SUBMITTED TO : MAHAK GOREJA SUBMITTED BY: SAKSHI TRIVEDI

(ASSISTANT PROFF. S.S.L.G) &

AQUIF KHAN

POLITICAL ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN SINCE 1947

Brief History Of Partition Of India And Pakistan

The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which led to the creation of two independent dominions, India
and Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today known as the Republic of India and the Dominion of Pakistan is today known as
the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . The partition involved the division of three provinces, Assam, Bengal and the Punjab, based on
district-widevon the basis of religion majority ,i.e, Hindu or Muslim majorities. The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan
became known as the Radcliffe Line. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian
Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian
Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, as the British government there was called. The two self-
governing countries of Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947.

POLITICAL ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947

After gaining independence, India and Pakistan went to war in what is called the First Kashmir War.The conflict began over the
Muslim-populated, but Hindu-ruled Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu. The king, Hari Singh, chose to exercise his right to
remain free. His majority Muslim population violently rebelled and demanded to go to Pakistan. In October of 1947, Pakistan sent
troops to the area in an attempt to gain control of the state. When the violence became too much for the king to control, he
requested military aid from India. As a condition of the support, King Singh agreed to accede Jammu and Kashmir to India.
Pakistan refused to accept Jammu and Kashmir as an Indian state. They continued fighting and declaring war for territory,
capturing some cities mainly kashmir and forcing out Hindus. Indian forces kept up defence as well, taking back control of some
areas and securing others. When a ceasefire was finally established in January of 1949, India had control of Jammu, Ladakh, and
Kashmir Valley, Pakistan had control of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. The Indo-Pakistan War of 1947 was the first of many
wars between India and Pakistan.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was instigated by several events. First, in 1956, India regained control over the Rann of Kutch
region in the Indian state of Gujarat. Then, in January of 1965, Pakistan sent troops to patrol an Indian-controlled region, believing
the local population wanted to be out of Indian control. This move was followed by attacks on both sides in April of the same
year. With tensions high, Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar in August of 1965 and began invading the Indian state of Jammu
and Kashmir. India responded with a full military attack in West Pakistan. Although this war only lasted for 17 days, it resulted in
thousands of deaths. The war was the largest grouping of troops since independence and the largest tank battle since World War
II.
The United Nations mandated an end to the war after the US and the Soviet Union initiated peace talks. Both India and Pakistan,
however, claimed to have won the war and felt that the US and Britain had not supported their positions. This led both countries to
create stronger ties to the Soviet Union and China. In January 1966, India and Pakistan signed the Tashkent Declaration, a peace
treaty, in which they agreed to return conquered territories, remove troops, and return to the borders established in 1949.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was the first war between the countries that did not involve fighting over the Kashmir region. At
this time, the Dominion of Pakistan was divided into West Pakistan and East Pakistan (initially East Bengal). These two regions
were separated by the larger nation of India. East Pakistan felt exploited by West Pakistan, which held the majority of political
power. In March of 1971, an East Pakistan political party won the election, and West Pakistan chose not to recognize the results.
This decision led to political unrest in East Pakistan, and West Pakistan responded with military force. The Bangladesh Liberation
War began with East Pakistan declaring independence as Bangladesh.
Due to the violence in Bangladesh, many of its residents sought refuge in India. The Prime Minister decided to intervene in the
civil war, supporting an independent Bengali state. Some say this decision was prompted by the past relations between India and
Pakistan, others say it was to reduce the number of refugees. India began supporting rebel troops in Bangladesh, in response,
Pakistan attacked an Indian military base in December of 1971. This attack was the official start of the war.
After two weeks of fighting and losing West Pakistan territory, the Pakistani troops in Bangladesh surrendered. This surrender
effectively established the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The war resulted in the highest number of casualties of any Indo-
Pakistani conflict.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1999
the Indo-Pakistani War of 1999, also known as the Kargil War, took place between May and July. Pakistan prompted this conflict
when it sent troops across the Kashmir border to join rebels in the Indian district of Kargil. India retaliated with a significant
military response. The Indian army, together with the Air Force, recaptured the majority of the Kargil district. Facing international
opposition, Pakistan was forced to withdraw its invasion over the rest of the district. Many countries criticized Pakistan for
starting the conflict, and its already weak economy suffered further due to the threat of decreased international trade.

Siachen Conflict;
Siachen War, was a military conflict between India and Pakistan over the disputed Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. A cease-
fire went into effect in 2003. The conflict began in 1984 with India's successful Operation Meghdoot during which it gained
control over all of the Siachen Glacier (unoccupied and undemarcated area). India has established control over all of the 70-
kilometre-long (43 mi) Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the Saltoro
Ridge immediately west of the glacier, including Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys
immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge. According to TIME magazine, India gained more than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2) of
territory because of its military operations in Siachen.
Siachen is considered a military setback by the Pakistan Army. That the Indians dominate the area from the Saltoro Ridge and
Pakistani troops are nowhere near the Siachen Glacier is a fact never mentioned in public. The perceived humiliation at Siachen
manifests itself in many ways. It is synonymous with Indian perfidy and a violation of the Shimla Agreement In Pakistan, Siachen
is a subject that hurts, just like a thorn in its flesh; it is also a psychological drain on the Pakistani Army. Pervez Musharraf had
himself once commanded the Special Services Group (SSG) troops in this area and made several futile attempts to capture Indian
posts
Sir Creek
The dispute lies in the interpretation of the maritime boundary line between Kutch and Sindh. Before India's independence, the
provincial region was a part of Bombay Presidency of British India. After India's independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of
Pakistan while Kutch became a part of India. Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay
Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch.

Kashmir conflict
At the end of British occupation in 1947, two countries stood where there once was one. Pakistan divided with the intention of
being the nation for the Muslims of India. Kashmir, the roots of the boundary dispute between the two nations, was an
autonomous state under British rule and remained so post-partition, when initially given a choice between Pakistan and India.
Eventually though, in October of 1947, the ruling prince of Kashmir decided in India favor. This decision was viewed as
fraudulent, unfair, and completely unrecognized by the Pakistani government.
Due to its strategic position and unique and exquisite nature, Kashmir has been of particular interest to both countries. The main
goal of Islamabad is to gain control of this region, thus completing the vision of an independent Muslim state outside of India
considering that Kashmir is majority Muslim. New Delhi, on the other hand, has the goal of retaining Kashmir in order to support
the portrayal of India as a secular nation.
· In 1948, the first Kashmir war was fought between the Indian troops and Pakistani pathans invading from the northwest of the
Kashmir region. This primary war ended with UN intervention and a mutual agreement to a formation of a Line of Control, the
ceasefire line that the troops of both nations were withdrawn behind.
· The second war was fought in 1965 and the third in 1971. Each of these wars resulted in 11 UN resolutions and two significant
agreements, namely the Tashkent Declaration of 1966 and the Simla agreement of 1972.
· By 1974, India began nuclear testing in its northern desert. In 1998, Pakistan also showed signs of significant nuclear
capability. More armed conflict ensued in 1999 until finally ceasefire and peace talks began between President Musharraf and
Prime Minister Vajpayee. Unfortunately, these are all retarded by increasing conflict in the disputed region, specifically with the
August 2001 railway massacre in Jammu, the Kashmiri assembly attacks in October 2001, and the Indian parliament attack in
December of the very same year. This triggered military build-up by both nations on the line of control, increased diplomatic
sanctions, the end of transport links between the two countries and an announcement by Indian military of a keen preparation for
imminent war.
· Initially, 2003 saw both nations using forceful rhetoric in relation to their readiness and capability to endure nuclear warfare.
Throughout the 90 and continuing into the 21st century, the low-intensity war that has continued within this region between Indian
military and Pakistan militant groups has cost both nations a large loss of life and resources.
· Despite continuous militant attacks, both nations eventually attempted to reach peaceful negotiations over the border dispute,
including the establishment of sporting ties, transportation links, official cease-fire arrangements, and recognition of Kashmiri
separatist groups by India.

PRESENT SITUATION
Presently j&k is with three countries part of j&k is with pakistan known as PAK (pakistan administrated kashmir) another part is
with china commonly known as Aksia chin and finally the conflicted part which is with india.
Presently there is a huge turmoil going on in kashmir now matter is played by domestic , central and even international politics .
Which has crumpled the economy of kashmir and has led to political economic and social instability
2016 India-Pakistan military confrontation
On 18 September 2016, militants attacked the Indian Army's brigade headquarters at Uri, killing 19 soldiers. The attack came after
two months of extreme unrest in Kashmir, caused due to the killing of Hizbul Mujahideen commander Burhan Wani in an
encounter with Indian security forces. Amid high tensions and risk of escalation along the Line of Control, ten days after the
attack, on 29 September 2016, the Indian Army carried out a military raid in Pakistan-Administered-Kashmir, targeting
launchpads along the LoC, the de facto border between India and Pakistan.An Indian soldier was captured by the Pakistan Army
the very next day, but it was claimed that he had inadvertently crossed the border and that his capture was unrelated to the
'surgical strikes' conducted the night before. The soldier was eventually released as a goodwill gesture from the Pakistani side, and
ceasefire violations stopped on either side as tensions were defused and normalcy returned to the Kashmir valley

INCIDENTS

a. The 2011 India–Pakistan border shooting

India sources claimed that Pakistani Border Action Team(BAT) attacked a remote Indian Army post located at
Gugaldhar ridge, Kupwara district on 30 July 2011. The post was manned by soldiers of the 19 Rajput Regiment and 20
Kumaon Regiment, the latter in the process of replacing the former. During the attack, the Pakistani forces beheaded two
soldiers of the 20 Kumaon and took back the heads with them. A soldier of the 19 Rajput succumbed to his injuries in the
hospital. A few days later, Indian army also discovered a video clip of the severed heads from a Pakistani militant who
was killed while crossing into Jammu and Kashmir Officially, Indian Army spokesman maintained that that the incident
started when Pakistan made an infiltration bid in the Keran Sector of Kupwara District, Jammu and Kashmir on 30
August which was foiled by Indian security forces. During this an Indian Army JCO was also kille d.

b. 2013 India–Pakistan border incident

the 2013 India–Pakistan border incidents was a series of armed skirmishes along the Line of Control (LoC) in the
disputed Kashmir area. Starting from the mid-January 2013, they have been described as the "worst bout of fighting in
the region in nearly 10 years".It began on 6 January 2013, when according to Pakistani reports Indian forces attacked a
Pakistani border post, killing one soldier. Indian authorities claimed the incident as a retaliation against preceding
Pakistani ceasefire violations, but denied having crossed the demarcation line. In this incident total of 12 indian soldiers
and a civilian was killed. Such attacks from Pakistan would be seen till October 2013.

The than prime minister manmohan singh also said that, “ this incident had seriously damaged the ongoing peace
process and "after this dastardly act, there can’t be business as usual with Pakistan." Bikram Singh, the Chief of Army Staff
of India said that "We reserve the right to retaliate at a time of our choosing." Bikram Singh also said,"The attack on
January 8 was premeditated, a pre-planned activity. Such an operation requires planning, detailed reconnaissance.”

Nuclear arms race

The nuclear conflict between both countries is of passive strategic nature with nuclear doctrine of Pakistan stating a first
strike policy, although the strike would only be initiated if and only if, the Pakistan Armed Forces are unable to halt an
invasion (as for example in 1971 war or a nuclear strike is launched against Pakistan, whereas India has a declared policy
of no first use

Pakistan has 120 as well as india as 110 uclears weapons which says that Pakistan is more sufficient than india as well as
powerfull in terms of nuclear capacity but we cannot say thi thing without analysing the overall index of progress which says
that

India , China,the USand Russia are the only countries which are fulfilled with enough sae air and land capacities Dassault
Mirage 2000 sukhoi the Mikoyan MiG_29are multiple nuclear capabilities also we have large range of nuclear submarines nd
a wide range of missile arsenal

Onthe other hand nuclear capabilities possessed by Pakistan might not be compatible with india but steady pakistan is
developing in thi field . that the same time Pakistan is equipped with following armaments

The delivery is limited to aircraft bombs , f-16 and jf-17planes are the carriers , short and medium missiles, development
of tactical battlefield weapons ,1st and 2nd strike capabilities ,pak developed its own 3rt strike capability in submarime
form oad with nuclear missile .
Trade problems
The analysis of tariff data from World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) suggests that Pakistan imposes lower
import-weighted average tariff rates on the imports of Indian products than the import-weighted average tariff rates
imposed by India on the imports of Pakistani products.
The analysis of data on non-tariff measures from UNCTAD and World Bank suggests that India imposes higher
technical barriers to trade on the imports of textiles and agricultural goods amongst other goods. Additionally, India
has multiple certifying agencies involved in the process of implementing the non-tariff measures. It is likely that
procedural obstacles and administrative delays related to the implementation of non-tariff measures result in
impeding the imports into India from Pakistan.
Pakistan has an expanding consumer market and multiple free-trade agreements are expected to be negotiated.
According to the State Bank of Pakistan, the Consumer Confidence Index is at one of its highest levels. The private
consumer spending is expected to increase by 7% in FY16 compared to growth of 3.2% in FY15.
Planned infrastructure investments in Pakistan, too, are likely to promote industrial growth and will consequently
lead to greater demand for raw materials and intermediate goods.
However, temporary restrictions on economic activities between Pakistan and India can have a long-term impact on
the trading pattern between Pakistan and India as firms and businesses involved in trade between the two countries
seek alternative options due to the escalating hostilities.

Security
For India, security is the top issue, brought into stark relief by three near simultaneous bomb blasts in Mumbai this
month that killed at least 23 people and which analysts suspect was the handiwork of a domestic militant group.
Until this year, India had refused to resume peace talks until Islamabad took action against Pakistan-based militants
and brought to justice those behind the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
India has not linked the latest attacks to Pakistan, but suspicions linger that Pakistan's powerful ISI spy agency backs
militant groups operating against India.
Testimony from Pakistani-American David Headley, who scouted targets for the militants who staged the 2008
Mumbai attacks, says some ISI officers were connected to the plot.
Pakistan denies India's accusations. For its part, Pakistan accuses India of backing separatists in its Baluchistan
province and providing weapons and funding to Pakistan Taliban groups, charges India denies.