1.

Simile: A comparison of two different things using the words “like, as”
EX: My love is like a red, red rose.
2. Metaphor: A comparison in which one thing is said to be another;
DOES not use “like, as”.
EX: Bloom of youth, angry sea
3. Personification (nhân hoá):
EX: the sun simile at me
4. APOSTRPHE (!)
EX: O! Solitude!
5. Hyperbole (Overstatement) “nói quá”
EX: I'm dead tired.
6. Litotes: (understatement) “nói giảm”
EX: She's not a bad- looking girl.
7. Pun: (chơi chữ)
EX: She told the child to try not to be so trying.
8. Paradox:(nghịch lý)
EX: The child is the father of the man.
9. Antithesis: (câu đối)
EX: Speech is silver, but silence is gold
10. Oxymoron: (nghịch hợp)
EX: “sick heart”', “cold passion” (2 từ)
11. Euphemism: (uyển ngữ)
EX: Pass away for die
12. Climax:(tăng tiến)
EX: I think we’ve reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not
only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth.
13. Synecdoche: (hoán dụ danh từ chung)
EX: He paid the workers $5 per head.
14. Metonymy: (hoán dụ danh từ riêng)
EX: Australia beat Canada at cricket.
15. Transferred epithet: (chuyển đổi) A=> noun
EX: He passed a sleepless night.
External conflict
An EX is between a character and an outside force.
 Man vs man
 Man vs nature
 Man vs society
Internal conflict
An IC is between a character and his/herself.
Theme
 T is not a topic
 T is a statement about life
 Good T => Valuable lesson about life
PONIT OF VIEW
A story is told through the eyes of character or narrator.
Direct
the writer tells us directly what a character is like.
Indirect
Characters are revealed through their actions, their reactions to
situations or other characters, or their thought.
 Flat character => những nhân vật phụ trợ, không quá phức tạp và
không thay đổi một cách bất ngờ”
 Round character => nhiều tính cách hoặc đặc điểm
 Dynamic character => grow and change in story developing as
the react to events or other character.
 Static character => remain essentially unchanged
 Stereotype character => are known by what they do and know
act
 The luncheon (1924)
William Somerest Maugham (1874-1965) is writer, essayist,
playwright famous for his mastery of story- telling skills.
Plot
 Situation (line 9-24): The author encounters the woman at play
after 20 years, he starts to recall the luncheon at the same time
 Complication (line 31-124): they luncheoned at Foryot’s
restaurant. She ordered salmon & caviar
 Climax (line 122): the woman insisted on asparagus
 Falling action (122-125): finally, he was able to pay the bill not a
penny left in his pocket
 Resolution (line 130-134): back to present, the woman weights
one hundred and thirty-six kilograms.
1. What kind of Foyot’s restaurant?
 Expensive R; French senators dined
2. How did narrator convince himself could afford for lunch?
 80 Francs; would not cost more than 15 Francs, cut out coffee 2
weeks
3. Food items did she choose for herself
 Salmon fish
 Caviar
 Champagne
 Asparagus
 Ice cream & coffee
 Peaches
4. Narrator order
 Mutton chop & coffee
5. Lady talk gaily about
 Art; literature; music
6. Why narrator panic?
 Not enough money to end of month
 Not enough money to pay the bill
7. Narrator plan to do if don’t EM?
 Borrow from his guest => couldn’t do
 Final solution=> leave his watch and come back pay later
8. Mood was author asked lady “still hungry”?
 Very sarcastic mood
9. Why still call coffee and ice cream?
 He did not impolite
10.Why lady call him “humorist”?
 She should not eat more than 1 thing for lunch
 He would eat nothing for dinner that night
11.How much in this kilogram?
 133.35 kg
12.What is the characterization?
 Direct & Indirect
13.What is the theme in a literary work?
 Theme is appearance against reality
 State of theme is Struggle; innocence; greed; responsibility;
selfishness
14.The characteristics of woman?
 Smart, gluttonous, selfish, cold, indiscreet
15. Flashback: presentation of what occurred before the events of
the story to provide important information.
16. Foreshadowing: providing hints or clues to prepare readers for
what is going to happen.
17. Verbal irony: contrast between what a speaker literally says and
what he or she says
18. Situational irony: a situation turns out to be the reverse of what
is expected.
19. Dramatic irony: state of affairs known to the reader is the
reverse of what the character supposes it to be.
 Old English period (Anglo Saxon period)
- From 449AD to 1066AD
- Transition to the Epic Beowulf (unknown)
- Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic; manuscript is debated;
it close to AD 1000. Was composed in 8 century.
- B vs Grendel => him unarmed
- B vs Grendel’s mother => sword
- B vs Dragon => armor and weapons (kill each other)
Theme
- Family
- Reputation
- Generosity
- Revenge
 The Middle English period (1066-1485)
- Geoffrey Chaucer (1930? -1400)
- The father of English literature
- The first great English humorist and realist
- Compile: The Canterbury Tales (24 stories/120)
 - Told by person of all ranks and conditions (group 30 ppl)
 The Renaissance
- William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
- Wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 narrative poems, 10 tragedies
Hamlet (1600-1602) in England London 17th
century
- Happened in Denmark
- Old king Hamlet
- Gertrude
- Claudius
- Hamlet
- Ophelia
- Polonius
- Laertes
Theme – direct
- Death, decay & corruption, revenge
1. To be or not to be
 Better to live or die
2. “slings and arrows”
 Difficulties in our lives
3. “the sea trouble”
 Hyperbole/ Metaphor
4. Two ways to follow
 To live or to die
5. “no more”
 Trouble => sleep
6. Hamlet mention in his bad luck
 He refers to the emotional struggle for losing his father
his crown, his own mother
7. Death?
 Death is an end
8. The rub?
 The rub = the central problem
 9. Death-dream-why-big problem
 Cannot die before revenge for his father
 ROBINSON CRUSOE (25/4/1719)
- Daniel Defoe (1600-1731)
- Robinson & Man Friday
- Happened in Africa
- Robinson spends 28 years on desert island
- The story is about a seaman, who was shipwrecked (đắm tàu)
on a desert island and spent twenty- eight years living there
alone but finally triumphed over his state of isolation.
1. Young fellow
 R named him Friday
2. “perfectly-well made”
 Friday- straight, strong limbs, not too large
 Tall and well-shaped appearance
3. “to get some further intelligence of them”
 To know more information
4. Young fellow not to feel honor
 he is used to the scene.
5. What had just happened?
 Cannibal feast—the token of the triumphant feast
they had been making there, after a victory over
their enemies.