Kesson 3.20 TECHNOLOGY THROUGHOUT HISTORY — | 1 af history in the field of technology; | | 2 ns and technologies that 4. ex a the implication/effect of each invention during | | poe peice Wi 4 i J Technolpgy went through phases of times before it finally reached its peak. Just li started with uncomplicat anythin echt edicine”; a concrete examp. d to measure the blood pressure Before, we cons s handy and accurate; well, it has not al been *o until the influx of newer models in the hospitals. We now have digital ones as small as wrist watches. But we owe a lot from the very first one who invented it. If not for him, this v One has to learn to look back to n not be made possible e on to progress. Talking about looking back, there are five eras of history in the field of technology STO AGE Old Stone Age is known as the Paleolithic Period New Stone Age or N ithic Period The dates of Stone Age vary considerably for different parts of the world. In Europe, Asia, and Africa, it began two million years ago. In the most advanced parts of the MiddleThese ancient peoples of Western Asia used cuneiform, a system of writing made of clay or stone tablets with wedge shaped characters. Scholars learned to decipher cuneiform after finding inseriptions dating from about 3000 B.C on the Behistun Rock, a cliff in-Western Tran, The Behistun Inscription was Cuneiform written in vuree languages: Persian, Babyloman, and Elamite, all of which used cuneiform as a system of writing. Translation of the inscription was helped by the resemblance of Persian and Babylonian to modern languages and by the fact that all three inscriptions contain the same text. Aside from inventing writing, Sumerians invented the plow and the wheel. They built the first cities, the first school and temples and wrote the first history, poetry, epics, and law codes The Sumerians were also the first people in the world to mix copper and tin, thereby producing an alloy called bronze, a metal which is harder and more durable than copper. They were thus the first people to use bronze ornamentals and tools for everyday use. Babylonian Civilization The Babylonians excelled in mathematics. They invented the sexagesimal system of calculation by sixties. They were the first people in history to divide the circle into 360 degrees or six 60s. They also divided the hour into 60 minutes and each minute into 60 seconds. They were the first people in the world to devise the twelve signs of the zodiac and they believed that every planet was a God — Jupiter was Marduk, Venus was Ishtar, Mercury was Nabu, the Sun was Shamash and Mars was Negral. The crowning glory of Babylon was the fabulous Hanging Gardens, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his favorite wife, Amythis, who was bored by the monotonous Babylonian landscape and earned for the scenic countryside of her native land, MediaThe Bronze Age has three phases in the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean. They are the copper phase which is characterized by increased use of the metal, the tin phase and the copper mixed with tin to produce bronze for stronger and better tools. The Sumerians of Mesopotamian civilization were the first people to use bronze. ‘The Iron Age (from 1200 B.C. - A.D. 500) , "The Iron Age marked the period of development of technology when the working of gron came into general use, replacing bronze as the basic material for implements and weapons. Iron is harder and holds a cutting edge better than bronze. Iron ore was easier to find at the time. The Hittites of ‘hata WG di ered iron. Bronze objects from Shang Dynasty The major technical advance of the early Greek period was the widespread use of iron. Tron technology has spread throughout the classical world about 500 B.C. Early steel was discovered by adding small amounts of carbon to iron as it was hammered over 4 charcoal fire. Advances in building construction led to widespread use of the arch by the Romans and to the invention of durable cement and coneretes for structures that have ‘survived to the present. There was also advanced weaponry with the development of catapults, better swords, and body armor. ‘The Shang Dynasty (1600-1050 B.C.) arose after the introduction of the Bronze Age in China. In addition to stone tools such as the mattock and axe, the Shang made notable advances in the manufacture of bronze, arts, weapons, and the 9 MI Revo as th this grea peri the} peri liter man imp tech beca Med idea mili sad dev and cros whe rest (thr red) sco1 hor feat Age gra poli smi meiZz Roeooe onze objects shown in the picture include the "halberd, the chief weapon in ancient Chinese society and the yue, used for beheading human sacrifices. MIDDLE AGE ‘The period between the fall of Rome and the Industrial Revolution — from approximately 500 to 1500 A.D, is known as the Middle Age. Contrary to a popular image, however, this period was not dim, isolated or backward. In fact, greater technological advancements were made in this period than during the Greek and Roman eras. In addition, the Byzantine and Islamic cultures that thrived during this period were active in the areas of natural philosophy, art, literature, and religion. Islamic culture in particular made many scientific contributions that would be of great importance in the European Renaissance. Medieval technologies do not fall into simple categories, however, because the technology of the Middle Ages was eclectic. Medieval society was highly adaptive, willing to acquire new ideas and methods of production from any source. In the area of warfare, cavalry was improved as a military weapon with the invention of the lance and the saddle during the 4 century. These in turn led to the development of heavier armor, the breeding of larger horses and the building of great castles. The introduction of crossbow and, later, gunpowder technologies from China where they had been developed many centuries before, resulted in the manufacture of guns, cannons, and mortars (through the development of the blast furnace), thereby reducing the effectiveness of heavy shields and massive scone fortifications. The introduction of a heavier plow that had wheels, a horizontal plowshare and a moldboard, among other new features, made agriculture more productive in the Middle Ages. Three-field crop rotation and the resulting surplus of grains were among! developments that — together with political and social changes ~ led many peasants to abandon small, individual farming plots and to adopt the successful medieval communal pattern of open-field agriculture.f expe! t f aro | with other the windinill, 1t not und and timber sawed; it also produced ib erenced with the compound crank, cams and other tohnologies for gearing machines and linking their parts devices. The spinning wheel introduced from Yadia in the 13% oF 14” century improved the production of yarn and thread for cloth and became a common machine around the hearth, Farm surpluses by A.D. 1000 Jed to an increase in trade and in the growth of cities: Within the cities, architectural innovations of many kinds were developed, culminating in the great Gothic Cathedrals with their high walle made possible by flying buttresses, Such devices as the horseshoe, the whiffletree (used to harness an animal bo a wagon effectively) and the spring carriage mode the transfer of people and goods faster, Important changes also occurred in marine technology. The development of the deep keel, the triangular lateen sail for greater maneuverability and the magnetic compass in the 19% century made sailing ships the most complex machines of the Middle Age. One of the best-presersod ruins of the Roman Empire, this aqueduct named El Prente (Spanish for “The Bridge”), stretches from Spain's Frio River to the city of Segovia. Built during the rule of Roman Emperor Trajan in the I" century AD., the aqueduct runs both above and below the ground and stretches to a total of 16 kilometers (10 mi), These two- tiered arches, at the center of an aboveground portion of the aqueduct, reached a height of 28.5 m (93.5 feet) Windmill — a machine that converts wind into useful energy. This energy is derived from the force of wind acting on oblique blades that radiate from a shaft. The turning shaft may be connected to a machinery used to perform the milling, grind the grains, pump water or to generate electricity. When the shaft is connected to a load, such as a pump, the device is typically called a windmill, When it is used to generate electricity, it is known as a wind turbine generator. object cohesi Sp seasor and tl growt Th revolu develo — befo becom Jater. pione solved movat develo and b) texts intelle the ex court neces: Th textile Englis 100 ye were } cottonel - It is the final ss in the transformation of fiber into yarn or threa the single exception of silk, all natural fibers have a ength. The object of spinning is to transform the single fibers into cohesive and workable continuous length yarn ‘Two other medieval inventions, the clock and the printing press, also had a permanent influence on all aspects of human life. The invention of a weight- driven clock in 1286 meant that people would no longer live in a world Spinning Wheel structured primarily by the daily course of the sun and the yearly change of the seasons. The clock was also an immense aid to navigation and the precise measurement of time was essential for the growth of modern science. 2 The invention of the printing press, in turn, set off a social revolution that is still in progress. (The Chinese had in fact developed both paper and printing ~ including textile printing ~ before the 2" century A.D., but these innovations did not become generally known to the Western world until much later.) The German printing pioneer, Johannes Guttenberg, solved the problem of molding a movable type about 1450. When it developed, printing spread rapidly and began to replace handprinted texts for a wider audience. Thus, intellectual life soon was no longer the exclusive domain of church and court and literacy became a necessity of urban existence. Ponting Press The first factories appeared in 1740, concentrating on textile production. This is the perigd where the majority of English people wore woolen garments, but within the next 100 years, the scratchy, often soggy and fungus-filled woolens were replaced by cotton especially after the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, an American, in 1793. Such English *inven flying shuttle and ca ‘of John Kay, the water frame of Richard Ar spinning jenny of James Hargreaves and the intpm jn weaving made by Samuel Crompton. Inventions were all integrated with a new source of power, the steam engine, developed in England by Thomas Newcomen, James Watt, Richard Trevithick and in the United States by Oliver Evans. Cotton gin INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ERA Industrial Revolution refers both to the changes and to the period itself. It began in Great Britain during the 1700s, started spreading to the other parts of Burope and North America. Growth in the Industrial Revolution 1. Textile Industry — it marked the beginning of the age of modern factory. a, spinning machines spinning wheel roller spinning machines — Lewis Paul and John Wyatt spinning jenny — James Hargreaves water frame — Richard Arkwright spinning mule — Samuel Crompton Development that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a centered society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture.i Ban the nation had the technological mea rnment encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. b. Weaving machines © flying shuttle — John Kay © steam powered loom ~ John Harrocks . Steam Engine — the most important invention in the industrial revolution because at that time people were finding new, cheap, and efficient source of power which they found in the steam engine. It was invented by James Watt and improved by Newcomen. . Coal and Iron — the industrial revolution could not have developed without coal and iron. Coal provided power to drive the steam engine and was needed to make iron. Iron was used to improve machines and tools and to build bridges and ships. . Transportation a. water ways — the steam boat was invented by Robert Fulton for the transportation of products. . roads — turnpikes were built, making travel by horse- drawn wagons easier. railways — Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive. It was used to haul freights at coal mines and iron works. . The Role of Capital—banks were founded for the increase of money flow. Its main function was to give credit for the industrialist.