CAESAR II

Input Basics Workshop

Getting Started
z Start CAESAR II
z Set the working
folder
z Open a new job
z Check units
z Build data

Input Basics 2

1
Work Flow
1) Markup the Drawing
2) Build and Review the Model
3) Error Check the Model
4) Review/Edit Load Cases
3 4
5) Run the Analyses
6) Review Results
5 6
Input Basics 3

Getting Help
z User Guide , Technical Reference,
Application Guide
z On-line documentation
z F1 on the cell of interest
z Tool tips show dimensions

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CAESAR II Main Menu
Locate
working folder

Menu Bar

Toolbar

Identify Version
& Build

Input Basics 5

Input Spreadsheet

1920x1200 screen resolution

(reduced to 33% here)

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Input Spreadsheet

1280x1024
(reduced to 40% here)

Input Basics 7

Manipulating the Display

Input Basics 8

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Graphics only

Input Basics 9

Tearing the Input

Input Basics 10

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Input Tools

z Toolbars can be
conveniently arranged
around the window.
z There are three tool bar
groups:
– Main Menu
– Input
– Plot

Input Basics 11

“Main Menu” Tools

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Input / Edit / List Tools

Input Basics 13

Plot Tools

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Input Strategy
z The physical system is represented by
the assembly of simple “stick” elements
z Node numbers identify the ends of all
these elements
z Each piping element is defined in a
piping spreadsheet

Input Basics 15

Piping Spreadsheet Layout

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8
Point vs. Carry-Forward Data
z Entered data is
automatically “carried
forward”
forward” to the next
element where
appropriate.
z Carry-
Carry-forward items are
highlighted in red.
z Point data applies to this
element only (shown in
yellow).
Input Basics 17

Moving Around Spreadsheets

Next, or, if Last,

Create Next

First

Last If Last,
Previous Duplicate <Ctrl>End
PgDn
Next
PgUp (or Mouse Wheel)
<Ctrl>Home
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9
Deleting Spreadsheets & Data
z <Ctrl>D or
Erases the current spreadsheet/element.
z Delete Key
Erases the current (highlighted) cell. This key is used to erase
erase errant
data in particular fields rather than entire spreadsheets.
z Double-click Check Box / Click “Aux Tools”
Deletes auxiliary items and their associated information. A double
double--
click on the check box or pressing the spacebar for the highlighted
highlighted
checkbox will toggle the entry. Clicking an “Aux Tools”
Tools” button will
toggle the current entry.

Input Basics 19

Pipe Length - DX, DY & DZ

“English” “SI” “mm”
Input
Output (ft.-in.) Output (m-cm) Output (mm-mm)
6 6 in. 6 cm 6 mm
6-0 6 ft. 6m 6 mm
6- 6 ft. 6m 6 mm
6.3- 6 ft. 3.6 in. 630 cm 6.3 mm
6-10 6 ft. 10 in. 610 cm 16 mm
6-10-1/4 6 ft 10.25 in. 610.25 cm 16.25 mm

z Cell Math (English):

Addition: 6-
6-10+6-
10+6-2 = (6 ft. 10 in.) + (6 ft. 2 in.) = 13 ft.
Subtraction: -10-
10-3+2-
3+2-5 = - (10 ft. 3 in.) + (2 ft. 5 in.) = -7 ft. 10 in.

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10
Available Nominal Pipe OD’s
z ANSI (inches) Units: English
0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 42
z JIS (millimeters) Units:SI
15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 250
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
z DIN (millimeters) Units: mm
15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 200 250 300
350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600
1800 2000 2200
Input Basics 21

Available Pipe Schedules

z ANSI
ANSI B36.10 Steel Pipe Nominals: S XS XXS
ANSI B36.10 Steel Pipe Numbers: 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
ANSI B36.19 SS Pipe Numbers: 5S 10S 40S 80S
z JIS
JIS 1990 Steel Pipe Numbers: 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
JIS 1990 SS Pipe Numbers: 5S 10S 40S
z DIN
The DIN specification does not include schedule numbers. Entering S
obtains a standard wall thickness for each of the 28 nominal diameters.

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11
Typical Restraint Definitions

Input Basics 23

Non-Linear Conditions in CAESAR II

z Terminology applies to restraint definitions or
boundary conditions.
z The piping system boundary conditions (i.e.
the restraints) are represented as stiffnesses,
or springs, in the equation being solved:
[K]{x} = {f}.
z A constant value for stiffness K models a
linear boundary. Piping systems have
restraint conditions that change; these
“nonlinear” restraints are more complex.
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Linear vs. Non-Linear
z Example of a linear boundary
conditions include a double
acting rigid restraint, such as a
“Y” support or a spring hanger.
z The force versus displacement
curve for these restraints is a
straight line … linear.
z The slope of the line is the
stiffness.

Input Basics 25

Linear vs. Non-Linear

zA “+Y”
+Y” support is a non-
non-linear
support.
z Its force vs displacement
curve is not a straight line.
z Stiffness only exists for
negative displacements.
z For positive displacements, the
stiffness is zero.

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13
Linear vs. Non-Linear

zA “gap”
gap” is also a non-
non-linear
support.
z The force vs. displacement
curve is not a straight line.
z There is no added stiffness
in the gap.

Input Basics 27

Other Non-Linear Conditions

z Friction
z Large rotation rods
z Bi-linear restraints

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Connecting Nodes

Input Basics 29

Connecting Nodes
z These two models are
structurally identical.
z The model at right has an
ANCHOR at 55 with a
CNODE of 56. There is NO
element 55 - 56.
z The anchor will now show
the “internal”
internal” loads of 55
on 56.

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15
Connecting Nodes
z CNODEs are a very flexible, useful feature of
CAESAR II.
z Think of a CNODE as:
– a “ball & socket joint”
joint”, some DOFs are related
(such as translation), while others are not (such
as rotation)
or
– the other end of the restraint.
z A restraint with CNODE can even replace a
pipe element.
Input Basics 31

Insulation & Fluid Density

z Insulation
– If insulation density is left blank, CAESAR II will use the
density of calcium silicate (0.00665 lbf./cu.in.) with the
insulation thickness to determine insulation weight.
– Refractory lining can be included using a negative insulation
thickness. The volume will be calculated by projecting the
thickness inside rather than outside the pipe.

z Fluid
– Fluid density may be entered directly in terms of specific
gravity by following the number with “SG”
SG”, as in 0.8SG.
Specific gravity is immediately converted to density.
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Rigid Element Characteristics
z Stiffness based on 10 z If WEIGHT > 0
times wall thickness ÍTotal Weight =
specified weight
+ fluid weight
+ 1.75 * insulation thickness
(based on specified OD)

z If WEIGHT = 0
ÍTotal Weight = 0,
regardless of specified fluid &
insulation
Input Basics 33

Valve/Flange Databases
CAESAR II provides
several databases
containing rigid length &
weight. CADWORX &
CRANE provide catalog
data. GENERIC &
NOFLANGE contain
simpler data.
Be aware of the lengths
used by CAESAR II...

Input Basics 34

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Bend Element Basics
z Bends can only be defined on the
element entering the bend (at the “To
Node”).
z The two elements which contain the
bend must be contiguous.
z The layout of the two elements
containing the bend, define the bend
angle.

Input Basics 35

Bend Node Numbering

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Dimensioning Bends

Node locations
Actual node
for
locations:
dimensioning:

Input Basics 37

Reducers Enter the “To”

To” End
data here or enter the
size on the next
element.

“From”
From” End

Alpha, the “slope”

slope” of the
reducer, will be estimated
if not entered.

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Duplicating Data
z Locate selection
z Click on Group Select
z Drag box around
selection
z Click Duplicate
z Enter Data
z Review plot

Input Basics 39

Duplicating Data
z What’s
Wrong?
z 60-70
duplicated
as 130-140
z Change to
130-70

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20
Imposed Displacements
z A pipe support or anchor may impose
movement through thermal growth or
settlement.
z Do not model this boundary condition
as a support or anchor. Instead, define
the displacement for the support or a
complete set of displacements and
rotations for the anchor.
Input Basics 41

Imposed Displacements

Input Basics 42

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Imposed Displacements
z Hint, a vector of six zeros for displacement is
identical to an anchor.
z An undefined term is “free”.
z Load sets including the displacement set “Dn”
will show these displacements,
e.g. W+T1+P1+D1.
z Load sets without a displacement set will
show zeroes for the six terms, just like an
anchor, e.g. W+P1.

Input Basics 43

Starting the Analysis

z Click Error
Check

z Click on
Error
z Click on
Zoom to
Selection

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Building and Using Load Case
z CAESAR II recommends loads cases for
new jobs.
z CAESAR II keeps the load cases from
the last analysis.
z CAESAR II does not “recommend”
occasional load sets.

Input Basics 45

The Load Case Editor Reset to

recommended
cases

Load cases Stress Set load

type cycles
Primitive loads
used in this job

Input Basics 46

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Building and Using Load Cases
z All load components (primitive loads)
defined in the job are displayed.
z These primitive loads are combined to
make up the load cases.
z Load cases, too, may be combined to
create additional load cases.
z All primitive combinations must be
defined before load case combinations.
Input Basics 47

“Primitive” Loads in CAESAR II

z W, WNC, WW – pipe and insulation weight with
contents, with no content, with water weight
z T1, T2, …, T9 – thermal strain
z HP, P1, P2, …, P9 – hydrostatic & pipe pressure
z H, F1, F2, …, F9 – hanger preload, itemized loads
z D1, D2, …, D9 – imposed displacements
z CS – cold spring; cut short or cut long
z U1, U2, U3 – added load per unit length (or g)
z WIND1, WIND2, …, WIND4 – wind loads
z WAVE1, WAVE2, …, WAVE4 – hydrodynamic loads
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Building Load Cases
z Load cases serve three purposes in a
CAESAR II analysis
– Develop code-defined stresses
– Examine structural response at various states
(e.g. installed and operating condition)
– Collect data to size spring hangers

Input Basics 49

Building Load Cases

z CAESAR II will recommend a set of load
cases for analysis based on assumed
stress categories.
z The user can edit and add to these
recommended load cases.

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Default stress categories
z Sustained components:
– W, P1-P9, H
z Expansion components:
– T1-T9, D1-D9
z Unassigned components:
– Occasional: U1-U3, WIND1-WIND4,
WAVE1-WAVE4, F1-F9
– Structural: WNC, WW, HP, CS

Input Basics 51

Load Case/Stress Types

z Each load case includes a load case identifier
z These identifiers determine how the results
are calculated and used
z SUStained, EXPansion, OCCasional,
OPErating, and FATigue set the stress
calculation and allowable stress
z HYDrostatic and HGR (hanger) set support
configuration and data availability

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Examples of
“Primitive” Load Sets
z For a job with W,P1,T1,D1 and loaded spring
hangers:
– W+T1+P1+D1+H (OPE)
– W+P1+H (SUS)
z For a job with W,P1,P2,T1,T2:
– W+T1+P1 (OPE)
– W+T2+P2 (OPE)
– W+P1 (SUS)
– W+P2 (SUS)
Input Basics 53

Load Combinations
z L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE)
L2: W+P1 (SUS)
L3: L1-L2 (EXP) :expansion stress range

z L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE)

L2: W+P1 (SUS)
L3: WIND (OCC)
L4: L1-L2 (EXP) :expansion stress range
L5: L2+L3 (OCC) :sustained + occasional stress
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Combining Load Cases
z Load cases can be combined for structural
and/or stress evaluation.
z All basic load cases must be defined before
these combinations can be constructed.
z For example, expansion stress range is taken
between two “states”, typically, between
operating and installed states.
z And, sustained stresses are summed with
occasional stresses for comparison to the
allowed limit.
Input Basics 55

Combining Load Cases

z Load case combinations are identified by the
prefix L
– L1+L2 combines load case 1 and load case 2
– L2+1.5L3 combines 1.5 times load case 3 with
load case 2
z There are several ways to combine load
cases:
– Algebraic (e.g. expansion range)
– Scalar (e.g. sustained plus occasional)
– Max/Min (display max or min absolute)
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Load Case Options

Adjust
supports

Globally
Edit load What
How to modify
case names to Select
combine friction
Keep or keep Young’
Young’s
discard load Modulus
the output cases
report

Input Basics 57

Load Case Options

z Change the display name
z Select what reports (if any) to build in the
output
z Set the combination method
z Activate snubbers
z Lock/unlock spring supports
z Specify a Young’s Modulus
z Globally adjust coefficient of friction
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Structural vs. Stress Analysis

L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE)

L2: W+P1 (SUS)
L3: WIND (OCC)
L4: W+T1+P1+WIND (OPE)
L5: L1-L2 (EXP) (Algebraic)
L6: L2+L3 (OCC) (Scalar)
structural stress
(restraint loads & system deflections) (code-
(code-defined)

Input Basics 59

Input Basics 60

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Global vs. Local Coordinates
z The standard X,Y,Z global coordinate
system used in CAESAR II output is
augmented by a local coordinate
system to report element forces and
moments in terms of axial and shear
loads and torque and bending
moments.

Input Basics 61

Global vs. Local Coordinates

z The local coordinate system is:
– x points from the element From node to
the To node. This is the axial direction.
– y is the cross product of the local x and
global vertical up.
– z is the cross of local x and local y.

z A few examples will illustrate...

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Global (Y up) vs. Local Coordinates

Input Basics 63

Global (Y up) vs. Local Coordinates

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Other Input Items

Input Basics 65

Break Command
The break command adds nodes to an existing pipe run;
either a single node at any point or several, equally-
equally-spaced
nodes based on a node number increment or final pipe count.

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Closing Loops Automatically

The Close Loop

command automatically
connects the specified
nodes (here, 90 to 15)
with the proper length
piping element to
complete the path.

Input Basics 67

Material Database

CAESAR II provides a
database of material
properties that may be
changed by the user.
Database materials are
identified by numbers
from 101 to 699.

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User-defined Material (ID=21)
z Coefficient of Expansion (T1, T2, …)
– Entered as strain, this value must be defined for
each temperature case used. Data between
-0.05 and 0.05 (alpha tolerance) are interpreted
as strain rather than temperature.
z Elastic Modulus (ambient)
z Poisson’s Ratio
z Pipe Density

Input Basics 69

Offsets
Offsets can be used at vessel/nozzle
junctions or pipe intersections where
“branch”
branch” cantilever length would be
inappropriate if extended to the centerline
of the vessel or header.
Here, the offset is used to eliminate the
pipe length between the vessel wall and
centerline. The element from 20 to 30 will
have an offset specified for the “To”
To” end
with a +X dimension equal to the vessel
radius. This will adjust the element
stiffness and weight but not the node
locations.
A weightless, rigid element through this
open space would serve equally well.

Input Basics 70

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