A Tenth-Century Byzantine Military Manual: The Sylloge Tacticorum ‘Te Slog acter i mi-Byzanine ean often gar al ‘ary anal or Tika wich ste ack o sgl twa se of et ‘ber prodaeed uring the tenth conta CE period whe he Byatie eae seioyed alge mes of sucess ins ws agut ts edtonal enemy, he ‘Ans. Compe to reed and preserve ltr sre know oye {es he manual docuss wie vey of ts tte forts rach ges, ambushes, use tac the Geant poe of wr and dt, tos, distibaton af boon, pashment flr offence, how to moat fe tre espomge, an bow en nt rece eoveye. Tete ees aie on he onl quits req by genes ot how to nea ee horse, od feow to protect th oops agaist pened feed, The work cle Deco af he sages employed by reat Greek and Roman mili cor tmanders ofthe pst Wil, lkeso mich of Byam erste Slop oa Simply erodes mati ead Ine et, so preserves es el ‘fife abet the muta tact beng eloped he Byte sy ig th tenth centu isthe ft Byrne sore o ear te reappearance ‘ofaspcilzodbeny eval (he arpralo) ents apciaizd infty he Imennato) aed o eel tesco te oposng hen envy. Thee ao "peat ea ntrato one indy dcr eaten mon hone ‘ees tht regi tho Tiss he fest complete rasan ofthe Sloe into English. I is acon resid by 1 lossy of the species Gres mila vosabuly sed the Work mdb oon which expla scar reference and ete star's Shs a Baan sources An nroton pls the work in ise ‘nny contest ad cosets soe be ues th have eed sr ‘ered over then, such a is thorshp ed te dato i compsion ‘Gtorgos Chats is FAD stat Royal Hallows Unive of Londen UK, Jonathan Harris is Per of he Hisar of Ryans 8 Royal Holloway atv of tends, UR.Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies General Editors Leslie Brubaker Rhoads Murphey John Haldon ‘Bingham Byztie and Otoren Sue is deve othe iar, cae nd arhoolog fhe Byzantine and Otbean wes of the Bast Metra ‘eo fom he hohe went cer I prover fran fore pac. toa of ser comple by scholars mth Cone fr Byranine, Gaon tnd Moder Grek te a he Universi of Being, an thre ‘Sresren terete. or il ist es in i sere, please vi ww rede comers BOS Imperial Lineage nd Legace in the Eastern Mediterranean Reson be mpi of Rama, Byzantine an Ooms Re aed by Rhos Murphey ‘ Sevetent-Centry Blopapr's Perspective ‘et Noga Byzantium and the Emergence of Main-Turkih Anat, 1040-1130 ender Dn Betarner ‘Cyprus Bewoun Late Aniguity and he Early Mile Aes (600-60) ‘Ann in Trson ‘ce vero [ATenth-Centary Byzantine Miltary Manoa! ‘Te SploeTetcr ‘ral by Georg Chaelt nd Jonathan Haris 2) errno on art ‘roy ro ee A Tenth-Century Byzantine Military Manual: The Sylloge Tacticorum Translated by Georgios Chatzelis and Jonathan Harris RoutFEE sora ttgt enone rete SERIO yk to pn ink Ptr ome be on tg ect at ‘Satins nd aoe mr arbor ea em EASINESS aati (iinet ay cen a ‘Sy male songs erearal gn ipo a ig, Sia ciay Ip ey Cone nn EST ety ie SN yates) sie yw eae rs 80 “ef we yeti fee SD GRRE: 1c vases. poe ssapa1 ans {en estan oan pre Le enti an sen Stes le 2 tit cay ‘To Aristeldes and Lemonia, for ther sacrificesCope) FF6ES— Contents Acknowledgements “st ofabirenations Glossary Conventions uid in he ranaation Incoduction Translation Notes Bikigraphy Inder u9 isi 16sAcknowledgements “Te wasltrs woul eto exes tee hinks Andy Antara, Chana tes Deans, Dovid Guan, Eusne Harval-rock, and Cyst Zapouloo fori ep aie ad infront Michel Cross of Kegs ‘nd Jol Sole of Abt er ating he sxepance ad puso of the volume. Wen came othe prsstin sags ty were ot have ‘he ssstunce of Set ipa and Nr cages Apex CaVanage he had ‘wr and ye for detail oot te pth othe res. Te peat 0 on Hale, whose caf ready ofthe rane and recut led ‘umeres and exten valabecoectos, suggesions, nd inproveoens. [as hey wea ket rear tho aprecinton oe inte Fak Troy (587-2015) who, by seperviing Gerpo Chatzlis's MA dsr, heed ‘olny the fondo of is easton Abbreviations -AB~Aoonyoes (1746) *ApparsusBelics I. Lanis (elon Mee ‘pero Fle Spina. 50544 lo: Reps Masi Eoure Dec pis (CFHD = Compas Fou Hira Byzatnae (CSHB - Compas Scpor HitozeByeinae 1 Avoayos (WED, “Hypetea- tn. Mal (et) Ploei Stepeaion rt Ota. 427-50, Li esos 1L= ibloten Maia Lauronsing, Flrenc, Ms Laurens i 5-6 [= Leo V1 O14) Te Ti of Leo VE. nd was. GT. Dens 2a ed CFB 48 Washngon DC: Danbarn Oaks .Ms= More (1981), Das Srategion des Martin. EDs a as. E Ganiliches, Vem: Osorlchschen Alademi de Wasercaton (008 » Oxford Dona of Bronte AP Kahn etal, Oxford Now ‘Yer: Oxf Unive rss (oP Asonjous (194) De Olin TerandaE, M.va en Bare, Lider: ‘el epi) | PG= 32 Ngee (1857-6), Povlopa Carus Compla, Sr rasan 16 vols Ps Mig P= Anonymous 2000. "Prsagelnt Paice te DE Saliva (6. nd ‘ans Slug Two Towh-ConryIracionl Moma by Heron of B= ‘e253. Wagon DC: Durban Oks pS SyinosMagisvs (1985) "Pa Sua In GT. Deans (od and waa) ‘oc zotin ary Treats. 1-138, CFHB, Weshingoe DC: Da thon ate Slog TorunGlossary Allagion ara: pa = Uni sini in mers oa Bandon ‘Bandon paral bande) Uni of bw iy an #0 sens ‘Charopeta= Amour proche ras Dejenors~ Toop close ode who suppared mss ps Deharchia = Unit often solr Defarchs (pra: detache) = Commander of detach ‘Drougaro (tara: doungoril) = Carma of Drowns ‘rouner (gral rung = Miltary aetachnes, sal how me ‘Ekaontrchor la extomtarche) = Commas af ce hed en [pliner (lr: ptt) Seconda ina le ‘Kuaprator (laa: Ratphraie) = Hlesiysmarecasryan Kentarchor (ens enero) = Sex earch “Kitoniom (ral: bon) = Sit of ane boy moe ome (ural koma) = Lede of bandon ouretres = Light eva adn ST pars tht use for plundering “nee tery Ariane sins Lchags (pra longo) = Commande acs {Lochs (plea ocho) File of sien sles Lorton paral lil) = Type meer Menara (ra: mena = Solis aed wth mencton ‘Menavon of menafon (paral: mena) = Say pear se or sting Panameron paral poramerla)~Sworé worn athe wast it Pentrchta= Unicef vere Pentre para pentarcho = Commando ponarhis Penttontrchor perl pentetonarhol) = Cannes mn ‘Potopula= moa poet ees, Protouretoes™ ih ena Who soe ahd of te main army ‘Soha= Usa sosond ine information, bt in he ST, eat ie atl i sarap Gover of pois ofthe Penna epire ‘State (phrasal) ~ Byzantine sole Holing andi eturfor i> ‘an sav usury Syme ~ axpyers wi sae th a expres ofthe oe saan re 1 fl ti ay eblgatos ‘Syston = Cos infny formation with lok shes ‘Magma (ura: tama) ~ Orgy, reginents under the det command of the emperor ba fee ed inp to ean unit Tagmatarces (lr tpmaterch = Conmander of apna Taxrchos (tra nara) = Covance of atts Tas (pra ea) = Formation oi Teach = Unio or Terrchos (lara: terrch = Commander of orachis ‘Thema (lara: hema) = Provinces of te Byrn ele where rai ve ivan tan frit sero ‘Tour (ra: oun = Nilay ache of sou tee housed nes Toarmarches (sural ourmarchat) = Corande fourm ga paras = Witch, gardConventions used in the translation += Nati spied by he copys in he margin of (= Suplid yt anit <> Spi by ther he 1938 edo, Aphose Dain Introduction ‘The hile Taccar, of Zldoy To teat SD sateat-centry Byzantine handbook of miliary tactics, writen in Grek, iste arses A Compilation of Tacs andi logs tothe leary geae of itary Innndbooks or Taha, which stretches back to antquiy. The east ‘extant example i from te fourth century BCE, the work of Aeneas the “Tasticin, «Greek author who wroteon how t withstand a sige. Subso- _quent handbooks were produced by Aslepodsts (4D CE), Onasnder (@.30 CE, ActanTaedus (2 120 CE), and Poyaeaus (1.165 CE) all of “whom wrote in Greek Sich works coninsed tobe produced ul he le Suhr eal seventh century, when teint airy treatise known ‘8 the Srategiton of Emperor Maurice (582-602 CE) appeared (eco {er MS)! Thereafter was a gap of some centres until politcal und altura! developments prompted the revival ofthe gear inthe nth and ‘ent-cenury Byzantine empire “The historical context eis key that he ST was compiled in the Byzantine capital of Constan- ‘nope, probably at some point daring the ist al ofthe tenth cemury CC twas period when the Byzantine empire was ruled by the Mac: ‘donian dynasty, which had been established by Experor Basi (867— 56). Basil's son Leo VI (886-912) and Alexander (012-13), and his grandson, Constantine VII Poplyrogemetos (913-59), continued the which wast endure until 1086, Dynastic continuity wa tveatoned |n919, however, when Romanos Lekapenos, the admiral ofthe Byzan- tine Net, scaed power in Constantinople. Crowned emperor as Roms nos 1 (920-48) the following year, he ruled alongside the legitimate fperor Constantine VI, who was stl only a child. Doorless Rome: tos hoped to substitute his own fasily as yzantivn’' ling dyoasy In due couse and asa step towards that he arranged the mariage of|2 Iron Constantine Vil to his own daughter Helena, Romanos's hopes were thwvaned when he was overthrown and exiled by his son 94, Con: stanine VI, who was now grown up, was then able fo reassert himself ‘at the Lelapenos fail, and resume rule a sole empere rom 94 ‘nts death in 959. "The dynastic uncerisinty in Constntnope inthe erty tenth entry made the Byzantine empite vulnerable to atack. The greatest het did ot come fom th wadional enemy, the Abbasid Caliphate. The border betwoan Christan Byzantium and the Islamic eaiphte in eastern Avia [Minor ha longsince been abled ao that Arb Byzantine warfare now largely took the form of nna ade sroe the border bic aimed only to seiae planer and captives before withdrawing a quikly as posible ‘Apart fom tht, defence, fertieation, and consolidation wer the main precsxpatons of bath ses and rom 720 the third decade ofthe tenth entry the easter fone remained mare or les unchanged? Rather, the challenge came from the west fom Byzantiom’s ter long-standing remy, the Bulgas. Taking advantage of Byzantine weakness during the minty of Constatine VI, the Bulgar Khan Symeon (893-927) expanded his tetory ito Thrace and Macedonia, wiped ost & Byzan- tine amy at the bate of Acbelous in 917, and twice trout his forces tothe very wall of Constantinople, Those fotieatons ad some astute Aiplomacy hed the Bulgar at Bay until Symeon’s suger death in 927 ‘Thereahor sweaty and mariage alizce with Syne’ sesesor Por (027-69) preserved the peace between Byzantium and Bulgari for forty yeas Relieved fom the threat inthe west, the Byzantines mere fe fo pur sve a more aggressive satay onthe caster font, aking edvantage ofthe increasing weakness ofthe Abbasid clit. Their ntl sim Seems to have been to neutrlize the bases from which Arab raids into ‘Asia Minor had boun launched fr centuries: the towns of Melitene and ‘Theodesioupolis. The satepe forresses of Maras, Samosata, and al- Haat were also repented attacked. Daring the eegn of Romanos 1 these campaigns were led By the lading Byzantine general ofthe dy, John Kousouas, who held the office of te domestic of the scholae? “The rt atack took pace in 926, when Kourkouas succeeded in break ing into Melitene fora short time before being repulsed. The fllowing ‘ear, Semasata was captured nd sacked and Mhoodosiopols was bil “aptred in round 830 The response of the Abbasid eaiph a: Mustadir (008-32) o these atacks was to create autonomous semi-autonomous ‘sie onthe fontier 50 tht defence could be organised lel. The Imordction 3 cies of Tarsus and Melten, which had had heir own autonomous emis for years, posibly served a a msl for that practice which was now extended 1 porters Mesopotamia wher the Hemdand family provided 1 seis of military very able emis? Even so Meltene finally fell John Kourkouss in 994, For the nex! ten years, Kourkous was able ‘mount «serie of sucessful age into Arab terry, reaching a a 0 Edessa in 944, The Byzantine amy had no ventured as fr eas a hat for tree ceturies® ConantineVIl continued Romanos Is poli afer is. Following an unsucosful atiompe te reake the island of Crete in 949, Constantine focused his entre rsourees onthe easter frontier. The ‘Byzantines pushed further and fuer int the fon zone every yea, although they oflen found that their stacks were parsed bythe orm ble Hamdanid emi, Saf ad-Davla (945-67). lies and key fess sch ae Marash and abtiadnth were reestdly stormed and mids wer ‘mounted it the heart of the Hamdan emis, Cites which had been taken several mes in the past were now definitively annexed: Theodo- ‘oupois in 949 and Samonta in 9587 Tse successes se the tage for the even more drat Byzantine expasion in the east hat Was to tke lace during te second half ofthe teathcotuy* ‘The changing military sition onthe ester onter provided much of| theimpens forthe production of military handbooks sch asthe ST. There ‘vas, however literary and cultural dimension these worksas well. The ST was the prouet ofthe Byzantine literary revival known asthe Mae ‘lonian reise. The term misleading bene the revival long pee ated the ocession ofthe Macedonian dynasty in 867 ud signs oft ean lredy be detec during the 780." Ashe direct het tothe Byzantine empire's existence faded, literacy and edocation began to revive. Unlike Inthe comtemporary Chrsian west, where lering was the monopoly of | the Chute, in Byzantium education was avalale at avery high level to ley poop and an important step in making it more widely accessible vas taken in 857 wea the University of Constantinople was refounded Jn the Magnsura palace with view to providing edad administrator ‘or the imperial Bureaucracy.” The mat concer of his educational and erry revival was nt so much the development of re erica rte production of ne and orginal work bu rahe the teaching and preserve ‘Son of the terature ofthe pas, expecially that writen n classical Grak in ancient and Hellenistic tines, The cuicalum atthe new vniversity4 roducton involved the reading, appreciation, and imitation of ancient ators such as Homer, Plato Belg and Lucia td the ate ninth and tenth ceri ‘Were marked bya sudden increase in maniscip production ofthe works ‘felsic authors suchasthes, which were now in demand from wealthy patrons. Another way in which he legacy ofthe past was preserved and ‘isominated was trough the compilation of handbooks. These wer at ‘only reference mans which desorbed contemporary paces bu also ‘complains of ancient wisdom. An early example was the Aetorolgion ‘of Phiotoos, completed in 859, which listed the ranks and ceremonial ‘ofthe Byzantine cour in Constantinople" The cour of Coastatine VI wa a.cent forthe production of such works. The mperor hime was A ell-sdcated man and one of his primary concems, scoring to acon temporary, was bingag new If wo what had boon lst nthe couse of time." As part of that concern, Constantine oversaw te compilation of| umber of handbooks which preserved information about the empi's ‘Mministratve sacar, ts ceremonial history, is diplomacy, agricul. tural methods and even ts veerinry practices. "Twas daring this perio, and wih the same ed in view, thatthe Sst, Byzantine military handbooks since the early seventh century were pro- , given 0 uge valour in times of bate, revives the spiritto its height gains angers some ater were evr to befall the an, an encouraging speech would ‘etfesh hear In ato, if the generals speech s competent, i Imore sel to encourage the amy uring misforunes than the doc {ors who approach the wounded" “Thies because the doctors only eat the wounded with their med ‘ines, whereas the general Both encourages the dstessed and fu tharmore revives the uninjured to ooarage. Moreover, us as invisible tiscaes are more dfclo treat than visible ones is Hkewise moze ict to crea heart with lack of spirit han to hel the diseases ‘ofthe body, The general who i incapable of giving a spech should ‘never bchoren, since no general in ight mind dispatches nary svithout ving a speech.” 13) Being middle-aged, namely nether young nro, since the fist cannot spr confidence andthe secoad [is] weak, whereas he whos ‘ether of the wo [i] sedfet. This ott a young general should ‘ot under de to rational boldness while the ot one woud ot be inferior bezause of physical weakness.” “The best choice (the middle one, andi iss because strength served in he who isnt fo od and pradence i be who not ‘young. Forthowe who possess bodily strength without «prudent mind ‘ra prdent mind without tuned body have accomplished nothin. Since pradence and strength are of more benoit o those wh possess thom ite than to thoe who completly nck them, The most exe lent man maybe he who (i) reputable in Both. Because people wel ome hin with aural good inteton, they ily abe him when hhecommands asi im whes hes in dang, and bie him when he spaks.™ 1) rather prefer the genera be] after of hile, but donot reject him who chiles ihe i a good msn. Sotho, ithe ci (ror happen fo be young, they are powerful spell for the mind and tinbreakable bonds of mare, which ean bad those eld by theo © Toya they happen tobe adults, they help in achieving the common {goals ty becoming adver, llow-generals, nd confidant” 15) In ation, he shoul) also {bs high reputable, since the rank nd fie bucomedisreseed they are ander te command of ign ten besaise nobody easly bears haviaga sovereign or ofcer whois infor to kim” Trealaion 7 36 16) xi that he should] cater be ch than oor, witout ejecting the good poor man on account of his fort, just ae donot prae the ich man for his abundance of money, ihe benefits fom iin fan immoral way. Both of these are wrong ete oe favoured ot ejected on account of ft; rather e must be chosen on account of his manne of fe 37 The good wealthy gener, in ft, wil surpass the good poor on to such an exeatas amour gilded wit gold ad siver surpasses boaze andro, The gilded isavantgeousin decoction, adit being potetve, wheres the eters solely take ered foe heir eficieney. “Therefore, the poor geeral who bas valour ool ls be chosen, or ‘couse the rch ne who sequal valour 38 7) Inedition he [shoal neither [be] exremely sever, nor Tkewise {oo tolerant Not to fearsome so tat he may not be led by every ‘ody and oto teeant shat he may not be disregarded on acount ‘of ay. The most excellent bois [the middle oe 2 Which activities the general must approve more than others, ‘Compared wo lhe ret then, there are two businesses and avis tht ‘the general must be especialy fond of: fanning. because it gives us fod, andthe art of tactics since it defends thoe who fed ws, Therefore, the general mst tke care of them both, usta we said, and peneraly he must have responsibility for their protection” 13 Regarding land meaturemente™ 1 Sine i (is necessary to give a reminder bout et, fathoms cubits” theres, one must in fit, speak abot these before al the others 2 So, fist af al the finger as as number one comes fst fall he ‘umber. The pa equals fur fingers. The fot equals four pls, ‘namely ssteen ngers. The cubit equals on and af feet namely sic palms that isto say twen)four gers. The pace equals wo cubis, ‘mel thee fx that 0 sy tele palms. The fathom eqs wo ‘sce, namely fur cuits, tat sto aya fet or nine and» quar ‘fs apn. The rod esl one ad a al fahoms namely sx eis, that f to say nine fat o thirty-six palms. The pletion equa ten eds namely fife fos that isto sy thirty pace, sy cbs, ‘or ninety fe. The sade equals ax petra namely sixty rods tht isto say a handed atoms, o 240 paces, o four hundred eubis, or Six hundred fet According othe precise geographers Ertostenes and Stabo, the mile equals eight and qunter stfes®” However,Trnsaton carding the presen prevalent conventig, equals seven and a Tu staes, namely 780 fathoms, that sto say 1,500 paces, othe thousand cits, since nowadays the mie comprises 750 geometc fathoms and <-> ryulr ons breathe hundred goomene ft fms comprise hundred <---> regula fathoms “The poasang Persian measure Its not aceptd by everyone as thvig th sme measurement. According to mest people comprises fony sade, bt thy according to Xenophon. According to some though, comprises int stades and to others itconsss of even ore, 1s Sabo sty, ting the knowledgeable Posidonus as his source" [Not] that the schotnas a Greck measure ential tothe parasang, sometimes comprising fr stades and sometimes St. “The general should not fight in person and he absent during raid The general should ight praenty rather than daringly; oho should sltogether refrain fom coming to blows withthe enemy. He would ‘ota is men n anything be happened opreval while ting 2s ‘uch she would hart hem ibe wee shin, even fhe wero show ims unrivalled in bravery spd suengt dig the bate. Conse quently, the judgement ofthe general prevails over strength, since {ven a soi would be capable of prfoming something grt with his pyseal strength, However, nobody else bat the geacral can make Judgement and plas for necessary maters “Therefore, just the captain, who abandons tbe handling ofthe ro dev andere outtake which the sale mt perfor, i considered resgonsibe by those who judge propery forthe dangers, the same ‘plist genera bandons hides o that he ma Hower himself {0 thos ofthe solders” ‘The sane holds wile the army is away on ald he general must observe closely fom a great distance 1d wot be In matters of the highest importance, the general oo Ast to actin person Nevertheless, when an esse piece of sate business pres, in ‘whic the amy st serve the general with manual abs, the gem ‘al himself shouldbe te ist begin the work. Fr thus the soldiers ire not compelled oa so much by the treat ofthe offices a5 by ‘he manta labour of those who oueank them. Because if somebooy tobe the ‘5 The same operations should nt always be conducted repeatedly Promaion 29 {sil he wil be ashamed and fghtened ott obey when he ees ‘he officer Working with his has. And 0, he wil o longer aca & slave wh is commanded bat he wll econsrainel to believe that he {sbeing summonod as an equ” ‘Whenever the general ay wish to share dinner and oe, having ho- sea oe ofthe most highly reptable men, be shoul organise the work ‘cording othe man who ix aed with atcl experience n this ‘manne, the gener also makes the amy eager forthe work. 6 Secret plans should not be shared wih the rank and i! who shares scret plans, at only withthe very bast me, but with ll the sole, would be considered by me as senscless and with imperfect Imelgence. Because iis especially daring this situation that maloontents defect, eiving this time that they wil gain gift and honours fom the eacmy by revaling and poating out th sees oh, There 0 amy {fom which bohslaves and freemen donot desert, especialy before tet. 7 The general should not be carelesly swayed by rumours and he ‘howl not join bal unt he Knows exaely the dispositions of Of couse, the unplesant ramoure whi ae spread bythe enemy or even by us must be closely srunied and not gnored, because these rumours are offen tue. Ente armies suddenly fall ato the teatst dangers when the general is neletl towards them and ‘oes not ake the proper precautions = 2 Thegenera mus alter engage the enemy norreveslhisomn strength first before be is leary infomed about the enemys disposions. He ‘will achieve dis by always sending spies trowphou their amp and ‘by placing them ia anbuscades, as Well a by recomoiting the nearby loss or ying in wa, meas the enemy might be hing ath, and Dy taking cre of eveything that pein tothe say of his army.” gaint the enemy andy nthe case of an imminent engagement {he surrounding landscape should be reconnoltred as soon ae ‘awn break | say that if dsdvantgeous always to conduct the same oper ‘ion agaist the enemy, even ifthe general Beloves that st is30° Tanlaton advantage. Bocoute afer + lea te, once the enemy ae ale to Cinderstand the successive and identical design ofthe operations, tht shen ty wil pny the debt any tines ove and with interest = 2 Of eave a the tine ofthe engagement, the senral must reonnoite thesrrounding landscape at tho beak of using Sout” because his {is} bsotely vita, as we wil diss sore trough in chapter 4 Fortis ely tha ambushes and roses wil devised y the enemy inthe sounding landscape. Consoqenty inthis cave its advant- {zou for btw be pt of uni he enemy abandons the afore tine plaes Afr that, he enemy shouldbe eaperyengxged forthe ‘sake of rendering the contd hoeeforh secure and clr. 9 fate not iuminent, the largest part ofthe army ‘Should not be concentrated in one place Ifthe enemy cases no disturbance, the argst part f the army souls tot be congregated in one place, bt accustomed to bivouacking spe Fay in divisions and unis” Furermor, te general must ell the ‘men what sable, encourage and groom ther fr bite, bah by ‘eellng to tee memory brave deeds oF the past and procsiming the ear ofthe enero, well asthe recotpense for thei goodwill ‘on behalf the ation. sa hat the bulk of he ary should nt be assembled in one place ‘on account of two [consiertion): because the army wil easily tui the neestes when ti divided ito divisions and groups." fd so thatthe soldier nay not realy qual with each ote, or tren occny themselves with oublesome and fal ideas by living in (sure and idleness, For ths ually happens tall ins of erowds nd especialy to soldiers ™ It's likewise disadvantageous to assemble the army forthe she of ‘counial, bonis unrest esily Duss out in such ese. The general ‘ust eee count as we iin th st chaptr, whee the dieu ‘Shon ofthe ned forthe general o be open to counsel cates that is. The out to ake counsel) in the presence ofall the offers togeter, then privately inthe pescce ef the two oF even tre of the most ‘cll and ost uitle mn. Nox afer he his selected the beter proposal: he mus keep to sel unl the tine sight ot destroy his on defences so 25 to make ‘command Boer Iti advantageous to 4050, homever ft bacomes evident that theresa cleat danger from | not ighting. Prataion 31 1 Ofcourse canot ras as much as blame general who destoy thee ‘own defences, or rss vers of ut step cfs and gals behind thet Ime, Sth they might prevail they hold fs, or pecs they want to escape, Because | think tt this [acti] which frisky orto ing and dangerous [is] not 2 product of goed judgement and tcl rowed, but of ck = 2 Faron an occasion in which iis possible either to preva fe wins ‘orto beuteryovertwown ites defeated, how could anybody pa the one who is viterious, o fl ensire the one who ha been etested™ 23 However, would allow some) soldiers to rants out of esi for Aistineson fr if they accomplish someting greater they have helped, ‘they ul they do not cause so much ham), bt Leompletely die approve ofthe tradition of puting the aries at isk and of using dice ‘ather than judgement 4 Nevertbles,iFa clear dange from not fighting were appear, T would Blive that in this ease the general ot mistaken i he makes use ofa daring stratagem and if he completly stifes the hopes which his own men have of gh. In this case, (i better forthe soldiers to fce danger by acting courageously than 1 ivite ‘manifest and inglorious destruction by cowering with fee and doing nothing noble 11 During seg, th country should not be ravaged immediately, ‘and what should be done 1 While the general is besieging a city, he should freely savas the surounding countryside with fie and sword without merey, because the loss of money andthe lack of food diminish sistance However, he should proclaim these [intentions] before carying them out and he should send envoys, therfore giving time forthe enemy to change tei minds. Thief Becanee on many ocasions, the expectation of suffering, before the actual experience of has easily freed those in perl to consent to things which were aot fist desirable. Sometimes, however, hen the besieged exper- ence suffering atthe outset, they resist the invaders more boldly out of despair If they remain unyielding ater th embassy, then t is appropriate to ravage the country mercies i the manner we have described. 2 The general should ravage the country [ony] to the extet tit he, toguher with sam, willot ck necessary provisions forthe whole pari of the see. For these provision must be preserved in every2 n Train ‘way posible ul he eres. However, tthe ne ofthe ere its Fiting to destroy them aswel wih fie ad sword there isa defceney of necessary provisions, the general should fot Linger any Fonger fa his ow land or ina allio one, Dees slthough he fea am enemy, he wood am hs wn lands mor than the enemy Ifthe general then were to arene fora long-term sige fer sban- dong the ce of cptring the ly by asm and ites to captre itby famine, he should stan himself the task of alvays attentively Finderng ny interecton withthe outde, while he sbould capture those who go out for te colton of necesary provisions by moun ingambuses. From te captives, he should make use of those who are ‘rong nd in the prime of ie she thinks best, but be shoud send the women, children nd old people back tothe iy. This is besause tho ater (oe west the gnerl for nour, bu they wil consuine the food of those within the wal] more quickly the general i sein ou ove the city delivered by betrayal at ‘specie time, he should frst capture and deal with those whom be encounters on his way, ott none of them may inf those who are inside sbou he asl by runing om ahead, and so tha our aray's attack might be completely unexpected by ther.” ‘Ofcourse, btayals and sieges requir fom the general bravery, tact ‘al thinking, and preparation of seg engines. ti appropriate for ‘he general fo be no Tes staadit than the busied, i not more 5. Because he who ithe subject of plots becomes mor inventive and esizacous ou of teed, but the pltr i very much off his usr, nee he thinks hate soppsedly cut of dangsr™ ‘One shoud behave humanely o ites which surrender” “The gener must eke more manly ces whieh sured, Tate inthis way be ay sory ter seas though to ope that ty il resin te ame reste) However fe who nln’ to ere exacting a il reves henna or ties whatever comer inhi Datos he Shir Tom bung ivorble smashes ily ever © Saree tin, Ara eu fe ene he wa cua ibis ot ecu wore exemy knows ht genes nme the iment oe whom he capes ey ido doing a Feng asl anything in cer to render el B Trrtaion 38 For nothing makes men s brave asthe fer ofthe evils which they willsufler ater they surender, because in tines of ange, tbe expec ‘tion of sfferng crete strong incentive for honou. “Thesis most ict thing ight against desperate men, ‘Promises made to traitors shouldbe rgily adhered to “The general must alvays honour his offers and promiss to weirs, not st to hase inthe preset, but the in the utr, For he they know tha a reward td forall ators who choose the enemy sid, otbers may easily tur to teason. He who gives to the tlt, reeves more than he pends o hm ™ ‘Therefore, the general must willingly pay the rvards completely acese is not his conor o be ab avenger af he wronged ci, bat tobe champion ofhis own county. ‘One shoud be prepared before the enemy; and if rout takes place pitched ate aboald not be organised again supposedly In order to retfy tho defeat, unless its absolutely necessary Farthermore, as regards the allies, they sboud be less numerous ‘han the lca army and Il beter If they donot consist of oly ‘one race. In addition, they should not be mised in with the foeal ‘army, not oly during the march but aso wile a camp. Lets muster ourmen for bat cali than the enemy, because it wil tein our power to accomplish those things that we havea goal nd the enemy wil ologer be able wo prepare themselves stl. In ation, i sometimes happen that our army i route, the gen eral must be careful not wrath headlong purpoely to vedi the ‘eteat with pitched ble, Fr thi i ditfen forall ation, bt for the Romans [tis] more or lass ipessble” ‘The gone, theefre, must refrain fom a pitched bat; neverthe- les, he must et aston fo overcome the enemy with guile and ss togic thoughtfulness. Because nthe meantine, whe those who have ‘previously comered in fear ae filled with cousge, they wil raw op toon more willingly fora second bale, andeopcialy if rnforcod ‘byanarmy of allies rom someplace o another, of foreigners, even ‘four own ace [A gus] then, ofa wise genera i aso wo summon fre through nallance which sn large ha his own army, because Sometines the allied face has become ase ofthe tery afer conspired together and dove cut the local free. At any ras, the sufferings ofthe ancients sould bea ssn forconemporares It ismore advantageous3 asain then reais 1 be fife ces dot fons Bsns ths wy, ty mol be lee ted eas of treachery, Tow alld Fecal ct be mined wit yur own am an spon mo ‘ove done dry mrchan hey stave oath ov ‘ers il beecil 0h om hem fr as pose, he Roma ore oe and gnwrship cue ty re pty ined sch hing ty wl ey ey press Yon oa am ving hosts hy agers opie hen th ars bef the tnt dete eco of hr eto * 15. When bate expected it be remit punishing the salers, pretend frabliviows of thee ofencs- In ai ‘emoved rom ther poss discreetly. ‘OF course if the enemy is already sppoaching anda pitched bale ‘expected its eppropriate forthe general a that time 1 be very remiss aboot punishing the solders who commit eflences,pretend- ing that he is gnorat or oblivious of heir offences and eiigating ts far as possible those who are under sgpcion a well as having 4 Aisposition towards lenieney. However, f his appears to be impos Sib, perhaps duet the grave nature of the insberdnatio, they Shoud ten e removed fom thee poss, supposedly for an argent tltary mater, oti the fal outcome ofthe bale, so that they will, tot defect othe enemy and evel whaever thy happen to know.” 2 One shou alo be arf ofthe same thing if our als [re] ofthe Shime race asthe enemy, 20 is prope to move tem in advance a8 ‘wll cleverly and with loge pret, and ot oblige tem (0 gh] lst people ofthe same race and langage.” 16 One shouldbe parteaarycarefil in times of truce When the general makes treaty or tre e shoul either attack noe ‘beunguarda, bathe mst mina inactivit towards the nen as i0 times of peace, and int malin hie presations as in times of wa, bs otto ser ha” 2 The panera st lobe firm in th times of truce, He shoul nether tein hostilities, nor shoud he be unguarded, due tothe deciles the enemy's disposition, For thei intenons are uncertain, eve if ‘he enemy may be under treaty. ” 18 Tramlaion 35, From the side of the general then, good faith wil be granted eease of piety bt fom te side ofthe enemy dishonesty shoul be suspected because of barbarian moa ‘The general ‘moderately but hes those of individuals ‘The general mst be moderate owards the offences ofthe rank and file and he should ot am his punishments athe masses So hat common scontnt may nt unite thm a revel” ‘Atany rat he shoul oly inf sentences and punishment on those who wee the igheadersof indie. When the ia sf ll the Soler its stable forthe general to distr feton tall” [ie should fen advise and disuse toe things which wil be profi ble by common consent, and alway ake thought forthe gabe of the ncessy provisions and forthe expenses ofthe so-aled esto ay gts, witout wich its impossible wo kad the army with di pine. However, ring the indivi puishments, right for the oneal to be see as severe bythe offers, because evil as must be ‘tout the roots igh rom the begining and not fe neglecta they [a fly grown, or ese a worse tum of evens mst be expected” Therefore this [is] abo a guliy of general, o appear Teasome and undated othe slr, bt alot be solisous nt ony of everyone inthe camp, baal of the so-called syle" fo they mus also be eptunmosed, the offences ofthe rank and fle take ation properly against ‘The genera should hep a steady eye om thee eo things before batle ‘Now ifthe genera is iksly wo ight against wate and tactically expe, ‘ienod races while having with him an equal lrger army, he should agery engage with them and without sty kindof far. weve, hisarmy (ot ft for fahtng but smh ineir tthe enemy, be should postpone the engagement in any possible way, unless perhaps fm evident danger ay appear fom not fighting, On such oceaions, be will not be considered as reckless a al by those wh judge cor recy, but athe a firm and very cations. As we si thn, hi i the firs (hig] that mus be observe, The Secoad [is] to daw up his Fortin, precisely in accordance wit the enemy's. the enemy is prety extended in gt, the gen ral must draw up his forces reciprocally and always defend against% » 20 anton acirlements In turf they re divided into avery Inge number of {nis the general mx then stand inary agains hem] inthe same ‘vay and mst daw up the infty agains the infnry andthe av sy against the cvaly re general campaigns in enemy territory, he wl ght tore daringly, and one who has a small army should prepare for bail at sunset ‘When the general campaigns in bosile (lands), if he were to lem peas tit the enemy ha prepared for bat, and was eter wil Ingo alow fr negations, or, fe the most par to shy avay from the unreal of ate an the uncoranty of vitor, he should Immediately sly the prisoners of war fortwo reasons. BY doing this the generals ary would proceed to pitched bate in fll strength, sinc it becomes free of eaves, and Bese the massare of thei ‘ompaots wil undoubtedly isi great cowardice inf the enemy. He ould inno way pot off the engagement, bathe sbould rather march agains the enemy more eager, knowing ofcourse tht his “ry wl ight beter in ost teeta] tani is own. However, if Is aomy is by farsa, [ts advnbl] to engage in bt chy ‘when the Suni aboot ost, because to sal and wor out em, ight is the retest hope for aot" Al the time of battle a large numberof trumpets should not be ‘Sunded, nor should the formation have Coo many banners. In tudiio, th soles shotld remove the so-called pennons fom {hele spears. In the time of bate, 4 very large numberof trumpets mest not be funded in each formation, nor gles,” nor copper drums, beese they crest confusion in the any For when thee Is snc, seems ‘hough for oe tumpe 0 be sounded in ech formation, tis inthe ‘mile of in th sme place where the general (stands). When it Impossible fo hea he voice ofthe messenger, if perhaps there is & ‘rong wind Blowing ora ver babbling then we order trumpet or {bugle tobe sounded in tot dvsions ofthe Fomation, namely the Fight andthe ikewise, we donot allow a lrg umber of banners to be ase by tach tp inthe very mortet of ae, excep only the anne of he ‘Commander ofeach lagna, Beease the multe of banners causes onfsion atthe time of engagement. However, during the march, Trealaion 37 very tomes, kemarchos, nd penteontarchos shuld know (ho) t0 ‘aie banner inthe tagmata which each commands. Because large ‘numberof banners can give the imprestion of «numerous amy a an asonis the enemy, ad [it can in adton give a most decorous ‘ppearance othe army” Tithe same manner, daring the mach ach of th soles mst have ennons on their spears. Because this is done, it to bel the ry, ‘using fear and wonder to the enemy and grating a gocdly appear ‘nc to our formations, sin fact we suid happens With the bantars of ‘ach ig However the very memento atl mast ofthe ban sin the fagmata must be removed at a distance of appoximatly ne or two mils, and the same applies to the small baer onthe soldiers spears which are also called peanons. For in thee of ba they becomes hindrane to tho who stand ithe backs eas the release of missiles” So then, the banners ofthe pontetontarho! shouldbe th smallest, ‘he antes ofthe eatonarchot shouldbe lpr, te banner ofthe mets should be even bigae than te late, and the banners of ‘the drowgariot even ler stl, But the baners ofthe tourmarchai ‘hoald be the greatest ofall” “The barnes close othe generals or the tourmmarchai should become signals indicating the Beginning of marches, so that every movement ofthe army tecomes familiar to everybody. This will ke place i ‘he Danser are sen ase higher han the others, of ey leah slighty towards the ight or let or forwards or backwards, and i Shorty aerwards they revert ee former poston, Evry soe ‘should be tunedin advance inal of these signals daring dll, to Start the mach wea te bugle issuing, but bal a the sud of the trumpet because the greatest armies are accustomed to this™ Concerning day and night outpost and how fires shoud belt ‘The general shoud asian some ofthe cavalry as guards night nd post them in srategie postions. If the night i especially moooess fd with absolutely no sts or ight, the guards should approach ch othe andthe eamp's tench not only veel but also orzo tly, oth it would not escape their natce i some pies lipped in tween thm" Each ulpst should consist of six men frit seems that an outpost of ony two men is) fr to small and [epable of] almost nothing remarkable, for when it observed, it rther ind ‘ates severe shortage of men). But whenever tis divided int wee38 Tronlaton oh the course of te igh some of hem ak sep and thet cep nach One mt nee ompe en, er ts axe howe op tna gre pep et Ais fr sep ene spores} when ibs sai 2 Adit thes ped en mort on Between he ae ‘ented fuse! wir one anther apse homo ine ‘then tin hinge nosy he gab tbo Appel Cr tems meen te gna” [eWppepne ore oie to hte re her tan hay ‘efter am neater an i os er {he sup wil rays om a get tance ths ea as ped ary, bt he ena wil 2 bien ose Wh meithecatoes™ 4 Site an fry ary nthe camp, he avy outs my te ucts sce he enh ecmes vey eae the camp is enue od teint agra pen end {enshacinneche theca he] nnd aa for mnre aces, However fhe cary nee very sae nor ae he Inn agmatine caps ech nti case oy thee iecd for vty lege eso envy tps 0 Be preset Tigh Tornowtecupentch's cose fotbeeney il scons Seni sh men arate, an somes even moe, when i Seepueted fom cca ata ance of ppt te or four Ih ort propane etn of he se and the repro Fe remytthve i” Sisal ope fo sy il ex ently with ese very gad ll nt emai ove arty, pil ea Soar ot api a tof to twa ania fhe someines orcs vary depending on fhe eto fe Stadt see felis daring temp But sotins bal oF {team wl emanate at ute expected at i'n tf he men msde camp wl beat ws tho th whe igs mara in acorns ith he amber of ur own Sayan wiht enemy's regan Pepertion. 6 Bere farses snd one whch loses the ap, tha wi te abe cess, ech epg itera fom ove ‘otkrofmprenimats on or vo bows at ns Each of ey ‘foul comprise sh men abs re sao even ih. Bu ain {mem of enesecy ty sold op a ance of i of {bovine ten fester father hn he ne {sane} ft Bob Concerning the camp and what when the enemy attempts to attack As repards the cmp and wintering, site with especialy evel ground must be chosen, wher the amy wil live withou fear. The it sboulé titer [bo] rocky noe swampy (or both ae] useless). Im aon, it should not be] oo chose to rivers eth, fr if the hrses became scustomed to nk tequeny they wil sue at times when water it Sill, however, the army must act dell for many day onthe sme sit, du to postlential dzeses which break ot from putefsction among bth horses and men, especialy rig spring and summer, as well as autumn, but no ring winter because [theo] there iso sch appreension, duet the frzon temperature of the season. Besides, wen cold weather is expected, the solder cannot easily move ‘wooden hits and dvel under roof made of ress And as discussed ‘thn, Us shall be how the army dwells without anxiety nthe emp ring winter or any ter ime.” In dangerous places, however, when the atack of the enemy is ‘expected, ofthe ary is short of mea, or is weak in some ther Way, ‘herougest and most hilly location mast be chosen, But ithe army ina suiciet sae, having «large number of men ft fr comb nd possessing great eouress loction mast be chosen which is] evel {dsb for horsemanship and as driaking water weary: apace ‘which is neither densely forested nor has high and easily socessible plces rere, because fom such spots the enemy may’ easly rush {hose who ae inthe camp, especialy at night. Therefore, for upto thre dys the general [mos] Keep an eye on hostile etry, bearing in mind that he should seck particularly the safest locaton, where there wil Bea anyon or an inaccessible ver or some oer rough ground at be reat of those who encamp." ‘The genera should surround the remaining st with nail wench, which is appronimaely five or sx fet wide, and seven or eight fet deep. The pathered sil fom the ech shoud pote tow ouside but Inside, dt to ay towards the seo the encampment Whenever the sound is hard and canot be easily dg, he should secure the camp in ‘ery eto ether wit wall made of bck, stones or te rank, for with ences or witha lige number of wagons de above all 19 emy suprise tacks and especialy ones night ssi." Ie scems that rectangle [the Rest shape forthe camp. Yet a8 "already sid is] advantageous to drow ion caltop,atached ‘one aah by the socalled wire," al acand from each prt the40) Penlaton trench ata distance of approximately eight or even tn fthoms. Next, [tis beter to make te so-called horse breakers namely round pis, ‘ot insta lines, but aomatly, each being oot wide and two vente fet dep.” To ain, avery sharp stake with bells hanging fom cords [should tel ined into the same pt, so tif an enemy were sent 0 spy 08 the camp and manages to passthrough he aforementioned calltops for pits the belle would provide te guards of the camp with precise {tfermaton about the spes, OF course mounted guards should also be ‘resent tt short distance beyond the wench ad the camp, Keeping uch vertical and horizontal intervals from one another, a ar en04h to prevent any of the enemy spies from sipping in between (tem). ‘This in fact mst bo kept in nnd particulary during moons night ‘when theres very much scope forthe rses of the coe. We have ‘ready discussed hve in dein chapter 21."" 7 What has ben sui bout the outside andthe perimeter of the teach Sold be suis. Now, side the wench andthe camp afer fis _pterng ll he wagons trouphou the encampment, te genera ms try these around te camp A th wagons, the teats ofthe intaity til also be tay fom all sides around the perimeter of th tench. ‘Thea, thee shoul be an empty pce of abou thre hued fet all ound, so hatte hres and he men in he fens may not easly be ‘Shin by the enemy. immediatly ater this empty space the ets of the ourmorcha nd of the ther officers willbe arayed, each inthe nile of thet own tag, However, te teat ofthe general should te separated, being neither mixed with the rest of the multitude, nor Plsced close toa oa, For the tent spt his wa, it wl be fre of “Tere sould be four stright roads nthe camp, fom east to west and rom north fo south, ach measuring fifty fet, oa for ve horsemen {o taverse them sinulsacousty without trouble. The gates should number the same a the roads not being sah but bending lke the {Meter smn (7. There sould also be dividers between the fgmata ‘nding at he forementone roads, inthe manne ofan ally In al tion, the more exelent ofthe Eometes o the ekatmtarcho! sold be detached close fo the vet gles ofthe camp, together with tein Tagmata,n ondr to prevent tote who Wish go ino out whenever they dsr, epecally when the sn is etn. Fach ofthe taxichot ‘Should havi own messenger who stays beside the peers tnt in der to e reliably informe by the general about important mates rng tonight" elation AL {9 uring the early moming and evening service itis vay prope for the s-aled extended litany f take place!” Afr inne, abit call for silence ad to suspend every knd of noise, in short, ‘very kindof ing and dancing tis ft deal with ll inciting lenient 10 Each ofthe tagmata should gtherations of food inthe camp or tiree cr four ays fodder, cha andere, otha the rank and file may not fal oto moral peri in collecing them, sinc, in ft it i cusiomary fordhe enemy 1 iin ambush at sch tines 11 Above all however the gnarl must always keep a eye with evo- tion on this that miter he, nor any of the piked officers with the Stroogertagmata der their command, should dismount fr thee horses before the eam is safly completed and the wales set one cor even ewo hours tefore sunset, sis customary. This Because the gretest misfortunes bef he amy precisely ding sch ines, ‘namely When i is occupied with establishing the camp or with the release ofthe horses for gazng, o¢ wheo its dsmoustod aad almost tit for atl 12 After diner, the general shoul always command everyone though ‘messengers tha nobody among the men should dare to mounts hose ifthe enemy atacks the camp daring the night. Fr this is risky and ‘causes casuals tothe whale amy. Therefore, when everybody is ‘ready they [must] bea the burden of bate as infantry until the ol Towing mea, whichis when the army may anay ie for a cavalry ate: So mich fr the camp, 23 Concerning the baggage ran and how the army should safely ros the defies together with is spoils Ie is] very important take care ofthe baggage tn a well nd not ti [be] unguarded, but assign to ia commander of Hs ova, 4nd likewise a banner One shuld aio lave witha sabe guard ‘ofits own and sways draw it up separately inthe rear. If the bate ‘expected atthe font, the bagege rain must stand behind the ap mma But when the assault of the enemy is expected fom the rea, the tagesge tin mst lead the way ahead of he kama, while best ofthe later must act asa rear gar Ifthe bate is expocted ffom the right it should be dawn upon the et side, but he ether hand, bate is expected fromthe lf it shouldbe drawn up onthe Fight rbatl is expected fom al sides tmust be drewa up sie the Formation2 Panslaion 2 ‘The same thing should take plae afer a eld. The generals should by all means prevent those wit lage baguage tran or with a Tage ftmount of booty fom crossing narrow and rough [pase], For the ‘ry ey falls ito the greatest dangers in these paces, since sbeh things aways become a hindrance inthe defles an, in general they frst te bravery ofthe solders hee i an nminent ned 0 ead the army though such passes, the general mst] not proceed ‘without an infty amy. Besare once the infary preempt the Strong and advantageous postions, they tus ensure the safe [pssage] ‘ofthe resto the am." TY the general goin to invade a hostile tertry trough marrow ‘and rough pases and be has 0 very lrg army of oth fry and {aval under his command, he should leave most ofthe infer with ‘worthy division ofevalry ouside, namely around the defies, nthe ‘more naturally Fried positions, with orders o wait nti his recur, fe withdrawing ith a great quantity of boty, he should send fnew another fore fo oocpy the dale in advance and to unt with fe other tga. 44 However ithe has small army under his command, he should keep ‘the entire Frc with him andl eonduct his withdrawal by another oa, ‘nly contion that he hs lea! officers who possess the umos tapeieoe of these oad, This i the most tategicall eoret course ‘tacog), and i the same time the safest, namely nt to withéa bythe same road by which the army made te incursion ato enemy {exit eopecilly fa sufficient infin and cavalry force was nt Tet behind Inthe def. For thn, the enemy has only to pre” 4 Keepin min tht hs tne the snc. athe Geka cal he, “+ fe soled vig inh Roan engin shou slob di Tete toe dite of approxima wo ses he Sanpete or opto ore men, Ture gene sane sar intr ym wheter coy cotati Tee rey nen try ee abn re fines by caumng fo loo wheter the sronding ee has tesome chew host and unstable fr bale, Resa [watches SS a a a the wo te ny fom a, befr bl, may pnd ior er ‘tobe srencnned cties™ onatering 5 Next ert gener a seb te amy by les, ad ln er enraged oe teen rl eco thon the revars ad enor en by the emprr sd he wage on ‘eta ofthe ao, a well everyting cafe kaw tha ines thoes cog nd rave 6 esos si vantage sn fe rhe wile rm oda op brother y thie of bth de by feof ny imc the ut fllon i te who le ae For weer tn a my bin ge cnet ‘opera wing o eninge hms o he same epee Ine ‘ho reted eid wold e doped hadnt2 Trmslatn Jn the midst of danger, ues he wi teeshed for thei defence” 7 Rnd besides the aforementioned, che general mas abo be caret ‘thi namely ot easly fo believe the words of defector, becae ery defectors suspect. Therefore, those who have been apr by ‘Smuts art be moe easily belived since it sppears that they give “aprepred responses to ou questioning and tha they do note 85 much ' Inadition th aforementioned the general must order ach caval tam n the time of ttle to ave barack fortwo or tre yin thei Knell saddebags or sometimes the enemy retreats and rs 0 tome hind of stronghold. 1 the general elses that this is poiable, Sh the capture of tht partie Frt cay in two chee days the mot he mest purse them. Besnuse the capture ofthe enemy ‘sll follow if the besieged lave a ack of necessity provisions, but {he besiger have sulfiient fupplis. If his does ot happen, he toera has to impose a iancbletety on the enemy and make Srangement for them ores in heir own and in disgrace. ly returedthe favour he bas 445 Infantry formations according tothe Romans and about the Statoning and arrangement of ach 1 Aswe have already discussed, the diferences between the Roman and ‘Brean formation (are many. The general will now which of he too be must choos nth imeof ate, because he wll amayhisown forces agains [te enemy] tot ashe wishes, but a accordance with the enemy formations, The formation, therefore, tht re wally sed vines of ttle and taining? on patcular account of which the Romans congue they ght with Ged on theirs, shoud be these snd 0 other. 22 When the infantry amy consists of 24,<100> men, four thousand whl Become profoursatores, (vied) ito Four tagata, al ighty med. Five hundred wil be rear gael, [divided into one lagma, fom whom a guatr.™ namely 125 mea, will be shel bearers finde other 375 lightiagntry, Anostor ty wil become defensores ‘Ste general's banners, ho ae aso calle bane: guar, organ ‘aed into one tga ony, Al (shouldbe) bold and wel quipped. tind thoe who cary the bars the Very time of bale even more 43 The remaining 19,550 are divided into four major tagmata, cath as ‘Hows as posible 0 4888 en, Aga rom every tama, en men ae Poniaton 6 renoned abner urs fh commander fh of he ie tote gms wos temied erm ow wa Shey we ce ea af fe commas ee Ss tat Mr ee ome sso ted thor thse maed nen wo aay io cd Soman mec et son i hrs npr oe dsr Oh intervals between the nis. | mz Tire ane eto men fam exh emo {te sooner, nh of i ee 4956 men ‘cou. em qe ty 1216 wan, ait ay ‘Sear 0s ee Fer cach gma matt ct Slop fait ny tsa dw i tiny ad ‘Stu tcn ts be rc fo de, ‘vermin ft vidi magnate er ‘themes, suey gi a le ii ed te CASRN na £8 an ea ‘oa ur fhm, nat 486 [en a) pt and the other 14,598 shield bearers. Seenaree anaaemens Te mor ag [est ro fe prorat ah of Sous natty fu used al ip ay oe [iggma) of five hundred rear guards," a quarter of whom, namely 12 fay fre) ald fxs de Se 978 Ti int fem) yas ih pls ae ey Intl 20 {ne fom whom 5621 a) at infty ‘oth 94k brs Ad so ino ‘pm {He aay nw ie allows sed of eon ae tps ‘re may reg oh sy. Ty eo mah ‘Sethian wh se foi ny ft cel {rorya dep in tanga hap: fer yb res ‘ert thy te otis of te atcring ngs {do ty han vert tte ohn. Dan the mach te rte sl aver mst miedo ip ny Spt om stent ns roan ‘tere cme suomi aga of he itl ewe Gr Beech ac exigent me ot a ital he og of dre he eens uae ale {ben op topter wih he tumpac The geal do sans et64 Testaion (tis egg] having an equal font with the oes: Next [comes the agen tri, and thes bend everybody ele low the rear guards, 10 Because the aforementioned infant fogmata do not often atk in ranks ad ies, bu regulary, and sometimes they extend to gre Tength, or onthe ther hand sometimes contac in mass," conduc ing ambushes agin the enemy in one body we mst therefor, scons the length and doth or the ils ofthe most aoa tagmata and alo the stmoning and arangement of thir oficers Fo the Book. Shoold be thorough i itis ordered in ths manner. 1 nth case then, the depth or bickness of ech ogma, which i aso Called tontoubernion inthe Roman language, comprises sixteen ranks fd each rank pproximtaly 304 men. 12 Thefatcank wll consis of dekarhot, having he eatonarcho stand inthe mid of one hundred [men], athe pentlantrco en both ‘de, close fo the lanks. As we al the dekrcho wl be drawn up first ofall ad on this account they wil be ale leeaders an ist fighters In addto, [hey ae] als called) loco, mmely wen ‘Me tagma comprises sixteen asks Deas, as we ledy si cops of sineon men scaled aloes. 15 ‘The soallodepitatt willbe drm vp second, fer the dearch “The pentarcol wil stand inthe mide of he depth or ofthe files of the fogmaThe soiled earch, wo ae also called Mlcloses, [vi i thease rank. 14 Above al tir needfalto know this aswel that there wl eno con fusion whatsoever when the tagma has depth of te ranks, Because very dekrchi wil consis offen men, and the pentarca andthe ‘rach iki (of five sd four mea, and as si he dekarchos ‘illstnd inthe firsten, the ponarchos i de mie, nthe rear ‘hos in the ery ast oe 15 Sint, when the tagma comprises siaten ranks, the same of nin sland inte same manner. Once more the delarchos sad frst. tds called e-leder, at ger, but so fochagos, since he isthe leader of sateen mea (bcanse locos as we have sid many times, {she name for a corps of skeen men). The powtrchos standin he middle ofthe file ot ith afer th dekarchos, but seventh. And 30 the same applies tothe tetrarchas, because he wil rot be tenth bu sixteenth since the feparchar is alvays te fe cose 16 Theft ak, namely hat which comprises the dekarhol, he second, ofthe so-called epistata, and th thd aswel es the fort, should of neces consi of shield bearer nt, the lst an, which com- rss the ferracho, ad the one before and up our aa, must » 2 2 Trataion 65 leo have shel bearer. lth ter ranks in bxtween wil onset of fechers, singers, and javelin, mined in with shield buares For the fle ofthe agar ust have the means fo be doubefced. Because ifthe enemy attacks bth rom the out and fom the Fear the pentarchoswillbecomefilecloser The tetrarchos, withthe men under Fis command, wil spurte from he others at a distance of speoe maa 120 fathoms and 0 he wl abo become Bt Reker and le leader soso tur oward the enemy whe is atacking fom the rear. ‘On ths cession then, the tactician call the unit double syed? or {vo fagmata ofthe, ely he right andthe le The dept [ill be] ‘often ranks or horizontal lines ad ech ak [il have} 150 (en) “The fis rank the, eamely of the detarchot and the second, third ard in'tum the fourth a well asthe eighth, nec, and tenth, namely of the feparchol, nt onset of anes wogeter wit atphrato.The ‘other tre ras that isthe i, namely ofthe pentarhot, he sh, land the seventh, wil consi of horse-archers. And so moch fr how ‘he depth wil be Now, the length s we si, wll ompris 150 men and fifty fathoms, 5 Evidently, the ekotontrchos wil sand inthe mide of the length “The penickoniarchol wil stand on both sides, closet he cutest, fans of the tamara, The debareho! wil stand successively between the elotontachos a the penteontarcho, filing the fest ank or hoe [aontal ine. On tis ccount the dekarcho ar alo elle file eaders fie fighters. Likewise te epi! wil il the second ran, jos {ive discussed i the inntry formations. The penarchot now fill, fil] the mide rank athe lerareho! te teat and last one. On his ‘seco they ae also called ile-closrs. We have discussed them in ‘more detail in chapter 172° 46 ‘The socalled triangular aay stands inthe mide ofthe arene tioned two sopmaa, consisting of twelve ranks or horizontal ines “The frat rank has 122 men] an the twelfn apd last one 16,°° trcase the ranks right after the fet and wlth well projet rom ‘ne aneher by four men. Therefor this tiga ray wilt om: pris 1,500 men ste sher wo, namely those whic ae] on both ts des, ut 1508, quater of whom, 376 [er willbe ight [nv] fd the other 1128 Aatphiratot and lancer, two fom the iht abd Tikes two frm he le 17 The rat rank then, te second, the hid, andthe Fourth, and int the ninth, tenth leven, and twelth, will necessary compris 0 2 Trtaon 8 ‘exclusively tagphratio! and the other four ranks horec-zcere togetee with nce This tingulr aay Will pothave an eu front with he two units oo ‘both its ies, bat wil projet such am extent that it lt and velith nk wl be lignd with the frst rank ofthe other tw [ego Now, afer the prolousatores discharge their arowe against the enemy, as is cusomsry, and after they tee behind the formation fhe vanguard through th atrvals between ts unit, the rang Jar will immediately sdvance against the enemy wit an undoub ely iesistible charge TF the wlangular routs the enemy, the father two tagmata il follow as defensorse™ without breaking ranks. Ihe triangular s already exhausted from the stoggl, the ater two ragmata wil join, having the so-called seve line" following right behind. The mater ofthe second line wll be dis- cussed shortly afer. ‘nthe right side of the vanguard after 9 sufficient interval fom the ‘tagma of ts outmost Hank, stad tbe raga ofthe socal ot nk sof woundred men, Fom tena quarter, namely ify (mea [vill ‘be lancer and the othr 150 light fv They are dawn up 30 as slays to encircle the enemy fomation daring the ble since they ‘onc their charge trom the sparse, namely fom the ight side ‘They precede ight fromthe beginning and widen a i,j ike the Jeter pelo (V]. They andthe lank guards complete the venga For the lagma ofthe so-called ank-guards stands on the lef side ofthe vanguard, also composed of two hundred men. From tet, & ‘gure, namely iy [mea (wil be] lances andthe ote 150 light (cavalry) They are arayed so as to guard agaist the constant emir ‘lements conducted by the enemy and to ight aginst them, a hey inly conduct hi charge from the shic-sid, whic som the let. Since they also precede and widen lite lke te ot ankers, they ae tobe seen preparing their formation inthe aforementioned shape ‘The vanguard is also accompanies sfc intrl by another vo lage, each having a hundod sen. A guater of tem, namely fitly men {vil be] lancer, went five in cach aga), ad the cher 150 [wll be] light (cavalry, seven-fve [men] in each lagm} ‘These units ae dose whic ein ambush in strategic portions before ‘th engagement and unexpectedly tac the eneiy fora the foot, ‘om the rear, or fom the fnks™ ‘Thess conszled iagmata ae especially wel when the enemy tums to fight, because the general must leave Bese zapmata in sraepc1s Trlaton positions and together withthe mining army he mut then pursue the enemy, Sometimes the general wl gain great assistance frm the terbueades whenever the enemy feignsreveat and suddenly urs ‘Shout agtnt the prser, casing the pursuit ob reversed. Fr when ‘he cone [mea] suddenly apesr and tack the pursing enemy, they wil either eau them feo hey wl estan thir advancing ‘moment. And so much for bow th vanguard willbe Behind the vanguard distance of two bows, the socalled se ‘ond ine fll, consisting of four tga of sx thousand men. OF thom gure, 50 (ren, wie gt fesvaley), with 375 i each [lag nd the cher 4500 ances, 128 men in each cama, 3085 foreach tga t ave 1,500 light (only ad ances in eal "The dep of every gma bas tn hrizona ies or anks ad each ak fom 18D men} 0 a8 forthe length ofeach rank tobe ily fathoms, The rs ak dee the second thir feurthand in tr he ‘ih ninth, and tet, namely ofthe Hle-lsers, mus be composed ‘fiancee. The ater tre ranks i between, aamely the ih, sixth, nd seventh, will consist of horse-arches ‘The heizontinterls of thse four iagmata fom one another may ‘ach be [alfonso] The second line has much ger intvals tenes the tggmat tan the others on account of is: because when ‘rer the vanguard i war ott by the enemy, must not seater in dix ‘rer brsking ts rank, bu ter trees without troable through ‘hese terval should thus hal and together with the second ine Temust oppose the enemy agai. However, ifthe vanguard pus the ‘oemy fo fighton is own itshould eondat the pursuit m ood ord, ‘swe already sai ‘Therefore, forthe sake of greater secriy, the gene, who stands at the mil interval ofthe second ine, must consider dispatching the thi ine, which stands behind and which is alle he saa by some, for pursi tough te aforementioned intervals ofthe second line He, however, mst ake cat follow behind with he two aferemen- tioned tagmata ofthe second lie, nan cert mane and in tle sy. But more on this ate” Inthe afoemensoned thre intervals ofthe second line, tree tagmata stedrayn up. in ode tl the space ofthe tral and sor prevent the formation from having sb large openings. These will consist of Six hundred me, tt to say each pr ofthe interval xs to hu ‘red men), From he, quar, namely 150 out of sx hundred [vil tbe) lancer, with fy [ren] each eral] andthe other 450 light. [Gavan], with 150 in cach itera. These tagrata will draw up in 20 2 4 Trataion 71 ‘he intervals, nt by havieg an equal fot lke the othe for aor ‘tagmata ofthe second tine, but [thei] is rank wil be aligned with the Inst er ranks ofthe major tama. So mech forthe second Tne then, which second ater the vanguard “The ska, the hr and ast ine, draws up at a distance of bowahot, allowing he second line. I happens tobe the same athe vangsard Ineveryting, concerning numbers ey, dal he et. wil only iter inthis, namely da If theresa large number of katara the idle gma lin his ease become triangular, but i theres not the mide ne will be the same as [the age] o both side. ‘Now after the thd ie, the baggnge tin rs up together with the thre tagmata of the so-aled rear guards of six hundred me, (80 hundred in each [agma}. From them, a quer, namely 150 (wi be] lances, with ity i each (Cagma), andthe other 450 light eal), vith 150 nea aga ‘Therefor, the tapmata ofthe so-called complex cavalry formation willbe twenty-three i total of which ten Will be the ajo ones: three ofthe vanguard, for ofthe second lin, and thre of the hid Tine. The minor ones wil be then: one of prokorsatores, ne of| dfesores, one of cut Bakers, one of fakes, wo concealed, ‘ne of tanner guid ree athe intervae ofthe second ig, and three of rear guar. “To reckon this complex cavaly formation to atu of rwenty-tree ‘agmta 51a, and 1 18,370 men, tase who are dispatched for the various needs ofthe ten ajo tm ar ls nde, 8 be ‘ben dacssed in chapter45concemingteinfaty formations, Frm the 18570 (mea, 6130 will be ight (cavaly] and the other 12.356 avphratio! ad ince. ‘The veel and horizontal intervals ofthe tagmata fom ooe another and also the rest of ther arrangement and rationing may be te fo lowing: the protoursoires precede all the ober tagmat, ata di ‘ance of approximately two or the ils atmos, forth asf as posible. After them, aa distance of aout four bows, ome) thet djniores. Then, «distance of sppoximatly two of tree ils, (comes the vanguard in three ragmata as has bons. They hve ts companions oo bot ies the outlarkers from th ight and the Mane guards fom the le and at an even fart ditanoe fem them on the fk the so-called conssled tagmata, sche wo in umber, Next, at distance of two bowsbots,fllows he so-called second line, in four fagmata (where the general [sands] withthe banner guards72 nln ed the trumps, that 0 sayin the most central interval). This Teas init intevas tho aforementioned tre agmata. Award, ata dance ofa bowshs, follows the id fine in tre gma 8 Tsai after the fasion of te vanguard. Afri, at distance of another ‘ows, follows the baggage rain and afer everone else follows the thre agmata of the rear guar ta distance of approximately two bowshots 25 The horizontal intervals btvean the tagmata in each of the the nes should be the same inthe case of the vanguetd and the thd fine, ‘ame thien fathoms each, because this seems convenient fo the ‘ily formations. Nevetbels, as pars the fur tagmata of he ‘ond line they should each be alfa bowst. Amore detailed is ‘sion of thus has ben given in chapter 3. 26 fnfan amy] of 6,770 [men the tamara wil ike [be] seny- thee, en of which be) major inthis ase thre ofthe vanguard, from which the we wll eons of] ve asks o lines and exch rank Of hundred (mel, 20 these two fagmota comprise five hundred ‘nen. From them a arte, namely 125, [wil be] ity cavalry and the otter 37S lets One (gma) ofthe angular [Formation] of 506 fmen]2" a quarter of whom, 126, [wl be) ht [evalry] and the ether 378 katphrato’ and lances. Tas triangular formation has twolve ranks ofhorizoatl lines he first of tventy men and the tel of sixty-four. To reckon the toa of the vanguard, it eats TSO {men} guater f whom, 376, [il be) light (cavalry), 125 ieteh [apm an the oer 1128 katapraltoi an lances, 375 in tach [egma)., each ofthese four fagmora bas five ranks sad every rank one hundred men] The thre tagmata} of the hind ine [wl Be ia the sume tanner a the vangoan* 27 Aswe si he major tagmat [ae] te, andthe minor ones hie: one of 334 prooursatares, a quarter of who, eighty-four [men will, tel lancer and the other 250 light cavalry) one of 165 ceensores, ft quarter of whom, forty-three (men, will be] lat [cavalry and the ‘ter 123 lancer; one of one hundred ou-fankers, of whom 8 au te, swerve men, wll be) lances and seventy-five ight (cael ‘ne offlankpurds, in the sume manner asthe ousfaakers; two of ‘ne lund Sonenid men, user ef whom, sent, lb] fances and the eter seventy-five ight [svat] one of the baer ars of fifty fataphali. thes [agmora] nthe intervals of he Second in, each f one hundred (men, » quater of whom, twenty five, [wl be] lncars andthe other seventysive light (eval thee 2» » 30 Tralation 73 [ragmata ofthe ear guar, inthe same manera these in the inte ‘also th second line. All hve ae dete, ‘Toreckon his second cavalry fomation 1 total of twenty-three g- ‘mata a8 we sai, and 6,770 men of whom the 2,015 (wil be] ight aval and the other 4.763 kotaphrato and lancer, the 220 [ren] fae alo include, namely those who ar dispatched forthe needs of tho ten major raga indicted above, We seedy ti that the ray ad the intervals ofthe tgmata from ae another [vl be] aie the fiahion ofthe fst cavalry formation, ‘So, | si, the cavalry formation amounts tothe aforementioned 6.770 men, te same aay wl be fllowed, namely, i the formation ‘consists of more than 18570 [men] or fone, up t0 6,770 men, a= "Tsai In this case however, the aay changes due tothe shortage [of sea, Therefore in (an ary) of thes thous [en the formation will ony be divided ino fen tagmra, from whic, tes be] ‘he major ones: one ofthe vanguard, which shouldbe the angus, the first rank or orizontal Tne consisting of ten) ™and the teh of Sity-four [men]; one ofthe second line this seond gma ere has five ranks, 20 that each line may comprise [men], & quarter of hom, niney-three (men, wll bs) ight cavalry) andthe ‘ther 279 karaphalot ad lancer; coe ofthe hid ine, in he sae ‘manner asthe fagma nthe second ‘As it has boen sd these tre ze te major units. The minor, how er, ae tlie: one (lagma) of 200 prokorzaores, + quarter of ‘whom, iy [mea, wil be) lancer and the other 150 lig [caval] ‘90 of one hundred defenses, a quater of whom, twenty-five en, vill be} let fever] andthe ther seventy-five lancer one gma (onthe Fight side ofthe vanguard, namely ofthe outankes of 150 ‘men, «quarter of whom, thirty-seven men wil be) lances andthe ‘er 113 Fight [onal]; one onthe Te ofthe vanguard namely of the ank-guard, inthe same manner tthe ou fker; two con- cake gma, cach wth ity mena quae of which as thinecn ances and thiy-seven ight eaaly), hat tos foreach of ther, ‘one of the banner ars of fly ketphrato: on on the right flank of ‘the scond line of 20 men, a quarter of whom, iy, [vl be] light [csv] andthe other 150 lancer; ane onthe et Hank of these Tine, inthe same manner asthe righ ne on height and ono onthe Jef an ofthe hid ing, i the same manera those fn the scond; ‘ove {ragma] ofthe ear guards of ene bude (me, half of the, ‘hy, wl be light cavaly] and the other Bly lances. These [are] even ttl14 Taste 31 To ecko this hid cavalry fomation as a total of icon agai, ts we sd, and tee thousand men, of whom 1860 [vill be) light [cava] and the oer 1140 haroprakiot ae Incas, the two hu fred men who are despached forthe neds ofthe agmena are also Inciodd, Te ary and the intervals of the gmat from one anoter {il be) a we dncused nthe aforementioned cavalry Formations. 32 nam ay] which [i] every way very smal (hi ay be an army (ofa thousand men, the aay i completely diferent da othe shor ‘ge [of men), For inthis eas, the formation i only divided it ine Tegmeta from which ve [vl Be] the major anes one aye the ‘vanguard of two Ronded (men), of whom sity-seven may be ato Dhralo’ and te ober 133 lances; thee of the second Tine, fom toch the mide ray ave] 280 [rer], of whom eighty-four (may te) ketphrato’ andthe oer 165 lances the Sak [ay have) & hundred men, sx-seven of whom, may be) lances ade thiy the light [aval the let maybe in the same manne ashe iht tone of prokourstoes of V6 een, light (caval) 233 Taesefiveaethe major (units), as has been si. The minor, however, re four: one of defenores, ight four sron] ll lances woof the ‘Sonceled eagmat} wits wenty-ve [me] in each, lancer and ight ‘ivy together; one ofthe rear gue of Oy [nen], thy four lane ersand sinter ight cavalry] 34 Toate the smallest cavaly formation, it equals 2 toa of egta, a we have sid, and a thousand me, of whom 266 [wil tel light cavalry and the oer 734 kazapralol and lanes. In si tion, felve men rom the Eatgphrato, the best nd oldest of them wil Become bemer gusts, hx in each banner The array an the fntrvals of the tata from one another [il be] in the fashion of the otter vary formations we discussed, In this eas, che general together with the Banners andthe tumpetes, stands inthe most cen trl part the agmatan the second ine And 0 much or the discus ‘on ofthe Roman envaly formations "Marginal not: tant be known from the ancient military treatises ‘hat he ef [vision] always enjoys preter preference than the right ‘one: Asa etl the commander ofthe left (vision) shoud be more Aisinguithd than the righ Inthe dels, the commande ofthe lft [division precedes then the commander ofthe mide an third the ommander of the right. However, the (commander of the right is prefered for asst agaist tho enemy Since the igh (tama) ae tore el than the le they take the lead daring the movement of Unis, when the ned is fort o pas troughs nao opening Ia ” Traltion 75 te ease when the lt division bas been put fis, it cosses obliquely in fon ofthe right division. But he ight ivson, being more aie, ‘quickly returns f the previous ary, something Which can be Seen taking place, both in corps and vagmata™ Compound military formations accord ‘he intanry always the majority Ifthe army happens to be compound, namely ofboth infty and caval, the Romans draw wp thir fonnaions in siren way, ‘indovbedly darimiar othe forementond fashion ofthe infany sd caaly formations. ‘The compound my now sould be composed of 26,184 men. From thom, 1944 should be infant, aie agmat, from which welve soul bo the mse ents), with 100 (men) in etch From the 1,500 ‘men then, quarter, that sto sy 375, shouldbe ight infantry and the ter 1135 shel bearers, Soa forthe total of men in hee welve lagmata ob eigtzen thousand, a quar of whom, 4500, should be ight infanery] ag the eer 13.50 stil betes. ach gga ase rans and exch rank 50 men. The aforementioned ‘weve vagmata in this compound army are always drm up in an cquilatral shape, ether ina square™ or eve ina horional retangle rarely, when the army pases trough defies, ina vere recta fle. We wil dscss all hese. et us fist discuss the equlteral square formation, how many men ust bein each zagma, abd intr how many ofthe st be hil bearers and likewise light infant), as we already sa. The array and phcement ofthe light and shisd-bearng infty and of their “officers has ben sufcieny discussed in chapter 45, where we went ‘though the fst infonry formation in deta. The itevals ofthese ‘ggmata rom one another ae] as discussed in chapter 4, beau the horizontal end vera intervals of the infantry unten the omposte army ae expounded in deal tho. What remains to be discussed it how the infantry formation ofa compound army should be dan up inanequlsterl shape “Tree tagmata wil be dawn up inthe fon (of he square) in row, faving intervals between one ete In fur, thee fagmata wil be drawn up inthe ast and ial pont which some are acestomed to cal the tail. They also drew up ina row and have the same intervals In addin, tee cagmata wil be drawn up onthe ight sie spd another ‘re on he eR. They both happen to be in stright vertical ine and to dhe same, in which16 Traslation techn the outermost cama, They each stand at vor inervals of approximately twenty-eight fithoms from one another, as hasbeen ‘iscuned in chapor 4, There wil therefore be twelve infantry ta ‘natant compocnd formation eight of which wl be major [ais], od thir otra wil be of th sume number. {6 The perimeter ofthis equlteral square i 68 fathoms, with 162 on| ‘ach sie, Fora we have si, there are tre cagmata inthe ot, ‘ech having length of 130 men. This indicates tha these three tg: ‘mata will hve a length of 150 fathoms because, as has ben said in ‘haper4<2>, in all he tgmata davig he bate thee mena alited fora fathom, However, ince thre are two intervals between ‘hem, another twelve fathoms wil be added, because we sa that the horizontal intervals of he ifn unis [are] no more than six fh ‘ms each, As ares the front sie reckoos atta of 162 fathoms 8 tre have lead indicatod, Te er sde willbe in the same manne. “The right andthe lf side wl abo each consist of 162 fathoms, btn noter manner and not afer the fashion ofthe aforementioned two, amy the fon andthe rear ie. Because tis case each se} bas depth of five tapaza™” a apace of By fathoms wl be occupied etn fathoms foreach fagma, For it kas bee sai thatthe fag as & depth of fen men, and ies We sain chapter 3 that each ‘man ocepie a space of fiom in the depth or fle ofthe gma, Since thee are slo four intevalsin these aforementioned ve ig ‘mata, consequenty another 112 fuhoms may be add, twencight fathoms in each interval ‘Because in te compote amy’ the vertical ital fo the men) in the ifatry ante also comprise a fathom. the perimeter of the suare a we aid i 648 fathoms. The empry unoccupied space inside may be 428 "The to sides, the foot one and the ear oe, comprise sbxgetwo fthoms each, sciuing the intervals, The remaining two, ‘the ht and theft eah consis of 142°" This wl become clearer fom the diagram. In the horzootal rectangle, however, here wil fou gmata ina row inthe foc, ad four ike nthe so-called tal, hile nother {0 wll be onthe right side and likewise two onthe lf side 10 The two sides ofthe rot ad of thereat consis of £36 atoms exch of 218, The right and the let consist of 288 fathoms, each of 125 “Therefor, the perimeter of this etangle shouldbe GE fathoms. The rly unoccupied space inside of should bo 444 fuhoms, the to ‘Silesthe font and theres, ach consisting of 18, andthe reining two mel the right ad the let, of 104 each. Tensatin 7 1 Inthe vertal rectangle tere wil be gma in he front and ikewie fou inthe tail, having tet length sa depth, ters willbe onthe ight side and likewise onthe lef. 12 The tose, atthe fon andthe rear aswel as at th ight and he Jef may inthe same manner be 628 fathoms, each composed of 314 Assit the perimeter of hi vericn rectangle may be 1256 ah ‘oms>. its unoecupid empty space inside wll receive the vary nd the bagaage rin, 15 This vertical rectangular formation nota serviceable bt only in defies as we have said. Therefor, i has baizotal sn ikewise ‘artical neva betes the gaa of seen fathoms fr ths may ‘betherght measure fra sonst. Due to tis fact has smaller perimeter and an empty unecupied spce inside. And so much fe how the twelve majo ragmata ae drawn up in a. compsite am: 1M Since this fonmation ls has hee minor fagmota ie necsery to dasa them ae well So, thee Is a tga ofthe banner guards of the generals banners of fy heavy infantry and one fagma of those ‘who stand] nthe eight major intervals of ight hundeed me, light [ase 15: These cit bunded willbe drewa up inthe forementond intervals, inorder to fill the space between the tama. They wil ot however, have dhe same oats th oters bu they wil be dren up tard the inside, lining withthe last ano th arta, so any key see on those who want to breakin though he intervals. 16 The third rggma is oF he so-caled menlao, comprising thre han- dred shield bearers. The monauatol are rat cin the intervals of the font side. Bu whea the enmy sppeoaces ata diane of bowshot, ‘hey pass hough these intervals in font ofthe fagmara an dp aa distance of approximately hit or fry Tahoms, ether having ‘qual font or in triangular shape, a has Been sid in chapter “46>. Their skis courageously to pte the horses ofthe enemy Lataphralot with thet mena, 17 And 90 mach fr the aray ofthe infantry, consisting of 19,414 men, ‘as hasbeen sai. Themen ofthe ele major agate] eighteen ‘usando whom 4500 (eight infty and the other 13.500 shit Bearers. The men ofthe three minor fgmata (ae) I4, of whom 484 (are) shel bearers and the thee 930 light itary). As ‘weave said many tines, the 264 men who are detached forte needs ofthe twelve major tamara ae also inched. 18, Theefre, this ist infin formation in he composite army is eke ned at tl of 19,414 [en from whom, 5864 [ae] Hat (nf ‘andthe other <1>3,850 hil bearers. The cavalry namely 6.77078 Taman men, tn insite th afremenioned weve int agar witout hanging ter aryl bat ening up othe ery same nants Sinsussl ncaa on caval formations 19 Tae cavalynca gin the bate ist eting trough he major ine ‘als of th aeration infty fata the asks, When hey ave pute coemy to fight, tay vigorously pure them, hving the infty wt flowing behind but whe hey are repulse hey feu azn toward tify Tey ier pes toh he ner alse stand isd te fry unis that ff yi he emp) Space whee they previously sod, they and ouside close tothe hternost nk af he infty gma, nds, being on both sides Sse sl thy St ogeer wih tena aay 20 The coum frssaer, thn iar, scoring to Poti and ‘alan fo is compound eatin to have on eight tervals ind the comer ofthe square oe atache togetier On the other fandsfthecnony fre ama, ki spprort foro be aaj wih on reve nels Whenever caval am merous Tiserampe and noblest tnd side the erp pcs the intr egmaa, sto se. a these eames, the eral Imstremove ene sk fom ech gma side th square td tach it tothe oie pr of te sae ‘And s ch fro th rt infty and cavalry ary wil be in rmpost amy, comping tas weve si, 24184 men of wr 144 wilt fay of ww nt, 1880 wl be sl Teas and heer 54 Hat inf) As menoned may tines, {Be 670 wl be eval om wor 2013 [men] wl be igh os Alp] andthe oer 4.168 faphrato and ences, as We si inthe {chaperone son caval formation 22 Infan anny) £9274 infty and 3,244 cavalry the sre aay Follows, ecuse inthis cae tore wil also be flee ian Yo Imai eve of hse wl be the majo, each (having) se icon lines or ark. Each rank [wil ave] hundred men, so {for every tga ave soven hundred men a uate of ws, amely 173 wl be ight inn] andthe oer 825 shield bea {Therefore theeorementioned tel fagmata are reckoned 0a {Sal of 8400 en a guar of whom, 2100) ght in {land the ctor 6300 heay infty ad ald bearer. The minor thes gmat, a dnc [re on of dese ofthe geal’ tanner of ity [en all envy infty: ne of mend, 0 tuned ong) one of tone who stand tthe inter of he a ma 36 strong, acho fore men laf). 2 Tralaton 79 23. So for his second composite fomation o be reckoned to a ttl of 12,528 {meo) of whom 9.274 [wil be iafaney and ofthese ia tae 2.724 ig [int the 264 [men namely thse who are detached for ‘he oad ofthe twelve mijor gmat, are also inched, as mentioned many times The ther 650 [wil be) ea inary and shel bearers, Inciting the mena. At 30 much forthe infty, The 3.244" ‘avalmen stan inside thse infty gmat a have already si 24 Ifthe compound army consists of 9220 mor, the 6452 nny and the oe 2,768 cavalry, the same ttle eray il ppl. Fo this ‘eth inary wl be divided ino een agmata of which weve willbe major, each having seven ranks and each rank sixty-cight men, sos fr every fagma to have 476 mea, a quate of whom aloe as posible to 119 [men], willbe light [infanty] andthe ober 358 shield eae. All th vel vapmota ntl will have 5.736 men] «qua ‘er of whom, 1428 [mea willbe ight [infty] and th ther 4.274 shield bearers. The tre minor aga willbe: ne of dfosores of the general's baer, of fifty heavy infny one of menevlato, 142 [stron one of tose [wo sna] at he interval, of 26 [eral Tighe infant). 25_ So, for his thd infanry formation ofa compost amy to be rec ned to attal of 6482 men] of whom 976 [wil be) fi infty], the 264 fen, that ist say thse who are detached forthe needs of the twelve major tagmata are also include, as indicated many tines. The ther $46 wil be] heavy infty together with shield bears ‘The cavalry, namely 2,768 {men}, sands inside the aforementioned infantry fagmota, maintaining the same aay as we disused inthe fourth cavalry formation. 26 Therefore thisthied composite Formation shoul comprise 9.220 men in total of whom 6,452 may be infty and the ether 2,758 cavalry ‘The intervals andthe est ofthe aay (vl be) the same ws discussed in the case ofthe ist composite formation. 27 So hen, ithe campsite any consists of op 09,20 men, the same bate aay spies. In this ase, however, the aray changes due the shortage [mea] For ifthe compost army consis of 3,116 infty ‘au thousand caval the ify wl be drawn op 8 we diced inthe chapter] repmrding the tid infty formato, The cavalry wil fellow at dstne of hala bowshot, no in the er, but lose tthe ‘utmost Manks ofthe infty agaia, which are als called oms (because the lank ofthe formation called shorn). 28 The evry wilde op nfo tagmata a flows two on the ight and likewise two on the eft Therefore, ther re ve hundred cavalry» 2 Treettion om both lank, [vide] into two tagmata as we sald. One-third, 166 ‘neo, wll be protoursotores a the ther 334 defenses. nhs case, the tag of the defences has four ranks ad each ak cighty-three {menl The cavalry mast be drawn up closet he outmost Mank of the {aftr fagmata fr the following reason. ‘Since theft amy is ral ts extenly ly chat it wl be tncitled on acount of ie shortage (of men. The every will as ity guard against the enemy enoclements, an if the ine call for ig twill ence the enemy for they are horsemen and they conduct charges from an advantageous poston, just as we dcased for the ‘utdanker andthe flanked chapter 45 on cavalry fomations. In thiscase then, th aval profowsatoresbegi the bate, flowed ‘bythe infinity tagmata bearing thee lings IT thy are epled, hey reat to tele previous poston and they fg together wit thee ‘afomores athe infty Lopate Tf tere es composite army in which the evar ithe majoriy> ‘nd te infty fer the eave wl osapy the mide part he fmation. The jnfary will daw up clas othe outmost flanks of ‘thse fagmata not behind the cavalry, a8 we si itl ale when the cavalry was fewer than the infant, bu they will peecede al the val gmat, exset forthe eavalryprofouratores. Because in general, the nny always pocades the cavalry cagmata in both the {becign and Roman formations. Concerning night atte” ‘Te tstiians divide the whole army ito only three divisions on the occasion of night Bats, They et two of tem on both sides ofthe enemy camp, with mary bugles, wumpets and copper drums ‘outs Inthe manner he approaching amy’ gives the impression th enemy that its) many tes large The hi [division howeves, Isordared to advance crt aint the enemy with much boless snd coum, ‘One should strike against the enemy camp from only theses, and not encircle i but leave the escape route towards enemy terion Unhindered and withot posing eurds, so thatthe enemy should at fight too boldly out of despa, they id not at anytime ave place toreet, During nigh bate, rumpetsor bugles should not be sounded t all when the any is about fo besa the move nor during the march Ponlaion 1 signal ora clash of hiss” or something else of hat srt should replace their fnction. Once the army stans as close wo tbe enemy «camp as possible, tha i when the bugles, rmpes, and copper drums sr nodes 4 The geveal should give a signa for everyone to remember 50 that they can recognise one another at night, and to avoid slaying each ‘othr szcdentally> The sgl should not alvays be he same, nor Should it be announced macy days in advance, But very clos tothe time oFbanios that fit were revealed tothe enemy by spies or defo tors it woud ot ring them savas, 5 Atthetime of the atack, itis most advantageous to deceive the enemy ‘trough ome men wo know theirlanguage. Because when they heat ‘them ell out tbe enemy come forward to spe fo them as if hey were oftheir owa ace ad they are easly overpowered 6 The best ime for enght bute two ora most dee hour before dwn and when the night is fl of stars or the moon ffl. For inthis ‘vay teary Will conduct the nocturl ssl night withot arm {ote Besides, having the moon shining on he bcs, he soles will sem fearsome and {sem to have] biguer bodies to th enemy In {ict when the Roman general... > dé this be preva by fora?" 17 Throughout the course of night battle, combat is elways conducted fund to had, The masses ofthe so-called light armed [infty], ‘ume the archers andthe singers (ae) useless here, because eve)= ‘one isfghing in tho mele. Aboveal it mustbe known ht ght bt ths were invented forties of weakness or shortage athe army. Fer ifthe army sit for fighting. (insulting and touly unworthy to ‘win insuch a way, and undoubtedly even mores forthe genealo be defeated ater te engagement, shuld he prove be unsuecesfeL™ 1 fan encounter is expected in period of approximately five osx ‘ays, the general should always conduct marches in good exer, whether he traverses friendly of hose etry. For ifthe soldiers ar accustomed wo march in good order, each wl gresalyrsopize their own cho! in tines of bate and they will ear to obey thee fics, aswell as fo recognise their commands. And so everybodyTralaton will be ready forthe sun assaults which sometimes sur during the march, First ofall then, i there ino danger while marching. the surveyors snd those who are responsible must selec and occupy a site fo the amp one day in advance swell allocate to each apm siciet Spot an take not of pstrage for horses and forthe sbundanse of Tr addition in impasable or overgrown locations, the general should Send the infrey on ahead inorder o prepare and lve the road fr ‘as posible, because this [absolutely val Torthe presence of very ee “The general togsther withthe banners and al he et of his entourage ‘should recede everyone during the march beaten, ust by being ee, he becomes the promoter of as reat a diszplne as posible oral he officers and solder. Inthe se manne, each ofthe fourmarcha ‘roungero, and hometer an al the ater ofcers shou posed rir own uit™ However, the general should atin the aforomen- \ioned manner, as hve si, fn] i thre is no danger. On the other hand, he leads the amy through tentoy where an enemy aac ‘sexpected, he should send scouts shea a he amy ata distance of apprxitely twelve miles. Each sovt party shold not have more than two men. Then behind them ate dsuace af two or even tree bowshots another two shoul be posted then another [v0] ands 0, ofthe prs, extending as fra ihe camp, sos fo the gener to fearn easly ftom thom wht has taken place ring the march, Esgeilly in efile aed at major river erssings, each officer must wait until the fre under his command has avers snfely The sae ‘hing shoud be ebserved on land which saab and under cule tion, whether the ary traverses hough sown terior or tirough an alle one. Forts absolutly vil never ea the amy though atch ‘enor. here fan get need though, the oes themselves ust ta inthe forerentiond land and must nt tre from there ti the Fovee under heir command has passed trove Then [each] offer must hand over the lands unharmed to the ofcet thin him and in this manner then be must ary on with he march orn this way it follows ta th ara not broken and the Frere vill ejy [ie fruits of thei had work. ‘The hunting of wil beasts should always be forbidden dering he ‘march and especially i bute i expctd, because hunting = nly Csstatia to soir in times of ace, These meters wl be dscssed ‘nore detail in chapter 562° onan {8 Now ifthe general invade the ener trite through defies he should noma not depart before he has ered inset with an infantry free nd befortheinfay has coupe the ste postions atthe dees, {3 we lo sai in chapter 33.2» 1th amy [consists] omy of caval, ‘we command that sich passages be avoided in cvery posible way and ‘specially ring the summer season due tothe density ofthe eget tion, nls tbe station desperate” 9 It itcomes tots, since everybody should dismount fom ter ores, theater shoud be mingled with th bagange ain and not kept nar. [This ota, i sme kindof fear or confusion were to oocur and the hoses were thee, the majority woul not break ranks by each trying fo mount the hoses. Ite width ofthe dele were oe or even to mils atthe mos, the cavalymen, afer organising the infty Formation, (shoul) pas through the dangerous and impassable places inthis manner ™ 10 Inthe defies nd ples where the tack ofthe enemy is expected, he Int i drawn oy flows: if perhaps the with of the forerea- tioned defies more oles moderate, no more than about een i= ‘ms the baggage tain preodes inthe mile with surely marching Step Al he tamara ofthe heavy infty aeconpany icon both sie ‘ondocing the march vertical and ina clurn ott thei ont but ‘on thei flanks, having the length as depth ad the dh 2 length. The Fintfghters or detarhol, do nt sand the oat side but onthe ‘utr side, vars these ofthe atacking enemy." All the light infrtry are divided int four [egmata). The fis is detache as protourstoes. I alvays marches ahead ofthe bagenge ‘rin andthe whole amy, at sch a disance as forthe sound ofthe trumpet or the bugle to be heard quite clear alo investigates su ‘cious places an, a far ax posible, estore the eas an leads the ‘way Thea the seond becomes the ear usr fal the cagmata, fo towing the baggage tin andthe wagons at distance of stones, hile the remaining two accompany the tgmaa ofthe heyy ify forthe se of pester secuiy™ 12 And so much for ho the ay, together withthe baggage rain rhe ‘oils, wil pase through dle, ithe detles hae a moderate with, ‘amely up oieen aos a5 we sid. Now inthe eas ofthe very tarowest of plas, the fag of the pratowsatores marches ahead ‘nee agin then [come] the remaining two light infty ragmara, ‘er them the heavy ffety together with the general a the same place, thon the baggage tin afer that te wagons, then those who4 ration se posted as rear guard, mined with some of the cavalry, ad righ, ‘hind hem a fw infty” 13-Insimes of tate nd likewise of march everyone must now the com mands of ther ofces exactly and must begin ifthe bugle sounds oF nthe othr hand Ma [tthe Sound of] the tumpet The Soldiers must, ‘be trined in these teforband ring dil, nd no st the very moment often tis case, he vertia intervals ofthe gmat from one Snoter shouldbe no mre than a sone-sot Which may be approx ‘marly since fons, apart fam te inteval between he prokours- {ores fore sai that they mach ahead ofthe et ofthe xpma fa the sound ofthe bugle or ump fen be eard.”™ ‘50 What the general must do after victory and regarding the Aisttbuion of boay- I addition, those whe dle in bate are ‘worthy of burial and prisoners of war should not be lls (and ‘over the ost honourable of them) while the ighting isl in progress 1 When the general prevails agains the enemy wit the belp of God, puts ‘hem to ight by foes, capes ter and, and becomes fees, he ‘mist ofl en tho thanks duet or Lord and God Jess Christ. dhe must ull eager and without any srt of delay what was prom isd daring rafter he wart the Lord Christ himself or any his followers nd others among his servants Next itis Ehowise fit forthe general to give bensits thse who ‘ted bravely dering the battle, promoting some to higher rank oF ‘ving money o nd grants others. However, tis suitable punish Sd tke revenge on those who proved be he very Worst For when ‘rave men eypect ware and honours it cowards the enact opps, thats when the general must eagery oppose te enemy, 3. The geen should not only honour brave men inviual, but aso by droungol and tourmal and by the other divisions, beeabse in hs sway he wil render the soir more daring snd more eager for bat "The general then should show favour to the dstingised men with tongues and breakfasts, some [given] by himself and others by thei commanding officer." For undoubtedly it is] unfit fr the buns ‘mento entice th hounds withthe blood andthe organs of tho prey Be ‘0 leave unrewarded the great prt of those who suffer on teal of furown people and forthe unbleised fh ofthe Chris, 4 The dissbtion of spoils shoul be made equally among those who engaze ln ightng:Ikewse mong those who are cn gard behind them or among those who guard the baggage tin. They shoul be st Traaton 85 sven both othe lower ranks] an tothe higher hese he ete tas forthe whole wy. Tho genera should ot receive a portion from ‘Our Majesy's grant more than th ol ten o the present sh” nd neither stool he, oF any ofthe rourmarchat, recive more than ‘homily porn forthe sake of personal profit, bess foreach of ‘hem the increase in salary andthe pletulgrants which ae given to ‘hom on each [oceasoa] by eur God-eowned Majesty are enough = Tn ation, the general should not allow even a single prs nthe army to plier abd conceal anything from the common spoils, but be Should estore whatever was sole 1 the sm by sending forward Seme ofthe most trusted men and dient cccupyng the roads and thei ‘The capive solders and those ofthe enemy who were seized and [ate] otherwise honourable should at be incaded inthe spoils but they shouldbe excladed fom the sum, either for the sake of being exchanged, for concluding buco for whatever Our Majesty wishes [te do with then} >To be sur, wen the cost involvements sare in common, inthis case everyone and above all the general andthe officers as well asthe axial under his comand, must Keep her bands off the afrementoned spoils completely, until the amounts intended fer the commen needs are coveted rm this lls.” Thought must be taken, in any possible way, for those wio die dur ing the Bate and they must be deomed worthy of bari and of every ‘tier kind fear, without alleging time, ero place as an exer: because on tht atcou, the greatest encouragement and eagemess towards danger seings up amongst the living” In ation, the prisoners should not be slain while the war is stl ‘on. For wienever victory sides with the enemy, iti posible to rescue our own prisoners through an exchange with them, How vey ifthe enemy neither consents this nor welcomes peace then ‘the general must tke care ofthe most worthy ofthe prisoners and never execute them, bt he must surender the remaining Vulgar and outse mob to famine and sword aking revenge onthe enemy in 8 fair way and bringing gre and fear upon them." ‘The general mast cautiously pursue during enemy retreats and ‘esol leave behind some loch! i strategic [positont, in ‘order to withdraw safely. Furthermore, he who turas about een ‘Tornga retreat asking for battle, Juss we suspect the enemy thle withdrawals shoold likewise aways tbe viewed with suspicion and pursuits should not beled recklessly86 Trrlation sod cay Rates he tn ll wind sol be afl ips om wean ough wat ut of ogee ney iealing hes ad tr wer thy hve elie her ‘Sy Son cond ois ong be sme oer 2 Tre pm, ttre mt eve a sen fs te mar ‘unin peta scald ty, 0 i aa 2 Inalitn,tonee, he slr wh sexs nts st A aonb lowlg ate wo epi ne hot hea Ie iereond at mot daring ma ithe se cea ‘nore inthis olay tiny fra g™ ‘52 What the general should do ithe enemy attacks his own, terstory 1 Ife enemy force i equal or greater, he general must ot ight thse ‘who occupy out and openly na itched bate bu during the invasion he mast not eppose [hem] aa. However, he mus lays luk in stategic location, occupying the secure ones in vance, sein on fire and destroying ncesties 2. Now ifthe enemy i reeating and ty tis tie has reached her ov borders, std if they ar already encamped, then it may be avant ous fo tack Furously. For the enemy wll neglect the proper pre ‘tions, when they are ene occupied with mates of booty and sso becnse everybody is weary fromthe march and likewise nctm- ‘ered That especialy tre if they are already near fo thir orders, see sal because they willbe mor negligent since they clearly have ‘more opportunities to save themselves ™ 53 In fic sine tase who are in frig [tetory] always fight more Aarngly and more recklessly deo desertion the very bet ime for stacking. a T have sid in chapter 40 is when the army is occupied ‘with ning the camp and when everybody may release the ores for pesurage”™ [53 What the general should do under siege™* the general suspects that he wl be besieged by the enemy e should shove al gather fod which will be suflient for a lengthy siege If od supplies are nt sufciemly abundant, he shoud send the sick, elderly, andthe women and children to a safe and forte locaton in advance ofthe enemy esl. Before that, he must pay serious stteton suspicious people. AMterwards, be should asia the most, ramlaion 51 trusted men othe city pts He should not alnay ve the same men ‘useing the sume location, but if possible every single day, o every {vo or tre days atthe mos, he shoal rote them duet [te dane 2 of] treason. Especially during stormy, moonles or even festive ‘igh, he sould render the watchs as sfe a possible because this Isusualy he ine for res. (Of course he shoul deply his fore on tbe more asalabe [prt] of ‘he wal bat he shold have another ane with him node o provide id easly wth Seaton which is hard-pressed In edition, through rotation, fe most] relieve tore who fight By night with those who fight day, ota the soldiers wil not be exhaused due to the sho age of men and compelled 1 abandon some af the sections of the cyt wach ay ‘Once the siege as already begun, the besieged should ot fight out side ofthe walls even if they happen tobe greater in numbers and ‘raver nes pape the sitation desperate and itis impossble for ‘thse who stand onthe wall to repel the approaching siege engines Imation, missiles should ot be loosed against the enemy too eal, because if they prove tobe useless and ineflective it breeds contempt inthe mind ofthe enemy" He should also xt don the res which are neato the cty was an remove ever kindof obtcl, otha the enemy may nether hen ‘hem, nor fed onthe Fs of thee, if they ae shot of food. There ‘Soul be men in charge of the dntibaton of grain and of ll kinds ‘of fod which arin thee andthe same applies to water aswell IF there snot an abundance of water or esis in the city, drinking ‘water may be enclosed in some kind of contin’ o inser Because when the sep is prolonged fora geat length of te, water must be secured and measured es muchas possible so thst itty ot be esly ‘stched away by the strongest peopl” ‘The general shoud only counter he siege engines which re brought agains the wall by the enemy in the following ways. Against stones released from the catapults and trebucets" he sould hang heavy Imus or newly suippod-off blll hides fom the batlemeats onthe ‘outer sie of he wal in oder to cover them easy timbers tached together like atx (Cb Romans call them pon)? Against the blows of he Batering-am, (he shoul se very thick pikes ad ace {ullof chaff or sand" Against the socalled tories he should build beams, which have ‘very sharp ro points at thsi ends, Because when they ae stuck into the trots, thy exsily overturn thm.” Against the forementoned toro, bth boiling pitch nd lead shoul lo be sed o feo$5 Domlion oven very heavy stones, ised p and immediatly cast down by siege engine” 7 -Agnins the ladders which are brought up fo the wal even against tose who daze to epprsch eaelesl, mil stones (must be usd), ‘which are tied with ropes to every bttement as well very heavy tibere which are lo ed across the batement: Furthermore, ie, and fenuprea, all oiling, shoud] be poured the aferemen ‘ned Inddes* 1 The socalled sepa, namely those which mechanically shoot the Tg re, whichis iso called “bright by commen people, aad sovclled hand-siphons." the vey thing which Our Majesty pres ily invented, gt the eter of the wooden omers™ tht are brought towards the walls wit rolling elindes tat the tactician call mos a." In addition, any Sot of material Which spied in the interven ing space and set on fire shorty fer (dest them). The towers, ‘which stand oppesie them alo [get the Beer of then] wit toes, Tries, or wood 9 Against the tunzels [ug] by the enemy, coper shafts must be snk Jno the suspected locations, or shies ofthe same material or ough ‘mustbe placed upon he, becuse a ths way the tunnels wil become evident eto the sound oth tools. very deep tench shouldbe du, ‘in foot ofthe was aswel because inthis ay he enemy who i i> ‘ing the nels wl be ciel spoted. The gene mst also coun ‘mine ard when he meets [tbe enemy tunal], he must immediatly Silla cak with ft or feathers an xt ton fi. Afr be as scaly stopped the mouth [of the ask with eoper, which ha been pro ‘ated af the manne of sieve he must tr it towards the ene. ‘Aer ie has then bored through the bottom of the ask he must eon ‘inusly produce gusts, by mean of a mache, a tho same way 35 ‘blacksmitis. On account of his the enemy wl forget about digging snd wil very easy fle duoto the free snake from the Fei 10 in addition, if there isa very great need, an attack should be made unexpectedly agaist the siege engines though the poster ges ht ‘most people re unaware of the enemy shouldbe opposed in some ter way that sto say as force demands and as need requis ‘54 What the general wil do when Deseping the enemy ‘The general who mounts a sige must fst secure the camp in every posible way, which in chapter 22 Our Majesty ordered to be Tranlaion #9 tablished standing off from the city ata distance of approximately ‘vo miles or at let ight ade. Forte preparations of the besegers aways seom more formidable to the enomy when they are observed From af Besides, in hismanner, the arf th ary Whose tur isto ‘eat wil nt be uly stressed when fighting takes lace. The brevet ofthe sors, however, should be posted as near as posible othe ‘iy im order prevent unexpected coemy atch, especialy around inverine™ ‘The amy shuld be divide int allagia and each division must detach itsowa sub-division, so that hey do ot easly become exhausted fom the sige by al ging tone. Having the largest part of he army ‘with hi, the general ought auach assaults coninbousy i ela, ‘by night aswel as by day, and expecially during the ight, when the tacks seem great dea! mot intimidating to he besieged. Besides, ‘See te enemy has no time to relax due fo the contiouos assault, ‘overpowered by exertion and lack of sleep, they wil on tt acon aly surrender the ity and themselves Daring sie it is best to apply every kindof contrivance site sous) Therefore the archers andthe jvelinmen shuld sheet ter ‘missiles Ike hall agains those who guard the batlements, the rams should strike atthe walls and likewise those who are inthe tortoises should undermine the foundations ™ Ladders should also be employe, placed on vertical wooden beams ‘an ven towards the walle n wheels, Moreover, the men onthe ‘wooden sigeowers should shot from th higher ground afer they Tkewise approach te wall with ling cylinders, oth the rams and the wooden sige towers sould be enlosed all round wih newly tipped buffalo hides. The tortoises should be smeared all vee ‘with lay ontop and sponges completely socked with vinegar should ‘beplaced other exterior ™ For when vinegars od it prevents the combustion offre, especially of the socalled qu Se], and also ‘uerches olen lead, ple, or biling ila quickly as possible more {ban water [can] ‘The general should command alle archers, javelin men, nd stone throwers o shoo fire athe enemy buildings by releasing mises or Stonss when hey detect a Very suong wind. Consequently when eats ae shaker™ wih fear andthe enemy gives ‘pall hope dv tothe aforementioned stratagems, they wl t sme point eter sender the iy and themselves, or they wl be forced ‘abandon the batements. When the city is actualy captured by ight90 Tralation of conqes the general should announce inthe language ofthe enemy ‘0 the Whole amy though the use of messengers that none of he citizen who are unarmed ae to be ssn eles some were armed ‘with Something oF carried a sword. For if the enemy ears such an taouncoment, everyone wil abandon thei weapons and wil shame- fally chose slavery and #0, once the city Becomes empty of aed ‘men, tay be captured without danger" ‘55 How a fort located near the enemy border shouldbe built ‘quickly without pitched bate Ac the Binning, he general himself must resonoite the surround ing re and choose the most natal Totiled positon where itis posible wo encloses space from ll shes preferably with dy ones, bricks, or wood, in twee ays atthe mest” Next, having prepared sulleionty what necessary, epeily the hsv infty, e [st] deceive the enemy with the dsptch of another foes as ihe ha it ‘nmind to build for clewhere. However the gener! anexpectely remains inthe aforementioned poston and so he [mus] Begin with the construction as follows: fst he [mus] place a suficint watch (he Romans call them vga) in he sap loestions. Then on the Same da, he [must dig a each and immediately ocupy it wth the ‘infty And having hus made s start with he consiton, be shold ‘immediatly erst a ower or anther kindof enclosure immediatly, on accountfthe danger f| sudden assaults, Nexthe us] bul the remainingenelosire inthe manne tat we sai, with dy stone, and if they [re] no [valle with rick, with wood harem ack stores?” 2 IF there is no water inthe forthe mos inthe mesntme,constroct a wooden citer, securing the Famework with itumen and pitch Is length shoud be approximately twenty feet ad the width ten The depth shuld be equivalent to the wih or in accordance wit he ‘ize of the army. There shouldbe w small wooden cotane, 0 that the water which emalne meine does ot sel, The wooden soo tainer receives the running water and when it flit mediately tempi into the aforemensoned wooden cistern. Pouring in vinegar {salso weft ifthe water starts o smell and iver pebbles own io such wateralso dsiate the odour™™ Ifthe general leas that he enemy is advancing agains him while thefts being competed, he should slowly retreat fom tht pace, together wit the cavalry after he has irs ef sfiientgrison a Tralaion 91 the for. He should e far enough aay’ so as not obviously o provoke ‘he enemy to pltched bate due his proximity, bu ot so ema ott be abl ta those who ae in danger esl and to be unable to Cbserve eveything during siege” ‘The bestime forth consrstion of such forts should be the month of Panemos, Loos, and Gorpaics, which the Romans call July, AUS, sand September Since the pstrae is dry and easly burned that time, the enemy cavaley wil safer from tha and wil abandon the siege very quickly. When the siege is ied, the general should then bul th fot with materials rom the countryside ad he should obtain for it large number of siege ally and weapon, an abundance of fod, and ll he other things, in proportion fo the time andthe resoaroes wale?” ‘The army should be trained by chasing and hunting wild beasts, but only a times of pace, and how the military hen shoal tke ace Diligence in hunting produces much benefit to the soles and to thei horses No only do their Bodies become seonge and healer ‘never way trough waning, bul they algo Boome mor experienced tnd beter at paying anton tactics, sine these ailitary hunts ke lice neither at andom ao iegulary, but with as mach disspine ‘nd tary order as pssibe ‘This bate order i useful bth when the army begin the march and intum went withdraws afer the wa. alo imitates the formations ofthe Soin andthe Persians. Therefore, 8 we si, the oles most Ailigenty become involved, in wintertime or eterwise in times of race. However, when the expvatin of bat is present i [i] be {orto abstain om the, ota the Soldiers and their horses sould ‘not prove tobe efcient nthe tne of bate by completely wering [themssves otto early by puting alter fore into the effet of niltary exercises and races. ‘The general should ascein, through the se of Scout he location ofthe pot and te prey which presen there day in advance. After ‘wards, proximately two hours before daybreak, he should order the ‘nbole army to equip sl with he so-called light arms, which may be tows swords and spears. The scouts should precede te whale sty, Some far at nthe spot ise oy on the rey aa, ad the ters more closely 50a to aide the army. When the army is aleady close 1o te prey I should than bo dravn up ata distance of appoximaly92 Trltion four miles and not lose, otha the bea donot un off efor they sre eptled, having Seed th tack of the army fom a gusto the ‘vind, 4 The formation shoud be divided int the right, lef, and cote [i son]-On both ses the fank- guards shoud be preset. The length of ‘his formation in Nt and level paces sould be approximately cht miles, Nevertheless, forte formation nether be to closely packed, ‘0s frthe soldiers to rush io upon each other, or Yt oo ose For the beasts to be abl escape trough the interval, every 1,125 eva ren should ecupy one mile, as for three men fo ocupy space of to fom. 5 Therefore, the front ofthe formation othe length wil bene tho sd men and it dep of heknes in accordance With the ie ofthe ‘uy. Sometimes i comprises wo, thre, and four ranks, but in the rougher and impassable (places comprises at ass or seven, The frst rank of the formato, if possible, shoul consis of ors archers only bu if ot, then i shoul lo ve lances mixed wih them The Second rank and all he ret should be composed of shield bearing lances 6 The amy the advances in one ofthe aforementioned way, having an equal ont on every sie and allowing no one to abandon hi ples, ‘even if prays is impassable, oto shoot premansely and rash ‘with he bow If some beast moves, the only one wh shoot ishe who ‘ands closest othe ania, without daring to break ans o ove ‘hate, For nobody advances shed of he formation, except pate the gnarl and tho lourmarhal, who have the messengers accompa: ying [tem] as sul 17 Wher the amy i a close as posibie to distance of spproxi- rately two mils, the ragmata ofthe Mans, which are also called the horns, immediataly receive the order to advance. And 5, fist the formation becomes eescen and then with the aforemen- tioned flanks joining one another, it becomes acing. Whenever the prey is thrown into confusion before the lanks manage to ois ‘one another, inthis case the flank-guards must immediately fill the empty space and enclose the beasts which are abou to escape by dashing in from both sides. When the formation hat alresdy become a rng, the ranks of soldiers mut Become a lite denser, so s alvays to make the enclosed space smaller and for he an mals to be ssized easily so that they do not produce trouble for the sldirs by scattering toand fro in disorder a far asthe camp. Tralaton 55 8 When the enclosed space succesfully becomes very sal the gem: eral must aay the lances in font ofthe achors afer be sorted all he lancer to dismount lm heir horses. The ane pat forward ther shields i er, forming he socalled shila 0 thatthe young af th enieled best shoud not esl pase thrtgh between the legs of the horses. The genrl should allow the moet worthy of te officers and those who knowhow to shoot acartely to il he ‘beasts With swords and bows. Whe night bgis tf then the en- ‘ral should ede the shield bores o seize the ret ofthe ania by ‘hand by further redoing the spe inbetween and sting thesis to overlap wit one anotir Even if the catch) isnot substan he should distribute it gully to ‘reryone because the custom of hunting ts flows: to make ever ‘ody companions equally inthe ti and kewise in the eth Ifthe rey is very sigan the general should old ater and give ito ‘he tag which draws the ot Above it sight reward the scout, ‘fthey have perhaps proved be ddiested and oon during the ut. ‘57 How the solders may easily be prevented from falling il from ssamand fatigoe In the sping and summer and especially inthe autumn, the soles us not eat jst tice bat many times day and in small amounts, because hiss beter for dgeson. It sls sel for them obi roe and wild marshmallow, o mix broth with wine whic hs ley started to taste lke vinegar and to dink it between meas, once ot tice at mast, of to mix milk with wine and water and t drink i before te meal The so-aled sql Aavoured mine i] alco use before the meal andthe vinegar of suis tte he mal but oly in the ing, Sumter, oe autumn, a8 we a= 2 Oven-bked bread [is] welt is moulded thin and plain then, fer ithas been baked tis dred in he sun for a shor time. Win ie also ‘onal, especialy that which i made in marshy land, Since the water in these resis unten, however, the soldiers must bolt up over fie fst, unt a tenth vanhes. They cal the estan then ‘hey mst din it in his manoee>™ ‘58 How the soldiers may become immune to poisonous drugs Forthe solders tobecome uly immune to posonous drags, each must be ven, onan empty stomach twenty leaves ofr, two nts nd wo ed3 Toslton fer. If he above drags prove to be completly inactive and ineectiv, the following i applic: afr the soldiers have pt dry re eppercom,& Leman stamped ly table” is, and mus alltopetier in gual portions andar dey have ground them dv the size of walnut oa mous, ‘ch mus] consume this fae or ater the meal” {9 How the soldiers are easily infeed wth plague by the enemy through food 1 Sometimes the army gts infected with plague by the enemy if some: body hs enclosed a tee fog or oad and a viper together in aves Sel After he bs sealed the ld with clay, 0 that thelr bea Bas no ‘ray ot whatsover, thebeats are killed by ane another The, ar eas ground ther remains it thin pices, he puts them int water and bolls them. The, afer he has prepared lure and loaves of tres wih te stme wate, he makes the ety et then. For in his ce th disease does not only infest those whe eth loves, but also ‘hose wh ive alongside ther" er solders ae informed by defctors about thes loaves and they ‘would not want o eat them, the enemy gives them to prisoners of tu cwn race and at once set them fee. Those who have been feed ‘immediatly sek refige to the camp oftheir kin and they spread the disease to everyone, just by living alongside them, Of course, the men ‘who poison tes loaves consist entirely ofthe prisoners, bacuse 5 they Sy, he who prepares them Becomes infected just by touching them, 3 We compiled this book judging tat these (stratagems) and others of the kind should be ecrded notin ondrt be usd by ur avin he ‘remy (fr beleve that they ae unworthy evento be mentioned in = Christian context), but so that our generals may be able to guard ‘gains ther by knowing exactly the cunsing plans of the enemy ‘concerning food and drink, expecially when they encamp in hostile terion, (60 How the soldiers are overpowered by the enemy with wine ‘After the enemy bas quenched quiclime with wine, he insets in it ‘monkshood, bxwood o hemlock, andthe whole amy pretends iat lables af they were about fo ext nd drink Atthe very moment whe te Roman iagmata Boome visible, they pretend tat they are taking Might and they abandon the bles. When the Romans ave afer a wl, they Trataion 95 find the Feast without men nd nt knowing about the rs they eo rink the and thereby endanger themselves. (61 Hlw [our soldiers are overpowered] with water" ‘The enemy chops up and thoroughly grinds river puffrshe™ or the socalled regular serpent unt thy become very thin Then he boils up them ith water, 50 that all he ft vanishes, and he hows them i te water from which our anny dks. They sy ha thse who drink [om it] become immediatly swollen, The myrtle spurge, called aymalls, alsodeady itis thrown into water which bs no outflow. Water in tanks Wil become lagely useless when manire and stones, ln, 388 purples, which some people so call och re own it (62 How drlaking wine males those who consume it soepy foro forthree daysy and how they wake up ‘When somebody throughly grads and smooths two lire of Theban poppy juice, myth one part of letuce seed, one pat of henbune juice nd 00 parte of mandrake juice, ten pours them Into wine e wil make ‘hose who dink it slepy for tw oF hee days. On the other hand when ‘somebody puts vinegar in ther noses, be wil aus theo vesove, 68 How trees become descented?” Every kind of wee, apr om the spple-tes, becomes descsted ifsome- tbody inserts the ting ofthe stingray into its oo. Some say tha the rad of beans placed into the wee oot also dies them up 6 How the land becomes wnsuitable for agriculture ax the season ‘approaches Clive fields become unsuitable for agriculture, fora long asthe sea son lass if some sows them with belebore or satan hen plowghs ‘hem up again. Thais what Alexander di when fighting the Painians™ (65 How horses are easly turned to Aight Hess are easly tured to ight ifsome ofthe soll igh inftanay, afer sanding behind the sil. bearing evar and being hand pipen wich ave spurge, spay i imo the nosis ofthe hoses. Aleratvely. if some ofthe aforementioned light ifaty were to fl frosty upon the96 Tataon ney cavaly wih bung torches, the entirety ofthe cavalry wil be tuned toflght atthe very moment of input. (66 How horses ar led or made il from drinking" The sed of white helebre ils horses fits rank. The sp ony and the jc of sora lohan thm, a does, to lesser dep, the sake of baring ‘wollen las. 67 How a horse will suddenly collapse and then recover”? ‘Te hose wil suddenly collapse if somebody sprinkles the bil of «se ture nots oti 1 wl be ovived again somebody pus saicn wd ‘ine in its mouth and nosis after has mixed them in eqealptons. (6 * * When the ankle ofthe right forefoot ofa wolf icast in fot ofa fur hore caro, i stops the horses. Wel iF it sops four horses, ft would ‘wor mch beter thse that aren fomation. We wil give these ankles then a few lingers, node o soot tem the enemy formation. Each ankle will not harm only one boss, but ll hose which happen to (© * + To prevent the rss fom sighing —Some horses neigh when they are making thes, others when they catch the sll of «female, Whenever ‘we mount an abu, iis] wef for them tobe silent in onder to remain ‘undetected In fet, Avstomones the Messcaian noticed thatthe Spartans ‘were yingin an amb when theirhores sighed, sincehe was mounted ‘one muse. On anther ocasion, be st up te ambush securely whe he placed mare inthe ambuscade "The Prins, i at, Keep te arses they led slata> bale let in the fllowing manne: they te the Bate ofthe tl tighty with x srong sing. The hose ten, being in ain due tothe constton ofthe bond, doesnot make a sound, even i he ses ‘70 < How the so-called gu fre may be put out ad how it might not bara wood or walls when tis cast upon them > + How we an pt out fe — If the enemy st aight tthe wall or some- thing of tt sort with article, we wil prt out by pouring vinegar [oa i, However, if you know beforehand what things ae key to be Tralaton 97 ‘burned, you should cmt ther srfoe with vinegar an he fie ill ot touch them. ‘71 ** * (ow to make) fee horses ook ike many ~ If you want to give the impression tat the hors [are] numerous, after you have gathered males and donkeys inthe cam, you sould mount on than men equpped with vay armament and dr them wp into eavary units: However, in the front nk ofeach division, you should post ral hore. The ney ees the later and regards thse atthe back as horses. ‘72 2 173 How both horses and males may not become infected by peste daease > 14 How my weapons may be burned without fre > * The automatically ignited iris produced as follows: put equal potions of mative sup, rocks, ashes, cedar, an pyrite stone ia Black ‘mortar, when the sun i at is peak x together with lak nlbery sp ‘fee owing Zakynthian gid apa, each in equal [prions], You Should gradi unl becomes soty colored. Then ju sould ad the Smallest amount of guickline tothe asphalt. However, asthe sun is st is pak, you ought to pond it with diligence and to protect your face entirely." Then, shouldbe sald in a copper vessel so fr iever {osee the aso the un. The wagons ofthe enemy shuld be coated wile itis il njghe All wl be suddenly bure, when the sun shines on ther moderately 75 Contng of poisonous arrows 1 The Turks, Persians, and some ofthe Sethian roses coat hc rows | with he o-aled archery costing and hey easly il animals, which are aed by it However, whe Twas looking for it and as not shleto fd it oa ofthe mos esteemed doctors gave me another dg ‘of equal sen tis follows. 2 ‘After somebody has put water nd an he along with ts brancbes, the so-called spurge which is aso called copper [pat], nan empty ves: sl he should oil itupuniall theuie eft the wate. Then, fer98 Tralaton noha ten ou te branchesof he herb esha tin another fresh ter and do thi two or te times ut the water becomes thik ke honey ad this, he should coat the vows. Furthermore the vot of the asp, ofthe vps, and ofthe salamander has the same capabilities, sothey 3, RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT GENERALSHIP FROM THE DEEDS AND STRATAGEMS OF ANCIENT MEN, ROMAN, (GREEK, AND OTHERS, IN TWENTY-EIGHT CHAPTERS! 76 How written messages may be ent secret | Caesar wrote # message about something he waned on paper and role up with wa ike torch, ARer he pave it one of hi spe, he sent ito his colleague who had previously revolted, offering © ‘im, by means oF his message, an ampesy fois tansressions. Ad be immediatly won over his colleague.” Sullatook pis rnay blader and afer hae inated it great he tied cup uni crit out, and wroteon ita message about something, ‘he wanted> with enctustc nk, The, after he had unisened and folded it together, he inserted tina i ar. Then, he inated iain nd having led the jor with le gave ito one of is most wasted ‘men and sent itt. ordering [the man] to tl him to break he Jar open privately. The veepint ated accordingly and when he read the messige, he admiedSula's contrivance and replid inthe same ow ‘Somebody ese placed paper under a ores blanket. ‘Afr Harpagus had ripped open a rabbit, be removed one of is ‘entail, but he securely conecaled a message in then stead. Then, ater had skill stitched up the mbit he gave ito his most loyal Servant. Tling hia to cary Hunting, be sea the servant the Persian king Cyrus the pus ofa hunter. He ordered his o speak ‘rvately to Cys 0 thal the later would rip the abit open when ‘nobody vas looking” 5 The same man, having writen on tn leaf, nerd cinta the soles ‘ofa pair of sandals and very shilfily sewed up the soles, by cover ing them with leather He gave the sandals to his closes servant ané ‘were im to wear them. Harpagus sent the servant tothe person ” Tralation 98 he wanted, giving him another message [to hold openly, which con- tained the opposite of what he wes intending to expla [onthe tin Somebody els inserted apiece of paper into a wooden sta afer he fad eave Pseudagoras sot messages on a tnen texte, then he patshod it ‘ndereath wit a shrunken and tom cla, He sent one of hi most loyal slaves othe camp, ordering him o wearthe cloth, and since he ‘was thovht by the enemy to Bea beggar, he servant delivered the Inesages o whom be was ordered without danger2” Someone ese vent (a message] by rolinga piece of paper with wax in swine cooler. ‘The samen carved a stone and inserted ee of paper not si fully ling the opening ith wax and arpa and smearing the stone ‘with manure and ely to make i ook isigaicat He gave the stone {ois most loyal save and sent bi ote enemy camp Somebody els inserted a piece of paper int an on mace. (Onis Senta message without wouble with th help ofa woman afer ‘he wrote on the nest pice of paper and placed it unde hee bai” ‘Thesamemancommuniatd with i sldies inthis way are had ily ied smal piss of paper toa hore til ‘Choe wrote on tiny paper and insert tito aed tbe of such size that it enily ited into a man's mouth and caused no hindrance ‘wnsoever to speech. Aer he ha protect the tbe as far as he Could with wae in odor to prevent the paper rom being damaged by ‘moisture, he inser iat the mouth of slave and seat im the camp ‘Someone else bough sheep meat sit were together wth he so-called ‘windpipe and concealed piece of paper ni thus escaping the nosce ofthe sents. ‘The enemy should be deceived throagh dverters and ‘consequent enemy deserters shouldbe treated with eatin ‘While Meros was besieging the city of Babylon and was unable to capture itby storm, hemade feigned uuce. After ead chosen tree hundred of his best men, be offered them slaves tothe gverrs of thee. Merops departed fam the city aif he were witdraving to hisow an, coneaing ie army ie the near tisk. Then, around Iidnigt fer he tre ured had mounted he city walle thy let100. Tramtaon -Merops in together wih hs whole army without tobe, by summon Ing bn wit signs and throwing the gates wide open 2 While te sume man was investing a Syrian city fora long ime with no resus, belied the siege, pretending hate made ate with he emperor ih Rome and anouncing that he woul send envoys wit is ‘hort Therefore, he concesie tw hundred evi arma men ‘1 egal aumber of wooden bakes, loading them nto one unde ‘mel. He commanded th aforementioned envoys to camp ia font of ‘he walls of the cy, which ad ben unde ge shorty before, ad © ‘aj its commander with very kind of easonngand hrious is ‘eos int the ety the rset that were being ent tothe emperor, in ‘onderto keep them all, Aeros Meropshinsl approached With his ‘amy and, any rat, when this happened became the master of the ‘tecase the bavi armed solders inthe baskets emerged at wound ‘mioiht and joyful lt Mersin together wih al his amy by ht ing hogs sears onthe towers and smashing the pts without ay ble 13 While Cyrus was besieging Babylon and was unable capture it by fore, he hah sabap Zopyrs severely beaten, ct his ers ff en shaved him, then coop it pretend he was seeking ee in tect. When the Babylonians saw him they fet compassion forbs ‘misfortune deemed him worthy a sutabe care, and enue the city ‘ohim. Zopyrus immediately surendred Babylon to Cyusand when the later entered the ey, he Dustin ears and sud, Today 1 Would noteven lito ve tity Babylon, fram unable to belp Zopyras, ‘ven though Ise im suferng in sich a way on my behalP 44 When the Cethginians leemed hat the Romans bal alge army in Sie they convinced sme of thei own men o pretend tha they ‘were deserting tothe enemy with promise to surender te island ‘of Lic, which i lose to Carthage. Convinced by their words, the ‘Romans made an expedition to Lipa andthe Carthaginians, fling ‘pon the few who were Jf behing, prevailed completly ‘Alter Antiochus rebelled against his brother Seleucus, be escaped © ‘Mesopotamia andthe ltr sent some men to pursue hin. When they cncoustered him onthe rea they atacked an chased im bat were ‘able oil hi. Therefore, after Antiochus had recalled his own ‘men from the fg, be ela them in black and seo them to lok for bin, a ihe bad fallen ia bt. The enemy, believing the sles, also scattered in order to leat the cores. Antiochus immediately tacked [hem] and overcame them by foce™” Tromltion 101 ‘78 Inthe most argent matters, the general ithe first one ‘obliged to actin person 1 When Iphicrates saw that his army was discontented because of the -wimer an hesitant regarding te upcoming bate, be wrapped bisa inthe cheapest an thinnest aps of al, which [were] unsuitable for ‘inter. Consequently, the solders wer ashamed and after they had ‘marched to bt eager they won the day." ‘When Alexander was besieging Tyre, he was theft to fla basket ‘with earth and thr ita the dh fof th iy] afer ha elised ‘at his army was wholly relvctart fl the ditch up. And once he solr were ile with eagemess and werked together, they easily ‘aprred the iy” 79 The general mast be patient and able to ear hardship During one summer, Alexandr became thirsty while he was leading ‘army trou a waters area, When a small porto of wale Wat offeed fo him, he loked around atte soldiers who were with hin and realising that they were all demoralised due to this, he refused ‘he eink ad said, IFT dik al the thers wil fi’. And so, ar hohad completed the march with his soldiers, he capac Dis with his wif, chien, andthe royal baggage witout ny iu 2 Alexander scolded some men who were amazed fo ead Dart’ n= ‘or ren, ling the tat [as] unpoftable wo read such things incamp,so hat the soldier would ot incline ro preigaliy >" Philip elived a general of command because e ated in hot wae, saying: "You seem to me o be ignorant of the Macedonins, among ‘whom not even «wom in ibour baths in ot water 4 Theme man once relieved all the officers of thei commands when ‘female te player came into the erp 5 While Archidamus, th king oF he Spartans was lading the ary through narow and wateres areas, it ecame discontented and made nour against hi, When he bd atiked th enemy expectedly fd war victorious, he inguted ofeach person about th tie at which the victory occured. Some men answered that twas fom the very tpi ofthe engagement, thers in the midst ofthe bate, and stl ethers around the end. Archit replied ‘Noa al rather was] wien we were marching trough the narow and wares areas, because victory etaches ela soldiers most troagh hardships’102 romain 6 When Mucis the Roman voluntsered til the king ofthe Exscans, the wore Etscan sire and moved eround the eneny camp rconnol- feng each and every thing. After he had been unmasked a «spy, he ‘was aested, brought before th king and sentenced to place hs ight and ito the watch of he camp. While Mucis was undergo, the punishment, e stood confident and fl of reso talking tthe Ennuscas. When te king not surprisingly marveled this, Mocs said "Do not be amazed, forthe hundred en] withthe sme endur ‘nce asmine are moving around your camp seeking til you". When the king herd these words, he mediately bacae ghtned end concluded a treaty withthe Rorans?* Tithe summer, the Roman consul Gaius ordered the whole army to be armed and ready fer bate, Thereupon bis son, wih a comtempuons ) 2648 (1240-180, 232 For a0 13421) ue 9 3,07 3 28 53 For 208 MS 2-2 (ib 8 7 Mae T7667 27-8, ‘Ri teensy Atunmoar 605 309) epee he Seas fe Trp weep Heer re sono Te oe Tata he ses uber el pepenon fey, The eed met ‘hee shone os oe ck ones enn ee126 Nate te sous nk ga ars wove cre md ety fo hed al Spe ou wolewsytoslewe tap. 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The Ss he ely testimony, howeves,t sonnest him with is Sie ce Stems 51 Thi ply tert Ceo poet an cami os so ed ed (hee a ory BCR eet i Sr tne es yn sae taf er cae pss ta ple ein Phe ecm phn ety 2 eg aon, Mare at nga he van il inb fede ne Cae oo taps heron aoe thee {Bodies reed ober ws aay Shaper Sa go Pe CO (CE lth ance nfo fe oe are of Hara aod 241 CE, ‘Sle aa gen de Ps tes Tae ated ‘hocop of Caemes ee 2-1 G2 129) eer Ale hen tpn tone 10 oes Towed hr atop cua re al Ca oe ‘Eetteepetne natant sca eee ox ee Bit pepe gen on cr Atk Pariser trl teat Wier 194. 997g eon {ar ti ae s5-0) nme eho a ok Drs lg ren 3048 BE) S06 fer Ft sed (13) Kem ad Wher 199 948, Te ne ‘nen OCF dng te Pe Wr Sx Fie 22 2S (020, [BS yon in ete Sor pts eS vw Rinse tea ett el os eet ie eet cance eee ree abi creeesoeseremen ss Bhs tees mee eens ites cba arama ee ieee ieeenamtgearermanes a sw BEEPS careers ean temas Fear areal et ene et ae eae oes neem on edlias Siyemmeunarran treme, af un ee ceca a Sh eekniiae eres Shieremans ERC met tm oy cecee teen vena eens See ee nae ates SS a2 Nowe os rym tet he Tpebi eaat ae shee Bere ie oo te AIRSET ange Ediregcuren tare creuetaas epee wieemars uses teenies Sopra tsecrevnnerevnee eee n eae peers Sen Sucuerseitaramrares egies ei mec ee a ER oeapa ces euraane anes aE A paieeucre see oo Ra OE a aca c Seno ee er est Seaeuetea cavern rmee epee ESE tr 0, ata oo RE een ree Sabet item teem meres PRS SRAa rerio sm BEL acute err _ednina general who er became King of Macedon (305-297 BCE). The campaign Seana mace »bivarm iene as eae Sbhes aGhigee es tecture Si ee ene Ge ereneciennseis See eeteb i ciomra st acase on ee ee Reb ae ia rece i amneenats Siege eaceiat ito ty Fen eas eee Pe cemeecms oo BERS RONEN cua amereont SE piece rer meetin: SS eee aii aeaneae Se Seahiceiarrievamsanaets Peete et (EBiaa Sostamce eames Sibeees er isiemcarea co Si pee ear Ee ee Ses Seleucia as Semana mmaronecerones eee ne Eemeeaneas a REESE reer tee toe ‘Seaton vend uw ores mt ee ma om nea i, 1 ew oly wai th min ea sets aber than receding wns event SSeS Note 5 pet coe od te 8. a Ses it tpi Cn Sienna ssn! so ST ey al net en so aa eH tn We ae ey i Canis nite Ot ese ste ave 3S ESN aetna ins yess re oe nc caer Crt ps Snes is Be fn S23) eee el ee a Sle tn see a 0 Se ona sce ne ie mtr Seacadircorhestmge toe 22 ERRH ET erm Nine va, cum sean EA ee gan a ean ome ee ea sn INSET TS Ses ae TT Bin SelntSoou tena ostoce sn FOTOS Mah pt we YL ge mee Gost diecast Son ager nas Sat rage cael a gees ta ice SES ESE Ste BS eit Seve Ea aoa sem Wn ge ir hone Mae Ba ars SSeS teem ere a os Ta RE BE ce ss 2 UTES Eee en at SL eee ie caer SOLUS IE SN Se Bia ecco npd a once iano «7 EASY Be genet te a de ripen etre 3 SSS Serena on GES wach ee a Tiffani Meat rane ae a Re ee st en CREASROLES iit rear anion Si uence See ea nme esa yeas ow ed aca ro aad oe SiGEA GS a She ietatrinncestset Nate (21 Forte 0 (20 econ Wher 94 5. ey te, ‘islet onset tring Peri asin Meh hc ‘Gig espe Cas sy ret Moss Set a Spin eat ee ron a Sok ‘rcs fp n 5 BCE mote Mia Wr wee Romy pve he conn Sal Ts ted ao xr Fame ie 94 e faa2) 2) feeb Re an Wier 9 99 a ape 1 ‘St foro Gest iar ys a che ed re ‘in 9 BCE ter repre pneu Rona ‘besnotect hese he nc Serbs meee eer he ese Es wee ont nergy tide «24 Faro se 50 ay Re an Wen 75. Th Sei So ‘i a ("139 Be oun ee (hd Ch tT Gy Ce Aa 7 (0+ Cred cang ret ‘ons nT Aa, eva Rare ae ‘Siete tmmee Conte Dy ote ao hat) 1n5 Foe sens ws ose 9A MT an Pay 7 (Goa fobuome 4 1 156 To ae eam nk pce ug eet cnn te te eof aca 7 27 Noo gt pt neues png og ere: copes Ar of Neco 039299 BOE) ol poy ret an nan ve, (led Samah fe he aa'3 oy Paes reso es Use Seer «ox TS 4 (80 Rn Whe, Th tn om erm S080, Kad Wier 97, hi en met “0° Resto oe pean of saan ete mes Pee Sm (C= SS nn Db oem ge bei ‘Sudeley snopes ooo So can Foen snef 013 (59, eed Wan 4 97-2, et ok bce a7 0ce wae be crn eal mans 68-91 BCE) {ery amaoss Testy oped ty Pe ie i ae atime cele De Sy ac BE SS so Foran 49 (15 fens nd Whee 194 1 98. Te Sohn wove ‘ands who pon gtd fom eso tara oT was ‘init fahae weed oe i hs coy Toe Wl we Gan of ‘enna wo abe ea onde er Deke Noss «gaye perenne ttarey ‘Me defence x Tunis and tha f is chy ws "Theat. Te same of eer ain ahaa ea 1 Bas ug tmereye tet ethene ‘ected with lia Coes ongust of Gaul in 8-50 BCE. oo Eg ee cu {emit ot on in ny re we Fc 168 Seek poreamanicaeinamt cee 0 BEE on nt neo ea fee fe tones eh aa ie eiacmeaas eee Pevglecme mensions SuSaiucomer oo Fa A et sneer do iplarinn wai pecan {agate a oretraeeteomeerer Saoeseurescemasa ee on SE RE es men emer Shae Soren terie meet Spee rea o RET a eee aon SS raaccmeemr nem Boboratineaeaemeoris oo STEER BP Rhee ee eager Sheena eases Soreimee ieee 1 EE cnn mat ht BA mares cee mak meet Ses ereccarmmweermiears TES perscoa tne cw so Bs cok seers statin PER Sr ee anemones Sie ien ees Bi inane magenta Fear mere rennet intone ns eeerpereie SE Sater rear ‘etraced a te hist record16 Nate 5 ee 912, 4-210 ead Whee 1 AT, Ch wa ‘Sfoangrel whe tr bce smerny et dua gn Te hts eer fhe esi re Cnt 40 BCE) hs ptt “Srp on pe cx tna a Ae per ice cr apa 1 HG Fo FD Ss 146 Forde to, Re Whe 1D 915. Ts cde spre ed i ew eters n Dns Sy 19-7, 10-3 180). 17 Forde Gt Reza Wher 41 999. ok ple {0-38 ce en Pin tn 18 5-7 2.295 Pobre 1 1313 to edt was Co ‘ho epi is sng ihr wy aig Simo nd he so 49 Foro H1607 5 Kraan Wher 9.907 Tie oa pe {n'g0 ct ern bt of Teme hen he Thenare mae he er ‘Sy oc ci The ern ras und isi 9905 hE (9). 460 Thana cme fad heal ne eee ok pea Sree ameieenamesracms bee fcr pe 451 FeaB te a Qh. Rr Wie 19,98 hi io st 450 Fr se 31 1S Rota Weer 94, 88. patel ‘tne SEE ge aoe wt 453 For 8 bn 4M GD ms nr O38. Tate creed in ran 3500-07-10 aig ws ‘ie gf yen st6 CE who wes King Crane ea ow Sicoto fee Grae smd Migr cer 454 Fas 986.1 Ket Wher 9 991 a Paes 7 547 (oy faa 950 WIS, Wee Sf ern pny peo ‘ene proms ho hn toes brn eben at ‘ey sinister en pr of en: Theat ‘enon restsnesfom Dunes Ltn 905 F807 Br 12") there bre tren oof ve wine man of rs, {Go 3er nce sone wand 370 BCE. Tsay a ae ha {Seeley Sri wel in Ena So “hey of emu pcan eal ot any Na leone Hover Uohaont (151 1 CE Raman Tat nd {hin ost ona Komnone S508 (i 13; Amu Resse 30 393, ‘Staats 485 Fen 81 (23 Kran Whar 96.97 ad Ps 1 17 G23) Pps NE 19h age rn es nk ig Csr Morar Carson Pa ‘tetas pled ths sng tm Be on of Ser Te pe ‘is ere cna te cap of Sum SS 5 ky Caer {etter eter ouch once Lactating re Se Inca Didons Si 1935-7 3909 (38) Note 47 15 Fr 957, 1 (520 Ket ad Whar 9B 97, Dept Pw tcc (¢ 382.289 302) nr pi eof ry Ke ‘Sane Mado 7 BCE ttn oe sew aed ln ‘Svar voce ye Masa eens Deere ates See ‘Seren cn bat re artes gg sag [sh Pt 1551) Payrms9E 0- ece ae ‘oa ng he Tne tone ape wa es ete etna bie 455 Fase 1-2 50.7 Kem pd Whee 19 97, Ti typ Shit sow dost sd wag so spe coo at ‘e'Ea Spam ant race Aca Eee, petipn of hie mote we ‘eres aha esto td Lemar meres ne nds eight in Gt Spee hen ty nee ingone by exons ‘Shr i essa cps Cities nd alloyed hse ‘Ses Ss Ho 20-5 eT 054) ace ISL oP iocksenroyuems iat r-9. 30-5 orasmr sagen 459 F891 (23 Km an Wher 191 7 eee ge ‘Seromied monoity ier on ase he Std Mp eee Ins ge 1 6 rs Anos ce ot {co Fon 198s e012) ere hatin he Secon aie We Si cas (Guru wer cpa atyc Tecoma neko to pes [Su hy mre ing eh ty wees econo sen ep. 4 Rar Ob ea Gn): en ed Whe 183 9 em 15-4 (245, Pea 9501 SS who tal prt hw Nene of ‘oes (36) SCE oe te tga ven sacked Cys nS CL ‘Sth at on sce mie hn Seles he compe voy ‘ere Durr a Sep ibn 69 (29) mpg Handa ‘Shaya ees dei ek 62 Frsilnee a8) Gy Reet her 9 9. Choma go ‘Shr 350-<90 BCE ou agi he hy errand 9 BCE or te Hees 30 2696778) bony wing ng. SH 2 Rc ad Wor 2 eS Trt 4 Ferg hace 47 0, Kren Whack 94 1.97, Pens STs (030-30 Re) ws ce saa of Eins au be ea fe ‘San 2 BC, eee ding gre Bon Lp Howes rl stain care re nates 46s Feri mat (4G Kem Wher 9191 an Pes 8 228.25 Ps 198 3 hoe ttt a thera ey ‘igs tm he Patemoe dm ay aha Mage epee ‘gear ecg Pca oe is hn ae (Sckpaca wt sate rome ern rence 46 Fah se ah, Rta Whar 2 nt Poe SECS Goa lyre oo 9 Tee meso ae ‘race ett te nny ys Ge Ang ne ore can may tees tect expiant 5-13 BCE Th arm cna te aed [Ske hier nares ond nine nn ou Tsao en ‘Sommton x's pee hoeat Note tr een soot ent epee macierewansor tans SGI Saaremaa ae a BRP e vy commen Eee cee Sees Sacre aceasta eeu Siemens ere or o RES ane rerr anes ERS aon mmenrans Soe gaterce ier cetera Sawa aeecte outer oo BRE eer oc oo mmm oer eugrteanag nie REE Seth ca rece apnea time eae Bebe Seis ahe ceca Saree ers er oecraniens Soiree fone OTP me «9 Ke Wes 91-2. eh {ex cid ne bmn he ena Sc War of 157-355 BOE when Cao Co, ‘odes Bynum rod pa ee 47 Fees han 9 (a) ng Wer 196599 Pp 1 S61 fuuca bt 0 Wee Su eA no ‘Sagan oe rnd a Xenon I sf) a as ‘Seta geno Dame 62 DCE Caan yt ane in ire csnanen Capper erring Coxe Nop 929 15-7 {/ ats hecnt eran pant Fon 1 Heath aw Red Whe 94 1 964, T oy ny ree ‘te sees (52-51 BCE) the he oe ee Pe ng Das ee ‘Siotee ene ho wa snp of En cm BCE Se Sens em 844 Ken nd Wher 90 6. Pau 116-26 (See dato iare 2h) xp the prs gees le orm enn urd ght nt race ar ne el i ‘Semis sane ow at fan har on hn ae ern 49s Rehan be (3 Kem Wes 4 9d Pots 1 SCF 5h Rae ca, Mee ogg ano ‘Sein ee nts et per eno Xenon TE S23. where Apsara hone oad en eg teole aten sto tem it they wena mph ane Pine asic 76 For 3 ee (63), Kies ant Weer 199 96 See Xen Toile ats (hd we ere end ing te ak ie aon eo ie ry Fegan eas (5 Kum Wes 1 9S. Tide cat oer 149 (4 Foe 92, 4S 4 Ketan Wheat 199. 965.7 a Pan Te 1g) GLP 1951 97 Tit a ene ple ‘Seg Catan Var eed 291 BCE sn ans grt Ch ‘ie eins nto Polym at tne Cee Neos 10-3 ‘hr per sl sou hone us a gece se Oi 8B ot gare ar i bet 9 ee ae HA 6 Kes nd Was 19 1 96 and apa 67 {0(134'5; Papas 997. Weep Saute dre {txt ce cyan npr i i ap sl Pec ber (bbe Se ger ran a0-n2 BCE) Ths to ped ‘hay cond ee ale Srig B's eee hing Foca, ing cen See Thao ISLS) 0 Frohne tod Wece 198 967s wok ‘ie 27 BCE when Rm ec nes Pts Mime (80 03 CS manatee ay separ pct Tae ee ‘Rowdee 1218 P27 Gem er 1 Tatangelo ty sri fe Osim i ‘ara emer ae re spt ae deuce nt ace estima onnge sis san OE 02 Frito we W2(55 1) Ken Wiehe 199: 979. oxo md ‘tus pao grin 1217 Me (nd Mr 24) a Sos ‘Sie os fh Caner) were Cet il en be eget ere ny oath pe Ph CE 5 Fert ae 63.3) Rez and Wher B91 973. Accng Suan. ‘St CL 19 (eof guna 342, Cae Oca (8 BEE CE ‘apna war Se aman npr Er? BC ied obese. ‘Sepang tem smoot ay be nary ete Sue (rues ene a bat tw a er een ig meh wo fia ncaa ein 30-5, show a7 CE Eager hale EA CE) ‘Spor thn ued freon il ot aro Sey at cna np ems oe Hebe crt eet aera perenne ec germemcartoae eee neers mein aed mete iekcee See ee ele eee SRS eee Sr oe erence iaseceimateaaaqeecmaroe cameras ida toeee eee earenroee enemate ier ahrentemanpescaensae ee aaa Se Re eer abana aceite, ES ern oponsontormip ia {pS re tse tk 457 For lnc 6419) ena a Wc 194, 91. Ts erect sane mein 38949 88) Ange spor, nea le Cres150 oer de Ras st He Pans 7: 209-9694 Po say Ft eh 49 Rn We 5. Thine ot 499 Thea eto ou reel i en. Bibliography Manes ofhe Sle Taser Bbissgue Nome Prin me gree 208 Shs Ure, er ms Sones land pri ldo aration he Sp arnt (Georeopbicaton en) thy H. (US nk atm Lr Ure ren Hbedara “Pek "nk ewe uc: Zc a ae En 057 31-989, Dig cP (169), Taka, ede Re Mtl, a 98 8-1 Pare Me Reino Reh sx nn La mn tH, om 7-0. To sn ‘iL 19172) Lean npr Tac 2 Digs Tis Raven thot ry open rout od itn es ra Cater promo olson “drei poe 6-4 Pc ees er Ci its un ond Tate ich Pi A DDL cr prim, Ps: ane. Foch ein SP ‘Ti sndpacele rn and Was (rn) (199) Pam Sree of War. 2 ae Tbe Ce: Ars apo san 7 102, is Wad Date EY 0, A Graaf te Nw Tone and ey Cn na Cs in Uy chs Lange CL (S64 Pana Gt Lenton Ox Credo. "eta 11 So Rn Ind Meee, (99). 4 meg Leno,152 Bigg Sept (900, Cre Lenco Rona an Banting Prd re BCH "eo Nevo st ‘eB (98 Levon anion Gr ne 92 ean ‘Yea Onereiinen sms de Weston "Gnd tliot Ms Bay So ete Red Sa ‘Actes the Tan (1928). "O he enc of aie pes” WA ar so it olan snd ae) Son Tas scion’ nt 2698 {in Ci iy Can Al anne ey Pe ‘ac acme GO dons Comoro ea BAT nd DR ‘Desde Gaye sae 0) ei Ts ERA Sor akon tn nt ‘soc hg aif Lani) loot Mart pote ‘mrt, 0 Po apap soe Ds pe apo open Mab aor Sento bet te “aro tale Tene Engh ono oR nd Wc 3 ttm cap Ae neyo G9, pon Cin a Seat eat gs fe Lape Tes Enh en Day 2 Atos) NAD) Had tien tse “rogaine Preble Leer sth cid ret es a rt cg (80 Some re 1, ont. 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Crono eae Terk Cr “None tg hs Busts imprersocan md o Scorer tethandNew Yt er ent i een 01) Bf Cwm, 8 me a “— me Nes (05). On Git Coma On Metering an a 3 Role Tek Ca ey, cane and Lan Faved Ue es ‘ay. 01) Grote Fr ots Dro: Pees Diese Sy HT by Enos CH abr CL Ser ‘in Ci le, RAC Cae xP an Lethal os Ce Tbe: tava Uae Pe ‘gee La (95 Lo nto Pp md RD Hes ad Sali 2 ls Canvge Manan: rr Une Pe ‘Di Hens (9975), onan uit Ed a oe By. ae ‘Gc vo Cami, asa Lot Hand Urey Pes ‘Sums €\E Bowe 908 Lab Gna ba ome Mao ie Sed nnen ee “Tam Cv brine NertoaceeGegee nn ent) On Ri of Ener A alte: Dyin a cn: hor: Ac een Soe154 Biigrahy eu (1920-9, Pers, ad a AD. Gy. Led Canal iba “Tot, Cambie MA an Lane Hard Une Ps aon of Alcan (190 “Gooner nD be (0) Hoos Ato ‘Googe Soper Ola Soe 172-45 Lei Tee ocr Deora TeG Nena Hoo ad bs ‘pos. ob 13 Lak Chia vie, MA Londo Had {eety re Ics (9290) "To Nod eG Nori nd LR. 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Dagon on Mies, PB nt canta cc sce ep Pha 1998) "recep ry & Meer nes) Soin ‘ep ron on ha Gta, igen BS ‘oun 198 The een WA Oe CH Ota ot sa a) Mena ote, Apo, Onsana. 38-52) Loh Cl iby Cam ‘dg at Lanta Hanae Use Pa Bidigray 188 mens, Neh 198) Ta’ a Mee ads Sig Dagon ‘a Hf ath omy. 816 hinge DE Dae. eae (101038). Denps of Cre nd mae WHS Toe ad ‘meted Lee Casal Lay 5 ee Cs, MA sn Len Tr sesiy Pes deter (192) Kiron ln. Olan antes Les ies pt “ace sins eo es 6-295 Pie Eon oe a ‘ecerteses sc 198 2) Lives Eee, Pe oe Lah Casi Litany Cam ee MA an Lan: Hand Vien Press ‘am taion ane oan" oat ce adian) Paarch Meraa, Ts 7-3 Lab Case ray Cag, MA tLe: ed Usteriy a ac) Seieof Ramses. abo mens) Pc Mra Te wb (S38 Lat Cas! Lay Cone, MA sa endo Paved Usteriy Pr mc (SIE Sing f Sparta” la LC abi (and re) Patch “tere. Wel, 2022 an Case Lite, Combi, MA cd Ld Iara Unie Pe Pons (5), "Staata in MeterandE Won) abae Sram Von i! 2-5 ply Te, Ie ten of a Kean, We: 20 oe (97) Th Haris, eae, WR. 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