Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DP 2
DP 2
SUBMITTED TO:
MONA LISA MAM SUBMITTED BY :
ANJANI KUNWAR
RA1803A10
10807973
B.TECH(CSE)-H
Problem :
1:Overview
1.1:Need of Airlines system
1.2: Feasibility
2:Analysis
3:Functional Requirements
3.1:User Accounts
3.2:Checking Availability
3.3:Making Reservations/Blocking/Confirmation
3.4:Confirm Ticket
3.5:Reschedule Ticket
3.6:Cancellation
4:Performance
4.1:Reliability
4.2:Usability
5:Software Product Feature
5.1:Associated Fuctionality requirement
5.2:Associated Fucntional Requirement
5.3: Performance Requirement
6:Database Design
7:Contents
7.1:Inventory Management
7.2:Availability Display and Reservation (PNR)
7.3:Fare Quote and Ticketing
8:Report Module
9:Block Diagram of ARS
10:Overall UML Structure
11: E-R Diagram
11.1:For Booking Department
12.2:For Cancellation
12:Data Flow Diagram
12.1:Context Diagram
12.2:Level 0 DFD
12.3:Level 1 DFD
12.4:Level 2 DFD
13:Algorithm
14:Testing Analysis
15:Class Diagram for Database
16:Some More DFD's
Airline Reservations System
An Airline Reservation System is part of the so-called Passenger Service Systems
(PSS), which are applications supporting the direct contact with the passenger.
The Airline Reservations System (ARS) was one of the earliest changes to
improve efficiency. ARS eventually evolved into the Computer Reservations
System (CRS). A Computer Reservation System is used for the reservations of a
particular airline and interfaces with a Global Distribution System (GDS) which
supports travel agencies and other distribution channels in making reservations for
most major airlines in a single system.
Overview
Airline Reservations Systems contain airline schedules, fare tariffs, passenger
reservations and ticket records. An airline's direct distribution works within their
own reservation system, as well as pushing out information to the GDS. A second
type of direct distribution channel are consumers who use the internet or mobile
applications to make their own reservations. Travel agencies and other indirect
distribution channels access the same GDS as those accessed by the airlines'
reservation systems, and all messaging is transmitted by a standardized messaging
system that functions primarily on TTY messaging called SITA. Since airline
reservation systems are business critical applications, and their functionally quite
complex, the operation of an in-house airline reservation system is relatively
expensive.
Prior to deregulation, airlines owned their own reservation systems with travel
agents subscribing to them. Today, the GDS are run by independent companies
with airlines and travel agencies as major subscribers.
The closed boundary above clearly delineates the system and the environment. The
diagram shows the interactions between the ARS software and the databases inside
the system. There are three databases internal to the system and which the system
maintains. DB-user is the database containing all the personal information of the
registered users of the ARS. This can be updated by the user by logging in to the
system. Information from this database is used during transactions like charging
the credit card etc. DB-schedule is a copy of the flight schedule database. The
latter exists independently and is updated by a flight scheduler system which is out
of scope of the ARS. DB-schedule is updated with the latest status of the flight
schedule database whenever there is any change in the latter. For example, if a
flight has been added to the schedule between two cities on Tuesdays, DB-
schedule gets updated with this change through a process with which we are not
concerned. It is external to the system and is out of the scope of this SRS. DB-
schedule also contains the base prices of tickets for various flight numbers. DB-
reservations are a database containing information regarding the number of seats
available on each class on different flights. It has provision for marking how many
of the reserved seats have been blocked but not yet bought. DB-reservations should
update itself using DB-schedule, for example, if a new flight is added. DB-
geography is a database, which contains information about the cities and towns
serviced by the airline. The distance between all cities and towns is contained in a
matrix form. There are three interfaces, one for the administrator, one for the
customer via web and another for the customer via phone. The administrator can
update DB-schedule with any changes in the base prices of flight tickets. The
system uses a pricing algorithm and dynamically determines the actual price from
this base price depending on the date of reservation vis-à-vis date of departure. The
customer interfaces (web and phone) enable multiple functions which are
described in the following section
AIRLINE SYSTEM
RESERVATION CANCELLATION
UPDATION
FEASIBILITY
FEASIBILITY STUDY
With the manual system the operating cost of the system is about 60 Lacks P.A..
This cost comprises salary of 25 people, stationary, building rent, electricity, water,
telephone etc. But with the new system this reoccurring cost comes out to be about
20 Lacks P.A. Hence the new system is economically feasible.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
The new system requires only 6 trained person to work with the system and in
overall 10 people per office are sufficient. So we will identify 6 best people from
existing system and train them.
With the above details our system is technically feasible as after investing 24
Lacks in a year, the company is still saving Rs 25 Lacks PA.
OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY
The new solution is feasible in all sence but operationally it is not. The new system
demands the expulsion of at least 15 people from the company. It creates an
environment of joblessness and fear among the employees. It can lead to an
indefinite strike in the company also. So the management must take corrective
actions prior in advance in order to start the further proceedings.
ANALYSIS
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Positive reply-book ticket after receiving the amount for the cost of ticket.
Ask the traveler to check in time so that he/she doesn’t miss the plan
because of delay.
User Accounts
The passenger, who will henceforth be called the ‘user’, will be presented with 3
choices by the reservation system, as the first step in the interaction between them.
A user can choose one of these and his choice would be governed by whether he is
a guest or a registered user and whether he wants to check the availability of tickets
or also block/buy them. The terms ‘registered user’ and ‘guest’ are described
below.
A user who has traveled by the airline earlier would have been given a user id and
a password. He would have his personal information stored in the database referred
to earlier in section 2 as ‘DB-user’. This ‘personal information’ would be
henceforth referred to as ‘profile’. Such a user with a profile in DB-user shall be
called a ‘registered user’. A registered user will be able to check the availability of
tickets as well as block/buy a ticket by logging into the system.
A guest can only check the availability of tickets and cannot block or buy
tickets.
But a registered user can also act as a guest if he only wants to check the
availability of tickets. ‘Availability of tickets’ always refers to viewing the
flight schedule for given days, the price of tickets and any discount offers.
The system shall present the user with an option to exit from the system at
any time during the following processes.
The system shall require a user to register, in order to carry out any
transactions with it except for checking the availability of tickets. It will ask
the user for the following information at the least – a user id, a password,
first name, last name, address, phone number, email address, sex, age,
preferred credit card number. The system will automatically create a ‘sky
miles’ field and initialize it to zero in the user’s profile.
Checking Availability
After logging in a user (either a registered user or a guest), the system shall request
him to enter the following details – origin city and destination city. “City’ is
a generic term and refers to a city or town as the case may be. The origin and
destination cities would be entered as text.
The system shall now refer to the flight schedule database, referred to as ‘DB-
geography’ in section 2, and check if there is any ambiguity with the names of the
cities. In case there are more than two cities with same name as entered by the
user, the system shall list all of them (with more qualifications) and ask the user to
select one of them. In case, either the origin or destination cities are not listed in
DB-geography as being directly serviced by the airline, the system shall suggest
the nearest city to which service is available, including the distance of the
destination city from this nearest city.
After the origin and destination cities are ascertained, the system shall now
access the flight schedule database, referred to as ‘DB-schedule’ in section
2, and checks if there is a direct operational service between the two cities. If
not, the system shall suggest possible routes and transfer points using a
‘route selection algorithm’. The user shall now be presented with a choice of
either selecting one of the routes. In case he selects a route, the system shall
fill in the intermediate stop over points and create a multiple trip itinerary for
the user.
The system shall now ask the user to enter the following details - class, one-
way or round trip, departure date and the number of adult passengers,
children and senior citizens.
After having taken the user through the step 3.3, Checking Availability, The
system will now ask the user if he wishes to block/buy the ticket. If yes, and
a) if the user has been a guest, he will have to first register and become a
registered user and then log onto the system.
b) If the user is already a registered user, and if he has logged on already, he
can block/buy the ticket, but if he has been acting as a guest, he will have to
log on.
Having ensured that the user is logged on validly according to 3.4.1, the
system compares the departure date with the system date. If the departure
date falls within 2 weeks of the system date, the system informs the user that
he has no option to block the ticket and asks him if he would like to buy it.
If the difference between the departure date and system date is more than 2
weeks, the system asks the user if he would like to block or buy the ticket.
The system informs the user that he can block the ticket at no cost now. It
also informs him that if he chooses to block the ticket, he should make a
final decision before 2 weeks of the departure date. The system shall send an
email to the user, 3 weeks before the departure date as a reminder, in case he
decides to block the ticket now.
Having taken the input from the user in 3.4.2, the system shall now proceed
to update the reservation database DB-reservation. It will decrement the
number of available seats on the particular flight for the particular class by
the number of travelers being represented by the user.
In case of a blocking, the system makes a note of it in the database - to be
used if the user doesn’t turn up before 2 weeks of the departure date. It
generates a blocking number and displays it for the user to note down.
In case the user buys the ticket, the system accesses his profile and charges
the price of the ticket to his credit card number. It simultaneously generates
a confirmation number and displays it to the user for him to note down. The
ticket has been reserved.
It adds the mileage of the trip (accounting for the number of travelers) to the
skymiles in his profile.
Confirm Ticket
A user who has earlier blocked a ticket after going through the steps 3.2 through
3.4, is required to either confirm the ticket before two weeks of the departure
date or the ticket stands cancelled.
To let the user confirm a ticket, the system shall first log him on and ask for his
blocking number. Then it accesses DB-reservation and removes the check mark,
which so far represented a blocked seat. The seat is now confirmed and reserved
for the user.
The system accesses DB-user and charges the price of the ticket to the credit card
number of the user. It simultaneously generates a confirmation number and
displays it for the user to note down. The ticket has been reserved.
It adds the mileage of the trip (accounting for the number of travelers) to the
skymiles in his profile.
Reschedule Ticket
The system shall present the user with an option to re-schedule his travel
party’s trip. In order to do this, the system first logs on the user and requests
his confirmation number. It will not allow a user to reschedule a blocked
ticket but only a confirmed ticket. Using this, it queries DB-reservation and
presents the details of the trip to the user, including but not limited to origin
city, destination city, date of departure and date of arrival (in case the trip is
a round trip).
The system shall now ask the user to select new dates from the calendar-
menu. It now goes through step 3.3.
In case, there are no available tickets for the dates entered, it displays a
suitable message informing him that rescheduling to that date is not possible.
In case there are tickets available, the system asks the user to select the flight
number for the trip (another for the return trip if the trip is a round trip) and
proceeds to update the database.
The system accesses DB-reservation and decrements the number of available
seats on the flight(s) by the number of members in the user’s travel party. It
then increments the entry for the previous flight by the same number to
reflect an increase in the available seats on it as a result of the rescheduling.
The system now checks if there is any difference in the prices of the tickets.
If so, it accesses DB-user and charges or credits the credit card as the case
may be. The system generates a new confirmation number and displays it to
the user.
Cancellation
The system shall also give the user an option to cancel a confirmed ticket or
a blocked ticket.
The latter case is simpler and will be dealt with first – the system shall first
log on the user and request the blocking number. Then it accesses DB-
reservation and updates it by incrementing the number of available seats by
the number of people in the user’s travel party.
In the former case, i.e., for a confirmed ticket, it asks for the confirmation
number and accesses DB-reservation and presents the details of the trip as in
step 3.6.1.
It then lists the applicable rules for cancellation of tickets and depending on
the system date and the departure date, it displays the % of the amount that
would be refunded if the user cancels the ticket.
After the user cancels the ticket, the system generates a cancellation number
and displays it for the user to note down. It accesses DB-reservation and
updates it by incrementing the number of available seats on that flight by the
number of travelers in the user’s party. It accesses DB-user and credits the
refund amount to his credit card number. The system then deducts the
mileage of the trip (taking into account the number of travelers in his party)
from the sky miles in his profile.
Update Profile
The system shall enable the user to update his profile at any time. Changes
can be made in fields including but not limited to address, phone number
and preferred credit card number.
The system shall allow any user (registered or non registered) to access the
details about the arrival and departure times of a flight by requesting the user
to input the flight number and date. The system accesses DB-schedule and
presents the time of arrival and departure.
Telephone access
The system shall be accessible through a touch-tone telephone. The
telephonic interface shall, at the least, provide the customer with the facility
to check availability of tickets and query flight details. The system shall
walk the customer exactly through steps 3.3 and 3.9 respectively but through
a telephonic interface.
Performance
Response time of the Airline Reservation System should be less than 2
second most of the time. Response time refers to the waiting time while the
system accesses, queries and retrieves the information from the databases
(DB-user, DB-schedule etc) (A local copy of flight schedule database is
maintained as DB-schedule to reduce this access time)
Usability
The web interface should be intuitive and easily navigable Users should be
able to understand the menu and options provided by ARS.
Integrity
Only system administer has the right to change system parameters, such as
pricing policy etc. The system should be secure and must use encryption to
protect the databases.
Interoperability
ARS shall minimize the effort required to couple it to another system, such as
flight schedule database system.
3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
User Interfaces
Hardware Interfaces
The system must basically support certain input and output devices. Their
descriptions are as follows.
Description of output
Key board To accept data from Source of Input
user like pin code,
personal details, flight
details
Printer To print the bookings Destination of Output
mode E.g.: Destination
chosen with date and
timings
Software Interfaces
Communication Interfaces
FEATURE 1
The ability of the software is to provide the details of the flights available and
allow the customers to choose a particular destination and make a reservation.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this is to enable the users to view the different flights
available so as to make it convenient for him to make a reservation.
STIMULUS/RESPONSE
Once the user chooses the particular option, the web pages corresponding to
that are to be displayed on the screen i.e., it will display the different flights
available to their respective destinations and allow the customer to book a
ticket.
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
INTRODUCTION
INPUTS
The user must enter the destination with date and timings and must
make reservation by giving his personal details like name, address,
age, gender, nationality.
PROCESSING
FEATURE 2
The software allows the user to modify an already existing reservation made
by the customer if in case there are any changes that are to be modified in
the reservations of the ticket.
PURPOSE
The purpose is to allow the customer to make any changes in his personal
details or flight booking details.
STIMULUS/RESPONSE
Once the user requests for changing his reservation, it must be displayed on
the screen prompting the customer to enter his pin code.
If the pin code provided by the customer does not match, then would
notify the person by displaying error messages.
INTRODUCTION
INPUT
The user should enter his pin code which gives him access to modify
his reservation.
PROCESSING
The pin code is processed and checked for his validity. If it is correct
then the user can modify his reservation else an error message will be
displayed asking the user to enter the correct pin code number.
OUTPUT
Given the correct pin code, the user can now modify his reservation.
A new pin code will be generated for the customers.
FEATURE 3
The software allows the user to cancel an already existing reservation made by the
customer who has booked the ticket.
PURPOSE
STIMULUS/RESPONSE
Once the user requests for canceling his reservation, it must be displayed on
the screen prompting the customer to enter his pin code.
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
If the pin code provided by the customer does not match, then it
would notify the person by displaying error messages.
INTRODUCTION
The system will allow the customer to cancel his reservation provided
correct pin code has been entered by the customer.
INPUT
The user should enter his pin code which gives him access to cancel
his reservation.
PROCESSING
The pin code is processed and checked for its validity. If it is correct,
then the user can cancel his reservation else an error message will be
displayed asking the user to enter the correct pin code number.
FEATURE 4
The software must also give a report on the number of reservations made for a
particular flight.
PURPOSE
STIMULUS/RESPONSE
Once the user requests for this option, all the details of the customers who
have made reservation will be displayed.
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
INTRODUCTION
The system will allow the administrator to view all the details of the
customer who have made reservations.
INPUT
The administrator must enter the password so that access is given only
to him to view the details of all the customers.
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
Given the correct password, the administrator can view all the details
of customers with date and time of their bookings made.
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
Reliability
• The user inputs should be valid and within the given range.
• Normal termination of the program.
Availability
The factors guarantee the software’s availability includes proper termination and
correct input details. Also the resources used for the project development are
Microsoft Certified which speaks of its high quality standards.
Security
Maintainability
Portability
The application is portable which ensures its adaptability for use on different
computer terminals with different operating systems and standards.
DATABASE DESIGN
We use Oracle as the backend and use JDBC connectivity to access the database.
The servlets access the database using JDBC and output the results according to
the query, which again takes into account the options, selected by the user.
The following gives the various tables and their fields used in our database, which
was a major design decision of our project.
USERS Table contains the details of the users registered for our services.
The fields in this table are as follows:
HEADLINEHREF
HEADLINE is the PRIMARY KEY of this table and the HREF is the
link to the file, which contains the complete data regarding the headline.
MOTELS Table contains the motel information for various cities. The
fields in this table are as follows:
Inventory Management
An airline’s inventory contains all flights with their available seats. The inventory
of an airline is generally divided into service classes (e.g. First, Business or
Economy class) and up to 26 booking classes, for which different prices and
booking conditions apply. Inventory data is imported and maintained through a
Schedule Distribution System over standardized interfaces. One of the core
functions of the inventory management is the inventory control. Inventory control
steers how many seats are available in the different booking classes, by opening
and closing individual booking classes for sale. In combination with the fares and
booking conditions stored in the Fare Quote System the price for each sold seat is
determined. In most cases inventory control has a real time interface to an airline’s
Yield management system to support a permanent optimization of the offered
booking classes in response to changes in demand or pricing strategies of a
competitor.
The Fares data store contains fare tariffs, rule sets, routing maps, class of service
tables, and some tax information that construct the price - "the fare". Rules like
booking conditions (e.g. minimum stay, advance purchase, etc.) are tailored
differently between different city pairs or zones, and assigned a class of service
corresponding to its appropriate inventory bucket. Inventory control can also be
manipulated manually through the availability feeds, dynamically controlling how
many seats are offered for a particular price by opening and closing particular
classes.
The compiled set of fare conditions is called a fare basis code. There are two
systems set up for the interchange of fares data - ATPCO and SITA, plus some
system to system direct connects. This system distributes the fare tariffs and rule
sets to all GDSs and other subscribers. Every airline employs staff who code air
fare rules in accordance with yield management intent. There are also revenue
managers who watch fares as they are filed into the public tariffs and make
competitive recommendations. Inventory control is typically manipulated from
here, using availability feeds to open and close classes of service.
The role of the Ticketing complex is to issue and store electronic ticket records and
the very small number of paper tickets that are still issued. Miscellaneous Charges
Order (MCO)is still a paper document; IATA has working groups defining the
replacement document the Electronic Multipurpose Document (EMD) as at 2010.
The electronic ticket information is stored in a database containing the data that
historically was printed on a paper ticket including items such as the ticket number,
the fare and tax components of the ticket price or exchange rate information. In the
past airlines issued paper tickets; since 2008 IATA has been supporting a
resolution to move to 100% electronic ticketing. So far, the industry has not been
able to comply due to various technological and international limitations. The
industry is at 98% electronic ticket issuance today although electronic processing
for MCOs was not available in time for the IATA mandate.
REPORT MODULE
The tickets issued should have the details such as plane number, ticket number,
seat number, traveler’s name, time of departure. The traveler should be informed
about the check-in time.The names of the fields involved in the airline reservation
system are
FLIGHT DETAILS
CHECK AVAILABILITY
BOOK TICKET
EXIT
This module is used to view the flight details with ease and it tends the passenger
to book tickets without much difficulty.
This module is used to check the availability of the flights and the information of
the seats in that flight.
This module is used to view the single passenger details with the help of the ticket
number issued after booking with input support information.
This module is used to book the ticket after checking the availability of tickets I the
BOOKING
flights. A ticket can be booked to a maximum of five just by entering the passenger
DEPARTMENT
name, age and their details.
RECEIVE
MODULE 5:EXIT
FLIGHT MAINTAINENCE CUSTOMER
BOOKING ,CANCELLATION
This module is used to exit from the reservation
REQUEST form.
PASSENGER
BLOCKDIAGRAM LIST
AIRLINE CONFIRMED
Passenger list,
Fleet info
Ticket reservation
concession
Cancellation, databas
Flight
e
Request for information,
enquiry
In passenger list : Passenger name,Address , tel_no , d_o_b, profession father
name,
Fare: route , destination place ,source place ,Departure time, Arrival time,Flight
code,class,Fare.
Reservation: Ticket report, PNR, flight code, destination place, source place,
departure time arrival time , Class, number of passenger, Age, sex, Fare, seat .
Cancellation : Pnr, ticket no, Days left, Basic amount, Cancel amount .
NAME
ADDRESS
PNR
STATUS
PASSENGER
WAITING
CONFIRM VALID ?
PNR
NAME BOOKING
STAND
2(ON THE
NAME
BY DATE SPOT)
BOOKING PNR
1(ON THE
SPOT) DEBIT BOOKING
PNR DATE
FARE
MODE OF PAYMENT D NO STATUS
PNR
STATUS
PNR CREDIT
CHEQUE FARE
CASH FARE
FARE PNR C NO
STATUS
ROUTE
NAME
STATUS
ADDRESS
Passenger
CANCEL
SEAT
?
AVAILABLE
PNR
FLIGHT_NUM
ARRIVAL
CANCEL
NAME
FLIGHTS
COST_ECO
T_DATE
DEPARTURE COST_EXE
SEATS_EXE
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Data Flow Diagram is one of the Functional Model which are used to represent
the flow of information in any computer based system. Three Generic
Functionalities:
The data flow diagram depicts the information flow and the transforms that
are applied on the data as it moves from input to output.
CONTEXT DIAGRAM
Reservatio
Passeng Booking
n
er System
System
2
Reservation
3 Cancellation
LEVEL 0 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
PASSENGER INFORMATION
1.0
GENERAL
ENQUIRY
BOOKING
ENQUIRY
2.0
NEW PNR INFORMATION
PASSENGER
ENQUIRY
BOOKING
CANCELLATION REQUEST
4.0
CANCELLATION
ACKNOWLEGMENT
LEVEL1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM OF GENERAL ENQUIRY SYSTEM
PASSENGER
1.0
GENERAL R
I I
R I
ENQUIRY E
N N
E N
R Q
F F
Q F
E U
O O
U O
Q E
R R
E R
U S
M M
S M
E T
A A
T A
S
T T
T
T
I I
I
O O
O
N M
N 1.2 1.3
1.1
FARE DISCOUNT
FLIGHT
ENQUIRY
ENQUIRY
R I R I
R I
PASSENGER
U
PASSENGER R
R
N
ENQUIRY I E
E
I
N Q
Q
Q
F U
U
U
O E
E
E
S
S
P
T
T
N
2.2
R
NEW PASSENGER
PASSENGER ENQUIRY
R UNIQUE R INFORMATION
PNR
PASSENGE
PASSENGER
R
LEVEL 2 DFD OF BOOKING
PASSENGER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
BOOKING
BOOKING BOOKING
NOW COUNTER
LATERUPDATE
STAND BY
ON THE
BOOKING
SPOT
CASH
ENTRY STAND BY DATE
PAYMENT
SET STATUS TO CONFIRM/WAITING
STATUS ACKNOLEDGE
BOOKING
BOOKING
CHOOSE
STATUS(PAID OR NOT)
MODE OF
PAYMENT
DEVIT NUMBER
DEVIT
PAY CASH MODE OF
PAYMENT STATUS
S
T S CREDIT NUMBER
C- T
A
NO A
T
CASH CREDIT
U T
S CHEQUE U
DFD OF CANCELLATION
PASSENGER
UPDATE
CANCELLATION CANCELLATION
SECTION
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
VALIDITY CHEQUE
VALIDITY
CANCEL
CHEQUE
TICKET
A
C
RESHEDULE
K
REQUEST N CHEQUE
FOR VALID STATUS
O
CANCEL A
NEW
L DATE C
E
K
D
• AND JUSTIFIED IT .
• END.
CANCELLATION
FLIGHT_DETALS:-
CONCESSION
• THEN IT IS CALCULATE.
TESTING ANALYSIS
BLACKBOX TESTING: The black box testing is used to demonstrate that the
software functions are operational. As the name suggests in black box testing it is
tested whether the input is accepted properly and output is correctly produced. The
major focus o block box testing is on functions, operations, external interfaces,
external data and information.
WHITEBOX TESTING In white box testing the procedural details are closely
examined. In this testing the internals of software are tested to make sure that they
operate according to specifications and designs. Thus major focus of white box
testing is on internal structures, logic paths, control flows, data flows, internal data
structures, conditions, loops, etc
MAINTENANCE
CONCLUSION:
Database
Class Diagram for Database
Some More DFD's