Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. List 2 types of stress intervention program
2. 2 main factors to determine the chemical toxicity
3. 2 forms effect the effectiveness of general ventilation system
4. Motor vehicle on Construction site always accident. Name 2
method to control the accidents / avoid
5. 4 machines at construction that need Certificate of Fitness
6. Air sampling to _____ & _______ contaminant?
7. Biological monitoring to human? ___________ &
_____________
8. Excessive Load for electrical equipment, how to control?
name 2
9. Fire Spread Method, name 2.
10. Name 2 diseases associated to heat strees
Paper 2 Section C
Question 1
Explain 5 problems that happen to shift workers (20
marks)
Paper 2 Section C
Question 2
A welder fell from a roof while welding a metal
beam. A ladder was used instead of scaffold. The
supervisor instructed the worker to use the ladder.
The assistant to the welder in on leave. Explain 5
control measures to prevent recurrence (20 marks)
Answer Question 2
The 5 control measures are:
1. Employees: training to ensure their awareness
and competency
2. Duties and responsibilities: the need for
ownership of the task.
3. SOP: this will ensure a safe system of work, and
can be effective if it is derived from a risk
assessment or job safety analysis
4. Scaffold: the use of scaffold will reduce risk of
falling when safety harness is used
5. Working at ground level. A study should be
carried out to establish the feasible for welding to
be done at a ground level. This will eliminate the
necessity of working at height.
Paper 2 Section C
Question 3
a.List the other 4 components in the
diagram (next slide) (4 marks)
b. Explain 2 of the components above
(6marks)
c. Explain 5 control measure to prevent
biological hazard (10 marks)
10a. List the other 4 components in the diagram below (4
marks)
Pathogen
Transmission through
environment
10a. Ans: The other 4 components in the diagram are:
Pathogen
Reservoir
Escape from reservoir
Transmission through
environment
Entering route
Susceptible host
This is known as the chain of infection
10b. Explain 2 components
A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its
host. It is used to refer to infectious organisms which includes bacteria,
viruses (e.g. HIV), and fungi (e.g. yeast).
The Reservoir Host. This is where the organism in which the infectious
microbes reside (humans e.g. in lung, in animals or insects)
Escape from the reservoir. This is the escape of the pathogen from the
reservoir. Examples: respiratory secretions, blood exposure, breaks in
skin
Transmission through environment. This is the method by which the
pathogen gets from the reservoir to the susceptible host. Transmission
may occur through: direct contact (person-to -person), indirect contact
(object such as contaminated endoscope), air (droplet nuclei of
tuberculosis) or insect
Explain 2 components
Entering route. This is the route through which the pathogen enters its
susceptible host e.g. through inhalation, ingestion of breaks in the skin
Susceptible host. This is the organ that accepts the pathogen. The
support of pathogen life & its reproduction depend on the degree of the
effective resistance to a particular pathogenic agent.
10c. Explain 5 control measure to prevent
biological hazard
Control measures - Chain of infection
A circle of links, each representing a component in
the cycle must be present and in sequential order
for an infection to occur. Interrupting the chain of
infection is essential to control biological hazard
10c. 5 control measure to prevent biological hazard
Interrupting the chain of infection:
1. Pathogen Identification: Identification of infectious agent
& appropriate treatment identification of infectious agent
2. Asepsis & Hygiene: Potential hosts & carriers must
practice asepsis & maintain proper personal hygiene
3. Control Portals of Exit: Employees must practice
necessary precautions such as control and disposal of
body secretions & washing hands.
Asepsis: practice to reduce or eliminate contaminants (e.g. bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites) from entering the operative field in
surgery or medicine to prevent infection. Ideally, a field is "sterile" (free
of all contaminants), but difficult to attain. Elimination of infection is the
goal of asepsis, not sterility.
10c. 5 control measure to prevent biological hazard
4. Prevent a Route of Transmission by: practice
good hygiene such as washing hands, use of
appropriate disinfection & sterilization. Other
prevention techniques include isolation of
infected patients and not working when one is
contagious
5. Protect Portal of Entry. Ensuring that ports of
entry are not subjected to pathogens (nose,
mouth, eyes, urinary tract, open wounds, etc.).
Use of PPE may help in some cases
Paper 2 Section C
Question 4
a) List 4 hazards in the office
b) Explain 2 hazards that you have
stated in (a)
c) Explain 6 control measures for
the hazards mentioned in (b)
Paper 2 Section C
Question 5
Cradle to grave concept. Discuss.
(20 marks)
Paper 2 Section C
Question 6
a) Definition of confined space and
2 examples
b) 4 main hazards when working
c) Causes of oxygen deficiency in
confined space
d) 4 safety measure + illustrations