ae seguaeiia ood firtions fu} He: ener. on 403 function 8. onfa.t] , then contrvont on fort, continuous, Conagent they the Fanckions contol a 0 fandion ¥ ¥ on[s Summ fanctton *f i Tontindas on [a wb)z q a ; f Sepsis. - Ung. Hote ?~ The atowe theorem commen is oot Hue. F-¢. tenifonn Convergens F Hoe Seqpuonte fof is only 0: Sf bat moro. necessary Coretion
Aesstion $ is discoctinusus Hen the Seryunes nf of Continons Rasebios Gavnok be_tntformty Convent on Tet] thas -the theorem provider a Ney wegabive Lett thoy F de fat 2 J$o} Cannot be differentiok | gow tha for the Seay Ln where Snow = ee Beamon be fai) = flea) is te =a Baltic 3B 9=0- ah that” the se acto -ord glare toe Howe Gila} Converges onlferily—to © Bor all real ** ¥en =O NTER => pltxy =o rede when 10 5a bere bo & a pO eae Cone de filwo-= fe tet (bo p30 saw (Lene * wate Ss no Leia =p) (fon® Bottak TF EO, the. Gormet defor = PUicg tee AEE oan. E cfltoy = te FOR) Fe) f ap t hoo , Loew t+ SYR of _Resane igo i 3| deere tak Ahe vege ef inky! 81 is finite Ord Ue intewand “f Kesing, bounded inthe domoi 6] % Sher (or both): Cf these Ostumption| a] is mot Sabisfind , tel artac a neu tespretation 4D the 2 tga - $ Coe the intigrancd bec | infinite i the inteal Acxghj ie, SF bas Points Of wf cisconthmaty 4 cer prints) in Bid] © the Geity J cf intgaaion a or b (a beth) beome Cree & ¢ Syed J4orda is Cotta an Snpeper iatepal © (ofinte We necessary to infuse, “the (ory bed intial: sj jsres, Five. bee SX oll mpiveper inept the. integrate Gehich oe ct op Coated rent eral ares “sbsgal joie Os Yor te als he depicts Mbt} Fre. 1 atthe oF b (e+ beth) ore i Bo Har Ake interval of Lorgratten tinbounded ins He FOnGe of the. ‘tegration is terbownded deat is bounded then Jreoae' is Called @ Soaps iehyel of te fect tie Be fan, Tiss Ja 2 - i axe Wwaproper integrals of the fist Yeed. |» Sn Ane dofisite integral Frown yas ward & am foie “Gatlat the Tnteggation is Foil % ots of interval or more, hat one discontinuity H.-F WS veh daunded ot faved thee Ka)da 15 Catted an inprope snegel © of the — tid > Ext i bet 5 ote Jenn aie are bepopen integrals Secpid” Bend 79 Sig Abe definite negra fre Peper inteprals Tope an i je ome @ Kaie le & te € ° Jit tee interal Cl the Salons [ssteurted ae Te oF bt o beth —» oo 48 Then fede 35 called am bopper | te be, vege a | gat he ied Bed Feo fon) eo ti te < ait an Sonpiopes tage 8 J feyan 7 ferns Heoan © -smmameaptnesucenonananacnton 4 A 3 af tke, thid cae whee cis ony real numbes Typiipes Steel as he = st ham ge feo i of a_prper Gotegral z bree ft tee i Sy then the Improper integalis | ate Sapoper inbred Jferds the cBiest tied, ether O69 eD | | wih @ ond b aie infinite bot -Pis| is Said to be Convesgpnt AF “bath i : Japits the Tight handiide i : bounded a + the. on the vig : i woe define by fleddh = se ffonda ferist sfiitety ond independest of i : 5 6 Ce eee) ee caso ; [Re Fopeper tote J-Feaddn said] be divegnat- i 3 i 40 be Convergent Hf the Limit on | 7 c ie : ; Mate Jfarde g a if wail — | the righ ond side ests Liitely St oe fe ve fos ond the, integral is Said to ive rahen the tinprper integea is of FF The Aieait. tg -t00.@x) 90" Ahe Se@ndtind | both a and bar. Sethe lotegal 6 nates Prite.- bar $F bas one or mote) : Convaggint anor ‘civirgent thin Be | pins infite — cScontnaity on faa] : _ Ss. be! Sseitaig: icy TY fox) becomes infinite at z-a 4 ftegae te at” fferex ea OY b % ee tenet | eae dating. fFeddx dk fhe a ‘ate 6 the—imgroper integral ca! % ii t _ [feo * O. bbgoosyl! = [e-togc rear ]ee = it Lease scot] tos eae [eeost 4y] too ns seared) twhich “docs vot erst Gmiguatiy- {pBSin ck 4g Finite Dat not fixed beau WL OxGllates behroeen AKAN: * : J Senda oscittates @ ; sheeting Coe9-tyGo)] a thy fe da oe es & 1Qta2y Gay * L = at [ert z a bed, ares a a fe daqvaae at. Fevees, faye Zs ~ mat fmt dm ede (OED. Feo 2TH ome 3 BEE D = ak aa toe. j= de toe opr uleltca tose pleat eh 2 Jester] Hy, (ore Mh bey HOD. SA ehepty “tester =~ tehieh is finite 2 is Convetjeat fom ” 1 ee%st a t | i i ) Jews eee a |S = ee Da =. | de J gash ah, lesa’ ue f+ wld fat vei Ca Qe “a cued i, Joven Cenregreg by oat free Ju ee E] oft Presa yt = (retractor of na URE ae Bae et Ear re" ‘ike ete eet koe oe i? & SU Sah eon s “de Be tpt eo mat 2 4 dt =\. an Barer teat = -2¢0) 4248 Lahios th Finke’ -f ore du 8 toe 7 "fact uO) mg J xed ° pur wee . onda cde adxsde ‘and if 420 thea co of a=E thea ze Zp et ii shan 0) eae Jetsiete — iy fe cosbudn | - 3 er JOO me oeeo, f cea Fiat, Be : J oa = ee J oad fe ES : ; ee e ~ i aficernat | © foor oF (ast a net ee | [ole smb £2 (ash va yy ig ing Wek = oc0nny 15, a, ng thee a sty, +2 A eo cesta de = EE (csi bsinin) Reig a, me oT ss ie Convergent \ sttd) [ide de 2 Less & FS s. few * | be = “Cepsuteg testi fats] | - oy fora lf @ a ea ® aie fete, 8 tre) art NE e Glee ME . put ac ton 2S Ta ase fe e2ae) 5 =h dasswedo ° A" 220 Wow [tort gy = [8 a} * Jessen ee ee . j la a) a3 Pe jen diy Le i al = fo csecode . : | 6 ae ® [costed [Weng corms SE og] al. =e Core) f Corey |e 7 al = Beto + Legeing Jina de fra Sinbyt = ote) |* eb ene a ce eae-nsdaiseithonnaanmnnninasueenesiri sasanueasi | o ° o aos i fee = frac J e%an sy as J a bo ia = am Bajos fe ox ‘ as foto Be wae : & Tove deem = ftes cov0) fn tees . [ = de “ya. Ep oeeo LF 2 ny] ee [az ceatt -E] A ~toal Ge) Htazleoy —y, [FP tertey jay, Finite): | oF ts” comvegt ae = p20 Peas &, ee, 3 tar apa. eo * he, oer =-l © Be lp no sno) : pee du tse Convergu — eh“ Sinde de Cxdogay? =05 n>0% x>0F 0 WS the only Point of infrite Bsconlbelttot the inleqesd on [o,k Ye y “Saag Ye ae Jeu E08 J *Gogay +6 , 2 € fag i)pont of Infinite, Sertinily of te Wyo Food. mae (4-1) 7 ig BS dtray ae ae ; : a le gan Je aya = (@-1) + Cte) = a Sy Yorke * } cu [los " Sf hee te dingt | all “ku, Jo de > . i e deconied Ynfinitea a we Pi ahe integrand F Decoied intte eo, [ aay J, a=% ond O<20¢5a. ac lise ays J x ys Jere of ° fae {2 i e>04 = ~ [o-wa’] i ja = f° init) v lee ten [ds Bot, the end points O24 are the, a Sh is Convergent. ae efoets, fig stirs f : Lee & ere Gis of Unfete diecotnaity Fhe | aaa fad fon found : | oa dx 5 P J ” ro Qaw | fes® * Se bes = feokf % S70 ~ lo oe = _ ie) fe Tay oo aleal QE Ay the” Intyguand f Becdmer |” ar J * fs, Gfinite “at x=0 and “ica 0-Sxh that ee tf food. 0 Ord independent OF s peadent OF that” J Paya +] oq ib], a ig the int OF Whinite Note:~ Tf for eveig’ WS." and sone! : in (oib-ay, b [405% Su then fEOde tewee Cee “yoo as €- 708 and hence the bopper tural fevoas divers to +O 5 Pond g are bio ve. festa with foo sq) ¥ 26 (a6 ] and Wis the “only iat oF infil. discon on fase] then & Joes is convents is i et, I Fede is Gvcegeat Peed is * diverged St tong te ce hey on (OWf,* ais The only Pest of ond is, @ norterm Piatt hoa he boo inte yale | fest foxes Teoos Cowege 0 duage | Ls tee F and g 2% tee Ave Faneins |Routinely. ties @) Roar gH) a =» flood Conve. afer de Feu. . b aoe ae J Gerdes nes —Y Foordx divige Yselel Comparison Sotegral ® The Improper _ligrel Jee as Konvegint ¥ and only if. nel. Beh: 2f 80 then the integral f° ea eg - bap ts proper SH moo, the akyeal 38 lyproper 3 Grd BT hs the only Pont of infinite) 4 Wreostinatly Of the integrand onfod}” “Ero bao). i Bo Loat-oo=tg] me Tegcb-oy Sle tee Joa coe-B: when “Wt. by » = gt <9 20a? “Sao, @-ay? da ate " = de Peg [$2 te So ltales ee] Subiater ahen API + Gore : sat &b e504 Os je JES - wl ~ ES) C) =© Cornce) dx Gao = ehwenges if net aG-o) we W when oen elena. nfioite. ditconticaity & 4 on fa.b] rd dt Cay -fery -enists and fs. reas on—éajo finite ther foe Jeo {® ia" Sabi Mettod OF aes RO “ 2 BE BIE the only point of Infinite} Lago = ge a | discontinuity of Fo» [ib] and f F - te G2" feo ons and isnon— {fig are tye on (ort] and Bete ' aS Fite. hun” fF die Comeapss te discentintly : iff nest . Moa, de A tn Gonna Pa 8 ao Fer ° Ry Comparten Tet fanned Lr \ ove Comergntior) divergent loge Since Sasooe= = Lyre DTP Bis ve on Casb) a isthe Oly punt of infinite discon then the integral i Foca Cones aka BE 3 Ave number n are’ only: the Woks BP By Comparten teat sma a Infinite dis tonti off on [o.2) a 2 ves a JHords -& f gere i 1 2 as os fieos= [feode + Horse Carverge oc doce Hitter 2 ° 1 —0 . . Bik ade = [1 —. is convupent| B Mke Givegince of ie lente a ; & neyst) we \ Pajde akazo: > : Jess eee 2. [payee is alte Comvesgeat, sine dy ove oO te OH ' woe tontider 80) 2 JHerde ° fine OO Now ge FOO 2 ae elope nO, FQ 2-70) JSR 4 is the only point Of infinite, = discontinuity of on Cur} iy Lek fay = : =oif nen i eo oat : i Ge oPloge =0 Hf 70.) vexe FOS Gaye ! Or ede SO nye (ore 5 fetaog Pe oki Peg ge Gea | “ Sgou de is ool eae GED WE GIT i sephtagaten woe | EK L A Be am é a is Convemnt, edb (Plo 4 fo = & five © aa x. oars [ +E) a) fo bet, Ave” Convergence of feayge} a4 ay nea Ch a-mon aero finite umber) ae) SBT compton ber Sak Stay 2 eg ; Hoe & Fqeae on conneget pe PRION nae TG) diveagint topétber Gu Co von 2e10 finite “member. feo ce dvages- | One) | : . + Pay te Atveeties : byf we & JotBoe acs «ld boqa iy [89% Ge fea fo Gi, Lar fea 2 Lore at clearly OkD art ony the points of Tete cnn off 00 for], of fon)dn = Je out from 7 sy Feu the Comegea’ of /feads ab Asor Sine fea) is ve In Cow} woertensider fea) which is 4ve Con] rE fake ws “oo, Pe = ae Ele FO ASO SM 70 4 Csk meperomg) Toe n oe Bia I Joe comuergaer By. Comparison test, Jrenaers Song te bat 7 Ang: Conngerk of fen free _ Nar fay oe Geo oe ead tox = fogs. «(0 non—Baxp fee number) ni Comparison “Teak, faeoa & i Joos AE Grvegen eo _ vege ger = J te da is diveager bate [teow Jats dine : : Ginet) Jreagda dg doce. 2 + fom ©, oy dois divergent He jx ie aty “f avy Since 09 = AOFE is -ve i Cost] theo = bet fo) = Now $k —Fexy = fa car ae = Ge A ae See ee ' Aa OS Orbs the only pot OF Aft: Ascontinearty of ¥' on Eo} Foe geo = ab bow ie Latlogx a 30 Fa) =e Of n>0 aren blo oh, the integral Is Js Conve gets : 2. By Comparison tes J4oude, i i} cis corveigurt. ay j a age da i JIT ga is comegent. fo? (eu? qs a neo; Ye neem, m0 i , : dy fg g fatty | tee foo iy a] J tar : wi, POD teary ae ~ ; OD farttogan ! BPG) tee feng o_o loge @y) te Boge a = of em>0 Sao x a 904 Cle n70 “tig O<%<1 and. alto G=9>0. ; - + [BML gee @ propia te. g>m: = Le. deo Propel Bees wet Jord hee Tis Comvengnt.—” ~ ma i oe 1 : y BSE! nak Sexy = Stegn — | es Fatman de covegak ond hone | 2 bray a z i ; : Ory [oorde % conuget \ : Pix cthe” coly point of infinite |, 6 | 2 discontinuity. » [alo ie ent ty. . da Conve ® Cee eae, Tore “gos Ay aah i, Lee Poo ona 7 ee dt Ste 290% Cex) ; foo = (bp) 19. ° = 0 if ‘pSo here is the int Of infinite | fang P blo O-kit ditcertinadty Srace Joy eds © =| Neto is gov | : =p fay de is Comepent. fur f00 ye Gee oe | i To Lig soe RIGIDAgi ssn “sett sey. ee [Ferraris Coivegest Pe ?y BL s208 7 wa a mde iS Convergent Hf e>- Shera Bio soe *s~}4eo 4 yep | a often is Convergent y e ° =U) = as 4 2 rember) ks oe | Joos apse om 1 920) hen 3 > 9 £3 vest a if ocr =o Y PeA-tao “eteing 0 caecx] et : => | ee | lz = one Cowl a oe =F to) yb ve (otT + Since, Ie ot 's divegent (ny) ay S Sgeiis test. fgearaa 8 deegor | i i | \| | weet . ee » J raemegieca on” e _ exists Ler -F yA n OJ Aide's Convergent {it nei Oy loa, Wt 1 by fot & ° Lex * fev gd - Gy 1s the only Point: af inftt aiscontiousty of £ on Loyt. i - Ler fay = —t ° Vow [or ee J teva 8 coon i adt Jw. S504 VF oe , ea Bi: Comparison ter. : wt Wy ne beady & J Gord Ore convey ne or dverpat star. the te S Bat ‘Squad = Joe ise 2 2 converge ae, pata) 6 do comscagat os eR TET TEEi : ‘Ther, -atexy = (toy t) athe Integral es “proper if xs ee OG Gre Ae. Ooby ports FE AZO then 1 is the only poiot. f° finite. discontenaity “6° Lou]. | of infinite. discontinuity. Now we waite. For neo? t t i ar Let 9eaxy= Jaeoace Jeydae Stead aay ° 6 a n * Now dt far ype file y [rms es aan (iat where Dad? rn To test! the convergence, ‘de | ye 7? FF fae ae p de *=0- Noto LE far=lt [doy 4,)? _ Ey, io He fen “Be Poy sey) = ae ate) aft He nso. £4 (obich ts non-2e0) 0 if neo | ond Finite) 1 Sethe integal ig proper tf veo. | Jide laa is conve Bn70: 0 ig the only post o} { 4 a eign jmfinite: ~cscontinnthe. ~ _ or Compa lax. ata = al 90 = te ve Coad | Jeo: flea i | : i i se Now te 4) Lae lived e Conver est f -12 "<0 a 5 | . Sine, foods = sips Connget ai eee LE flGeq 4 ae cong ! ? oy appa fest if -icn. S feo fan 4s Converge : sc fla psgomepe i I, evens abselutely Converqeat ae a [ose iio 3 i a orgs is tomeget: Convarges abtetutety for P<. 2 Vian 6a aye Sime. gol gt | Hed le sts: ; 7 te toys Ss eb oa: * = fet Kaan costs. leaky -f ocsrct Keeg Ye Same 8 ae jsp ee vuphboutead, of '0.% lei ‘ i Now Leo} 2 [Sin'4 Pe = Len 3P 7. ve (on). Birce Joyo ig Comeigk if rt by echraitn tex Jtteolan i is coated PSL. Hex de _Converges tinny tefor Pet “Gonverpene, ako , the {bet es as 4 weceisoy and Sapficiats sorditron for the Convergence. as P tea da, whae frre {= relat} is thak there exists a He number [oa Wndepeadent of t, Sush that: + Jtooda su vitza. 7 > “Comnpaxistn test tp BM kg aw too function Sah thee Os flay caeayyrefial ben ji a j HFoxyda is Converge: [gerne is comvergent | | Compasigon best “a tad qo ie ‘on’ fatreoy and dt P00. noe gay 10) Wie npn dem and. fentte. hen the uo Taegenlt — =k then 7 j> Pros & Jeon convege. 00 lve ge gen, . U1 bso and JI de conte thea fro Converge, . Kir Of Ave ond Saco diverges thea Eres ax ers A_useful | Cémparison! apes 1+ -the improper ietegast eae oar (ro) is ome iff wot + Gare ‘ Jovan divergent SS Sends 3 deat esa ae“ ve = a fey ar oS mere goose ke : an ge CRE = 1 (fate Be nome20) 2 AY Compartn Jao & [gore xe Convergetor Serge eee at yma = Fok ante coger Cr ne2gi) SJpoode a omega: ° —= BH? by POT ae mn20 aes peak &, & a ey "Feo fase uhere ocacee re 4 ¢ ' ©: FAR s de le a_popeeintegeat rence ts Or Compe 1 quen_tegrat f are kk Is “Sony Fey 7 Ure) 5) Ler qe de amen eae FO ge 72 JO) “gep0 wy Compa! ton Az Fimo and 3 Fonds Gaegee or denget vogemcr oe Facoaee eos carvers iy ml. Up ancamar ie 509.4% comerges TF mete w, ) 32 wy fe “ Ling” ah Te Lge Chere otaceo Shwe jase le x I. dois a prpee atte Guy or or sept cocci ats Toms The'gver antegrt ig [2 5 camanit efx dx is a “a = Liens’ oo 3? Irate Go degent Ocenia ae jae, ©: Ler -fean= ore : eGo * a iS Conve (Or) divergent. he = 2" a aa . wifeya i | 5 i ' “ek fea = ates . Cera’ = tesla “Oer) e biting fa i comma . Go me%y >t) vee a" conveiguat - 7h fem a, mn & finer © [Bx ay fe wo Joe uy jae Je Meg feP ae ee —~© wie. fee ° dais ocprapee Iwingral ee cea ee mnt ider ie da toe Eko that Oye vrei = eed : I shea “eg ate Tax altus! Conveegint’® ote! J ax ie called, the Baler poise vtegul and=ite Volo 8 Utd fing = te . [ee itconeg j @" weast) By Compatzon tee 2. ~t ihe ie comvurgent ny tempat ‘son. beat, Pico oh > 0 ¥x>0 AChbaye’ ah Now ake +e +e OF x50, eat % Cet ® z Geel ree et pe JO) aga sak Botea oe me Hue ety oe heey G * By Comparison “bat Feods is alto ne So the Given integral - 1) da tae: Convertent. Jord te Ronee ¥ Genera ~—Retk—for ‘ -_ 0 is nok Poot of infinite, : oem: : [ese . ee + [Para ° é 7 Oo Here 7 ' ova is Prepéc. intepiat aid ° Camergence at so! Gotagmid way Changs S30) Gh “Teste the improper intl hence ets Convergent. Se don Converge ak © iH:to cd, @ Now fay - —l eo 3a Ave veal namber “5 7 ine SUSE Sach’ thot | feo] <¢ Vion © Bergeon 4 1 i@ SCaay rt a. es : R Yeo Biter” she bopper tytgral- Freres is Sold to beobiduteld “and monotonic isi tai comegert Hf Fircapaci Coney seaaing eae Ay Beery qbsctutey Congr Poargcarde ie Cometgant ako. fo J curd Hs Comvengen integral ts Com nt. Problems he. Fp an eases, “ytramine the Convergenen of ‘the integrals ¢ | == hoods waste. okey: The = Converse. of above.is not: true. i, Jexe[]- ies i >A Cofvergine Intyral hid tenet oh ra : Abfetutdy Convergent if Caited - Vow eee ¢ ‘fede ditcen a Conditionally, Convergent intra “9 F erty Seg [Sa echere ahem Greve. | f “Tests for Convergence. of the [oe wf 2 a de Lee fea) = HYD fs converge ot ‘least $ dourat Keep the same | aind ico is bounded and» monstond ~ Sgn in’ Coad Br" 25.0 thes + Binge de A ae 1304 Hi : > inca ! [fofoa Converges ot oo |“ OTs sot a paint of infinite. i descent: Testy 7 z ' f Pitichlen's ests Now” f Say — f etd [al : ' nt fro ie” bovinded fo” | : ° ie l tye Owl Ger) I a bounded SA an ie 8 proper integral FF ds Convergent: a.8 ‘Te Fert _ ceqvergens of of PF ster . at ott Lek 40) =Biwn 5 JOE Me a z | Provec | = | Joo 7 eos 4 — cost | u n Leos {+ Hest] = 2 fs an ce Now gen) ie bounded ord ctonictty decstatng Sancion eating 10 0) ge a> le CY Dinidhlett bet 2 Sl Cfoklst) fifiar denis bounded “for alt bot. i For mea" > Ah given inkegoal jasen See a redusas to Sind 5 a de is Contuget ar 2 ee for m#o 7 fuk amet ey Teton” due perlite Sua > ay Psimerda Hy fs —aienda rf e See ay f eotdde yy a dx aa pee Sa tou have, bf ch = J soe fio de —— 0 Since footer is a paper ng: De 1M, is cooverpents wo kest the Conmugens of [setae ak to me fate! &yoede le of forge =, we eis e Comvecget- : le “e = 6. From © SiO ae : 1 JS da is Goveggent 6 is e o.. —== GB See dt estan Fe 130 - 2 e.2= « ER) Si beet Q5 te i | © Amer irk of finite . ‘Aitcentinedly, | Since Javad [Pektamoaanaumearee me [ = [ecomy'| loos 1 ~ cit] 2 bounded -for all tz. ~ Horse ds ivy Sin? dco is a point of Infinite Sescontineily- i. Ge: hove hese af the given rye both ak 0% © oo ff a [cote 4 ye oO Bitar the convergence’ _of SAR he tonvegqune J hots o haw, Lee fey = Gor Ven? pm 2 Co) = ge wre oa] J. BO) - noe fo” ~ Simca © ber 9e) y “Convergent - the cowvergened Bite the cenegins 3 ob. le liao Let Leu). = Ct qoo za [rh Pts Pe tS a0 ome wij C% Slot ag 5a >0 5 St and ur faye & soln Qeo=€ 5 ayo 2 Since JHU) da is Conmrgent. . Cay trove mabod) and 1) is bounded and ‘ronatondaty| AY fuicxton for 20 oy a@belr tat if _ = aydr= ) oO% sin: J fer govars Je os 3 : Convergent ateeee ob @ €ee8 SOO 90 ee Beta.and Gamma Fitnctions 421. BETA FUNCTION | (.D.U. 1981; KU. 1982; O-ND.U. DBI S, 82.5; Kanpur'1987 Meerut 1988, 90) Detain. 10, 20 then the ite ft a=) is obviously a fosetion of m and, ie called 2. Beta fenes denoted by Bla) Thus Bom mmf a7 UII diy Wer>0, 20. Beta figs {ion also called the iese Bales ategral For esample, ae : OI, #0-Sacenot sey 5 Be, 9) fof vet-ap aoma(E tis) So ald 2 122) CONVERGENCE QF BETA FUNCTION: Theorem. Stow tig [fx ay de iss if and only ‘if mond n are both positive . (M4.D.U. 1991) Proof, The integral is propei if m1 and.n>1._ Os the only: print of, innte icaninuty Hf m 0, 220. isconeaeitect] 5RETA AND Gans: PUNCTIONS eo 423: PROPERTIES OF BETA FUNCTION : Propertit! Symnictry of Beta fuxiction =): (MDW. 1983 ; KU. 1982 Proof: By definition, Blom, =[0, 13) de, m0, A>0 Ms, sa)— 0.1981) Bla, cmnsngs coin [f senae= fo stone sieve [ 0-91-01 =f) Ono ae | = fp 0 aml, m | ‘Heace B(m,11)=B(n, m). > Property Il. fm, ware positive integers, then BG, al Gta T (L.D.U, 19858, 84 ; KU. 1981; rND.U, 1982 S) | SPI eda be a Hayy de =I fo tater Bat fo xd ae Bm), m)~i ‘ 1 i ' Generalisig froin (1) and (2) Dio, ns gg i r= 2 (ote Nob ~e vi Bets maf a9 aye deal at From Q), we get When eee Dn Dd 3» = ata Non FA=2).-- (wk Tie rin Multiplying the ium. and denom. by (n=1)}, ve have (m= 3)4(0-)t 20 Y= Go F= DlomFn— 2) DoD) T be) Vn~ Yt oo © Gra Ble DS Geared ma, 0. (M.D.U, 1982, Rohilchand 1984) pee al Te jen WDAZ) 4ARMY ca 09208 6 So 4 6 oes 90 G 5 ed, ¥ FB OY SETA AND GANDA FUNCHIONS sem dele (TES) a wee - “lr ra (Second Method} Pat, thea “x=2(1+2) eg) aa a Sf ee aati ox. We bave proved that Boon, b= Taye © Bue197) To TCUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES \: seeample L Express the following integrals in terms of Beta Junctions : “of inepet ym tS rinse 3m df (G.ND.U. 1982.8) rj cen 2 eM RRR [Peas ‘ Sol: (i) Put PE Lez x=2F 50 that de fe¥ de eae weal, rot j Bmp TF Ginaede ee ange mM biel) 2 (4, 41} 1 nee so that deat P68 de ze {) sacra J e . 1 ity t I | }er eves DEP) AND. Gana FUNCTONS . Gi) Pcs eae, When xa (fe @ne7 ace ASDA 80 that dems" dy 5 when x42, 2501 G82. 8 ae f { o 1 0 Sem} ane | rn ar =} ($02). Baample 2. Eepes ie ollowing db Bete functions 2 a Op Jeo de, : ee co [Pa a-apiits oft eee eay nae oft pee anager ff ana 2 (-p44,-441) (i)-Please ‘ay yourself. ee eR |a i ' (Git) Please try yourself, 9) Please ty yours, Example}. Show that PPO, g>0jm>—1, 1 Sol. so that When [er eo (of 2) Pat xtaapt poten Bo, ALE Mnsn)*BC0, m), Example 4.” Prove thal a Sol. . Please tey yourself. “ Xxample 5° Show that i Io ( fo Gat dementet ale. _ | (40.0. 1984) (Put x=az) 2 dent Ble, a4) when (0, 0>—1, Sez sothat dende 9, 20; when xen, 21of (3) agp i wall ng mo RG, aE, feels 6 Stow tet Ym 0,150, then 7 Ca Baye deg Wheat 04-0) 2 50 that em Whea 74; 2°0j when x5, sy a «ff mers aspaan a =[o teaiger Bena naa 2 Sk oe a . 3 ® ° 8 F > 2 x82 sy _ eines ® 6 © 6 ee ee eHoE ay : ~e : : a) e 6 @ a e A . : SS oneanmeoer IDO n ae =A" Bln, 2),ads 7 . . erp Bem : oa Example 8. Show that id OE LB bn) lo a Foy / Sok. Please uy yourself. (ame ds Ex. 7 witb B=). Example9. Express{y, 2% (~at)*de in tes of Bee fae 4 tion and hence evaluate 4 x8 (I-20) dx. (G.N.DW, 1981). 0 3 oA Sol, Put x*=2, hex $0 thai axe When x90, 205 when 21,201 * fe xe (-aty a=? pa} ~ ohne me, 2 mth, [L807 em + 1 ' hie. 3! ‘aie iEEA AND GAMMA.FUNCTIONS, Bi G, Bi 6 ' _ Jo (a.cos* OTB sin® ° Se uure(? eos Ob sink 8 2 cost? 8 sin? : 2 — 4 a jo @ / e a eat _ 1p) e a. & S : a Ako Sear = bra) Aree = x= nit as aes -a) [oxicor)a a oF BG, Bem, 59} Example JI. Prove that i'p, 9 tie positive then w Be eed Rett 9) * 5 i Pty M.D. 1982 S 5 ¥.U 1983) w ae D= Bt Dep, oD, i (9 eV ee 1 ‘ - 2 =a ae Totegrating by vais : Sh [pate 2 2] (Siar te in i I ' “h fe 22) (Ia be i . “rhe 2a a3] 2a de - i} i >} 00.02 ba0,009 - Si | | oo Mage, Bae é } a phe F S i a Me #1): e 5 | Regt) Bog) 7 ~-(U) - F = tg . Bei Broa (W) ang any. . Exe Meaty, Bip t-l, g)_ Besa)” = 7 P pteLf ae a = ee s i = ‘HATA. AND GAMMA FERNCTIONS. : - g 3 : Niot, Pot anotbee ithod or Gamma fection. an ° RAS. ~Het1, 400,040) we [pa a arta as S a a |) Gra —ye arg (sid de E : . : ¥ E : P =f, 0-9 ta—arae : 6 i Q : os aff rinsed a Bp, DLHS. | : Example 12. Prove thot ' a i E | | ! | _ mfp 4 a HAL fh raat / 8 fea] i 2 eee ee i @ 1 = (142) pees, 920m, m) bd 7 Blot 2 Bon, Ea 2 an | + Nite For another method ee Gama func. : @ Example 13.. Using the property B(m, n)=B(n, m), evaluate BS . [cup ax. . 5 isai, {ease ae=a(34, su) =u(0Z)=0(3, 4 - Hf sao a Fi 1g MPO 3e tis) ae semanas cae a ss t sind ‘ a : = [fos p00 sin de i i fe. Bon, ee ! i LS To a | : i 7 > ie . j 329 93 es . : i : Tet is eT | : i . a “Example 14. Prove that 1 & i 2 q emer oa 4 Sa : - 4 Ie site con 8 a, “Wow. 1383) i ’ I = pons Wh 3 Bim ae [ost 9)"7(—sin* 4)" _ 2 sin @ cos 8 dd x ; j Sees ee I Cnr [PPaieecerene sansa ) ! - 32 [2a base iS 3 Example 15. Show that a Fo fRMlee cae atad (Pt met) ‘ i | where p> ~1g>—1. Deduce thot a E | L- rain 18 (3.2 : i Joxe- sprain fo (552). —- : i a ao” “Put. sin* 82% so thi 2.sin € cos @dd=de . - . = i . oe [i : : i i Jp 7 A Ee i sf F : i i f i - i i' ee 6% eo oka oo 6 o & 8.8 Oh BS BETA AND SAMMA FUNCTIONS a sink @= te Also cos? x Sgr ace 040 Far 005° 0 sa 8 cos 0. ae a fiPciar 4)? (eos D * sin cos ogy. ea ieee “RI sin @ cos # de hee OB [Pie acosmaue 1 vide, gegen, fa ate ee [Herep=, a= fosing 1 ° aExample 16, By pitting Mei, wheride uttobly Selected, show that t SFR) Ub EI drat a3 as 1 i a 7 i hen 220, ' hore sy foe er : i” tet fy) etre | , © Fay 0-0—3an ar we get fp 2 @aa7 a4209 ar LS amie z vip.ETA AND O40 Fuitcrions Beampie 1 Show thot fh owe ee - be Tene F & eee Soh Fat [pe 22 $0 that hoe te. 2=(353)" L(dmzy2. abet tina tnt FE) x ata 1nz Vee oa pote ye ~a(S) “Uae © 2 0, 0>0 ; 03>0,B>0. ‘ Sol. Pat‘be=a2 or x= When x0, 250 ad when x-+00, Poot, Cap * eae almi | | i } i “arbmJo (ez) * ijn Bm, mD- Example 21 Soi that J iihere ni>0, m0. sof 4, peril, GE 6-2 on ingle 22 Pave tat, SP asim, where m, n are both positive, wife aap Js oR coan ae = an pee BETA AND GAA FUNCTIONS a PoE we | Estinple-24_ i010, sow ha re 7 a teget ee - ie ot, f° SSE a : ae q - “po a E | =B (m, »)—Bla, m)=0. k Ss 124. GAMMA FUNCTION é @ QLDUIBL 5 ENDL, 1981 5 ‘Kanpur 1987; Meerut 1988, 90) ae Definition. U'm>0, the the integral [0 xe a, which | 2 is obviously a function of mi is called a Gam function and is I @ denoted by TG). | 5 2 Thus PO) J2 3 ede yO j : *@ ‘ais enti sail he Second Eulerian Integral. | E 29 i ta | that + | : GENGE OF GAMMA FUNCTION pO } ® orem. Show tat [x «de converges if 2>0.. : : © y (M4.D.U. 1990 ; Meerut 1981) 1 ® | OP vewot, Tha Acte integrand x"! &* is continuons at x=0. i _@ |. ~~ carn, the iteprend 2s inte discootinuy at 20. é i = i i ,e | ‘Thus we have to examine the convergence at O’and oo both. I Considerany positive number, sty I, and examine the convergeace I *© of + paper 2] 7 7 {i meee de and [at em de @ | at 0 and co respectively i _@ Convergence at 0, whes nett” - Let faye oez 4 BF + e q a SEER ARR. we >». s y Bt. sem :¢& po mR 27H, + & off Wee snow; fit, £ —_ eat J ‘ae gh gis convergent if 1—nt” ke, = D0 + “By coniparison tit gh Je foe) SS are at ora Ys o - So is convergent at 2=0 ifn>0, OE s We kiiow that e*>"? whatever value m may bave f aL eee? : 3 ay S | ne a i i ee | ty i Sa : 7 i at ' Ene a ay 7 R oo) | i Se i 5 Rs _ a : « S26, xscunnéner rommva Fon win FONCTION a. ; Prove that Ma)=(o—1) a1), when m>1 : ion | Brook, By det. Mada[ a3 ome ds = a | D Aotegrating by parts - le aa 2 if [penne (S)a : 5 Io esa - ~ F | (1 [Pen etacf so So 7 se ye 1» fee ace r=0,for 00 | : : ByS =O-) P@=1) a Pad ; Bence Pc) =(2—1) Mn!va neta anp ountick yunerions : : i Gos frelon * ‘When mis a -bve integer, then by repeated application of atove — foraavla, we get ; f a P| D> ra : = ; ' 2 yf é a : - 2 i Gy Maden 4reinteger, Ps)—(e=1 f 32:7. RELATION BETWEEN BETA AND GAMMA: FUNC- ‘TIONS , | I | @ 8 o abe e's be ow ws i (Agra 1984; Meerut 1986, 87,88 Konguc 1986) I i Proof. We kaow thatfors>0, i Pe TOYS ocd ee ae 2 : i &Replacing z by x, wfemiena . ; a er Replacing a by'z, vie have ~~ ree [Pana de “Multiplying both sides by e~* 2", we have Te. etmtale PT gmtoy erating # Integrating both sides "wir.t. 2 between the limits 0 toe, wo eS i ave a . aft erie? [o ermenea - =p. [peta ees dea : e = Poort |2ae [| “2 _ Potting, i | Hy - > =Tomtny [ pre ee Clown) Ber, 2) “Le aie emmen] 5 CO: Hace Bom, r= OP, ~ (Meerut 1986 ; Kiripur 1985, é 1S Proof, We kaw that - ae “on (n) ~ We Bm NE : fs 28. PROVE var TW=/r qt | i i~ 5 bera‘AND- OANA FONCTONS : Tatiog iow, a “3d. DE a . p on Re DanDF een 0 Now wa, Daf) xtha—ai de sv = | ee (ahae © puting -xesin® Oso that dx=2 sin @ cos.0-d8 Hatin en cancamn nahin enone si se bgt 1200004600000 0600080 ad) & torre eta tera] i Gort. Prove tit Put x=—2 so that dx=—de Whea s+—e, £00; when x20, 2=0 i : : :oF de z {By Art. 12°9) Cor. 2. Prove that (°°. e-¥ den, ie foo ten [Free [= es a0 even fonction of x ana j Al) a2 00) dt 6) fean even foition of x] 2 [By Cor. IE k : E ilara AND GandMA FUNCTIONS 4 CEG CC SE ORS OA e820 ¢3 3 | - [ane i BRET. 2 . * grpisieasena cite (di) Pleise tiy yourself, (Put x=a2) . no(4. Example 2 Stow taf taeh Z (Meerut 1989) 1 Sol. Pot at=z 50 that deol Whi x=0, 2=-0; when Poy PG) i Ura) Pom Fay ai | iieamlte 7) - . lo tata Gear faye lS Bets functions] : wn PD) = . ata Mew ay (GNDN. 1981 8) Cl) rei i | bard a anus js : : i i 7 Sol. (@) Put orx=2i a2 Ae “sotbat dens Fads 2 a When 26, hem x7 ©, Zr 00 a 9 ¥ @ 4 ® (i) Proceeding as in part (1) i i | | | . : fee ten [f seed Fae pF 0G) » Rint) PD) Sig) (Gi) Proceeding as in past () goed oo & ob HEE ; 3 | i @¢ 06686 @% () Pata: so that 860 866: | ; 1 : p -— Example 6 ast Zn | er | | I 1 el are dcost ator (ain 2 jo ate Bose 8 cox | sin sel @re eats ae aL OP mh [ore aes (ag 1980 (tD.U. 1982) Sol. Potatstaz, tel x= ME gin 38 that de k iga SETA AMD, GAMMA FORNCrIONS : » eae Pating=0, fe 2. 6° teas enfin of and J. ,109 deoaf® 09 ait is an een Fneon} Example. Shon tt ifa>1, | (K.U, 1983 8) Loe, [fereas aen tl } . Offe (iy [Sem an bem 1 “cos bx dex 3 where sa+BE and Omtant Sol. Putox=2 so thot de: 1 a 0 OSH HOFER OO®sone tees Where, dnc . RP wean “E ae . o ae 50, . 720; awl ~Replucing a by a+ iby’ we have Ft GraF =a) emanate cas z g Also pitting a=rcos @ wpe and 2 ota ie. Ota? 2 L “and. “erin £05 844 «Sil (Pecos 8-47 Zin Sr"(Cos nB4 i's 70). i | Eguatingsceal parts a a) Jo ert cos be atx eos op Equating imaginary parts 1 JP ein be ate LO nd Example @! Evohate OAT? sit x cob ax. in CP tion i i iEsa a e S Bon » Tyeorens) £0 @ cin (vane ar=[F a8 dom fa “ int @cas-9 6 d® fo sore ee: =e} Be Cor. sith Dettank We (Leva Formula) Example 10. Shoivihar 12) P wwoamly (BE) [FF oe Tay mon @ED.U. 1981) sin 8 cas* 0 ag . te) ne) i mo IZ SEP ste f Z ee = Sol Porstmz he, geste “When 20, 20 : wiea so), 20 (KU. 1981 5) ~ so ie enjoy oI whe anf! qe hte ; 6 oe okay, C1 ae 4 rari Te imR eceesd 6009600 C06 st OD 6 SHO ETAL ark Ax Ouatisn eNBhion! % PQ). oe -»(3)e($)-vi] ae cee Ta) : 1h . Beste 2 ove | po Hi Jo Ea de=B(ni, 2) {Sce examples with Beta Function] oa aa (KU. 9m) {ox , Exatmgle nd. Express (PT dein terms of Bea | ‘and Gamma functions’; where m2>0,n>0, a> 0, 8>0- L 7su i Sol. Put Bimar so that dem de _ j A Wheaxet Gob; when z+o, see I g a | ; ] . a ~ Ft I By des. e i Examples, hme oe 06={2 (te 2), : (gerne 19% pur 1985,.86; A ; : : Sol. () Putx=z P so that di} 2 Wheit x=0, 210; when x0, 2 +0 . = i a - a : = a : 5 ix i : : : 2 i i i i | i mR3s ooo eu p Gfacin) =a) fe G)"G)-v] co poston [2 amd rE) Casio mc cor @.6.% 9 @.0 Y Lt a2 © so thatdy—lz# de 2 i 1981) ° 2 i: ° a : | 7 re G)r@)=t Bp Reawerscanene ere BIND copa BH | ° Sol, Pease ty youset tse die 21 | e or (eed Show that 7 2 or (nit : oa noes (m5) C4) “8 mtd (4) | net a a O68 88 fi - ior =t ene i a La er(mbt)aas (iting the factors in roverse order) Example 19. “Show that : H to xtde ff. de x 7 (yates [nee ae 0 |, Ae] ter - 7 (Kanpur 1980) ~ demir, 0 |p xe deft 2 «in J B 2 a i b : i : - - pe | 5 = E oo a esBe +, BiTA AND O20BtA FUNCTIONS # Now maiatcmay tee so thet axe ed db "When x=0, $=0; when x=1, $= so ay “Bian g Lt Tian Fess ‘ TTT TET 125 SOS HODHSOGE® a ; - (i) Potat=z Le. x=vt wt weeded ete when x>00, 2499 ® pact hat es ee. Be de ape ee kat) > t | a26e@608Now put #=¢ Le. rat . . : S so that , when x00, f+ { 2 AP tae fT ate ery (ane : ob fFewetae 12)” i : Fe 2S ae ae sete 3" (a)<¢ (4) : sh CE) (3) aby : . (See cor, with Art. 12:19 - 1673, . 7 ° i = ay (2 sine tis" sar de : - : mfp? sir x coins dex [2 sine i 0. tp: pos : 7 a wee ge nb! @ 3 { eae sy Bs 7 a — J 27. RLY . fy VirR ace te a 2[e (YR| 3 q eoeeoeaoode 3 BETA AND-Annaa SuNCTIONS a Bol. Put xf=2 ie, weal sowarue! isde oo 6 8B ee oO 6b.» & oo @ wgiad (Gee Example 2h. Prove thot N= Bp +1, NEBL. G1) oGoog Ble pBtekp, 9) 7 LEWOLENE) Ga) Bp. 4) Bp +a.) Blo hat 6, ery Sol. @) RES=Bip+t, 9) +BG. GIP Mee D N@) PO) LOY . Tere) Tero Fl ° Te P@)C@+P0):¢T@ | CHOTA py Sa : i ; i : * Gi) Berka rm D)— =B, D=LBS. Bip) BCG) Blp+9) Bl) 3 = Hp, B+, 1 Berg. Beige ABE) BEG) BO) Bet ate) Similarly for otbers. ‘Uiii) Please try Yourself. Example 22. Prove fhat (9 Blt D Behe) 9) pete Gy ota) iy B22) mln) BORA An 2)° PO) MG +1) ae es OEDTOTD & 5 oD), sor @) BB. RT ae GED NG: sionitan Being) BOg) 2 Se GPRD Hence the sesult, 69) Bere, mm EEO NOD RTO) Le) oan Gxt Garea) pata Bem a Bont.) oO ‘Bon, a) mt ’ ($2) Tr-2) Thmstn) int Dn) a~2) Port ny = then wherBUTA AND GAMA FUNCTIONS i Poon) Pen) Parke) il Thn-FA) arin) 702) Blo», d= ot Prise) Pap Te) | ee “ene (m+ 3) “ENED ~ Example23. Evaluate the following integrals: a - @ fpr ax i Jperer ds : 8 cn Ps : 0 : ; ° aa 2 * 3 OPE oO ICG a a i. : ag Sol. (i) Put 2x: : then * when x=0, 20; when x30; 2-00 .. Jp setae | Gate a ae LEM eee e ile FO : ; ad reweay 7 | = where iN Gi) Please,try. yourself, (Git) Pot x22 then ele= 2dr = 5 When x=0, 0; whenae2f, etait neve (2,4) 1 repr (4 art a Lene _ @or or if} Put x=3z When Bs oe wa (hed )e ee \ au ple) a = t ey 0oj IE EREeee eR RSS2 oa