13

Tavi 1. fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

• ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

gansazRvrebebi
fsiqologiis miznebi
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla?
• Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
fsiqologiis istoriuli safuZvlebi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
• ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
 14

1954 wels SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom brauni topekas

ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqmeSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis
mixedviTac Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis segregacia
ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze
araviTari zemoqmedeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva socialuri
mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cvenebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos
kvlevis Sedegebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda imaze, rom
segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda.
mogvyavs erT-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, romelmac
Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia vaiTmeni, (Whiteman, 1993, 49-51 gv.):

testireba gasuli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cavatare Tqvni

moTxovnis mixedviT skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, ZiriTadad pirvel
klasSi. gamoviyene meTodi, romelzec adre gesaubreT - zangi da TeTri
Tojinebi, romlebic kanis feris garda sxvamxriv absoluturad identuria.
moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, romelbzec es Tojinebi exata.... bavSvebs
am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am
 15

kiTxvebs: "maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvelaze metad? an

romliT TamaSi gindaT yvelaze metad?", maCveneT "cudi" Tojina".....
sul 6-dan 9 wlamde 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe, maTgan aTma airCia TeTri
Tojina, is yvelaze metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daaxasiaTes,
rogorc "sasiamovno". ar dagaviwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absoluturad
identuria, kanis feris garda. TerTmetma bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi
Tojina cudad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba adre miRebul
rezultatebs, romelic 300-ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam
gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: zangi bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis
asakSi eqceva sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli negatiuri stereotipebis
tyveobaSi..... iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klarendonis sagrafos es
bavSvebi, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSkarad
daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sazogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis
procesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva arastabilurobis niSnebi
da, Cemi azriT, yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsnida miRebul
Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs
_ didi zemoqmedeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze da imaze,
 16

Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mosaxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri

Sedegebi?
kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqologiuri kvlevis potenciur
gavlenaze
rogorc calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxovrebaze. es magaliTi
am
saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT
mogzaurobaSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTuleebs daxvewili
kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is
Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs. fsiqologia da cxovreba
tvinis da fsiqikis Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan
ganzomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT procesebs, romlebic azris
mqone struqturas mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samyaros, rogor vswavlobT,
vurTierTobT sxvebTan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT
gavarkvioT adamianis cxovrebis ufro dramatuli gamovlinebebi,
rogoricaa, rogor da ratom naxuloben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor
uyvardebaT erTmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresiulebi,
 17

ratom avaddebian fsiqiurad. da bolos, vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba

gamoviyenoT fsiqologiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da - zogierT, magaliTad,
segregaciis SemTxvevaSi - SevcvaloT kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi
kulturuli Zalebi.
Cven, fsiqologiis da cxovrebis avtorebs, fsiqologiis kompetenturobis
gvjera. pedagogiuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqologia sul ufro
da ufro momxibvleli gaxda CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqnizmebis Sesaxeb informaciis
mozRvavebas aqvs adgili. Zveli Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba.
magram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadovebeli mxare jer kidev
amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs, rom am mogzaurobis dasaruls Tqvenc
saTuTad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis sakuTar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani iqneba wvdomis mecnieruli wyurvili.
davsvamT kiTxvebs adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, rodis
da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar
TavSi, sxva adamianebSi, cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT. avxsniT, ratom
fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqecviT ase. riTi gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, raSia
 18

Tqveni unikaloba da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxvebis msgavsad?

Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidreobam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma
gamocdilebam? rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi - adamianur
cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi, siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da
Semoqmedeba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gaxda yvela es
kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologiis, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.

ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?

fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT,
rogor esmiT fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi da areali. wignis
damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es.

gansazRvrebebi mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs fundamentur kiTxvaze:

rogoria adamianis buneba? am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiTi pasuxobs, rom
swavlobs individSi mimdinare procesebs, iseve rogorc fizikur da socialur
garemoSi aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazriT, fsiqologias formalurad
ganvmartavT, rogorc individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mecnierul
 19

Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmartebis mniSvnelovani nawilebi;

mecnieruli, qceva, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTxovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi
mecnieruli meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul monacemebs
efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi moicavs problemis analizisa da
gadaWrisaTvis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi daskvnebis
gamosatanad obieqturad Segrovebul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli
meTodis maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2-e
TavSi ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor atareben fsiqologebi
kvlevas. qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac organizmi garemos
ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsiqologiis sagani ZiriTadad adamianis da
cxovelis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili, sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is
magaliTebia, romlebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ikvleven, ras da
rogor akeTebs individi mocemul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili,
mozardi sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic studentur saerTo
 20

sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas egueba, Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras

icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos alchaimeris daavadebiT
Sepyrobili meuRlis TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi. amave
dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Simpanze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis
saWiro simboloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule TeTri virTxa, an
safrTxis signalze moreagire zRvis loqora. individi unda SeviswavloT mis
bunebriv garemoSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, gakontrolebul
(kontorlirebad) pirobebSi.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom adamianis moqmedebas
fsiqikuri procesebis, anu adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili Sinagania _ azrovneba,
dagegmva, msjeloba, Semoqmedeba (Seqmna), ocneba. mravali
fisqologisaTvis swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri Ziebis yvelaze
saintereso aspeqtebi. male gaigebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma
daxvewili teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlenebis da procesebis
Sesaswavlad - raTa es piradi gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
 21

am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias unikalur sferod aqcevs. maSin,

rodesac fsiqologebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian fokusirebuli,
sociologebi swavloben adamianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi,
xolo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevis ufro farTo
konteqstze sxvadasxva kulturaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi farTod
iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. rogorc erT-erTi socialuri
mecniereba, fsiqologia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, sociologias da
eTnologias. fsiqologebs bevri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan,
gansakuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da qcevis bioqimiur
safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsiqologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs
admianis fsiqika, rac, axlad warmoSobili kognituri mecnierebebis _
kompiuteruli mecnierebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc
janmrTelobis mecniereba _ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan,
iurisprudenciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsiqologia _ cdilobs
gaaumjobesos TiTeuli individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done.
fsiqologia, aseve, inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasTan, sxva humanitarul
 22

mecnierebebTan, religiasTan da xelovnebis iseT dargebTan, rogoricaa

literatura da dramaturgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqologiis siRrme da farTo
Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa ukve Camoyalibebuli
specialistebisaTvis, studentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqologias, is
erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.

• fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis

mecnieruli Seswavla

• mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) - im

procedurebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaciis
Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba, Tanac
imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumamdea dayvanili da
ganzogadeba sandoa.
• qceva (behavior) - is moqmedebebi, romlis
saSualebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqmeli, magram, bevri Rirebuli
informaciis miReba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqologiis sferos
Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsiqologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia,
 23

modiT, ganvixiloT es miznebi. fsiqologiis miznebi im fsiqologebis

mizani, romlebic fundamentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aRwera,
axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontroleba. gamoyenebiT (praqtikos)
fsiqologebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adamianis cxovrebis
gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsiqologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
ra igulisxmeba TiTeul am mizanSi?
movlenis aRwera fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dakvirveba
qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi aseTi dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul
masalas monacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris organizmis
qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romelSic es qceva xorcieldeba.
monacemebis Segrovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSaon qcevis is sazomebi, romlebic misi
obieqturad Seswavlis garantias gvaZlevs.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba - yvelaze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze detalur, specifikur
donemde. fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli doneebic sxvadasxva
kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqologiuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlevrebi
 24

swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas rTul socialur da kulturul

konteqstSi. am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon Zaladobis
kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crurwmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis
Sedegebi. Semdeg doneze, fsiqologebi qcevis ufro natif erTeulebs
swavloben, rogoricaa SuqniSanis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvalebis
moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daSvebuli gramatikuli
Secdomebi enis Seswavlisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire
erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdiloben Seiswavlon qcevis
biologiuri safuZvlebi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelia sxvadasxva tipis mogonebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros
warmoSobili bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze, an mxedvelobaze
pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. analizis TiTeuli done gvaZlevs im
arsebiT informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba adamianis bunebis
saboloo saerTo portreti, risi miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
• qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis qcevis da im
pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
 25

rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvirvebis fokusi, fsiqologebi

cdiloben, rom qceva obieqturadDaRweron. im faqtebis Segroveba,
romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis,
an surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa. radganac yovel
damkvirvebels dakvirvebis procesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi
Seaqvs - esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molodini _ aucilebelia, rom am
Tvalsazrisma ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg TavSi
naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mravalgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes
obieqturobis SesanarCuneblad. movlenis axsna maSin, rodesac aRwera
TvalsaCino informacias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis miRma unda
ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena
fsiqologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania. fsiqologebs surT
aRmoaCinon, rogor muSaobs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaciebSi?
ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidinos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna ZiriTadad aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umetesobaze
gavlenas axdens faqtorTa kombinacia. zogierTi faqtori individis SigniT
moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis
 26

done, an TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinantebs organizmis

(organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini organizmis Sesaxeb
gvawvdis informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi, am determinantebs
dispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs agreTve garegani faqtorebi.
warmoidgineT, rom bavSvi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa prizi
moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli
xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis gareT arsebuli
movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos, an situaciis (situaciuri)
cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isini TiTqmis
yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia
individi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewolas (situaciuri axsna) - an, rom
orive aucilebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare
erTi mizeziT axsnas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRebad aucileblia gakveTilze
 27

diskusiaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yovelTvis

kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar
gamoTqvams Tavis azrebs da Sexdulebebs. maswavlebeli sayvedurobs,
rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris.
igive adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes iwvevs vinmes
sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze
nakleb Caxeduli ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi sufrasTan. ra
diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mdebare romeli mizezia am tipis
qcevebze pasuxismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT, Tqveni
megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, rogorc saWiroa, Ciki da zimbardo
(Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq SegviZlia morcxvobis cneba
gamoviyenoT da Tqveni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi
avxsnaT.
• organizmis cvladebi (organizamic variables) _ organizmis qcevis
Sinagani determinanti.
• dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _ organizmis cvladi,
anu qcevis Sinagani determinanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
 28

• garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – garegani

zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
• situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – garegani zemoqmedeba
qcevaze.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi xSirad
sxvadasxva tipis monacemis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Serlok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti
monacemebis safuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. msgavsad
amisa, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos warmosaxva da
SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad
ganswavlul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamianis gamocdilebis
sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis
safuZvelze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba cdilobs gansazRvros,
mravali SesaZlo variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mocemul
qcevas.

winaswarmetyveleba fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom

garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba.
xSirad qcevis romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizezebis zusti axsna
 29

saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali

qceva. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari morcxvia,
SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad
igrZnobs Tavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. rodesac
romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsnelad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT
imis mixedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT zusti da
amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven megobars warmatebiT rom
daemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnieruli winaswarmetyvelebac
obieqturi da naTlad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos, ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos
misi Semowmeba da uaryofa, Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu rogor aris dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan movlenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akavSirebs
am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan. mizez-Sedegobrivi
winaswarmetyveleba azustebs im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba.
magaliTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da maimunebSi ucnobi
piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi
 30

gamowveuli cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos situaciis SigniT

variaciebze, magaliTad, ucnobobis (ucxoobis) xarisxi. ucnobi imave
asakis rom yofiliyo, rac bavSvi da maimuni, nakleb SfoTvas
miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvelebis gaumjobesebis mizniT
mkvlevari sistematurad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis reaqciaze
gavlenas akvirdeba.

kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli centraluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mizania. kontroli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar moxdeba -
daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis
formaze, Zlierebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mizez-Sedegobrivi
axsna damajerebelia, Tu is qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelovania, radgan is fsiqologebs
saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebaSi
daexmaron. am wignSi periodulad SexvdebiT fsiqologebis mier
gamogonebul sxvadasxva tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron
adamianebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqtebis gakontorlebaSi.
 31

me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, exeba fsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas.

wignSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs aRmofxvran
arajansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva, wamoiwyon
jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularuli varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT
aRzrdis ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari kavSiris
SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar surs ucxo adamians daexmaros
sxvas ubeduri SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xelisSemSleli
faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18). aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime
magaliTi im uricxvi situaciidan, romlebSic fsiqologebi TavianT codnas
iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobeson da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba. am
TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod optimistebi arian. mraval maTgans
sjera, rom praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos
saTanado CareviT. fsiqologia da cxovreba iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT, rom gageba da ara kontroli
warmoadgens mravali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqologebis saboloo
mizans, noubels da triandisi (Nobles 1980, Triandis 1990). kritikosebs
miaCniaT, rom kontrolze yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqologiaSi
 32

im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia, romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa

kolonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrobluri mentalitetis Sedegia.
dasavluri fsiqologiis kontrolze fokusireba agreTve mamakacur midgomad
iTvleba, is aseTi dominanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi bornSteini da qvina, (Bornstein,
Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992). Sejameba am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT
fsiqologiis da cxovrebis zogierT seqcias, romlebic specialurad
SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeqturad aiTvisoT teqsti.
Sejamebis qveTavi Tan sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil informacias.
amgvari
Sejameba ganvlili masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi
dagexmarebaT. yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, romelsac
sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es seqcia teqstis wvdomis
Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiyenoT. Tu armoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT
Sejameba, teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Tavidan waikiTxeT,
sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari seqciebi
testirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
 33

Sejameba
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis iyeneben, rom individebis
qcevisa da fsiqikuri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsiqologebs
ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva,
axsnan misi aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon rodis ganxorcieldeba
qceva da gaakontrolon is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra saWiroa fsiqologia? am Sesavali Tavis

kiTxvisas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pasuxi am
kiTxvaze sakmaod pirdapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqologiur kvlevas
dauyovneblivi da mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. fsiqologiis da cxovrebis erT-erTi umTavresi mizania
fsiqologiuri gamocdilebis pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba
gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT studentebs, romlebic fsiqologiis disciplinis
Sesaval kurss eswrebian da garkveuli kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamocdilebiTaa gamowveuli ("rogor unda
moviqce, Tu vfiqrob, rom deda fsiqikurad daavadebuli myavs?" "es
 34

sagani maswavlis, rogor unda miviRo ukeTesi niSnebi?"); xandaxan es

kiTxvebi presis saSualebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqologiuri informaciiTaa
gamowveuli ("marTalia, rom rac ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro
konservatulia igi?" "qalebi yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi arian, vidre
kacebi?"). CvenTvis am kursis swavlebis sirTule swored imaSia, rom
mecnieruli kvlevis is Sedegebi warmoavaCinoT, romlebic
mniSvnelovania studentebisaTvis.
fsiqologiisa da cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela seqcia cdilobs swored amgvar
kiTxvebs upasuxos. am gamocemaSi specialuri CanarTebi movaTavseT -
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiTeuli aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTxvas,
romelic araerTxel gvsmenia studentebisagan. Cvens mizans
warmoadgens mecnierulad agvexsna is sakiTxebi, romlebic yvelaze
metad aRelvebT studentebs. imedi gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavla gaamdidrebs Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas.

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs
fsiqologia da ra aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca, fsiqologiis
 35

Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelovania gesmodeT is mravali Zala,

romelmac Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba. es istoriuli
mimoxilva emyareba erT martiv princips: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs.
fsiqologiis mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze gacxarebuli kamaTi
mimdinareobda fsiqologiis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxlva analizis or doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel
ganyofilebaSi mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca fsiqologias
safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad
arsebul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive donisaTvis SeecadeT
warmoidginoT is inteleqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Teoriebi.
fsiqologiis istoriuli safuZvlebi
"fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli aqvs, magram mokle istoria", werda
eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli, herman ebinhausi
(Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnierebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
ainteresebdaT admianis bunebis mravali saidumlo - rogor aRiqvams
adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobierebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe -
magram amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZlebloba kvlevis
 36

saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis gamo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens

welTaRricxvamde meoTxe da mexuTe saukuneSi berZeni filosofosebis:
sokrates, platonis da aristoteles mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
marTalia, fsiqologiis garkveuli formebi induri iogas uZveles tradiciaSic
arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi swored did berZen
moazrovneTa dialogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msjeloba imaze,
Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa
calkeul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris. me-19-e saukunis
bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mecnierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da
fizika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsiqologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes,
raTa pasuxi gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fundamentur
kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula
vilhelm vundtma (Wilhelm Wundt), romelmac, 1879 wels laipcigSi
eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti
ganaTlebiT fiziologi iyo, samecniero karieris manZilze misma
interesebma sxeulis Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla. mas
 37

surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi

fsiqikuri procesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vundtma fsiqologiuri
laboratoria daaarsa, ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa seria da
gamoqveynebuli Tavisi fiziologiuri
fsiqologiis safuZvlebis pirveli gamocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo)
kendleri, (Kendler, 1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma
fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, misma mowafeTa didma
raodenobam SemdegSi TavianT samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi
laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel disciplinad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT
amerikis mraval universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi gaCnda, pirveli
maTgani _ jons hopkinsis universitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul
laboratoriebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad, eduard titCeneri
(Edward Titchener) vundtis mowafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi gaxldaT
aSS-Si, romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis laboratoria daaarsa.
Tumca, daaxloebiT amave dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis
axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas swavlobda da literatura da
 38

religia ainteresebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. uiliam jemsma

(William James), didi romanistis, henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca
"fsiqologiis safuZvlebi" (1890/1950), romelic, mravali eqspertis azriT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asociacia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis
CrdiloeT amerikaSi 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria funqcionirebda,
hilgardi
(Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi misi kvlevis sagnisa da
meTodebis Sesaxeb. am debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi jerac ar
kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava struqturalizmsa da
funqcionalizms Soris.

struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi

rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mecniereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli
kvlevebis Catareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenciali unikaluri
wvlili Seetana codnis SeZenaSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi martiv
reaqciebs ("ki"-s an "ara"-s Tqma, Rilakze TiTis daWera) iZleodnen
 39

sxvadasxva pirobaSi aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi

sistematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSualebiT iyo Segrovebuli,
sxvebsac SeeZloT am eqsperimentebis Sedegebis gameoreba. vundtis
fsiqologiuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aqcenti mecnierul
meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda,
rom cnobierebis sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTodebi unda
gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxovrebis elementebis Seswavlis
miseuli meTodi introspeqcia iyo - individis mier konkretuli sensoruli
gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZnobebis ganxilva. titCeneri aqcents
fsiqikis Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainteresebda kiTxvebi
"ratom" da "rogor". mis midgomas struqturalizmi ewodeba, anu swavleba
fsiqikis da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom adamianis fsiqikuri gancda
SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am
midgomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZnebis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis
sxva gancdebis Semadgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia. mravali
 40

fsiqologi struqturalizms sam frontze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli

iyo, radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule martiv SegrZnebebamde
daiyvana; (2) is elementaruli iyo, radgan nawilebs an elementebs erT
mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is
mentalisturi iyo, radgan adaimianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod verbalur
aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvaliswinebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar
SeeZlo Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxovelebs, bavSvebs da
fsiqikurad daavadebul avadmyofebs.
struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani alternativa iyo gelStalt
fsiqologia, romlis fuZemdebeli gaxldaT germaneli fsiqologi maqs
verthaimeri
(Max Wertheimer). misi azriT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams,
rogorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara martivi nawilebis erTobas:
rodesac, magaliTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre saRebavis
calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba. rogorc mexuTe TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt
fsiqologias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispiro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.
 41

funqcionalizmi: mizanmimarTuli fsiqika uiliam jemsi titCeners

eTanxmeboda, rom fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba unda iyos,
magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyvaneboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da
struqturebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tviseba, romelic mudmiv
urTierTqmedebaSi imyofeba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis
garemosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniSvnelovania fsiqikuri
procesebis moqmedebebi da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic
organizms garemosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcionirebis saSualebas
aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas "ra aris nebismieri qceviTi
aqtis funqcia an mizani?" funqcionalizmis skolis damaarsebeli iyo
amerikeli filosofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri procesebis praqtikuli
gamoyenebis mcdelobam ganaTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca progresul ganaTlebas sakuTar
laboratoriul skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: "meqanikuri daswavla
uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gadavidnen im imediT, rom es
 42

inteleqtualur cnobismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis ukeTesi

wvdoma miiReboda" (kendleri 1987, gv. 124).
marTalia, jemss dakvirvebis sjeroda, vundtis mier SemuSavebul
daxvewil laboratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas aniWebda. jemsis
fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili emociebis, me-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis,
religiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. misi „Tbilsisxliani“ fsiqologia
aRiarebda, rom TiTeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyvaneba formulebze
an testis qulebze. jemsisTvis fsiqologiis mizans warmoadgenda axsna da
ara eqsperimentuli kontroli, arkini (Arkin, 1990). am mimdinareobebis
memkvidreoba miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struqturalizmis da
funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti
Seqmnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganviTarda. amJamad
fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis rogorc struqturas, aseve funqcias,
magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT, rom megobris kinoSi
dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaTvis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma
sworad unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia - varskvlavuri omebi CemTan
erTad am saRamos - amave dros winadadebas unda hqondes swori
 43

struqtura: swori ar iqneba Tu ityviT "ginda varskvlavuri omebi erTad

CemTan am saRamos wamosvla?" metyvelebis procesis gagebis mizniT
mecnierebi swavloben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs moargos
sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis gramatikuli struqtura, boki (Bock
1990). (enis da metyvelebis zogierT process mecxre TavSi aRvwerT). am
wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqturaze, ise - funqciaze,
ganvixilavT rogorc klasikur, aseve Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi
mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela individisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa da TiTeuli individis unikaluri
aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad.
• struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb,
sadac fsiqikuri gamocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an
movlenebis kombinacia.
• funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic fokusirdeba
organizmis garemosTan urTierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis
funqciebze.
 44

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi ganvixilavT Tanamedrove

fsiqologiis ZiriTad mimdinareobebs. TiTeuli maTgani _ biologiuri,
fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli, humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da
fsiqo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas
axdens imaze, Tu ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: adamianebs
Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvidreobiT miRebul (biologiuri
determinizmi), an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determinizmi)
scenars aTamaSeben? organizmi aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu
meqanikuri da reaqtiuli? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialuri
fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aixsnas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro
mcire komponentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi
aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba ganapirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra
meTodebiT. yoveli momdevno seqciis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tvali,
rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da Sedegebs TiTeuli aseTi
mimdinareoba. marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTxebs TiTeuli es
mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da
erTmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cnebebs. TiTeuli
 45

mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeT gavigoT adamianis

gamocdileba. amitom, aq TiTeuli mimarTulebis wvlils ganvixilavT, xolo
erTad aRebuli, isini Tanamedrove fsiqologias asaxaven.

biologiuri mimdinareoba biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi

qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis
funqcionirebaSi eZeben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis safuZvlad
mdebare fizikuri struqturebis da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT.
gancda da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs Soris da SigniT qimiuri
da eleqtruli aqtivobis Sedegi.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom fsiqologiuri da
socialuri fenomenebi SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT aixsnas:
yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZleba gagebul iqnas ufro mcire, ufro
specifikur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini Seecdebian axsnan,
rogor kiTxulobT am winadadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredebSi
mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqturiT
da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazRvreba. safuZvlad mdebare
biologiuri struqturebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdilebam SeiZleba
 46

qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma SeiZleba gkiTxon: "ra cvlilebebi xdeba

Tqvens tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT? fsiqobiologiuri mimarTulebis
amocanaa qceva analizis yvelaze zust doneze gaigos.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa da samedicino laboratoriebSi
muSaobs, sxvebi klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZleba Tu ara
gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxebis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis
qsovilebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni - avtosagzao SemTxvevis an
daavadebis Sedegad gamowveuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis
gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan warmoSobili qcevis aspeqtebis
Seswavla.

fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis

mixedviT, qcevas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlieri (mZlavri)
Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tandayolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri
ltolvebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnebs
Soris konfliqtis gadaWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. deprivaciis
mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis
energias zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri - sawvavs orTqlis
 47

lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas,

Tu misi moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia da misi ltolvebi - Semcirebuli.
qcevis mTavari mizania daZabulobis Semcireba.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yvelaze srulad venelma eqimma
zigmund froidma (Zigmund Freud) ganaviTara 19-e saukunis bolos da
20-e saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ideebi fsiqikurad daavadebul
pacientebTan muSaobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT, is
principebi, rolmebic man avadmyofebTan aRmoaCina, vrceldeba rogorc
normalur, jansaR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani
Zalebi. froidis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom adamianis buneba
yovelTvis racionaluri ar aris, rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos
gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebuli. froidis Semdeg es Teoria
misma mimdevrebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares. froidis
mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis periodi adreuli bvSvobaa, neo-
froidianelebma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socialuri zemoqmedeba
 48

da urTierTqmedeba CarTes, romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsiqologiis mraval sferoze. misi
wvlilis sxvdasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecnobiT bavSvis
ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis, aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. magram gakvirvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom
misi ideebi arasodes yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi. nacvlad
amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli SemoqmedebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic
Sepyrobili iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmedebebis Rrmad
dafaruli saidumlos amocnobis surviliT.

bihevioristuli mimdinareoba am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi

swavloben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli tipis qcevas garemos
konkretuli stimuli. upirveles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben garemos
winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win uswrebs qcevas da organizms
imisaTvis amzadebs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isini
 49

ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi kvlevis mTavar obieqts

warmoadgens, qceva unda gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da
gavakontroloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirvebad Sedegebs.
bihevioristis interesis sagania, magaliTad, rogor cvlis motocikletistis
marTvis stils, aiZulebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod Tavi daanebos
tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia) sagzao jarimebi (Sedegi).
monacemebs bihevioristebi gakontrolebuli (kontrolirebadi) laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebidan iReben, maT SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da
kompiuterebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da reaqciis
dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda
iyos ganmartebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad isini cxovelebs
swavloben (umetes SemTxvevaSi mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan
eqsperimentis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontroleben, vidre adamianebis
SemTxvevaSi. bihevioristebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili ZiriTadi
procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqologiis praqtikaSi. mis mier
moTxovnili zusti eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi dadgena
 50

fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi gaiziares. bihevioristebis mier

cxovelebze aRmoCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis problemebzec
gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principebma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur
midgomamde migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtkicebis
gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis axali tipis Terapia da
utopiuri sazogadoebis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.

humanisturi mimdinareoba humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi

gaCnda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioristuli modelebis alternativa.
humanisturi fsiqologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ganapirobebs
arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi, rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da
arc garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaCndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri
qmnilebebi arian, Sinaganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari aqvT.
humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, adamianis ZiriTadi amocanaa
swrafva sakuTari potenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas, magram ara laboratoriul
pirobebSi da ara mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis manZilze gamovlenil cxovrebiseul
 51

istoriebis paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan mkveTrad

gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi swavloben
individis mier gancdil subiqtur samyaros da ara garegani damkvirveblis
da mkvlevris TvaliT danaxul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini
fenomenologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac iTvlebian, radgan
movlenebze calkeuli (moqmedi) subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas
swavloben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdiloben mTliani
pirovneba Seiswavlon da holistur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT,
namdvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxeulis da qcevis codnas
socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqologiis sferos da masSi literaturis,
istoriis, xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs rTavs. amgvarad,
fsiqologia ufro savse disciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis
warmomadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris is safuari, romelic
exmareba fsiqologias adamianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryofiT
Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc 16-e TavSi vnaxavT, humanisturma
 52

mimdinareobam didi gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgomebis

gaCenaze.
• bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspective) _ am
mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva, romelic obieqturad
fiqsirdeba da dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
• biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma, romelic
fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod gazomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT
farglavs.
• humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _ fsiqologiuri
modeli, romelic aqcents individis fenomenologiur samyaroze,
racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.

kognituri mimdinareoba kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda, rogorc

biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi gamowveva. kognituri
mimdinareobis centrSi dgas adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis
yvela procesi _ yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da gageba.
 53

kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT, adamianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini

azrovneben, xolo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilobrivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos
winmswrebi movlenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, rogorc es
bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qceva
azrovnebis sruliad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gzebidan Cndeba.
im alternativebis warmodgenis unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba
imisgan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adamians momavlisken
iswrafos da awmyo situacia gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis
da warmosaxvis Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisaxeba.
kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qcevebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia.
Tu viRacas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic qcevis Sedegad
gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gancdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi iseT umaRles fsiqikur
procesebs swavloben, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,
 54

problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvadasxva doneze. maT

SeiZleba ikvlion tvinSi sisxlis moZraobis sqemas sxvadasvxa tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis mogonebebs adreuli
bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebs. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis gamo, mravali mkvlevrisaTvis
kognituri mimdinareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs

Tanamedrove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis ZiriTad ideebs, Carlz
darvinis bunebrivi SerCevis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros.
bunebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: garemosTan ukeT Seguebuli
organizmebi ukeTes STamomavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis
genebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Taobis manZilze, adaptaciis
unari sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evoluciuri
mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom fsiqikuri, iseve, rogorc fizikuri unarebi
milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adpataciur
miznebs momsaxureboda.
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mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben, romlebSic adamianis tvini

ganviTarda. adamianis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistocenis eraSi mcire
jgufebad cxovrebas, nadirobasa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda
(uxeSad, 2 milionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000 wlis win damTavrda).
evoluciuri fsiqologia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul CarCos iyenebs,
raTa is centraluri adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic cocxal
arsebebs udga win: mtaceblebisa da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis
Segroveba da gacvla, wyvilis mopoveba da SenarCuneba, janmrTeli
bavSvebis gazrda. adaptaciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evoluciuri
fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqikuri meqanizmebis, an fsiqologiuri
adaptaciis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis gadasWrelad
gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTulebebisagan upirvels yovlisa, imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evoluciis ukiduresad
xangrZlivi procesia. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben
gaigon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi
rolebi, rogorc evoluciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gavlenis
 56

produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar

SeuZliaT eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis process ver
Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gzebis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis
damamtkicebeli sabuTebi moipovon.
• kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsiqologiis
mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents akeTebs adamianis azrovnebis da
codnis SeZenis procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba,
damaxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fantazia da cnobiereba.
• evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective) _ fsiqologiis
midgoma, roemlic xazs usvams qceviTi da mentaluri adapaturobis
mniSvnelovnebas im varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi
milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa konkretul adpatur
miznebs momsaxureboda.
• kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents qcevis
mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvaobaze akeTebs.

kulturuli mimdinareoba am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis

mizezebisa da Sedegebis kros-

 57

kulturul sxvaobebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniSvnelovani

pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva zedmetad xSirad emyareba
adamianis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da ikvlevs mxolod
TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis amerikelebs gergeni (Gergen et al; 1996).
kulturuli Zalebis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris SigniT
jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba
Seiswavlon kvebiTi aSlilobebi TeTrkanian da Savkanian amerikel
mozardebSi aSS-Si (ixileT me-12-e Tavi). kulturuli Zalebi
SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxvadasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri
msjelobebis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11-e). kros-kulturuli
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli
Teoriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaciebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologiuri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze
vrceldeba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier samyaros
aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena samyaros aRqmas? rogor
zemoqmedebs kultura bavSvis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs
kulturuli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamocdilebaze?
 58

ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Tavis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs Tu ara

kultura imaze, Tu rogor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebes
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorcielebs individi?
zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi
fsiqikur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdinareoba xSirad iseT
daskvnebs gvaZlevs, romlebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul
Tezisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa azriT, froidis Teoriis
mravali aspeqti ar miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom
sazogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropologma bronislav
malinovskim (Bronislav Malinowski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis
mamaze centrirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis safuZvelze
gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli
mimdinareoba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareobis zogierTi
debuleba arasworia. kulturis sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Sesaxeb
daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.
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mimdinareobebis Sedareba: agresiis magaliTi

Svidive mimdinareoba sxvadasxva daSvebazea agebuli da
gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxrili 1.1. ajamebs am mimdinareobebs.
cxrili 1.1. Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis kvlevis

adamianis buneba determinantebfokusi ZiriTadi

i Temebi

biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba,tvini da qcevis da

meqanisturibioqimiuri nervuli fsiqikuri
procesebi sistemis procesebis
procesebi bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamik instinqtiT memkvidreoba,aracnobieri qceva,
uri marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, rogorc
gamocdileba konfliqtebi aracnobieri
motivebis
garegani
gamoxatva
 60

biheviorist ulireagirebs garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi

stimulze, stimulis garegani stimulebi,
Semcveli reqciebi mizezebi da
SeiZleba
pirobebi Sedegebi
misi
Secvla
humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis
usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba paternebi
potencialis Tavisadmi da potenciali
faseulobebi,
mqone mimarTuli miznebi
kognituri stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi
SemoqmedebiTad Semcveli procesebi, enaindikatorebis
aqtiuri, pirobebi, saSualebiT
fsiqikuri Seswavlili
reagirebs procesebi fsiqikuri
stimulze procesebi

evoluciuri plesitocenis adaptacia ganviTarebul iganviTarebis

eris problemebis gadarCenis adapturi
fisqologiur
gadaWraze mizniT funqciebis
adaptirebuli i adaptacia TvalsazrisiT
ganxiluli
 61

fsiqikuri
meqanizmebi

kulturuli icvleba kulturuli damokidebule adamianis

kulturis normebi bebisa gamocdilebis
zegavleniT universaluri
(attitudes) da da kulturulad
qcevebis specifikuri
kroskulturuli
sqemebi
aspeqtebi

magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor axsnida TiTeuli es Teoria

agresiis faqts, imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad. yvela es
midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis
mcdelobisas. TiTeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevrebis mier
SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli
eqsperimentebi.
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• biologiuri. ikvlveven tvinis konkretuli sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini

sxvadasxva regions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowveul
destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. agreTve, swavloben, raime
normidan gadaxra xom ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar aris
dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrualur ciklTan.

• fsiqodinamikuri. aanlizeben agresias, rogorc reaqcias frustraciaze,

romelsac siamovnebis miRwevis dabrkolebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, usamarTlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT gancdili mtrobis
gadatanas zrdasrul asakSi.

bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadenili agresiuli qcevebis

ganmtkicebis faqtebs, vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebis, an Tanatolebs
daartyma da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gaxda. es midgoma amtkicebs,
rom bavSvebi mSoblebisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Semdeg
Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
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• humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebulebebs da socialur pirobebs,

romlebic xels uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdilebas da ara
harmoniul ganviTrebas.

• kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani

Zaladobis aqtis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi arsebuli agresiis,
maT Soris pornografiuli Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi,
gaupatiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.

• evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis gamo gaxda agresia adaptaciuri

(adapturi) qceva adreuli adamianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur
meqanizmebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis seleqciur
warmoSobaze.

• kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen da xsnian agresias sxvadsxva

kulturis warmomadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturuli Zalebi
agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis gamovlenis albaTobaze.

ras akeTeben fsiqologebi

 64

ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb, raTa is kiTxvebi

CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsiqologiuri kvlevis mTel diapazons moicavs.
kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxvadasxva dargis
fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis
Cveneuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fisqologebis miTiTebiT.
Tu dro gaqvT, Tqvni sakuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT
TiTeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoikiTxavT am wignSi. cxrili
1.2. fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas?

rogor unda gadaWran klinikuri

adamianebma ukeT TavianTi fsiqologiis
yoveldRiuri problemebi? warmomadgeneli
fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist)
Temis fsiqologi (community
psychologist)
rogor inaxeba mogonebebi bio-fsiqologi
tvinSi? fsiqofarmakologi
 65

rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT eqsperimentuli

ZaRls brZanebebis Sesruleba? fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
qcevis analitikosi
ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis kognituri fsiqologiis
informacias, romelic namdvilad warmomadgeneli
vici? kognituri mecnierebis
warmomadgeneli
ratom gansxvavdebian pirovnebis fsiqologiis
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan? warmomadgeneli
qcevis genetikosi
rogor muSaobs "TanatolTa socialuri fsiqologiis
zewola"? warmomadgeneli
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb? fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Sromis fsiqologiis
Cemi samuSao? warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris
fsiqologi
rogor unda moepyras ganaTlebis fsiqologiis
maswavlebeli "amrev" warmomadgeneli
moswavles? skolis fsiqologi
 66

ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli janmrTelobis

gamocdis win? fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli sasamarTlo fsiqologiis
danaSaulis Cadenis dros? warmomadgeneli
ratom miWirs sunTqva sportis fsiqologiis
kalaTburTis mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli
matCebis dros?

albaT, ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian bevri fsiqologia.

gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom, maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs,
maTgan 62-dan 82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moRvaweobs
(ixileT suraTi 1.2). marTalia, fsiqologebis procenti dasavleTis industriul
qveynebSi metia, sxva mraval qveyanaSic izrdeba interesi fsiqologiis
mimarT. fsiqologiuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis
fsiqologia gaerTianebuli rozencvaigi (Rozenzweig, 1999a). amerikis
fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bolos 155 000 wevri yavda
msoflios yvela kuTxidan fouleri (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso
organizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba (APS), 16 000-ze met
 67

wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqologiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea

fokusirebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.

sur. 1.2. fsiqologTa samuSao

 68

24,5
33,9
garemo naCvenebia sxvadasxva
adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa
2 ,9

saavadmyofoebi, procenti amerikis fsiqologTa

22 3 ,7

klinikebi, sxva asociaciis fsiqologiis doqtoris

samsaxurebi _ akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa
24,5
Soris Catarebuli gamokiTxvis
akademiuri
dawesebulebebi _ mixedviT.
33,9
daudgenelia _ 2,9
skolebi da sxva
saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebi _
3,7
biznesi, mTavroba
_ sur. 1.3.
70

13,0 60

50
qalebisaTvis
damoukidebeli 40

13 praqtika _ 22,0 30 miniWebuli

20

10

0
1971 1981 1991 1997
 69

fsiqologiis doqtoris xarisxis

procenti
gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv
qalebi umetesobas Seadgenen

ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqologiis kvlevac da praqtikac

mamakacebis dominirebiT mimdinareobda, magram mcire raodenobiT
qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and
Denmark, 1987;
Scarborough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret uoSbornma
(Margaret Washburn) kornelis universiteti daamTavra da qalebSi
pirvelma miiRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili saxelmZRvanelo
"cxovelis goneba". 1895 wels meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins)
warCinebiT daamTavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantura, magram
administracia mas ar aZlevda doqtoris xarisxs. amisda miuxedavad,
kalkinsi warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis pirveli
qali prezidenti gaxda. ana froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili
 70

Seitana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali mkvelevrebis Sromebs

saxelmZRvaneloSi araerTxel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mamakacebi erToblivad iziareben
Teoriis da praqtikis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.3 suraTzea naCvenebi,
doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs aqvT pioni da sxv. (Pion et
al; 1996) da es tendencia 21-e saukuneSi myarad narCundeba miurei da
uiliamsi (Murray and Williams, 1999). rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs
fsiqologas adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti adamiani -
qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am
karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom fsiqologia da cxovreba Rirs
mogzaurobad, romelic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da samaxsovro
momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc italielebi ityvian, "wavediT!"
(andiamo!)
Sejameba adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqologiuri procesebi
detreminizmis doqtriniTaa marTuli - fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-erTi adreuli midgoma,
 71

struqturalizmi, aqcents fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze

akeTebda, meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki - qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mimdinareobas moicavs;
biologiuri mimdinareoba swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis
meqanizmebs Soris, fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva cnobieri
da aracnobieri motivaciebiTaa gamowveuli, bihevioristuli
mimarTulebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebiTaa ganpirobebuli,
humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis aqcenti keTdeba individis Sinagan
unarze miaRwios pirovnul zrdas (individualur cvlilebas), kognituri
mimarTulebisaTvis mTavaria is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs, evoluciuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva
gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, da bolos,
kulturuli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi interpretacia kulturis
konteqstSi ganixileba.

fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pasuxoben. fsiqologis profesia

gasuli ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi Tvalsawieri ufro
internacionaluri gaxda da met qals moiTvlis.
 72

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: vifiqroT momavalze

fsqologiis da cxovrebis am gamocemas mokle eseebi
davamateT, romlebic fsiqologiaSi, rogorc mecnierebaSi
momxdar vclilebebs arwers 21-e saukuneSi gadasvlasTan
erTad. am TavSi mokled aRvwereT, Tu rogor Seicvala es
disciplina gasuli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT,
Teoriuli
mimdinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mogvitans Semdegi 100
weli? aSkaraa, rom fsiqlogiis Sinaarsi da praqtika
momavalSi Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac fsiqologebi
swavloben, droze ar aris damokidebuli, magaliTad,
rogoria enis aTvisebis ZiriTadi procesebi, magram
arsebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic konkretul dros
moaqvs. magaliTad, me-17-e da me-18-e TavebSi
ganxiluli socialuri fsiqologiis kvlevebis umetesoba im
mecnierebma wamoiwyes, vinc cdilobda gaego, ra
 73

Zalebma ganapiroba meore msoflio omis saSinelebani.

Cven ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, romeli sazogadoebrivi
moZraoba Seipyrobs msoflios 21-e saukuneSi, magram
danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi
dauyovnebliv reagirebas moaxdenen am sakiTxebze da
maT Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqologiur kvlevaze agreTve
did gavlenas moaxdens is teqnologiuri siaxleeebi,
romlebic adamianebsa da kulturebs Soris manZils
amcirebs. internetis gamo 21-e saukuneSi didi
mniSvneloba mieniWeba sxvadasxva kulturis
msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sakiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebzec
iqoniebs gavlenas, radgan fsiqikuri procesebis kvlevisas
ukve 20-e saukunis bolos farTod gamoiyeneboda
kompiuterebi da tvinis Sesaswavli sxva mowyobilebebi,
romlebzec vundts da mis kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
hqondaT. kidev ufro daxvewili
 74

teqnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs saSualeba

miecemaT zedmiwevniT zustad gaarkvion, ra
mimarTebaa fsiqikur procesebsa da tvinis aqtivobas Soris.
aseve, genetikuri kvlevis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
ganviTarebam SesaZloa swrafad Secvalos is gzebi,
romlebiTac mkvleverebi acalkeveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiTeuli individis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs - inovaciebi fsiqologiis Sinaarssa da
praqtikaSi -
mivmarTavT sowred am specialur seqciaSi, fsiqologia 21-
e saukuneSi.
veb gverdebi: www.apa.org - amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis gverdi www.psychologicalscience.org -
amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoebis gverdi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
• fsiqologia aris individebis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli
Seswavla
 75

• fsiqologiis mizania qcevis aRwera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da

gakontrolebis xelSewyoba
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
• vundtis da titCeneris Sromebidan ganviTarda struqturalizmi, romelic
aqcents elementaruli SegrZnebebisagan agebuli fsiqikisa da qcevis
struqturaze akeTebs.
• jemsisa da diuis mier ganviTarebuli funqcionalizmi aqcents qcevis
miRma (gareT) arsebul mizanze akeTebs.
• am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tanamedrove fsiqologiis safuZvlebi
• fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svidive Tanamedrove midgoma gansxvavebulad
xedavs adamianis bunebas, qcevis determinantebs, kvlevis sferosa da
meTodebs.
• biologiuri mimdinareoba qcevasa da tvinis meqanizmebs Soris
mimarTebas swavlobs
• fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebisaTvis qceva instinqturi ZalebiTa da
Sinagani konfliqtebiT, cnobieri da aracnobieri motivebiTaa
ganpirobebuli
 76

• biheviorizisaTvis qceva ganpirobebulia garegani stimulebiT

• humanisturi mimarTulebisaTvis mniSvnelovania racionaluri arCevanis
gakeTebis
Tandayolili unari individSi
• kognituri mimdinareoba xazs usvams im fsiqikur procesebs, romlebic
qceviT reaqciebze zemoqmedebs
• evoluciuri mimdinareoba Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCenis procesSi
Seguebis Sedegad ganviTarda.
• kulturuli mimdinareoba qcevas da mis interpretacias kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
• fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sferoSi muSaoben da sxvadasxva specialobis
gamocdilebas eyrdnobian. fsiqologiis profesiis warmomadgeneli
pasuxs scems TiTqmis yvela kiTxvas, romelic realur cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas exeba
• 21-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis fsiqologis profesia moculobiT ufro
internacionaluri da praqtikosebisa da mkvlevrebis SemadgenlobiT ufro
mravalferovani gaxda.
 77

ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela TavSi muqi SriftiTaa gamoyofili, rom advilad
SeamCnioT. xolo yoveli Tavis bolos igive terminebi ganmeorebiTaa
mocemuli Sesabamisi gverdis miTiTebiT. garda amisa, yvela ZiriTadi
cneba wignis bolos leqsikonSia mocemuli anbanis mixedviT.

biheviorizmi organizmis cvladebi bihevioristuli mimdinareoba

situaciis cvladebi biologiuri mimdinareoba struqturalizmi garemos
cvladebi funqcionalizmi
dispoziciuri cvladebi fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba evoluciuri
mimdinareoba fsiqologia kognituri mimdinareoba qceva
kulturuli mimdinareoba qcevis monacemebi mecnieruli meTodi
humanisturi mimdinareoba
Tavi 2. fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

• aRmoCenis etapi
• dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
eqsperimentuli meTodi: alternatiuli axsna da kontrolis saWiroeba
korelaciuri meTodi
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?
• fsiqologiuri gazomva
sandooba da validoba
TviTangariSi
qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva
• kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
informirebuli Tanxmoba
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
ganzrax motyueba
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
 38

cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,

eTika, politika
• rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tavis avtobiografiaSi namdvilad xumrobT, mister feinman (1985)
nobelis premiiis laureatma fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard
Feynman) WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri kvlevis
programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):

prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT

mSvenier dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi, rogor
moZraoben WianWvelebi? rogor xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen?
SeuZliaT erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc amas futkrebi
akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis pasuxi am kiTxvebze,
magram maSin ar vicodi.....
 erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis bevri mikroskopuli slaidi
davalage, romlebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen winaswar
dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Semdeg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da
amgvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs geometriis araviTari
SegrZneba ar aqvT: ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavsebuli. Tu
raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqrisaken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT
brundebodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali datoves SuSis slaidebze,
rasac eqsperimentebis mTeli seriebi moyva imis Sesamowmeblad, Tu
ramden xans narCundeba es kvali, SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla, da
sxv. aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda. rom ameyvana
WianWvela, Semetrialebina da missave kvalze damebrunebina, is
araswor gzas daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam sxva
WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperimentebi saSualebas
aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba
daekmayofilebina.
 40

SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi WianWvelebis qcevis

Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT
adamianis an cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi visaubrebT
imaze, rogor pasuxoben fsiqologebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac
sainteresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mecnerul meTodebs
kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad aburduli monacemebidan
azrovnebis, grZnobebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli daskvnebis
gakeTeba.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba Zalian sasargeblo iqneba
TqvenTvis im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT mecnierul
kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi
imiT, rom gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi da fsiqologiuri
movlenebis mizezebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRebuli
pasuxebi SeafasoT. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT amgvar frazas:
"kvleva aCvenebs, rom...." Tqveni inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis
gziT dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad moixmaroT.
gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi "faqtebTan da ara
polemikasTan" mileri (Miller, 1992).

aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or Semadgenel nawilad davyoT,
Tanac am TanmimdevrobiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis sawyisi fazaa,
romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad
codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT. saidan uCndeba
kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani movlenaTa, adamianTa da
cxovelTa uSualo dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad qceul
sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqologiaSi did, gadauWrel problemad
iTvleba. xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombinaciebs axleburad
warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali
WeSmaritebis aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
 42

• aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis sawyisi fazaa, romlis

ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.

fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion, rogor funqcionirebs tvini,

fsiqika, qceva da garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris cnebebis
organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
fsiqologiuri TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determinizmis poziciaze
dganan. determinizmi gulisxmobs, rom yvela movlena - fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi - ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs
warmoadgens. es mizezebi SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi iyos, an garemoSi.
amave dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da fsiqikuri procesebic
mimarTebaTa kanonzomierebebs misdevs (xasiaTdeba, avlens) da maTi
aRmoCena kvlevis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom, fsiqologiuri
Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas da, amave dros, axali ideebi
da hipoTezebi wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris
mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi debuleba. hipoTezebs
xSirad "Tu-maSin" winaswarmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis mizniT. SegviZlia,
magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas
uyureben televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiqcevian TavianT
TanatolebTan. kvlevam "Tu-maSin" mimarTeba unda Seamowmos.
Teoriebi ukiduresad mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis
CamoyalibebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar adasturebs
hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gadasinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa
da kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia kvlevisaTvis
saWiro saTanado Rirebulebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba
moiTxovs Ria - kritikul da skeptikur - damokidebulebas nebismieri
daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris miRebuli damoukidebeli
mkvlevrebis mier. Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli, WeSmariteba
absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia garkveul pirobebze da axali
monacemebis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore, Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi seriozulad udgebian iseT
 44

fenomenebsac ki, romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

eqstrasensoruli aRqma (bemi da honortoni, (Bem, Honorton, 1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba, romlebic gakontrolebuli
dakvirvebiTa da frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis samyaroSi,
roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi
monacemebis sasrgeblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvlevis
proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu, sxva mkvlevrebs unda
hqondeT SesaZlebloba Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa da monacemebis
Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke
dgas. samecniero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiTeuli nawili calke seqciaSia
moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan
ganasxvavos obietquri monacemebi da maTi subieqturi interpretacia. da
bolos, kvleva unda gamoqveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da
monacemebi ar unda daikargos, Tanac, sxva mecnierebs unda mieceT
saSualeba, rom gaimeoron kvleva.
 • Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas an
movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
• determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs, rom yvela
movlena - fizikuri, fsiqikuri da qceviTi - ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
• hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba mizezebsa da
Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze, xSirad is gamoxatulia
winaswarmetyvelebis formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Sedegi
moyveba.

Sejameba aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic mkvlevrebi

dakvirvebas,

informacias da codnas iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi

Camoayalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas,
qcevasa da garemos Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.

dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacva

 46

umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan Teoriebis

Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es ki sakmaod
rTulia, fsiqologebma iseTi monacemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic
validuri daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaTvis
fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul meTods. mecnieruli meTodi
aris monacemTa Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis erToblioba,
romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando
daskvnebia miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad iTvleba,
ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis Segrovebisa da maTi analizis
fazebze subieqturoba minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili, amitom,
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specialuri damcavi saSualebebi.
erT-erT maTgans axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad unda
daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT,
rom sxva mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos. amitom, jer
aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieqturobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan
brZolis gzebs.

damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da operaciuli gansazRvrebebi erTi da igive

movlenebze dakvirvebisas adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar
"xedaven". am seqciaSi damkvirveblis tendeciurobis problemas da misi
gadaWris gzebs ganvixilavT. obieqturobis sirTule damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas xedaven, rasac moelian
da ara imas, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba. ganvixiloT damkvirveblis
tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi: 20-e saukunis daswyisSi erT-erTma
wamyvanma fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munsterberg)
mSvidobis Temaze sityva warmosTqva didi auditoriis winaSe, romelSic
Jurnalistebic Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi sityvis
gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen platformis garSemo. erT-erTma
Jurnalistma dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaocebuli Cemi sityviT,
rom srul siCumeSi moismina is, meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamosvlas
 48

gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodismentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas

taSi wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydeboda. kidev erTma dawera, rom
Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas gamudmebiT viRimebodi, xolo sxvam
aRniSna, rom saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da erTic ki ar
gamiRimia. erTma miuTiTa, rom aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdi (1908, 35-36 gv.).
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdroindeli gazeTebi da
Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur
SexedulebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom "dainaxes"
Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs Soris sxvaoba aseTi
radikaluri ar unda iyos, rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram
es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirvebelma SesaZloa
gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoitanos erTi da igive monacemebis
safuZvelze. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romelSic informaciis
nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvleba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
• dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis faqtebia saWiro (faqtebi unda moipovo).
• mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa Segrovebisa da
interpretaciis procedurebis erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac
minimumamdea dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli.
• damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _ realobis damaxinjeba,
romelic damkvirveblis pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
momdinareobs.

mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs. yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi

gamocdileba Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi romelime
Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens problemas damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba. ra SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma, raTa es
tendenciuroba minimumamde daiyvanon? problemis gadaWris saSualeba
damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT
mkvlevrebi iyeneben standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs.
standartizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela fazaze
 50

Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerTo procedurebis

gamoyenebas. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli unda iyos,
anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes.
standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebs
winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera
(dafiqsireba) saSualebas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da adgilas,
sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mvklevrebis mier miRebul monacemebs.
Tavad dakvirvebis procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecnierebma unda
SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad Targmnon, rom maT
SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis
standartizaciis strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. operaciuli
gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT
ganmartavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda hqondes operaciuli
gansazRvreba. cvladi aris nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad an
Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba, romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan
damoukideblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris damoukidebeli
cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti
damoukidebeli cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli cvladi _ is
damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili hopTezis Semowmeba: is
bavSvebi, romlebic bevr Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresiuli
iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT dagegmoT eqsperimenti,
sadac agresiis siZlieris manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi), da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens bavSvi agresias
(damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli Zaladobis raodenoba da
Tqveni eqsperimentis monawileebis mier gamnvlenili agresiis zoma -
operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedurebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom
zustad gazomoT es ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogierTi rTuli cvladis
operacionalizacia. rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionaliziacias? (pasuxs me-11-e TavSi
ixilavT). fsiqologebs agreTve iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia uxdebaT,
romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. rogor moaxdenT
 52

TviTpativiscemis operacionalizacias? (ixileT Tavi 14-e). Tu Tqven

fsiqologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacionalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni
kolegebi SeiZleba ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviTpativiscemis
Tqveneuli operacionalizacia arasworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli
gansazRvreba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron da Seafason
Tqveni Sroma.
• standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, interviuSi an eqsperimentSi
monawilisadmi mopyrobis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebuli
procedura.
• operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition) _ axdens cvladis an
pirobis definicias konkretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
• cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad an
Tvisebrivad icvleba
• damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _ eqsperimentul garemoSi,
stimulis piroba, romelic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad
icvleba.
• damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _ eqsperimentul garemoSi,
nebismieri cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.

eqsperimentuli meTodi: alternatiuli axsna da kontrolis saWiroeba

yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom adamianebi erTi da igive Sedegis

mraval

mizezs dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis winaSe dganan, roca

mizezSedegobriobis dadgenaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi
orazrovnebis gadasalaxavad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul meTods iyeneben.
isini axdenen damoukidebeli cvladis manipulirebas, raTa naxon, ra
zemoqmedeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am meTodis mizania
daadginos erTi cvladis mizezSedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am seqciaSi
ganvixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs.
obieqturobis sirTule rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben, ukve
winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze, Tu ratom SeiZleba
 54

Secvalos damoukidebeli cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase da ara

sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinaswarmetyveloT da
eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis
maRal dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad Zaladobis
yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hioTezis yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis
dasadgenad fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alternatiul axsnebs.
SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alternatiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad
viqnebiT darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis procesSi
eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis
garda raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias arTulebs, mas
damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba. rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur
mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimentatoris mier monacemTa
interpretacia sarisko xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televiziiT
naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla da meti moZraobiT
mimdinareobs, vidre sxva tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, "Zaladobas"
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi. mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia
gaarkvios, romeli faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
 marTalia, TiTeuli eqpserimentuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul
axsnaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ori tipis
damatebiTi cvladi, romelic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti. molodinis efeqti Cndeba
maSin, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis
qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias iRebs. am dros,
gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukidebeli cvladi, aramed eqsprimentatoris
molodinia.
• eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _ kvlevis meTodi,
romelic damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa
dadgindes misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
• damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi, romelic monawilis
qcevaze zemoqmedebs eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili
damoukidebeli cvladis garda.
• molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi, romelic maSin Cndeba,
roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.
 56

robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodinis tendenciurobis

fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa, rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs
(rozentali, 1966):

saidan viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sedegebs
gagiziarebT. Cveni daskvnebi xSirad swored mTels
msoflioSi Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pasuxoben konkretul
kiTxvebs. TiTeuli saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs
davinaxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas Soris. aq
mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments, sadac Cans, rogor
SeiZleba eqsperimentatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos
kvlevis Sedegze.
klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 students misces virTxebis
jgufebi, romlebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda
eswavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres, rom maTi
virTxebi labirinTSi kargad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba,
xolo meore naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinamdvileSi, orive
jgufisaTvis gadacemuli virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo.
Sedegebi Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi cud gamsvlelebad
dasaxelebul virTxebze ukeT
swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode), 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studentebma TavianTi molodinebi
virTxebs? albaT xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze. molodinis efeqti
aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxinjebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis monawileebi
eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini
medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad, rodesac pacientis
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg
 58

mainc umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba xdeba

rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnaloba efeqtiani iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda,
rom zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurnalobam pacientTa
70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeqti (Roberts et al; 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca
qceviT reaqciaze zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu ra
gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT
televiziiT Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis eqsperimenti.
vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes,
visac ar uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es
adamianebi xvdebian, rom radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi
moaTavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian da amitom iqcevian
ase. eqsperimentatorma yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi icvlian
qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT.
magaliTad, monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs, roca kvlevaSi
monawileobisaTvis SearCeven da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da
ara Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs kvlevis Sedegebze.
 problemis gadaWris saSualeba radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva
rTulia da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi kvlevis gegma
yvela damatebiT cvlads iTvaliswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac
mkvlevari cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da piroba, garda
ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis
temperatura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba, gamoyofili dro,
monacemTa Caweris xerxi da situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos. erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis
gamocdilebaSi unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semotanili.
vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi gadaWran molodinis da placebo
efeqtiT gamowveuli problemebi.
• placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperimentis
monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas
• kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _ meTodebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac eqsperimentatori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.
 60

warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti gaamdidreT da masSi kidev

erTi jgufi CarTeT, romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda. frTxilad
unda iyoT, rom gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT komediis da Zaladobis
mayurebel monawileebs Tqveni molodinebidan gamomdinare. amdenad,
sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma, romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa
agresia, ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri. saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc
asistents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT, romel pirobaSi moxvdnen
isini. am teqnikas ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval eqsperimentSi
monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis
hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlevrebs kidev erTi, sakontrolo
piroba SeaqvT eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas placebo
kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kontroli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentators. gaixseneT
gogonas istoria, romelsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara. man ki
upasuxa: "rasTan SedarebiT?". es kiTxva unda daisvas da pasuxic unda
gqondeT, radgan sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis Sedegebi.
davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs, romlis mixedviTac, "mowevis
danebebis msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma warmatebas nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia", endriusi (Andrews, 1990). rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris
sakontrolo jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi nikotinis gareSe
salbuns atarebdnen da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic, rac
ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino TvalsazrisiT absoluturad
usargeblo salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden Tavs mowevas,
abelini da sxvebi, (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinis salbuni efeqturi
saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo
efeqtis damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini hqondaT, rom es
salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakontrolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi
mniSvnelovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eqsperimentis efeqts
vadarebT. kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis pirTa Soris sqemas
uwodeben, cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo (eqsperimentuli Carevis
gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi
 62

yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvladebis aRmosafxvrelad,

romlebic cdis pirebs Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis gamo
iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulisxmobdiT agresiis
eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis
SemTxveviTi ganawileba did Sanss gvaZlevs imisa, rom orive jgufSi
msgavsi cdis pirebi moxvdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiTeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris
erTi da igive albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar gamova ise, rom
eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi
moxvdebian da sakontroloSi - Zaladobis scenebis moZule cdis pirebi.
SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros
TiTeul jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas miviRebT,
ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT, rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da
ara cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis
pirebs kvlevaSi monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis piri monawileobs.
SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs,
saidanc miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT hipoTeza, rom
6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets ityuebian, vidre 4 wlis bavSvebi. kvlevaSi
msoflios am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu CarTavT, magram
ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT SerCeuli jgufis
Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da
sxv. SerCevaSi mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT, rom
gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
• ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _ eqsperimentuli
teqnika, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT
eqsperimentatoris molodinis efeqti, imiT, rom arc asistentma da arc
monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini.
• placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli pirobaa, rodesac
Careva ar xdeba da im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo
efeqtis saSiSroeba Cndeba.
 64

• cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _ cdis pirebs

SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
• SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic eqsperimentSi
monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies
• populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erToblioba, romelzec,
eqsperimentul SerCevaze dayrdnobiT, generalizacia gakeTdeba.
• reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _ SerCeva populaciis
reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs,
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxv
• cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _ kvlevis sqema,
sadac TiTeuli cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris
eqsperimentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qcevas am
pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
• A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A),
Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian
safuZvlis pirobas.
 eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis pirebs SigniT sqema - aq
TiTeuli cdis piri sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas (A): ukan, safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars saSualebas
aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom cvlileba mxolod misi
Carevis da ara romelime damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
Sedegia.
saidan viciT?
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A sqemaSi amgvari sqema iyo
gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi, sadac fsiqologs surda Seemowmebina Semdegi
hipoTeza: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT, rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro
advilad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis moswavleebi dapatiJes
maskaradze, iseT wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kostiumSi gadacmuli
modioda. bavSvebs mravalgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen, rig maTgans
 66

agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs - araagresiulis. safuZvlis

pirobaSi (A) bavSvebi

kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen, Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi

Caicves da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs. bolos, safuZvlis
pirobaSi (A) dabrunebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades, oRond
TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT. rogorc 2.3 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen,
roca anonimurebi iyvenen (B) (Fraser, 1974).

aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi damoukidebeli cvladiT

manipulireba da misi damokidebul cvladze efeqtis gazomva xdeba.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs
Soris kauzaluri kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT situaciaSi
am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sasurvelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas
xSirad xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa advilad
gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi
situacia realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis azriT, gakontrolebul
eqsperimentul pirobebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan mxolod erTi, an mcire raodenobiT
cvladis da reaqciis gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meorec, cdis pirebma
ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben da maT cdian da zomaven. isini
cdiloben imgvari reagireba moaxdnon,
90

80

70
rogoric eqsperimentators esiamovneba da,
60

50

40
saerTodac, maTi qceva gansxvavebuli iqneba
30

20

10 Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva

0

A1 sawyisi B anonimuroba A2 saboloo

mdgomareoba mdgomareoba akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs
mniSvnelovani eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT
gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis Cagvris tendencia, radgan
daCagruli bavSvebis eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis sakontrolo
jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg seqciaSi kvlevis iseT meTods
davubrundebiT, romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.

sur. 2.3. anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia

 68

anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive bavSvebi bevrad

maRal agresias avlenen anonimur pirobaSi, vidre manam da Semdeg
araanonimur pirobebSi.
korelaciis meTodi kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan? optimistebi ufro
janmrTelebi arian, vidre pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da SemdegSi fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas Soris? es kiTxvebi
iseT cvladebs moicavs, romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase martivad
ver moaxerxebs, Tanac, aq eTikuri mosazrebebic erTveba. amitom,
amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods.
fsiqologebi korelaciis meTodebs A B A iyeneben, roca surT gansazRvron,
ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi
iyeneben statistikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis koeficienti ewodeba (r).
korelaciis koeficienti icvleba +1-dan -1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli dadebiTi
korelacia, -1 - sruli uaryofiTi korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti niSnavs, rom Tu izrdeba erTi
cvladis maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneblebic. uaryofiTi
korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ixileT suraTi 2.4)..
sur. 2.4. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi
es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT korelaciebs Soris
sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiTeuli wertili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad,
rac ufro met burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoimuSavebs. ese
igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis
magaliTi, rac ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT met fuls
gamoimuSavebs.
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom ori sazomis qulebs Soris
susti kavSiria, an is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba korelaciis
koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da stress Soris kavSirs, man
unda gazomos, ra zomiT stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT muSaobaze. operaciulad stresi
SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli qula, xolo
produqtuloba, rogorc produqciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac
 70

adamiani dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs mraval

adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis.
Zlieri uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba, rom stresis zrdas
produqtulobis Semcireba moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia iwinaswarmetyvelos misi
produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis
Semcireba produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari daskvna
arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori
jgufi sistematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram ar gveubneba,
rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores. korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris.
korelaciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegobrivi efeqtidan
nebismieri, an arcerTi. magaliTad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arsebuli
uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis
gamo adamianebi uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba iwvevs
stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian
stress da uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs danarCen ors. da bolos, davuSvaT,
rom axali teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xmauria, rac, Tavis
mxriv, ufro met stress (radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan TanamSromlebi
erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben). korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-
Sedegobrioba _ aRar.
• korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gansazRvravs, Tu ra
zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
• korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient) _ statistika, romelic or
cvlads Soris kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.

korelacia, SesaZloa, mcdari iyos, radgan mkvlevarma saTanado

sakontrolo Sedarebebi ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqrobasa da cxra Tvis Semdeg
Sobadobis maCveneblis zrdas Soris. '"niu iorkelebi Zalian romantiulebi
arian, es sanTlis Suqis gamo moxda" _ Tqva erT-erTma mamam.
saxelmwifo moxelem ki es faqti amgvarad axsna: "im saRamos seqsis
Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni, Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _
 72

moispo da sxva raRa darCenodaT?" ("niu iork Taimsi", 8/11/1966).

msgavsi korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da sxva bunebrivi
katastrofebis
Semdeg. "miwisZvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios" _
werda san francisko qronikli, Ceni (Chen, 1990). magram, Tu ar
davizarebT da am Sedegebs
Sobadobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT, aRmoCndeba, rom
korelacia mizezSedegobriobad SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu,
sezonsa da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdviladaa korelacia da
swored esaa katastrofasa da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis
sakontrolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda
movekidoT, rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas miRebul
Sedegebs. ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiTqos korelaciis
meTodi usargebloa. wignSi xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs,
romlebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsiqologias. madaze
mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs gTavazobT:

saidan viciT?
 biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu ratom avlenen
zogierTi 5 wlis asakis biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo
sxvebi ara? mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis
safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris destruqciul
konfliqtSi unda veZeboT,Ygarsia da sxv (Garcia et al;
2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan gancdili konfliqtis done
ganamtkicebs sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul
qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT
gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es TamaSebi
da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis raodenobisa da intensiurobis
mxriv Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadastura
varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis maRali donis mqone
biWebi ufro metad avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul
qcevas.
xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis gamoyeneba am
SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxveviTad ver gaanawileb bavSvebs,
romlebsac cota an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda daicadoT da
mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamovlindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba
situaciebs Soris. qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba?
 74

am seqciis dasasruls gTavazobT imis konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor

gamoiyenes fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa saqmianobis
Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi
produqcia saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani reklamebi,
romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba.
erTi reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT, meore - dabali
TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas gTavazobT, mesame - wonis swraf da
efeqtur daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT unda usminoT
kasetas, romelzec "qviSian napirze okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa"
Cawerili.
"qvezRurblovan" zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. marTalia, es
praqtikulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokvlevam didi aJiotaJi
gamoiwvia presis furclebze. qvezRurblovani reklamis "gamomgonebeli"
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekranze gaelvebulma warweram
"iyideT batibuti!" 58 procentiT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia, rojersi,
(Rogers, 1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu orleanis
supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi
qvezRurblovani teqstis ganTavsebiT: "Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cavjdebi".
ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena,
rom gamokiTxuli 400 mozardis 75 procents sjera, rom qvezRurblovani
reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba marketingis specialistebis mier. rac
ufro metad ganaTlebuli iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro metad sjerodaT
maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad
zemoqmedebs qvezRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa da
qcevaze? pasuxs Cvens mier aRwerili eqsperimentuli meTodis
saSualebiT gavcemT (ixileT suraTi 2.5).
sur. 2.5. qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli kvlevis
eqsperimentuli gegma
eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa
gakeTebuli. cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damokidebul cvlads,
Semdeg SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen
mexsierebis, an TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas.
Semdeg maT kvlav uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime
 76

SesaZlo cvlileba damokidebul cvladSi: mexsierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi.

kvlevam qvezRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver
aRmoaCina.
saidan viciT?
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsierebis da TviTSefasebis
gaumjobesebaze qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti Seefasebina.
kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237 qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer
maT mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes saTanado testebis da
kiTxvarebis meSveobiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles or
jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines mexsierebis kaseta, meores -
TviTSefasebis. isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5 kviris
ganmavlobaSi da
Semdeg laboratorias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gaezomaT maTi
mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma ar
icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri romel pirobaSi moxvda
(Greenwald et al; 1991).
 am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom arc
TviTSefaseba da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobesebula. Tumca,
gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi moelodnen,
rom maT daexmarebodnen. mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da
kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daamates. orive jgufis cdis pirTa
naxevars mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera "TviTSefaseba", xolo
TviTSefasebis kasetaze "mexsiereba". cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom
TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas
mousmendnen, da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu kasetebs eqneboda
warwera "mexsiereba", Tumca, sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas
usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli rCevis micemis
saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxarjavT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi
placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs. fsiqologiis da cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani mizania myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli
amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT. es eqsperimenti, agreTve,
specifikur magaliTs gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
 78

fsiqologebi zomaven - am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvqonda cdis pirebis

rwmenasTan, rom maTi mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda da
imave mexsierebisa da TviTSefasebis obiequr gazomvasTan. Semdeg
seqciaSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu rogor zomaven fsiqologebi
gamocdilebis sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan procesebs.

Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba. amisaTvis fsiqologebi
mecnierul meTods iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZleulia,
roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedurebis standartizacia da cnebebis
operaciuli gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi mkvlevrebs mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis
faqtic, rogoricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari daskvnebis
misaRebad isini iyeneben iseT procedurebs, rogoricaa ormagad brma
kontroli da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis dros jgufebSi cdis
pirTa SemTxveviT ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia da
sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs Soris msgavsebis garantias
gvaZlevs. cdis pirTa SigniT sqema moicavs AB-A sqemas, sadac
monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamodgebian. mkvlevrebi
korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis mniSvnelovani
SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gulisxmobs mizez-Sdegobriobas. eqsperimentuli
meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, realuri samyaros zemoqmedebis
SeswavlisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqti.

fsiqologiuri gazomva
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalferovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva
siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dakvirvebadia,
xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevaris
erT-erTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sinagani movlenebi da
procesebi _ garegani, xolo piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve
naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi fenomenis operaciuli
gansazRvreba. es gansazRvrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac
xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis an raodenobis cvladisaTvis
 80

raodenobrivi mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis mravali

meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upiratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis sizustis or indikators Soris
gansxvavebis ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da validoba. Semdeg
ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda
agrovebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad igi
saTanado statistikur monacemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi
aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi monacemebs.

sandoobis da validobis miRweva

fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba.
sandooba niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis
Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da
sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi
Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT. ganvixiloT
eqsperimenti, romelmac aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod
placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237 cdis piri iyo.
eqsperimentatoris pretenzia, rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT
igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi
unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva, an testireba im fsiqologiur cvlads, an
Tvisebas zomavs, romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bednierebis
validuri sazomi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT,
ramdenad bednieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. validuri
eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia,
anu, Sedegebis gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze. rodesac
kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom
kvlevis Sedegebi validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi sando iyos,
magram ara - validuri. magaliTad, Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad
SegviZlia Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi sando iqneba
(yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT), magram ara validuri. SeecadeT
sandoobis da validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazomebi, romlebsac am
wignSi SexvdebiT. TviTangariSi mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari
gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani
 82

fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebi (attitudes),

Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdileba garegani qcevac iyos, magram
fsiqologi mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsualuri aqtivoba an
kriminaluri qceva. aseT SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-
report measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier dasmul kiTxvebze
miRebuli werilobiTi an zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. amgvari Sefasebebis
raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis sando xerxebi arsebobs, ase rom,
fsiqologebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxi Seadaron erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze miRebul pasuxebs
gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia, kiTxvebis
Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi ("Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?") warsuli
an awmyo qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?) damokidebulebebisa da
grZnobebis Sesaxeb ("ramdenad gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?"). Ria
kiTxvebi saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad, sakuTari sityvebiT
gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas. arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac
pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax, ara, ar vici.
• sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi msgavs Sedegebs iZleva
yoveli gamoyenebisas, instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba
• validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs, ris gazomvasac apirebda
• TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier sakuTar Tavze
dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi

interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris dialogi detaluri informaciis

miRebis mizniT. mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan gansxvavebiT,
interviu interaqtiuria. interviuerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi interviuerebi socialuri
interaqciis processac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports - dadebiT
socialur urTierTobas respondentTan, romelic ndobas da piradi
informaciis gaziarebis survils iwvevs.
marTalia, mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mravalgvar sazoms
iyeneben, maT umetesobas ver gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-
kiTxvis ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze molaparakeebTan,
gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan da cxovelebTan. xolo iq, sadac
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maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da validobis

problema. monawileebma SeZleba ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver
gaixsenon TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic, sakuTari Tavis
Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma -
rodesac adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar Tavze sasurveli
(xandaxan arasasurveli) STabeWdileba Seqmnas. maT SeiZleba
moeridoT namdvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma ician
intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon
samuSao, gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans miaRwion.
intervius situacia aseve iZLeva saSUalebas, rom tendenciurobam da
mikerZoebam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier dasmul kiTxvebze da
respondentis mier gacemul pasuxebze.

qcevis gazomva da dakvirveba fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri

ainteresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirinTSi gavlas, bavSvs, romelic
suraTs xatavs, students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas, romelic raRac
davalebas asrulebs. qcevis sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad
qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gza aris dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda
iyos
dagegmili, zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba qcevis procesze
an
produqtze. magaliTad, daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba
ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis sias (CamonaTvals) (procesi) da
Semdeg ramden sityvas aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirvebisaTvis
sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad,
emociebis laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis piris saxis
gamometyvelebas, rodesac is emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren. magaliTad, Tanamedrove
fsiqologebi xSirad iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon is dro,
roemlic kvlevis monawileebs sWirdebaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba
Sesarulon, rogoricaa, magaliTad, windadebis wakiTxva, an porblemis
gadaWra. marTalia, zusti gazomvis zogi forma kompiuteris eris
gaCenamdec arsebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqnilobis
saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis.
mesame TavSi uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic saSualebas
 86

aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis RirSesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da

naxon, rogor muSaobs tvini.
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bunebrivad gaCenil qcevas
akvirdeba, magram ar ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba
calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician,
rom maT uyureben. adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxolod
bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli, radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli
iqneba sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri iqneba bavSvi
mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvlevari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra
xangrZlivi efeqti aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis rTuli
sqemis (paternis) formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvirvebis erT-erTi yvelaze
Rirebuli magaliTia jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990;
petersoni da gudali 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze swavlobda
Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tanganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10
weliwadSi rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tavdapirvelad
apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaakeTebda:

• qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi da

reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da iweren, eqskluziuri an
TviTangariSiT aRwerili qceva.

Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mraval saerTos davinaxavdiT,

magram dagvrCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi bevrad ufro
mSvidobiani arsebebi arian, vidre adamianebi. radganac pirveli dekadis
Semdegac gavagrZeleT kvleva, SevZeliT dagvefiqsirebina socialuri
jgufis dayofa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobili sastiki agresia.
aRmoCnda, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomadgenlebi. meores mxriv,
Simpanzeebma ojaxis wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emociuri
kavSirebi gamoavlines. . . kargad ganviTarebuli kognituri unarebi,
kulturuli tradiciebis (ganviTareba). . . (Goodall, 1986, gv.3-4) kvlevis
dasawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is
mkvlevrebs movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an warmodgenas
 88

uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvnelovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi

dakvirvebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs aZlevs
konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTavrebT, xazi unda
gavusvaT imas, rom mravali kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebs kombinaciaSi iyenebs. magaliTad, mkvlevarma
SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT 17-e Tavi). kidev erTi, zogierTi kvleva
SemTxvevis Seswavlas warmoadgens, anu, erT individze tardeba. calke
aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti
sayuradRebo informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT adamianebis
kvlevam. magaliTad, 3-e TavSi SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone
calkeuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi enis funqciis
lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva tipis
procedura da sazomi instrumenti. Semdeg seqciaSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da procedurebis gamoyenebas
marTavs.

eTikuri sakiTxebi adamianis da cxovelis kvlevisas

qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi
mkvlevrebma monawileebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines, rom enaxaT, xom ar
iwvevs monawilis molodini, rom mas daexmarebian, daijeros, rom
Setyobineba sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da TviTSefasebis
obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris
kargi, magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am SemTxvevaSi
araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts? rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac wevs kvlevis monawile, Tu procedura
riskiani, tkivilis, an stresis momyenebeli, motyuebiTia? fsiqologebi
amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen sakuTar Tavs (rozentali, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscema yvela
mkvlevris aucilebeli movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela proeqts ixilavs da
 90

SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is aS.S.-s janmrTelobis departamentis mier

gamoqveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs, kolejebs,
saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawesebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT,
romlebic amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciam
(1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi SeimuSava, ganvixiloT rigi maTgani.

informirebuli Tanxmoba adamianebze Catarebuli labratoriuli kvlevis

dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul
potenciur risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moelian kvlevis
dasasruls. monawileebs arwmuneben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia
daculi da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis: maTi monacemebi
dafiqsirdeba da specialur adgilas Seinaxeba, xelmisawvdomi iqneba
mxolod mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis Sedegebis
moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, monawileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver
gaakeTebs. monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze, sadac weria,
rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli informacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian
monawileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxileben, rom maT
nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis
sakontaqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis survili gauCndebaT.

riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris

dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miTumetes, roca mis monawileebs rutinuli
davalebebi eZlevaT. magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swavlobs - rogoricaa emociuri
reaqcia, me-s xati, konformuloba, stresi an agresia - romlebmac SeiZleba
aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos adamiani. amitom, amgvari
kvlevisas riski minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili, monawileebs unda
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi unda miviRoT, rom
Zlier reaqciebs gavumklavdeT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi, sabWoebi
yuradRebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara, SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis
gareSe misi Catareba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.

ganzrax motyueba zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli

informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es kvlevis Sedegebze
imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis
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zemoqmedebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani monawiles.

zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom monawilis motyueba arcerT
SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamarTlebuli, korni (Korn, 1987). amerikis
fsiqologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis Taobaze sakmaod naTelia:
(1) kvlevas sakmarisi mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba unda
hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2) mkvlevarma unda aCvenos,
rom motyuebis gaereSe mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT SeiZleba saerTod uari
Tqvan monawileobaze, (4) kvlevis dasasruls monawileebs unda
avuxsnaT, ratom movatyueT. amgvari eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom
SezRudos, an saerTod ar miiRos, steiningeri da sxvebi, ( Steininger et al;
1984).
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovelTvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles
Soris informaciis ormxrivi gacvla unda iyos. monawilis reqciebidan da
pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT kvlevis miznebi,
hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba.
eqpserimentis dasasruls, yovel monawiles unda CavutaroT kvlevis
Semdgomi interviu, sadac mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar darwmundeba, rom
is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia, eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT
uxsnis, ratom gaakeTa es. da bolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT gaauqmon
TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom maTi uflebebi dairRva.

cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba, eTika, politika

SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba fsiqologiur da samedicino
kvlevebSi? es kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs iwvevda. erT
mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze
Catarebulma kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
mecnierebas domjani, purdi, petrinoviCi
(Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998). cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebis miRwevebia iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda,
romlebic SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben, narkomaniis
Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba (mileri, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze
 94

Catarebuli kvlevebi Tavad cxovlebisaTvisac gamosadegia. magaliTad,

fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena, rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi,
galiebSi myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa da socialuri
organizaciis sferoSi gakeTebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro sasikeTo garemo pirobebis
Seqmna gamoiwvia, nikoli da sxv., (Nicoll et al; 1988).
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa
uflebebis damcvelebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev mcdarad
miaCniaT, rom "homo sapiensis sxva qmnilebebisagan gamoyofa
moralurad gamarTlebulia", boudi da
Sapiro (Bowd and Shapiro 1993, p. 136; Shapiro, 1998). am Secdomis
gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben "laboratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad
manipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic bunebriv da naxevrad
bunebriv garemoSi tardeba" (boudi da Sapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli
specialisti gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxovelebis kvlevas.
• kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _ mkvlevari maqsimalur
informacias miawodebs kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles,
sanam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli
ar aris.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sifrTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve,
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis studenti 1188 da
amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis 3982 wevri monawileobda, plousi (Plous,
1996a,
1996b):
• gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80 procents miaCnia, rom bunebriv
garemoSi Catarebuli dakvirveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30 dan 70
procenamde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, romlebic galiaSi Casmul
cxovelebze tardeba, rac, nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damokidebuli
(magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi, ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc
studentebma, aseve, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimyenebli an
sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi cxovelebze.

• orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT 60-ma procentma) mxari

dauWira fsiqologiis saswavlo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas,
magram orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma CaTvala, rom
 96

cxovelebTan laboratoriuli muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel

aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.

Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis

sargebels da xarjs? Sejameba fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa da validuric. sakuTari
Tavis Sefasebis gazomva kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs agreTve qcevis sazomebs, rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba
da bunebrivi dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani eTikuri
sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba, kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba,
ganzrax motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi intervius
aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebis eTikuri Sedegebi.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

 am Tavis bolos ganvixilavT kritikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic
imisaTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna azrianad moixmaroT. es
nebismieri pirovnebisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazogadoebaSi,
im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea pretenziiT WeSmaritebaze, "saRi
gonebis" mcdari miTebiT, konkretuli interesebis samsaxurSi Camdgari
mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT. kritikuli
azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas,
rac zedapirze ar Cans, arsis Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem ar
mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiur codna fsiqologiurad daxvewili sazogadoebis moazrovne,
mgrZnobiare subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad Tanmdevi
aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri informaciis didi raodenoba ara
mecnieruli wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed gazeTebis
furclebidan, tele da radio gadacemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis
"bulvaruli" wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsiqikis qvezRurblovani
kontrolis ideas. marTalia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis
konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi propagandiT daiwyo (rojersi, 1993)
 98

- da, rogorc vnaxeT laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, es idea jer kidev

muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT brZnuli daskvnebis
gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis
Seswavlidan miRebuli formaluri codna im araformalur fsiqologiur
informacias miuyenoT, romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb, pasuxebi racionaluri
fsiqologiuri Teorebis safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.
yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT zogierTi zogadi wesi, romelic informaciis
zRvaSi
garkvevaSi dagexmarebaT:
• korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
• mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi operaciulad unda iyos
gansazRvruli, ise rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi mniSvneloba.
• sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis damamtkicebel sabuTebs
dauwyebT Zebnas, ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
 • yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis alternatiuli variantebi,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca axsna “SemomTavazebels” (anu avtors)
aZlevs xels.
• gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas SeuZlia daamaxinjos
realobis aRqma.
• eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis martiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli
problemebis da movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris gzebSi.
• eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis, an produqtis efeqturobaSi,
aucileblad SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
• Ria da amave dros skeptikuri iyaviT: aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa
umetesoba ar aris naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ganixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda,
fsiqologiis Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba iyos. imedi
gavqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT
SemowmebaSi da es siamovnebas moganiWebT.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

 100

fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

internetSi fsiqologiisadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds
waawydebiT. magaliTad, Sizofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi (ixileT Tavi 15). sxva
misamarTze imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi vipoveT.
ueWvelia, am wignis gamosvlamde es raodenoba kidev
ufro gaizrdeba. es monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs, ratom
uwodeben Tanamedroveobas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela CvenTaganisaTvis namdvili gamowvevaa
am informaciis brZnuli moxmareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul romel informacias vendoT da
romels ara?

biblioTekaSi bevrad ufro advilia informaciis wyaros gansazRvra,

radgan aq ZiriTadad seriozuli samecniero Jurnalebia moTavsebuli,
romelTa umetesoba amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis, an amerikis
fsiqologiuri sazogadoebis gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva JurnalSi
igzavneba, is Semowmebis rTul process gadis. redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ugzavnis, romlebic naSroms detalurad ixilaven misi
Teoriuli safuZvlebis, meTodologiis da Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu
eqspertebi moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyndeba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebulma
Jurnalebma mowodebuli naSromebis 69 procenti uaryves. ra Tqma unda,
es procesi srulyofili ar aris, zogierTi Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
uariyofa, xolo zogi SedarebiT susti rogorRac "gaZvreba", magram,
zogadad, es procesi garantias gvaZlevs, rom JurnalTa umetesoba maRal
standartebs akmayofilebs.
amitom, rodesac informacias internetSi naxavT, yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi wyaro. SegiZliaT internetSi seriozuli
samecniero Jurnalebis eleqtronuli versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebismieri
informacia unda Seicavdes gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT saqme.
fsiqologia da cxovreba-Si moyvanili informaciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar
unda SegeparoT, radgan yvelagnaa miTiTebuli saTanado samecniero
wyaro, amitom, internetSi muSaobisas imave principiT imoqmedeT!

sakvanZo sakiTxebi aRmoCenis etapi

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• kvlevis aRmoCenis stadiaze dakvirvebas, Sexedulebas, informacias

da zogad codnas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT. mkvlevari
Teorias da hipoTezas ayalibebs.

dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi

• es is fazaa, romelzec ideebi mowmdeba da dasturdeba, an uariyofa.
• ideebis SemowmebisaTvis mkvlevrebi mecnierul meTods iyeneben.
es aris monacemebis imgvarad Segroveba da inetrpretireba, rom
Secdomebi minimumamde iyos dayvanili.
• mkvlevrebi ebrZvian damkvirveblis tendenciurobas procedurebis
standartizaciis da operaciuli gansazRvrebebis gamoyenebis gziT.
• kvlevis eqsperimentuli meTodebi gansazRvravs, arsebobs Tu ara
cvladebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTeba.
• mkvlevrebi alternatiul axsnebs kontrolis saTanado porcedurebis
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
• kvlevis korelaciuri meTodi gansazRvravs, ramdenad aris ori cvladi
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. korelacia ar gulisxmobs mizez-
Sedegobriobas. fsiqologiuri gazomva
 • fsiqologebi cdiloben ise gazomon monacemebi, rom isini sando da
validuri iyos.
• fsiqologiuri kvleva moicavs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis da qcevis
gazomvas. kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
• yvela mkvlevari valdebulia pativi sces kvlevis monawileTa, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu cxovelis, ZiriTad uflebebs. eTikuri da
humanuri mopyrobis garantirebisaTvis SemuSavebulia rigi damcveli
saSualebebi.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

• imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegebi sworad gamoviyenoT, unda
vicodeT, rogor viazrovnoT kritikulad da rogor SevafasoT kvlevis
Sedegebi.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
 104

a-b-a sqema aRmoCenis etapimolodinis efeqti

TviTangariSi dasabuTebis operaciuli
etapi damatebiTi cvladi gansazRvreba
damokidebuli cvladi ormagad brma
damoukidebeli cvladi kontroli placebo
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba efeqti placebo
determinizmi eqsperimentuli kontroli populacia
meTodi validoba Teoria reprezentatuli
kvlevis Semdegi interviu SerCeva sandooba
kontrolis procedura korelaciisstandartizacia
koeficienti
qcevis gazomva
SemTxvevis
Seswavla SerCeva
cvladi
cdis pirTa Soris
sqema cdis pirTa
SigniT sqema
hipoTeza
korelaciuri meTodi mecnieruli meTodi
Tavi 3. qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

• memkvidreobiToba da qceva
evolucia da bunebrivi gadarCeva
adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

• biologia da qceva
miyuradeba tvinze
nervuli sistema
Tavis tvinis struqturebi da maTi funqciebi
hemisferoTa lateralizacia
endokrinuli sistema

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis

sferoSi

• nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi neironi

moqmedebis potenciali
sinafsuri gadacema
neirotransmiterebi da maTi funqciebi
 107

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba tvinze?
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

1848 wlis 13 seqtembers rkinigzis muSas, fineas geijs ubeduri

SemTxveva mouvida: _ moulodneli afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi
metri sigrZis palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi, geiji etliT
miiyvanes sastumromde, sadac man kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla.
momdevno ori-sami kviris ganmavlobaSi geiji sikvdils ebrZoda,
oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi mdgomareoba mudmivad
umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi, romelmac es SemTxveva masaCusetis
samedicino sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena, aRniSnavda, rom geijis
gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT saswauls warmoadgenda:

es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis winaT moxda. naklebad cnobil

qalaqSi (kavendiSi, vermonti). SemTxveva aRweril iqna naklebad cnobili
soflis eqimis mier da metropolitenis eqimebis mierac Zalian didi
sifrTxiliT iqna miRebuli. mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina am
adamianis gadarCena, vidre maT TiTebi mis TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar
Cayves… (harlou, 1968, gv.329).
 108

sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fizikuri dazianebebi qonda. man

dakarga mxedveloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena mxare
nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da
metyveleba ucvleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es iyo sxva
adamiani, rogorc amas misi eqimis angariSi adasturebs:

balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs

Soris dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli, RvTisgmobis
gamovlenebis momTmeni adamiani (rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi
megobrebisa da kolegebis mimarT araviTar pativiscemas ar amJRavnebs;
ver itans veranair SeZRudvebs, an rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar
eTanxmeba. zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi uamrav gegmebs awyobs da
vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs, ukve sxva gegmebze gadadis. Tavis
travmamde. is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da Wkviani biznesmeni,
Zalian energiuli da Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis aRsrulebaSi. am
TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalurad Seicvala, imdenad cxadad, rom
misi megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, _ „es aRar iyo geiji“ (gv.
339-340).
geijis travma moxda maSin, rodesac mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen
hipoTezebis Seqmnas tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin isurvebda geijis
 109

saxelganTqmulobis gaziarebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa

istorias, radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul dokumentirebul
cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba
gansazRvravs.

ratom aris TiToeuli CvenTagani unikaluri individi? fineas geijis

istoriidan gamomdinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis tvini da,
ufro zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis
gagebaSi rom dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangansxvavebT Tqven
garSemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra rols TamaSobs
memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyalibebisa da Tqveni tvinis
formirebis saqmeSi. dafiqrdiT, _ qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleblobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
garkveulwilad wignis es Tavi Tqveni biologiuri potencialis
mniSvnelovani aspeqtis dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini
sakmarisad kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari funqciebis sistematuri
kontroli da koordinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi
mniSvnelovani? adamianis tvins xSirad kompiuters adareben. iwonis ra
mxolod 1500 grams, Tqveni tvini met ujreds Seicavs, vidre varskvlavia
Cvens galaqtikaSi – 100 miliardi ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa
dakavSirebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da Senaxvas saocari efeqturobiT
 110

axerxebs. magram msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Zlieri kompiuteric ki ver

SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis sakuTar operaciebs
gansazRvraven. ase rom Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro rTuli
agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba saSualebas gaZlevT gansazRvroT is
wesebi, romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvelyofen. kvleva,
romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi avRwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis
survilidan, _ Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did sirTules warmoadgens, vidre
mTeli am wignis darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan anatomiisa da
mravali axali terminis swavlas, romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im
informaciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursSi moelodiT.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT
ufro kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da
garemos Soris, romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansazRvravs,
rasac qvia iyo adamiani.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawileobs biologia unikaluri
individebis SeqmnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer avRwerT, rogor
gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreobiToba Tqvens biologiasa da
qcevas; Semdeg vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da klinikuri
kvleva tvinis, nervuli da endokrinuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi.
 111

amis Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs biologiur funqciebsa da

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven SeviswavliT individebs
Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.

memkvidreobiToba da qceva
pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqologiis erT-erTi umTavresi
amocanaa, Seiswavlos adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamomwvevi
mizezebi. am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvexmareba kavSir-gansxvaveba
iseT punqtebs Soris, rogoricaa buneba – aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba –
garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom individebi agresiulni arian
maTi biologiuri Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime
mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT ergoT tendencia agresiulobisaken.
alternatiuli variantia imis daSveba, rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba
Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi gamomJRavnebis xarisxi
damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es adamianebi aRizardnen. swori
pasuxi am kiTxvaze Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor unda
moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs – moaxmaros Zalisxmeva
garemos garkveuli pirobebisa Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis Secvlas.
Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT garemos gavlena
memkvidreobiTobisagan. radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir
SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis dadgena, Tu rogor axdens is gavlenas
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adamianis qcevaze. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSoblis

agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da warmoidginoT, ra gavlenas
moaxdens es momavalSi bavSvis agresiulobaze; Tqven SegiZliaT
daakvirdeT Warbdasaxlebul da Rarib garemocvas, romelSic bavSvebi
izrdebian da dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo pirobebs agresiuli
qcevis gamowveva. biologiur Zalebs, romlebic qcevas gansazRvraven,
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvirdebiT. qcevis biologia rom ukeT
gaiTavisoT, Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis aRweriT, romelic
saxeobebis qcevis potenciur repertuars gansazRvravs (evoluciis Teoriis
elementebi) da mere aRvwerT, Tu rogor gadaecema qceviTi variaciebi
Taobidan Taobas. evolucia da bunebrivi gadarCeva

1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji Teologiis ganxriT

daamTavra, inglisidan gem „bigliT“ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi
samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mogzaurobis dros darvini
agrovebda yvelafers, rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: _ zRvis cxovelebs,
frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa da qvebs. misi
dakvirvebebis Sedegebi safuZvlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda
sakiTxebs dawyebuli geologiidan zoologiisa da emociebis CaTvliT.
wigni, romelmac mas sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels
gamocemuli saxeobaTa
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warmoSoba. am naSromSi darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi Teoria: _ moZRvreba dedamiwaze sicocxlis evoluciis
Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis Sesaxeb, romelSic
mogzaurobis dros Segrovili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi im
mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic „biglma“ moinaxula, iyo
galapagosis kunZulebi – vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasavleT
sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxoveli binadrobs, maT Soris
amJamad darvinis skvinCad cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvini
dainteresda, Tu ratom arsebobda skvinCas amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba
arqipelagze. cxadi iyo, rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen,
radganac iq es saxeobebi ar binadrobdnen. man ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa
es sxvadasxvaoba iyo Sedegi garkveuli procesisa, romelsac mogvianebiT
bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.

• bunebrivi gadarCeva – darvinis Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi

warmomadgenlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas aZlevs
mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmatebulad gamravldes.
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darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli saxeoba saerTo

winaprisagan warmoiSva. Tavidan frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina
kunZulebze; isini gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis gziT. droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida.
procesi, romelic Semdgom etapze ganviTarda, iyo bunebrivi gadarCeva.
sakvebi resursebi da sacxovrebeli pirobebi – bunebrivi pirobebi –
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kunZulze. zogan uxvadaa
kenkra da Teslovani mcenareebi, zogi kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli,
xolo sxvaze uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT, populaciebi sxvadasxva
kunZulze msgavsi iyo – magram yovel kunZulze frinvelebs Soris
garkveuli araerTgvarovneba arsebobda. imis gamo, rom kunZulebze
sakvebi resursebis raodenoba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis gadarCenis
Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma ukeT iyo misadagebuli am
kunZulze arsebuli sakvebis mopovebisaTvis. magaliTad, skvinCebi,
romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT mdidar kunZulebze
binadrobdnen, gadarCebodnen, Tu msxvili niskarti hqondaT. frinvelebi
wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa Tu
gaxsnisaTvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kunZulis garemo
pirobebi gansazRvravda, frinvelebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli
gadarCeboda da gamravldeboda, da romeli daiRupeboda STamomavlobis
 115

gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian

gansxvavebuli populaciebis Camoyalibeba da xeli Seuwyo saerTo
winaprisagan darvinis skvinCebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom organizmi,
romelic kargad aris Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda iyos igi,
ufor met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre naklebad Seguebuli. drois
ganmavlobaSi, organizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro niSan-
Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac
es niSan-Tviseba ar aqvs. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba izomeba
mis mier datovebuli STamomavlobis raodenobiT.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bunebriv gadarCevas
mokle drois ganmavlobaSic ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia.
peter da rozmari grantebis mier (Grant & Grant, 1989; Grant, 1986;
Weiner, 1994) galapagosis arqipelagis erT-erT kunZulze darvinis
skvinCebze Catarebul iqna gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis drosac
registrirebul iqna naleqebis raodenoba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis
populaciis zoma. 1976 wels populacia moicavda aTasze met skvinCas.
momdevno wels gamanadgurebelma gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi.
patara zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa mxolod didi da uxeSi. im wels
frinvelTa populacia Semcirda 80%-ze metiT, TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos,
 116

rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis skvinCebi ufro meti daiRupa,
vidre mozrdili zomis frinveli msxvili niskartiT. Sesabamisad, rogorc amas
darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdevno wels didi zomis frinvelTa
raodenobam imata. ratom? imitom rom mxolod eseni, didi sxeulebiTa da
msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen sakmarisad Zlierni imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT
gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom 1983
wels naleqebis raodenoba Warbi iyo da Teslebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire
zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis frinvelebma
raodenobaSi ajobes didi zomis frinvelebs, imitom, rom maTi niskartebi
ukeT iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebisaTvis. peter da
rozmari grantebis kvlevam aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva
mniSvnelovan efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva. dResac mkvlevaebi
agrZeleben sxvadasxva saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo
pirobebis gavlenis Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul xilis buzze (Huey et al.,
200) da Tevzebis sxvadasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).
genotipi da fenotipi skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis magaliTi
cxadyofs, Tu ratom uwodebda darvini evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis
gadarCenas. warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis nebismier
garemoSi uamravi saarsebo sirTule moiZebneba. saxeobis is
warmomadgenlebi, romelTac garemosTan ukeT Sexamebuli fizikuri da
 117

fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT, ufro advilad gadarCebian. imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa Taobidan
TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba),
saxeobis evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Seswavlis mizniT, Cven unda
SemovitanoT evoluciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba.
modiT, SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki im faqtze, rom am
skvinCam misi mSoblebisgan memkvidreobiT genotipi, anu genetikuri
struqtura miiRo. konkretuli garemos konteqstSi am genotipma
gansazRvra skvinCas ganviTareba da qceva. skvinCas garegnoba da misi
qcevis repertuari ganixileba rogorc fenotipi. Cveni skvinCas
SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mocemul garemo pirobebTan erTad
mokle niskartis fenotips; am niskartiT SesaZlebelia patara Teslebis
akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad rom yofiliyo, maSin am fenotips
gadarCenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda. magram Tu
davuSvebT, rom mxolod mcire zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo
SesaZlebeli, maSin Cven skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone skvinCebTan
SedarebiT seleqtiuri upiratesoba eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis
arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa araxelsayrel
mdgomareobaSi.
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mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT gamravleba. memkvidreobiT

TavianTi genotipis gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs, romlebic
mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi mxood mcire zomis Teslebi
moipoveba, mravali Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs
miviRebT – Sesabamisad mxolod mcire zomis Teslebis mopovebis
unariT. ase cvlis garemo saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi 3.1
warmogvidgens bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartivebul models. Cven
SegviZlia es idea adamianis evoluciasac mivusadagoT.

• genotipi – organizmis genetikuri struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan

memkvidreobiT iRebs.
• fenotipi – organizmis xiluli niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa
da garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.

adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic adamianis saxeobis
evolucia moxda, mivxvdebiT, Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri
da qceviTi Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis biologiuri kapitalis nawils.
adamianis evoluciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi Tviseba –
bipedalizmi da encefalizacia – iyo gadamwyveti. orivem erTad
ganapiroba kacobriobis civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi niSnavs or
 119

fexze amarTulad siarulis unars, xolo encefalizacia – Tavis tvinis zomis

momatebas. es ori adaptacia pasuxismgebelia adamianis evoluciis
umravles – Tu ara, yvela miRwevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT.
rodesac Cvenma winaprebma SeZles or fexze amarTuli siaruli, maT
SeiZines garemos Seswavlisa da axali resursebis eqspluataciis unari;
Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan erTad ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda,
maT SeiZines kompleqsuri azrovnebis, msjelobis, damaxsovrebisa da
dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar
warmoadgens ufro didi inteleqtis garantias – mniSvnelovani iyo is, Tu ra
tipis tvinis qsovili viTaredeboda da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis farglebSi).
genotipma, romelic gansazRvravda Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela
gandevna naklebad warmatebulad adaptirebuli genotipebi adamianTa
genuri fondidan, ramac gamravlebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs
misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg, Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna
(Bicketron, 1990; Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi upiratesoba
SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis ganviTarebas adreuli periodis
adamianebisaTvis. iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis saWiro martivi miTiTebebi,
kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis povna da saSiSroebis Tavidan
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acileba zogavda dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis magier, rom yovel jerze
Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari gamocdilebidan cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT,
adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis gamoyeneba. saubari, iumoric
ki, aZlierebda socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac sazogadoebrivi
saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom metyvelebis
warmoqmna-ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis gadacema
Taobidan Taobaze.

garemos gavlena
(cvlilebebi garemoSi)

konkurencia
(resursebisaTvis)

ukeT Seguebuli
fenotipis SerCeva
(mraval fenotips Soris )

warmatebuli reproduqcia
(Seguebuli fenotipis Sesabamisi genotipi
gadaecema momdevno Taobas)

am genotipis (da fenotipis)

sixSire matulobs
(momdevno TaobaSi )

sur. 3.1. rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva

garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis wevrebs Soris
konkurencias resursebisaTvis brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac
am cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, eqnebaT
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gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno TaobaSi Seguebuli

genetikuri struqturis mqone individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.

metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evoluciis bazas - kulturebis

tendecia, daswavlis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvlilebebs.
kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis
meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teqnologiebis ganviTareba da
daxvewa. kulturuli evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad
SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs. personaluri kompiuteris
gamoyenebis Segueba, magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarda. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia ver iarsebebs genotipis
gareSe, romelic kodirebs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars.
kultura – xelovnebis, literaturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da
filantropiuli aqtivobebis CaTvliT – SesaZloa mxolod adamianis genotipis
potencialis gamo.

adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba

Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros upiratesoba saziaro
biologiur potencials eniWwboda: mag. bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencialSic rCeba adgili
sagrZnobi variaciebisaTvis. Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod
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nawili imisa, rac maT mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan da Tqveni ojaxis

yvela sxva wina Taobisagan hqondaT mirebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca
Tqveni ganviTarebis unikaluri biologiuri gegma. memkvidreobiTobis
(winaprebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis miRebas)
meqanizmis Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba. genetikis
safuZvlebi
Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebulia genetikuri masala,
romelsac dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organizebulia
umcires nawilakebad, genebad. genebis zusti raodenoba adamianis
genomSi (genTa erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben ricxvs 30
000-dan 150 000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi Seicaven cilebis
sinTezisaTvis saWiro instruqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs da ganapirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: _
sxeulis formas, fizikur Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romelTac qromosomebi ewodeba.
Casaxvis momentSi Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas – 23-s
dedisgan da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma aTasobiT gens Seicavs –
spermisa da kvercxujredis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali
milioni SesaZlo kombinaciidan mxolod erTs. sasqeso qromosomebi
Seicaven informacias mamrisa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
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Tqven iRebT X qromosomas dedisgan da X an Y qromosomas

mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis
ganviTarebas, xolo XY kombinacia – mamrobiTi Tvisebebis
ganviTarebas.
• memkvidreobiToba – niSan-Tvisebebis biologiuri gadacema
mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze. • genetika – mecniereba winaprebisgan
miRebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis memkvidreobiTobis
Sesaxeb.
•
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) - genetikuri informaciis gadacemis
fizikuri baza.
•
geni – memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli; qromosomebis patara ubani,
romelic pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvilebTan Tqven daaxloebiT

genTa 50% saerTo gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad
unikaluria, Tuki Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani tyupi. genebs Soris
sxvaoba aris erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizikurad
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da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa da debisagan. sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom

Tqven ar cxovrobT absoluturad identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or wyaros Soris
wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.

genebi da qceva
Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZlo gaxada adamianis
genotipSi uamravi cvalebadobis arseboba; am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba
garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis
genetikis sferoSi mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsiqologiis
meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezobrivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa
memkvidreobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000; Plomin & Rende,
1991; Plomin et
al., 1994).
qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven unda aRvweroT saocari
aRmoCena: _ Tqveni subieqturi kargad yofnis – bednierebis, romelsac
Tqven Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdiT – safuZvels, SesaZloa,
genetikuri komponenti gansazRvravdes.
saidan viciT
bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
bednierebis genetikuri komponentis Sesaswavlad
mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes qceviTi genetikis klasikuri
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meTodi. maT Seiswavles monozigoturi (genetikurad

identuri) (MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli, anu
sibsebis msgavsi) (DZ) tyupebis mier sakuTari
bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis
bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi tipis
kiTxvebic, magaliTad, „sxvebTan SedarebiT, ramdenad bednieri xarT?“.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria, rodesac
respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da 30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w.
jvaredini analizi (suraTi 3.2): _ 30 wlis respondentis gamonaTqvami
Seadares misi tyupiscalis gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva, rom
TiTqmis ar arsebobda korelacia DZ tyupebis pasuxebs Soris. maSin
rodesac MZ tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia jvaredini analizis
Sedegad dadasturda. mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali korelacia
SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im daSvebiT, rom bednierebas genetikuri
komponenti aqvs (Lykken &
Tellegen, 1996).

arsebobs korelacia?
20 wlis 30 wlis
„A“ tyupis bednierebis „A“ tyupis bednierebis
done done

„B“ tyupis bednierebis „B“ tyupis bednierebis

done done
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sur. 3.2. bednierebis genetikuri safuZvlis Semswavleli cdis sqema

mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis bednierebis doneebs Soris
20 da 30 wlis asakSi.
xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri
komponenti hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas garemo
ufro metad gansazRvravs. Tqven romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT?
ramdenad rTulia Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia Tqveni cxovrebis
mTavari winaaRmdegobebi? mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi
movlenebi iwvevs dabadebis dros miRebuli „bednierebis saSualo donis“
garkveul variaciebs. analogiisaTvis. gaixseneT rogor muSaobs
Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura daayeneT 20°C-ze; garemo
garkveulad Secvlis am temperaturas, magram saSualo maCvenebeli igive
darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam aCvena, rom yovel Cvengans
aqvs bednierebis donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT, mag.,
10°C, 20°C, an 30°C), romelic narCundeba mTeli cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinare movlenebis miuxedavad. magram aucilebelia,
rom amas geni (an genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaixseneT wignis meore
Tavidan: _ „korelacia ar aris mizezobrioba“. SesaZloa, rom individis
qcevis sxva aspeqtebma, an gamocdilebam gansazRvros genetikurad
ganpirobebuli bednierebis gamovlena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis
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magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genomis elementebs aqvT gavlena

bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni genetikuri memkvidreoba
gansazRvravs, Tu rogor afasebT Tqven momxdar movlenebs – rom
Tqveni da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad daiTrgunos
umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven, SesaZloa, ufro bednieri iyoT,
magram genetika gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros
interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs gansxvavebebs
bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa, saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss
pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev genebs Soris (Hamer,
1996). rogori axsnac ar unda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan
miRebuli genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen Tqvenze, vidre mxolod
Tvalis ferisa Tu Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvraa.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi araa Cadebuli. is rom
Tqven maRali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is, rom
Tqven qali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom aucileblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT.
yovelTvis gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod garkveul
konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. fizikuri zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia
genetikuri masaliTa da kvebis racioniT erToblivad. fizikuri Zala rogorc
mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi, SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri
savarjiSoebis meSveobiT. inteleqtualuri ganviTareba ganpirobebulia
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rogorc genetikuri potencialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto genebi

da verc marto garemo ver gansazRvravs, vin xarT Tqven da ra
pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba individualuri
gansxvavebebis warmoSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: _ individualuri
genetikuri masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven Tqveni azrovnebisa da
qcevis maneras? sociobiologebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas
qcevis farTo speqtris fonze. es sfero Seiswavlis socialur qcevas da
adamianebisa da sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evoluciur
safuZvlebs. modiT bednierebaSi ufro meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod
qceviTi genetikis kvleva aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis sferoSi
individualur gansxvavebebs Seiswavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas
evoluciuri perspeqtividan adamianis saxeobis zogadi unari bednierebis
gancdisa? basi (2000) uSvebs, rom adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli
SezRudvebia „Tanamedrove da Zvel garemoebebs Soris arsebuli
Seusabamobebis“ gamo (gv. 15). magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
adamianebi mcire zomis jgufebis konteqstSi ganviTardnen, bevri dRes
did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac didi raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris
garemoculi. Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi individTa im
jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces viyofT; kavSirebi, romlebic
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gvexmareba bednieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT ukan daabrunoT am
cvlilebebis gamomwvevi kulturuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli
viTarebis kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megobrebTan mWidro
kavSirebis damyarebiT
(Buss, 2000).

Sejameba
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi
gadarCevis Sedegad, romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars sxvadasxva
intensivobiT gamravldes fenotipuri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris
urTierTqmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori umTavresi Segueba iyo
bipedalizmi da encefalizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada
swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian kavSirs
memkvidreobiT miRebul genebsa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi
iyeneben evoluciur midgomas saxeobebis socialuri qcevis gagebisaTvis.

biologia da qceva
modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba mivapyroT adamianis genotipis
mniSvnelovan produqts: im biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
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azrovnebisa da qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcielebT. bevrad ufro adre

darvinis mogzaurobamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi
msjelobdnen, Tu ra rols asruleben biologiuri sistemebi yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. tvinis Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura
iyo rene dekarti (1596-1650), romelmac SemogvTavaza imdroisaTvis
Zalzed radikaluri idea: _ adamianis sxeuli aris „cxoveluri manqana“,
romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad SeviswavloT –empiriuli dakvirvebis gziT
bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenios meSveobiT. dekarti Tvlida, rom
adamianis qmedeba aris meqanikuri refleqsi garemos mxridan stimulaciis
sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri energia aagznebs grZnobis
organos. stimulirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems tvins agznebas
„cxoveluri sulis“ meSveobiT; tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems cxovelur suls
kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romlebic moZraobiT refleqsur pasuxs
axorcieleben.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906
wlamde, rodesac ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleqsebis
safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kavSirebi sensorul da motorul nervul
boWkoebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Seringtonma wamoayena idea, rom
nervuli sistema rogorc amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba), ise
Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba) procesebs moicavs. me-20
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saukunis dasawyisamde mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis

struqturuli erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. santiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli,
vinc aRmoaCina fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da ganaviTara
Teoria neironebs Soris informaciis gadacemis Sesaxeb. ormocdaaTi wlis
Semdeg, eleqtronuli mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi.
1948 wels donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis
masaa, aramed integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. „ujreduli ansamblebis“
erTobliobaa, romlebic specifikur funqciebs asruleben.
dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi Tavs neiromecnierebs
uwodeben. dRes, neiromecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro swrafad
ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli
regularobiT xdeba. neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwyeba im
teqnikuri meTodebis aRweriT, romlebac mkvlevrebi axali
aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben. Semdeg gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad
struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro detaluri Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos,
Cven gavecnobiT endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas – meore
makontrolebeli biologiuri sistema, romelic nervul sistemasTan erTad
muSaobs.
• neiromecniereba – moZRvreba nervuli sistemisa da qcevaze misi
gavlenis Sesaxeb.
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movusminoT tvins neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTodebis

meSveobiT Seiswavlon tvinis muSaoba – dawyebuli operaciebiT did,
TvalisaTvis dasanax struqturebze damTavrebuli ujredebiT, romelTa
danaxva mxolod Zlieri mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis
mier gamoyenebul teqnikas analizis garkveuli done Seesabameba. aq
Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic
Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu qcevis gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.

intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi gulisxmobs tvinSi pirdapir
intervencias. es meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis SemTxvevidan
iReben, romliTac Cven wignis es Tavi daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis
dazianebis Semdeg qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiqrebina,
rom tvini warmoadgens racionaluri qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis
safuZvels. TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis Semdeg
mdgomareobidan gamodioda, pol broka swavlobda tvinis rols
metyvelebaSi. misi pirveli kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda adamianis
autofsias, romelsac Searqves „tan“ im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis
warmoTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam naxa, rom „tanis“ tvinis Sublis
marcxena ubani Zlier dazianebuli iyo. am aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas
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Seeswavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac metyvelebis moSliloba

hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi broka poulobda msgavs dazianebas tvinis
igive ubanSi, romelsac exla brokas are ewodeba. Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis cvlilebebsa da
tvinis dazianebas Soris.
SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi garkveul problemas
warmoadgens is, rom mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron
dazianebis ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Seswavlisa da qceviT Tu
kognitur funqciebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs
sWirdebaT meTodebi, romlebic maT tvinis dazianebuli qsovilis zusti
specifikaciis saSualebas miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares meTodebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis
gamowveva. maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis
mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli kavSirebis gadaWra, an am ubnebis
dazianeba sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT. rogorc, albaT,
mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli dazianeba mxolod sacdel cxovelebze, da
ara adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni diskusia wignis meore
TavSi, rom aseTi tipis cxoveluri eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis Cveneuli gageba radikalurad
Seicvala, rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles cxovelebze
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dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis

Sedegebs. garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT tvinis funqciebis
Seswavla misi ubnebis pirdapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, 50-
ian wlebSi, valter hesi iyo tvinis Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis
pioneri. man Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad moZravi katis tvinSi.
Rilakze TiTis daWeriT mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli muxtis
gamowveva. hesma daaxloebiT 500 kataze detalurad Seiswavla tvinis
4500 ubnis eleqtruli stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom eleqtrodis
lokalizaciis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis,
sqesobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa Tu SfoTvis gamowveva an, Sesabamisad,
gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimulacia
iwvevda mSvidi katebis agresiulobas.

• brokas are – Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an

JestebSi gardaqmnis.
• dazianeba – tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.

tvinis aqtivobis registracia da warmosaxva

sxva neiromecnierebi tvinis funqciebis kartirebas axdenen gareSe
stimulaciaze tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registraciis
meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes
Seswavlili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlevrebi tvinSi
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ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleqtrodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis

eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi registracia naTels hfens
individualuri neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimulaciaze
sapasuxod.
adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben sxva tipis eleqtrodebs.
maT Tavis zedapirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtruli aqtivobis
registraciis mizniT. am eleqtrodebiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg),
anu tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s iyeneben fsiqologiur
aqtivobasa da tvinis pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad, erT
eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxeebis serias da sTxoven maT
damaxsovrebas. eeg-ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqtivoba
(Sommer et al., 1995).
yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri meTodebi, romlebic
Tavdapirvelad neiroqirurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu sxva
daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis mizniT. es mowyobilobebi
cocxal, aqtiur tvins aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac qsovilis
dazianebis risks mniSvnelovnad amcirebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian
imedismomcemi meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri funqciebis
SeswavlisaTvis
(Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).
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pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis

pirs Seuyvanen radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs, romlebic
tvins aRweven da garkveuli ujredebis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT
moTavsebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben radiaqtiurad
moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema kompiuters, romelSidac tvinis
dinamiuri ruqa dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs
fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iyenebs magnitur velebs da
radiotalRebs tvinis SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis. radganac
pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa dayenebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis
paralelurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magniuri pulsi iTiSeba, atomebi
vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwyeben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis
gamo. specialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs informacia
kompiuterSi, romelic gviCvenebs sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias
tvinSi. suraTis meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis struqturebis
dakavSireba fiziologiur procesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvisaa gamosadegi; PET-skani
ufro detalur informacias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs axali
meTodi, e.w. funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI, romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis
upiratesobas tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlilebebis registraciis
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meSveobiT. fMRI saSualebas iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura

da funqcia. mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi kognitiuri funqciebis
Seswavlisas, rogoricaa: _ yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba
(Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).
• eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) – tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis

registracia.

• PET-skani – tvinis suraTebi, romlebic sxvadasxva

kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis dros

cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben ujredebis mier

STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
• magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) – tvinis
suraTebis Seqmnis meTodi, romelic magnitur velebsa
da radiotalRebs iyenebs.

300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac dekartma daiwyo tvinis
Seswavla; 100 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom tvinis
garkveuli ubnebi specifikur funqciebs asruleben. am aRmoCenebis
Semdeg kulturulma evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoiyenon
teqnologia tvinis saidumloebebis Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili
nawili tvinis saidumloebebs eZRvneba.

nervuli sistema nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT specializebuli

nervuli ujredisagan, neironisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic
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mTels sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema iyofa or mTavar nawilad: _

centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns). cns
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan, xolo pns – im neironebisagan,
romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s sxeulTan. suraTi 3.3
warmoadgens kavSirs cns-sa da pns-s Soris.
• funqciuri magnitur rezonansuli tomografia (fMRI) – meTodi,
romelic aerTianebs PET
skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis
magnitur cvilebebs.
• centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) – nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
• periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) – nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac
xorcieldeba kavSiri cns-sa da sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da
jirkvlebs Soris.

cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis integrireba da koordinireba,

Semosuli nervuli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias
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zurgis tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins pns-Tan akavSirebs)

saSualebiT. Tavad es nervuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.
spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs
Soris da ukavSirdeba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul receptorebs,
kunTebsa da jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da
marjvena nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im martivi, swrafi
refleqsebis ganxorcielebaze, romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli.
mag., organizms, romlis zurgisa da Tavis tvinebi gancalkevebulia,
SeuZlia mtkivneul gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom intaqturi Tavis tvini Cveulebriv pirobebSi
informirebuli iqneboda am qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis
ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec SeuZlia. zurgis tvinis nervebis
dazianeba iwvevs sxeulisa da qveda kidurebis damblas, rogorc es
naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis gavrceleba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ra doneze moxda zurgis tvinis dazianeba: zeda segmentebis
dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.
miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa, cns-s ar aqvs uSualo
kontaqti gare samyarosTan. es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas informacia
sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, magaliTad, Tvalebisa da yurebidan da
aseve gaataros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis sxva
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organoebisaken. pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi

nervuli sistema aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moqmedebas. mag.
warmoidgineT rom beWdavT werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba
kompiuteris klaviaturaze regulirdeba somaturi nervuli sistemis
meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT gadawyvetilebas, Tu ra TqvaT, Tqveni
Tavis tvini agzavnis brZanebas TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesabamis Rilaks.
amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis tvinSi ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba
informacia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis Sesaxeb. Tuki Tqven araswor
Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi nervuli sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb
Tavis tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias ganaxorcielebs da Tqven
myisierad waSliT Secdomas da daaWerT TiTs swor Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad
sasicocxlo procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv
nebiT kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, mag. sunTqva, saWmlis moneleba da
agzneba. ans maSinac muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT; is uzrunvelyofs
sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis
drosac.

• somaturi nervuli sistema – periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic

akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas kansa da ConCxis kunTebTan.
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• avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) – periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili,

romelic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis kunTebTan
da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.

nervuli sistema

centraluri nervu li sistema periferiuli nervuli sistema

(Tavisa da zurg is tvini ) (nervuli qsovili T avisa da zurgis tvinis
fargl ebs gareT)

somaturi nervuli sistema avtonomiuri nerv uli sistema

(sensoruli d a motoruli nervebi, (Sinagani sistemeb i, uneblie )
nebiTi)

simpaTikuri nawili parasimpaTikuri nawili

sur. 3.3. adamianis nervuli sistemis ierarqiuli agebuleba

centraluri nervuli sistema Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan. periferiuli
nervuli sistema funqciis mixedviT or nawilad iyofa: _ somaturi nervuli
sistema akontrolebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
– Sida procesebs. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aseve or nawilad iyofa: _
simpaTikuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs qcevas kritikul, daZabul
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situaciebSi, xolo parasimpaTikuri sistema akontrolebs qcevas Cveulebriv

pirobebSi.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs ori tipis reaqciebs: _
organizmis reaqciebs safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis avtonomiuri
nervuli sistema kidev or nawilad iyofa: _ simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
nawilebi. es ganyofilebebi urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben.
simpaTikuri nawili aregulirebs organizmis reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi,
parasimpaTikuri ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid
mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
daZabuli mdgomareobebis momgvarebeli – safrTxis, an stresis dros is
amzadebs tvins „brZolisaTvis“. saWmlis moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida
organoebidan kunTebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlierdeba
da guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis gavlis Semdeg erTveba
parasimpaTikuri sistema, raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi
wynardeba. saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema wynardeba, da
sunTqva ufro mSviddeba. parasimpaTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia
organizmis Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, rogoricaa ZalTa
danaxarjis gabaTileba, vizualuri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis
Seviwroebis meSveobiT) da sxeulis energiis xangrZlivi Senaxva.
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simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi

meoTxe suraTzea (3.7) asaxuli.
sur. 3.4 (7). avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida
reaqciebsa da qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxarezea gamosaxuli;
simpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic igive funqciebs stresis dros
axorcielebs, naCvenebia marjvena mxareze. miaqcieT yuradReba imas,
rom simpaTikuri nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis
erTobliobas, e.w. simpaTikur vels qmnis.

Tavis tvinis struqturebi da maTi funqciebi

Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
nawilia. adamianis Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan
Sedgeba. yvelaze ufro Rrmad regionSi, romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba,
moTavsebulia iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli centrebi,
rogoricaa guliscema, sunTqva, ylapva da saWmlis moneleba. centralur
Sres qmnis limburi sistema, romelic CarTulia motivaciis, emociisa da
mexsierebis procesebis ganxorcielebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars
ekvris cerebrumi – didi tvini. tvinis swored es nawili ganagebs adamianis
gonebas. didi tvini, da misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens sensoruli
informaciis integrirebas, koordinacias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs
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abstraqtul azrovnebasa da msjelobas (suraTi 3.5 3.8) axla ufro guldasmiT

gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am sami ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis
ReroTi, TalamusiTa da

naTxemiT.

sur. 3.5. Tavis trvinis struqturebi

Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia tvinis Rero,
naTxemi, limburi sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.

tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels gaaCnia. misi struqturebi
aregulirebs sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (suraTi 3.6 3.9). zurgis tvinis
zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis,
sisxlis wnevisa da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi sicocxlisaTvis
aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan
aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi
jvaredindeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kontrols
tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili
tvinis marcxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sur. 3.6. tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi

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es struqturebi ZiriTadi sasicocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia CarTuli: _

sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba, moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoruli
informaciis pirveladi gadamuSaveba.
uSualod mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi, romelic agzavnis
informacias tvinis Reros sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri (badebrivi) formacia
warmoadgens nervebis xSir qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias
asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis mzaobas, miiRos axali
stimulacia da Zilis drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones (Kinomura
et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Talamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac
Semosuli sensoruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis ubanSi
gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba. magaliTad, Talamusi
gadascems informacias Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom naTxemi, romelic tvinis
RerosTanaa dakavSirebuli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koordinirebas
uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akontrolebs pozas da xels uwyobs
wonasworobis SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZraobis
Cveuli ritmis darRvevas, is arakoordinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo
drois gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom naTxemi aseve mniSvnelovania
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daswavlisaTvis anu is xels uwyobs sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas

(Baringa, 1996; Raymond et al., 1996).

limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul qcevas, emociur
mdgomareobasa da mexsierebas. is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis
temperaturas, sisxlis wnevas da sisxlSi Saqris dones da, aseve,
axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa kontrols. limburi sistema Sedgeba
sami struqturisagan: _ hipokampi, amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da
hipoTalamusi (suraTi 3.7 3.10).
• simpaTikuri sistema – avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis
nawili, romelic sagangaSo situaciaSi
energiis mobilizacias axorcielebs.
• parasimpaTikuri sistema – avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis
nawili, romelic yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da
inaxavs sxeulis energias.
• tvinis Rero – Tavis tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs
sxeulis ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs.
• mogrZo tvini – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akontrolebs
sunTqvas, sifxizles da
guliscemas.
• xidi – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akavSirebs zurgisa da
Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebs.
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• retikuluri formacia – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic

gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas miiRos sensoruli
informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis
SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.

sur. 3.7. limburi sistema

limburi sistemis struqturebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia warmodgenili;
isini monawileoben motivaciuri qcevis, emociuri mdgomareobisa da
mexsierebis procesebis regulaciaSi.
hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze ufro didi struqturaa,
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi
(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) – mexsierebis, romelic Tqvens
cnobierebaSi aisaxeba (ix. Tavi 8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi,
romelic am Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT,
yvelaze ufro cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.

saidan viciT
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hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi

27 wlis asakSi h.m.-s Cautarda operacia epilefsiuri
Setevebis sixSiris
Semcirebis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi
amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m.-s
SeeZlo mxolod Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man
dakarga axali informaciis Senaxvisa da misi
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari. operaciidan
didi xnis Semdegac ki pacients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli iyo,
weliwadi, rodesac mas operacia Cautarda.

hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamoiwvia implicituri

mexsierebis darRveva, anu h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebis unari, romlebic cnobierebasTan ar iyo
dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis dazianebis Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT
axali amocanebis gadawyvetis unars, magram ar geqnebaT amis
damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi 8).
nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis kontrolSi da emociuri
mexsierebis formirebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis
dazianebam SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawynareba gamoiwvios (Cven
ganvixilavT fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi). garda amisa, nuSisebri
kompleqsis dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri gamometyvelebis
amocnobis unari (Adolphs et al., 1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri
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kompleqsi aqvT dazianebuli, yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTebulia uaryofiTi

emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom nuSisebri kompleqsi SesaZloa gansakuTrebul rols
TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da safrTxis amocnobis unarSi
(Adolphs et al., 1999).
hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro patara zomis struqturaa,
TumcaRa umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur
aqtivobebSi. is Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _ neironTa patara grovebi,
romlebic motivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur procesebs aregulirebs
(kveba, temperaturis regulireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi
inarCunebs sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu homeostazs. rodesac
sxeulis energiis rezervebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis
stimulaciaSi, raTa man sakvebi ipovos da Wamos. rodesac sxeulis
temperatura klebulobs, hipoTalamusi iwvevs sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas,
an mokle uneblie moZraobebs – TrTolas. hipoTalamusi aseve aregulirebs
endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas.

didi tvini
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis darCenil nawils da misi masis or
mesameds qmnis. misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da emociuri
funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis gare fena, romelic miliardobiT
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neironebisgan Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis, iwodeba

didi tvinis qerqad. didi tvini aseve iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad,
cerebralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis momdevno
nawilSi ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli
boWkoebis msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewodeba. es kavSiri
hemisferoebs Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba.

• Talamusi – Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic sensorul

informacias gadascems didi tvinis qerqs. • naTxemi –
Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da
akontrolebs motorul
koordinacias, pozas da wonasworobas, aseve sxeulis
moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
• limburi sistema – Tavis tvinis regioni, romelic
aregulirebs emociur qcevas, ZiriTad motivaciur survilebs
da mexsierebas, aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
• hipokampi – limburi sistemis nawili, romelic konkretuli
mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobs.
• nuSisebri kompleqsi – limburi sistemis nawili, romelic
akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis
formirebas.
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neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero, gamoiyenes ra ori

mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,
yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore, msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac
lateraluri naprali ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizontalurad
(suraTi 3.8 3.11). es vertikaluri da horizontaluri dayofa gvexmareba
gamovyoT tvinis oTxi ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi. frontaluri
(Sublis) wili, romelic CarTulia motorul kontrolsa da kognitur qmedebaSi,
rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da miznebis dasaxva,
moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris win. am ubnis
dazianeba iwvevs adamianis individualobis Secvlas. es swored is ubani
iyo, romlis dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba gamoiwvia
(Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis) wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi
SegrZnebebis kontrolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da temperatura da
moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili,
vizualuri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana nawilSia moTavsebuli.
temporaluri (safeTqlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis
ganxorciele-baze, moTavsebulia lateraluri napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli
hemisferos gverdiT zedapirze.
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Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom romelime wili ama Tu im

specifiur funqcias marto akontrolebs. tvinis strquturebi TavianT
movaleobas erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben erTad, rogorc
integrirebuli erTeuli, ise, rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven
recxavT WurWels, angariSobT, an saubrobT megobarTan, Tqveni tvini
muSaobs, rogorc erTiani sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan TanamSromlobs.
miuxedavad amisa, neiromecnierebs SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im
ubnebis gansazRvra, romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis
ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa mxedveloba, smena,
metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi dazianebis SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic
ziandeba, an sruliad ikargeba.

sur. 3.8. qerqi

didi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili
asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs.
• hipoTalamusi – tvinis struqtura, romelic aregulirebs
motivaciur qcevas (rogoricaa
kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
• homeostazi – sxeulis Sida aris mudmivoba.
• didi tvini – tvinis nawili, romelic umaRles kognitur da

emociur funqciebs aregulirebs.

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• qerqi – didi tvinis gare zedapiri. • hemisferoebi – didi

tvinis ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa
dakavSirebuli.
• korZiani sxeuli – nervul boWkoTa erToblioba,

romelic tvinis or hemisferos

akavSirebs.
• Sublis wili – tvinis ubani, romelic gverdiTi napralis

zemoT da centraluri Raris winaa moTavsebuli;

monawileobs motorul kontrolSi da kognitiur
qmedebebSi.

sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba kontroldeba motoruli

qerqiT, romelic Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris winaa moTavsebuli.
gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis qveda ubnebSi
moTavsebuli kunTebi – mag., fexis TiTebi - kontroldeba motoruli qerqis
yvelaze ufro zemo nawilis neironebiT. sxeulis zeda nawilis kunTebi,
rogoricaa yeli, kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis neironebiT.
rogorc 3.9 (3.12) suraTze xedavT, sxeulis zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur
motorul instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad, motoruli qerqis ori
udidesi ubani xelis TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli – gansakuTrebiT cerasTan
– da im kunTebTan, romlebic metyvelebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis
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ubnebis sidide im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamianis xeliT

manipulirebisa da metyvelebis unars gaaCnia.

• Txemis wili – tvinis ubani Sublis wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis

zemoT; Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.
• kefis wili – tvinis yvelaze ufro ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad

mxedvelobiT qerqs.
• safeTqlis wili – tvinis ubani, romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa

moTavsebuli;
Seicavs smenis qerqs.
• motoruli qerqi – didi tvinis qerqis ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis

nebiT moZraobebs.

somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centraluri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli

marcxena da marjvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamuSavdeba
informacia temperaturis, Sexebis, sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb.
motoruli qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili sxeulis qveda
nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan.
sensoruli qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan, enasTan, cera da
saCvenebel TiTebTan – anu sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze
ufro mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben centrisken. aseve,
motoruli qerqis msgavsad, somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili
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dakavSirebulia sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan, xolo marcxena mxare _

marjvena nawilTan.

sur. 3.9. motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi

sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
mgrZnobelobiT garemo stimulaciisadmi da tvinis kontrolisadmi.
mgrZnobeloba sxeulis garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im ubnis
zomaze, romelic sxeulis am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze
adamianis sxeulis nawilebi qerqis Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis
zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili. rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze
gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo
stimulaciisadmi da miT ufro Zlieria tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.
smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi, romelic ori safeTqlis
wiliTaa warmodgenili. auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi iRebs
informacias orive yuridan. auditoruli qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis
ganxorcielebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani – metyvelebis gagebaSi.
vizualuri informacia muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerqSi,
romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udidesi nawili eTmoba informacias,
romelic baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im adgilidan, romelic Tvalis
ukana zedapirzea ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.
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• somatosensoruli qerqi – Txemis wilis nawili, sadac

sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli
informacia muSavdeba.
• smeniTi qerqi – safeTqlis wilis nawili, sadac miiReba da
muSavdeba smeniTi informacia.
• mxedvelobis qerqi – kefis wilis nawili, sadac
mxedvelobiTi informaciis gadamuSaveba
mimdinareobs.

qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli informaciis

gadamuSavebasa da kunTebisaTvis brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi,
qerqis udidesi nawili CarTulia infromaciis interpretaciisa da integraciis
procesebSi. iseTi procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyvetilebis
miReba, xorcieldeba asociaciur qerqSi. asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis
sxvadasxva nawilebSia gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli).
asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT sxvadasxva modalobis sensoruli informaciis
kombinirebis saSualebas, raTa garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi sapasuxo
reaqciebi daigegmos.

• asociaciuri qerqi – qerqis nawili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi

xorcieldeba.
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rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi erTad? warmoidgineT

magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas
kiTxulobT (suraTi 3.10 3.13). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsiqologiis
maswavlebeli gaZlevT qaRaldis furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi
weria da gTxovT xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva. biologiuri procesebi,
romlebic am qmedebaSia CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria.
neiromecnieri Tqvens verbalur qcevas ramodenime etapad dayofda. pirvel
rigSi, vizualuri stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba nervuli
ujredebis mier Tvalis baduraSi, romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis
gavliT vizualur korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri qerqidan nervuli impulsebi
gadaigzavneba safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli xveuli), sadac
sityvis vizualuri kodireba mis akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros.
dadgindeba Tu ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is gadaecema ubans
auditorul qerqSi, romelsac vernikes are ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi
dekodireba da interpretacia: _ „ah! Sokoladi! ar vityodi uars.“ nervuli
impulsebi mere egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias motorul qerqSi, rac tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias
iwvevs sityva Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
sur. 3.10. rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas
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informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli impulsebi Talamusis

gavliT atareben Tvalis baduradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri
ubnebisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul impulsebs safeTqlis wilis
ukana nawilSi, angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis vizualuri kodis
(asoebis forma da ganlageba) Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan
(JReradoba). Sesabamisi akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is gadaecema
smeniT qerqSi e.w. vernikes ares, sadac xdeba am informaciis dekodireba
da interpretireba. nervuli impulsebi egzavneba brokas ares, romelic Tavis
mxriv agzavnis informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi uzrunvelyofs
sityvis warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis
meSveobiT.
es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa mxolod erTi sityvis
warmoTqmisaTvis. axla ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac
Tqven xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas. yvelaze ufro
gasaocari ki isaa, rom Tqveni tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian
efeqturad umklavdeba am amocanas, Targmnis ra qaRaldze arsebul
aTasobiT niSans nervul kodad, gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebs mimdinare amocanebis Sesaxeb, dabolos, am sityvebis
gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
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Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

struqturebi. rodesac Cven daviwyeT saubari did tvinze, aRvniSneT, rom
cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo
speqtrSi naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi monawileoben.
davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.

hemisferoTa lateralizacia ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT,

rom arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciebs
Soris? gaixseneT, rodesac pol brokam tanis autofsia Caatara, man tvinis
dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi aRmoaCina. momdevno
gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa, rom sxva pacientebSic, romelTac
metyvelebis msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba, romelsac dRes
brokas afazias uwodeben), dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi iyo
lokalizebuli. igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena hemisferoSi msgavs
efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis
qirurgiuli wesiT mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es meTodi
gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxloebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos
erToblioba, romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gacvlas emsaxureba)
gadaWras (suraTi 3.11 3.14). qirurgiuli Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos
epilefsiis Tanamdev agresiul eleqtrul aqtivobas, gavrceldes orive
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hemisferoze. operacia, rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis qcevac

ZiriTadad ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs, romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes,
xSirad uwodeben pacientebs „gayofili tviniT“.
sur. 3.11. korZiani sxeuli
korZiani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boWkoebis erTobliobas, romelic
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani sxeulis
gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris komunikacias.
gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblobaTa Semowmebis mizniT
rojer sperim (1968) da maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi
meTodika, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri informaciis
wardgineba TiToeuli hemisferosaTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas
meTodika emyareboda vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs
(suraTi 3.12 3.15). yovel TvalSi, marjvena mxedvelobiTi velidan
miRebuli informacia marcxena hemisferoSi xvdeba da, piriqiT,
informacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadaecema marjvena
hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive hemisferos Soris informaciis gacvla Zalian
swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. magram, radganac am
pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da marjvena
mxedvelobiT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad mxolod marjvena
da marcxena hemisferoebs gadaecemoda (suraTi 3.13 3.16).
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radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebas marcxena hemisfero

akontrolebs, mas SeuZlia mkvlevaebs „elaparakos“ maSin, roca marjvena
hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia. komunikacia marjvena
hemisferosTan miRweul iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT.: es
amocanebi nivTebis identifikacias, SeTavsebas, an maTgan jgufebis
Sedgenas gulisxmobda da maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar
saWiroebda. ganixileT „gayofili tvinis“ mqone pacientis SemTxveva,
romelic marcxena hemisferos iyenebs misi marcxena xelis mier
Catarebuli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac marcxena xels
marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.

saidan viciT
hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tovliani peizaJi,
xolo marcxena hemisferos– qaTmis fexis
gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win arsebuli obieqtebidan
am ori suraTis Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia.
marjvena xeliT man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo
marcxena xeliT – Tovlis niCabze. pacienti ambobda,
rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis narCenebis (da ara Tovlis)
gasawmendad. radganac tvinis marcxena nawilma
korZiani sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda, Tu ras
xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda aexsna, Tu
ratom uTiTebda marcxena xeli niCabze, rodesac
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marcxena hemisfero qaTmis fexs xedavda. marcxena

hemisferos kogniturma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria,
romelsac unda gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva nawilebis
moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).

sur. 3.12. mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza

mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza, romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua
zedapiridan iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan meoreze
korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelobiTi informacia Tvalis gare
ubnidan ar jvaredindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis
mxedvelobis marjvena velSi warmodgenili informaciis gadacemas
marjvena hemisferoSi, xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodgenili
informacia ver aRwevs marcxena hemisferos.
sur. 3.13. Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normaluria, Tu pacienti „gayofili tviniT“
iyenebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapovnelad, romelic mis marcxena
mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, radganac orive procesis ganxorcielebas
marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven sTxovT
pacients, gamoiyenos marjvena xeli im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis
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marcxena mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia,

radganac sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan marcxena hemisferos
veRar aRwevs gadaWrili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis piri
msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.
zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva meTodi, romelTa
meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom adamianTa umravlesobaSi
metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia marcxena
hemisferoSi. funqcia lateralizebulad iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi
Tavis tvinis mxolod erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols. metyveleba
(enis gamoyenebis unari), albaT, yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia
funqciaTa Soris. neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom memarjveneebis
mxolod daaxloebiT 5 procentsa da caciebis 15 procentSi metyvelebas
marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15 procentSi metyveleba
orive hemisferoTi regulirdeba (Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa
umravlesobaSi, Sesabamisad, metyveleba marcxena hemisferos funqcias
warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs
metyvelebis moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yrumunjTa enis gamoyenebisas
(romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa da moZraobis mixedviT gadmoscems
azrs), marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs darRvevebs (Corina,
1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et al., 1991). ase rom, lateralizebulia
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ara metyveleba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri, ise manualuri

Jestebis warmoqmnis unari, romlebic komunikacias
ganaxorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero „ukeTesia“, vidre
marjvena. mkvlevrebma uCvenes, rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive
amocanis amoxsnis gansxvavebuli „stili“ aqvs. marcxena hemisfero ufro
analitikuria da is informacias nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero
ki ufro holisturia da is informacias mTlianad aRiqvams. orive hemisferos
(misTvis damaxasiaTebeli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba
ganapirobebs Cveni aRqmis srulyofilebas. magaliTad, Tqven ar
gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire
detalebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan rols TamaSobs problemaTa didi
nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdroulad, marjvena hemisferos roli win iwevs,
rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi midgoma sWirdeba –
marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT mexsierebis mobilizebaSi
(Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT darwmunebiT
ganasxvavon, Tu romeli funqciebia lateralizebuli „saSualo“ tvinSi,
gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes individualuri gansxvavebebi. rodesac
metyvelebis lateralizaciaze vsaubrobdiT, Cven aseve vaxseneT tvinis
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funqciaTa pirveli individualuri gansxvaveba: _ caciebSi SesaZloa

metyvelebas marjvena hemisfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad
akontrolebdes. sxva gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis tvinis funqciaTa
lateralizaciis dros unda ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs
zogadi gansxvavebebi

mamakacebisa da qalebis tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994;

Kimura, 1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
dagvenaxa sxvaoba mamakacebis da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva
amocanebis gadaWrisas. magaliTad, funqciuri mrt-s saSualebiT
Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa tvinis aqtivobebs Soris
gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis pirebs enis mosmenisas unda gamoetanaT
daskvnebi (eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi ZiriTadi
aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac qalebSi
am amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis Tanabrad
monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTi Sedegebi kidev erTxel
gvabrunebs sakiTxebTan, romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas
exeba. ibadebian mamakacebi da qalebi ukve gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es
modifikacia cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom wlebSi am
kiTxvas neiromecnierTa xelT arsebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda
gaeces.
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Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki

ganvixiloT endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sistemasTan erTad sxeulis
funqciebs aregulirebs.

endokrinuli sistema adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore Zalzed

specifiur maregulirebel

sistemas – endokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis muSaoba Seavsos.

endokrinuli sistema jirkvlebis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic
gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesenjerebs – hormonebs
(suraTi 3.14 3.17). hormonebi Zlier gavlenas axdenen organizmis
yoveldRiur cxovelqmedebaze, TumcaRa isini gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania sicocxlis garkveul periodebSi da zogierTi
gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros. hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis
zrdaze; isini gansazRvraven da xels uwyoben pirveladi da meoradi
sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gavlenas axdenen sifxizlesa da
yuradRebaze; warmoadgenen ganwyobisa da xasiaTis Secvlis safuZvels;
aregulireben metabolizms da sxeulis energetikul danaxarjebs. endokrinuli
sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadarCenas, exmareba ra mis brZolas
infeqciisa da daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels uwyobs saxeobebis
gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis regulirebis, reproduqciuli ujredebis
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warmoqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis meSveobiT. ase

rom, efeqturi endokrinuli sistemis gareSe Tqven ver gadarCebiT.

sur. 3.14. qalisa da mamakacis endokrinuli jirkvlebi

hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic
marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs. hipofizi,
Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic limburi sistemis
mniSvnelovani nawilia.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi pasuxoben sisxlSi qimiuri nivTierebebis doneze an
maTi stimulireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan momavali nervuli
impulsebis mier xdeba. amis Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da
gadaadgildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken, romelTac specifikuri
receptorebi gaaCniaT. hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT
gaTvaliswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis genetikurad gansazRvrul
adgilebSi gamoavlenen. sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu
qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi aregulireben uamrav bioqimiur process,
amis gamo maT „sicocxlis mesenjerebi“ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985). es
mravalmxrivi sakomunikacio sistema akontrolebs organizmSi nela,
mudmivad mimdinare procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis
gansazRvra, kalciumis Semcveloba, naxSirwylebis metabolozmi, da
sxeulis zrda. magram ra xdeba krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamoyofs
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sisxlSi hormon adrenalins; adrenalini energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas
unari Seswevs swrafad moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struqtura, hipoTalamusi,
warmoadgens
gadamrTvel ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sistemebs Soris.
hipoTalamusis specializebuli ujredebi iReben informacias tvinis sxva
ubnebidan, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxvadasxva hormonebi
hipofizSi, riTac isini astimulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis
sekrecias. hormonebi sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomuSavdeba. es
„qarxnebi“ sxvadasxva hormonebs awarmoebs, romlebic sxeulis
sxvadasxva funqciebs aregulireben, rogorc es 3.1 cxrilSia warmodgenili.
axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani procesebi ganvixiloT.
• endokrinuli sistema – jirkvlebis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da
sisxlSi gamoyofen hormonebs.
• hormonebi – qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic gamomuSavdeba
endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier, aregulireben metabolizms, da gavlenas
axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebze.

hipofizs xSirad „mTavar jirkvals“ uwodeben, radganac is 10 sxvadasxva

saxis hormons gamoimuSavebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jirkvlis
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sekretorul muSaobaze gavlenas axdenen, aseve aq sinTezirdeba zrdis

hormonebi. zrdis hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis Seferxebas –
qondriskacobas. misi siWarbe iwvevs gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis
sekreciis produqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis sinTezs,
romelic Tavis mxriv spermis gamomuSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi
aseve monawileobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa sxeulis Tmis safarvelis ganviTareba, xmis
Secvla da fizikuri simwife. testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios agresiisa
da seqsualuri ltolvis gaZliereba. qalebSi, hipofizis hormonebi
astimulireben estrogenis warmoebas. estrogeni im hormonaluri jaWvuri
reaqciebis aucilebeli komponentia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis
nayofierebas gansazRvraven. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zogierTi
preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis specialuri aqtivobis
daTrgunvas, romelic hormonebis gamomuSavebas da ganawilebas
akontrolebs, amiT ki saboloo jamSi irRveva ovulaciis procesi.
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces saukunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria
kavSiri tvinsa da qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods
mimarTaven tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis mizniT. isini swavloben
pacientebs tvinis dazianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis
dazianebas, astimulireben tvinis regionebs, iweren tvinis aqtivobas da
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kompiuteruli teqnikis daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxulebebs misi

muSaobis procesSi.
• hipofizi – moTavsebulia tvinSi, gamoimuSavebs zrdis
hormonebs da gavlenas axdens sxva
endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis sekreciaze.
• testosteroni – mamakacTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic
saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba da astimulirebs spermis
produqcias; aseve pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi
sasqeso niSan Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
• estrogeni – qalTa sasqeso hormoni, romelic
sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da pasuxismgebelia
ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis reproduqciuli
struqturebis ganviTarebasa da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
Camoyalibebaze.

nervuli sistema iyofa centralur da periferiul nawilebad. centraluri nervuli

sistema Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferiuli nervuli sistema
Sedgeba somaturi da avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod, limbur sistemad da did tvinad.
tvinis Rero aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs, rogoricaa sunTqva,
guliscema da saWmlis moneleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis
moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogierT procesze. limburi
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sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da

mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismgebelia metyvelebisa da
azrovnebis umaRles funqciebze.

cxrili 3.1. mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT mier gamomuSavebuli

hormonebis funqciebi
jirkvali regulirebadi funqciebi
hipoTalamusi hipofizis hormonebis gamoyofa
wina hipofizi saTesleebi da sakvercxeebi rZis
gamomuSaveba metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze
ukana hipofizi wylis konservacia rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva
farisebri jirkvali metabolozmi zrda da
ganviTareba
paraTireoiduli jirkvali kalciumis done
nawlavi saWmlis moneleba
pankreasi glukozis metabolizmi
Tirkmelzeda jirkvali „brZolisa da gaqcevis“ pasuxebi
metabolizmi sqesobrivi ltolva
qalebSi
sakvercxe qalebis sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTareba

kvercxujredis warmoqmna
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saTesle mamakacis sasqeso niSnebis ganviTareba

spermis gamomuSaveba sqesobrivi ltolva
mamakacebSi

kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemisfero sxvadasxva rols

TamaSobs yoveldRiuri funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa
umravlesobaSi marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas akontrolebs. zogadad,
marjvena hemisfero informacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena ki
ufro analitikuria. ori hemisferos funqciaTa Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis
gakeTebisas unda gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi. endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli, romelic
gamoimuSavebs hormonebs sasicocxlo procesebis regulirebisaTvis.
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fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ miRwevebi tvinis

funqciebis lokalizaciis sferoSi
daafiqsireT TvalebiT nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb
xe, romelic fanjaraSi Cans, an kompiuteri Tqvens
magidaze. axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da SeecadeT
warmoidginoT igive obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens tvinSi
am ori qmedebis dros? ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom
tvinis igive ubnebi iyos CarTuli orive procesSi,
romlebic aRqmasa da vizualur warmosaxvas
gulisxmobs? teqnologiurma progresma SesaZlo gaxada
neiromecnierTaTvis am saintereso kiTxvas zusti pasuxi
gascen.
rogorc Tqven naxavT wignis me-4 TavSi,
mecnierebma did warmatebebs miaRwies mxedvelobis
nervuli safuZvelebis SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT Tvali
miadevnon vizualuri informaciis transformacias
Tvalebis baduradan kefis wilis vizualur qerqamde. rogor
unda gansazRvron mecnierebma, CarTulia Tu ara
vizualuri qerqis erTi da igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani
axorcielebs vizualuri warmosaxvis da ara vizualuri
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aRqmis process? mkvlevarTa jgufma stiven koslinis

xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al., 1999) gamoiyena ori
meTodi: _ pet (pozitronul-emisiuri tomografia) skani,
romelic Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da ganmeorebiTi
transkranialuri magnituri stimulacia (rTMS), romelic
sruliad axali teqnologiaa da sul ramodenime wlis winaT
iqna gamoyenebuli adamianTa kognitur
neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis pirebs sTxovdnen
daemaxsovraT oTxi kvadratuli gamosaxuleba da mere
warmoedginaT isini daxuWuli TvalebiT.

cdis pirTa amocana iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze sxvadasxva

gamosaxulebaSi obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana
ise iyo SemuSavebuli, rom cdis pirebs aucileblad unda warmoedginaT
vizualuri gamosaxuleba. pet gamokvlevaSi monawileTa tvini Seswavlili
iyo amocanis gadawyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena, rom aqtiuri iyo
vizualuri qerqis is ubnebi, romlebic mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis drosac
aqtiuri iqneboda. magram gaixseneT wignis meore Tavidan, rom
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korelacia ar aris mizezobrioba: is, rom orive amocanis dros aqtiuria tvinis
igive ubnebi ar niSnavs, rom erTi da igive funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki ki erTveba rTMS, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZloa ufro zusti
daskvnebis gakeTeba. es axali teqnika iyenebs magnituri stimulaciis
pulsebs droebiTi, Seqcevadi „dazianebebis“ warmoqmnisaTvis. qsovilis
faqtobrivi dazianebis gareSe SesaZloa tvinis regionebis inaqtivacia. ra
xdeba zolebis Sedarebisas, rodesac rTMS gamoyenebis Sedegad cdis
pirebs „uzianebdnen“ pirvelad vizualur qerqs? iseve rogorc Ria TvalebiT
mxedvelobiTi aRqmisas, vizualuri warmosaxva seriozulad ferxdeba. es ki
saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom pirveladi vizualuri qerqi CarTulia
vizualuri warmosaxvis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT am monacemebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT tvinSi
funqciebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb? radganac mecnierebi agrZeleben
muSaobas axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, didia imis albaToba, rom
Tqvens kiTxvebsac male gaecema zusti pasuxebi.

nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli
sistemis muSaobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiromecnierebma
mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies, magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas,
rom am mravalwaxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan. wignis
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am qveTavSi Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT da gaverkveT, Tu rogor

gadaecema Cveni grZnobaTa organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia
sxeulis sxva nawilebsa da tvins nervuli impulsebis meSveobiT. Cven
viwyebT nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis
ganxilviT.

neironi neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, romlis funqciaa miiRos,

gadaamuSavos da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.
arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri Semadgenlobisa da funqciis
neironebi (ZuZumwovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva saxis
neironia napovni), magram yvelas aqvs saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (suraTi
3.15 3.18). adamianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100 miliardsa da 1
trilions Soris meryeobs.

sur. 15. neironTa tipebi

yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formasa da datotvis
xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis moZraobis mimarTuleba.
warmodgenilia interneironis ori tipi.
rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias erTi, da gadascemen mas
meore boloTi. ujredis datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval signalebs
iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendritebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli
receptorebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis miReba. ujredis sxeuli,
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anu soma, Seicavs birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis

sicocxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba dendritebis
stimulaciis Sedegad (an zogierT SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan)
miRebuli informaciis integrireba da misi gadacema erTi, wagrZelebuli
boWkosaTvis, romelsac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadascems
informacias mTel Tavis sigrZeze, romelic, mag. zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba
erT metrs aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi – milimetrze naklebi iyos.
aqsonis meore boloSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvismagvari
struqtura, e.w. terminaluri balTa, romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia
mimdebare jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neironebis stimulireba. rogorc
wesi, neironebi informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT gadascemen _
dendritebidan somis gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken
(suraTi 3.16 3.19).
• neironi – nervuli sistemis ujredi, romelic
specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an gadasces
informacia sxva ujredebs.
• dendritebi – neironis datotvili morCebi, romlebic
Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
• soma – neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic birTvsa da
citoplazmas Seicavs.
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• aqsoni – neironis wagrZelebuli boWko, romlis

gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba somidan
terminaluri balTisaken.
• terminaluri balTa – bolqvismagvari struqtura aqsonis
bolos, romelic neirotransmiteriT savse buStukebs
Seicavs.

sur. 3.16. neironis mTavari struqturebi

neironi nervul impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli
impulsi igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva
neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neirotransmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.

informacias sensorulidan motorul an sxva interneironebs. TiToeul • sensoruli

neironi – neironebi, romlebic sensoruli receptorebidan

informacias centraluri nervuli sistemisaken atareben.
motorul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi interneironi
modis,
• motoruli neironi – neironebi, romlebic informacias
centraluri nervuli sistemidan
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romlebic tvinis ZiriTad muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & arsebobs

Feirtag, 1979).
kunTebisaken da jirkvlebisaken atareben. neironTa sami
• •senso interneironi – tvinis neironebi, romlebic an
informacias sensorulidan sxva inter-ruli neironi – mTavari jgufi.
neironi, romelic sensoruli receptorebidan informacias
centraluri nervuli sistemisken atarebs. motorul sensoruli
neironebs gadascemen.
•motoruli neironi _ neironi, romelic informacias (mgrZnobiare)
centraluri nervuli sistemidan kunTebisken da
neironebi
jirkvlebisken atarebs.
• interneironi _ tvinis neironi, romelic informacias iReben
sensorulidan sxva inter- an motorul neironebs
gadascems. informacias

sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben mas centraluri nervuli sistemisaken,

receptoruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni da mgrZnobiareni arian,

magaliTad, sinaTlisadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis poziciisadmi; motoruli

(mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben informacias centraluri nervuli

sistemidan kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken; tvinis neironTa ZiriTad masas

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interneironebi qmnian, romlebic gadascemen imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor

muSaobs es sami tipis neironi erTad, ganvixiloT tkivilze ganridebis

refleqsi (suraTi 3.17 3.20). rodesac kanis zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli

tkivilis receptorebi stimulirdeba wvetiani obieqtiT, isini agzavnian

informacias sensoruli neironebis saSualebiT zurgis tvinis

interneironebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod aagznebs motorul neirons,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, aagznebs sxeulis Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da

ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es

neironuli aqtivoba ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli mocildeba mtkivneul obieqts,

Tavis tvini iRebs informacias situaciis Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea damokidebuli, tkivilis SegrZneba

Cndeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Tqven ukve fizikurad upasuxeT

safrTxes. cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia Seinaxeba tvinis

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mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg jerze Tqven gaaridebT Tavs

potenciurad mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.

sur. 3.17. tkivilis ganridebis refleqsi

am refleqsis ganxorcielebaSi mxolod sami neironi monawileobs: _
sensoruli, motoruli da interneironi.
tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti
raodenobis gliuri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva momdinareobs
berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxelwodeba ukve miganiSnebT am
ujredebis mTavar funqciebze: _ isini neironebis sayrdens warmoadgenen.
xerxemlianebSi glias bevri mniSvnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia
ganviTarebis safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi exmarebian axalSobil
neironebs ipovon maTi Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi. meore funqciaa
cxovelqmedeba. rodesac neironebi ziandeba da iRupeba, dazianebis
ubanSi gliuri ujredebi mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs; maT,
aseve, SeuZliaT neironTaSoris napralebSi neirotransmiterebisa da sxva
substanciebis STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri ujredebi
zogierTi aqsonis irgvliv qmnian saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis
garsi ewodeba. es cximovani izolacia mniSvnelovnad zrdis nervuli
signalis gadacemis siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa daicvas tvinis
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mgrZnobiare neironebi sisxlTan erTad Semosuli toqsinuri

nivTierebebisgan. specializebuli gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astrocitebi
ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hematoencefalur bariers, romelic warmoadgens
tvinis sisxlZarRvTa irgvliv uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi uxsnadi
substanciebi am bariers ver gadalaxaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva
mavne nivTiereba cximSi ar ixsneba da, Sesabamisad, tvinSi SeRwevac
ar SeuZliaT. dabolos, neiromecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom glia
gavlenas axdens neironTa Soris komunikaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze
zemoqmedebis gziT, romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas uzrunvelyofen.

• glia – ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs da aCqarebs

nervul gadacemas, aSorebs dazianebul da daRupul
neironebs, da xels uSlis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur
substanciebs SeaRwion tvinSi.
• amgznebi „Sesavali“ – informacia, romelic neironSi
aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
moqmedebis potenciali aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze,
romlebic „agzavnian informacias“ da „astimulireben“ erTimeores.
movida dro, ufro detalurad aRvweroT eleqtoqimiuri signalebi,
romelTac nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis gadamuSavebisa da
gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi warmoadgenen Tqveni codnis,
grZnobebis, survilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
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yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi kiTxvaa: _ ganimuxtos Tu ara

(anu, upasuxos Tu ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad, neironebi
am gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi dendtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli
informaciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazRvrisas, es signalebi
maT „ganmuxtvas“ Tu „arganmuxtvas“ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki,
yoveli neironi iRebs amgznebi – ganimuxte! – da Semakavebeli – ar
ganimuxto! – signalebis balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn
moqmedebis potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.

moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmedebis potenciali, Cven unda
aRvweroT is bioqimiuri garemo, romelSic neironi arsebobs da iRebs
Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli komunikacia xorcieldeba
eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawilakebis, ionebis, nakadiT, romelic ganWolavs
neironis membranas – Txel „kans“, romelic ujredis SigTavss
garemomcveli garemosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli
boWkoebi makaronia, romelic mariliani wyliTaa savse da marilian supSi
dacuravs. rogorc supi, ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs ionebs
– natriumis (Na+), qloris (Cl-), kalciumisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+)
atomebs – romelTac rogorc dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi
gaaCniaT (suraTi 3.18 3.21). membrana, anu makaronis zedapiri,
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gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive siTxeSi ingredientebis Sesabamisi

balansis SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri, anu imyofeba
mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro meti
kaliumis ionia vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa koncentracia piriqiT,
gareT ufro metia. membrana srulyofili barieri araa, is saSualebas aZlevs
natriumis ionebs SemoaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis aRmosafxvrelad,
bunebam Seqmna satransporto meqanizmebi membranis SigniT, romelic
„gamotumbavs“ natriums da „Catumbavs“ kaliums. am tumboTa
warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa
damuxtuli (70/1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT. es ki niSnavs,
rom ujredis Sida garemo polarizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis
potenciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur garemos, romelSic nervul
ujreds SeuZlia moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.

sur. 3.18. moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli

aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba
natriumisa da kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer
ufro met natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan
mimarTebaSi Tanafardoba sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi
ganWolavs, romlebic rogorc seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben
ra an mxolod natriumis, an mxolod kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul
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mdgomareobaSi, rodesac nervuli impulsi ar gadis, orive tipis arxi

Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs ionur ganawilebas (Signidan gareT
„gamotumbavs“ natriumis ionebs da „Catumbavs“ kaliumis ionebs).
aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70 milivoltis odenobiT. Tuki es
Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis moaxloebis gamo, natriumis arxebi
ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT,
natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi da kaliumis ionebi
gamodis gareT. arxebis monacvleobiTi Caketva da gaxsna uzrunvelyofs
nervuli impulsis gavrcelebas.
nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis potencialidan moqmedebis
potencialze amagznebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod.
nebismieri tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia Secvalos ionuri balansi
membranis Sida da gare areebs Soris. es aseve iwvevs cvlilebebs ionuri
arxebis funqciebSic – ujreduli membranis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic
SerCeviTad uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas membranis gavliT.
Semakavebeli informacia aiZulebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da
SeinarCunon Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac daicavs neirons
ganmuxtvisagan. amagznebeli impulsacia iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas
da natriumis ionebi Semodis ujredis Sida areSi, rac mas saSualebas
aZlevs ganimuxtos. radganac natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis
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matarebelia, maTi Semosvla iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis

gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis
potenciali aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac amagznebeli impulsacia
sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT da iwvevs membranis
depolarizacias –70 milivoltidan –55 milivoltamde: sakmarisi raodenobis
natriumi Semovida ujredSi, raTa es cvlileba gamoewvia.
• Semakavebeli „Sesavali“ – Semosuli informacia, romelic neirons
ubrZanebs, ar ganimuxtos.
• moqmedebis potenciali – nervuli impulsi, romelic neironSi
warmoiqmneba, aqsonis gaswvriv vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi
neirotransmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.

iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aRmoceneba, natriumi

iCqaris ujredis Sida areSi. Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,
rac neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs. Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs
moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; depolarizaciis
mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mimdebare regionebSi natriumis arxebis
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gaxsnas ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am gziT –

Tanamimdevruli depolarizaciiT – signali vrceldeba aqsonSi (suraTi 3.18
3.21).
rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosvenebul mdgomareobas
ganmuxtvis Semdeg? rodesac neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,
natriumis arxebi ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, kaliumis ionebi
gamodian gareT. kaliumis gamosvla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts.
maSin, rodesac signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujredis is nawilebi, sadac
moqmedebis potenciali warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul
mdgomareobas da mzadaa momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.

moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi

moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqimiuri buneba mraval
maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs. moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an
arafris kanons: _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar aris damokidebuli
stimulaciis intensivobaze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs.
miaRwevs Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls, iwyeba potencialis
generireba. Tuki gaRizianeba qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver
aRmocendeba. sul an arafris kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is, rom
moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _
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moqmedebis potenciali TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel dawyebuls, mas ar

sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moqmedebis potencialis
gavrcelebis siCqare gansxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali
moZraobs 200 m/wm-Si siCqariT, yvelaze ufro nelSi ki – 10 sm/wm-Si.
swrafi neironebis aqsonebi dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis
garsiT, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri ujredebisgan Sedgeba da
aqsoni emsgavseba simze acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs
Soris arsebul sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba ewodeba (suraTi 3.16).
mielinis garsian neironebSi moqmedebis potenciali „xtunaobs“ erTi
Seviwrovebidan meoreze, riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela ubanze ionuri
arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis
dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis Senelebas da bevri
problemis safuZveli xdeba. gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im saSinel
daavadebaTagania, romelic aqsonebis demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli.
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia ormagi gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali, da,
sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri
ujredebi Slian mielinizebuli neironebis garss da azianeben normalur
sinafsur gadacemas (Joyce, 1990).
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• ionuri arxebi – nervuli ujredis membranis nawilebi,

romlebic ionTa SerCeviT ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
• sul an arafris kanoni – moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar
aris stimulaciis intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli
zRurblis Semdeg.
• refraqteruli periodi – mosvenebis periodi, romlis
ganmavlobaSic axali nervuli impulsi ver

warmoiqmneba aqsonis segmentSi.

mas mere, rac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonis garkveul ubans

gaivlis, am segmentze yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (suraTi 3.19
3.22). absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros momdevno stimulacia, rac ar
unda intensiuric iyos igi, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis generirebas;
SefardebiTi refraqteruli periodis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod
normalurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gicdiaT unitazis Carecxva,
rodesac is wyliT ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kritikuli done,
rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis rom
neironma aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis generirebis unari, is
unda „gadaimuxtos“ da Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.
refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis mxolod erTi
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mimarTulebiT gavrcelebas: _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan dabruneba, radganac

aqsonis winamdebare segmentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.

sur. 3.19. eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi ganawileba moqmedebis

potencialis dros
natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis, depolarizaciis gziT
iwveven mosvenebis mdgomareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad
uaryofiTi potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT. rodesac neironi
depolarizebulia, masSi mokle refraqteruli periodi myardeba, romlis
drosac momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis potencialis gamowveva
ar SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod
maSin, rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida areebs Soris.
sinafsuri gadacema rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs mis
mogzaurobas aqsonis gaswvriv da miaRwevs terminalur balTas, man
unda gadasces informacia mezobel neirons. magram neironebi
erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinafsebs qmnian, patara sinafsuri napraliT
presinafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi neironis terminaluri
balTa) da postsinafsur membranas (mimRebi neironis dendtritis an somis
zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs terminalur
balTas, is iwvevs moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas, romelsac
sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da romelic warmoadgens informaciis
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gadacemas erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis gavliT (suraTi 3.20

3.23). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba, rodesac moqmedebis potenciali
aqsonur daboloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStukebis, sinafsuri
vezikulebis, moZraobas aqsonuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da
masTan mimagrebas. yoveli vezikulis SigniT neirotransmiteria
moTavsebuli – bioqimiuri nivTiereba, romelic sxva neironebis
stimulirebas iwvevs. moqmedebis potenciali aseve iwvevs ionuri arxebis
gaxsnas da kalciumis Semosvlas aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsuri
vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi arsebuli neirotransmiteris
gamoTavisuflebas ganapirobebs. amis Semdeg neirotransmiteri Zalian
swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs postsinafsur membranas.
sinafsuri gadacemis dasrulebisaTvis, neirotransmiterebi ukavSirdeba
postsinafsur membranaze arsebul receptorul molekulebs.

sur. 3.20. sinafsuri gadacema

moqmedebis potenciali presinafsur neironSi iwvevs neirotransmiterebis
gamoTavisuflebas sinafsur napralSi, risi gadalaxvis Semdegac, isini
astimulireben postsinafsur membranaSi arsebul receptorul molekulebs.
erTi da igive neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali neirotransmiteri
arsebobdes.
 • sinafsi – or neirons Soris arsebuli naprali.
• sinafsuri gadacema – erTi neironidan meoreze
192

informaciis gadacemis procesi sinafsuri napralis

gaswvriv.
• neirotransmiterebi – qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic
neironebidan gamoiyofa, gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs
meore neirons da mis stimulacias iwvevs.
neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul molekulas ori winapirobis
Sesrulebis Semdeg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri, an qimiuri
nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukavSirdes receptorul molekulas; meore,
neirotransmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes receptoruli molekulis
formas ise, rogorc gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba
darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSirdeba receptors, rac imas
niSnavs, rom postsinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli iqneba.
Tuki neirotransmiteri daukavSirda receptorul molekulas, mas SeuZlia
mezobel neirons gadasces informacia „ganmuxtvis“ an „arganmuxtvis“
Sesaxeb. Seasrulebs ra Tavis funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba
receptorul molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi gadadis. aq is an iSleba
enzimebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis
mier ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.
receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT, neirotansmiters SeiZleba
hqondes amgznebi, an Semakavebeli efeqti. e.i. erTi da igive
neirotransmiteri SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinafsisaTvis da
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Semakavebeli meorisaTvis. TiToeuli neironi amuSavebs miRebul

informacias aTasidan aTi aTas neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom
gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali moqmedebis potenciali. swored
am aTasobiT amgznebi da Semakavebeli informaciis integracia aZlevs
saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas adamianis gamocdilebis
safuZveli.
Tqven albaT gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixilavT ase detalurad nervul
sistemas. es xom fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis qcevas,
azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi, sinafsebi swored is biologiuri
mediumia, romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xorcieldeba. Tuki
Tqven SecvliT sinafsis normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa
qcevas, maT azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis muSaobis principebis
gagebam SesaZlebeli gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis
meqanizmebi, emociebi, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi, wamaldamokidebuleba,
da, zogadad, sulieri janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am TavSi miRebuli
codna Tqven dagexmarebaT gaigoT mTeli wigni _ fsiqologia da
cxovreba.

neirotransmiterebi da maTi funqciebi tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias

asrulebs 60-ze meti sxvadasxva qimiuri substancia. intensiurad Seswavlili
neirotransmiterebi garkveul teqnikur kriteriumebs akmayofileben.
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TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur aqsonur daboloebaSi da

gamoTavisufldeba, rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs am
daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinafsur napralSi iwvevs
postsinafsuri membranis biologiur pasuxs da, Tu misi gamoTavisufleba ar
Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva. imisaTvis, rom Tqven
SegeqmnaT warmodgena, Tu ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva
neirotransmiterebi qcevis regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad gTavazobT im
neirotransmiterebs, romlebic miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad
nervuli sistemis warmatebuli yoveldRiuri funqcionirebisaTvis. mokle
diskusia aseve SesaZlebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac
neirotransmiterebis moqmedeba irRveva.

acetilqolini
acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur, ise periferiul nervul sistemaSi.
alchaimeris daavadebis (degeneratiuli daavadeba, romelic ZiriTadad
asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros pacientebSi mexsierebis darRvevas
iwvevs acetilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazianeba. acetilqolini aseve
amgznebad moqmedebs nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is kunTebis
SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia acetilqolinis sinafsuri
moqmedebis Secvla. magaliTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic arasworad
konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvdeba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra
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acetilqolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi. kurare, amazoniis

indielebis mier gamoyenebuli Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs
wamlaven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas acetilqolinis receptorebis
blokirebis gziT, xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur sinafsur
aqtivobas.

gaemi
gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yvelaze ufro farTod
gavrcelebuli Semakavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinafsebis
daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-
mgrZnobiare neironebi tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogorebicaa
Talamusi, hipoTalamusi da kefis wili. gaemi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs fsiqopaTologiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul
aqtivobas. rodesac am neirotransmiteris done klebulobs, adamianebSi es
iwvevs damatebiT nervul aqtivobas, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba (Paul
et al., 1986). SfoTvebs xSirad mkurnaloben benzodiazepinebis Semcveli
wamlebiT, rogoric valiumi da qsanaqsia, romlebic gaem dones zrdian
(Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem
receptorebs, samagierod isini xels uwyoben gaems Tavad ufro efeqturad
daukavSirdes postsinafsur receptorul molekulebs.

dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini

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kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri substanciebis klass, romelic or

mniSvnelovan neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins Seicavs.
orive maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs iseT fsiqologiur
daavadebebSi, rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi da Sizofrenia.
norepinefrini CarTulia depresiis zogierT formaSi: wamlebi, romlebic
tvinSi am neirotransmiteris donis momatebas uwyoben xels, xasiaTis
gaumjobesebasa da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawinaaRmdegod,
normaze maRali dofaminis Semcveloba nanaxia SizofreniiT
daavadebulebSi. rogorc Tqven albaT ggoniaT, am daavadebis
mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda iseTi wamlebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi dofaminis donis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda.
medikamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi warmoiqmna saintereso,
magram naklebad saxarbielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis
gamoyenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia parkinsonis
daavadebis niSnebi – progresuli da fataluri daavadebis, romelic
moZraobis darRvevebs iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis mizezia
dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis gamofitva). am monacemebma
aiZuila mecnierebi daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa da parkinsonis
daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis gasaumjobeseblad. yvela
neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimuSavebs, moTavsebulia tvinis ReroSi,
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romelic agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri procesis regulaciaSia

CarTuli. halucinogenuri nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas dieTilamidi)
moqmedebs serotoninerguli neironebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis gziT. es
serotoninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa Sekavebas iwveven,
magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da
uCveulo emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi grZeldeba. bevri
antidepresanti, mag. prozaki, aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis ra
mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Barondes, 1994).

• neiromodulatori – substancia, romlic cvlis an amodulirebs

postsinafsuri neironis aqtivobas.

endorfinebi
endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia, romelTac Cveulebriv
neiromodulatorebs uwodeben. neiromodulatori aris substancia, romelic
cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi
(Semoklebulia endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben
emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi, daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis
kontrolSi – opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi erTi da igive
receptorebs ukavSirdeba. endorfinebs uwodeben „samoTxis gasaRebs“
maTi siamovnebis gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamokvleul iqna
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SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis

Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze akupunqturisa da placebos dros (Fields &
Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995; Watkins & Mayer, 1982). es testebi
emyareba nivTiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic morfinisa da
endorfinebis receptorebis blokirebas iwvevs. nebismieri
tkivilgamayuCebeli procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTavisuflebas
iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros
akupunqtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
swored endorfinebi ganapirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogoricaa naxSirbadis
monooqsidi
da azotis oqsidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi (Barinaga,
1993). am axali klasis warmomadgenlebi ar emorCilebian
neirotransmiterebis moqmedebis tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs.
magaliTad, Cvens mier aRweril neirotransmiterTagan gansxvavebiT,
imis magier, rom daukavSirdnen receptorul molekulebs, es airadi
transmiterebi pirdapir ganWolaven mimRebi ujredis gare membranas. am
gasaocarma aRmoCenam unda dagarwmunoT, rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev
bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
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wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is SesaniSnavi da

araCveulebrivi samyaro, Tqveni tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars
iwonis. erTia, imis Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs qcevas da Tqven sulier
procesebs, magram meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini yvela
am funqcias. neiromecnierebi CarTulni arian am gasaocari problemis
amoxsnaSi, rom gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris
mimdinare procesebi. Tqven axla ukve gaqvT sabaziso codna, romelic
dagexmarebaT damatebiTi codnis SeZenaSi. Sejameba neironTa
ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, motoruli da interneironebi. Tavis tvinis
neironTa umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemortymulia gliuri
ujredebiT. neironebi ganimuxteba amgznebi da Semakavebeli impulsebis
Sesabamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi sul an arafris kanonis
Sesabamisad agzavnian informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT
aqsonis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba sinafsur napralSi da
gadascemen informacias mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo procesia damokidebuli iseTi
mniSvnelovani neirotransmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _
acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba tvinze?
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wignis am Tavis wakiTxvisas, Tqven axal informacias iZenT – niSnavs

Tu ara es, rom Tqveni tvini icvleba? _ savaraudoa! studentebi, romlebic
pirvelad Sedian SexebaSi Tanamedrove neiromecnierebasTan, xSirad
interesdebian, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba maT
tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria, romelic mark rozencvaigisa da misi kolegebis
mier iqna Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxvavebebs virTagvebs Soris,
romlebic gamdidrebul da gaRaribebul garemoSi aRizardnen
(Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b). gaRaribebul garemoSi virTagvebi marto
iyvnen moTavsebuli galiaSi; gamdidrebul garemoSi isini mozrdil galiaSi
sxvebTan erTad iyvnen da yoveldRiurad ecvlebodaT saTamaSoebi.
garkveuli periodis (ramodenime kvira da Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma
Seiswavles virTagvebis tvini. Sedegebi dramatuli iyo. gamdidrebul
garemoSi gazrdili virTagvebis saSualo tvini ufro mZime da msxvili –
pozitiuri atributebi - iyo, vidre gaRaribebul garemoSi gazrdili
cxovelebisa. SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda maSinac ki, rodesac
virTagvebi gamdidrebul garemoSi mxolod ramodenime dRiT
Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrdasrul virTagvebSic aRiniSneboda, anu, ara
marto mzardi, aramed zrdasruli virTagvebic gamdidrebul areSi
moTavsebis Semdeg uCvenebdnen upiratesobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
 201

es gamokvleva virTagvebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis gadatana

adamianebzec SeiZleba: mdidar garemos dadebiTi gavlena aqvs tvinis
ganviTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis damasuraTebeli teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zalzed specifikuri
gansxvavebebis aRmoCena, romlebic cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. musikosebma, romlebic violinoze ukraven, Zalian
natifad unda akontrolon marcxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki Tqven
daubrundebiT 3.9 suraTs, naxavT rom sensoruli qerqis didi nawili TiTebs
eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi, pasuxismgebeli
marcxena xelis TiTebze, meviolineebSi ufro didia, vidre sakontrolo
jgufSi (Elbert et al., 1995). es efeqti araa nanaxi marjvena xelis
TiTebisaTvis, romelTac ar aqvT aseTi mniSvnelovani datvirTva
violinoze dakvrisas. marcxena TiTebis reprezentacia sensorul qerqSi
yvelaze ufro didi iyo im musikosebSi, romelTac violinoze dakvra
bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde daiwyes.
Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiqreT imaze, rom cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas
SeuZlia aseve uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze. gaixseneT
tvinis struqtura, hipokampi, romelic Cven manamde aRvwereT, rogorc
gadamwyveti struqtura konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom qronikuli stresi – mdgomareoba, rodesac
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organizmis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri resursebi maqsimaluradaa daZabuli

(ix. Tavi 13) – iwvevs hipokampis neironTa dendritebis atrofias
(McEwen, 1999; Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve mixvdiT,
Sedegia mexsierebis zogierTi formis darRveva. magaliTad, virTagvebi
qronikuli stresis pirobebSi kargaven labirinTSi orientaciis unars (Conrad
et al., 1996). neiromecnierebis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebis
mniSvnelovani amocanaa im meTodebis aRmoCena, romlebic tvins
uaryofiTi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisagan daicaven. aseTi kvlevis
Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasargeblo iqneba.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
• saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi
gadarCevis Sedegad.
• adamianTa evoluciaSi, or fexze siarulma da encefalizaciam
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, maT Soris metyvelebisa da kulturis
ganviTareba, gamoiwvia.
• memkvidreobiTobis mTavari erTeuli genia. genebi gansazRvraven im
gavlenis CarCoebs, romelsac garemo faqtorebi iwvevs da romlebic
fenotipis cvlilebiT gamoixateba.

biologia da qceva
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• neiromecnierebi uamrav sxvadasxva meTods iyeneben, rom tvinsa da

qcevas
Soris damokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvinis dazianebis mqone pacientTa
Seswavla, tvinis garkveuli ubnebis dazianeba, tvinis eleqtruli stimulacia,
tvinis aqtivobis registracia, da kompiuteruli teqnikis meSveobiT tvinis
gamosaxulebis miReba.
• Tavisa da zurgis tvini centralur nervul sistemas (cns) qmnian.
• periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) Sedgeba neironebisagan, romlebic
cnssa da sxeuls akavSireben. pns Sedgeba somaturi nervuli
sistemisagan, romelic ConCxis kunTebis moqmedebas aregulirebs, da
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemisagan (ans), romelic aregulirebs sasicocxlo
procesebs.
• Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Srisagan: _ tvinis Rero,
limburi sistema da didi tvini.
• tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia sunTqvaze, saWmlis monelebasa da
guliscemaze.
• limburi sistema monawileobs grZelvadiani mexsierebis, agresiis,
kvebiT da sqesobriv qcevebSi.
• didi tvini akontrolebs umaRles mentalur procesebs.
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• zogi funqcia lateralizebulia Tavis tvinis erT romelime hemisferoSi.

magaliTad, adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebas marcxena
hemisfero akontrolebs.
• miuxedavad imisa, rom orive hemisfero erTad muSaobs, maT
funqcionirebis sxvadasxva tipi axasiaTebT: _ marcxena hemisfero ufro
analitikuria, marjvena ki – holisturi.
• individualuri gansxvavebebis fonze zogadi daskvnebi SeiZleba
Seicvalos. magaliTad, mamakacebsa da qalebs lateralizaciis
gansxvavebuli saxeebi axasiaTebT.
• endokrinuli sistema gamoimuSavebs da sisxlis nakadSi gamoyofs
hormonebs.
• hormonebi xels uwyoben zrdas, pirveladi da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTarebas, metabolizms, saWmlis monelebasa da agznebas.
• hipoTalamusi akontrolebs endokrinul sistemas hipofizis stimulirebis
gziT. nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
• neironi, nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi erTeuli, iRebs, amuSavebs da
gadascems informacias sxva neironebs, jirkvlebsa da kunTebs.
• neironebi gadascemen informacias dendritebidan ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken.
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• sensoruli neironebi iReben informacias specializebuli receptoruli

ujredebidan da agzavnian mas cns-ken. motoruli neironebi agzavnian
informacias cns-dan kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. interneironebi
gadascemen informacias sensoruli neironebidan sxva motorul an
interneironebs.
• rodesac impulsaciis sumacia miaRwevs gansazRvrul zRurbls,
moqmedebis potenciali igzavneba aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri
daboloebisaken.
• sul an arafris kanons damorCilebuli moqmedebis potenciali
aRmocendeba, rodesac gaxsnili ionuri arxebi ujredis membranis Sida da
gare areebs Soris ionTa ganvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
• neirotransmiterebi gamoTavisufldeba sinafsur napralSi. napralis
gadalaxvis Semdeg isini uerTdeba postsinafsuri membranis receptorul
molekulebs.
• aagzneben Tu Seakaveben es neirotransmiterebi membranas,
damokidebulia receptoruli molekulis bunebaze. ZiriTadi cnebebi

• adamianis qcevis genetika • neiromodulatori

• amagznebeli „Sesavali“ • neironi
• asociaciuri qerqi • neirotransmiterebi
• avtonomiuri nervuli sistema • nuSisebri kompleqsi
 206

(ans)
• parasimpaTikuri sistema
aqsoni
• • periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns)
• brokas are
• PET (pozitronul-emisiuri tomografia)
• bunebrivi gadarCeva skani
• genebi • retikuluri formacia
• genetika • refraqteruli periodi
• genotipi • safeTqlis wili
• glia • sasqeso qromosomebi
• dazianeba • korZiani sxeuli

• dendritebi • limburi sistema

• didi tvini • magnetur-rezonansuli tomografia

• didi tvinis qerqi (MRI)

• memkvidreobiToba
• dnm
(dezoqsiribonukleinis • mogrZo tvini
mJava) • mosvenebis potenciali

• eleqtroencefalograma (eeg)• motoruli neironi

• endokrinuli sistema • motoruli qerqi

• estrogeni • moqmedebis potenciali

• Talamusi • mxedvelobis qerqi

• Txemis wili • naTxemi

• interneironi • neiromecniereba

• ionuri arxebi
• kefis wili Tavi 4. SegrZnebebi
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• sensoruli neironi • testosteroni

• simpaTikuri sistema • fenotipi
• sinafsi • funqciuri magnetur-rezonansuli
• sinafsuri gadacema tomografia (fMRI)
• smeniTi qerqi • Semakavebeli „Sesavali“
• soma • Sublis wili
• somatosensoruli qerqi • centraluri nervuli sistema (cns)
• somaturi nervuli sistema • xidi
• sociobiologia • hipoTalamusi
• sul an arafris kanoni • hipokampi
• tvinis Rero • hipofizi
• tvinis hemisferoebi • homeostazi
• terminaluri balTa • hormonebi

• samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

– fsiqofizika

– fizikuri movlenebidan fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

• mxedvelobis sistema
– adamianis Tvali – guga da broli

– badura
– Tavis tvinisaken mimavali nervuli gzebi
– ferTa SegrZneba
– vizualuri obieqtebis kompleqsuri analizi
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: SeuZlia teqnologiasDdazianebuli
mxedvelobis aRdgena?
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• smenis SegrZneba
– bgeris fizika

– bgeris fsiqologiuri ganzomilebebi

– smenis fiziologia
• sxva SegrZnebebi
– ynosva

– gemos SegrZneba
– Sexeba da kanis SegrZnebebi
– wonasworobisa da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi
– tkivili
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi
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jonaTan i. iyo mxatvari. man Tavisi warmatebuli SemoqmedebiTi

karieris ganmavlobaSi Seqmna mravali abstraqtuli tilo, romelic
warmoadgenda kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs. samocdaxuTi
wlis asakSi man sruliad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis tvinis
dazianebis gamo. roca is uyurebda Tavis namuSevrebs, xedavda
yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da TeTr ferebSi; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda
ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli asociaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla
igi xedavda mxolod “uswormasworo” da “WuWyian“ laqebs. es ar
exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvlilebebi moxda mis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSic. magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu mxolod
Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTisxili da TeTri brinji
gamoiyureboda misTvis gacilebiT ufro jansaR, normalur sakvebad, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla aRiqvamda usiamovno rux ferebSi da
eCveneboda ugemuri.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i.-is istoria arc ise tragikuli
aRmoCnda. droTa ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas, scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da daiwyo xatva Savi da TeTri
saRebavebiT. jonaTan i.-is Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi
SemoqmedebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi. maT ar icodnen, rom
mxatvruli mimarTulebis Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis
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dazianebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma ferTa sibrmavem

vizualuri samyaros axali aspeqtebi gadauSala win: “Tumca, jonaTan i. ar
uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da garkveulwilad swuxda amis
gamo, magram man igrZno, rom misi mxedveloba gaxda “uaRresad
daxvewili”, privilegirebuli, rom is uyurebs wminda formebis samyaros,
romelsac ar uSlis xels feri.” (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom jonaTan i.-im dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari, misma
sensorulma sistemam uzrunvelyo is samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas
SeeZlo aReqva da gadaeqcia xelovnebad.
dagafiqraT jonaTan i.-is istoriam Tqvens sakuTar sensorul
SesaZleblobebze? dainteresebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi,
gagancdevinoT van gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis swrafi
melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros macocxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis
kocnis rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli gazafxulze? am TavSi
Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT, Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini
gaerkves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad aris Cvens garSemo
_ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosmenili bgerebSi da sxva mravalSi. Tqven
dainaxavT, Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoavlinoT
gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi. Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom
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SegrZnebebs, romliTac Tqven dagajildovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli

meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi exeba Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur elementebs: SegrZneba
aris procesi, roca sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs
nervul impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis
gancdas, maT gacnobierebas. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba perceptul procesebs,
romelic dakavSirebulia centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali donis
aqtivobasTan. igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc sensoruli gancdis
identifikacia, interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia. Semdegi Tavis
bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva
informaciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros erTi mTliani
suraTis gancda.

• SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba

dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.

SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebamde, neba momeciT,

yuradReba gavamaxvilo SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa
TviTgadarCena da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,
rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexmarebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad
 212

imoqmedoT safrTxis winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas,

raTa ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi. garda amisa,
Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia
adamiani, romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebuli siamovnebis
gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT
mravalferovani SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis, gemosa
Tu ynosvis. roca waikiTxavT am Tavs, Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze,
Tu rogor gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa
aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili da iswavloT, Tu rogor
SeiZleba miiRoT siamovneba bgerebis, ferebis, sunebis, gemos da
Sexebis samyaroSi.

samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

gare samyaros gancda unda iyos zusti da Tavisufali Secdomebisagan.
sxvagvarad Tqven ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:
ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari, romelic dagicavT;
sxva adamianebTan urTierToba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri
moTxovnilebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daicvaT Tavi. am
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis Tqven unda miiRoT sando
informacia samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam ganaviTara
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informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani

ki ar aris specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul sensorul sferoze:
Tqven ara gaqvT iseTive srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,
Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ramuras da iseTive ynosva,
rogorc mRrRnelebs. magram adamianebi arian aRWurvilni sensoruli
meqanizmiT, romelic aZlevs maT SesaZleblobas, gadaamuSavos
Semomavali rTuli sensoruli signalebis farTo speqtri.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli procesebis Seswavla
yovelTvis inarCunebda gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnierebis
mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. roca vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza idea, romlis
mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi elementaruli procesebia,
romelTagan igeba ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898) es
idea Seitana amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili
daikava mis introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaarsebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiuri kvlevebSi,
ZiriTadad, Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare movlenebsa da
adamianTa mier am movlenebis gancdas Soris kavSirebi.

fsiqofizika
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ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis xma qarxanaSi, raTa

muSebma gaigonon is momuSave manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad
kaSkaSa unda iyos sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis sakontrolo
panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe orjer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli
obieqtebis sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa yavaSi, raTa is
TqvenTvis gaxdes tkbili? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven unda
SegveZlos sensoruli gancdis intensivobis gazomva. es aris fsiqofizikis
ZiriTadi amocana _ Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa da
qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris, romelsac es stimuli aRZravs.
fsiqofizika fsiqologiuri mecnierebis
uZvelesi sferoa (Levine & Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis istoriaSi iyo germaneli
fizikosi gustav fexneri (Gustav Fechner1801_1887). fexnerma Semoitana
termini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic akavSirebda fizikuri
gamRizianeblis intensivobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi _ sensoruli
gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologiur erTeulebSi (Fechner,
1860/1966). fexneris teqnika aris erTnairi nebismieri modalobis
stimulisaTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu SexebiTi
gamRizianeblisaTvis: mkvlevarebi gansazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs
 215

da qmnian fsiqofizikur skalebs, romelic akavSirebs SegrZnebis

intensivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan.

absoluturi zRurblebi da sensoruli adaptacia rogoria gamRizianeblis is

umciresi, usustesi energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia organizms?"?
magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos toni, raTa jer kidev SesaZlebeli
iyos misi gagoneba? es kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls _
fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas, romelic saWiroa sensoruli
gancdis warmosaqmnelad. mkvlevarebi absoluturi zRurblis gazomvisas
sTxoven yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs, Seasrulon SemCnevis
amocana, magaliTad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an Seecadon
gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis
ganmavlobaSi xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamoyeneba da
TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aRniSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is. (Tuki
Tqven rodesme SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,
Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvris testSi).
absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi SeiZleba SevajamoT
fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT: horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertikalur RerZze _ aRebuli
 216

intensivobis mqone gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipiuri

fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1-ze.

suraTi 4.1
absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
radganac gamRizianebeli ar xdeba meyseulad SesamCnevi garkveul
wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisazRvreba, rogorc intensivoba,
100 SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa
rodesac gamRizianebeli naxevarSi.
Teoriuli miRebuli
zRurblis zRurblis
mrudi mrudi
50

absoluturi
zRurbli
(SemCnevaTa 50%)
0

(dabali) (maRali) stimulis intensivoba

(pirobiTi erTeuli)

sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis pirobebSi SemCneva aris 0

procenti; xolo kaSkaSa gamRizianeblis pirobebSi _ 100 procenti. im
SemTxvevaSi, rom yofiliyo erTaderTi, WeSmariti absoluturi zRurbli,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis gadaxra 0%-dan 100%-mde
 217

Zalian mkveTrad da grafikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda

zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori mizezis gamo:
damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yovelTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben
gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvlilebis, daRlilobis da sxva
mizezebis gamo) da zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRizianeblis
ararsebobis pirobebSic. (mcdari gangaSis saxe, romelsac signalis
SemCnevis Teoriis aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT,). amrigad, fsiqometruli
mrudi yovelTvis aris gluvi, S-formis mrudi, romelSic aris monakveTi,
sadac xdeba gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizianeblis
drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRizianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad
SesamCnevi nebismier dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
gansazRvreba iqneba Semdegnairi: es aris gamRizianeblis done,
romelzedac xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
cxrilSi # 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis done ramdenime nacnobi
bunebrivi gamRizianeblisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis
zRurblebi SeiZleba gaizomos analogiuri proceduriT, ubralod unda
Seicvalos gamRizianeblis ganzomileba.

cxrili 4.1. miaxloebiTi zRurblebi nacnobi movlenebisaTvis

 218

sensoruli
SemCnevis zRurbli
modaloba
sinaTle sanTlis ali, 48 km manZilze srul sibneleSi
bgera saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6 m
manZilze
gemo erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9 l wyalze
ynosva sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli
samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi
Sexeba 1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze daSvebuli
futkris frTa

• fsiqofizika (psychophysics) _ mecniereba fizikuri stimulaciisa da

fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
• absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) _ fizikuri energiis is minimaluri
raodenoba, romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc gamRizianeblis done,
romelzedac xdeba sensoruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa
naxevarSi.
• fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) _ grafiki, romelic asaxavs
gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze)
gamRizianeblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur RerZze).
 219

Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvra,

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro
mgrZnobiarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi, vidre myari
mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels
uwyoben axali garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis procesis
saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis
daqveiTeba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad, Tqven albaT
SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle Cans naklebad
damabrmaveblad, roca Tqven garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
imyofebiT gareT. adaptaciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamianebs
aqvT ynosvis sferoSi: Tu Tqven SedixarT oTaxSi, sadac mZafri suni
dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da
sunis SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven cxovrobT,
yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis
meqanizmi Tqven gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqmedoT ufro
swrafad informaciis axali wyaros moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da signalis SemCnevis Teoria
Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi Cven vgulisxmobdiT, rom yvela
damkvirvebeli erTnairia, magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze

1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqveiTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi. (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
 220

SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sistematurma Secdomam

_ sistematurma tendenciam, romlis drosac damkvirvebeli reagirebs
gansakuTrebuli gziT iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, romlebic ar
arian dakavSirebulni stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT, Tqven
monawileobas iRebT eqsperimentSi, romelSic gevalebaT SeamCnioT
susti sinaTle. eqsperimentis pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,
Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: “diax, aris sinaTle”. meore seriaSi,
mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: “ara, ar aris
sinaTle”. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT 2 dolariT nebismieri araswori
pasuxisaTvis. SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es struqtura, rogor
Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT “diax”-s ufro xSirad pirvel seriaSi, vidre
meoreSi, Tundac warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis SemCnevadobiT
xasiaTdebodnen?
• sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) _ movlena, roca receptoruli
ujredebi kargaven TavianT Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRizinebelze; is iZleva ufro swrafi
reagirebis saSualebas informaciis axal wyaroze.
 221

• pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias) _ sistematuri tendencia,

romelic Sedegia arasensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da ganapirobebs garkveuli gziT reagirebas.

signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri

Secdomis problemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis
Teoria nacvlad mkacrad fokusirebisa sensorul procesebze, yuradRebas
amaxvilebs Tavad msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa Tu
ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi
absoluturi zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teoria
gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sensorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi
sensoruli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobas
gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da (2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis
miRebis damoukidebeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis pasuxis
sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive _ sensoruli da
gadawyvetilebis procesebis erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli warmodgenilia cdaTa
naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben “diax”, roca isini
 222

fiqroben, rom stimuli warmodgenilia da “ara”, roca isini fiqroben, rom

stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia naxatze, matrica A-ze, TiToeuli pasuxi
daTvlilia rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamotoveba, mcdari
gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara
stimuli da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda “diax”-s, iZleoda
warmatebuli damTxvevebis did raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis
did ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia matrica B-ze. is, vinc qronikulad
ambobda “ara”-s, iZleoda rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, aseve,
mcdari gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia matrica C-ze.
A. miRebuli pasuxi
diax ara

warmatebuli pasuxis
damTxveva gamotoveba
mcdari
swori pasuxi
gangaSi

B. “diax” pasuxebisaken midrekili diax ara

 223

92% 8%

46% 54%

C. “ara” pasuxebisaken midrekili

diax ara

40% 60%

4% 96%

sur. 4.2 signalis SemCnevis Teoria

matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian aris
Tu ara miznobrivi stimuli mocemul cdaSi. matricebi B da C - tipiur
pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia “diax” pasuxebisaken da “ara”
pasuxebisaken.
warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari gangaSis procentebze muSaobis
procesSi mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa
gamoeTvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxis
sistematuri Secdomis maCveneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva
 224

davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels erTnairi mgrZnobiaroba

miuxedavad didi gansxvavebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis
gamoyofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis SemCnevis Teoriam
saSualeba misca eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris roli erTmaneTisagan
saboloo pasuxis Camoyalibebisas.

• signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory _ SDT) aris

statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomisadmi, romelmac
saSualeba misca eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris roli erTmaneTisagan.

signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebis

miRebis models, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gansxvavebul
konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebani Cvens yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxvavebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli
damTxvevisa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli gamotovebuli
signalisa da mcdari gangaSisaTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT
mipatiJeba kinoSi, amiT aicileT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (swori
uaryofa), Tu gaanadgureT siyvarulis gaxangrZlivebis Sansi (signalis
gamotoveba)? Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpirobebuli iqneba
 225

prognozirebuli mogebisa da wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki “aras”

Tqma stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad
gvijdeba, vidre “diax” pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcdari
gangaSi), “diax” pasuxebi CvenTvis gaxdeba norma. qirurgebi xSirad
arian msgavs situaciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon
operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian darwmunebulni, rom
simsivne avTvisebiania da, amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi
mcdari gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _ avTvisebianoba,
SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi, TiToeuli tipis Secdomis
SefardebiTi Rirebuleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis SefardebiTi
mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria warmoadgens mniSvnelovan
instruments gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.

sxvaobis zRurbli warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis

kompaniam, romelsac surs awarmoos SesamCnevad ufro tkbili kolas
produqti, vidre arsebulia, magram daamatos rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqari
(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli,
umciresi fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris, romlebic SeiZleba
gansazRvrul iqnas, rogorc gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad
 226

Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili da SeekiTxoT Tqvens

damkvirveblebs, aris ori gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu isini
gansxvavebulebi arian.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven miawodebT damkvirveblebs
or kolas TiToeul cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli receftis da
meore odnav ufro tkbili. TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas:
“igivea” an “gansxvavebulia”. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg Tqven
daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks, sadac abscisaTa RerZze
gadazomavT realur gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis funqcias
_ “gansxvavebulia” pasuxebis procentebs. sxvaobis zRurbli
operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc wertili, romelzedac
gamRizianeblebi arian gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni
SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis sidide aris cnobili rogorc
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismieri
ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis sididis sazomi raodenobrivi
erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis zRurblis pirvelma
mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic
ilustrirebulia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxvaobis zRurblis
gansazRvris eqsperiments, romelSic gamoyenebulia 10 mm sigrZis swori
 227

xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqspermentis Casatareblad Tqven

warudgenT cdis monawileebs or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10 mm
standartuli sigrZisa da meoris sigrZe mcired gansxvavdeba
standartulisagan. monawileTa amocanaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara es ori xazi
erTnairi sigrZis Tu gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. Tqven dainaxavT,
rom sxvaobis zRurbli aris miaxloebiT 1 milimetri. 10 milimetris sigrZis
xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-
Si, magram ukve 20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaTvis 1 milimetris
namati ar aris sakmarisi. Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba,
raTa miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri sigrZis standartuli
xazis gamoyenebisas ki dagWirdebaT 4 milimetris damateba. suraTi 4.3
gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba Tanabrad
standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis
odenobis Sefardeba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev
sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2 mm/20 mm=0.1. es
damokidebuleba Sejamebulia veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav
SesamCnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli stimulis intensivobasTan aris
konstanturi sidide. amrigad, rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria standartuli
 228

stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis

misaRebad.

sur. 4.3 odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis kanoni:

rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT ufro didia is odenoba, romelic
unda daamatoT (∆L), raTa dainaxoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba.
sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati, romelic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50 %
SemTxevaSi, Tuki Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis
sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10 standartuli sigrZisa. es namati
gadazomilia vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis sigrZe
horizontalurze. miRebuli damokidebuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori
xaziT grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom ∆L iqneba
0.5, roca standartuli xazis sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.
 229

A B La -Lb =
odnav grZeli xazis ∆L standartuli
xazi sigrZe

11.0-
11 mm 10 mm
10.0=1.0
16,5 mm 15 mm
16.5 -15.0
22 mm 20 mm
= 1.5
27,5 mm 25 mm
22.0 –20.0
= 2.0
veberis kanoni

27.5 – 25.0
= 2.5
3
2,5
2
1,5 ∆ L / Lb=0,1
1
0,5
0
5 10 15 20 25
standartuli xazis sigrZe (L ) milimetrebSi
b
 230

es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli sistemisaTvis. formula

veberis kanonisaTvis Semdegi saxis iqneba: ∆I/I=k, sadac I aris

standartuli intensivoba, ∆I ki aris namati, im sxvaobis odenoba, romelic

qmnis odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli
stimulis parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli proporcia.
am formulaSi k aris proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis TiToeuli
parametrisaTvis. (yuradRebiT ganixileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT,
rom kargad gaigeT, Tu ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba, veberis
kanoni, Tu rogor arian isini dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis
kanoni sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris universaluri. magaliTad,
maSin, roca stimulis intensivoba xdeba Zalian maRali.
cxrilSi 4.2 Tqven xedavT, rom veberis konstantas aqvs gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobebi stimulis gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis _ umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia SeamCnios umciresi
gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad, es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan, vidre
sinaTlis intensivobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia, vidre
sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani. sasmelebis kompanias
 231

dasWirdeboda SedarebiT ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba, raTa

awarmoos ufro tkbili kola!

cxrili 4.2. veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi stimulTa arCeuli

ganzomilebebisaTvis

stimulis ganzomileba veberis konstanta

(k)

bgeris sixSire 0.003

sinaTlis intensivoba 0.01
sunis koncetracia 0.07
dawolis intensivoba 0.14
bgeris intensivoba 0.15
gemos koncentracia 0.20

• sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi fizikuri gansxvaveba

or gamRizianebels Soris, romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad
ganisazRvreba rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
 232

• odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _ JND) _

umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris, romlebic SeiZleba miCneul
iqnan gansxvavebulebad.
• veberis kanoni amtkicebs, rom sxvaobis zRurblis sidide standartuli
gamRizianeblis intensivobis proporciulia.

fizikuri movlenebidan fsiqikuri movlenebisaken

fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina SegrZnebis
umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams
aZlevs specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad, rogor aRmocendeba
sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam
ganvixilavT specifikur sensorul sferoebs, zedapirulad mimovixiloT
informaciis gadasvla fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris
talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan da sxva, fsiqikuri
movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris, gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad
gardaqmnis biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania, aRmoaCinos, Tu
ra xdeba nervul doneze im movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi formis fizikuri energiis,
 233

magaliTad, sinaTlis gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,

ewodeba transformacia.
radganac yvela tipis sensoruli informacia transformirdeba nervuli
impulsebis identur tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini ganasxvavebs sensorul
informacias imis saSualebiT, rom Tavis tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs
miusadagebs TiToeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevarebi cdiloben TiToeuli am
sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon, Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis
transformacia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqtivobaSi, romelic
warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (magaliTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas biZgs aZlevs garemo
movlenis an gamRizianeblis SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis
SemCneva xdeba specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT.
(magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3) sensoruli receptorebi gardaqmnian
sensoruli gamRizianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signalebad, romelic
SeiZleba gadamuSavebuli iqnas nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis signalebi
awvdian informacias ufro maRali donis neironebs, romlebic informaciis
integrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli blokebidan. am etapze
neironebi agroveben informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis
 234

siRrmeSi informacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi da is gadaecema

Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian
SegrZnebisa da asociaciis procesebze.

cxrilSi 4.3 Sejamebulia stimulebi da receptorebi TiToeuli

SegrZnebisaTvis.

cxrili 4.3 . adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi

sensor
SegrZneba stimulebi uli receptori SegrZneba
organo
mxedveloba sinaTlis Tvali Cxirebi da ferebi,
talRebi kolbebi obieqtebi,
teqstura,
moZraoba,
siRrme
smena bgeriTi yuri ZiriTadi xmauri, toni
talRebi membranis
bewviani ujredebi
Sexebis eqsternaluri kani nervuli Sexeba,
SegrZnebebi kontaqti daboloebani tkivili,
kanSi (merke-lis siTbo, sicive
diskebi, rufinis
sxeulebi)
ynosva aqroladi cxviri ynosvis suni
(muskusi,
 235

nivTierebebi organoebis yvavilovani,

bewviani damwvris,
epiTeliumi pitnis)
gemo xsnadi ena gemos bolqvebi
gemo (tbili,
nivTierebebi mJave,
mlaSe,
mware)
wonasworob meqanikuri Sinagan inaxevarrkalovani moZraoba
is SegrZneba da gra- yuri arxebis bususebi sivrceSi,
vitaciuli da derefani gravitaciuli
Zalebi miziduloba
kinesTeTiku sxeulis kunTebi nervuli boWkoebisxeulis
riSegrZnebe moZraoba , kunTebSi, nawilebis
bi myesebi, myesebSi moZraoba da
saxsreb i pozicia

• sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis

nervul movlenebad gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
• transformacia (transduction) Seiswavlis erTi formis fizikuri energiis
gardaqmnas meore formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas nervul
impulsebad.
• sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _ specializirebuli ujredebi; isini
gadaaqceven fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic Semdeg
gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis mier.
 236

Sejameba fsiqofizikis mkvlevarebi swavloben damokidebulebas fizikur

movlenebsa da damkvirveblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur gancdas
Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia
stimulis Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa damkvirveblis
sensoruli adaptaciis done _ absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi
moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis Teoria SemuSavda
sensoruli procesebis gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan
damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mklevarebi, agreTve,
dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes
gamRizianeblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SesZlos gansxvavebis
aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizikuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis
aRqmis cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos, Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri
movlenebis gadaqceva tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevarebi,
agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis
tvinis qerqisaken.

mxedvelobiTi sistema
mxedveloba aris yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTarebuli da mniSvnelovani
SegrZneba adamianisa da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisaTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam daajildova kargi mxedvelobiT, aqvT
 237

uzarmazari evoluciuri upiratesobani. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,

SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan. mxedveloba
SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs, gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos
cvalebadi Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva. mxedveloba
aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.

adamianis Tvali
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis, romelic asaxavs samyaros
suraTs (ix. suraTi 4.4). fotoaparati uyurebs samyaros linzebis saSualebiT,
romelic axdens sinaTlis Sekrebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs
sinaTles da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis
win mdebare gamWvirvale amoburcul nawilSi. Semdeg is gaivlis wina
sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT. fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven
amoZravebT mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT mas.
imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis
formis kristali _ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvrildeba, roca
fokusireba xdeba moSorebul obieqtebze da msxvildeba axlomdebare
obieqtebze fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaTlis raodenobis
gasakontroleblad Tqven cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki irisis
kunTuri diski cvlis gugis sidides, ese igi im xvrelis sidides, romlis
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saSualebiTac sinaTle Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi aris

fotomgrZnobiare firi, romelic afiqsirebs linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis
variaciebs. analogiurad, TvalSi, sinaTle mogzaurobs minisebr sxeulSi,
bolos ecema baduras _ Txel firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis
ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba
erTmaneTs. axla ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi procesis komponentebi ufro
detalurad.

Tvalis guga da broli

Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas,
gafarTovdes an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kaklisaken
mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaTle, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier
fokusirdeba baduraze; broli atrialebs aRqmul obieqtebs. igi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac is icvlis fokuss axlo da
Sorsmdebare sagnebisaTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT, Secvalon
brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am
process ewodeba akomodacia.
adamianebs normaluri akomodaciiT SeuZliaT Tvalis fokusireba
sakmod did diapazonSi _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan ise Sors,
sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva. Tumca, uamrav adamians
 239

awuxebs akomodaciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad,

axlomxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili aqvT ufro axlos
maTken da amis Sedegad maT ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba
Sorsmdebare sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili
aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba
axlomdebare obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba akomodaciis
problemebic. broli aRar aris iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,
rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli xdeba ufro mkvrivi,
gaumWvirvale, muqi da brtyeli, is kargavs Tavis elastiurobas. am
cvlilebebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad SekumSva, raTa
dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi. ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul
adamianebisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac SeuZliaT kargad
fokusireba, progresulad Sordeba maT.

sur. 4.4
rqovana, guga da broli axdens sinaTlis fokusirebas baduraze. nervuli
signalebi baduridan gadaecema Tavis tvins optikuri nervis saSualebiT.

badura

Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis tvinis saSualebiT.

Tvali krebs sinaTles, axdens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis
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tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad, Tvalis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis
talRidan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba baduraze, Tvalis ukana
mxareze. mikroskopis qveS Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras aqvs
sxvadasxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime maRalorganizebuli
Sre.
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul impulsad xdeba baduraze
Cxirebisa da kolbebis _ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT. es fotoreceptorebi unikalurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur
sistemaSi, kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian nervuli
procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan Tqven zogjer giwevT TiTqmis
sibneleSi muSaoba da zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam
uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT, CxirebiTa da kolbebiT. (ix.
suraTi 4.5). 120 milioni wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti
ganaTebis pirobebSi. 7 milioni msxvili kolba aris specializebuli naTel,
ferad garemoSi samuSaod.
• akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
wamwamovani kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas
aZlevs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
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• badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, romelic Seicavs

fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
• fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze mdebare sinaTlisadmi
mgrZnobiare receptoruli ujredebi.

Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxirebisa da kolbebis

muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. Tqven,
albaT, bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs verafers xedavT darCenili
mkrTali ganaTebis pirobebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni
mxedvelobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven ganicdiT
sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _ Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur
gaumjobesebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan TiTqmis
sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis mizezia Cxirebis amoqmedeba. isini
xdebian ufro mgrZnobiareni, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis Semdeg Cxirebi
reagireben ufro nakleb sinaTleze, vidre kolbebi.

sur. 4.5. retinaluri gzebi

es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is
gviCvenebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs nervuli ujredebis sam Sres
retinaSi. Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive Sres, sanam miaRwevs
receptorebs, romlebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kaklis ukana mxareze da
mimarTulni arian sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares. aRsaniSnavia, rom
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bipolaruli ujredebi kreben impulsebs erTze meti receptoruli ujredidan da

agzavnian Sedegebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am ujredebidan ki nervuli
impulsebi stoveben Tvals optikuri nervis saSualebiT da miemarTebian
Semdegi gadamrTveli punqtisaken.
baduris centrTan axlos aris patara ubani, romelsac uwodeben foveas. is
Seicavs mxolod mWidrod ganlagebul kolbebs. iq ar aris Cxirebi. es adgili
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad
uzrunvelyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduris sxva ujredebi arian
pasuxismgebelni im informaciis integraciaze, romlesac iReben
Cxirebidan da kolbebidan. bipolaruli ujredebi aris nervuli ujredebi,
romlebic axdenen nervuli impulsebis kombinirebas mravali receptoridan
da agzavnian Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi. TiToeuli gangliozuri ujredi
Semdeg axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an ufro meti bipolaruli
ujredidan erT ganmuxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzavnian TavianT
impulsebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken maSin, roca baduris periferiaze
mdebare Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da gangliozur ujredebs.
gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic atarebs
vizualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli ujredebi axdens informaciis
integrirebas baduris gaswvriv. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
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gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs

Soris kavSiris damyarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi akavSireben
receptorebs erTmaneTTan, amakrinuli ujredebi ki aerTeben bipolarul
ujeredebs sxva bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujredebs sxva
gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduris anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi saintereso ucnauri adgili,
sadac optikuri nervi gamodis. am adgils ewodeba optikuri diski, anu brma
wertili. igi srulebiT ar Seicavs receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pirobebs ar SevqmniT
amisaTvis. es xdeba ori mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma
wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi
imis registracias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals. meore mizezi isaa,
rom Tavis tvini “avsebs” am adgils Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT
garSemo myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili, Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs
4.6 Semdegi pirobis dacviT: daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili
mklavis sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba
bankis figuraze Tqveni marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni
Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni
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mxedvelobis velSi. Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel adgils TeTri

foniT, romelic gars akravs am adgils. ase rom, Tqven “dainaxavT”
mxolod siTeTres, romelic realurad iq ar aris da ver dainaxavT Tqvens
fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi, sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive
procedura da moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic mocemulia suraTze
4.6-ze. Tuki Tqven miitanT wigns axlos TvalebTan, dainaxavT rom
wyvetili xazi gamTlianda.

sur. 4.6. ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili

imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni
daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali,
moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela
miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba
Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT
xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven
gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT Tvalis fiqsacias plus
niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri
foniT, romelic gars akravs am adgils. ase rom, Tqven “dainaxavT”
mxolod siTeTres, romelic realurad iq ar aris. Tavis tvinisken mimavali
 245

nervuli gzebi vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnulebis adgili aris Tavis

tvinis kefis wilis is adgili, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi mxedvelobis
qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informaciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs
baduras, gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaRwevs
mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas, romelsac gaivlis vizualuri
informacia (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni, romelic axdens TiToeuli
optikuri nervis formirebas, miemarTebian erTad mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
(qiazmaSi), romelic formiT mogvagonebs berZnul aso χ (romelic
gamoiTqmis, rogorc “xi”). aqsonebi TiToeul optikur nervSi iyofian or
konad mxedvelobis jvaredinTan. boWkoebis naxevari TiToeuli baduridan
rCeba sxeulis im mxareze, romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tvalis
Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadakveTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben
TavianT gzas Tavis tvinis ukana nawilisaken (ix. suraTi 4.7).

saidan viciT
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mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa

dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave, xangrZlivi
Tavis tkivilebi da hqonda sensoruli xasiaTis sirTuleebi
marcxena vizualur velSi. roca is iyo 34 wlis,
gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis drosac
neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen marjvena kefis wilis patara
nawils. qirurgebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis
Tavis tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga
mxedveloba misi vizualuri velis marcxena nawilSi,
radgan amokveTili nawili Seicavda pirvelad
mxedvelobiT qerqs. magaliTad, roca ganaTebul laqas
uCveneben fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis wertili
_ esaa centraluri wertili, romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs
Tvalebis fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobierebs mis
arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc savaraudod
amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs ganaTebuli wertili
marcxena xelis saCvenebeli TiTis saSualebiT.
Sedegebi SesaniSnavi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad
gansazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis “brma”
 247

marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, rogorc axerxebda amas

“saR” marjvena vizualur velSi. Semdgomma
eqsperimentebma, agreTve, aCvena, rom mas SeeZlo
gamoecno mis brma velSi naCvenebi xazi iyo
vertikaluri Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi figura iyo X
Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi doni sruliad ver
acnobierebda laqebis, xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is
amtkicebda, rom ubralod savaraudod ambobda. roca
dons uCvenes testirebis video Canaweri, is gaocebuli
iyo imiT, rom uTiTebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac
ver xedavda. (Weiskrantz et al.,
1974).

boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs aqsonebs orive Tvalidan,

ukve axla am adgilidan ewodeba optikuri traqtebi. optikuri traqtebi
agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori blokisaken tvinSi. mkvlevarebi mxars
uWeren Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi iyofa or gzad:
pirvelis funqciaa xatebis amocnoba _ Tu rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi
da meoris adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra _ Tu sad arian obieqtebi (Rao et
al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizualuri funqciebis dayofa ufro
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dramatulad gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxedvelobiTi qerqis

nawils travmis an qirurgiuli Carevis Sedegad. ganixileT Semdegi
SemTxveva:
donis “mxedvelobas”, Sesabamisad, uwodes brma mxedveloba. misi
qceva xorcieldeboda vizualurad miRebuli informaciis Sedegad, Tumca, is
ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi Sedegebi iyo miRebuli
testebSi sxva pacientebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri darRvevebiT.
es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic
rCeba xeluxlebeli dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs
vizualuri analizis iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,
magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna sakamaTo rCeba,
radgan Tavis tvinis mier vizualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis
gamoyenebuli uamravi gza arsebobs. (Gazzaniga et al., 1994; Weiskrantz,
1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs,
rom mxedvelobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes cnobierebis
gareSec.
• vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili, romelSic xdeba
vizualuri informaciis gadamuSaveba.
 249

• optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujredebis aqsonebi, romlebic

atareben informacias Tvalidan tvinisaken.

Tqven ukve ganixileT, Tu rogor nawildeba is informacia, romelic

miemarTeba Tvalebidan Tavis tvinisaken. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri
ram unda Seiswavlon: arsebobs vizualuri qerqis daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri
qveganyofileba da sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996). axla davubrundeT
vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs. adamianis vizualuri sistemis
erTerTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba is aris, rom Cvens mier formis,
feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive
sensoruli informaciis gadamuSavebaze sxvadasxva gziT. rogor xdeba es
transformaciebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
sur. 4.7. adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi
diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semosuli sinaTle airekleba
orive baduraze da gviCvenebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba
baduridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive vizualur centrSi.
feris SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _ isini SeiZleba davxatoT
sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT
 250

STabeWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan _ mwvane naZvis

xeebisagan, meJolias lurji kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas
safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens sensorul receptorebze
sinaTlis sxivebis asaxva. erTerTi pirveli, vinc ganixila es sakiTxi jer
kidev 1671 wels, iyo isaak niutoni:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT, ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia,
garda energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis aRmocenebis unarisa.
aseve, bgera, iqneba es zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri
sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa da haerSi araferia, garda
obieqtidan gavrcelebuli moZraobisa, …. . . ase rom, obieqtis ferebi
araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod,
vidre danarCeni . .
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini amuSavebs informacias,
romelic kodirebulia sinaTlis wyaroSi.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena?
1999 wlis dekemberSi ramdenime sainformacio saagento iuwyeboda,
rom stiv uanderi, romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan iyo brma, imedovnebda,
rom Caitarebda eqsperimentul qirurgiul proceduras, romelic aRadgenda
mis mxedvelobas. proceduras atarebdnen ventai lui, mark humaiuni
 251

(Wentai Lui, Mark Humayun) da mkvlevarTa maTi jgufis sxva

wevrebi (Lui et al., 2001). am proceduraSi patara mikroprocesori pirdapir
ukavSirdeboda baduras da cvlida kolbebisa da Cxirebis funqcias, romelic
ar funqcionirebda daavadebis gamo. samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo brma da is ar iyo kargi kandidati am
procedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika imeds aZlevda maT, visac vizualuri
sistemis jaWvis didi nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis dabrmavebis mizezi gaxda maT
baduraze mdebare receptoruli ujredebis _ kolbebisa da Cxirebis kvdoma _
degeneraciuli daavadeba (uanderis sibrmave gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
inkubatorSi, romelic is ganaTavses dabadebis Semdeg, miwodebuli iqna
zedmeti raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki, roca sensoruli receptorebi
 252

wyveten TavianT arsebobas, vizualuri gzebis sxva

ujredebi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da gangliozuri ujredebi,
ganagrZoben arsebobas. baduris struqturis
mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5), es ujredebi
xelmisawvdomia pirdapiri eleqtruli stimulaciisaTvis.
mikroprocesori, konstruirebuli luis, hiumainisa da
maTi kolegebis mier, zustad amas akeTebda: igi
axdenda eleqtrul stimulacias, romelic agzavnida
Semomaval signals arafunqcionirebadi kolbebisa da
Cxirebis nacvlad.
mTlian sistemas, romelic cnobilia, rogorc mraval-
elementiani xelovnuri retinaluri mikroprocesori
(multiple-unit artificial retinal chipset MARC), aqvs
ramdenime komponenti, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc
Tvalis kaklis gareT, aseve, SigniT. magaliTad,
miniaturuli video-kamera iWers gamosaxulebas
garemodan.
es gamosaxuleba muSavdeba da igzavneba
mikroprocesorisaken, romelic qirurgiulad aris
 253

implantirebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana mxares. es

mikroprocesori stimulirebas ukeTebs gangliozur
ujredebs badeSi da funqcionirebs msgavsad televizoris
Tu kompiuteris ekranisa: TiToeuli elements am
simravlisa _ TiToeul piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos
nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli
mikroprocesori ar aRadgens mxedvelobas srulyofilad,
iseTnairad, rogorc es nagulisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv
uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba, romelsac uzrunveloyofs es
xelsawyo aris sakmaod SezRuduli imasTan SedarebiT,
rasac Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni uamravi
kolbebidan da Cxirebidan. miuxedavad amisa, am
eqsperimentis monawileebs SeeZloT martivi
gamosaxulebebisa da formebis identificireba. arsebobs
imedi, rom es mikroprocesori aRadgens mxedvelobas
iseT doneze, rom adamianebi SesZleben imoZraon
 254

sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion didi zomis SriftiT

dabeWdili teqsti. uamravi adamianisaTvis mTel
msoflioSi, romelsac daavadebis gamo dazianebuli aqvs
Cxirebi da kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqnologiebis
ganviTarebam SeiZleba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
Web site:
www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/erl_eye.html
 255

talRis sigrZe da feri sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, aris mxolod

patara nawili fizikuri ganzomilebisa, romelsac ewodeba eleqtromagnituri
speqtri. (ix. suraTi 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris aRWurvili
saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, X sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radio talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba,
romelic ganasxvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT Soris
sinaTlisac, aris talRis sigrZe, manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris. xiluli
sinaTlis talRis sigrZe gaizomeba nanometrebSi (metris memiliarde
nawilSi). is, rasac Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis sigrZis
diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde. garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis
sxivebidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda _ magaliTad, iisferi-lurji
ufro mokle sigrZiani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da wiTeli-
narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi.
amrigad, sinaTle aris aRwerili fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebSi da ara
ferebSi; ferebi arsebobs mxolod Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi, rogorc talRis
sigrZeTa interpretacia.

sur. 4.8. eleqtromagnituri speqtri

vizualur sistemas SeuZlia SeigrZnos talRis sigrZis mxolod mcire
diapazoni eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi. Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis sigrZis im
 256

diapazons, romelic naxatze gadidebulad aris mocemuli, rogorc ferebs

iisferidan wiTlisaken.
feris gancda xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT: feris toni, simaZRre
da sikaSkaSe. feris toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris
Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaTleSi, romelic Seicavs mxolod erTi talRis
sigrZes (rogoricaa, magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba), feris tonis
fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pirdapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur
ganzomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris ferTa tonebi
ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc
erTmaneTis msgavsni, arian mosazRvre ferebi. es Tanamimdevroba
asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. simaZRre aris feris
SegrZnebis Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa
feri. Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre; Sereul, arasufTa,
pastelur ferebs aqvT simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs
nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe aris feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs
sinaTlis intensivobas. TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _
yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa SegrZnebis am Tvisebebs,
aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad
ganasxvavon erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva feri!
 257

miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul

kategorias miakuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri
gamocdilebidan. Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb,
rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT
gaimeoroT niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da daSaloT mzis sxivi
ferTa srul cisartyelad. prizmis saSualebiT Tqven gaigebT, rom
sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa swori kombinacia warmoqmnis TeTr fers.
sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas ewodeba damatebiT ferTa Sereva.
kidev erTxel SexedeT suraTs 4.9.
• feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris
Tvisobriv gancdas.
• simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs imas, Tu
ramdenad wmindaa feri.
• sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis
intensivobas.
sur. 4.9. ferTa
wre
ferebi arian ganlagebuli maTi msgavsebis mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi
arian ganlagebuli erTmaneTis mopiradapire mxareze. Semavsebeli ferebis
 258

Sereva warmoqnis neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles centrSi. ricxvebi

TiToeuli feris tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri ferebis talRis sigrZis
mniSvnelobaze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavsebuli arian mxedvelobiTi
yviTel-mwvane mgrZnobelobis diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris toni miiReba
mokle da grZeli sigrZis speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.

mwvane yviTeli
lurj-mwvane yviTel-narinjis feri
(lurjis Semavsebeli)
(wiTlis Semavse -
beli) 580
494
narinjisferi
607
mwvane- TeTri
lurji 490

480 wiTeli talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic

470
lurji
mowiTalo iisferi
(mwvanis
Semavsebeli)
ferTa wris mopirdapire
indigo-lurji molurjo
iisferi
(yviTlis
Semavsebeli)
araspeqtraluri ferebi
mxareebzea
ganlagebuli ewodeba Semavsebeli ferebi. isini Serevisas qmnian TeTri
feris SegrZnebas. gindaT Tavad darwmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis
arsebobaSi? ganixileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa
mogcemT Tqven negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas
(Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri, radgan is aris sawyisi feris
sapirispiro). am movlenas Cven avxsniT feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis
ganxilvisas, roca Tqven daJinebiT daacqerdebiT raime fers sakmaod
didxans, Tqveni receptorebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras
 259

gadaitanT TeTr zedapirze, Tqven dainaxavT sawyisi feris Semavsebel

fers.

• Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi, romlebic

mdebareoben erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxareze ferTa wreze; roca
aditurad erevian erTmaneT,s qmnian TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas.

Tqven, albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens yoveldRiur

cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca, Tqveni gancdebis didi nawili ar
warmoiqmneba Semavsebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, dro da dro
erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da saRebavebis kombinirebiT. feri,
romelsac xedavT, roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime obieqts an
sxva ferad zedapirs, aris sinaTlis talRis sigrZe, romelic ar aris
STanTqmuli zedapiris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRebavi
gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad, zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar
airekleba, rac qmnis mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji
saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis talRebs ar iqnas areklili, rac
qmnis lurjisa da cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da lurji
ferebi arian kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs lurjs da lurji STanTqavs
yviTels _ da erTaderTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _
gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas ewodeba substraqciuli
 260
2
(substractive) ferTa Sereva . darCenili talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli
talRis sigrZe aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis narevs im fers,
romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
sur. 4.10. negatiuri optikuri kvali
mzera daafiqsireT mwvane-Sav-yviTeli droSis centrSi sul cota 30
wamis ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg mzera gadaitaneT TeTri qaRaldze da
daafiqsireT is furclis centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es cda megobrebze.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im adamianebze, romlebic dabadebuli
arian feris SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sibrmave aris ferebis
garCevisYnawilobrivi an sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri
kvali, Tuki gaqvT ferTa sibrmave. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSirebulia X qromosomas
genTan. radgan mamakacebs aqvT mxolod erTi X qromosoma, maT ufro
meti Sansi aqvT, gamouvlindeT es recesiuli Tavisebureba, vidre qalebs.
qalebs defeqturi geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom
gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel mamakacTa 8% da qalTa 0.5%
naklebs axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al.,
1999).

2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia, rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red.SeniSvna)
 261

yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis is saxe, roca adamians uWirs

mwvane da wiTeli ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti
simaZRrisa arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi, romelic urevs
erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki aris sruli ferTa
sibrmavis SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs ferebs da
xedavs mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvadasxva variacias. (mister i.-s
SemTxveva, romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi, sakmaod
uCveuloa, radgan misi sruli ferTa sibrmave gamowveuli iyo Tavis tvinis
dazianebiT 65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara raime defeqti
ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs
1-s da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni feradi mxedveloba, albaT,
normaluria. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT kidev raimes, Tqven, albaT,
gaxasiaTebT, sul cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave. (CautareT es testi
sxvebsac _ kerZod imaT, viszedac iciT, rom axasiaTebsFferTa sibrmave
da Tqven gaigebT, ras xedaven isini am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor
xsnian mecnierebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa Semavsebeli
ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria
SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Thomas Young) mier 1800
wels. is amtkicebda, rom arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori
 262

normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi, romelic warmoqmnis

fsiqologiurad pirvelad SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela
danarCeni feri, misi azriT, iyo miRebuli am sami pirveladi ferisagan,
rogorc Semavsebeli ferebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis Sedegi.
iungis Teoria SemdgomSi gaumjobesda da gafarToebuli herman von
helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz) mier da gaxda cnobili, rogorc iung-
helmholcis triqromatuli Teoria.3
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad xsnida adamianis ferTa
SegrZnebebs da ferTa sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa
sibrmavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs aqvT mxolod erTi an ori tipis
receptorebi). Tumca, sxva movlenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis
mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adaptacia negatiur
Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone
adamianebs sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCevisas: wiTlisa da
mwvanis, lurjisa da yviTlis?

• triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanaxmad, arsebobs feris

SemgrZnebi receptorebis sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurji ferebis SegrZnebas.
sur. 4.11. ferTa sibrmavis testi
3
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia, rogorc "sami komponentis Teoria” (red.SeniSvna)
 263

pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,

ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT? Tuki
Tqven xedavT ricxv 17-s wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa SegrZneba,
albaT, normaluria.
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuTxedi ferTa SegrZnebis
meore TeoriisaTvis, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis (Ewald
Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi sawinaaRmdego procesis
Teoriis Tanaxmad, nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba sami ZiriTadi
sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs or sawinaaRmdego elements:
wiTeli mwvanis sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da Savi (arc erTi
feri) TeTris (yvela feri) sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi
warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone Tanamimdevar kvals, roca
am sistemis erTi elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis pirobebSi)
da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi oponenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.
heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian wyvilebs, radgan ferTa
SegrZnebis sistema realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvilebisagan da
ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wliis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnierebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis
Sesaxeb. sabolood, maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian
realurad erTmaneTs. isini ubralod aRweren procesis or sxvadasxva etaps,
 264

romelic Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struqturebs mxedvelobiT

sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson, 1974). Cven axla viciT, rom marTlac
arsebobs sami tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli reagirebs
garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze, mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,
romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze metad aris mgrZnobiare.

saidan viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben garkvuli talRis
sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevarebma ganaviTares
teqnika, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis
eleqtruli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas kolbis
ujredebi “gamowovil” iqna specialuri minis milidan,
romlis diametric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diametris
1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis sinaTlis talRas
anaTebdnen milSi, eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac
gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi jer zrdidnen da Semdeg
zomavdnen. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines, rom zogierTi ujredi reagirebs yvelaze
kargad 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi
(“lurji” ujredebi), zogi _ 535 nanometris (“mwvane”
ujredebi) da zogi ki 570 nanometris (“wiTeli” ujredebi)
sigrZis talRis diapazonSi (Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa da helmholcis hipoTezas,
rom ferTa SegrZneba efuZneba sami tipis mxedvelobiTi receptorebs.
 265

adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave, aqvT erTi an meti

am tipis receptoruli kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebi axdens am
sami tipis kolbebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas heringis
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Tanaxmad.(De Valois & Jacobs,
1968) sawinaaRmedego procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,
romelsac mxars uWers leo harviCi da doroti jamesoni (Leo Hurvich da
Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri moqmedebs
erTmaneTis sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), nervuli Sekavebis procesis
saSualebiT. zogierTi gangliozuri ujredi iRebs aRmgzneb signals
sinaTlidan, romelic Cans wiTlad da Sekavebis signals im sinaTlidan,
romelic Cans mwvaned. sistemis sxva ujredebs aqvT aRgznebisa da
Sekavebis procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi. gangliozuri ujredebis es ori tipi
erTad qmnis wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur baziss. sxva
gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian lurj/yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema
TeTri/Savi monawileobs Tqvens mier ferebis simaZRrisa da sinaTlis
xarisxis aRqmaSi.

vizualuri obieqtebis kompleqsuri analizi samyaros ferebis aRqma aris

mxolod mcire nawili im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic dgas Tqveni
 266

vizualuri sistemis winaSe. Tuki Tqven gindaT daiWiroT fexburTis burTi

an Tavi aaridoT krazanebis budes, Tqven unda SeamCnioT am obieqtebis
ier-saxe an forma, maTi siRmre an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime gancalkevebul da
damoukidebel qvesistemas, romelic aanalizebs erTi da igive retinaluri
xatis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs. neironebis calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri
Tvisebebi, dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis, moZraobisa da
teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone & Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000).
Tumca, Tqveni aRqma, saboloo jamSi, warmoadgens erTian vizualur
suraTs, Tqvens mier misi danaxva ganpirobebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT
Tqvens vizualur sistemaSi, romlebic normalur pirobebSi uaRresad
faqizadaa koordinirebuli. (Merigan & Maunsell, 1993)
Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs rTuli vizualuri analizi
erTi faqtis magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul doneze ujredebi
reagireben seleqtiurad vizualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.
magaliTad, Cven aRvniSneT adre, rom TiToeuli retinaluri gangliozuri
ujredi aerTianebs mravali receptoruli ujredidan miRebul informacias.
ujredis receptoruli veli es aris adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs
stimulacias.
 267

retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli veli aris ori tipis (ix. suraTi
4.12 A da B nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia velis centrSi
aRagznebs ujreds da stimulacia mis garSemo mdebare nawilebSi iwvevs
masSi Sekavebis process; (2) ujredebi sapirispiro organizaciiT _
Sekavebis procesiT centrSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze.
ganglioizuri ujredebi reagireben stimulaciis sxvaobaze mis centrsa da
periferias Soris. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian stimulebis kontrastiT;
on-centris mqone ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel laqaze,
romelsac aqvs bneli sazRvrebi, xolo off-centris mqone ujredebi
ganimuxtebian energiulad bnel laqaze, romelsac aqvs naTeli sazRvrebi.
erTnairi ganaTeba ki iwvevs centrisa da periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas
da ujredi ar aris iseTnairad aRgznebuli, rogorc es xdeba naTeli laqis
SemTxvevaSi.

sur. 4.12 gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi

ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs
stimulacias. baduris gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli
formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli
mimarTulebiT aris wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi, is
adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac
iwvevs Sekavebis process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanav,e
 268

stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs ujreds aris is, romelSic areebi,
sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia “+” niSniT), aris ganaTebuli, xolo
areebi, sadac sinaTle iwvevda Sekavebis process (aRniSnulia “_” niSniT),
aris sibneleSi.

A
C E

• sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis (opponent-process theory)

Tanaxmad, nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba sami sistemisagan,
romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs or “oponentur” elements: (wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da Savi TeTris sapirispirod).

• receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac

mocemuli gangliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.

Tqven axla gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis gadamuSavebis

Taviseburebebs receptoruli da gangliozuri ujredebis doneze. magram ra
 269

xdeba vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze? pirveli naSromi am

sferoSi Sesrulebuli iyo devid hiubelisa da torsten vizelis (David Hubel &
Torsten Wiesel) _ sensoruli procesebis fiziologebis mier. maT moipoves
nobelis premia 1981 wels receptoruli velebis ujredebis SeswavlisaTvis
mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiT
qerqis calkeuli ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic reagirebdnen
moZrav laqebsa da zolebze vizualur velSi. roca hiubelma da vizelma
agegmes am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi, maT aRmoaCines
ujredebis organizacia, romlebic ufro zustad reagirebdnen garkveul
vizualur stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979). erTi tipis qerquli
ujredebi, martivi ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gansazRvruli,
maTTvis “gamorCeuli” orientaciis mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. suraTi
4.12). kompleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli erTi, maTTvis
“gamorCeuli” orientacia, magram isini, aseve, irCevdnen moZraobis
garkveul mimarTulebasac. hiperkopleqsuri ujredebi ki specializebulni
iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an
moZrav kuTxeebze. ujredebi agzavnian gansxvavebuli saxis informacias
Tavis tvinis ufro maRali donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsimalurad
exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.
 270

am nawilSi Cven gavamaxvileTG yuradReba vizualuri sistemis

reaqciaze garemodan miRebul gaRizianebaze. mexuTe TavSi Cven
davinaxavT, rom adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens
garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis talRebis, romelic aRwevs
Tvals _ da informaciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas, romelic ukve
Senaxulia tvinSi. axla ganvixiloT bgeraTa samyaro.

Sejameba
adamianis Tvali funqcionirebs fotoaparatis msgavsad: sinaTle
fokusirdeba Tvalis brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba sinaTlis
energiis ZiridaTi gardaqmna nervul aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare
receptorebi – Cxirebi funqcionireben susti ganaTebis pirobebSi, kolbebi
ki specializdebian naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis
garCevaSi. baduridan miRebuli informacia agrZelebs gzas Tavis
tvinisaken gadamuSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, romelTa
saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi
mdebareobis gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxvedvelobis fenomenma
daadastura vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis arseboba.
 271

feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas

axasiaTebs sami ZiriTadi Tviseba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe.
sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia qmnis gansxvavebuli feris
SegrZnebas ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis Tanaxmad. ferTa sibrmave
sxvadasxva xarisxisaa; iSviaTia sruli ferTa sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis
mkvlevarebi mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias, aseve, oponent-
procesualur Teorias. vizualur sistemas aqvs sami tipis kolbebi, romlebic
upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis sigrZeebs. es sami tipis
kolbebi erTiandebian informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze da
dasabams aZleven oponentprocesualur fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe efuZneba gangliozuri ujredebis
receptorul velebs, zogi ki _ ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier arCeul
specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis, orientaciis da moZraobis
mimarTulebis mixedviT.

smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da mxedveloba asrulebis
erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi,
sanam dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki isini Tqvens ukan
 272

mdebareoben an arian gaumWirvale obieqtebis, magaliTad, kedlebis

miRma.
Tumca, mxedveloba aris ufro srulyofili saSualeba im obieqtis
identificirebisaTvis, romlebic erTxel mainc moxvdnen mxedvelobis velSi,
vidre smena, Cven xSirad mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom
Cvenma yurebma miuTiTes Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba. smeniTi
procesebis ganxilvas daviwyebT im fizikuri energiis saxeebis ganxilviT,
romelic aRwevs Cvens yurebamde.

bgeris fizika
SemohkariT taSi. daustvineT. daakakuneT fanqriT magidaze. ratom
warmoqmnis es moqmedebebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini
iwveven obieqtebis rxevas. rxevis energia gadaecema garemos,
Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos
molekulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvlilebebi vrceldeba rxevadi
obieqtidan garemoSi sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT, romelic
moZraobs 335 metri wamSi siCqariT. (ix. suraTi 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba
gaCndes srul vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan iq ar aris
haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZravebda rxevadi obieqtebi.
sinusoidur talRas aqvs ori ZiriTadi fizikuri Tviseba, romelic
gansazRvravs mis JReradobas: sixSire da amplituda. sixSire izomeba
 273

rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.

rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris manZili marcxnidan
marjvniv erTi talRis pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,
Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic zomavs rxevaTa
raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur
Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde. amplituda ganisazRvreba
bgeris wnevis an energiis erTeulebSi.

fsiqologiuri ganzomilebani
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam
ZiriTad ganzomilebas (Tvisebas) 4: bgeris tonis simaRle, siZliere da
tembri. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es movlenebi.

sur. 4.13. sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena

sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba
drois fiqsirebul erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri diapazoni.
bgeris tonis simaRle

4
mTargmnelis SeniSvna
 274

bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT;

maRali sixSireebi warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi ki _
dabal tonebs. sufTa5tonebis mimarT adamianis mgrZnobiaroba
cvalebadobs diapazonSi 20 hercis sixSiridan 20 000 hercis sixSiremde. 20
hercze dabali sixSireebi adamianma SeiZleba SeigrZnos, rogorc vibracia
ufro Sexebis saSualebiT, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven advilad
warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT,
rom fortepianos 88 klaviSi faravs mxolod 30 hercidan 4.000 hercamde
sixSiris diapazons.
rogorc gaxsovT fsiqofizikidan, kavSiri sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da
bgeriT tons (fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi. sixSiris skalis dabal
maCveneblebisas sixSiris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs bgeriTi
tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo sixSiris skalis maRal maCveneblebis
SemRxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT sixSire, raTa
SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi. magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze
dabali noti erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod 1.6 herciT, maSin
roca ori yvelaze maRali noti gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav
SesamCnevi sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.

5
sufTa tonebs, agreTve, uwodeben martiv tonebs an wminda tonebs (mTargmn. SeniSvna)
 275

bgeris siZliere bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba ganisazRvreba

misi amplitudiT. didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc
xmamaRali da mcire amplitudisa ki _ xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi
sistema mgrZnobiarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari diapazonis
mimarT.
• bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba
bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT.
• bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceftuli Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo mcire amplitudis bgeriTi
talRa ganicdeba rogorc xmadabali.

majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic gvesmis daaxloebiT 6 metris

manZilidan, mdebareobs intensivobis qveda zRvarze. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZnobiarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis
moZraobis xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze mdebared ki
SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic mifrinavs
daaxloebiT 90 metris simaRleze. es xma imdenad Zlieri iqneba, rom
tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
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terminebSi, reaqciuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis bgeriT talRas, romelic

miliardjer ufro Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bgeris fizikuri intensivobis
diapazoni, Cveulebriv, gamoixateba ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebSi. bgeris wneva _ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli,
rac iwvevs xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeulebSi, romelTac
ewodeba decibalebi (db). suraTze 4.14 naCvenebia zogierTi tipiuri
bunebrivi bgeris intensivobis sidide decibalebSi da bgeris wnevis
Sesatyvis erTeulebSi (dini/sm2) SedarebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 decibaliT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, aqvT bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios smenis dakargva. es damokidebulia maTi eqspoziciis
xangrZlivobaze.

tembri
bgeris tembri asaxavs rTuli bgeris talRis komponentebs. tembri aris is,
rac ganasxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis xmisagan. fizikuri
stimulebis mcire raodenoba, magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa
tons, romelic Sedgeba erTi sinusoiduri talRisagan. sufTa tons aqvs
mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi amplituda. bgeraTa umetesoba realur
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cxovrebaSi ar arian sufTa toni. isini arian kompleqsuri talRebi, romlebic

Seicaven sixSirisa da amplitudis garkveul kombinacias. suraTze 4.15
naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi, romelic Seesatyviseba ramdenime
nacnob bgeras.

sur. 4.14 nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibelebSi

naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decibalebSi, romelzedac
reagirebs adamianis smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan raketis
gafrenis xmamde. decibalebi gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,
romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis donis maCvenebeli da zogadad
Seesatyviseba imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris
xmamaRlobas.

decibalebis done (db)

180 → raketis afrenis xma (daaxloebiT 45 metris
simaRleze)
→
→
→
160 → →
→
→
2000. 140 →reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavis xma (24 metris
simaRleze)
→ tkivilis zRurbli
→
 278

→
200. 120 →xmamaRali Weqa-quxili, rok-jgufi
→
→orZraviani TviTmfrinavi
→
20. 100 →metros matareblis vagonSi
→
→smenis dakargva xangrZlivi stimulaciis pirobebSi
→
2. 80 →xmaurian manqanaSi
→
→uxmauro manqanaSi
→
0.2 60 →Cveulebrivi saubari
→
→Cveulebrivi ofisi
→
0.02 40 →uxmauro ofisi
→
→wynari oTaxi
→
0.002 20 →xmadabali CurCuli (1.5 metris manZilze) →
→
→
 279

0.0002. 0 →smenis absoluturi zRurbli (1000 hercis tonisaTvis)

grafiki suraTze 4.15 gviCvenebs bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos nota “si”-
saTvis (pirveli oqtava) yvela sixSires, romelic realurad warmodgenilia am
notSi da maT amplitudebs.

• tembri (timbre) _ kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, nota “si”,

smeniTi yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT 256 hc)
SegrZnebis
pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven gesmiT. mas
Tviseba, romelic
asaxavs bgeriTi uwodeben ZiriTad tons, ufro maRali sixSiris tonebs ki
talRis sirTules. harmonikebs, an obertonebs, maTi sixSire
ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTad
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven gesmiT, aris warmoqmnili
ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad,
rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris sufTa tonebi da
intensivobebi erTmaneTs daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT
bgeras, romelic JRers iseTnairad, rogorc nota “si” fortepianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven uwodebT xmaurs, ara aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSireebisa da harmonikebis naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs
mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematikurad dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacionaruli xmauri, romelic Tqven gesmiT
radiosadgurebs Soris, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris energias; Tqven mas
 280

aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ara aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSire.

smenis fiziologia
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia bgeraTa fsiqologiuri
gancdebis fizikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu rogor
aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan.
pirvel rigSi, vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT
zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da
bgerebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.

fleita afeTqeba

nota si
klarneti
 281
adamianis xma

dro
nota si-s bgeriTi speqtri

sixSire

1.0

0.5

0 1000 2000 3000

4000 5000 6000

sur. 4.15
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs
pianinos nota “si”-saTvis. ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi
ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi, 256 herci, magram pianinos
simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia,
rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi). isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis
nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixSireebi aris identificirebuli bgeriT speqtrSi.

smenis sistema
 282

Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi axdens eqsternaluri energiis

formebis gardaqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom gaigonoT, unda
moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi transformacia. ix. suraTi 4.16: (1) haerSi
gavrcelebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis talRebad, romelic
moTavsebulia yuris lokokinaSi, (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas, (3) es rxevebi gardaiqmneba
eleqtrul impulsebad da (4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi.
TiToeuli es transformacia ganvixiloT ufro detalurad.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix.
suraTi 4.16). zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa sasmen milSi da
zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswriv gareTa yuris gavliT, sanam ar
miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac
uwodeben dafis apks. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs mohyavs dafis
apki moZraobaSi. dafis apki gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi,
RruSi, romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals adamianis sxeulSi:
CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs. es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs,
romelic gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas dafis apkidan
smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _ lokokinasaken, romelic moTavsebulia
Sida yurSi.
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meore transformaciisas, romelic xdeba lokokinaSi, haerSi gavrcelebuli

talRebi gadaiqceva “zRvis talRebad”. lokokina aris siTxiT gavsebuli
spiralurad daxveuli mili, mas aqvs membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi
membranis saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi mTeli sigrZis
gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi, romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan,
lokokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis talRisebr moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, “zRvis
talRebs”).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membranis talRisebri
moZraoba arxevs masTan dakavSirebul patara bewvian ujredebs.
bewviani ujredebi aris smeniTi sistemis receptoruli ujredebi. bewviani
ujredebis rxeva iwvevs nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas da axdens
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaqmnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas, boWkoebis konaSi gamavali
nervuli impulsebi toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen smenis
nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi mdebare lokokinas birTvebs.
msgavsad vizualur sistemaSi nervebis gadakveTisa, erTi yuridan
momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi
signalebi gaivlian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven smeniT qerqs,
romelic mdebareobs Tavis tvinis naxevarsferoebis safeTqlis wilSi. am
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signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba iwyeba smeniT qerqSi. (rogorc

Tqven momavalSi naxavT, yuris sxva nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia
suraTze 4.16, monawileoben sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi).

sur. 4.16. adamianis yuris agebuleba

bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareT yuris anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas. am rxevas
moqmedebaSi mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da
uzangi. meqanikuri rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT
lokokinas. maT moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe. patara
bewviani ujredebi ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv
lokokinaSi da irxevian siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan
uSualod dakavSirebuli nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg
meqanikuri energia gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins
smeniTi nervis saSualebiT.
es oTxi gardaqmna xdeba srulyofilad momuSave smeniT sistemaSi.
milionobiT adamians aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs
smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli gamowveulia smeniTi
sistemis erTi an meti komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli
dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan
lokokinisaken. am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris Zvlebi ar
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funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am defeqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia

mikroqirurgiuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis CasmiT. ufro
seriozuli tipis dazianebaa nervuli siyrue, defeqti im nervul meqanizmebSi,
romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT
qerqSi. smeniTi qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul siyrues.

• lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo; siTxiT gavsebuli

spiralurad daxveuli mili, romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
• ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) mdebareobs lokokinaSi, roca is
modis moZrobaSi, iwvevs bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas, (aRizinaebs
maT) romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis nervul efeqtebs.
• smenis nervi (auditory nerve) atarebs impulss lokokinidan tvinSi
mdebare lokokinis birTvebSi.
• smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis are, romelic iRebs da
amuSavebs smeniT informacias.
• adgilis Teoria (place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva sixSiris toni
qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi,
amis Sedegad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos im adgilis
mixedviT, romlis aqtivaciac moxda.
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• sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) amtkicebs, rom toni warmoqmnis im

siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi, romelic ekvivalenturia misi
sixSirisa, amis Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodirebuli iyos
nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.

bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi

arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic xsnis Tu rogor xdeba
smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo fon herman helmholcis
(Hermann von Helmholtz) mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis
(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli, gadamuSavebuli da
Semowmebuli. man am kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels aiRo nobelis premia.
adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi membrana moZraobs, roca
bgeriTi talRa Semodis Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas. maRali sixSiris
tonebi yvelaze did talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan, sadac
ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmelebi arian ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi
yvelaze did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi membranis mopirdapire
boloSi. amrigad, adgilis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
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aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis im garkveul adgilze, romelic

yvelaze metad Riziandeba.
meore Teoria, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaRles xsnis ZiriTadi
membranis rxevis siswrafiT. es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas 100-jer wamSi. sixSiris
Teoria, agreTve, amtikicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom, ganmuxtvis siCqare aris
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis nervuli kodi. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar SeuZliaT im siswrafiT
ganmuxtva, rom warmoadginon maRali bgerebi, radgan arc erT maTgans
ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre 1000-jer wamSi. amis
gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris
bgerebi, rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad axerxebs. es
SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w. zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu
ra xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 4.17, ramdenime
neirons kombinirebuli moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im
sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000hc da a.S. sixSiris tonebs.
(Wever, 1949).

sur. 4.17. zalpis principi

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smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur aqtivobas aqvs igive

struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul
boWkos SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva, rom Tan
axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.

bgeriTi talRis signali

boWko a

boWko b

boWko c

boWko d

boWko e

koleqtiuri smeniTi reaqcia

rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da sawinaaRmdego procesebis

Teoriebi, aseve, adgilisa da sixSiris Teoriebic, orive sargeblobs
warmatebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze
ufro dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali sixSireebisaTvis neironebs
ar SeuZliaT ganimuxton ise swrafad da zustad, rom moaxerxon signalis
kodireba adeqvaturad, zalpSic ki. adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis
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bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000-hercze ufro maRali sixSireebisaTvis.

1000 hercze ufro dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana irxeva
imdenad farTod, rom mas ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba
nervuli receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi membranis rxeva aris
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis gansxvavebis saSualeba. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli
amocana iyofa or sistemas Soris, isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro maRal
sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo, uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas.
Cven Semdeg davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or SeTanxmebul
nervul sistemas, romelic exmareba mas garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis
amocanis gadawyvetaSi.
• zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris Teoriis ganvrcoba,
romelic amtikicebs, rom roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im
sixSires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia ganmuxtva, ramdenime
neironi ganimuxteba erTad, rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaRlis
Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.

bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxedvelobas obieqtTa
adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi. amis
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nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT _ isini agzavnian maRali sixSiris

bgerebs, romlebic aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian ukukavSirs
da iZlevian informacias obieqtebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,
zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi saxeobis Ramuras
SeuZlia eqolokaciis saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtiebi, romlebic arian
daSorebulni erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT (Simmons et al.,
1998). Tumca, adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari, is mainc iyenebs
bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia. es xerxdeba ori
meqanizmis gamoyenebiT: im drois SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic
saWiroa bgeris misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis intensivobis
SedarebiTi
SefasebiT, romlebic aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green,
1991; Phillips,
1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, romlebic adareben im droebs
erTmaneTs, rac sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul yurTan
misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic lokalizdeba marjvena mxares,
miaRwevs marjvena yurs ufro adre, vidre marcxenas (ix. wertili B
suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi specializebulni arian am
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gansxvavebis SemCnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,

raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom bgeras aqvs odnav ufro
didi intensivoba im yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan
adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils, romelic asustebs signals.
intensivobis es gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis talRis
sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic aRwevs adamianis Tavs. grZeli
talRebi anu dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtiurad, intensivobis araviTar
gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali
sixSiris tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT gazomvadia.
adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi, romlebic specializdebian im signalebis
intensivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic aRmocendeba or
yurSi.

sur. 4.18. droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris lokalizacia

bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs
gansxvavebas droSi, romelsac andomebs bgera TiToeul yurTan
misaRwevad. magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro Tanabrad aris
daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da
arc intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situaciaa gamosaxuli
suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic vrceldeba A wertilidan, Tanabrad aris
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daSorebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT SeuZlebeli iqneba misi

lokalizaciis zusti gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT Tavi da
yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom daarRvioT simetria, es
SesaZlebels gaxdis miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis
aucilebeli informacia.

Sejameba

bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis kombinacia dasabams aZlevs

bgeriTi tonis simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi informacia
ganicdis ramdenime transformacias yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval
gzaze: bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad, siTxis talRebi
warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori
meqanizmis kombinaciiT: adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom sxvadasxva
simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli
adgilebis moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis
sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi
siCqariT rxevas. bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul cota, or gansxvavebul
process: Tavis tvinSi aris ujredebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas
droSi, rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad da
gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams TiToeuli yuri.
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sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxedvelobisa da smeniTi procesebis
ganxilvas, radgan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili mecnierTa
mier. magram sxva SegrZnebebic mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis
TviTgadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi. Cven mokled
ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.

ynosva
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT situacia, roca bednieri
iqnebodiT ynosvis SegrZnebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,
romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavidan rom aviciloT
skunsis sunis gancda, Cven, agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,
cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi
Tu cudi _ pirvelad Tavis arsebobas gvatyobinebs receptoris cilebTan
urTierTqmedebisas, romelic mdebareobs ynosvis bususebis membranaze.
(ix. suraTi 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis mxolod rva molekula,
raTa dasabami misces erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul
cota, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT
nivTierebis suni. es nervuli impulsebi agzavnian sunis Sesaxeb
informacias ynosvis bolqvSi, romelic ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da
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Sublis wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri nivTierebis

SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo
mesame TavSi, iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas
(Restrepo et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba aris erT-erTi im mcire funqciaTagani nervul
sistemaSi, romelic aris TviTganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT cvlis axali ujredebi, romelic ayalibebs
axal kavSirebs ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).

sur. 4.19. ynosvis receptorebi

cxviris RruSi mdebare ynosvis receptoruli ujredebi Riziandebian
garemoSi arsebuli qimiuri nivTierebebiT. isini agzavnian informacias
ynosvis bolqvisaken tvinSi.
• ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac ynosvis receptorebi
agzavnian
TavianT signalebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis tvinis qerqis Sublis
wilis qveviT.
• feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi, romelsac gamohyofen
organizmebi mocemuli saxeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis
dasamyareblad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi seqsualuri
mimzidvelebi.
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ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc sistema, romelic

emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmoCenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras
(Moncrieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva, agreTve,
gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias
kargad asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesuliyvnen pirdapir
kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan, raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa,
ynosva SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma. zogierTi
saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan kontaqtSi Sedian qimiuri signalebis
gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT. am qimiur signalebs feromenebs uwodeben.
feromenebi aris qimiuri nivTierebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi
saxeobis farglebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis, safrTxis, teritoriuli
sazRvrebisa da sakvebi wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva
saxeobis mwerTa mamri gamohyofs feromenebs, riTac atyobinebs
mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa SewyvilebisaTvis. (Farine et al., 1996;
Minckley et al., 1991). ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba
saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs,

virTxebs, mwerebsa da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva

umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, aqvs gacilebiT maxvili
ynosva, vidre adamians. maTi Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili
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emsaxureba ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc Cans,

ZiriTadad, iyeneben gemosTan kavSirSi, raTa ipovon da airCion sakvebi,
magram arsebobs zogierTi faqtebi, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da
SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
(Jacob&McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs, magaliTad, is faqti,
rom droTa ganmavlobaSi axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa
saerTo sacxovrebelSi iwyebs sinqronizacias (McClintock, 1971; Stern &
McClintock, 1998). es sinqronizacia aixsneba qimiuri signalebiT, romlis
SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT (Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al.,
1986). mecnierebi, agreTve, amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul
rols TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis mzaobaSi.
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvnelobam adamianis seqsualur
cxovrebaSi.

saidan viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols adamianis
seqsualur aqtivobaSi?
kvlevaSi monawileobas iRebda 289 qali. maT unda
SeefasebinaT androstenonis, kacis oflis ZiriTadi
komponentis suni. qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda,
rogorc “arasasiamovnos” an “aramimzidvels”.
gamonaklisi am zogadi kanonzomierebidan iyvnen
qalebi, visac hqondaT ovulacia. maTi Sefasebebi sunis
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mimarT iyo ufro neitraluri. ra daskvna SeiZleba

gavakeToT? mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom qalebi,
visac hqondaT ovulacia da amitomac dafexmZimebis
ufro didi Sansi _ naklebad savaraudoa, rom
winaaRmdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur
iniciativas, mxolod maTi arasasiamovno bunebrivi
sunis gamo. (Grammer, 1993)

gemos SegrZneba sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad

ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gansxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca,
maTi umetesoba amisaTvis iyenebs realurad ynosvas da ara gemos
SegrZnebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi
mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan. roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi
ugemuri geCvenebaT, radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi blokirebulia da
dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tqven Tavad SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi:
cxvirze xelwaWerilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi teqsturis,
magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da
kartofilis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebelSi mcxovrebi
zogierTi studentis azriT, romelic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi
sakvebiT, cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukargavs gemos,
ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre
maTi sakuTari gemo!
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Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvrilebiT, romelic aniWebs mas

uswormasworo iers. am dvrilebis didi nawili Seicavs gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs, romelsac uwodeben gemos bolqvebs (ix. suraTi 4.20).
gemos receptoris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom individualuri
receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan
erT-erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa da mlaSeze (Frank & Nowlis,
1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi
Tvisebis receptorebi, umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000). umami
aris natriumis glutamati (MGS), romelsac xSirad umateben aziur
saWmelebs da bunebrivad gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa
xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca, am xuTi Tvisebis
receptoruli ujredebi mcired reagireben sxva gemozec, “saukeTeso”
reaqcia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc Cans, gemos am
ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis sistemebi erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad arsebobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba daziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis
bolis, mJavis Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi
icvleba ramdenime dReSi erTxel _ ufro xSiradac, vidre ynosvis
receptorebi. marTlac, gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT
yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unariaonobiT gamoirCeva, sxva
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SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rom vinmem

srulebiT, samudamod dakargos gemos
SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
sur. 4.20. gemos receptorebi nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis
ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.
nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze isea gadidebuli, rom
Cans calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi
kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa. garda imisa, rom is gicavT
zedapiris dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT temperaturis
regulaciaSi, is Seicavs nervul daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben
wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs ewodebaT kanis
SegrZnebebi.
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul informacias iRebT Tqveni
kanis saSualebiT, gansxvavebuli tipis mravali receptoruli ujredi
funqcionirebs sxeulis zedapirTan axlos (ix. suraTi 4..21). naxatze
gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis receptori reagirebs sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze
kanTan (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad
reagireben maSin, roca raime exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi
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yvelaze metad arian aqtiurebi maSin, roca raime patara obieqti awveba
kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT, roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis
SegrZnebebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs. Tqven ar gaqvT
erTi receptori, romelic moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad, Tqveni Tavis
tvini axdens siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis integrirebas, raTa
akontrolos garemos temperaturuli cvlilebebi.
sur. 4.21. kanis SegrZnebaTa receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis receptori aris pasuxismgebeli kanis
SegrZnebaTa gancdaze, rogoricaa Sexebis, siTbosa da sicivis
SegrZnebebi. magaliTad, meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze kargad reagireben
raime obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis mimarT, merkelis diskebi yvelaze
aqtiurni arian patara obieqtebis kanze dawolis mimarT.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo diapazonSi icvleba
sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze. magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad
gansazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias Tqveni TiTebis wverebze, vidre
zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba
ganpirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWidroviT garkveul ubnebSi da,
agreTve, sensoruli qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT Seesatyviseba.
mesame TavSi Tqven naxeT, rom mgrZnobiaroba udidesia iq, sadac es
yvelaze metad gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti sensoruli
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ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da

aRqmis procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas. kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi
aspeqti asrulebs centralur rols adamianur urTierTobebSi: esaa Sexeba.
Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an
gasceT simSvide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba.
Sexebis adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an seqsualuri SegrZnebis
aRmocenebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis
potenciali interindividuluri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaTdeba. is
damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebze da sensoruli receptorebis
koncentraciaze mocemul adgilze.
• kanis SegrZnebebs (cutaneous senses) miekuTvneba wnevis, siTbosa da
sicivis SegrZnebebi.
• erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ ares kanis zedapiris adgilebi,
romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da
warmoSoben erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.

Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes TviTgadarCenis procesSi.

magaliTad, naadrevad dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
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utardebodaT yoveldRiuri masaJi 45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro

swrafad izrdebodnen da viTardebodnen gonebrivadac Tavis TanatolebTan
SedarebiT, romelTac ar utardebodaT masaJebi (Field & Schanberg,
1990). virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom energiuli stimulacia
aTavisuflebs zrdis hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavis tvinsa da sxva
sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSierebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi
xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi iyvnen mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli
naSierebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti winaaRmdegobis
gawevis unariT, isini berdebodnen ufro nela, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi
ufro didxans inarCunebda sicocxlisunarianobas da hqondaT ukeTesi
mexsiereba (Meany et al., 1998). aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli
rekomendacia aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT da sxvebic
waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon xSirad – es ara marto siamovnebas
mogvgvriT, aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve, maT
janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).

wonasworobis da kinesteTikuri SegrZnebebi wonasworobis da

kinesteTikuri SegrZnebebi TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc
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maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad,

Tvalebis, yurebis an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba gvaZlevs sivrceSi
Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis SegrZnebas. am
informacias gvawodeben receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic
mdebareoben Sida yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi. es
bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin
xdeba, roca Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki gatyobinebT
informacias sworxazovani moZraobis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb
(ix. suraTi 4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan arxebs uwodeben,
erTmaneTis mimarT marTi kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri mimarTulebiT moZraobis
Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor moZraobs Tavi, roca Cven vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT
mas an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, vinc dakarga wonasworobis SegrZneba ubeduri
SemTxvevebisa Tu avadmyofobis gamo, arian sakmod dezorientirebulni,
xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi
adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos da bolos, axerxebs am naklis
kompensirebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur informacias.
gulis reva moZraobisas aRmocendeba maSin, roca vizualuri sistemidan
momavali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibularuli aparatidan wamosul
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signalebTan. moZrav transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCndebaT

gulis revis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa, rom vizualuri signalebi modis
uZravi obieqtidan, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi moZravi obieqtidan.
mZRolebs iSviaTad emarTebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da
grZnoben kidevac moZraobas.
• wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) informacias gvawvdis
Cveni sxeulis orientaciis Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
• kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) informacias gvawvdis
Cveni sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb.

rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT vertikalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT,

Tqvens tvins sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis poziciisa Tu misi
nawilebis sivrciTi mimarTebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul ukukavSirs sxeulis motoruli
aqtivobis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri
moZraobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic
mdebareoben saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben kunTebsa
da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare receptorebi reagireben im
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daWimulobaze, romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva pozicias da

daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa
da myesebSi mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis cvlilebebze,
romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebidan miRebuli
informaciis integrirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul informaciasTan.
Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad, im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba,
romelic modis TiToeuli TiTidan, Tuki mas ar ecodineba zustad TiTebis
mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT. warmoidgineT, rom agrovebT raRac
sagnebs daxuWuli TvalebiT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT saSualebas,
mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.

tkivili zemoT Cven ganvixileT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi.

Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis garkveuli formebi iwveven tkivils.
tkivili aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa
gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe. xarT Tu ara
Tqven srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad ganviTarebuli tkivilis
SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba ”kic da arac”. “kis”
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SemTxvevaSi Tqveni tkivilis SegrZneba aris mniSvnelovani Tqveni

gadarCenisaTvis. adamianebi, visac dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis
SegrZnebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva dazianebebs,
romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini
SeZlebda maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb (Larner et al.,
1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis
signalis mniSvnelobas _ igi gafrTxilebT potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. “aras”
upasuxebT, radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven bednieri
iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze
meti adamiani aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT. samedicino
xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad da dakarguli samuSao dReebi Sefasebulia
70 miliard dolarad weliwadSi (Turk, 1994). rogorc Cans, uwyveti,
qronikuli tkivili xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa, rom
aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uaryofiTad afaseben TavianT
cxovrebas (Banks & Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs
ainteresebT tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis Seswavla,
raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis teqnikas.

tkivilis meqanizmebi
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im tipis tkivilis dacviTi
sistemiT, romelic iwvevs avtomaturad garkvuli stimulebisagan gaqcevis
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refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba miaRwevs zeda zRurbls, organizmi

pasuxobs gaqceviT, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia. garda amisa, is swrafad
swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da
SeZlebisadagvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.
arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba: nocicefturi da nevropaTiuri.
nocicefturi tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac iwvevs mavne
zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli. magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba,
romelic gagiCndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebis SemTxvevaSi. kanSi
mdebare specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tkivilis Setyobinebas
Tqveni xelidan zeviT, zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis ukan
gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivili SewyvitoT. nevropaTiuri tkivili
gamowveulia nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcionirebiT. igi
aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daavadebuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa
magaliTad, ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da mkurnalobis
sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awynareben nervebs, SeuZliaT Seamsubuqon
aseTi tipis tkivilebi.
mecnierebma daiwyes im specifikuri receptorebis gansazRvra, romlebic
reagireben tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines, rom
zogierTi receptorebi reagireben mxolod temperaturaze, zogierTi _ qimiur
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze. arseboben receptorebi,
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romlebic reagireben tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze.

tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades, romelic faravs mTel
sxeuls. periferiuli nervuli boWkoebi agzavnian tkivilis signalebs centralur
nervul sistemaSi ori gziT: swrafi gamtarunariaonobis nervuli boWkoebiT,
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli, ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT,
mielinis safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli impulsebi
gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg Tavis tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis
lokalizaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis mniSvnelovnebis
Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis formulireba.

tkivilis fsiqologia
emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqtorebi da situaciis interpretacia
SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tkivilis gancdaSi, rogorc
realuri fizikuri stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri procesebis
mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi
SemTxveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar arsebobs misi
gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad
didi intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis arsebobisa. magaliTad, im
adamianTa 10 %-ze meti, visac amputirebuli aqvs kidurebi, uCivian
mwave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi, romelic maT aRar aqvT _
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (Melzack, 1992). amis sapirispirod, zogierT
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individs, romelic monawileobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivilis

SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamomwvevi intensiuri stimulaciis
pirobebSic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze siaruli an nemsiT
sxeulis gaxvreta.
• tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze, romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa
gamoiwvios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.
• nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) gamowveulia mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone eqsternaluri stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli nervuli
daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis
tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
• nevropatiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) gamowveulia nervebis
aranormaluri an zedmetad aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis
an daavadebis mizezia.
• fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenomenon) mwvave da
qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba im kidurSi, romelic amputirebulia.

saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze didi gavlenas axdens konteqsti da

reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi. radgan tkivili aris fsiqologiuri reaqciebis
erT-erTi saxe, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic
iyenebs zemoqmedebas fsiqikur procesebze, rogoricaa hipnozi, Rrma
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relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana. magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe

mSobiarobis mosamzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodi cdilobs
Seamciros samSobiaro tkivilebi ramdenime aseTi meTodis kombinaciiT.
lamazes sunTqviTi varjiSebi exmareba relaqsaciaSi da yuradReba
gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan. yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno
warmodgenebis, Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo
Semxvedr stimulacias da socialuri mxardaWera meuRlisa Tu
megobrisagan _ yvelaferi erTad aZlevs momaval dedas am mtkivneul
situaciaze kontrolis Zlier gancdas.
• karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory) exeba tkivilis
Semcirebas, romelic xdeba maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi
moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi
signalis blokirebas axdens da zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.
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fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs cxare

saWmeli tkivils?
gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamocdileba? Tqven
miirTmevT romelime Zalian cxare kerZs Cinur an
tailandur restoranSi da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is siamovneba, romelsac
iRebT sakvebisagan, gadaiqceva Zlier tkivilad. Tuki
aseT ram odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven iciT, rom
gemos sferoSi arsebobs kavSiri mas Soris, rac
ganiWebT siamovnebas da rac ganiWebT tkivils.
ganvixiloT es damokidebuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia avxsnaT, Tu ratom iwvevs
cxare wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze arsebuli gemos
bolqvebi dakavSirebulia nocicefturi tkivilis
boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk, 1993). amrigad, erTi da
igive qimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba gaaRizianos
rogorc gemos bolqvebSi mdebare receptorebi, aseve,
masTan Zalian axlos mdebare tkivilis boWkoebi
(Caterina et al., 2000). cxare wiwakis SemTxvevaSi,
es nivTierebaa kafsacini. Tuki
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Tqven gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakvebiT, Tqven unda

SeecadoT sakvebSi SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis
saWiro koncentracia, ise, rom man ufro metad
gaaRizianos Tqveni gemos receptorebi, vidre tkivilis
receptorebi.
Tqven, albaT, gainteresebT ratom gansxvavdebian
adamianebi cxare sakvebis mimarT damokidebulebis
mixedviT erTmaneTisagan? maT ukvirT xolme, roca
maT megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar SeuZliaT cxare
sakvebis Wama. kvlav mivmarToT fiziologias, raTa
avxsnaT es gansxvaveba. naxatze naCvenebia ori
adamianis enis fotosuraTebi (Linda Bartoshuk). Tqven
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom erT-erT maTgans aqvs
gacilebiT bevri gemos bolqvebi, vidre meores. rac
ufro metia gemos bolqvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis
receptorebic. amitom ufro didia imis albaToba, rom is
adamianebi, visac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvs, ufro
Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsacinisagan. im individebs,
romelTac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT, daarqves
superdegustatorebi (Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT,
visac ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es receptorebi _
nondegustatorebi. individTa es ori jgufi ar
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan mravali gemos
SegrZnebebis
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mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc icodeT xarT Tqven superdegustatori,

nondegustatori Tu raRac Sualeduri. gansxvaveba Cndeba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTierebebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis mimarT
mgrZnobiarobaSi.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis mixedviT interindividualuri sxvaoba
aRmoCnda genetikuri (Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro xSirad arian
super degustatorebi, vidre kacebi. superdegustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimiuri nivTierebebis mimarT, es ki
damaxasiaTebelia sawamlavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis. radganac qals
yovelTvis ufro meti pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda STamomavlobis
gazrdasa da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze, im qalebis bavSvebs,
romlebsac meti gemos mgrZnobiareoba axasiaTebda, gadarCenis ufro
meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac degustatoris statusi genetikuria, am
aspeqtSi gansxvaveba ukve patara bavSvebSic SeimCneva (Anliken et
al., 1991). xuTidan Svid wlamde superdegustatori bavSvebi upiratesobas
aniWeben rZes yvelTan SedarebiT da piriqiT _ nondegustatorebi _ yvels
rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom? superdegustatorebi rZes aRiqvamen, rogorc
ufro tbils da yvels _ rogorc ufro mwares vidre nondegustatorebi.
amrigad, genetikuri gansxvavebebi gvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs
zogierT bavSvs ase gamoxatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
 314

magram, modiT davubrundeT restornis kerZs, romelmac gamoiwvia

tkivilis SegrZneba. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom tkivilis
SegrZneba TandaTan qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganlagebuli tkivilis
receptorebi moqmedebs sxva sensoruli receptorebis msgavsad: droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tqven adaptirdebiT mudmivi stimulaciis mimarT. es,
albaT, Zalian kargia, rom sensoruli procesebs aqvT tkivilis
Semsubuqebis funqciac da mas gvTavazoben xolme saWiro momentSi.

rogor gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze fsiqologiuri konteqtsi? erT-

erTi Teoria, romelic exeba tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs, cnobilia karibWis
kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT ( Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis
mixedviT, zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nevrologiuri kari,
romelic xels uSlis tkivilis zogierT signals, SeaRwios Tavis tvinSi da mis
blokirebas axdens, zogierTs ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi
agzavnian signals zurgis tvinisaken, raTa man gaaRos an daketos es kari.
Tavis tvinidan swored daRmavali es signali uzrunvelyofs fsiqologiur
konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack,
1999) warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis neiromatriculi Teoria,
romelic xsnis im faqtebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils Zalian
 315

mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fizikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am

SemTxvevaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSi aris aRmocenebuli.
Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, Tu ras eubnebiT mis Sesaxeb sxvebs, Tu
rogor reagirebT tkivilgamayuCeblebze, asaxavs ufro Tqven fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas, vidre tkivilis gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas.
is, rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod gansxvavebuli da
zogjer srulebiTac damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT _ rogorc
naxavT amas mexuTe TavSi, romelic eZRvneba aRqmis fsiqologias.

Sejameba ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmocendeba maSin,

roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis
bususebTan. ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis regulaciasa da
sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos
sistemebi SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis umravlesobis
SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis
nazavs sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi
kanSi moTavsebuli receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da gadarCenis procesSi.
wonasworobis SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis
 316

orientacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pasuxismgebelia sxeulis

sxvadaxva nawilebis poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis
koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceftur tkivils mavne stimulis zemoqmedebis
SemTxvevaSi da nevropaTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri
funqcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti, nawilobriv, gansazRvravs
tkivilis gancdis intensivobas.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi samyaros sensoruli Semecneba

• imis gamo, rom sensoruli procesebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben Cvens
mier samyaros SemecnebaSi, mecnierebi fsiqologiis ganviTarebis adreul
etapebzec swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
• fsiqofizika swavlobs fizikur gamRizianebelze fsiqologiur reaqcias.
mecnierebi zomaven absolutursa da sxvaobis zRurblebs.
• signalis aRmoCena saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs gamoyon
erTmaneTisagan SegrZnebis simaxvile da pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma.
• fsiqofizikis mkvlevarebma gansazRvres kavSiri gamRizianeblis fizikur
intensivobasa da fsiqologiur efeqts Soris maTematikuri funqciis
saSualebiT.
• SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fizikur energias nervul kodad gardaqmnis.
 317

• mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswavlon informaciis dinebis procesi sensoruli

receptorebidan Tavis tvinis qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
• baduraze mdebare fotoreceptorebi, romelTac uwodeben kolbebsa da
Cxirebs, gardaqmnian sinaTlis energias nervul impulsSi.
• baduris gangliozuri ujredebi axdenen receptorebidan da bipolaruli
ujredebidan momavali signalis integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi
warmoqmnian optikur nervebs, romlebic xvdebian erTmaneTs
mxedvelobis jvaredinTan.
• vizualuri informacia aris ganawilebuli tvinis sxvadasxva ubnebSi, sadac
muSavdeba vizualuri garemos sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogoricaa sagnebis
garegnuli saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
• sinaTlis talRis sigrZe warmoadgens gamRizianebels
ferTa
SegrZnebisaTvis.
• feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba toniT, simaZRriTa da sikaSkaSiT.
• ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi aerTianebs sami feris SemgrZnebi receptoris
triqromatul Teorias da sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teorias, romelic
eyrdnoba sawinaaRmdego elementebis kompozicias.
 318

• gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aRmoCena xdeba baduris ujredebisa da ufro

maRali donis vizualuri centrebis moqmedebiT.

smena
• smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac gaaCna
sixSire, amplituda da sirTule.
• lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi transformirdebian siTxis moZraobaSi,
romelic amoZravebs ZiriTad membranas. ZiriTadi membranis bewvebi
nervul impulsebs gadascemen smeniT qerqs.
• adgilis Teoria saukeTesod xsnis maRali sixSireebis kodirebas, sixSiris
Teoria ki saukeTesod xsnis dabali sixSireebis kodirebas.
• bgeris warmoSobis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisaTvis moqmedebs ori
tipis nervuli meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensivobisa da im drois
SedarebisaTvis, romelic dasWirdeba bgeriT signals TiToeul yurTan
misaRwevad.
sxva SegrZnebebi
• ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi reagireben nivTierebaTa qimiur
Tvisebebze da moqmedeben erTad, roca adamiani eZebs da irCevs
sakvebs.
• ynosva sruldeba sunisadmi mgrZnobiare ujredebiT, romlebic
ganlagebulni arian cxviris RruSi.
 319

• gemos receptorebi aris gemos bolqvebi, romlebic moTavsebuli arian

gemos dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad enaze.
• Sexebis SegrZneba gulisxmobs dawolisa da temperaturul SegrZnebebs.
• wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZlevT informacias sxeulis moZraobis
mimarTulebisa da siswrafis Sesaxeb.
• kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZlevT informacias sxeulis nawilebis
mdebareobis Sesaxeb da gexmarebaT moZraobis koordinirebaSi.
• tkivili aris organizmis dacviTi reaqcia potenciurad mavne
zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebelze.
• tkivilis fiziologiuri reaqcia moicavs sensorul reaqcias tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis mxareze da nervul impulsebs, romlebic
moZraoben Tavis tvinsa da zurgis tvins Soris.
• tkivili aris nawilobriv fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is SeiZleba Seicvalos
mkurnalobiT, romelic aqcents akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze da gadaaqvs
yuradReba.

ZiriTadi cnebebi

• absoluturi zRurbli • sensoruli receptorebi

• akomodacia • sensoruli fiziologia

 320

• amakrinuli ujredebi • sibnelisadmi adaptacia

• adgilis Teoria • signalis SemCnevis

Teoria
• badura • sikaSkaSe

• bgeris siZliere • feris toni

• bgeris tonis simaRle • sixSiris Teoria

• bipolaruli ujredebi • smeniTi nervi

• gangliozuri ujredebi • smeniTi qerqi

• erogenuli zonebi • sxvaobis zRurbli

• absoluturi zRurbli • tembri

• veberis kanoni • tkivili

• zalpis principi • transformacia

• kanis SegrZnebebi • triqromatuli Teoria
 321

• karibWis kontrolis Teoria • fantomuri kiduris

fenomeni
• kinesTetikuri SegrZneba • feris simaZRre

• kolbebi • feromonebi
• lokokina • fovea
• mxedvelobis qerqi • fotoreceptorebi
• nevropatiuri tkivili • fsiqometruli funqcia

• nocicefturi tkivili • fsiqofizika

• odnav SesamCnevi • ynosvis bolqvi
sxvaoba

• optikuri nervi • SegrZneba

• pasuxis sistematuri • Semavsebeli ferebi
Secdoma
• receptoruli veli • Cxirebi
• sawinaaRmdego • ZiriTadi membrana
procesebis Teoria
• sensoruli adaptacia • wonasworobis
SegrZneba
 Tavi 5. aRqma

• SegrZneba, organizeba, identifikacia da cnoba

– proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi

– realoba, orazrovneba da iluziebi

– aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: - virtualuri realoba
• yuradRebis procesebi
– seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba

– yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi

• aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
– figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)

– perceptuli dajgufebis principebi

– sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
– moZraobis aRqma
– siRrmis aRqma
– aRqmis konstantoba
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: - rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs
• identifikacia da cnoba
– aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi
 2

– sagnebis cnoba
– molodinis da konteqstis gavlena
– bolo gakveTili
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi

ganvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, romelic ekvatoruli afrikis fijmis

kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi hqonda
gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba mieca, pirvelad emogzaura
manqaniT gaSlil velze anTropolog kolin tarbulTan (Colin Tutnbull)
erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbelma aRwera kengis reaqciebi.

kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac ramdenime milis

moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda. man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini,
razedac vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis cnobil tyis
bizonebze orjer ufro didebi. kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es
sisulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva damisva. mere, radgan
sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da
cdilobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da xoWoebisaTvis
miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas manamde enaxa.
 3

amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgilisaken daveSviT, sadac

cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad, Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc
CemTan axlos gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac jadoqroba iyo. . . .
bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve
aRar eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen isini ase patarebi, an
marTla patarebi iyvnen da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac oini iyo
(Turnbull 1961, gv.305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs gamocdilebis gavlenas
aRqmaze. radgan kengma cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moexdina sensoruli
informaciis _ Sori manZiliT daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT, rogor moqmedebs codna
adamianis SesaZleblobebsa da aRqmaze.

Mme-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebiT.

Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros.
Tqven sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT”, aramed _ plakats kedelze, bgeris
talRa ki ar `gesmiT”, aramed musika _ iqve arsebuli radiodan.
SegrZnebiT iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev meti
 4

raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani da saintereso gaxdes da, rac
mTavaria, saSualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma aris im
procesebis erToblioba, romlebic sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias
da am informaciis, rogorc garesinamdviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas
uzrunvelyofen. es procesebi uzrunvelyofs interpretaciis umaRles dones,
rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT gagebis mizniT gTavazobT
martiv, TvalsaCino magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZleba Sors.
Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes. saxesTan miaxlovebisas xeli sul ufro
da ufro met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba veRar dainaxoT
plakati xelis ukan, kedelze. rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda Tu
plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba - `ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es
magaliTi gviCvenebs SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli
imitom faravs plakats, radgan saxesTan miaxloebisas is SedarebiT did
gamosaxulebas qmnis baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic,
baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad,
saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT, rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba.
 5

• aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul xatSi

awesrigebeninformacias da am imformaciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani
garesinamdviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs azrs. perceptuli
procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi
Semavali sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas stabiluri, mowesrigebuli
perceptuli xatebis saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac aRqmulia
(fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani
an receptorSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli aqtivobis
fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis
zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan interpretacia ucvleli
perceptuli aqtivobiT mimdinarobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba
imdenad Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba, rom mas
TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT
procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT perceptul
procesebs vizualur sferoSi.

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

 6

termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT, niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da

movlenebis wvdomis zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime kategorias da
movemzadoT maTze reagirebisaTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis
mizniT maT sam safexurad yofen - SegrZneba, perceptuli organizacia da
identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba. rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba
niSnavs nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas, romelsac tvini
acnobierebs. magaliTad, SegrZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb
bazisur monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian mowyobilni, rom
gaarCion sagnis konturebi da kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad
reagireben ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze). tvinis qerqis
ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria, rodesac sagnis Sinagani
gamosaxuleba formirdeba da yalibdeba garegani stimulis aRqma;
Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros zedapirul monaxazs.
mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis
savaraudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da orientaciis Sefaseba. es
Sefasebebi efuZneba goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul codnas
mocemul grZnobad realobasa da stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis)
 7

perceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba sagnis perceptSi iseTi

martivi sensoruli niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia), rogoricaa
sagnis feri, konturebi, xazebi. saganis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es
fsiqikuri aqtivobebi xdeba swrafad da mizanmimarTulad, gacnobierebis
gareSe.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT
doqtor riCardsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis dazianebam
perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja, Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.

• perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _ procesebi, romlebic

sensorul informacias aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe
vizualur velSi.

saidan viciT

SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis darRveva

doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda, romelmac vizualuri gancdis
Secvla gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis metyvelebis centrebi,
ase rom, mas SeeZlo sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod uCveulo
vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam
 8

imoqmeda sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTianebis unarze.

magaliTad, doqtor riCardsi aRwerda, rom Tu igi xedavda rTul
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani da mis vizualur velSi
axlomaxlo kidev ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer adamianis nawilebs
gancalkevebulad xedavda, romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT
gamosaxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da imave movlenis xmisa da
gamosaxulebis gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas SeiZleba
daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma
dublirdeboda araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi daenaxa, doqtor riCardss
sWirdeboda raime Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~ msgavsad
imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu danawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, roCardsi nawilebs kvlav gaerTianebulad,
dasrulebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca, perceptul `webos~
zogjer SeiZleba raime absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor riCardsi
erTnairi feris obieqtebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac ki, Tu isini sivrceSi
gancalkevebulni iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tansacmelSi iqnebodnen
 9

gamowyobilni. doqtor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad, frangmentulad

da ucnaurad ganicdida, rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda normaluri
gancdisagan (Marcel,
1983).
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis
unarSi – igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvisebebs. misi problema
sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli movlena erTianad,
TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa
da SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is, aseve, giCvenebT, rom
sensoruli analizi da perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi mesame safexuria, rodesac
perceptul xats mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi `gadaiqceva~
burTebad, monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad.
adamianebi SeiZleba identificirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
naTesavad an rokvarskvlavad. am etapze perceptuli SekiTxva - `ras hgavs
es sagani?~ icvleba identifikaciis SekiTxviT: - `ra aris sagani?~ dabolos,
cnobis SekiTxviT: -`ra aris sagnis funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes
 10

identifikacia movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba mas, anda

rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze, maRali donis kognituri procesebia
saWiro, romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni Teoriebi,
mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi, obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis gadamuSavebis safexurebi,
romlebic perceptuli samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi met yuradRebas
davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis
Semdeg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad Zaldautaneblad
mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis dasawyisSi SevecdebiT,
dagarwmunoT, rom realurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis
gadamuSavebas asrulebT, did gonebriv samuSaos, raTa sabolood
`siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT sur.5.1.a-ze gamosaxuli pirovneba,
romelic oTaxs akvirdeba moxerxebuli skamidan. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tvalebamde aRwevs da Tvalis
baduraze qmnis gamosaxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.b gviCvenebs, Tu ras
davinaxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT (marjvniv CanaWdevi
 11

aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad

Seesabameba retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac igi Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom
baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri Sedegi mohyveba.
magaliTTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.a-ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi
baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.g). magidas, noxs,
fanjaras da suraTs realur samyaroSi yvelas marTkuTxa forma aqvs,
magram retinaluri gmosaxulebebidan mxolod - fanjras. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati aris arawesieri oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis
xati, faqtobrivad, aris sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni Tavdapirveli perceptuli
Tavsatexi: - rogor aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian, standartul
marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
situacia aq cotaTi ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT, SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram,
rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT, ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars or kedels Soris, romelic
mTels iataks mihyveba, magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
TavTan wydeba. aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze noxis nawilebi
 12

magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT,

rogorc erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtobrivad, rodesac
ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT
Sesabamis gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, rom Tqven
samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas Soris
gansxvaveba imdenad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi maT
aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven. rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea
mocemuli, garemoSi mocemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri stimuli
(damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas
_ proqsimaluri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
• identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition) _ perceptuli
xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
• distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri stimulisagan anu
baduraze optikuri gamosaxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
 13

• proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ distaluri stimulisagan anu

samyaroSi fizikuri sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli optikuri
gamosaxuleba.

Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mkafiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad

CamovayaliboT: - risi aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli – garemoSi
mocemuli `realuri ~ sagani, xolo stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda
miviRoT, aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRebuli sagnis
gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva modalobas: - smenas, Sexebas,
gemos da a.S. aRqma moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsimaluri
stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawodon informacia distaluri stimulis
Tvisebebze.
rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis
3 safexurs, ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi obieqti, kedelze
dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduris
gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias; misi zeda da qveda kideebi
marjvniv erTmaneTs uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi
 14

sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia. perceptuli organizaciis

safexurze am trapecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivrceSi
gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc
paralelurs, romlebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena da
marcxena kideebs ki tolad. perceptuli procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT
suraTs. suraTze 5.3 mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am movlenebis
Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi, romelTac informacia erTi
safexuridan meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa gamosaxuli. am
TavSi ganvixilavT yvela interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.

sur. 5.1. retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia

vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan
(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos distaluri
stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani) interpretacia da identifikacia.
sur. 5.2. Ddistaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi
distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki -
sensoruli aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa gansazRvruli.
 15

rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsimaluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes

distalur stimuls, magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.
sur. 5.3. SegrZnebis, perceptuli organizaciis da identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi
diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs, romlebic Semosuli informaciis
transformacias axdenen SegrZnebis, perceptuli organizaciis da,
identifikacia/cnobis safexurebze. arqmis aRmavali procesebi (qvemodan
zemoT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac Semosuli sensoruli informaciidan
perceptuli gamosaxuleba yalibdeba. daRmavali procesebi (zemodan
qvemoT) im SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac perceptul
gamosaxulebaze gavlenas axdens warsuli codna, motivacia da fsiqikuri
funqcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

realoba, orazrovneba, iluziebi aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc

proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis identifikacia. am funqciis
Sesabamisi perceptuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde, ganvixiloT garemoSi
mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian.
esenia: _ orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.

orazrovneba
 16

aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa samyaroze zusti warmodgenis Seqmna.

swori reaqcia garemoSi sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea
damokidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba vefxvia? - es yovelTvis
advili gasarkvevi ar aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs sur. 5.4-ze. ra
figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT
mimavali dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan is ereva fons da
konturebic gamokveTili ar aris (SeniSvna: - ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris,
Tavi centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli orazrovania, radgan kritikuli
informacia aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli da Cveuli
struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani
cnebaa. is gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli calkeuli xati
SeiZleba mravalnairad interpretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis
safexurebze. sur. 5.4. orazrovani suraTi ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT
dainaxoT mimavali dalmatineli.

sur. 5.5-ze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis sami magaliTi. TiToeuli

maTganis ornairad interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT TiToeul
gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or alternatiul figuras. aseve,
SevniSnavT, rom mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT, orazrovani
 17

figuris yurebisas am alternativebs SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores)

aRiqvamT. orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba (arastabiloba) maTi
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. larnaki Tu profilebi
nekeris kubi: zemoT Tu qvemoT ixvi Tu kurdReli

sur. 5.5. perceptuli orazrovneba

TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives
erTdroulad gancda ar SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es
SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?

larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi orazrovani figurebis nimuSebia

perceptuli organizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs Tqven
orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi
fonis centrSi moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani maT Soris
gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc
samganzomilebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da marcxniv
kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv kuTxiT. cxadia, kubsa da
larnaki/profilebTan orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave stimuli xatiT
arian gamowveulni, Tumca stimulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian
sivrceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
 18

kurdReli/ixvi figura aris orazrovnebis nimuSi cnobis etapze. orive

SemTxvevaSi is erTi da igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs, SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa
da klasifikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.

• orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptuli obieqti, romelsac

SeiZleba erTze meti interpretacia hqondes.

bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis orazrovneba,

rogorc mniSvnelovani SemoqmedebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi.
magaliTad, salvador dalis mona marketi volteris uCinari biustiT. es
namuSevari kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis mTeli nawili
radikalurad gansxavevebulad unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti. TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris
Subli da Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _ misi loyebi, cxviri da
nikapia. rogorc ki dainaxavT volteris biusts s. dalis am suraTze, veRar
SeZlebT suraTs SexedoT imis codnis gareSe, Tu sadaa frangi filosofosis
figura damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi Tvisebaa garemos
orazrovnebis da gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla, raTa
 19

Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvlilebebiTa da aramdgradobiT

savse samyaroSi perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes mdgradobis da
stabilobis miRwevis moTxovnilebas. sur. 5.6. orazrovneba xelovnebaSi

salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba mona marketi volteris uCinari

biustiT. xedavT volters? dali erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania,
romlebmac Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.

iluziebi
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs rTul amocanas uyeneben -
ramdenime SesaZleblobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura. orazrovani
stimulebis interpretaciis siswore an simcdare Ceveulebriv kontqstzea
damokidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema stimulis struqturas mkveTrad
amaxinjebs da cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seusabamo~-s, `uazro~-s,
`sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). orive warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
naSnavs dacinvas, masxarad agdebas. erTnair iluziebs ganicdian
adamianTa umetesoba erTsa da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi sagnebis msgavsad gancdis
gamo (rogorc VI TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba
 20

halucinaciebisagan: - halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli perceptuli

damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo fizikuri an fsiqikuri
mdgomareobiTaa gamowveuli). ganvixiloT sur. 5.7-ze warmodgenili
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro advilia, vizualuri iluziebis
ganxilva; iluziebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic, rogoricaa: -
smena
(Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard & Jordan,1984) da gemo
(Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j.opelma (J.J.Oppel) iluziebis pirveli
mecnieruli analizi gamoaqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi. opelis mokrZalebuli
wvlili iluziebis SeswavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic ufro grZeli
Canda, roca segmentebad iyo dayofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca
mxolod bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)

| |

a. gamoiyeneT saxazavi,
b. romeli yuTia standartuli yuTis toli?
 21
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
sur. 5.7. xuTi savarjiSo iluzia romeli ufro didia an
patara? gazomeT, raTa aRmoaCinoT iluzoruli
efeqti
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs.
mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs TavianTi Teoriebis
Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi
rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri iluziebis Seswavla uwoda.
iluziebi miuTiTebs perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gansxvavebaze. maT
SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs,
perceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris da dagvexmaron aRqmis
garkveuli fundamenturi Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs an iyeneben Zvels, raTa
perceptuli gadamuSavebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon.
ganvixiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva versia, romelic sur. 5.8-zea
mocemuli. versia a pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer) 1889
wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri iluziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi
miulerma da misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an b versiaSi kuTxeebis wveroebs
 22

Soris manZili) Tanabaria. adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki

gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miuxedavad, rom es iluzia
sakmaod didi xnis winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer scades
axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi icvleba (Green & Nelson
1997). misi simtkice, rac ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi Teoretikosebs axal
problemebs uqmnis. es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod
ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri TeoriebisaTvis mniSvnelovan
monacemebs iZlevian. amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac, romlebSic aRqma
samyaroze zust informacias iZleva.

iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli

nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planeta dedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.
Tqven xedavT mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~ Tumca, iciT, rom mze
dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli. albaT gasagebia, ratom
iyo udidesi simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da sxva
zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da
misi erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse mTvare cazea,
 23

geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca,

iciT, rom es ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven Tvalebsa da
mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme imaSia, rom
mTvaridan areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis
mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad.
arqiteqtorebi da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs iyeneben sivrceSi
sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro farTod gamoCndeba, Tu
mas naTeli ferebiT SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara dabal
taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed
- oTaxis centrSi. a. S. S. nasaSi (nasa), sivrciT programebSi momuSave
fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri
xomaldis Sida sivrce ise moewyoT, rom sasiamovno sensoruli Tvisebebi
hqonoda. dekoraciebisa da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmsa da scenaze. am iluziebidan
zogi ufro sasurvelia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons kargad
mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom
 24

ukeT axsnan aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki, Tavis

mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad
ver miiReba proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.

• iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda, romelic aSkarad mcdaria,

Tumca, igives ganicdian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.

sur. 5.8. miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi

miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna.
aRiqvamT sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis
mkvlevrebma iluziebis axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

virtualuri realoba
ai, saukunis dasawyisis teleSouebisa da filmebisTvis tipuri siuJeti: - qali
da mamakaci personaJebi xvdebian kimpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad, `matricaSi“,
(Tu filmi ar gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs Semdegi winadadebis
wakiTxvas) mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens, rom yvelaferi, rac `realurad“
miaCnia, sinamdvileSi superkompiuterebis mier Seqmnili detalurad
damuSavebuli virtualuri
 25

realobaa da es superkompiuterebi akontroleben planetas. sabednierod,

CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi virtualuri realobis versiebi, jerjerobiT sakmaod
uwyinaria: - Cven sakmaod iolad SegviZlia virtualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da gasarTob centrebSi. virtualuri realobis gancdis
xarisxis gaumjobeseba xSirad damokidebulia mkvlevrebis unarze,
Seqmnan perceptuli sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani axali saSualebebi.
virtualuri realobis Semqmnelebi cdiloben, perceptuli procesebis
mniSvnelovani kvlevebidan miRebuli codna sruliad axali samyaros
cxovel gancdebSi
gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri realobis sistemis mizani monawileTaTvis virtualur
samyaroSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa. yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris monawilis CarTva socialurad mdidar an
interaqciul ambavSi (Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca, aRqmis
TvalsazrisiT, virtualur samyaroSi yofnis SegrZneba, rogorc wesi,
damokidebulia virtualur samyaroSi CaZirvaze, rac perceptulad realurad
aRiqmeba. bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma daiwyes im perceptuli informaciis
sistematuri Seswavla, romelic saWiroa virtualur samyaroSi TiTqmis
srulyofilad yofnis uzrunvelsayofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi
 26

xSirad zomaven, ramdenad kargad SeuZlia adamians amocanis Sesruleba

sxvadasxva perceptuli konfiguraciis mqone virtualur samyaroSi (Nash et
al. , 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romelSic ikvlies vizualuri gamosaxulebis
zemoqmedeba simulatorSi manqanis marTvis unarze. am amocanas
mkvlevrebma uwodes gzis savali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane keeping )
(Kappe et al., 1999). monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen gzis saval nawils,
rodesac ekrani perceptuli gadamuSavebisaTvis saintereso realur
samyaroseul monacemebs iZleoda. gavixsenoT, rom realuri samyaros
gancdisas informacias iRebT rogorc yuradRebis centridan, ise _
periferiidan. sainteresoa, rogor xdeba es virtualur samyaroSi?
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen gzis
saval nawils, rodesac ekrani periferiul informacias iZleoda, Tumca, ar iyo
saWiro, rom es periferiuli informacia, realuri samyaros gancdis
analogiurad, Zalze detaluri yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi vizualuri ekranebis
dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan informacias iZleva. am tipis eqsperimenti
gvarwmunebs, rom mxolod vizualuri velis centri saWiroebs Zlier
detalizacias. periferiuli informacia mniSvnelovania, magram misi Sevseba
SeiZleba globaluri vizualuri struqturiT.
 27

ueWvelia, rom ramdenime weliwadSi virtualuri samyaro kidev ufro

mimzidveli gaxdeba: - mkvlevrebsa da gamomgoneblebs ukeT
ecodinebaT, rogor daarwmunon Tqveni perceptuli sistemebi kompiuteriT
Seqmnili samyaros `realurobaSi”.
Web sites
• WWW.hitl.washington.ed/projects/knowlege-base/onthenet.html,
(veb gverdi, romelic virtualur realobaze moicavs monacemebs)
WWW.vrs.org.uk (virtualuri sazogadoebis veb gverdi)
•

aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi

Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT kiTxs: - rogor
aRadgens perceptuli sistema informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba
iluziebi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT gaverkveT im
TeoriebiSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3
TavSi, sadac saubaria Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis (empirizmis)
urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas: - ra raodenobis sawyisi
SesaZleblobebis matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis
 28

struqturebiT SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi gexmarebaT? an

rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT perceptuli samyaro?.
Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom
samyaros gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis
kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini ver Tanxmdebian am
kombinaciis balansze.

helmholcis klasikuri Teoria

1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von Helmholtz) aRqmaSi
gamocdilebis anu SeZenilis mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi
Teoriis mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad orazrovani
stimulebis interpretaciisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur
procesebs eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli codnis
safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipoTezebs, anu varaudebs imis
Taobaze, Tu rogoria esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT, ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT,
vidre _ mglad. amdenad, aRqma induqciuri procesia –konkretuli,
savaraudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis an movlenebis
 29

zogad klasze, romelsac SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvneba. radgan

es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma
mas aracnobieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es daskvniTi
procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi da igive stimulis
mravalnairi interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva, an rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia. helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or
etapad yofs. pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi fundamenturi
SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis,
safexurze xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba da sinTezireba
obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis
mixedviT, Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan miRebuli
gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT. Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad,
warmoadgens Cveni percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul varaudebs.

geStaltmidgoma geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis II naxevarSi

germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul
gamocdilebaSi Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStaltfsiqologiis
gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi: - kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935),
 30

volfgang keleri (Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max

Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis gageba
mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT primitiul, martiv perceptul
elementebad. germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT `formas~, `mTlians~,
`konfiguracias~ an `arss~ niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT
metia, vidre misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magaliTad, roca
musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
is calkeuli bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis mixedviT, samyaros
holsturi aRqmis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
(korteqsi) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven CvenTvis Cveuli gziT
imitom vawesrigebT sensorul informacias, rom es Semomavali sensoruli
informaciis organizebis umartivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis
struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare (Semdeg qveTavSi
ganvixilavT geStaltistebis mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
magaliTebs).
 31

gibsonis ekologiuri optika jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979)

da elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmis Zalze mniSvnelovani
midgoma SemogvTavazes. gibsoni aRqmas orgnizmis struqturis Sedegad
ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi ukeT gageba uSualo garemos
(anu misi ekologiis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi avtoris TqmiT,
gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo: - `ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT
_ ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis ekologiuri optikis
Teoria garegani stimulebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda, vidre
im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis aRqma xdeba. es midgoma
radikalurad gansxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teoriisgan. gibsonis
koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia, rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva.
rodesac damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze stimulaciis paterni
mudmivad icvleba drosa da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria cdilobda,
ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi
iqneboda moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis mimdevari
Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom perceptuli sistemebi
ganuviTardaT organizmebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals, mewyvilesa da
TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno, 1994; Nakayama, 1994).
 32

• aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmholcis termini,

romelic gacnobierebis gareSe mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
• geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqologiuri skola, romelic
amtkicebs, rom fsiqologiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul mTlianobad miviCnevT da
ar davanawevrebT promitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
• Eekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological optics) _ aRqmis
Teoria, romelic xazs usvams sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.

gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze - `rogor swavlob garemos?’’ pasuxi

sakmaod advilia. Tqven garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias sensoruli
informaciis invariantuli anu stabiluri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am
SemTxvevaSi araa saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis sistemebis
hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _ aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis retinaluri zoma
da forma icvleba damkvirveblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar aris. metic, es cvlilebebi
sistematuria da sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi ar icvleba
 33

(invariantulia) aRqmis kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis pirobebSic ki.

vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili, rom amCnevs am invariantulobas.
adamianebi iseT garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored invariantobis
aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniSvneloba.
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs, romlebic mkvlevrebma
perceptuli procesebis asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xelmisawvdomi informaciis mcire
nawilis SerCeva da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba. Sejameba aRqmis
mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safexurad daiyos: - SegrZneba, perceptuli
organizacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identifikacia da
interpretacia, proqsimaluri stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri
gamosaxulebidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze. orazrovan figurebs
mxolod erTi interpretacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki - organizaciis da identifikaciis doneze. iluziebi
SezRudvebs uqmnian perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian imaze, rom perceptuli unari
Tandayolili da SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tanxmdebian
maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs usvamda gamocdilebis
 34

mniSvnelovnebas da varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili aracnobier

daskvnas efuZneboda. geStaltmidgoma aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli
gamocdileba ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da aRqmaSi
Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki
xazs usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri subieqtis rols da did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.

yuradRebis procesebi
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi ram, romelic am
momentamde ar SegimCneviaT. SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis
wikwiki? Tu garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT,
rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv, romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva
SeiZleboda. zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns Tu
movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT masze. amitom aris
yuradReba aRmis Seswavlisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yvelaze xelmisawvdomi
perceptuli procesebisavis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi
 35

Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare ra tipis stimulebs eqceva

Cveni yuradReba da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis gancdaSi.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad,
raTa garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti mniSvnelovneba
mianiWos.
• yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli informaciis
romelime nawilze cnobierebis fokusireba.
• mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection) _ gansazRvravs imas,
Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac
nawils
Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva adamianis miznebidan
gamomdinare xdeba.
• stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba (Stimulus-driven capture) _
gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis; xdeba maSin,
rodesac stimulebis niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben
yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.

seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT,

yuradReba migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic manamde ar
 36

SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan

funqcias, rac Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis SerCevaSi
gamoixateba; es nawili Semdeg gadamuSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT,
samyaros romel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra Sedegi
mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis iolad xelmisawvdomi informaciis
TvalsazrisiT. yuradRebis faqtorebi rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic
Cveni yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs ori komponenti
aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleqcias (goal-derected) da stimuliT
gamowveul yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture) uwodeben6
(Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevisas Tqveni miznebidan
gamomdinare irCevT, Tu romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom
SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT
gamowveuli SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _ garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi TavisTad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas
Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan damoukideblad. stimuliT
gamowveul SerCeva iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi
SuqniSanze gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis moulodneli

6
qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna)
 37

cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis

gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
garkveul pirobebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba Warbobs
mizniT marTul seleqcias.

saidan viciT procesebs Soris konkurencia, romlebic yuradRebis

fokusirebasac gansazRvraven

mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi, romlebic mizniT marTul

SerCevasa da stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konkurenciul pirobebSi
ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis a nawilzea
mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis dasawyisSi cdis pirebs
uCvenebdnen vizualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli iyo 6 nacrisferi wre
SigniT Cawerili cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icvleboda. seriebis
meore naxevarSi, rogorc b nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda yvela wre
wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili
nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi Cveulebrivi c ewera, Tu
Sebrunebuli. cdis pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT marTul
 38

SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax, mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT

yuradReba darCenil nacrisfer wreze.
axla ganvixiloT 5.9 suraTis g nawili. am SemTxvevaSi, romelic cdebis
meore
naxevars warmoadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali elementi daemata _
wiTeli wre.
axali obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba, romlebic, Cveulebriv,
stimuliT gamowveul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv pirobebSi
mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze
gadaitandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi maT es ar
moeTxovebodaT. maT isev sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi
nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xdeboda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen
yuradRebas wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes SemTxvevaSi axali obieqti
avtomaturad iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is
sruliad ar Seesabameboda eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.

es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan

is aRmqmelis miznebis sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi
ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevdnen wiTel
 39

wres, magram maTi ignorireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom

monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac SeiZleba kargad
Seasrulon mkvlevris mier dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi
daskvna isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea mowyobili, rom
yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs
(Yantis & Jonides, 1996).
sur. 5.9. yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi am eqsperimentis TiToeuli
seriis dasawyisSi, cdis pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli
iyo eqvsi nacrisfer wre (nawili a). rodesac ekrani icvleboda, cdis pirebis
amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil nacrisfer wreSi rogori c iyo Cawerili.
seriis naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili b), meore naxevarSi
ki _ iyo (nawili g). miuxedavad imisa, rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi
nacrisferi wrisTvis yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave
avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba perceptuli ekranis romelime
nawils, sakuTari miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, ra
bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil informacias? warmoidgineT,
rom usmenT leqcias, Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben.
 40

rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba

rame iseTs mokraT yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leqciidan Tqveni
yuradRebis gadanacvlebas gamoiwvevs? am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald
broudbenTi (Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sakomunikacio
arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic
aqtiurad gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broudbenTis Teoriis
mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sakomunikacio arxs, informaciis sruli
gadamuSavebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo saWiroa, rom
yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros Semavali sensoruli informaciis
cnobierebaSi gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sistemaSi Semavali
informaciis nakads, filtravs garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris Teoria (filter theory)
amtkicebs, rom Semomavali informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis
wvdomamde xdeba. filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma
laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxovrebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali
informaciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT gamoiyenes
dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT
yursasmenebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or Caweril informacias.
TiToeul yurSi gansxvavebuli informacia miewodebaT. monawileebs
 41

eZlevaT instruqcia, eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi

Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi miwodebul informacias. am
proceduras uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis daCrdilvas
(shadowing the attended mesasge) (ix. suraTi 5.10).
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga, rodesac aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTi msmeneli ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac ver
SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala
(Cherry, 1953). sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis magaliTi.
adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mokres sakuTar saxels xmaurian
oTaxSi maSinac ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni. amas
koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party phenomenon) uwodeben.
• diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,
rodesac gansxvavebuli audialuri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
• yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing) - sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSaveba, romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze
mimarTavs.
sur. 5.10. diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana
cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs TiToeul yurSi: - 2
 42

(marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena), 9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5

(marjvena). igi mosmenils ambobs swor rigad – 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac
sTxoven, mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas, cdis
piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.

saidan viciT gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari saxelis

`gasagonad”?

cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori adamianis xmas, romlebic

erTmarcvliani sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT sTxovdnen,
yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebuli
informaciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad zustad gaemeorebinaT.
eqsperimentis mimdinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul monawiles
(sakontrolo jgufis garda) sxva sityvebTan erTad ekiTxeboda Tavisi saxeli
im yurSi, romelSi mowodebuli informaciisTvisac yuradReba ar unda
mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa
daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona
sakuTari saxeli. Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi sxva saxeli iseve,
rogorc sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
 43

ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrilavi qmedebis (shadowing

perfomance) gamo, monawileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gaigones
(da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis gagonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen
(Wood & Cowan, 1995a).

es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli aucileblobiT ar iqcevs

yuradRebas, vinaidan msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad
amisa, Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba ignorirebuli arxis
garkveulwilad gaazrebuli analizi – sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3
verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia garkveulwilad mainc
gadamuSavdeba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis sazRvrebs
miaRwios (Woods & Cowan 1995). informacia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
miiqcevs yuradRebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciis
maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferencirebuli iqneba magaliTad, Tu es
iqneba msmenelis saxeli, (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas Soris kavSirs me-6
TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT. amrigad, gasagebia,
 44

ratoma aris saxifaTo yuradRebis gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi

aqtualuri amocanidan an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver miaqcevT
garkveul informacias, magaliTad, profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis
darCeba da Tqven ver moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa
da
maT sworad identificirebaSi. yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi yuradRebis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xmaurian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli

obieqtebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod martivi

eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:

• moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT rame alisferi;

• moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT, ipovoT rame
mrgvali;
• moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipovoT rame, rac
mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZneldaT? mkvlevrebi
irwmunebian, rom alisfris povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &
Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia, vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim &
Cave, 195-) da rames erTi niSniT gansazRvruls ufro advilia, vidre ori _
 45

niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). rogor fiqrobT, ratoma aris
ase? Tqven es-esaa gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis
(preattentive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gansxvavdeba
gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, romlebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba da sagnebis cnoba
yuradRebas saWiroebs, informaciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba
yuradRebisa da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).
gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval sensorul masalaze yuradRebis
miqcevamde, sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi SesvlisTanave, moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT advilad vpoulobT mxolod
erTi niSniT gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992).
SexedeT 5.11 suraTis a nawils. SegiZliaT, ipovoT TeTri `T”? esa aris
oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv, lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, pralelurad
gadasinjoT garemo erTi calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es
niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gadasinjoT ekranis mTeli
zedapiri. am paraleluri gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli
 46

niSani Tanabrad gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvadratis

povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT, imitom, rom marTkuTxedis
kuTxeebi gamokveTilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba
ufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan gansxvavebul fers, rogorc,
magaliTad, alisferi gansxvavedeba wiTlisagan, albaT, imitom, rom aseTi
feri gansxvavebulia
garemos normisagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis miuxedavad, mainc
gagiWirdebaT maTi kombinaciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis b
nawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna. ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro
Znelia? am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWurvili
imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas (Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan
gamoyos. Tqven kvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri gadasinjvis
SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT
yvela TeTri simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva. es gamocdileba
gansxvavdeba garemoSi erTdroulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis
gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT,
swrafad ipovoT wiTeli feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos
marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe, 1994; Wolfe & Gancarz,
 47

1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganaze

individualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazRvroT, Seesabameba Tu
ara is ori niSnis kombinacias_ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da seriul Zebnas imis
gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis
gamfantvebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias warmoadgens. davuSvaT,
gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc
5.11 suraTis g nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc a nawilSia).
radgan Tqven am ori amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT, TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daaxloebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba.
meore mxriv, rodesac am suraTze b nawilidan d nawilze gadaxvalT,
igrZnobT, rom d nawilSi ufro advilad poulobT TeTr T-
s. Tqven TiToeuli TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis miqceva
giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam
sasurvels ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba perceptuli samyaros sxva
iseTi aspeqtebis aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12 suraTis A nawili: -
SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli da Savi sagnebi. b nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
 48

yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana ufro advili ar iyo vidre
pirveli? davalebis Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors), rodesac ori feri CarTulia
sagnis nawilebsa da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba garemoSi sagnebis
sapovnelad SedarebiT daxvewil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis
mqone) daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamuSavebidan mTliani
sagnebisa da
garemos aRqmis ganxilvaze gadavideT.

sur. 5.11. yuradReba da vizualuri Zebna

(a) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niSniT gansxavvebuli sagani, SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zebna (gadasinjva);
ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTobliobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT
(b)

seriuli
Zebna.
(g) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro
sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelebis raodenobis miuxedvad.
(d) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis gamfantavelebis raodenoba axdens
gavlenas. d nawilSi Zebna ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre _ b-Si.
 49

Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqciurad) aqcevT yuradRebas
mizniT marTuli seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan raRac iqcevs
Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis
filtris Teoriis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvs. yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informacia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic
SeiZleba erTi gamorCeuli niSniT identificirdnen.

sur. 5.12. orferiani sagnis moZebna

(a) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
(b) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT.
(g) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia, rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori
feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(d) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.

aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda samyaro, rom ar
SegvZleboda milioni retinaluri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da mbrunavi ferebis
 50

daukavSirebeli nawilebis kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic

sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdevruli aRqmis misaRebad,
perceptuli organizaciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom rasac
adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis Sedegad ganicdis, percepti
(aRqmis xati) ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomilebiani geometriuli
kompoziciis perceptuli xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da
III– rombebisgan. amaSi TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT, TavisTavadi procesi
daxvewili, natifi gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali organizaciuli
procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma
aRweres. isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia organizaciis
kanonebze, anu im martiv principebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis
formebs an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.
figura, foni da dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba) ratom aRviqvamT 5.13
suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organazaciuli
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura Cans, rogorc sagnismagvar win
wamoweul are, xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura devs. 5.13
 51

suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad.

Tumca, es stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT figurisa da fonis
SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri sivrce, rogorc didi
TeTri furceli, romelzedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi foni
moCans.

sur. 5.13. organzomilebiani geometriuli figuris percepti rogoria am

geometriuli figuris Tqveni percepti?

figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis tendencia Zalze Zlieria.

faqtobrivad, es maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar arsebobs! 5.14
suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze,
romelic TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres warmoadgens.
Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi naZvis xe arsebobs. figura Sedgeba
mxolod 3 gancalkavebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan. Tqven iluzorulad
xedavT win wamoweul TeTr samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis
kideebi isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri samkuTxedi geCvenebaT.
5.14 suraTis meore gamosaxuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realurad arc erTi arsebobs.
 52

am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis organizaciis sami donea: -

TeTri naZvis xe, Savi wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am yvelafris
ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or
gansxvavebul regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am gayofis
adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul konturebs. isini realurad arseboben ara distalur
stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram yvela saidumlo jer mainc
ar aris amoxsnili (Lesher, 1995).
• figura (Figure)- fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismagvari win
wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
• foni (Ground)- sivrce vizualur velSi, romelzedac figura devs.
am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev erT mZlavr organizaciul
process– dasrulebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figurebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad
(Sevsebulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom stimulSi mxolod
kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras dasrulebul naZvis xed
aqcevs. dasrulebulobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia stimulebis
 53

dasrulebulad, balansirebulad da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac

saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.

sur. 5.14. subieqturi konturebi, romlebic kuTxeebs avseben xedavT am

suraTze gamosaxul naZvis xes da or erTmaneTze dadebul

samkuTxeds? samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria amaSi darwmundebiT, Tu

or kuTxes cera TiTebiT dafaravT. subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi stimulSi figurasa da fons gamoyofs.

perceptuli dajgufebis principebi

5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven aRiqviT 9 figurad,
romlebic rigebadaa dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia diagonaluri
xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3 identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor
ajgufebs vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven
mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod geStaltfsiqologma maqs
verThaimerma (1923) Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs
uCvenebda martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida ra calkeul faqtors
da akvirdeboda, rogor moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
 54

verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis Camoayalibeba. suraT 5.15-ze

mocemulia ramdenime wesis ilustracia.A a nawilSi mocemulia Tanabrad
daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad
dajgufdes. Tqven SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am wreebis
svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom
wreebs Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur intervalze naklebia (rogorc
es b nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizontalur
mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT. rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas
vertikaluri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc d nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven
wreebs vertikalur svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis dajgufeba
verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva
danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli
elementebi (yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba. geStaltistebma aseTi
Sedegebi imiT axsnes, rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
mTliani percepti gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis d nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad, feri icvleboda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom wreebs Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
 55

avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, ferebis msgavsebis gamo. e

nawilSi wreebs svetebad ganlagebulad xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, v
nawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebulad, formisa da orientaciis msgavsebis
gamo. dajgufebis es efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis kanoniT,
rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi
erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT
moZraoba elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis kanonis
mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT
moZravi elementebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu z nawilSi yvela svetis wertili
zeviT imoZravebda, gamosaxulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT,
moZraobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive efeqtia baletis
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime mocekvave sxvebisagan
gansxvavebulad moZraobs. gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva: -
sagani mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda, rodesac igi moZraobda,
rogorc erTi mTliani. misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.

sur. 5.15. dajgufebis fenomeni

 56

TiToeul mwkrivs, b nawilidan z-mde, garkveuli saxiT dajgufebulad

aRviqvamT, geStaltis dajgufebis sxvadasxva principebidan gamomdinare.

sivrciTi da droiTi integracia geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde

ganvixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umeteswilad, warmoadgens
samyaros `sworad~ gaerTianebul nawilebs., Tumca, xSirad Tqven ar
SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT
(gaixseneT saubari yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad aris yvela mimarTulebiT ganvrcobili, Tvaluwvdeneli
vizualuri samyarodan miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli
STabeWdileba. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad, sivrciTi da
droiTi integraciaa saWiro, anu, Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxvadasxva
adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar
iwuxebs”) TiToeuli momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom garemoze TiToeuli
fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi detalebi (Carlson-Radvansky &
Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991, Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
 57

xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan

meore fiqsaciaze.

saidan viciT ra dainaxeT axlaxan

eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi

uyurebdnen suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs. daaxloebiT 4 wm-is
Semdeg isini uyurebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi meore
mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
suraTis a nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi pirvelisgan sami variantidan
erT-erTi saxiT gansxvavedeboda: - erTi sagani Tvisobrivad icvleboda
(magaliTad, pirvel mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT), orma saganma
Seicvala mdebareoba da sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli.
Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa. rogor SeiZleba ver
SeniSnoT, rom stepleri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad amisa, rogorc
naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis b nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom
identurobisa da gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxevaSi amocnobis
maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo. cdis pirebi ver ` xedavdnen“ mTel rig
Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
 58

bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoudgenelia, rom Cven

informaciis gadamuSavebis imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis
detalebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor Seicvala stepleri
gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawilobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri wyaro (O'Regan, 1992).
ubralod, ar aris saWiro iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic
mudmivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc mogvepoveba
procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv, amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvadasxva fiqsaciidan miRebul
informacias SeiZleba mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~ sagnebs
uwodeben, (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieqtebi). magaliTad, sagnis
kuTxeebisa da gverdebis TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani
samkuTxedis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba a), Tumca, rodesac
cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba
erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba b). g gamosaxulebas ori ganStoeba aqvs,
romelic, sanam kargad ar daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;
d gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausruleblad adis da Camodis.

sur. 5.16. cvlilebis SeumCnevloba

 59

(a) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba

pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. b) roca gamosaxulebaze sagani
icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin
miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.

moZraobis aRqma aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan

miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad

cvalebadi STabeWdilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZraobis

aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli ori gamosaxuleba.
davuSvaT, es individi idga, sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens
baduraze miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlovebasTan erTad
izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxulebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani moZraobs. moZraobis
aRqma, formisa da orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT Cabnelebul oTaxSi da
mzeras daafiqsirebT sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul, win da
ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao
 60

oTxkuTxedze win da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia, romelsac

moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion) ewodeba, maSinac xdeba,
rodesac mzeras sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze. moZraobis
deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom
wertili moZravad dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis umaRlesi
done, romelzec wertili da misi nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis
aTvlis sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs Zlieri tendencia, didi,
SemosazRvruli figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli SedarebiT
patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT
gancdili moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCveneba, rom mTvare
(romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad,
Rrublebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili Rrublebi iseve qmnian
mTvaris moCvenebiTi moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi _ wertilis
moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofilxarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic
Zalian nela iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos sadguris
baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZraobs?
 61

moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZraobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi

donis organizaciuli procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis
umartivesi formaa Φ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi
laqa monacvloebiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer wamSi tempiT.
igive efeqtia gare sareklamo niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze.
sinaTlis Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis miuxedavad,
gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris.
traeqtoria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aerTebs, SeiZleba
mravalgvarad warmovidginoT. Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs
umartives traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs (Gutting& Proffitt,
1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos, rom pirdapiri xazis es principi
Tavsmoxveulia, rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas; Semdeg vizualuri sistema
Tavad aRadgens adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis traeqtorias
(Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).
 62

• moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, rodesac moZrav

aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis
sistema ki _ uZravad.
• aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _ moZraobis iluzia,
rodesac erTi an meti wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa Φ
fenomeni
• Φ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis
umartivesi forma, moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav sinaTled aRiqmeba.

sur. 5.17. SeuZlebeli figurebi

rodesac am obieqtebs uyurebT, TiToeuli calkeuli fiqsacia garwmunebT,
rom is samganzomilebiani figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
fiqsaciebis gaerTianebas, maSin aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.

sur. 5.18. kaci, romelic gaixlovdebaT

stimulTan miaxloebasTan erTad izrdeba misi gamosaxulebis zoma
Tqvens
baduraze.
 63

siRrmis aRqma aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzomilebian

paternebs ganvixilavdiT,

yoveldRiuri aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi moicavs.

samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs
CvenTvis, raTa mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad, saintereso
adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia,
magaliTad, manqaniT swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis aRqma
saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan
obieqtamde), ise _ mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansazRvraSi. siRrmis aRqmis
ganxilvisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod ori ganzomileba aqvs _
vertikaluri da horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra problemas qmnis
organzomilebiani badura samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is
a1 poziciidan ecema, Tu a2-dan faqtobrivad is SeiZleba dacemuliyo A
wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan, radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela
wertilidan erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba. aseve, B wrfis yvela
 64

wertili erTsa da imave retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeqcirdeba.

metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier
wertilTan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1), baduraze erTi
da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis. Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli
gamosaxuleba siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis
TvalsazrisiT, orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma pirobebma
SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamoiwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis
aRsaqmelad saWiroa Semomavali sensoruli masalis interpretacia da rom
es interpretacia zogjer SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani burTisTvis da mxolod
haerisTvis mogixvedrebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb
informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT xSirad siRrmis
maniSneblebsac uwodeben), romelTa Sorisaa binokularul maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi.

sur. 5.19. siRrmis orazrovneba

A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive a wertilze
proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve,
 65

A da B wrfeebis SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur

gamosaxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba davinaxoT,
ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: - sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli
sagnebi erTnair retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
binokularuli da moZraobis maniSneblebi odesme dainteresebulxarT,
ratom gaqvT ori Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze meti
funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso, fasdaudebel informacias
gvawvdis. binokularuli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
miiReba: - retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT aris erTmaneTisagan
horizontalurad daSorebuli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi eqsperimenti. jer
daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli
TiTi patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi daikaveT mklavis
sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan daaxkloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla
daxuWeT marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan ganagrZeT
daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT
ver xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gasworebulad, radgan is odnav
gansxvavebul suraTs iRebs.
 66

Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxulebebis horizontalur poziciebs

Soris Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba. is siRrmis Sesaxeb
gvawvdis informacias, radgan Seusabamobis anu gansxvavebis odenoba
Cvensa da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix. sur. 5.20).
magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT, ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda
mklavis sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
• retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis baduraze
gamosaxulebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
• konvergencia (Convergence) _ saganze fiqsaciisas Tvalebi SigniT,
erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.

sur. 5.20. retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati or sagans Soris siRrmeSi daSorebasTan erTad
izrdeba.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqvens mier danaxul saganTa
umravlesoba Tvalebis baduris sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da
igive obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxulebebs Soris
Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea, vizualur sistema maT erTi obieqtis
siRrmiT aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadakveTisas ori
gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul
 67

gamosaxulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom Cveni

vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul
retinalur gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi nawilebis
horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasadgenad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis
sagnis erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vizualuri sistema or
gamosaxulebas Soris Seusabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros
siRrmed (mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze
fiqsaciisas Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix. sur. 5.22).
rodesac Zalian axlos _ saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ daSorebul
sagans vuyurebT, Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes, raTa
orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad
SegiZliaT Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT megobars,
romelic koncentrirdeba jer daSorebul saganze da Semdeg - ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan miRebul informacias tvini
siRrmeze daskvnis gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTebidan
konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5
metrzea mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did manZilze daSorebul sagans
 68

uWvretT, kuTxuri gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am dros

Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomareobaSia.

sur. 5.21. siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSneblebi rodesac sagani

TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian
daSorebuli sagnis SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis maniSneblad
gamoiyenos.
imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZraoba (kidev erTi wyaro)
siRrmeze informacias, vcadoT Semdegi: - wina SemTxvevis msgavsad,
axlac daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi gausworeT daSorebul
sagans. Semdeg Tavi gadawieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieqtze
fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis moZraobisas TiTebsac
moZravad xedavT, magram axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsirebuli obieqti ki saerTod ar
moZraobs. siRrmeze informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZraobis paralaqsi imitom
gvawvdis siRrmeze informacias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis
 69

odenoba da mimarTulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZliaT

fanjaridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvirdeT. moZravi manqanidan
daSorebuli sagnebi ufro uZravad mogerCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.

piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniSneblebi davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi

TvaliT. SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad, siRrmeze informacia
erTi TvaliTac miiReba. am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
maniSneblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmoCenili siRrmis
Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic
samganzomilebian gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian qaRaldze
an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion) Tavs iCens maSin,
rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22).
gadafarviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre
_ gadamfaravi. gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis blokirebas da
warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRrmeze informaciis damatebiT wyarod
SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
 70

piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs,

romliTac sinaTle samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
baduris zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: - fardobiTi sidide, wrfivi
perspeqtiva, teqsturis gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaTlis
proeqciis ZiriTad princips: - erTi da igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva
manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs qmnian
baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze
daSorebuli ki _ yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc
5.23 suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs uyurebT, yvelaze
patara obieqtebs yvelaze daSorebulad aRiqvamT.

• fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion parallax) _ siRrmeze

informaciis wyaro, rodesac damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs
Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da
mimarTulebas.
wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia, romelic, aseve, sididisa da
manZilis urTierTmimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac paraleluri xazebi
(gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze
 71

Tanabrad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRrmisken midian, retinalur

gamosaxulebaSi horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian (ix. sur.
5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri
epoqis Semdeg, renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xelaxla 1425
wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568;
1967). am aRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdilebs da
fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac
obieqtebi sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebuli.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli xazebis interpretacia ponzos
iluzias qmnis (rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi ufro grZeli
Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT,
siRrmeSi gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (interpretirdeba). amitom
siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosaxulebebs warmoqmnis ori
obieqti, Tu SedarebiT daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneboda, vidre
_ axlos myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneblebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris
siRrmeSi ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis simkvrivec. 5.25
suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis
 72

magaliTia. es SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmimarTebis kidev

erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic
teqsturas qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors gadadian siRrmeSi,
vizualuri sistema ki am Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian
sivrceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons (Gibson, 1966, 1979)
miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da siRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul
garemoSi arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.

sur. 5.22. siRrmis maniSneblebi

ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT rom es qali gisosebis ukanaa?
TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis aRqmisaTvis informaciis
mravali wyaro arsebobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT mTlian, TvalsaCino
gamosaxulebaSi erTiandeba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, vizualuri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniSneblebs, rogoricaa: -
diferencialuri moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTibiTi sidide, rTuli gaTvlis
sawarmoeblad, rac samganzomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas
uzrunvelyofs.
 73

sur. 5.23. fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas qmnian baduraze; amitom,
rodesac erTnairi sagnebis rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro
Sors myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.

aRqmis konstantoba vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT,

gamoiyenoT es saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magidaze da

Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT
Tavi da daubrundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom ver SeniSneT
wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduris
ufro did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan? axla wigni
vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am
dros baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimulaciis cvlilebis miuxedavad,
Tqven samyaros xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da stabilurs. fsiqologebi
am fenomens aRqmis (perceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis, Cveulebriv, mdgrad
 74

Tvisebebs da araproqsimaluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa da

Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba. sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs
samyaroSi arsebuli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvisebebis aRqmas,
sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTavresi amocanaa, garemos
ucvleli (invariantuli) Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri
gamosaxulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxvT, rogor xdeba es
sididis, formisa da orientaciis SemTxvevaSi.
sididis da formis konstantoba ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas?
sagnis realur sidides, nawilobriv baduraze misi Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis
sididis safuZvelze aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperimenti
gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis zoma damokidebulia rogorc
wignis realur sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. rogorc iciT,
daSorebaze informacias siRrmis sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis
sididis aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias aerTianebs xatis
sididis Sesaxeb retinalur informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis konstantoba niSnavs sagnis
realuri sididis aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis cvlilebisda
miuxedavad.
 75

Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba,

maSin manZilze zusti informacia arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi,
romelic 5.26 suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis gogonasTan,
tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180 sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze
dabali Cans oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod maRalia
marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs
oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT, romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT
daSorebuli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias realur simaRles orive
SemTxvevaSi baduraze gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT.
realurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT daSorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi
gonebamaxvilur iluzias qmni; is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis oTaxad,
sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa
da simaRleSi araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es fotos
Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis marjvena kuTxeSi myofi
nebismieri adamianis retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba, radgan igi
orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvirvebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi
myofi adamiani. (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT unda SexedoT
saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven
 76

oTaxis yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri sistema zust

informacias miiRebs oTaxis uCveulo struqturaze.)

• perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis xatis ucvlelad

darCena, retinaluri gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli sistema sagnis realur sidideze
gvawvdis informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis sididis Sesaxeb warsuli
codnis gamoyenebaa. magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli maTganis zomaze,
Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob obieqtebze ver gawvdiT
informacias, sididis konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis saxuravidan gadaxedavT
da isini WianWvelebad mogeCvenebaT.
swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul
ambavs kengis Sesaxeb. SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis
gamosaxulebebi. ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad Seecada,
misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteqstisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom
pawawina daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan mas ar hqonda Sori
 77

manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis

konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad moZravi manqana cxovelebs
uaxlovdeboda da retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan diddeboda, kengi
ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias, rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen.
Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi kengi, tarbulis
msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli
gamocdilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis SesaZleblobas miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba sididis konstantobas. Tqven
sworad aRiqvamT obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac sagani
Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis
retinalur gamosaxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTxkuTxedi baduraze
trapeciis formis gamosaxulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa, Tqven zustad
aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac
siRrmeze swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur sistemas obieqtis
realuri formis gansazRvra Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis
daSorebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
• sididis konstantoba (Size constancy)_ sagnis realuri sididis aRqma,
misi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
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sur. 5.26. eimsis oTaxi

eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi
dakvirveba; fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis
oTaxi agebulia aramarTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar
kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas
vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad aRiqvams da tania da filip
zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi rogor iWerT mfrinav burTs

odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamocdileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors marcxena

mindorze,
gesmiT Cognis dartymis xma da xedavT beisbolis burTs, romelic
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT burTis
dasaWerad? Tu Tavad arasodes giTamaSiaT autfildze, jer kidev gaqvT
saSualeba, gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis STambeWdavi TamaSiT.
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi, sruliad
samarTlianad, rTul percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben: - `burTis moaxloebis
paterni moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivrciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis bolo
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monakveTamde” (McBeath et al., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,

adamianebi sakmaod kargad iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis amocana iyo
iseTi Teoriis Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan daakavSirebda
gamoTvlebiT miRebul sirTulesa da praqtikul siadviles (gavixsenoT, rom
Tavis dasawyisSi miznad davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor qmnis perceptuli
procesebi siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniSneblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT gzas burTisaken?
mkvlevrebma gamoyves invariantuli maniSneblebis 2 tipi, romelsac
moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix. zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva gibsonis
midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa erT jgufi irwmuneba, rom moTamaSeebi
sirbilis dros im gzas irCeven, romelzec vertikalur ganzomilebaSi burTis
moZraobis vizualuri aRqma konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller et al,
1996). mkvlevarTa meore jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi irCeven
gzas, romelic sirbilis dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis saSualebas aZlevs,
romliTac burTi fonTan mimarTebSi konsistenturad moZraobs (McBeath
et al, 1995, 1996). rogor xdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba? rogorc wesi,
mkvlevrebi videokameriT iweren, rogor iWeren moTamaSeebi maT mier
gaSvebuli burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia moTamaSeebis
moqmedebisTvis maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba, raTa vnaxoT, burTis
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frenis vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeqtebis konsatantobis SenarCunebas

cdilobdnen isini (Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT, rom realur cxovrebaSi am
amocanis gadasaWrelad ar gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli problemis
maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobs et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza
axlaxans ganvixileT _ swrafad gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosaxvedrad; II
fazaze moTamaSeebi aneleben moZraobas da SeiZleba saerTod
gaCerdnen kidec. TamaSis II fazaSi adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba xelTaTmans.
rodesac moTamaSes burTi ukve xelTaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSirad
jer kidev ar aris damTavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba swrafad unda Seagdos
burTi ukan infildze, rom mowinaaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da ar
dawinaurdes. amrigad, moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben burTis daWeris
kompleqsur moqmedebas da, amave dros, yuradRebas aqceven garemos
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowydeT swavlas da burTiT iTamaSoT? es
aRqmis am specifikuri problemis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexedulebebis
CamoyalibebaSi dagexmarebaT.
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orientaciis konstantoba
Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT, garemoc gadaxrilad ar
mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
orientaciis konstantoba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli sistemidan
miRebul informacias (ganxilulia meoTxe TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze.
vestibularuli sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da retinaluri orientaciis
kombinirebiT, Cveni vizualuri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba realur orientaciaze damatebiT
informacias iZleva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli da ucnobi
figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli. rodesac
figura rTulia da sxvadasxva nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis
aRsaqmelad TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke unda moawesrigoT
(Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT
abrunebT, danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad aRiqvamT.
SexedeT popvarskvlavis - madonas or Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven,
albaT, amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris Secvlili pirsa da
TvalebTan, magram suraTebi sakmaod gavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni
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SemoabruneT da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive fotosuraTebi

absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze
ki _ amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac ar eyvareboda! Tqven
ver SeniSneT es aSkara gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis erTdroulad amobruneba.
amobrunebuli samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.

sur. 5.27. formis konstantoba monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba-

gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul - wred. am cvlilebebisdamiuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba. feris konstantoba ganvixiloT
suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog
agurs ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar aRiqvamT, aramed
aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa feris konstantobis
 83

magaliTi: - feris konstantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi

obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.

adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis msgavsad, feris konstantobac

sakmaod xSirad ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, davuSvaT,
gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli oTaxidan naTel mzis SuqiT ganaTebul
quCaSi gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT meti sinaTle
airekleba Tqven Tvalebze, vidre _ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive
SemTxvevaSi is TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq, faqtobrivad,
feris konstantoba moqmedebs, radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procentuli
raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaTlis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba.
naTeli TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis 80-90%-s, Savi jinsi –
daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom, rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi organizaciuli procesebi,
romlebic aRqmis procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis procesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas
aZleven garemos sagnebsa da movlenebs.
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• formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis realuri formis aRqmis

unari retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
• orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orientation constancy) _
samyaroSi sagnebis realuri mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri
gamosaxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
• feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.

sur. 5.28. 90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrikis kontinenti

cnobT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents? xSirad, sakmaod Znelia
naklebad
nacnobi figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.

Sejameba
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad Zlieria, rom iluzorul
konturebis aRqmas iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli dajgufebis
ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da
msgavsi bedis principebi.
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perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal informacias yoveli calkeuli

fiqsaciiT iReben. baduris stimulaciis paterni moZraobis maniSneblebs
iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan
yalibdeba. binokularuli disparati da konvergencia siRrmis binokularuli
maniSneblebia, romelTac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba iwvevs.
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva
informacias. mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs, rogoricaa: -
gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da teqsturis gradientebi, raTa
organzomilebian naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis maniSneblebisa da nacnobi
sagnebis sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia. orientaciis
konstantoba efuZneba vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris konstantobas imitom arsebobs,
rom nebismieri ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli sinaTlis
met-naklebad erTi da igive procentul raodenobas ireklaven.

sur. 5.29. feris konstantoba

feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, ratom aRiqvamT kedels
erTanairi
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agurebiT agebuls.

identifikacia da cnoba
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi distaluri stimulis fizikuri
Tvisebebis _ samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis, zomis, formis,
teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am imformaciis safuZvelze mainc
ar gecodinebodaT, ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara isini
odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad, rom SegiZliaT adre
nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni
gamocdileba daemsgavseboda ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas, sadac
yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda: - ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT dro. identifikacia da cnoba
perceptul xats mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.

aRmavali da daRmavali procesebi

sagnis identifikaciisas, amJamad nanaxi unda SeadaroT warsulSi
miRebul, Senaxul codnas. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan miRebas da
tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (extraction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali
gadamuSaveba (`qvemodan-zemoT”) ewodeba. aRmavali gadamuSaveba
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empiriul realobas efuZneba da informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba; is

stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraqtul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis
gadamuSavebas monacemebiT
aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven processing) uwodeben, radgan
identifikaciis sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi
warmoadgens.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia
ukve xelT arsebuli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zooparkSi
namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis
naxvis molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi. rodesac molodinebi
gavlenas axdens aRqmaze, fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba
(`zemodan-qvemoT”) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
aRqmaSi Semoaqvs warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi da kulturuli
foni. daRmaval gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcionireba
gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis gagebaze. daRmavali procesebs
konceptualurad (anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi Senaxuli cnebebi
gavlenas axdens sensoruli monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali
procesebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT, romelTac
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`drudlebi” (droodles) ewodeba (Price, 1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe

es naxatebi yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc ki moxdeba maTi
identificireba, advilad davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT garCevis mizniT, metyvelebis
aRqmas mivubrundeT. Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi
Tqvens mier warmoTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver aRwevs
mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis nawils uTuod dafaravs
Caxveleba, xmauriani musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi
iSviTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur signalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am
fenomens fonemuri rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorc me-11
TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris minimaluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi.
fonemuri rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi daRmaval
gadamuSavebas iyeneben gamotovili fonemebis Sesavsebad. msmenelebs
xSirad uWirT gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafaruli sityvebi
esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaurTan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel
signals, Tumca, ar faravs mas.

sur. 5.30. `drudlebi” (Droodles)

 89

es ra cxovelebia? xedavT a gamosaxulebaSi Cits, romelmac mozrdili

Wiayela
daiWera, b-Si ki _ Jirafis kisers? es orive suraTi SeiZleba TqvenTvis
raRac
Zalian nacnobis gamosaxulebad miviCnioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc wesi,
ver cnobT saidentifikacio informaciis arqonis gamo, Tumca sakmarisia
am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad amoicnoT isini.
• aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemoSi
xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze dafuZnebuli perceptuli analizi.
analizis Sedegebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul
reprezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
• daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ perceptuli
procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi,
motivacia da konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis interpretaciasa
da klasifikaciaze.

davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megobris naTqvami ise

wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde mxolod aRwevs: - `saxlSi unda wavide
(xmauri)aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~ Tu xmauri faravs bgera `Z~-s,
mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom marTlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~.
 90

sainteresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi, romlebic sityvebs

qmnian da Tavad sityvebi. roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze, gvawvdian informacias.
amis safuZvelze gviyalibdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva
megobars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba – konteqsti
gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan `ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yvelaferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _
savaraudo sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze albaTuri swori
variantis daRmavali SerCeva – Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~
gamotovebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom sityva dasrulebuli
iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom, xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas,
kmayofili iqnebiT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad avseben
bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali procesebis bolo magaliTad
ganvixiloT 5.32 suraTze gamosaxuli adamianebi. Tu maTi popularoba
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas. magram aseTebi arian isini
realurad? - albaT, ara, ukidures SemTxvevebSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs, rom samyaros aRqma
mxolod sensoruli receptorebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar aris
 91

damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali informaciisa da danaxulis _

aRmavali informaciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi edi merfisa da
hilari klintonis cnobis saSualebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva
gviCvenebs, rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia, vidre cnobili
adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamoxatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is
maxasiaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians gamorCeuls
xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes et al., 1997).
sur. 5.32. rogor cnobT am cnobil adamianebs
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze –
daRmavali gadamuSaveba- am karikaturebSi `realuri~adamianebs
amoicnobT.

sagnebis cnoba metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba gadavideT

zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlevrebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval
procesebSi Semoitanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac perceptuli
sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis
SemTxvevaSi, metyvelebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdevrobebis Sesaxeb
garemodan miRebul informacias. ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
 92

obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor wyvetT, rom nacrisferi

ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati. identifikaciis procesi
gulisxmobs perceptSi mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsierebiT
xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom
sxvadasxva sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis Semadgenel
komponentebs da informacias am komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr
& Mishihara, 1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT
(Irvin Biederman, 1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu geonebisagan. geonebi ar
aris formebis didi an SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros: -
TiToeuli samganzomilebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduris
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis wesi saSualebas unda
gvaZlevdes, sensoruli stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.33 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
standartuli nawilebisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs realuri mniSvneloba aqvT
sagnis cnobisaTvis. amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
 93

danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli

Semadgeneli nawilebi

(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.34 suraTis pirvel

svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis konturebi. Sua svetSi igive
obieqtebi xarvezebiT aris mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva nawilebis cnobis
da maTi urTierTkavSiris gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris kavSiris aRmoCenaSi.
gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis
cnoba SezRuduli informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informacia aucilebel
komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis amocnoba yovelTvis ver
iqneba sakmarisi obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,
1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.35 suraTzea mocemuli, isaa, rom
obieqtebs xSirad sruliad gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebulad Candes
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan. am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
 94

perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac

standartuli sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT
(Tarr & Pinker, 1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts xedavT,
SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transformireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT,
zustad Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad, nacrisfer,
ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is
unda amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT mocemuli geonebis Sesatyvisi
kombinacia.

sur. 5.33. cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze

suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis Semadgeneli
nawilebi da
maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi. figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris qveda naxevarSi ki,
ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis gaerTianebiT, nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.

sur. 5.34. nawilebis gavlena obieqtis cnobaze

Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi nawilebs ar azianebs,
marjvena svetSi ki - azianebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro
advilia obieqtebis cnoba?
 95

sur. 5.35. erTi d aigive obieqti sxvadasxva perspeqtividan

sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva nawilebs
xedavT.Mam
sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli figuris mraval xats inaxavT
mexsierebaSi.

molodinis da konteqstis gavlena nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis

bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi
naxavT. es aRqmis daRmavali aspeqtia: - molodinebma SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT,
ginaxavT nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilze, magaliTad, sxva
qalaqSi, an sxva socialur jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki xarT darwmunebuli, rom
Nnamdvilad isini arian. saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven ar eliT maT am
situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens. konteqstidan
gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa
mosalodneli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
 96

sur. 5.36a. axalgazrda lamazi qali perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia

rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvisebebze. sagnis cnoba aris
konstruqciuli interpretaciis procesi: - identifikacia SeiZleba Seicvalos
imis mixedviT, rac ukve iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli sityvis Sua asos. es ori
aso zustad erTnairia, Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze gavlena moaxdina inglisuri
sityvebis codnam. konteqsti, romelsac qmnis T_E, metad SesaZlebels
xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _ A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis
sawinaaRmdegoa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze konteqstisa da molodinis
gavlena setis SeswavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT aRqmis da
masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba. arsebobs sami tipis seti: - motoruli,
fsiqologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris mza, swrafi pasuxis
gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad gamovides sastarto blokidan.
fsiqologiuri seti aris mzaoba, ganixiloT iseTi situacia, rogoricaa -
 97

amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, daswavlili wesebis, instruqciebis,

molodinebis, an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma SeiZleba
Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta, roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba
axal situacias. amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli
stimulis SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda dedisaTvis es
SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis gageba iyos. xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT
orazrovani stimulis interpretacia.
SexedeT sityvaTa am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a ana, sofo, nino, Tea,

nata, ma?a

waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT TavSi TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi `ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas? Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~
gaifiqreT, es imitom moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTa
Tqveni mexsiereba.

saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, romelic orazrovani figurisTvis

 98

perceptul sets iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dudlebi~

(doodle)s rogor gadaiqca azrian obieqtebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis
gamosaxulebas 5.36.a suraTis wina gverdze. Tqvenma megobarma (da
ara Tqven) naxos suraTi 5.36b am gverdze. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.36g
suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia Tu ara raime gavlena wina
gverdebze mocemuli saxeldebuli orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am
gamosaxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperimenti sxvebze
gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu ara igive Sedegebs.
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos gavlena, saWiroa: -
mexsiereba ise iyos organizebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan
dakavSirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes xelmisawvdomi. sxva
sityvebiT, saTanado (an arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer
`mexsierebiTac” iseve xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixilavT
mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis
gavlenas. sur. 5.36b. xandazmuli qalbatoni bolo gakveTilebi am TavSi
naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve
gaqvT mTeli sqemis gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna, romelic aRqmis
 99

Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa, rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo

perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens.
sensoruli receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli informaciis garda, saboloo
aRqma damokidebulia imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli xSirad asrulebs or
gansxvavebul rols, romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa da
interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia,
niZlavi dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas warsuli
gamocdilebisa da personaluri Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc
mgznebare, sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris dizaineri, aRmqmeli
mudmivad cdilobs stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT moergon
situacias da metad urTierTdakavSirebulad gamoiyurebodnen.
araTavsebadi da mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli, sufTa da
Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da
amJamad mocemul konkretul realobas iqnebodiT
mijaWvuli.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba, magram ver
gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad
sxvadasxva situaciaSi, perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod daRmavali
 100

procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da

imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukiduresobas Soris saTanado
balansiT miiRweva aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis, rogorc biologiuri da socialuri
arsebis (romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da fizikur garemos)
moTxovnilebebs.

• seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli saxiT reagirebis

droebiTi mzaoba.

sur. 5.36g. axla ras xedavT?

Sejameba identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da daRmaval
procesebs, romlebic erToblivi moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino
gagebas uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis Semadgenel
nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT. obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis
codna xSirad rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs. sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqsti, romelSic sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlevrebma aRqmaze konteqstis
gavlena setis efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.
 101

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
• perceptuli sistemebi ubralod ki ar iReben gare samyaroze
informacias, aramed aqtiurad axdenen mis intepretaciasa da organizacias.
• aRqma samsafexuriani procesia. is Sedgeba SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciisa da identifikacia-cnobis safexurebisgan.
• gadamuSavebis sensorul safexurze fizikuri energia gardaiqmneba
nervul energiad da sensorul gancdad.
• organizaciis safexurze perceptuli procesebi SegrZnebebs TvalsaCino
xatebad aerTianebs da sagnebis da paternebis aRqmas ganapirobebs.
• identifikaciisa da cnobis safexurze sagnebis perceptebi dardeba
mexsierebiT xatebs, raTa isini amovicnoT rogorc nacnobi da azriani
sagnebi.
• aRqmis amocanaa distaluri (eqsternaluri) stimulis gansazRvra
proqsimaluri (sensoruli) stimuliT mowodebuli informaciidan.
• orazrovneba iqmneba maSin, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi da igive
sensoruli informaciis sxvadasxva perceptebSi (xatebSi) organizeba.
• perceptuli iluziebis Sesaxeb codnam SeiZleba SezRudos Cveulebrivi
perceptuli procesebi.
 102

yuradRebis procesebi
• yuradReba aris Semavali sensoruli informaciis nawilis SerCevisa da
danarCenis ignorirebis unari.
• pirovnuli miznebi da garemoSi arsebuli sagnebis Tvisebebi
gansazRvraven Cveni yuradRebis mimarTulebas.
• yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia Zalze mcired moqmedebs
mimdinare gamocdilebaze.
• yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba vizualuri garemos efeqturad
gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva.

organizaciuli procesebi aRqmaSi

• organizaciuli procesebi sensoruli monacemebis Sesabamis aRqmis
xatebs qmnian.
• es procesebi perceptebs fonidan win wamoweul figurebad
aerTianebs.
• TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia dausrulebeli figurebis dasrulebulad
danaxvisa da calkeuli obieqtebis msgavsebis mixedviT dajgufebis
tendencia.
 103

• TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia _ aq da amJamad mocemuli

sivrciTi da droiTi konteqstidan gamomdinare moaxdinoT sagnis nawilebis
organizeba da interpretireba.
• Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT realuri sensoruli stimulis miuxedavad,
aTvlis sistemis uZravad da masSi mocemuli nawilebis moZravad aRqmis
tendencia
• baduris organzomilebiani informaciis samganzomilebiani siRrmis
aRqmad gardasaqmnelad vizualuri sistema iyenebs iseT informacias,
rogoricaa: - obieqtis zoma da obieqtamde manZili.
• Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieqtebis zomis, formis, orientaciisa da feris
mixedviT ucvlelad aRqmis tendenciiT.

identifikacia da cnoba
• perceptuli gadamuSavebis bolo safexurze, rodesac xdeba obieqtis
identifikacia da cnoba, percepti mniSvnelobas iZens aRmavali da
daRmavali gadamuSavebis erToblivi moqmedebiT.
• konteqstma, molodinebma, perceptulma masalam SeiZleba
gansazRvros dausrulebeli orazrovani monacemebis erTi mimarTulebiT
amocnoba, meore, Tanabrad SesaZleblis, nacvlad.
 104

• amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba rogorc warsul codnas da molodins,

aseve _ sensorul stimuls.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna. figura foni formis
aRmavali gadamuSaveba konstantoba
aRqma ganaTebis
aRqmis konstantoba aSkara konstantoba
moZraoba konvergencia geStalt-fsiqologia
daRmavali gadamuSaveba identifikacia da
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba) cnoba iluzia
distaluri stimuli diqotomiuri iluzoruli
mosmena ekologiuri optikis konturebi marTuli
gadasinjva
Teoria mizanmimarTuli
SerCeva
Φ fenomeni
moCvenebiTi
moZraoba
msgavsebis
kanoni
msgavsi bedis kanoni orazrovneba orientaciis konstantoba perceptuli
organizeba proqsimaluri stimuli retinaluri disparati fardobiTi moZraobis
 105

paralaqsi seti siaxlovis kanoni stimuliT aRZruli seleqcia yuradReba

yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba sididis konstantoba
Tavi 6. goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

• cnobierebis Sinaarsi
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

• cnobierebis funqciebi
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs

cnobiereba?

• Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli riTmebi
Zilis cikli ratom Zili?

Zilis darRvevebi
sizmari: gonebis Teatri
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili
 2

• cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
hipnozi
meditacia
halucinaciebi
religiuri eqstazi
cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebi
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
 3

ganvixiloT N. N-is SemTxveva _ axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,

romelsac avtokatastrofis Sedegad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsiqolog endel
tulvingis
(Endel Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis Sedegad
mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT
aRvwerT da cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom
N. N-ma „mcire ram icis Tavisi warsulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels
gadavida misi ojaxi amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis
saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi,
mas ar SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena Tavisi
warsulidan.“ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur drosTan dakavSirebiT. is
kargad erkveoda drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul mimarTebebSi.
zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qronologiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad sapirispirod, ukiduresad
darRveuli hqonda subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina dRis
saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu
hkiTxavdnen, ras apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval, misi
pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
 4

rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen NN. N-s, aRewera is

„sicariele“, romelic mis gonebaSi isadgurebda „xvalis“ Sesaxeb fiqrisas,
is ambobda, rom es „Zilismagvari mdgomareobaa“ anda „didi
sicarielea“. Tu sTxovdnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es
mdgomareoba, igi ambobda, rom „es hgavs situacias, rodesac cariel
oTaxSi moxvedril adamians oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas
sTxoven”. sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom „es tbis SuagulSi curvas
hgavs, sadac araferia irgvliv xelCasaWidi.“ rodesac guSindeli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis
aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda, rom „raRacnairi sicarielea“. N.N amas
mSvidad da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis gareSe. mxolod
maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen ratom ar ukvirs, rom „iq araferia“,
rodesac is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze is amJRavnebda
mcireodeni, xanmokle aJitacias da sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis
SeZaxili.
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N -is adgilze, rodesac sakuTari
warsulisa an momavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod „sicarieles“
awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan
movlenaze Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes
xval an zeg? saidan modis warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi
 5

momavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens tvinSi didi informacia

inaxeba, naklebad albaTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes
„gonebaSi“, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vkiTxulobdeT. metic, Tavs
ukeTesad vigrZnobT, Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da
tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic manamde ar iyo cnobieri.
magram mainc ibadeba kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi
TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad sxvadasxva mogonebebs an
momavlis variantebs? sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri operaciebis meSveobiT
rogorRac Cndebian Cvens cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia
Cven, romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoadgens normaluri
individisaTvis azrebis Camoyalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve
Segveqmneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi Temebis
Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT Semdeg kiTxvebs: _ ra aris
Cveulebrivi gacnobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis
Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba? SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri
zegavlenis moxdena aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba dRe-Ramis
 6

ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni

cnobierebis mdgomareoba? imedis momcemi fsiqologi, aseve,
dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli
Seswavla, rogor xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,
sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (internalizacia) da rogor aris
SesaZlebeli subieqturi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da funqciebis ganxilviT
daviwyebT, amasTan, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze.
SevecdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa da
neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis gagebaSi: _ ra
damokidebuleba arsebobs Tavis tvinsa da gonebas Soris. Semdeg
gadavinacvlebT im regularul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT ocnebis,
fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros. dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba
cnobiereba hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa da narkotikebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad

cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini „cnobiereba“ orazrovania.
is SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis, ise misi
specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad: zogjer vambobT, rom „cnobier“
 7

mdgomareobaSi viyaviT „aracnobieris“ sapirispirod (magaliTad,

anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom cnobier
mdgomareobaSi varT anu vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an
moqmedebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba _ imisaTvis,
rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkretul informacias, cnobier
mdgomareobaSi unda vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba is informacia, romelsac
vacnobierebT, romlis Sesaxebac viciT.

gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cnobierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqologia filosofias,
is Camoyalibda, rogorc cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti
da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen cnobieri fsiqikis
Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, uiliam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis
kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad, misi klasikuri naSromis
_ „fsiqologia“ (1892w.) pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,
rogorc „mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc aseTis, mdgomareobebis
aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.“
 8

Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs,

grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa da survilebs mocemul momentSi anu mTel
mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis koncentracias. Cven
vacnobierebT Tavad moqmedebas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,
rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac vacnobierebT, rom
sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben da reagireben Cvens mier ganxorcielebul
qcevebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamocdilebidan, romelsac
privilegirebuli „Sinagani“ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT viRebT.
es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi, erTad aRebuli, qmnian
cnobierebis Sinaarss _ yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva
done. isini pirobiTad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani da
garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done _ imis asaxva, gaazreba,
rasac vacnobierebT da (3) mesame, umaRlesi done _ sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba. bazisur doneze
cnobiereba warmoadgens imis gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da
vreagirebT xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am doneze Cven
vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas.
 9

meore doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba, romelic

gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa da mimdinare movlenebze
mijaWvulobisgan. am doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT
manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis pirobebSi, warmovisaxoT axali
formebi da gamoviyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi,
davgegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi donea
TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba, (gacnobiereba) imisa, rom pirovnulad
gancdil movlenebs avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba
gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am
doneze, Tu Cvens gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc naTeli,
Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram, maSin TandaTanobiT
gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi molodinebi, da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momavlis dagegmvas
axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is SemTxveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic
Tavis dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviTcnobierebis gareSe
darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois
perspeqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari avtobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
 10

Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi tipebi, romelic SesaZloa

gancobierdes garkveul adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra
ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am momentSi? magaliTad,
am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis
kontroli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiqrobT Tu ara Tqvens bolo
Svebulebaze an „hamletis“ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi azrebis kontroli
winarecnobieri mexsierebis nawilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur
xmaurebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis moZraobis xma an
naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba
(aRqma) da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am Tavis Sinaarsze.
yvela es stimuli yuradRebis miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia.
dabolos, arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic Znelad
xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis, aseT informacias miekuTvneba,
magaliTad, gramatikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis winadadebis
mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli
tipi.
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze
iSviaTad Tu iWreba cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis
 11

magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs

fiziologiur informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare cvlilebebs da
Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri aqtivoba SeiZleba
cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad, SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis
cnobieri gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema mraval
mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis
gareSe.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg xdeba cnobierebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi, rac raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze,
winarecnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili. mogonebebi uzarmazari
moculobis mqone informaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad
gancdili movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba SeumCnevlad
arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad
arsebobis saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac mniSvnelovani
warsuli movlenis mogoneba gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT
visaubrebT VIII TavSi.
 12

• cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa da garemos

pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgomareoba (gacnobiereba)
• TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis umaRlesi done,
pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
• aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, romelic, Cveulebriv,
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
• winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories) _ mexsiereba,
romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi.

yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia

nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi raodenobis stimuliT varT
garSemortymulni. rogorc V TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire
nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze movaxdenT fokusirebas
da, amasTanave, romeli mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, xandaxan
SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba
yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi V Tavidan: xmaurian
wveulebaze cdilobT yuradRebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel
TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve mimdinare saubars
 13

manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad

aRmoaCenT, rom rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am saubars da
xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli konkretuli signali (Wood &
Cowan, 1995a).
aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri informaciis arsebobas,
rodesac ver vxsniT zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT qcevis
mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria
zigmund froids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba _ travmuli mogonebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad
SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri procesebi (romelTac XIV
TavSi ganvixilavT), permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan. froidis
mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRebeli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia
anu cnobierebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli Zlieri gancdebi
isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze.
aracnobieris froidiseuli „aRmoCena“ ewinaaRmdegeba dasavluri azris
xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb
dawerili klasikuri naSromis „esse adamianis Semecnebis Sesaxeb“ _
gamoqveynebis Semdeg, moazrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom
 14

racionaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari gonebis yvela

aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. froidis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri
mentaluri procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad da
aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis TanamedroveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987).
(Cven kvlav davubrundebiT froidis ideebs XIV TavSi, rodesac
visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb.)
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs termins aracnobieri im
informaciisa da procesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli da
misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis Tanaxmad, gandevnas
eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier
procesebs eyrdnoba.

ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000): She investigated bark.7 rogor

movaxdenT am winadadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,
romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan
sityva bark orazrovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver gvexmareba,
Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT, Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla
ganvixiloT igive winadadeba

7
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo am etapze
winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
 15

ufro farTo konteqstSi: The botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated
bark.8 amCnevT, rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am
konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma aracnobierma enobrivma
procesebma gamoiyena damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa
arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis miRma moqmedi
procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas Cvens qcevaze _ am SemTxvevaSi,
amis ilustraciaa is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis swor
gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT gadavinacvleT cnobierebis
Sinaarsis ganxilvidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam detalurad
ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac
SesaZlebelia cnobierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.
• xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) _ angariSi, romelic
iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da
strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesrulebisas

• gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Experience-sampling

method) _ eqsperimentuli meTodi, romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs

8
botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda xis merqans.
 16

cnobierebis tipuri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs evalebaT signalis

miRebisTanave daafiqsiron TavianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.

cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva

cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs unda SeemuSavebinaT
meTodologia, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piraduli
gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa da titCeneris introspeqciis
meTodis axali versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT mTeli rigi
davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla msjeloba da laparaki am
davalebaTa Sesrulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis farglebSi
maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli
azrebis

Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w. xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi,

gamoiyeneba mentaluri strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis
dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi davalebis Sesrulebisas
iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve, davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas
Soris arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs
(Ericsson & Simon, 1993).
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi monawileebi
aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT, romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb,
 17

Tu rodis unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa da

grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs
eleqtronul peijerebs aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT
SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an
ufro xSirad. rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs, evalebaT iseT
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogoricaa, magaliTad, _ „ramdenad
axerxebdiT koncentrirebas?“ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis pirTa
azrebis, cnobirebisa da yuradRebis koncentrirebis mimarTulebebis
yoveldRiuri, Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
 18

saidan viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi?
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi. ra Temebi ikavebdnen,
ZiriTadad, Tqvens cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtronuli peijerebiT aRWurva,
romelic SemTxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da grZnoebebis aRweris
dasawyisis maniSneblad (Richard et al., 1998). moswavleTa
gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli
periodi iyo V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan XII klasis
CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiqsirebis saSualebas iZleoda.
mkvlevrebs gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi urTierTobebi
mozardobis periodSi, amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen,Tu ras fiqrobdnen
mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb. kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis
matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad, sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu
5-6 klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapirispiro sqesze, merve klasSi es
ricxvi 5.8%-mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso gansxvavebebi
dafiqsirda gogonebsa da vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis
momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti
 19

iyo orive sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi

varaudoben, rom sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs da
prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi mozrdil asakSi mets iReben
interpersonaluri urTierTobebidan.

am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs

gamocdilebiT SerCevis meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli tipuri
Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.

Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros: Sinagani da garegani
samyaros gacnobiereba, imis gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT
(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri, moazrovne arsebis
gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva,
Cveulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar informacias, romelic
inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,
saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides saWiro informacia
cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul
stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu
froidi aracnobiers gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da masSi informaciisa da
 20

procesebis mraval saxeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis

Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs, rogoricaa xmamaRali
fiqris oqmebi da gamocdilebiT SerCevis meTodi.

cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis funqciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT
gavigoT, Tu risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens
adamianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi ganxiluli N.N-is
SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan miniSnebas iZleva dasmuli
kiTxvis pasuxis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis gancdis gareSe
N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am
qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs
adamianis gadarCenisa da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.

cnobierebis gamoyeneba adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi

yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxva adamianebTan Widilsa da
SejibrSi gamoiwrTo. adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc
adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilurobis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod,
mtaceblebisgan jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro efeqturad
mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri
cxovreba axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis, ise
 21

konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva swyalobda maT, vinc

azrovnebda, gegmavda da warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamarjvebis winapirobas qmnida.
isini, visac ufro adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna
sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamarjvebulni gamovidnen
gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,
SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald,
1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom is
uzrunvelyofs saxeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig funqciebs (Baars,
1997;
Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991).
cnobiereba, aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da saerTo
kulturuli realobebis
SeqmnaSi.
gadarCenaSi daxmareba biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod,
cnobierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda individisaTvis garemodan
momdinare informaciis miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT
moqmedebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi gegmis SedgenaSi
daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis
 22

winaSe vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis did raodenobas,

romelic SegrZnebis receptorebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan
momdinare „mozuzune, mzardi qaosi“. gvarkvevs ra stimulTa
mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba.
amas is sami sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval stimulTa nakads SemCneuli da
yuradRebis centrSi moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs imwuTieri miznebisa da
amocanebisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac
fasdeba, rogorc „Seusabamo“, gadaiqceva fonur xmaurad da ignorirdeba,
cnobieri aRqma ki „relevantur“ gamRizianeblebze anu im signalebze
fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias.
mas Semdeg, rac mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamuSavdeba
perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro mcire raodenobis cnobad
paternebad da kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevarCioT
da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa analizi, interpretacia da maTze
reagireba gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da pirovnuli
saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis
 23

saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa da zogierTis

ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba, alternativebis
gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul
codnaze dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasrulebeli
makontrolirebeli funqcia Zlieri survilebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs, rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur an praqtikul
miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis
gaCenisTanave, SesaZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad, vaSli
moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic
unda ganxorcieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia warsulisa da
momavlis abstraqtuli reprezentaciebis moxmoba mimdinare
gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi moTxovnebis sapasuxod
moqnili, adekvaturi reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas iZleva.

realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli konstruqtebi ar arsebobs ori adamiani,

romelic situaciis sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda. realobis
personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul
unikalur interpretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli gamocdilebis
 24

mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs, Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da

momavlis miznebs eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan momdinare
stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs
yuradRebas, radganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti unikaluri,
Semosuli masalis SeCevis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis
pirovnuli konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni „me“-s gancda droSi
uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro
didia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gansxvavebul
kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kulturis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an
gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe; da, piriqiT, vinaidan
mocemuli kulturis adamianebi mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT
xSirad realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uyalibdebaT. realobis
kulturuli konstruqtebi warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa
erTobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba.
rodesac sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis Sesatyvis realobis
pirovnul konstruqts aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros, is
Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti. realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis
urTierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwodeben.
 25

• konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation) _ realobaze

cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT miRebaa.

saidan viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi, an uSualod damkrZalavi
biuros win, an misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze. mkvlevrebi
varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna
adamianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis) gancdas gaamZafrebda da
Sedegad ufro metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebaSi
eZebnaT komforti. rodesac adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,
romelsac mkvlevrebi „egzistencialur terors“ uwodeben, Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kulturuli rwmenebi da
ganwyobebi aerTianebT. am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi ganwyobebis kulturuli
normebisadmi ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda. am kvlevaSi
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqalaqeebi
ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secvlis
Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi individebi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas
 26

10%-ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win

imyofebodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100 metrze daSorebulni
(Pyszczynski et al., 1996).

kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas, rom individebs

SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari
sasrulobis grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esaWiroebaT.
kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba
amsubuqebs am grZnobebs.

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs

implicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri rCeba. amitom mravali
cnobieri procesi xSirad zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri
procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis Sesaswavlad
mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze
ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxvavebebi. maT mravali meTodi
Seqmnes imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri
procesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratoriulad gamowveuli
 27

predispoziciis Sedegad bgeraTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP

(Spoonerisms of Laboratory-Induced Predisposition-laboratoriulad
gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi _ imis gansasazRvrad, Tu
rogor moqmedebs aracnobieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis
albaTobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperimentators
wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli
paternebis molodinebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa ball doze, bell dark da
bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn
door warmoTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli situaciuri
cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze
cnobieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
magaliTad, cdis pirebSi ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock
(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT, rom eqsperimentis dros
xandaxan mtkivneul eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).
aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT good lags-is (lood gegs-
is nacvlad) warmoTqmis albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli
garegnobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es Sedegebi wamocdenebis
formirebaSi aracnobieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
 28

cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi

meore gzaa maTi dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.

esmiT _ 6 5 19 28 11 17 41 12 . . .

faza 1: sur. 6.1.

cdis pirebi xmamaRla aracnobieri
kiTxuloben kompiuterze mogonebebis
warmodgenil ucnob zegavlena
saxelTa sias; amave dros saxelis
cdiloben mosmenil cnobilad
„adrian mari“ aRqmaze
ricxvTa siaSi sami wyvili ricxvi aRmoaCinon.

faza 2:
cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT saxelTa CamonaTvali miakuTvnon cnobil an
ucnob saxelebs.
maT eubnebian, rom manamde wakiTxuli yvela saxeli ucnobia.

amrigad, Tu maT axsovT,

„saxeli „adrian mari“
rom saxeli iyo
 29

CamonaTvalidan maxsovs; is
CamonaTvalSi, ityvian, ucnobi saxelia.“
rom is ucnobia: Tu maT

cnobierad axsovT
saxeli, maT
ecodinebaT, rom is
ver iqneba cnobili.
rodesac isini „saxeli „adrian mari“
cnobilad miiCnevenmecnoba,
siaSi arsebul saxels
Tumca, ar maxsovs
es imitom xdeba,
rom aracnobieri CamonaTvalidan. is
mexsiereba mas nacnobi saxeli
nacnobs xdis. unda iyos.“
cdis pirebs xSirad surT Tqvan, rom saxeli cnobilia da
amiT met
yvelebs aracnobieri mogonebebis gavlenaze.

saidan viciT
 30

cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi erTmaneTis

sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT naxatze warmodgenili eqsperimenti: am
situaciaSi cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon
saxeli „adrian mari“ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.
arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla kiTxuloben
saxelTa grZel sias (sadac „adrian maric“ aris
naxsenebi) situaciaSi, romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze
srulad koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis pirebi
waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT afrTxileben, rom
maT mier wakiTxuli siidan aravin iyo cnobili
pirovneba. amgvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi
aRmoCndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is
ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT, rom cdis
pirebi miadgnen saxels „adrian mari“. Tu maT
SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb cnobieri mogonebis
povna, maT ecodinebaT, rom is warmodgenil siaSi
imyofeboda da, amgvarad, ityvian, rom „adrian mari“
ar aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen cnobier
 31

mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT zogadi grZnoba

imisa, rom „sadRac gaugoniaT es saxeli adre“ da
ityvian, rom „adrian mari“ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni
cnobiers („Tqvi ara!“) da aracnobier (Tqvi diax!)
procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa. faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi
metad midrekilni arian
Tqvan, rom „adrian mari“ cnobili personaa da amiT
naTels xdian, rom

aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas axdens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al.,

1989).
 32

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: rodis uyalibdebaT

bavSvebs cnobiereba?
didad albaTuria, rom cxovrebis garkveul etapze
axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian patara bavSvisaTvis
SegexedaT da dainteresebuliyaviT: „netav, ra xdeba mis
TavSi?“ xSirad es kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobierebis
Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas? mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen subieqtur „me“-s da
mxolod amis
Semdeg _ obieqtur „me“-s (Lewis, 1991; 1999).
bavSvebi maSin iZenen subieqtur „me“-s anu
subieqtur TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maTTvis naTeli
xdeba, rom isini gamocalkevebulni arian sxvebisgan.
bavSvs aqvs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom gare samyaro
aqcios cnobieri dakvirvebis obieqtad.
bavSvebi maSin iZenen obieqtur „me“-s anu obieqtur
TviTcnobierebas,
rodesac maT eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom TavianTi
cnobiereba mimarTon sakuTar Tavze anu rodesac
 33

SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis cnobieri analizis obieqtad

qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT gaiazron, rom „ician, rom
ician“ an „axsovT, rom axsovT“.
bavSvebis mier obieqturi TviTcnobierebis SeZenis
Sesaxeb klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba sarkesTan qcevas.
mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs bavSvi
mixvedras, rom sarkeSi asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon
aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi
sTxovdnen dedebs, rom TavianTi SvilebisaTvis cxvirze
waesvaT pomada ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT amis
Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani cxviris testi (nose dot test).
bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi amCneven sarkis
zogierT Tvisebas. magaliTad, eqvs Tvemde bavSvebi
cdiloben miswvdnen da Seexen sarkeSi asaxuli
gamosaxulebis nawilebs, Tumca, mxolod 18 Tvis
Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze
laqa aqvT (Bertenthal &
Fischer, 1978). naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi ar
fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
 34

„es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri wiTeli niSani maqvs

cxvirze?“ maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi warmatebiT
asruleben laqiani cxviris tests,

mainc ar aqvT bolomde „me“-s Camoyalibebuli gancda. maT jer kidev ar

aqvT Camoyalibebuli drois komponentis mqone obieqturi „me“-s
Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, awmyosa da
 35

momavalSi uwyvetad arsebulze fiqris unari. laqiani cxviris

procedurasTan adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
„me“-s droSi ganfenilobis kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs (Povinelli et al.,
1996). am kvlevaSi videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis bavSvebs, rodesac
eqsperimentatori Cumad awepebda Tmebze webovan qaRalds. zogierT
bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs webovanaTi: maT
SeeZloT daenaxaT TavianTi webovanqaRaldiani Tma im saqmianobis
procesSi, riTic iyvnen dakavebulni. danarCenebi ki sam wuTiani Sualedis
Semdeg uyurebdnen Canawers: isini naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs Tmaze
webovani qaRaldiT uaxloesi warsulidan. pirvel jgufSi bavSvebis orma
mesamedma moikida Tavze xeli maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi mxolod
erTma mesamedma gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxolod 4 wlis asakis
Semdeg bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri da
daiWiron kavSiri Tmis webovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans, bavSvebisTvis
sakmaod rTulia awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis Sesaxeb daskvnebis
gakeTeba warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi warsulis, reprezentaciebze
dayrdnobiT.
gagakvirvaT am Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3 wlis bavSvTan erTad,
gecodinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs. kvlevis
 36

Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad realuria bavSvebisTvis daswavla da,

Sesabamisad, ramdenad marTlac rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis cnobiereba.

Sejameba cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom: _

amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads; gansazRvravs, Tu romeli
stimuli unda iqnes Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT
iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas. cnobiereba, aseve,
adamianis realobis pirovnul da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs
mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs, mkvlevrebi xSirad
qmnian paradigmebs cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTobebis Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.

Zili da sizmrebi
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cnobierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: _
rodesac gadawyvetT, rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT
ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT sizmrebs. cxovrebis
mesameds ZilSi vatarebT, rodesac kunTebi „paralizebulia“, tvini ki
sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi
biologiuri ritmis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro detalurad
visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul
 37

ZiriTad gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT gavarkvioT, Tu ra

rols asrulebs sizmari adamianis fsiqologiaSi.

cirkaduli ritmebi yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis bunebrivi

ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic
cirkaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: _ sisxlis wneva, metaboluri
procesebi, gulis cemis sixSire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri
aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba (Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es
aqtivobebi, umeteswilad, dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr,
SuadRisiT aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad mcirdebian
RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi
zustad ar emTxveva saaTs kedelze: _ garegani saaTis yovelgvari
miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma „tempis momcemma“
daamkvidra 24.18- saaTiani cikli (Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla
yoveldRiurad gvexmareba 24- saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis sinaTlis
Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT, magram cirkaduli ritmis
maregulirebeli receptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros danaxvis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs: _ cxovelebi Cxirebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix.
Tavi 4) grZnoben sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).
 38

• cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis aqtivobis Sinagani

saaTiT determinirebuli mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24 an
25 saaTs grZeldeba.
biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gansvlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi
moqmedebs imaze, Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT
(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yvelaze dramatuli
magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzaurobebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi
gadafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT SeiZleba ganicadon e.w.
Jet lag9 anu daerRveT dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romelsac
axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilianoba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis
uCveulo ganrigi. Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli ritmi
vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan

(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs, rom Ramis 2

saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT
funqcionirebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac adgilobrivi dro Cvengan
SuadRis Sesabamis aqtivobas moiTxovs. Jet lag, pilotTa gansakuTrebuli
problemaa, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pilotTa mier daSvebul

9
dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis Sedegad.
 39

SecdomebSi, romelic ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman,

1986).
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvladia
mogzaurobis mimarTuleba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa raodenoba.
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken,
radganac Cveni biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba gaxangrZlivdes,
vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs
(RviZilis mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advilia, vidre adre
daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si
da ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis mimarTulebiT
mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca
aRmosavleTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe dasWirda (Klein &
Wegmann, 1974).

Zilis cikli cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT uZraobas eTmoba,

romelsac Zils vuwodebT. bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili, tvinis
eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa
1937 wels moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic mZinare
adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg)
saxiT Caweris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs Zilisa da RviZilis
 40

periodebSi adamianis Tavis tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da

mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,
Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs atarebs (Loomis et al., 1937).
Zilis sferoSi Semdegi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis (REM – rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba, romelic garkveuli
intervalebiT periodulad iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky
& Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians ar aReniSneba
REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM)
uwodeben. mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili
mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
aqtivobisaTvis _ sizmrisaTvis. axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis
aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki dasaZineblad mzadebas
daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs, rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea
daaxloebiT 14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfortulad movewyobiT
sawolSi da movdundebiT, Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12
cw/herci -mde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis cikli, romlis TiToeuli
faza gansxvavebul eeg-s paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan 7
cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs. meore fazis manZilze
 41

miRebuli eeg-s Zilis RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba wuTSi

1216 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze (faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT
relaqsirebuli Zilis Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad
gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/hercamde, mcirdeba,
aseve, sunTqvisa da guliscemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs Tavis
tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-s Canaweri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers
emsgavseba. swored am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT sizmars
(ix. suraTi 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros Cawerili eeg mRviZari
adamiani Canawers hgavs, REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).

• Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement – REM) _ im fazis

qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar
gonebriv aqtivobas axorcielebs.

• Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM anu NREM sleep) _

periodi, rodesac mZinare adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi
moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi sizmrisebri
aqtivobiT.

Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis,
daaxloebiT 90 wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s grZeldeba.
 42

Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100 wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix.

suraTi 6.3). TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 fazebisTvis)
gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REM Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo
ciklSi ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlianobaSi Zilis 75-
80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25% ki _ REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
adamianebisaTvis arsebobs Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,
Zilis realuri raodenoba, romelsac iRebs TiToeuli individi, cnobieri
qmedebebis mniSvnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aqtiurad
akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa
gvian daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xangrZlivobas, aseve,
akontrolebs cirkaduli ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu rodis
viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZlivobaze. NREM da REM Zilis
adekvaturi, sakmarisi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli,
rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris
manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi metia
albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli
ritmis Zilis fazas.
 43

Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis paternis is TvalSi sacemi

cvlilebebi, romelsac adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix. suraTi
6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 sT-iani ZiliT viwyebT, romlis
TiTqmis naxevars REM ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxolod
6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM
Zils. axalgazrdebs, Cveulebriv, 7-8 sT sZinavs, romelSic 20% REM Zils
ukavia. ratom Zili?

adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba

gvafiqrebinebs, rom arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da biologiuri
saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 sT
sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996). ratom sZinavT
adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis
saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba iyos Senaxva
(konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi
energiis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, rodesac ar aris sakvebis
mopovebis, wyvilis povnis an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti,
1976; Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili ramdenime
gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis
 44

ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da neiromodulatorebis

saWiro raodenoba, postsinafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optimalur
doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva (Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997;
Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis
tvinis energiis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros (Benington &
Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis deprivacias, Semdeg
Rames CveulebrivTan SedarebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba,
vinaidan REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel funqciebs. mTel rig
saintereso, Tumca, jerjerobiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM Zils
miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad, rogorc Cans, Cvilobis
periodSi REM Zili pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs Soris
Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze.
REM Zili qmnis Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs, romlebic
aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve,
SeiZleba garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da emociebis
SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba saWiro iyos mogonebebis
Senaxvisa da mimdinare gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da
ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright, 1978; Dement,
 45

1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili

aucilebelia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis aRdgenisaTvis:
NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma
SeiZleba Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom aucilebeli gaxdes
normasTan dabruneba REM Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994)

Zilis darRvevebi mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia RamiT

kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali adamiani itanjeba Zilis
darRvevebiT, rac seriozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da
samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils socialuri Sedegebic
SeiZleba hqondes. adamianebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT
gadaadgilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc
Tvlemen samuSao adgilze. msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli
industriuli ubeduri SemTxveva _ Three Mile Island, Cernobili, Bhopal-i
da Exxon Valdez gansacdeli _ gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.
ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom Zilis ukmarisobis
gamo pasuxismgebelma personalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi
funqcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania mravali studentis
cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom
 46

Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mixedviT; Sesabamisad,

darRvevebis mizezic varirebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.

insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an
xarisxiT, isini insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi qronikuli
warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad ver daZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi
xSiri adgomebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel gamokiTxvaSi 18
da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58% aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro xSirad ganucdia
insomnia (National Sleep Foundation, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri
darRvevaa, romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebis da mravali biologiuri
faqtori ganapirobebs (Spielman &
Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul pirobebSi insomniis mqone individebis
Seswavlisas maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba mniSvnelovnad
icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic uZilobas uCioda, realurad
Zilis sruliad normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda, Tumca, es
mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda.
aseve, kuriozulia aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi
 47

adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvari gansvla imisa

Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis
interpretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul adamians fxizeli Zili
adrindelTan SedarebiT ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar axsovdes
Rrmad rom eZina.

narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT
xasiaTdeba (Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan10 kombinaciaSi
iCens
Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi
TiTqmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REM ZilSi aseTi swrafi
gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel,
mkafio xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs. narkolefsia 2000-
dan mxolod erT adamianTan gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia
gavrcelebulia ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas genetikuri
safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surT ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo
uxerxulobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad uaryofiT socialur da
fsiqologiur gavlenas axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &

10
katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (rogoricaa:
_ sicili, risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
 48

Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals warmoadgens Tavisi

daavadebis bunebis garkveva da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva,
rodesac adamiani Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba, sisxlSi
mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da gamomuSavdeba damxmare
(sasignalo) hormonebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom
gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad imisa, rom
umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi,
Zilis apnoeTi daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi cikli
meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi. apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs
mZinare adamians, Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea, rom
igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997).
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romelsac
gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi
yofiliyo leqciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. rodesac mas
meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis
darRvevebis klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gadairCina kariera
(Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991). sxva analogiur
 49

SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer

meuRleebsac ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad dabadebul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic,
romlebic xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur stimulirebas
saWiroeben. srulad Camoyalibebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi monitorze aerTeben imdeni
xniT, ramden xansac grZeldeba problemebi.

dRis Zilianoba aSS-s Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul pacientTa

umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si
1154 mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad ramdenime dRe, an
ufro xangrZlivi periodi, imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli
dRis aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba ramdenime dRis an
yovelkvireulad negatiuri movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis
(National Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba iwvevs
sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois gazrdas da motoruli da
 50

• insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis qronikuli uunaroba;

simptomebSi Sedis sirTuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre gaRviZeba.
• narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) _ Zilis darRveva, romelic xasiaTdeba dRis
ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.

• Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) _ zeda sasunTq gzebTan dakavSirebuli Zilis

darRveva, rac aiZulebs adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
• dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) _ moWarbebuli Zilianoba dRis
aqtivobebis dros; Zilis darRvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi
Civili. kognituri amocanebis Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul
kvlevebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa TiTqmis naxevari
aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze
mets samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog SemTxvevaSi
seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb dokumenturi filmis Sleep Alert-is
momzadebisas fsiqologi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom „arseboben
adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian“ (Maas, 1998). man
ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi
Tvlemdnen xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTavrebeli
 51

klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel mainc iZinebs gakveTilze.

garkveuli xarisxis Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis cxovrebis
stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca,
moWarbebul
Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZveli aqvs da aseT pacientebs
samedicino daxmareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).

sizmari: gonebis Teatri

Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis
rTul samyaroSi vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod
winaswarmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanalitikosebis interesis sferos
warmoadgenda, dResdReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa umravlesoba Zilis
laboratoriebSi daiwyo, sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali
edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REM da NREM Zilis
periodebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs
yvebodnen, Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa 80%-Si
NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili sizmrebs - amas mowmobs am periodSi
gaRviZebulTa 54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba emociuri CarTulobis mqone
 52

SinaarsebiT. maTSi Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvirTuli dRis

azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis sizmrebis raodenoba izrdeba/matulobs Zilis
darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan gviani dilis
saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs adamianebis
fsiqikur cxovrebaSi, faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT kiTxvamde: _
aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniSvneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi
pasuxia „diax, aqvs“. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs
rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniSvnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli
mniSvneloba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis mniSvnelobis
miniWebis zogierT gzas.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

aTi an oci wlis win mcire ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda gekeTebina
SuaRamis Semdeg. saSiano davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg moswavleebsa
da studentebs unda amoerCiaT: _ televizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu
daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX saukunis bolo aTwleulma moitana
intenretis arseboba da masTan erTad 24/7-iani stimulaciis uzrunvelyofa.
dRisa da Ramis nebismier momentSi Cven SegviZlia vimogzauroT an
visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) internetis saSualebiT. Cven SegviZlia
 53

vasrulebdeT Ramis vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi (aSS) da

vesaubrebodeT vinmes, vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes berlinSi,
germaniaSi.
internetis gafarToeba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
adamianebis ambivalenturi (ormagi) _ siyvaruli-siZulvilis _
damokidebuleba. adamianebs uyvarT Zili, radganac dasvenebulebi kargad
grZnoben Tavs (xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSinlad). rogorc vnaxavT am
TavSi, Cvens sxeuls efeqturad funqcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.
TumcaRa, adamianebs sZulT Zili, radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram
arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomareobaSi.
interneti mniSvnelovnad zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis raodenobas.
wignis avtorebi mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi mogzaurobis Sewyvetas
mizanimimarTulad erCiaT uZilod yofna.
mravali mkvlevris azriT, internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas mxolod
auaresebs. isini wlebis manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo, rom mozardebsa
da kolejis studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi drois manZilze (Dement &
Vaughan, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). miuxedavad imisa, rom
eqspertebis Tanaxmad, nebismier admaians esaWiroeba 8 saaTiani Zili,
Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis mier 2000 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis
 54

Sedegad gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde asakis adamianebSi saSualo

maCvenebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am standarts. kviris dReebis manZilze
am asakis individTa Zilis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8 saaTi; dasvenebis
dReebSi, kviris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8 saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia,
rom kolejis studentTa umravlesoba gamocdebTan da sakurso naSormebis
dawerasTan dakavSirebuli stresis gamo kargavs Zils (Mutphy & Archer,
1996). Tumca, gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29 wlis asakis adamianTa
55% daeTanxma debulebas: _ „xSirad mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac
vuyureb televizors, an var internetSi.“ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT amas?
Cven ar vcdilobT, uari gaTqmevinoT internetis moxmarebaze. Cven
mxolod gTavazobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, axal
teqnologiebs xSirad uZilobis axali mizezebi sdevs Tan. uZilobas mravali
seriozuli Sedegi mohyveba: _ zogierTi maTgania dabali niSnebi,
problemebi samsaxurSi da avtosagzao SemTxvevebi. metic, mecnierebs
SeuZliaT iseTi abebis Seqmna, romelic Zilisgan Tavis Sekavebis
saSualebas mogvcems, Tumca, veraferi gaaqrobs Zilis saWiroebas.
Tqven unda gansazRvroT, Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi unda gadadgaT, rom
XXI saukune TqvenTvisac ar iqces uZilobis saukuned.
 55

veb gverdebi: www.sleepfoundation.org, Zilis nacionaluri sazogadoebis

gverdi. www.stanford.edu/~dement, es gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis kvlevis
pioneris uiliam dementis mier, romelic gvTavazobs didi raodenobiT Zilis
Sesaxeb ZiriTad informaciasa da kavSirebs.

sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi

Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze cnobili Teoria sizmrebis
Sesaxeb zigmund froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs „warmaval fsiqozsa“
da „yovelRameul sigiJes“ uwodebda. aseve is sizmrebs „aracnobierisken
mimaval samefo gzad“ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi fsiqoanalizis
qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili mis klasikur naSromSi „sizmrebis
interpretacia“ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi Zlieri,
aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi
sizmarSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva, radganac maT ukan iseTi
akrZaluli survilebi imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqesis
mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs;
esenia survili da cenzura anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura axorcielebs
dafaruli mniSvnelobis anu latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas sizmris
manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis
Sedegad im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs mZinare adamiani.
 56

Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am process froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs.

xiluli Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa; faruli Sinaarsi ki
socialurad an pirovnulad miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia
yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.
• faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
dafaruli azri.
• xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest content) _ froidiseul sizmrebis
analizSi sizmris Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowodebulia
sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis SesaniRbad.
• sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi procesi,
romliTac Sinagani cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaarsad
gardaqmnis.

froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas

moiTxovs xiluli Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoanalitikosisaTvis,
romelic sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi
mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis pacientis aracnobier
survilebs, am survilebTan SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti survilebsa da SiSebs Soris
warmoqmnil fsiqikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids miaCnda, rom
 57

sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _

calkeuli individebisTvis specifikur _ da universalur _ mravali maTgani
seqsualuri xasiaTis mqone _ mniSvnelobas atarebs:
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da Rumelebi, aseve, carieli,
CaRrmavebuli sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis transporti
ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. sizmarSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis
simboloa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da gamavali sxvadasxva gzac
aris warmodgenili, maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...
sizamarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gavivliT, bordeli an haremia
warmodgenili... didad albaTuria, rom yoelgvari rTuli manqanuri
danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc
wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis)... (Freud, 1900/1965, pp.389-391)
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis
fsiqologiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am
Teoriis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi, sizmrebis fsiqologiuri
mniSvnelovnebis xazgasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis
Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher & Greenberg, 1987).

sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi aradasavluri midgoma

 58

dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad

sizmrebis Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde an Terapiis
dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis
interpretacia kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Tedlock, 1987).
ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba
(Schlitz,
1997, p.2):
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad, (soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi
sxdebian... isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTmaneTs. sizmrebis
gaziarebis es yoveldRiuri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis cxovrebisaTvis.
maT swamT, rom TiToeuli sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxvelisaTvis,
aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi Tavis sizmars hyveba,
danarCenebi ki TavianT interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom
miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris mniSvnelobis gagebaSi.
rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom individi sizmars „mTeli tomisTvis“ xedavs,
ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul mosazrebas, rom sizmari
individis aracnobierisken mimavali „samefo gzaa“.
 59

bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis

interpretaciis gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. magaliTisTvis maias
indielebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa
da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben. maias kulturaSi
Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT
sub-jgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven, rodesac maT
esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am
axlad arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri ritualebis Sesaxeb
instruqciebic, romlebic maT, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri figurebi floben
sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi
adamianebic hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris mnaxvelebs,
Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi
diliT ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens droSi maias tomis
adamianebi samoqalaqo omis msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze;
mravali adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog barbara Tedlokis
mixedviT, „sizmrebisa da xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam
SeaZlebina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winaprebTan da wminda
miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen“
 60

(Tedlock,1992, p.471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jgufSi, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian
sizmrebs, droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad moiazreba.
froidis Teoria sizmris interpretaciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa
da gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari
momavlis winaswarmetyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,
eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis
(Ingessana Hills) xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva sizmriseuli
xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. religiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi
da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da amcnoben, rom
„dResaswaulis gamocxadebis droa.“ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da
maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpirobebul sistemebs floben.
ganvixiloT centraluri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa interpretaciebi
(Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT, mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba
gvikbens, magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri. rodesac sizmarSi
qalebTan gvaqvs seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs,
an meores esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans icocxleben. es aseve
 61

marTali iqneba maSinac rodesac gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo

mdinareze gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpretaciaTagani momavlisken iyureba.
sizmris interpretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari kulturuli tradiciis
mniSvnelovani komponentia. sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri Teoriebi
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu aradasavluri midgomis
amosaval wertils warmoadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs informacias,
romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri
jgufisaTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri safuZvlis mqone
TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs
REM Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis tvini Tavdapirvel
mdgomareobas daubrundes NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis
Semdeg (Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari mxolod Tavis
tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da robert
makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley, 1977; Hobson, 1988) mier
SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT,
nervuli signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens Tavis tvinis qerqis
ubnebis stimulirebas. es eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorcieldeba
 62

daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da 30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi

inarCunebs aqtivobas, riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis
monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs winatvinsa da qerqis
mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da
individis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul faqtebs. hobsonisa da
makqarlis TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi, Sinagani
mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli paternebi am eleqtruli „signalebis“
SemTxveviT amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegia
ewinaaRmdegeba sizmrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am
kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT
moicavs mZinare adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis ganixsenoT
zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro
sqesis megobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs Soris
ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
gamoavlina 9-15 wlis mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac
(Strauch & Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS daayena
mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis,
Sesaxeb: _ mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi TiTqmis ucvleli
 63

rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, p.

207) fiqrobs, rom „mozrdilebSi wlebisa da aTwleulebis manZilze
sizmrebis Sinaarsebis ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic sizmars
Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs
tvinis Rerodan momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier periodul
dabombvas.“ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _
SevecadoT gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT sizmrebi da
vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad
icvleba Tu ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti: drodadro mravali adamianisgan
gvsmenia, rom bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu saintereso
axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT
mxolod ramdenime magaliTs: _ frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom benzinis
qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelismagvarma molukulurma jaWvma
uecrad piri Caavlo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm naxa
sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti
hqondaT. am sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi manqanis
gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, rogorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani,
 64

aRniSnavdnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi sizmrebSi

mosdiodaT.

Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens
kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari
dagsizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis koSmarebi
SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic
iwerdnen sizmrebs, yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo sixSire
(orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daaxloebiT
24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin, 1990). Tumca, zogierTi
adamiani gacilebiT xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel RamiTac
ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis
albaToba, vidre mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa, adamianebs,
romelTac iseTi travmuli gamocdileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an
omi, SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac maT gadatanili
travmuli movlenis zogierTi aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis
studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi miwisZvra hqondaT
gadatanili, orjer meti iyo Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba.
 65

amasTan, cxadia, rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris damangrevel

Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis, rogorc cnobierebis
yoveldRiuri cvililebis, zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im
garemoebebze, romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs yoveldRiuri
gamocidilebis farglebis miRma gasvlas.

Sejameba cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri saaTis muSaobas.

Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis
manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miaxloebul yovel axal ciklSi REM
Zilis procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis klebis sapirispirod).
adamianisTvis sakmarisi Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba
asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT icvleba. Zili emsaxureba
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis
iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia, narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da
dRis Zilianoba. mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis
mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis yvelaze cnobili dasavluri
Teoria zigmund froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia Zalze
gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kulturebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris
simboloebi misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis matarebelia.
 66

zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis

SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram am mosazrebas
ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis
koSmarebs gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.

cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayofilebT fxizeli cnobierebis
Cveulebrivi cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teqnikebi, romliTac
SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobierebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla
da cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla. zogierTi aseTi
praqtika individualuria, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli preparatebis
miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens
cnobieri gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis jgufur mcdelobas.
Cven mimovixilavT iseT sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis
Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedurebiT miiRweva.

dakvirvebadi sizmrebi aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom vacnobierebdeT,

rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars? dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
Teoriis momxreebi gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris
xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria,
romelic mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kontrolis saSualebas
 67

aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge, 1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).

saidan viciT

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli realoba

stefan labergma da misma kolegebma ganaviTares meTodologia,
romelic dakvirvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamowmebis saSualebas
iZleva. demonstracia eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac aCvena,
rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare
adamianis mzeris moxsenebul mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamocdilebis mqone
adamianebs, rom ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri (gaazrebuli,
mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen. dagegmili Tvalebis
moZraobis signalebi Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris CanawerebSi da
amiT xdeboda demonstrireba imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni
marTlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM Zilis periodSi (LaBerge
et al., 1981).

dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali meTodi arsebobs.

magaliTad, dakvirvebadi sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare
 68

adamianebs ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REM Zilis

dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba. cdis dawyebamde monawileebma
iswavles, rom wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron, rom
sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995). acnobiereben ra, rom
sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave, isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT TavianTi
sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Sinaarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis
Sesabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis Sesabamisad sizmris
dasruleba. dakvirvebadi sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu
mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi sizmrebi da regularulad
iyenebs maT gamomwvev teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi
mkvlevari, rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs, rom
sizmrebis „arakontrolirebad“ movlenebze kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi
qcevaa, radganac es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens
individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis generirebas. Tumca, zogierTi
Terapevti, romelic sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT gagebis
mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT procedurebs, radgan es
procedurebi arRvevs sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas. hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis
 69

nebayoflobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad marTebulia es

mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba?
termini hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi Zilis RmerTis
saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca, Zili aranairad ar monawileobs
hipnozSi, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaqsirebuli
adamianebi garegnulad
Zilis magvar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. (Tu adamians marTlac
sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT,
hipnozi aris cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba
zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze
reagireba, rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da
TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi (Orne,
1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi, monawileebi momatebuli
STagonebadobiT xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT _ isini
xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovelgvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri
Zalisxmevis gareSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).
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• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) _ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac,

sizmris xedvis procesis cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis kontrolis saSualebas.

• hipnozi (Hypnosis) _ cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic

xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT (relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi
mimReblobiT da aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviT-kontrolis
cvlilebebiT.

mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas hipnozis dros moqmedi

fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).
zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS myofi
individebi transis mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad gansxvavdeba
fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomareobisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi
sxva araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia. arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa
azriT hipnozi socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, placebo reaqciis
saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowonebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2).
faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, vinaidan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec SeuZliaT
hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis
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ganxorcieleba, naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an placebo

procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi
stimulaciisa da hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis zogierT
efeqts.

hipnoturi stimulacia da hipnobiluroba hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT

(hypnotic induction) iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa
erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs garegani gamRizianeblebi
da monawileebs mxolod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs
yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi
gulisxmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an movlenebisa da
reaqciebis vizualizacias. ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi
mosamzadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis funqcias iZens,
Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi.
STagonebis tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis mdgomareobis
SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi
stimulaciiTac hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT siarulis warmodgena
(Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).
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• hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) _ aCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT

eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi standartul hipnotur STagonebas.

hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, rom

hipnozis Zala hipnotiziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis
erTaderTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis unari Tu „niWi“ imisa,
rom hipnozs daeqvemdebaros. hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xarisxiT
eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis gancdis standartul
instruqciebs. arsebobs individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri,
STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur STagonebadobamde.
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa procentul ganawilebas
hipnobilurobis xarisxis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares hipnoturi
stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am skalaze „maRali“ an „Zalian maRali“
maCvenebeli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori iZleoda posthipnotur
instruqciaTa serias, romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda. rodesac
hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda,
Zalze hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen xelebis moxras.
Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT
ararsebuli mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul individebs ar
SeeZloT „ara“-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva, Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom
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maT aRar SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „dabali“ maCveneblis

mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasiaTebelia. mozrdilebSi es
maCvenebeli, faqtobrivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros (Morgan et al., 1974).
kolejSi hipnobilurobis testirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da
kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi testireba da miRebuli
Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel
monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro STagonebadni
arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipnoturi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs
mozardobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs garkveuli
monacemebi hipnobilurobis genetikuri determinantebis Sesaxeb., kerZod,
identuri tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, vidre
araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al., 1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT iseT pirovnul
maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mimndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm &
Shor, 1979; Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis unikalur kognitur unars.
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hipnozis efeqtebi hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris aRwerisas

saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleblobebisa
(magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen) da perceptuli gamocdilebis
(magaliTad, maT eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca,
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi hipnozis gansakuTrebuli
SesaZleblobebidan momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri survili, rom
daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mowoneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs, romelSic
erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben namdvilad hipnotizirebul
individebsa da simuliantebs.
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saidan viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad
iqna hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis simulirebis instruqcia misces:
pirveli eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad, maT unda moetyuebinaT
meore eqsperimentatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom marTlac
hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis Sefaseba. eqsperimentis
mniSvenlovani nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romelSic cdis pirebs
eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erT jerze metad waredgina toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs maT mier
gagonili bgeris intensivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev hipnotur
mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigonoT.
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimentatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
individis moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda movelodeT, rom
hipnotizirebuli da simulianti monawileebi msgavsad unda asrulebdnen
moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli
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individebi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRweren: isini TavianT realur

gamocdilebasTan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian, vidre imas,
Tu risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996)
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad varaudoben, rom rac unda
ganecadaT, realuri hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan naTeli
xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis
gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec ar kamaToben, tkivilis
Semcirebis unaria (hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari
ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis stimulebs; am fsiqologiuri efeqtis
Semcireba hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tkivilis kontroli
sxvadasxva hipnoturi STagonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis
araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gakeTebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan
gancalkevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba sxeulisgan da
drois sxvadasxvagvarad damaxinjeba. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT
tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri da warmodgena gandevnilia
cnobierebidan (Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia
qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, romelTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis
miRweva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis dros da simsivniani
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pacientebisTvis, romlebic daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan

dakavSirebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviT-hipnozi
(autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac
pacients tkivilis gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba. erT-erT
kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils
TviThipnoziT akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili orjer
naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi (Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT aCveneben, rom hipnozis
efeqtebi scildeba monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils. Zalze hipnotizirebad
individebTan tkivilis Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqturad
miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli sxva teqnikebiT (Miller &
Bowers, 1993).

saidan viciT

hipnozi amcirebs tkivils

moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis autaneli tkivili. individebis mier
tkivilis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi izomeboda: (1) Zalze
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mamotivirebeli instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis gamowveviT da (3)

placebo kafsulis gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZleodaT, rogorc
tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da (2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im
efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda, romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damoukideblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3)
seriebs Soris gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas iZleoda, rom
hipnozi placebo efeqtze metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda
testirebas, ar icoda Tu romel cdis pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo
kafsula da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi analgeziis qveS iyo.
aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed
hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda
hipnobilurobis skalaze.
placebo abebi mniSvnelovanwilad amcirebda tkivils yvela
monawilesTan, miuxedavad motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxisagan
damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis molodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad,
aseve, yvela monawilesTan
iZleoda mniSvnelovan efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca, Zalze
hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis
gamowvevis periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre naklebad hipnobilurebTan
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da vidre sxva nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi ar iyo

mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al., 1978).

dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: _ hipnozis Zala ar

momdinareobs hipnotizioris gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu
unaridan; es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa hipnobilurobis
Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi
yofna ar niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas; faqtobrivad, hipnozSi
yofnis gamocdileba individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis daswavlis
saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT,
romelic wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas. es yvelaferi kargad
unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas,
sadac adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipnotiziori imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas,
rom egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone adamianebs sxvebis
TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa
umravlesoba arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da TerapevtebisaTvis
hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis
SesaZleblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba. meditacia aRmosavluri
mravali religia da tradiciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs
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cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri, aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini

cdiloben mentalur da spiritualur „me“-ze Sinagani fokusirebis miRwevas.
meditacia warmoadgens cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic
mowodebulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis saSualebiT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad
yofnis gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba SeiZleba
fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs
(iogas pozebi), minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia, axdendes
specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generirebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas
yovelgvari azrisagan.
•meditacia (Meditation) _ cnobierebis Secvlis forma, romelic
mowodebulia
TviTcnobierebis Semcirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa
da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
• halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ mcdari aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis gazomvadi efeqtebi.

kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT, TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba
normalur „TvaldaxuWul“ modunebul mdgomareobasa da meditaciis
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konkretul procedurebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis

damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri fiziologia SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes, rogorc mSvidi
sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri
cnobierebis mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs SfoTvas,
gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba
(Anderson et al., 1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praqtikis
mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan.
meditaciis praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas regularuli
xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT formas xelewifeba cnobierebis
gaZliereba, gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT, rom
individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis axleburad danaxvisa da
aZlevs aRqmisa da azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas avtomaturi,
kargad daswavlili paternebis akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,
rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs gonebis farglebs dasavluri
fsiqologiis mier aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix. Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis
(Cranson et al., 1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani budisti
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maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh) (1991) gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT

sakuTari sunTqva, ubralod davakvirdeT Cvens irgvliv arsebul garemos da
davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi, rac fsiqologiuri
wonasworobisken maval gzaze dagvayenebs.

halucinaciebi uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes cnobierebis

damaxinjebas, rodesac individi xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi
realurad/obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia aris naTeli aRqma,
romelic Cndeba obieqturi stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri konstruqcia. halucinaciebi
gansxvavdeba iluziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis perceptuli
damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6. am naxatze adamianTa
umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs, Tumca, is „realurad“ ar aris
gamosaxuli, Tumca, am faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cvens mier samyaros
aRqmis normaluri procesebis Sedegad „Cndeba“. Cven ver gavaqrobT
am iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT, rom is ar aris realuri.
iluziisgan gansxvavebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdilebaa,
romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi moxvedrili sxva adamianebi.
zogierTi halucinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari TavisTvis
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halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi

dapirispirebiT, halucinaciuli gancda savaraudod dasruldeba. Tumca, zog
SemTxvevebSi individebi ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis“
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze zemoqmedeben (Siegel,
1992).
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli agznebadoba, intensiuri
saWiroebis mdgomareoba an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba.
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo, iSviaTi gamRizianeblis
zemoqmedebas ganicdis, magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris an
Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilobis mqone pacientebTan,
romelnic ise reagireben Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos. xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti, da, aseve,
halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis
SemTxvevebSi (aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben, DTs).
am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa
pirdapiri zemoqmedeba uwyobs xels.
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi halucinaciebi sasurveli da
mniSvnelovani movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi
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mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac maT mnaxvels

gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs. amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi
spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi da igive mkafio aRqma
SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc
gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi gonebrivi statusis
Sefaseba Tanabrad aris damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze,
ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.

religiuri eqstazi meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri komunikacia

religiuri gamocdilebis gaZlierebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam
jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba warmoadgens unikalur
fsiqologiur gamocdilebas, romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa
da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realurobisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, da
komunikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani
gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mravali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawils.
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis
xalxis religiur gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamocdileba. maTi
rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT
ganakuTrebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas aZlevs.
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RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi da cecli uWiravT xelSi,

svamen striqninis sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen
grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal, yuradRebis mimzidvel
simRerebsa da velur trialsa da cekvebSi:
enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars miuaxlovdes... wevrebi
Wylopineben da irxevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Sinaarss moklebuli
xelovnurad Seqmnili ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze“
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi erTmniSvnelovnad civia, ceclis
xelSi daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa Tanxvdebodes sxva
religiur kulturebSi arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvlevebis
monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT, TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac
SeiZleba aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi
mWerTa magaliTebi mohyavT
(Watterlond, 1983, pp.53, 55)
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam
aCvena, rom isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli adamianebi
arian, romelebic jgufSi yofniT Zlier fsiqologiur da socialuri mxardaWeras
iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis” ritualSi monawileoba „maTTvis
personaluri jildos tolfasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi aspeqti ver
gautoldeba“ (Watterlond, 1983).
 86

cnobierebis cvlilebis gamomwvevi nivTierebebi adamianebi antikuri

xanidan iyenebdnen sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis

aRqmis Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri monacemebi, rom aSS-is

samxreTdasavleTsa da meqsikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad
iyenebdnen „Rrma Zilis marcvlebs“ (sophora seed) anu meskalis11
marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs.
antikuri xanidan moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis
mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis
sokos gadaylapva, romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis“ saxeliTac aris cnobili.
am sokos mcire dozebi naTel halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTobasTan, dasvenebasTan ufro
asocirdeba, vidre jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel msoflioSi
iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen, gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi
aaridon arsebuli realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon Tavi
socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as
welze meti xnis win uiliam jemsi – romlis citirebac Cven ukve
ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis
– aRwerda cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier Catarebul
11
erTgvari narkotiki.
 87

eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda,

rom „am mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri metafizikuri
iluminaciis moWarbebuli aRmagznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba
TiTqmis uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad Riaa
dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba
arsebulis yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar moiZebneba
normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavavlebT paralels normaluri cnobierebis
funqcionirebasTan“ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cnobierebis
Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cnobierebis TviT-gamowveuli Secvlili
mdgomareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis gamoyenebis popularizacia
aldos haqslis (Aldos Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis“
gamoqveynebis Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobierebaze meskaliniT
eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis
Semdeg, 1998 wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT,
romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxloebiT 25 500 moqalaqe
monawileobda, aSS-is moqalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli
erTi wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti akrZaluli nivTiereba
 88

(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration _

SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis
asakSi: 16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mozardebis 19,9%
aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa,
SerCevis 51,7% gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan
iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki _ eweoda sigarets. es monacemebi xsnis imas,
Tu ratom dgas aucileblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotikebis
gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.

damokidebuleba da miCveva
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da qcevaze.
xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis receptorebs da garkveuli
reaqciebis blokirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZvlianad cvlian
tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas, zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze,
gunebaganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTierebebis
gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad viTardeba tolerantoba, anu
imave efeqtis misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba saWiro
(tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur safuZvelze VII TavSi visaubrebT).
tolerantobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba, procesi, romlis
 89

drosac organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze,

nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arsebobiT, SemcvelobiT
gamoifiteba neirotransmiterebi. tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis
tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic miCveulia mocemul
nivTierebaze, organizmSi esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris
damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali, oflianoba, gulisreva da
alkoholis ar arsebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itanjeba.
• fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) _ qimiuri naerTebi,
romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur
procesebsa da qcevaze.

• tolerantoba (Tolerance) _ situacia, romelic nivTierebis xangrZlivi

gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad
individs ufro da ufri meti doza sWirdeba.

• fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological dependence) _ procesi,

rodesac organizmi eCveva da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul
nivTierebaze

• miCveva (Addiction) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi iTxovs

narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba SeZlos, mis aryofnaze yovelgvari fizikuri
 90

da fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs tolerantobasa da

damokidebulobas.

• fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological dependence) _ narkotikis

fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an survili.
Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyenebas imdenad sasurvelad da
sasiamovnod miiCnevs, rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis
an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur damokidebulebas
uwodeben. fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis
mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebulebis Sedegad adamianis
cxovrebis stili imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis irgvliv, rom
izRudeba an mcirdeba misi funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa,
narkotikis miRebis yovedRiuri Cvevis SesanarCuneblad da danaxarjebis
dasafarad xSirad ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs
qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an narkotikebiT
vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze
momakvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis Tanaziari moxmarebis
Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis
momxmareblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba gauziaron organizmis
siTxeebi imaTac visac es momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.
 91

mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daRwevisa da yoveldRiur

stresorebTan gasamklaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itanjebian.

fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri

nivTierebebis nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me16-e TavSi sxva tipis
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT, romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis
dasaZlevad gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor
aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
fiziologiur da fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT nivTierebebis
borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul da socialur Sedegebs.

saidan viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegebi
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis rvawliani
kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo. gamokvlevaSi monawileobda
damamTavrebeli klasis 1634 moswavle los anjelesidan.
sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi Seikriba 739 monawileze.
maT Soris 10%-ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad
moixmarda narkotikebs,
 92

10%-ze naklebs ki saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan

aranairi Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx jgufad
gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb & Bentler, 1988; Stacy et
al., 1991):
narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba uaryofiTad
moqmedebda pirovnul da socialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda
urTierTobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials, zrdida
kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da xels uwyobda
dezorganizebul azrovnebas.
Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa stimulatorebi da
narkotikebi, zrdida
suiciduri da TviT-damangreveli azrebis sixSires da amcirebda socialur
mxardaWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.
nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi tipisa da kombinirebuli
gamoyenebis Sesatyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida konfrontacias
da asustebda axlo urTierTobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da
sigaretis kombinacia iZleoda.
moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan, romlebic zomierad iRebdnen
alkohols da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRiniSneboda momatebuli
 93

socialuri integracia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi Tavis

TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.

cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi,

romlebic halucinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es
nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis
aRqmas. rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven
halucinaciebs da me-sa da arame-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi
yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini (miiReba kaqtusisgan),
fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba
laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri, iwvevs gansakuTrebulad
ucnaur disociaciur reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba tkivilis
SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli sinamdvilisgan
gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs. halucinogenuri nivTierebebi
moqmedeben tvinSi specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur
neirotransmiterze _ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek, 1993).
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea. misi aqtiuri ingredientia
THC, romelic napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili fisi) da,
aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s
SesunTqviT gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia dozirebaze:
 94

mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sasiamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _

xangrZliv halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis
rRveva da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi. Tumca,
konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _
SiSi, SfoTva da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze icodnen, rom
kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad
moqmedebs tvinis specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri receptorebi
hipokampSi anu mexsierebaze pasuxismgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia
ganlagebuli. mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad aRmoCenili
anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri, romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts
axdens igive receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). amitomac
aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcvlel efeqts anandamidisadmi
(tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis
ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom Sokoladi Seicavs
nivTierebas, romelic gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis
moxmarebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996)! Sokoladis molekulebma SeiZleba
Seakavos kanafinoiduri receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli
reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aRmoCenili TeTr SokoladSi,
 95

riTac SeiZleba avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad undebaT

rZis Sokoladi da Savi Sokoladi.
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini, Trgunavs fizikur
mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizianeblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis
intravenuri miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamovnebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela
safiqralisa da sxeulebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils eiforiis
grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. III TavSi
aRvniSneT, rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur morfinebs), romelic
mZlavr zegavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi narkotikebi tvinis igive receptorul
ubnebs akavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad, opiatebi da
marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna) imitom aRweven maTTvis
damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs, rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs,
romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli nivTierebebis msgavsi qimiuri
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad
stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTierebebiT, tvins kargavs faqiz
balanss. cxrili 6.1.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da
damokidebuleba
 96

efeqtis samedicino damokidebuleba

dasaxeleba xangrZlivoba
gamoyeneba
(saaTebSi) fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri

opiatebi
(narkotikebi)
morfini tkivilgamayuCabeli 3-6 maRali maRali
heroini kvlevis procesSi 3-6 maRali maRali

kodeini tkivilgamayuCebeli, 3-6 zomieri zomieri

xvelis aRmkveTi

haluciogeni
LSD ara 8-12 ara ar aris
cnobili

PCP veterinaruli varirebs ar aris maRali

(penciklidini)anesTetiki cnobili
meskalini ara 8-12 ara ar aris
(peioti) cnobili
fsilocibini ara 4-6 ar aris ar aris
cnobili cnobili
kanafi qimioTerapiis 2-4 msubuqad ar aris
(marixuana) Tanmxlebi zomieri cnobili
 97

gulisrevis
aRmkveTi

depresantebi
barbituratebi sedatiuri, Zilis 1-16 zomierad zomierad
(magaliTad, wamali, anesTetiki, maRali maRali
seqonali) antikonvulsanti
benzodiazepini SfoTvis 4-8 msubuqad msubuqad
(magaliTad, Semamcirebeli, zomieri zomieri
vali sedatiuri, Zilis umi)
wamali, antikonvulsanti
alkoholi antiseptiki 1-5 zomieri zomieri

stimulatorebi

amfetamini hiperkinezia, 2-4 maRali maRali

narkolefsia,
wonis kontroli

kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali

 98

nikotini nikotinis saReWivarirebs msubuqad zomierad

rezini
maRali maRali
mowevisTvis
Tavis
dasanebeblad
kofeini wonis kontroli, 4-5 ar aris zomieri
stimulanti
mwvave

respiratoruli cnobili
sirTuleebisas, analgetiki

depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da, gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia,

alkoholi. am nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri aqtivobis
daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis
gadacemis Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresantebis
moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva sinafsebSi nervuli
komunikaciisTvis xelis SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA
neirotrasmiteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis funqcias asrulebs, riTac
aixsneba depresantebis Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze
saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis
 99

dozis gadametebis SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbituratebze

modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad daniSvnadi depresantebi,
rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba miCvevis
ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller,
1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod
gamoiyeneboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS myofi adamianebi
sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megobrulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi
maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki iTrguneba da depresiul
gancdebSi iZireba. mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad rogor
moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc
Cans, isic zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996). mcire
dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba gamoiwvios relaqsacia da
mozrdilTa reaqciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca, organizms
mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT
alkoholi xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli sistemis
gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria
adamianebTan, romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcveloba, vidre
maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli 2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri
 100

intoqsikaciis meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur

SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac Tan sdevs RamiT
xedvis problemebi. rodesac sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas azrovnebaze,
mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze, rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri problemaa aSS-Si.
alkoholTan dakavSirebuli avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa
sikvdilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis raodenoba da sixSire
zemoqmedebs samsaxurze, auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs da
seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas. aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi
diagnozia alkoholizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, tolerantoba da miCveva
_ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi
individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis unaris arqonasTan
asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime
Wiqis Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998 wels Catarebuli
gamokiTxvis monacemebis Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s
aReniSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5 da met Wiqas erT
jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
 101

(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa saSualo

maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gacilebiT maRali iyo, vidre
qalebTan (2,4%).
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis
mdgomareobis gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi moqmedeben
tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini,
serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimulatorebi akaveben tvinSi im
molekulebis moqmedebas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs
sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi sargebloba iwvevs
cvlilebebs tvinis siamovnebis gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin,
1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva efeqts iwvevs: _
momatebuli TviT-darwmunebuloba, moWarbebuli energia da
hiperaqtiuroba da eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel halucinaciebs da
uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas
cdiloben. am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs ewodeben. kokainis
moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da
Zalze depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti qmnis. es garemoeba
aiZulebs kokainis momxmareblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe
 102

gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da dozebi. kokainis yvelaze

sufTa formaa crack-i, gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki,
romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs moqmedebis Zalas.
vinaidan mcire odenobiT da iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis
xelmisawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis; crack-i mraval
socialur jgufs angrevs.
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur
nivTierebebad, aris kofeini da nikotini. rogorc SeiZleba sakuTari
gamocdilebidan vicodeT, ori finjani magari yava an Cai sakmarisi
raodenobis kofeins Seicavs imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos
gulze, sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZinebasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi Segviqmnas. TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini
sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi
maRali koncentraciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa da transis
gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan
gansxvavebiT, maT icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did
sifrTxiles iCendnen, Tu rodis unda yofiliyvnen misi gavlenis qveS.
miCvevis gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini tvinSi
bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT
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dadgenilia tvinis moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismgebelia

nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTarebaze (Pich et al., 1997).
nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens,
romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime kargis/sworad gakeTebis
Semdeg, rac gvagrZnobinebs, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni,
romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod, nikotini tvinis igive
receptorebs aRizianebs, romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa,
roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris. nikotinis mier
janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba
yvela sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas erTad, heroinis,
kokainisa da alkoholis CaTvliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris
monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000 sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT
xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da
sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia da yovelwliurad milionebi
ixarjeba sigaretis reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev mwevelia,
Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs
da mcirdeba mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995).
yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs mowevas da maTi
umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli
 104

sareklamo kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad swored

axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa Soris mwevelTa raodenobis
mniSvnelovani momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis Sedegad
moxda (Pierce
& Gilpin, 1995).
es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT da SevecadeT mis
gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis
dagegmvis Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad warmovadgineT,
Tu rogor badebs
Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqtivobebi cnobierebis
Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso SekiTxvas: _ saidan modis Cveni azrebi?
rogor Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve viciT zogierTi
Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda
SevZloT am TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom cnobiereba,
saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi
gamocdilebisa, rac adamianad gvaqcevs. aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis
ufro da ufro naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven davsviT
kiTxva: _ ratom arian adamianebi ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli
cnobierebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mravalferovan gzebs?
 105

Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare

moTxovnebsa da situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis
realobidan gamomdinare SezRudvebsac vacnobierebT; aseve,
vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme,
rac arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs.
drodadro, albaT, sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs miRma
gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad
Tavisuflebis ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.

Sejameba
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben cnobierebis Secvlis
saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben,
rom sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kontrolireba. adamianebi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom Tu ramdenad
eqvemdebarebian hipnozis zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben
namdvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simuliantebis reaqciebs, raTa
gaimijnos hipnozis originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosagebad
ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi gansakuTrebuli mZlavri
teqnikaa tkivilis Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli
 106

damkvirveblis“ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs hipnozis zemoqmedebis

qveS yofnisas movlenebis farul, aracnobier aRqmas.
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvlilebebisa da sxva tipis kognituri
winsvlis ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens mkafio perceptul
gamocdilebas garegani gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi
adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, romelic ar aris Cveulebrivi
cnobierebis nawili. cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis, rogorc
eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis, gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac
arsebobs albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer sikvdilisac ki.
narkotikebi centralur nervul sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
• cnobiereba gonebis Sinaarsebis gacnobierebas, maT Sesaxeb codnas
warmoadgens;
• arsebobs cnobierebis sami done: (1) samyaros bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras vacnobierebT da (3) TviTcnobiereba;
 107

• RviZili periodis cnobierebis Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba aracnobieri

procesebisgan, winarecnobieri mexsierebisgan, yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informaciisgan, aracnobierisgan da cnobieri aRqmisgan;
• sakvlevi teqnikebi, rogoricaa xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. cnobierebis
funqciebi
• cnobiereba gvexmareba gadarCenaSi da gvaZlevs realobis pirovnuli da
kulturuli konstruqtebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas;
• mkvlevrebi swavloben cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris arsebul
urTierTmimarTebas.

Zili da sizmari
• cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs biologiuri saaTis moqmedebas;
• Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi icvleba Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi.
REM Zili xasiaTdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraobiT da Tanxvdeba mkafio
sizmrebis periods. mTliani Zilis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM Zilia 4-5 calkeuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi;
• Zilis raodenoba da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba asakTan erTad
icvleba;
 108

• REM da NREM Zili sxvadasxva funqciebs emsaxureba, Senaxvisa da

aRdgenis
CaTvliT;
• Zilis darRvevebi, rogoricaa insomnia, narkolefsia da Zilis apnoe
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dRis manZilze adamianis funqcionirebis
unarze. dRis Zilianoba, aseve, farTod gavrcelebuli seriozuli problemaa;
• froidi Tvlida, rom sizmrebis Sinaarsi aracnobieri masalaa, romelmac
gaiara sizmris cenzura;
• sxva kulturebSi sizmrebis interpretacia regularulad xdeba da amas
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli rolis mqone adamianebi axorcieleben.
interpretacia momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcias emsaxureba.
• sizmris zogierTi Teoria maTi wyaroebis biologiur warmomavlobaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumca, es Teoriebi srulad ar Tanxvdeba
sizmris Sinaarsebs.

cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi

• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi aris gacnobiereba imisa, rom sizmars vxedavT
da mimarTulia sizmris kontrolze.
• hipnozi cnobierebis Secvlili mgdomareobaa, romelic xasiaTdeba
STagonebaze reaqciis saxiT hipnotizirebuli adamianebis aRqmis,
mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkontrolis SecvliT.
 109

• meditacia cvlis cnobier funqcionirebas ritualuri praqtikis saSualebiT,

romelic garegani sazrunavebidan Sinagan gamocdilebaze
gadaanacvlebs yuradRebas.
• halucinaciebi naTeli aRqmaa, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
gamRizianeblebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
• zogierT kulturul jgufSi adamianebi intensiur religiur gamocdilebas
ganicdian.
• fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, cvlian ra nervuli sistemis aqtivobas,
zemoqmedeben mentalur procesebze cnobierebis droebiTi SecvliT.
• cnobierebis cvlilebebis gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa ricxvSi
Sedis:
_ halucinogenebi, opiatebi, depresantebi da stimulatorebi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
• aracnobieri • faruli Sinaarsi
• gamocdilebis SerCevis • fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
meTodi
• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi • fsiqologiuri damokidebu
leba
• dRis Zilianoba • SeTanxmebuli validizacia
• Tvalebis swrafi • cirkaduli ritmi
moZraobiT Zili
(REM)
 110

• Tvalebis swrafi • cnobiereba

moZraobis gareSe Zili
(NREM)
• TviTcnobiereba • winarecnobieri mexsiereba
• insomnia • Zili apnoe
• meditacia • xiluli Sinaarsi
• midrekileba • xmamaRla fiqris
oqmi
• narkolefsia • halucinaciebi
• sizmris muSaoba • hipnobiluroba
• tolerantoba • hipnozi

Tavi 7. daswavla da qceviTi analizi

• daswavlis unaris kvleva

ra aris daswavla?
biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba: daswavlis winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebi
pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi
ganpirobebulobis procesi
SeZenaze fokiusireba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
 111

• operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb

efeqtis kanoni
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
ganpirobebulobis ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkiceblis maxasiaTeblebi
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
Seipingi
• fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi:
• biologia da daswavla
instinqtTa kompleqti
gemos aversiiT daswavla
• kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze
cxovelTa kognicia
dakvirvebiT swavla
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tavis wignSi “jadoqari lorenco” mwerali robert franklin lesli aRwers
Tavgadasavals daSavebuli cisferi Cxikvisa, lorencosi, romelic leslis
ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. am epizodSi lorenco swavlobs iseT rames, rac
SeiZleba bevri TqvenganisaTvis nacnobi iyos:
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rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks, romelsac Cven mozrdilobas

veZaxiT,
movawyveT didi dResaswauli da moviwvieT misi adamiani megobrebi,
rasac erTma
Cemma megobarma Cxikvis bari micva (Bar Mitzvah) uwoda.sufra savse
iyo lorencos sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT sakramentuli Rvino,
fFunTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis bolos leam (leslis meuRlem)
lorenco samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan miyuJuli aRmoaCina.
mis Zaxilze yvela stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi, raTa
sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxelurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali
Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, igi
TaviT Cavarda samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad savse iyo
WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac
“amoiluRluRa” da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.
me igi linoliumis iatakze gadmovsvi, vinaidan ver mivcemdi mas imis
uflebas, rom sveli frTebiT ecada gadmofrena. leam mas gzaze sarke
daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu rogor gamoiyureboda. es is
gamadidebeli sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin iyeneben, rodesac
ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda
sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan, waibarbaca da Senelebuli
 113

moZraobiT Zirs daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi moaTavses,

kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyureboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. kidev erTxel, Cvenma
TavgadasavlebiT
aRsavse Citma, praqtikuli gamocdileba SeiZina. veterinaris
gamoZaxebisa Semrcxva, vinaidan me da lea vuvlidiT nabaxusev
frinvels.
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad
dResaswaulebisa. man im sakvebzec ki uari Tqva, romelic RviniT
mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar iyo absurduli.
ratom erideba lorenco am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg Rvinos?
pasuxi,
romelic savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali asociacia daiswavla
– leslis sityvebiT, man ”praqtikuli codna SeiZina” - romelic man
SeiZleba kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze.
dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, rogor iswavla lorencom Wkua da
dainteresdebiT kidec, ra meqanizmiT moxda es: rogor aiTvisa lorencom
es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive warmatebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs
dausvaT SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs?
fsiqologebi didi xania, dainteresebulebi arian ganpirobebulobiT anu im
 114

meqanizmebiT, romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena dakavSirebulni

arian erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori
ZiriTadi tipi: klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirobebuloba.
TiToeuli maTgani wamoadgens organizmis gansxvavebul reaqciasa da
informaciis gadamuSavebis formas. ganpirobebulobis TiToeuli
formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas
marTaven laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed mis gamoyenebis magaliTebs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic.
magram sanam ganvixilavT ganpirobebulobis am formebs, ganvixiloT
daswavlis fenomeni evoluciuri perspeqtividan. daswavla, umetesad,
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc Cveni gamocdilebis sxva
mravli aspeqti. adamianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi,
memkvidreobiT iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis unarebi
gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT. iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa
qvewarmavlebi da amifibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTierTobiT
unmtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia SedarebiT ucvlel garemoSi
cxovrebaze,
sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT, upasuxon garemos ama Tu im
movlenas, isini an iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT an ganeridebian
 115

arasasurvels.. sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT, genebs gacilebiT

ufro mcire roli aqvT garemo-qcevis urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da
gacilebiT elastiuri da vareabiluria daswavlasTan mimarTebaSi. am
cxovelebs SeswevT unari daiswavlon imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba
garemo maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad . ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
genetikurad mxolod daswavlis unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris
realizacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.
• ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) – gzebi, romliTac movlenebi,
stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba erTmaneTTan

daswavlis unaris kvleva

am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad, ganvsazRvroT daswavlis
cneba.
ra aris daswavla?
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac viRebT SedarebiT stabilur,
mudmiv cvlilebas qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da damyarebulia
gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvebaSi gamoiyofa sami kritikuli
nawili. cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT potencialSi aSkaraa, rom daswavlis
procesi maSin SeiZleba ganxorcielebulad CaiTvalos, rodesac Sedegi
gvaqvs saxeze – magaliTad, SegiZliaT manqanis marTva an
 116

mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamoyeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod

daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am procesiT gamowveuli
cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans, magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara
xdeba qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, xSirad qcevaSi
ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia. xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi
ganwyobebi – magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi
an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna, rac ar vlindeba gazomvad
moqmedebebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi
cvlilebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba da Rirebulebebi, rac
gavlenas axdens im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxulobs,
agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis
magaliTi – sxvaoba imas, rac naswavlia da imas Soris, rac gamoixateba
qcevaSi.

SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc

naswavli, daswavlili, qceva an qceviTi

potenciali unda iyos stabiluri, mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi.

magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva, yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT
 117

am codnis gamoyenebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovelTvis mudmivi cvlileba.
magaliTad, SeiZleba gavxdeT sakmaod kargi badros mtyorcneli
mocemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT am sports,
gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniSnavT, rom ise kargad veRar vflobT
mas, Tumca, xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvile,
romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli
gamocdilebis Sedegad. am konteqstSi, cvlileba SeiZleba iyos mudmivi.
gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT
SeiZleba. gamocdileba gulisxmobs
informaciis miRebas (Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas, rac
gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba mexsierebis gakveTilebis
Sedegad aRmocenebuli sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar
gulisxmobs cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis, an tvinis ganviTarebis
SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis matebasTan erTad, agreTve,
avadmyofobis an tvinis dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas
qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis, mzadyofnis
kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovidginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra
asakSi iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoyenebas. yovelgvari
 118

cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am

unaris SemuSaveba, amao iqneba, sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar
ganviTardeba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu
qcevis ra aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqanizmebiT SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.
• daswavla (Learning) _ gamocdilebaze damyarebuli procesi, romlis
drosac SedarebiT mudmivad icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
• daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance
distinction) _ gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswavlili da ra
gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.

bioheviorizmi da bihevioraluri analizi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teoriebis didi nawili saTaves jon
uotsonis (John Watson 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma daaarsa
fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cnobilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50
wlis manZilze, amerikul fsiqologiaSi dominirebda bihevioristuli
tradiciebi, romlebic gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis 1919 wels gamosul wignSi
„fsiqologia bihevioristis gadmosaxedidan“. uotsoni amtkicebda, rom
introspeqcia – adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi gancdebis,
xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis
 119

Sesaswavlad, radgan es zedmetad subieqturi meTodi iyo. rogor unda

ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdakvirvebebis sizuste? magram
Tuki introspeqcia uaryofilia, raRa rCeboda fsiqologiis sagani? uotsonis
pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi
qceva. uotsonis sityvebiT, „cnobierebis mdgomareobebi, egreT wodebuli
spiritualizmis fenomeni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis“ (Watson, 1919, p.1).
uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis
kontroli da prognozi“ (Watson, 1913, p.158).
skinerma (B.F. Skinner 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco uotsonis ideebi. misi
pozicia
cnobilia, rogorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. skinerma aRiara, rom evoluciis
Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT.
Tavis yvelaze popularul wignSi „Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis miRma“
(1972) igi amtkicebs, rom am paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis
qceva ganxilul unda iqnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi formebi.
skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda mas am poziciis
formulirebamde. 1924 wels gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ ”biheviorizmis” _
wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs harvardSi. skineri
eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis
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ararsebobaSi. Tumca, skinerma aqcenti ufro metad gaakeTa ara maTi,

rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis SeuZleblobaze, aramed maTi, rogorc
qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990). sxva
sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da
warmosaxva, ar iwveven qcevas. metic, isini, Tavis mxriv, ganixileba,
agreTve, rogorc qcevis forma, romelic garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli.
magaliTad, vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, movaTavsoT
mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia, niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT
moipovos sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom igi swored ase akTebs. skineri am
SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtedis qceva ganpirobebulia garemo
movlenebiT – SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis
gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda, romlis pirdapir Seswavla an
gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva mxolod
deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom
mterdma SimSilis an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze kakuni.
imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs sinamdvileSi mtredi, ar aris saWiro
misi Sinagani fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva – saWiroa, ubralod,
gavecnoT daswavlis martiv principebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs
mtreds, asociacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris. esaa skineris
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biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili (Delprato & Midgley, 1992) swored es

Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad bihevioralur analizs,
fsiqologiis im sferos, romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garmeo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, 1994) sazogadod,
bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri buneba
SeiZleba SeviswavloT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis meTodebisa da
sferos gafarToebiT. amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa yvela saxeobisaTvis,
adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevarebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba,
ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebiT. amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze xSirad xvdeboda kritikis
qarcecxlSi. daswavlis kompleqsuri formebi warmoadgens martivi
procesebis kombinacias da ara raRac gansxvavebul fenomens.
bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa
mixedviT adamianis qceva icvleba gamocdilebaze pasuxad. ZiriTadi
aqcenti ki keTdeba qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris da ara qcevasa da
fsisikur movlenebs Soris.
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• bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Anayisis) _ fsiqologiis ganxra, romelic

yuradRebas daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.

Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic momdinareobs SedarebiT mdgradi
qcevis an
qceviTi potencialis cvlilebidan da emyareba gamocdilebas. qceviTi
analizi amodis votsonisa da skineris Teoriebidan da yuradRebas
amaxvilebs daswavlisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze.

klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
warmoidgineT, rom xarT kinoSi da uyurebT saSinelebaTa films. filmis
gmiri daxurul kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giCndebaT
survili, iyviroT “ar Sexvide!” amasobaSi aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema
aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeZleba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacnairad
Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri reaqciis wamoSoba (guliscema),
rodesac erTi garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (daZabuli
musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi froma, romelSic erTi
stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs, winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an
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movlenis gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias or stimuls

Soris – stimuls, romelic adre ar iwvevda reaqcias da meores Soris,
romelmac gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT Tandayolili
unari sxartad daawyviloT movlenebi garemoSi asociaciis principiT da es
qceviTI midrekilebaa. pavlovis sakvirveli dakvirvebebi klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis pirvel radikalur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba
ewodos fsiqologiis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, ivan pavlovs
(1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva
fiziologuri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobebulobas igi SemTxveviT
waawyda, rodesac ikvlevda saWmlis momnelebel sistemas, risTvisac
1904 wels nobelis premia miiRo.
Ppavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, ekvlia gadamuSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi,
maT jirkvlebsa da saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT.
am teqnikiT igi SeZlebda gamoyofili sekretis raodenobas gansazRvras da
gaanalizebas. sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asistenti ZaRls pirSi
damuSavebul xorcs udebda. es prcedura meordeboda gansazRruli
raodenobiT, ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom ZaRls nerwyvi
gamoeyofoda manamde, sanam mis pirSi xorci moxvdeboda, ubraod
saWmlis danaxvaze da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma nerwyvis
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gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom

nebismieri stimuli, romelic win uswrebda saWmlis miRebas sistematurad,
iwveva nerwyvis gamoyofas. sruliad SemTxveviT, pavlovma
aRmoaCina, rom daswavla Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori
stimulisa. sabednierod, pavlovi mecnieri iyo, amitom gaaCnda
mecnieruli
cnobismoyvareoba am fenomenis Sesaswavlad. man arafrad CaTvala im
drisaTvis udidesi fiziologis, ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, rom Tavi
daenebebina am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova Tavisi kvleva
gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri
azrovnebis mimarTuleba (Pavlov,
1928) mTeli darCenili sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvladebis
Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen klasikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba, agreTve, iwodeba pavloviseul
ganpirobebulobad, radgan ganpirobebulobis fenomeni swored mis
aRmoCenad iTvleba.
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamocdilebam saSualeba misca
mas,
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martivi strategiuli gegma aerCia, raTa ganepirobebina ZaRlebSi nerwyvis

gamoyofa. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli moTavsebuli iyo sagangebo
mowyobilobaSi, sadac regularuli intervalebiT is iRebda stimuls zaris
saxiT, ris Semdegac ZaRls eZleoda garkveuli raodenobis sakvebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa da
sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris pirvel gagebaze saorientacio
refleqsi iyo – ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis wyaros
dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis miwodebis ganmeorebiTma
dawyvilebam gamoiwvia saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis
gamoyofa.

• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning) – daswavlis tipi,

romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT
(ganpirobebuli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia biologiurad
mniSvnelovan stimulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli).
rasac pavlovi akvirdeboda Tavis adrindel kvlevebSi, ar iyo
SemTxveviTi: es fenomeni SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo
gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi efeqti iyo, pavlovma
zaris garda gamoiyena mravalnairi stimuli, iseTi, rogoricaa naTura,
eJvani, metronomi.
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klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad refleqsebi unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi

aris dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia – magaliTad, nerwyvis gamoyofa,
Tvalebis xamxami da misT. – es yvelaferi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli
specifikuri stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria organizmisaTvis.
nebismier stimuls, romelic bunebrivad iwevvs refleqsur qcevas, ewodeba
ganupirobebeli stimuli, radgan swavla araa stimulis kontrolisaTvis
aucilebeli piroba. qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli stimuliT,
aris ganupirobebeli qceva.
tipiur klasikur ganpirobebulobis eqsperimentSi neitraluri stimuli,
magaliTad, sinaTle, zari da a.S. romelsac, Cveulebriv, aranairi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi
ganupirobebel stimulTan, ise rom ganupirobebeli stimuli mohyveba
neitralur stimuls. neitralur stimuls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls
ganupirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli stimuli, radgan misi
Zala, gamoiwvios qceva, damokideblia ganupirobebel stimulTan
asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul stimuls mohyveba
reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba ganpirobebuli reaqcia. Zalian xSirad,
ganpirobebuli reqcia msgavsia ganupirobebeli reaqciisa. magaliTad,
pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis, orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca,
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zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia bevrad gansxvavdeba

ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan: ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens
nebismier pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, faqtiurad, aris daswavlis Sedegi.
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupirobebeli stimuli-reaqciiT,
magram
daswavla klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT qmnis ganpirobebuli
stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs.

• refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi,

romelsac biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.

• ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus) _ klasikur

ganpirobebulobaSi, stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias,
pasuxs.

• ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) _

klasikur
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ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebli stimulis mier

gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari varjiSisa an
daswavlis gareSe.

• ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.

• ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _

klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, reaqcia, romelic
aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.
es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli
Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan.

• SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis

eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli
reaqcia pirvlad aris gamowveuli ganpirobebuli
stimuliT.
ganpirobebulobis procesi rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da

ganpirobvebuli stimulebis damTxveviT

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klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea daswavla? ramdenad

myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic
ibadeba cxovelTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevebis Sedegad.

SeZena da Caqroba saerTod, ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi

ramdenjermeE unda
dawyvildes, sanam ganpirobebuli stimuli gamoiwvevs ganpirobebul
reaqcias. ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri
dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocendeba mzardi sixSiriT da
amitom SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli
reaqcia.
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogroc kargi anegdotis moyolis
dros, dro Zalian mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom
organizmma isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas. (am wesis gamonakliss
aRvwerT mogvianebiT sxva TavSi gemos aversiis daswavlasTan
dakavSirebiT) mkvlevrebma SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or stimuls
Soris. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba,
romelSic jer Cndeba da narCundeba ganpirobebuli stimuli manam, sanam
ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi
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ganpirobebuli stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli

stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba is gavlena, Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba
organizmze daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tanxvedril
ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli gamovlenilia erTdroulad. xolo droSi
gadaweul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebuli stimuli gamovlenilia
ganupirobebelis Semdeg.
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeqturia Seferxebuli
ganpirobebulobis paradigmaSi anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls Soris.
Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis,
damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze – magaliTad, ganpirobebuli stimulis
intensivobasa da ganpirobebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul
reaqciaze.
kunTuri reaqciebisaTvis, iseTebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami,
magaliTad, erTiwamiani an naklebi intrvalia saukeTeso. visceraluri
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali
SeiZleba gaizardos 10-15 wamamde. ganpirobebuli SiSis
aRmocenebisaTvis ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi intervali, wamebi da zogjer
wuTebic ki.
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli
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procesebis dros. droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba SeiZleba

SevityoT ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis Semdeg. magram igi maleve
qreba, radgan cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls mohyveba
ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia,
radgan ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupirobeblis aRmocenebas.
(winaswarmetyvelebisa da
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi davubrundebiT)
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls, (magaliTad, xma) romelic
aRar
winaswarmetyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis fxvnili). aseT
garemoebaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa
ganmavlobaSi sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba. rodesac
ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an
ganupirobebeli stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis process (ix. suraTi
7.3, nawili 2) ganpirobebuli reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis
qceviTi repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti. Tumca, ganpiroebulma reaqciam
SeiZleba susti formiT Tavi Segvaxsenos, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli
marto aRmocenda. (ix. suraTi 7.3, nawili 3) pavlovi am movlenas
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swavlobda gansazRvruli drois Semdeg, ganupirobebeli stimulis

eqpoziciis gareSe da mas spontanuri droebiTi aRmoceneba uwoda.
rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia, Caqrobis Semdeg,
ganpirobebuli
stimuli sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla dakavSirebulia im
maragTan, romelic pirvelad daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad
naklebi droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad. ase rom, zogierTma
eqsperimentulma asociaciam SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos
organizms Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta daswavluli
asociaciis gamovlena da ara saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored
amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis xarisxi daswavlis
sawyis ganmartebaSi.
• Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimulis an
ganmamtkiceblis ar arsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis
Sesusteba
• spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqvrali
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
• stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ ganpirobebuli
stimulis avtomaturi ganvrcoba yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar
yofila Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
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stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia) davuSvaT, rom ZaRlma iswavla:

garkveuli sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs

sakvebis miRebas. specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod am stimulis

mimarT? araa gasakviri, rom am kiTxvis pasuxia „ara“. zogadad, radgan
erTxel gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamoiwvia
gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia, msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave
warmatebiT gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu
ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali
sixSirec gamoiwvevda ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac ukbens
didi ZaRli, am SemTvevis Semdeg patara ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am
avtomatur dawyvilebas iseTi stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila
dakavSirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, ewodeba stimulis
ganzogadeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia mocemuli stimuli sawyis
ganpirobebul stimulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. rodesac reaqciis
siZliere izomeba mocemul ganzomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis,
cxadi xdeba generalizaciis gradienti. (suraTi 7.5) sur. 7.5 stimulis
ganzogadebis gradientebi saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis
aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs
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msgavsi Tvisebis mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis a

nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram rodesac subieqts miewodeba
ferebis ufro farTo
speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri
sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian Zlieri, rogorc
es sqemisBb nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis dikrimnaciuli wrTvnis Catarebis Semdeg.
aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan
mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad vlindeba zustad erTi da imave
formiT, stimulis ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswavlis speqtrs
sawyisi gamocidlebis miRmac. amgavrad, axali movlena SieZleba
aRqmuli iqnas, rogorc imave
Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis mqone, miuxedavad aSkara

gansxvavebebisa. stimulis diskriminacia zogierT garmeoebaSi

mniSvnelovania, rom reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire

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raodenobaze aRmocendes. magaliTad, organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos

sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisagan garbodes, romelic
namdvil mtacebels waagavs. stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis
drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da
imave saxis gansxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba wyalsa
da zeTs Soris) . organizmis mier stimulis diskrimnaciis daswavla
SeiZleba eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxvadasxva intensivobis
zaris SemTxvevaSi, mxolod, magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars
mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi, meordebian amis gareSe.
ganpirobebulobis pirvel etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi stimuli
warmoSobs msgavss reaqcias, Tumca, arc ise Zliers.
diskrimaniciis treningis gagrZelebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs
stimulebze klebulobs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli stimuli
moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls da romeli _ ara.
organizmisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom man qceva optimalurad, saWiro drosa da
adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da
ganzogadebas Soris.
ar aris saWiro, rom bevri dro daeTmos stimulis diskriminacias,
amasobaSi, SesaZloa mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti
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reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gvaSinebdes. klasikuri

ganpirobebuloba organizms uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic
saSualebas aZlevs am ukanasknels,
Sesabamisad reagirebdes garemos struqturebze. (Garcia, 1990)
• stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _ ganpirobebulobis
procesi,
romlis drosac organizmi swavlobs imas, rom gansxvavebulad upasuxos
gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime
ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.

SeZena am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im pirobebs, romlebic

saWiroa

klasikuri ganpirobebulobisaTvis: aqamde Cven aRvwereT klasikurad

ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena, Tumca ar agvicsnia es fenomeni.
pavlovi Tvlida, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba Sedegia ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebisa. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia
klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebi
droSi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda gamovlindnen anu adgili hqondes droSi
Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma erTgvarad Secvales es
Sexeduleba. pirobiTi ganmtkiceba klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti
 137

1960 wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert reskolam (Robert
Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic
ZaRli gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas eqsperimentSi zari
(ganpiroebuli stimuli) emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac, Tu
pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi iqneboda klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis.

saidan viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mniSvneloba
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla wrTvnida
ZaRlebs _
gadamxtariyvnen barierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi
gamaval eleqtroSoks. Tu ZaRli ver SeZlebda
gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks. Tu gadaxtomas
moaxerxebda, eleqtro Soks airidebda. ZaRlebis
gadaxtomis sixSires reskorla iyenebda SiSis
ganpirobebulobis gasazomad.
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze xtoma,
reskorlam isini or
jgufad dayo da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT
SerCevas
 138

ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) eZleoda spontanurad da

ganpirobebuli stimulisagan (zarisgan) damoukideblad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlindebodnen droSi
erTmaneTTan axlos an erTad, isini SemTxveviT,
droebiT iyvnen

Tanxvedrilni - ganupirobebeli stimuli SeiZleba imave warmatebiT

ganpirobebuli stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo. xolo sakontrolo
jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpirobebul
stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis zari sando momaswavebeli iyo
eleqtroSokisa.
wrTvnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses saeqsperimento yuTebSi.
zari,
romelic Soks moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda. ZaRlebi
SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpirobebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri)
xtebodnen meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore SerCevidan.
amgvarad, imis garda, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda
iyos ganupirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moaswavebdes
ganupirobebel stimuls – es ori piroba aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili
 139

hqondes klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescola, 1988) es aRmoCena

sakmaod mniSvnelovania – cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, sadac daswavla
exmareba adamians adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difuzuria, vidre
laboratoriaSi. informatiuloba reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi.
leon kaminma (Leon Kamin, 1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli
SeiZleba iyos informatiuli.

saidan viciT
informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba
kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis 2 jgufi.
eqsperimentuli jgufi
pirvelad iwrTvneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWeraSi
zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli stimuli) Sokis
Tavidan asacileblad (ganupirobebeli stimuli). amis
Semdeg eqsperiments daemata kidev erTi
ganpirobebuli stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad
ganupirobebel stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebuli stimuli
moaswavebda – zari da sinaTle. sakontrolo jgufSi
vlindeboda mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra. anu
am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis Semdeg
kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod zarze. Tu
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia klasikuri
 140

ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad, maSin virTxebis orive

jgufs erTnairad unda epauxa zarsa da Suqze, magram
eqsperimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod zarze da
ara _ sinaTleze,

roca sakontrolo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia hqondaT sinaTlesa da

zarze. (Kamin, 1969)

kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpirobebuli stimulis

informatiulobis
konteqstSi axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan dakavSirebulma
gamocdilebam aqtualoba daukarga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli_stimulis
momaswavebels. virTxebisaTvis sinaTle SeiZleboda arc arsebuliyo,
radgan is aranair damatebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpirobebuli
stimulis unars, Seamciros meores informatiuloba, ewodeba blokireba.
virTxebis sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle erTnairad informatiuli
iyo, maT ar hqondaT warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime
maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores informatiuloba.
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informatiuloba xsnis, ratom vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad

maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upirsipirdeba garemoSi arsebul
sxva mraval stimuls. rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli, miT ufro
didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba
miiRoT, unda warmoadginoT an Zlieri, ucxo stimuli ucnob garemoSi, an
Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba bevrad ufro rTuli
meqanizmia, vidre amas pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli efeqtur
ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod maSin, Tu is erTdroulad
Tanxvedirli da, amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba im
cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, romelSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
did rols asrulebs.
• blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac organizmi ar
daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve
arsebul efeqtur signalTan erTad.

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis TvalsaCinoebebi klasikuri

ganpirobebulobis codna gvexmareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva.

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magaliTad, ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa miniWebaSi,

sxvadasxva nivTierebebze dmaokidebulebaSi, dabolos, rogor SeiZleba
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri funqciis
gasamdidreblad.

emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba

gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi
aracnobierad daviswavleT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa
(ganpirobebeuli stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs Soris (ganupirobebeli
stimuli – movlenebi, romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu kargad
CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri
emociuri reaqcia, ris mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara, es
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos?
ganvixiloT situaciebi: (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin at all 1986)
- SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romelsac ubralod ZaRlis
sasqeso organos forma aqvs?
- dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars, tuki Saqari Cayares im
yuTidan romelsac SecdomiT ewera “Sxami”?
- dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic sterilizebuli tarakani
tivtivebs?
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Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar SemTxvevaSi“, es imas

niSnavs, rom klasikurma ganpirobebulobam iTamaSa Tavisi roli.
klasikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia: „es sazizRrobaa“ an „saxifaToa“,
Sedegia aqamde miRebuli codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. radgan klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia
igi cnobieri mizez-SedegobriobiT CavaqroT.
erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa aris SiSis ganpirobebuloba. biheviorizmis sawyis
etapze jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rainerma daadastures,
rom SiSis reaqciebis umetesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri stimulis
dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am ideis dasamtkiceblad maT
Caatares eqsperimenti patara albertze.

saidan viciT
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) patara alberti
daaSines patara TeTri
virTxiT, romelic Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT
TeTri virTxis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul
ganupirobebel stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli iyo
liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT. SekrTomis
 144

ganupirobebeli reaqcia da emociuri distresi gaxda

mizezi daswavlisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri
virTxis danaxvaze

ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emociuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT

ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma iswavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba,
misgan gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda saerTod
bewvian sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze da santa klausis niRabzec ki.
albertis dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave hospitalSi, sadac
eqsperimenti tardeboda, manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs
mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi ewia mas (Harris, 1962)

axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan

erTad adamians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba reaqcia.
ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebobdes wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki,
roca sawyisi ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmocenebula
gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma daadastures, rom meore
msoflio omidan 15 wlis gasvlis Semdeg veteran mezRvaurebs jer kidev
hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis niSanze“ – omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad
uxmobda gongi – wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es gansakuTrebuli smeniTi
 145

paterni, romelic Tavis droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac

agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas veteranebSi (Edwards & Acker,
1962) sainteresoa, rom Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli, ganpirobebulobas
SeiZleba
adgili hqondes neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis mxolod
erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba
gagrZeldes. magaliTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva
Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac is saWesTan zis da
wvimdeba, mas ewyeba panikuri SiSi, im donemde, rom zogjer
manqanasac aCerebs da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi
gadacocda manqanis ukana nawilSi da daemxo Zirs, pirisaxiT qveviT,
sanam wvima Sewydeboda. me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom
Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis gzebi aseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis,
romlebic TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqturobas.
magram yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom mxolod uaryofiT
reaqciebia klasikurad ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da
aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc klasikurad
ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri
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ganpirobebulobis meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc dadebiT Zalas.

magaliTad, isini amyareben asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas
Soris (jinsebi, sunamoebi da misT). isini imedovneben, rom maTi
reklamebis verbaluri elementebi, magaliTad, „seqsualuri“, adamianebisa
Tu situaciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben, ganupirobebli stimulisa da
reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad
iqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis procesi – ganpirobebul
reaqciad. imisaTvis, rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis met magaliTebi,
sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze, rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi
gancdebisa da emociebis mozRvaveba – magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.

nivTierebebze damokidebuleba
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves kacis cxedari,
romelsac
mklavSi CarCenili hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis zedmeti
doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom es kaci regularulad iRebda
gacilebiT ufro did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am
SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevarebi – rogor SeiZleboda aseT dozas
 147

moekla organizmi, romelsac sakmaod didi mimRebloba hqonda am

nivTierebis mimarT?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam bikovma (1957)
aRmoaCines, rom
mimRebloba narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes, rodesac
adamiani elodeba wamlis farmakologiur moqmedebas. Tanmedrove
mkvlevarma Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi. igi
Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoiyeneba wamali, aqcevs mas
ganpirobebul stimulad im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi
ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis miRebisas wamali
(ganupirobebeli stimuli) iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs, razec
organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod homeostazis damyarebis mizniT.
(ixileT Tavi 3) swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli reaqcia.
droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli reaqciac xdeba ganpirobebuli
reaqcia. es niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic Cveulebriv, asocirebulia
wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobebuli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad
amzadebs
Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis.
mimRebloba Cndeba imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali
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metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba raime saxis „dadebiTi“

efeqti. mzardi doza niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi, gamoumuSava ra virTxebs
mimRebloba heroinis mimarT.
saidan viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis aspeqtebi
erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma kolegebma
gamoiwvies virTxebSi
heroinis ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi
(ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) da deqstrozis (tkbili Saqari)
– meoreSi (ganpirobebuli stimuli 2) (Siegel et al.,
1982) wrTvnis pirvel fazaSi yvela virTxas
ganuviTarda mimRebloba heroinis mimarT.
sakontrolo dRes yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis
Cveulebrivze didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis
naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda, xolo meore
naxevars ganpirobebulobisaTvis eZleoda deqstrozi.
ukanaskneli jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,
vidre pirvelidan (32).
savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen heroins, ufro momzadebulebi
iyvnen am potenciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan konteqstma
 149

(ganpirobebuli stimuli-1) gamoiwvia iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia

(ganpirobebuli reaqcia-1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis
tipiuri efeqti (Poulos & Cappell, 1991 imis gamosakvlevad, igive process
SeiZleba Tu ara adgili hqondes
adamianebSi, sigelma da misma kolegebma gamoikiTxes heroinze
damokidebulni, romlebic araerTxel sikvdili piras iyvnen misulni zedmeti
dozis gamo. aTidan Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal da
ucxo garemoSi. (Siegel, 1984) miuxedavad imisa, rom es aranair
monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac
individs SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet,
momakvidenebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es analizi gveubneba, rom
manhetenze napovn kacs arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas,
sadac igi ipoves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva exeboda heroins, klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis
mimarT
mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel, 1995; Poulos & Cappell,
1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive sawyisebi, romelsac pavlovi
swavlobda ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT,
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gvexmareba avxsnaT zogierTi meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul

nivTierebebze damokidebulebisa.

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba adreul 1980-ian wlebSi

mkvlevrebma gaakeTes aRmoCena, rom daswavlis

procesebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios organizmis imunur sistemaze.

istoriulad dadasturebuli iyo, rom imunulogiuri reaqciebi __ antisxeulebis
swrafi gamomuSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs, romlebic
organizms vneben __ iyo. avtomaturi, biologiuri procesebi, romlebSic ar
monawileobda centraluri nervuli sistema. eqsperimentebma
ganpirobebulobaze daaadastura, rom es daskvnebi mcdaria.
saidan viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da imunologiuri funqcia
robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Robert Ader and
Nicholas Cohen, 1981)
virTxebs aswavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupirobebeli stimuli),
wamalTan, romelic asustebs imunur sistemas.
sakontrolo jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins.
mogvianebiT, roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces
saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxarini
ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvevda, warmoiSva metad
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naklebi antisxeulebi ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre

sakontrolo jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili
asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom
Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi ufro mowyvladi
gaexada sxvadasxva daavadebebis mimarT. daswavlis
efeqti imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa
mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis Semdeg.

aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos im daskvnamde, rom

saWiroa
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis
SesanarCuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiroimunulogiam,
Seiswavla aseTi tipis
Sedegebi da am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri nervuli sistema da
imunuri sistema (Ader & Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali teqnika, romelic saSualebas
miscems ganpirobebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi, romlebsac
xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi movlenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam
antoni suxmanma, magaliTad, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone
pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram mkurnalobdnen
placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre
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maT, romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman & Ader, 1989)

rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs moesna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi
viciT winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narkotikuli nivTierebis
mimarT mimReblobas. warmoidgineT rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis
regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT,
rogorc ganpirobebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls
– wamlis miRebas – mxolod Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis
wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod qmnis rituals, iwvevs
sasargeblo organul reaqcias.

• fsiqoneiroimunulogia (Psychoneuroimmunology)– kvlevis dargi,

romelic swavlobs interaqcias iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogoricaa
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcionireba.

imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo meTodad iqces,

mkvlevarebi unda
darwmundnen, rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlindeba
ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben teqnikas, romelic
ganavrcobs da
gazrdis imunur reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT.
saidan viciT^
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imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli gaumjobeseba

mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebulobis
situacia, romelSic
saxarinis gemo dawyvilda lisozimTan,
nivTierebasTan, romelic iwevevs reaqcias virTxis
imunur sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asrulebda
ganpirobebuli stimulis rols, xolo lisozimi –
ganupirobebeli stimulisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel
moxda. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT
jgufs misces wayali, gazavebuli saxariniT, magram
lisozimis gareSe, maT organizmebs hqondaT iseTive
Zlieri imunuri reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac
mxolod lizosimi miewoda
(Alvarez-Borda et al., 1995)
es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom mxolod erTi epizodi,
sadac
ganpirobebuli stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel stimulTan, sakmarisi
aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul stimulze
warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
potencia imunuri sistemis gasaZliereblad.
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vidre “fsiqologia da cxovreba”-s waikiTxavdiT, albaT Zalian cota ram

icodiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT bundovan
warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze. vimedovnebT, rom ukve
sakmaod kargad gaecaniT daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi
mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. Semdegi Cveni gansjis
sagani iqneba daswavlis iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod,
meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Seswavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu Tqven
odesme mainc gifiqriaT imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoveba da
dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
Sejameba mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi principebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im
specipikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic ganpirobebulobaze gavlenas
axdenen. klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebeli stimuli iwvevs
refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobebeli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba.
(unconditioned response).
manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli stimulis ganupirobebl stimulTan
Sewyvilebis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul
reaqcias. drois faqtors didi mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis
SeZanisaTvis. stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac
 155

ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi gamRizianebeli iwvevs ganpirobebul

reaqcias. cxovelebis gawrTvna
SesaZlebelia ise, rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SesZlon Sesatyvisi
da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli stimulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia ganpirobebul da
ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris kontingentursa da informatiul
damokidebulebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri ganpirobebulobisa
gvxvdeba emociebis, narkotikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavla Sedegebis mixedviT

davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi damTavrda da Tqven
gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni adgilidan. megobari, romelTan erTadac
uyureT films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven pasuxobT:
„me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze aRar unda wamovide“. albaT,
marTali xarT, magram ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel
gadavyavarT meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.

efeqtis kanoni
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi muSaobda ZaRlebTan klasikur
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ganpirobebulobaze, eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898)

akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT gamosasvleli yuTi-
labirinTebidan. Torndaikma male gamoqveyna kidec misi dakvirvebebis
Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad katebi ibrZvian mxolod
datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, magram radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac
impulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba, „yvela warumatebeli
da gamousadegari impulsebi CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini,
romelsac
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde“ (Thorndike, 1898, p.13).
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis analizis mixedviT, daswavla
iyo asociacia situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, romelic iswavla
cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma
iswavles iseTi reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an kvanZze
kawrva) romelic gansazvruli stimulis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi)
miiyvans maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisufleba).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswavla TandaTanobiT moxda da,
amasTan, cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi,
romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqonda, gaxSirda, isini TandaTan iqca
dominantur reaqciebad, rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi.
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Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs Soris efeqtis kanoni

uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofilebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasurvel Sedegs iwvevs.

qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba

imis Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts axdens qcevaze.
skinerma SeimuSava kvlevis programa, romlis mizanic iyo stimulis
ganpirobebulobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqanizmisa,
romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli qcevis did albaTobas sxvadsaxva
garemo pirobebSi.

bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnierebaSi isaa, rom gansazRvruli

qceva
gamovlindeba gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli analizi ikvlevs albaTobas
sixSiris an reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT... eqsperimentuli analizis
amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yvela is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia reaqciis
sixSire
(Skinner, 1966, pp. 213-214)
skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo, vidre Teoriuli – Teoretikosebi
xelmZRvaneloben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT sakuTari
Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi, rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian
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mxolod realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben eqperimentis

konteqtSi monacemebis SegrovebiT da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime
Teorias.
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeanalizebina, skinerma
ganaviTara
operantuli ganpirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda organizmis
Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom enaxa, ra efeqts miiRebda. operantulia
nebismieri qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier da SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi, konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens
garemoze. sityva-sityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze gavlenas, misiT
operirebas (Skinner, 1938) operantuli qceva ar aRmocendeba
gansazRvruli stimuliT, rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia. mtredebi
kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs, bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani
laparakisas xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa albaToba
momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac
maT mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT aCqarebs sasurvel
kontaqts mSoblebTan, samomavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli
ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva operantuli qcevis albaTobas
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imdenad, ramdenadac isini, faqtiurad, gvevlinebian garemo Sedegebis

funqciebad.
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis gasagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna
aparati, romlis meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs. mis mier
Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxulia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia,
agreTve, rogor funqcionirebs igi/is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs
qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators aqvs gansazrvruli, virTxa
aWers Rilaks da sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvladebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
daswavlaze an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis daWeriT
virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs sakvebs, Tuki kabinas
Semouvlis (Seipingis procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT
SevexebiT), virTxa swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde kabinas
unda Semouaros.
bevr operantul eqsperimentSi did interess iwevevs is periodi, romlis
manZilzec cxovels SeiZleba axsovdes gansazRvruli qcevis paterni.
mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis
manZilze. es meTologia saSualebas miscemda skiners, gaerkvia pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis qcevaze. pirobiTi ganmtkiceba pirobiTi
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ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris,

romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.

• efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ aris daswavlis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelis

mixedviTac stimulis Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas ar mohyveba jildo.
• operanruli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning) _ aris daswavlis
forma, romelSic reaqciis albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
• operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ aris organizmis gamovlena,
romelic xasiaTdeba dakvirvebadobiT im gavlenis mixedviT, rasac igi
garemoze axdens.
• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) _ aris myari kavSiri
reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti, romelSic mtredis mier firfitis
kenkvas (reaqcia) moyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Sesabamisi cvlileba
garemoSi).
es myari kavSiri anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs kenkvis
intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis
sixSire, marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis Semdeg. miwodeba
unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara
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Tavis mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg. skineris Sromaze

dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas
pirobiTi gantkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra
iqna aRmoCenili am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.
• ganmamtkicebeli (reinforcer) _ SeiZleba iyos nebismieri stimuli,
romelic zrdis mocemuli reaqciis sixSiris albaTobas.
• dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) – qcevas mohyveba
sasargeblo stimuli, rac zrdis qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
• uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Ngative reinforcement) – qcevas mohyveba
aversiuli stimulis Camocileba, rac zrdis am qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
• operantulobis Caqroba (Operant extinction) – rodesac qceva aRar
moaswavebs aranair Sedegs, igi brundeba gamovlenis im sixSireze,
romelzec iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba

davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa galiaSi wreze
arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad saWiro gaxdeboda
ganmamtkiceblis gamoyeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli,
romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da zrdis am qcevis
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gamovlenis sixSires droTa ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba

garkveul reaqciaze.
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa gansazRvruli – im efeqtis
mixedviT, romelsac is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu gadaxedavT
samyaros Tqvens irgvliv, aRmoaCenT stimulTa sam klass: 1. stimuli,
romlis mimarTac neitralurad xarT ganwyobili, 2. stimuli, romelic
gizidavT da 3. stimuli, romelic aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT
maT. cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba gansxvavebuli
iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis. is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli,
individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, marwyvi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi
mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians SesTavazebT
marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul
Sedegs, vidre maSin, marwyvis moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT.
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo stimulis miwodeba, am movlenas
ewodeba
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis Sedegi
iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi kvlavac moyvebian anegdotebs,
Tuki amis Sedegad miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas, rac, Tavis
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mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli

stimulis CamoSoreba, am movlenas ewodeba uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba.
magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs
qcevas, romelic mas aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba
wvimis dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri magaliTia uaryofiTi
ganmtkicebis efeqtisa. am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba.
qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT aversiul stimuls.
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, erTgvarad, uaryofiTi
ganmamtkiceblis funqcias asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli
xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds gadaiWers.
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmaneTisgan dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi
ganmtkiceba, davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive – dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win
uswrebs maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis albaTobas sasargeblo
stimulis miwodebiT, xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves, oRond
sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli stimulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an
SeferxebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli
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aRar mogvewodeba, ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive

kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpirobebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu
ganmamtkicebeli mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili aqvs
operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva aRar iwvevs mosalodnel
efeqtsa da Sedegs, is brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul
ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavzec dakvirvebisas araa Zneli,
aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic erTi periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da
Semdeg Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis aparatSi fulis
Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila, ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT
avtomatisTvis? Tuki am dros fuli Cavarda avtomatSi, Tqven sxva drosac
gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man erTxel Sedegi moitana. magram
momavalSi, Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, maSin es qceva
Caqreba.

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja

albaT, icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac – dasjas. damsjelia
nebismieri stimuli, romelic droTan ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu im
reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba, rasac moyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli,
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movlenas ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (SegiZlia dadebiTi daimaxsovro,

rogorc raRac, rac situacias emateba) magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba
iwvevs tkivils, rac „sjis“ masze adre aRmocenebul qcevas, amitom
momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa, rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. rodesac
qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, movlenas
vuwodebT uaryofiT dasjas. (uaryofiTi SegiZlia daimaxsovro, rogorc
raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad, rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs
imisTvis, rom man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom meored
Zmas aRar unda daaryas. romeli dasja xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT
saSinelebaTa filmis naxva?
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba Zalian axlos mdgomi
cnebebia,
isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze, pirvel
rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva terminebiT aRvniSnavT.
gansazRvrebis mixedviT, dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba ki
yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT adamians awuxebs Tavis
mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris
stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis qcevas. Tumca, Tavis
tkivilis dros xalxi xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad.
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wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryofiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis

miRebas.
7.12 suraTze mocemulia, rogor gamoviyenoT qcevis Secvlis es oTxi
meqanizmi cxovrebaSi.

diskriminaciuli stimuli da ganzogadeba

nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla yovelTvis gvindodes an
gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul
konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda, gavzardoT imis albaToba, rom
bavSvi wynarad ijdeba saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.
konkretuli asociaciebiT dasjis an ganmtkicebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli
stimuli, romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul stimuls – qmnis
am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi swavlobs, rom raime stimulis
TandaswrebiT maT qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze.
magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas ganmtkicebulia quCis
gadakveTa; magram rodesac anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos
– amas SeiZleba Sedegad moyves jarima an ubeduri SemTxveva.
skinerma SeimuSava stimuli-qceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc sampirobiani
albaToba (contigency) da Tvlida, rom swored es formula xsnida
adamianis qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrili 7.1 aRwers, rogor
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SeiZleba sampirobianma albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis

qceva. laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT manipulirebiT,
diskriminaciuli
stimulis miwodebiT, SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva. magaliTad, mtreds
SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi, diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da
ara wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi am SemTxvevaSi
diskriminaciuli stimulia, romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca
mtredma unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris diskriminaciuli stimuli,
romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos.
organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas, reagirebs regularulad
mxolod erTi stimulze da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis
komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.
organizmi, agreTve, anzogadebs reaqcias sxva stimulzec, romelic
diskriminatiuli stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia ganmkicda
diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskrimnaciul
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. magaliTad, mterdebi, romlebic
gawrTvnes, rom diski mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda
ekenkaT, mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis
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SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven vanzogadebT mwvanis sxvadasxva

tonebs SuqniSanze.

cxrili 7.1. sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul

stimuls, qcevasa da Sedegs Soris
diskrimi
naciuli reaqcia Sedegi
stimuli
1 dadebiTi ganmtkiceba: sasmeleb monetis sasmelis

efeqturi signalis is Cagdeba miReba

TandaswrebiT iwvevs avtomati
sasurvel Sedegs _
reaqcia izrdeba
2 uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba:
aversiuli situaciidan
maraoTi sicxis
gamosvla operantuli sicxe
ganiavebaarideba
reaqciiT. reaqcia
izrdeba.
3 Caqroba: jambazu
operantuli reaqcia araa ri qceva aravin sixSire
ganmtkicebuli. reaqcia amCnevs kleb.
mcirdeba.
4 dadebiTi dasja: reaqciaslasanTis
mohyva aversiu lamazi asanTiT
dawva
stimuli. reaqcia yuTi TamaSi
mcirdeba, ganidevneba
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5 uaryofiTi dasja:
reaqcias mohyva
Wamaze aranairi
sasurveli stimulis sadili
uari deserti
Camocileba. reaqcia
ganidevna.

• damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, romelic amcirebs reaqciis

sixSires.
• dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) – qcevas moyveba aversiuli
stimuli, romelic amcirebs qcevis albaTobas.
• uaryofiT damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas moyveba sasurveli
stimulis Camocileba, riTac mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
• diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Punishment) – stimuli, romelic
moaswavebs ganmtkicebas, radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo
ganmtkicebuli.
• sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) – meqanizmi,
romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi
misi qceva gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.

ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba

 170

Tu mzad xarT, Tqveni codna ukve samuSaod gamoiyenoT,

gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:
- rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic gindaT, rom
ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT? amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri
qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT. rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar
aris pirobiTi, maSin mas naklebi efeqti aqvs qcevaze. magaliTad,
Tuki mSobeli kargi saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc cudi
saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis kargad moqcevas – Tumca, dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gamo SeZleba gaizardos sxva qcevebis sixSire (ra
qcevebi SeiZleba iyos es?)
- rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti, romelSic qceva adekvaturi an
araadekvaturia? gvaxsovdes, rom iSviaTad gvinda qcevis yvela
aspeqtisa da gamovlenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, romelSic
mSobels undoda bavSvis sasurveli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am
SemTxvevaSi unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli stimuli da
vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iqneba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli
msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma iswavla klasSi wynarad
jdoma, ganzogaddeba Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul situaciebSic?
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- gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva SemTxveviT? davuSvaT,

gsurT romelime qcevis Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis
meqanizms, rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas (ufro dawvrilebiT
„fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi“-s seqciaSi), unda SeamowmoT,
SegiZliaT Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi am qcevisTvis. Tu
SesZlebT, moaxerxebT, rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT,
mocemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
axalgazrda ymawvili avlens didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiTxeT
sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice es tantrumebi, rodesac
zedmet yuradRebas vaqcevdi mis kivils?“ Tu asea, tantrumis
Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZliaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis
kombinireba dadebiT ganmtkicebasTan.
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebismieri qceva, romelic
ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas, jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas.
nebismieri qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an sascilo qcevac
unda iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT. magaliTad, fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis simptomebi zogjer imitom narCuneba, rom adamiani iRebs
yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba Cveulebrivi
pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtkicebaa da meti araferi. es meoradi
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sargebeli ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdestruqciul qcevas. Tu

SegimCneviaT, rogoraa ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad
imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda, iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda,
SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac qceva xdeba metad an
naklebad albaTuri, SegiZliaT scadoT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Catareba.
rekomendirebulia, rom rac SeiZleba met SemTxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad
unda gamoviyenoT dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba
avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi, rogorc
ganmamtkiceblebi.

ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebulobis energiis brokerebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos — isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas.
ganmamtkiceblebs bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri Tviseba aqvT. isini
SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologiurad
ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon aqtivobebad da ara raime
sagnebad. zog SemTxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZloa,
ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa dominanturi qceva Seicvalos
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(aseT SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri

ganmamtkiceblebi).
• pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcer) _ biologiurad
gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebela, rogoricaa saWmeli da wyali.
• pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcer) – klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis mixedviT aris yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic
ganmamtkiceblad iqca.

pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi roca am qveyanas moevlineT auracxeli

pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad, wyali da saWmeli,
romelTa ganmamtkicebluri Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocirda pirvelad
ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise
gvevlineba operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtiurad, adamianis qcevis umetes
wilze gavlenas xSirad sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli axdens
da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi,
mxardaWeris gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi da bevri sxva
simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkicebelTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens
qcevas gansazRvravs. faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba iqces
pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad Tu is pirvelad stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT
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eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa swavlebis

dros.
maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daadgines, rom pirobiTi
ganmamtkicebeli ufro martivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,
vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan (1) ramodenime pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli yovelTvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis
gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontrolebs, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul
iqnas pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi gacema; (3)
isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia,
radgan is damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara
biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis
drosaa.
zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi an
narkologiur dispanserSi, Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba.
sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis miReba) kargad
ganimarteba da roca es qceva gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri
gaicema momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es Jetonebi
pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva tipis jildoze an rame sxva
privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin&
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Pear,1999).ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema gansakuTrebiT efeqturia

pacientis qcevis modificirebisTvis, Tavis movlis qcevis TvalsazrisiT.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis
gazrdis
TvalsazrisiT.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
dausjeloba afuWebs bavSvs?
gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauwkeplaoba bavSvs
afuWebs’’ anu bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer mainc ar
gaiwkeplebian, sabolood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven am
gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven emsgavsebiT amerikel
mSobelTa umetesobisa. 991 amerikeli mSoblidan
35%-ma aRiara fizikuri dasjis (magaliTad, mityepva,
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2 wlis SvilebTan da
94% iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis 3-4 wlis asakis
bavSvebTan (Straus & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva
449Kkacian jgufSi, 93% mSoblebisa TviTon
isjebodnen bavSvobaSi fizikurad, 87% eTanxmeboda
dasjis am formas
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(Buntain-Ricklefs at al;1994). Tven xedavT, rom

mityepva sakmaod xSiri dasjis meTodia da
adamianebi, ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc dasjis
formas, magram ra aris dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze pasuxis gacema im
SeasZlo kavSiris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis mier fizikuri
dasjis gamoyenebasa da bavSvis agresiul qcevas Soris
iyo. xalxuri sibrZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri
Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSoblebi iyeneben fizikur
agresias Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im SemTvevaSic ki,
Tu is gamoiyeneba araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvlelad,
agresia gvevlineba bavSvebisaTvis qcevis modelad,
rac situaciurad sxva individebis qcevis kontrolSi
vlindeba. ase rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi sakuTari
mSoblebisgan swavloben fizikuri agresiis
gamoyenebas (Cven ufro mets vityviT modelirebiT
swavlis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT, TavSi
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,,dakvirvebiT swavla“). rogor gamovikvlioT es

hipoTeza?
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac indianisa da tenesis 273
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdeli monawileobda, mSoblebs
sTxoves SeevsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb, Tu fizikuri
dasjis ra formebs iyenebdnen sakuTari bavSvebTan
mimarTebaSi (Strassberg et al;1994). aqcenti
bavSvebis dedebze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis 6%-s
hyavda dedebi, romlebic arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur
dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipebodnen dedebis mier.
danarCeni 26% ki ufro intensiurad isjeboda fizikurad,
maTi dedebi maT an muStebiT urtyamdnen an
mujlugunebs wakravdnen xolme.
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6 Tvis Semdeg, dakvirdnen
am bavSvebis urTierTobas TanatolebTan.
mkvlevrebma daafiqsires bavSvebis agresia
Tanatolebis mimarT, magaliTad, roca isini
brazdebodnen, dascinodnen da scemdnen Tanatolebs.
TiToeuli bavSvi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas agresiuli
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qcevisaTvis. grafikze es kargad Cans. rogorc xedavT,

rac ufro intensiur dasjas axorcielebdnen mSoblebi,
miT ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi Svilebi. es
monacemebi gvarwmunebs, rom bavSvebi agresiul
qcevas TavianTi mSoblebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es bavSvebi SeiZleba
TavisTavad iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvleva
gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar aris (Chess & Thomas;
1984). savaraudod, simarTlis marcvali, SesaZloa,
imaSic iyos, rom ,,cudi’’ bavSvebi ufro xSirad
imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es kvleva cxadyofs, rom
fizikuri dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel Sedegs da ver
aswavlis ,,cud’’ bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver dagarwmuneT, rom fizikuri
dasja araswori strategiaa mSoblebis mxridan, modiT
ganvixiloT kidev erTi kvlevis Sedegebi. analizi
dafuZnebulia erT-erTi mizanmimarTuli proeqtis
monacemebze, romelic ikvlevda 6002 amerikul ojaxs,
raTa SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zaladobis Sedegebi.
am kvlevaSi mecnierebi dainteresebuli iyvnen
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gardatexis asakis bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri

dasjis gavleniT maT momaval cxovrebaze (Straus &
Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod dramatuli gamodga.
mokled rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom maT
fizikurad sjidnen Tineijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _
gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mogvianebiT hqondaT
problemebi. isini xvdebodnen Semdeg risk jgufebSi:
depresia, suicidi, alkoholizmi, sakuTari bavSvebis
mimarT fizikuri Seuracxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis
cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
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”nebismieri fizikuri dasjis gamoyenebis Sewyveta

mniSvnelovan faqtorad gvevlineba bavSvTa fizikuri
Seuracxyofis, depresiis, suicidis da alkoholizmis
pirvelad prevenciaSi.“ (gv. 558)
Cven gvjera, konkretuli magaliTebiT dagarwmuneT,
rom bavSvebis gatyepva ar aris Sesatyvisi an efeqturi
aRzrdis strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveni mizani ar
aris nebismieri dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa, arsebobdes
situaciebi, sadac bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis
SemaCereblad mxolod dasja gvevlineba. kvleva
gviCvenebs, rom dasja unda iTvaliswinebdes
Semdeg pirobebs (Walters & Grusec; 1977).
dasja unda iyos:
• swrafi da xanmokle;
unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, rogorc ki reaqcias
•

aqvs adgili;
• intensivoba unda iyos limitirebuli;
• es unda iyos pasuxi specifikur arasasurvel
qcevaze da arasodes _ pirovnul maxasiaTebelze;
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• limitirebuli unda iyos im situaciis Sesatyvisad,

sadac reaqcias aqvs adgili;
•Sedgebodes dasjisagan da ara _ fizikuri
tkivilisagan.
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSirad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri
mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris is, rom dauyovnebliv
wydeba bavSvis arasasurveli qceva. mSobeli aRwevs
ra Tavis xanmokle mizans, imavdroulad, bavSvis
myiseuli reaqcia ganamtkicebs mSoblis damsjelobiT
qcevas (Grant & Evans; 1994), magram Sedegi aseTia:
,,xanmokle sargebeli, xangrZlivi tkivili’’. mSoblebma
moTmineba unda gamoiCinon da Tavi Seikavon
xanmokle ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari Svilebis Soreuli
interesebis gamo.

saidan viciT
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli SimpanzeebisTvis
Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gadawyveta,
qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblis
gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi JetonebiT Caanacvles.
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rogorc ki Jetonebi gamoCnda, maimunebma

moTminebiT daiwyes muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis’’
mosapoveblad. maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT,
gadaecvalaT Jetonebi
qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937)
savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac gaakeTebinoT. Tqven ar
gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom
sTavazobT garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb, SegiZlia
kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo”. Tqvns mier gamoyenebuli
,,kompiuteruli TamaSi” mocemul situaciaSi premakis
principad gvevlineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak) 1995
wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro metad albaTuri aqtivoba
(qceva, romelsac Cveul garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs),
SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri qcevis ganmamtkiceblad.
Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma
virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin,
roca am aqtivobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT, savarjiSoTi
deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT,
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ganmamtkiceblad organizmisTvis mniSvenelovani nebismieri qceva an

aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos. premakis princips xSirad gamoiyeneba,
gansakuTrebiT instituciebis bavSvTa iseTi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad,
rogoricaa mSvidad jdoma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT
aRwerilia erTi klasikuri SemTxveva:

saidan viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom iTamaSon
Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi gamoyofili iyo
droiTi intervalebi, roca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen
dafas da zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas
mohyveboda instruqcia: ”gaiqeciT da
iyvireT”.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv
wamoxtebodnen da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen da
erTobodnen. ramodenime wuTSi Semdegi signali
afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrunebuliyvnen TavianT
adgilebze. mogvianebiT bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs
dabali sixSiris qcevis — maTemetikis
mecadineobisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas
aZlevda, rom CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali
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aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSoebiT TamaSi.

am tipis proceduriT kontroli SesaniSnavad
ganxorcielda ramodenime dReSi.
(homme et al,1963).

sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleblebis mier xSirad

gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema da yvirili, Cavarda.
axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT premakis principi dabali
sixSiris qcevaSi bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri bavSvisaTvis
amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad
sasiamovno qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis wakiTxva
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan TamaSis qcevis
ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
ganmamtkiceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miRweul iqneba im
qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria.
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom
Tqvens Sinaur cxovels
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ganumtkicoT raime konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia Tavis

laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise rom, ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi
ganmamtkicebeli Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomis akeTebda
da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad
imisa, Tu ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met sakvebs veRar
iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi ufro metad reagirebdnen am
parcialur
ganmamtkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed ganmtkicebaze. da,
rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxovelebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis
safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo? is virTxebi,
romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad
aWerdnen GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac ganmamtkicebeli yovel
jerze eZleodaT. skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuaxlovda.
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam migviyvana kvlevamde
ganmamtkicebelTa gansxvavebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb.
(ixileT suraTi 7.13) Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtkiceblis
gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT
klasSi, maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur cxovrebaSi an
laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc
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proporciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma — ramdenime konkretuli reaqciis

Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli intervalebiT — roca ganmtkiceba drois
raRac intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeuli SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili
hqondes fiqsirebul an variabilur ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri
ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda, rom parcialurad
ganmtkicebuli qceva metad gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre
Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modiT vnaxoT, sxva
ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevarebma ganmamtkicebelTa
sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakavSirebiT.
fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis) cxrilebi fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis
cxrilebSi ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac organizmi
gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul odenobas. roca ganmtkicebas moyveba
erTi reaqcia, cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp-1). (es aris
namdvili Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili) roca ganmamtkicebeli
mosdevs yovel 25-e reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25.
fiqsirebuli proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal xarisxs, radgan
reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris pirdapiri korelaciaa. __ mtreds SeuZlia,
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi miiRos ramdenic unda, Tu
sakmarisad xSirad akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT metia
 187

pauza TiTouli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg. ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad

meti sapasuxo reaqciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semcirebam,
im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawrTvnili da momzadebuli ar aris
amisaTvis, SeiZleba migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani
gayidvebis industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde unda
gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodenoba, vidre jamagirs aiRebdnen.

variabiluri proporciis cxrili variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar

gansazRvrulia reaqciaTa

odenoba ganmamtkicebelTa Soris. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom saSualod

yovel 10 reaqcias moyveba ganmamtkicebeli., magram ganmtkicebas
SeiZleba adgili hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis Semdeg. am
tipis ganmtkicebiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod rezistentulia Caqrobis
mimarT. DdavuSvaT, Tqven mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da
Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000 marcvals saaTSi
da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki.
azartuli TamaSebic SegviZli miviCnioT vp cxrilebis kontrols
daqvemdebarebulad. am princips emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis
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principi _ masSi monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT

Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili
gtovebT gamocanis winaSe – rodis mova jildo — Tqven gjeraT, rom is
Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba da ara ufro gvian (Rachlin,
1990) fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli reaqciis Semdeg, raRac
fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis Semdeg. fi-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti
iRebs gantmkicebas, unda daicados 10 wami, sanam meore reaqcia
ganmtkicdeba __ reaqciaTa raodenobisda miuxedavad. reaqciaTa
koeficienti fi cxrilis qveS gamoisaxeba, rogorc
(scalloped pattern). nebismieri ganmtkicebuli pasuxis Semdeg, cxoveli
iZleva
Zalian umniSvnelo reaqcias. rodesac dajildovebis dro axlovdeba, cxoveli
sul ufro da ufro aqtiurdeba. yovelTviuri gadasaxadebis qviTari
adamianebs fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrilis gavlenis qveS aqcevs.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili cvalebaDintervalis cxrilSi saSualo intervali

winaswar aris

gansazRvruli. magaliTad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,

saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT,
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magram Zalian stabiluri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am dros

etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT SemTxvevaSi mtredma 18000-jer akenka
pirveli 4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba Sewyda da
168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957).
SegiZliaT CaTvaloT, rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT gamocdili,
Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT
koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali gakveTilisaTvis?
• fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois gasvlidan
pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
• cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval schedule) –
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba
pirvelive pasuxisas cvaldi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSualoc
winaswar gansazRvrulia.
• warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi (shaiping by successive
approximations) – qceviTi meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad axlos arian
sasurvel reaqciasTan.
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qcevis formireba (Seipingi) erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT

virTxebze, romlebic Rilaks

aWerdnen saWmlis misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa. Tu

mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT, ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs
spontanurad. virTxas naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT
gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes Camouwevia. rogor
vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi, romlebic, savaraudod iSviaTad vlindebian?
Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri sakvebi,
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1), rogor moviqceT axla?
imisaTvis, rom Tqven aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT
Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT. am dros Tqven
ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas, romelic warmatebulia da Tanac
miaxloebuli saboloo mizanTan.
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis saWmliT deprivireba erTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi. deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imuSaos,
rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven sistematurad aTavsebT
sakvebs kabinis erT kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis miwodebis sixSire
daukavSiroT virTxis specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis
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saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba mxolod maSin, roca is

ufro axlos midis karis saxelurTan. male ganmamtkicebeli gaicema im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu virTxa exeba saxelurs. sabolood ki man saWmlis
misaRebad unda daaWiros saxelurs. am dros virTxa swavlobs, rom
saxeluris Camoweva misTvis sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis
Tqven unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qcevis Sesatyvisad
da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis
formirebisaTvis.
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipingi gamoyenebul iqna
patara
autisti bavSvis cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
saidan viciT
qcevis formireba autisti bavSvTan
pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac dausves autizmis
diagnozi. mas
hqonda normaluri socialuri da verbaluri qcevis
deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda tantumebs da sakuTari
Tavis damazianebel qcevebs.
kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man uari Tqva
saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac Zlier mniSvenelovani iyo
misi mxedvelobisaTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti
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saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom, saWmelTan

asociaciis fonze es xma pirobiTi ganmtkiceba gaxda.
Semdeg treningi gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi.
Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara saTvalis
CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es xma ismoda mas
Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi yovndeboda. da bolos, roca
bavSvs ekeTa saTvale. nelnela biWi jildovdebida
maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos miqonda CarCo.
ramodenime
kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad
moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze bavSvma iswavla saTvalis
tareba dReSi 12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. (Wolf at all 1964).

axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven mogindaT aswavloT

virTxas
galiaSi wreze sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am SemTxvevaSi?
ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven Tavidan ganamtkicoT
saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis mibrunebis qcevac ki. SemdegSi Tqven
virTxas saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT Tu is mTel tans
miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT. ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?

daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da

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operantuli ganpirobebuloba — romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben

daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze,
katebze, virTxebze, mtredebze da aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic
msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi, mkvlevarebi mividnen
daskvnamde, rom daswavla bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli
saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleblobebiT. exla Cven gadavalT im
procesebis ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs
SemosazRvraven.

Sejameba
Torndaikisa da skineri mier aRmoCenili operantuli ganpirobebulobis
meTodika marTavs organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis qcevis
gamovlenis albaTobas. ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobebuli ganmamtkicebeli
gacilebiT did gavlenas axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli. premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom metad albaTi
aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli naklebad albaTi aqtivobis
gansamtkiceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi reaqciaTa
gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven. Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne
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qcevasTan warmatebulad miaxloveba diferencialurad iqnes

ganmtkicebuli.

daswavla da biologia
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTad principTa CamonaTvali
msgavsia adamianebTan da cxovelebTan, pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma
david iumma (David Hume) wamoayena 1748 wels. humma Tqva, rom
„nebismieri Teoria, romliTac

Cven gagebis operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT

mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive fenomeni msgavsad
aixsneba yvela danarCen cxovelTanac“ (Hume, 1748/1951, p.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-
ian wlebSi fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadsxva kanonzomierebebi da
SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey &
Bailey,
1993; Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993) mesame Tavidan Tqven
ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis ganviTareba iyo pasuxi, reaqcia
gadarCenis saWiroebaze. bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris SeiZleba
avxsnaT swored adaptaciiT. zustad aseTive evoluciuri perspeqtiviT
vudgebiT daswavlis unars (Leger, 1992. daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba aris
 195

swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es

iZulebebi SeiZleba gamoenebuli iqnas cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT da
kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT kvlevis or sferos, romelic
cxadyofs, rom qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli: instinqturi swrafva da gemos aversiiT swavla.

instinqturi swrafva cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic aTasgvar

ileTebs akeTeben cirksa da
televiziaSi. zogierTi cxoveli TamaSobs beisbols, ping-pongs, zogi _
atarebs manqanas. wlebis manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teqnikebs, rom gamoewrTvnaT
aTasobiT sxvdasxva saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom zogadi
principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda,
realuradac imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo niSnavda cxovelis
kontrols laboratoriis gareT.
Tumca, wrTvnis raRac etapze zogierTi cxoveli iwyebda “cudad
moqcevas”. magaliTad, enoti iwrTvneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo
yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi. magram enoti maSinve ar
iRebda monetas da ori monetis aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod
wydeboda anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT
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xexavda yvela monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan iRebda.

aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis
qceva, rodesac maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan. amis
msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wrTvnidnen imisTvis, rom gamomuSavebuli
monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT, isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer
dingiT ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev ismis kiTxva, unda
CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan qcevis es repertuari
maT memkvidreobiT aqvT miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom
raRac etapamde cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi, daswavluli
qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qcevisaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am
tendencias maT instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, 1951,
1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantuli principebiT, magram
savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqtsSi ganvixilavT.
es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic SemuSavebulia operantuli
ganpirobebulobiT.
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cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fokusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad

misawvdomi stimulebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze SerCeul
reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxadyofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis
yvela aspeqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba met-naklebad advilad
Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogramebuli
reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin iqneba efeqtiani, rodesac
samizne reaqcia biologiurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, ra
cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma moneta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es
qceva dawyvilebuli iyo wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori bevrad
swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas.
• daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints on learning) –
nebismieri limiti organizmis daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic
gansazRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli sensorul-kognituri
unarebiT.
• instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili qcevis tendenci, droTa
ganmavlobaSi instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.

gemos aversiiT swavla am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda

gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans

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dResac szaravs Roris xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo

meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. orive SemTxvevaSi,
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili sakvebis miRebis
Semdeg. Tumca, nakleb savaraudoa, rom Cven avad am sakvebis gamo
gavxdiT, aseTi reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT es
fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.
davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia ucnobi nivTierebebis
degustaciisaTvis. Tqven rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli
paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT. rodesac isini awydebian
axal sakvebs an surnels, isini Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara
raodenobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba maT arafers
dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da miirTmeven. magram Tuki
eqsperimentSi CavrTavT iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,
maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar miekarebian. am fenomens
ewodeba gemos aversiiT swavla. am genetikur unars, sakvebis gasinjvas
da swavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da romelia toqsikuri, didi
Rirebuleba aqvs. gaixsneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis Rvinis
gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man “simTvraleSi” gamoscada.
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqanizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri
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ganpirobebulobis sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla mxolod

erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvildeba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali
sakvebi/surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimulis – elementis,
romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba
WeSmariti rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12 saaTi da meti, dro,
romlis SualedSi virTxa iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,
gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asociaciebisagan, romlebic
sakmaod myifea, gemos aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi
gamocdilebis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis normaTa darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT, is, Tu
raoden dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad daafiqsira gemos aversiiT
daswavla laboratoriaSi, da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es fenomeni
gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna
konkretuli asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuli-ganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi
SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa konkretul saxeobebSi.
saidan viciT
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stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvedra

garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi
virTxebi jer
ecnobodnen situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda
sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Sezavebul wyals,
xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles. meore fazaSi, rodesac
virTxebi mils lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda
mxolod
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari – xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals.
Semdeg orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli
Sokis zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda da meore naxevari ki
radiaciuli dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa da gulisrevas.
wylis is raodenoba, romelic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies, Seadares
meore fazaSi daleuli wylis raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad
mcirdeboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali asocirdeboda avadmyofobasTan
(gemos aversia) da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocirdeboda tkivilTan.
Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva pirobis
SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli moaswavebda tkivils, an rodesac Zlieri
sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda avadmyofobas (ix. suraTi 7.14)

miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari,

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asociacia daamyaron konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs Soris

(Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan
gamomdinare, damokidebulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris
kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias avlens organizmi
genetikurad am stimulis mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al.,
1978). cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im stimulebisa, romeli
SeiZleba moaswavebdes safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom
eqperimentatorebi, romelbic ecdebian am paternebis darRvevas, bevrs
verafers miaRweven.
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqanizmis praqtikaSi
gadmotanac
scades. imisaTvis, rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon garsiam
da misma kolegebma daawyves bekekis toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli
iyo cxvris tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavadnen da ganuviTardaT
zizRi bekekis xorcis mimarT. amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini
Setevis magivrad ukan ixevdnen.

• gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) – daswavlis

biologiuri kanonzomiereba, romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
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gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi

daavadebul pacientebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv sakvebs
qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli gulisrevis gamo.
saidan viciT
mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi gemos arideba
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romelsac dasmuli
hqonda mkerdis kibos diagnozi, gviambo sakuTari
kvebiTi prioritetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis
ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi sami kvira
iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvelaferi, rasac Wamdnen
24 saaTis manZilze Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg.
isini ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels 1-
dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian mowoneba).
mkvlevarebi aversiis gamovlenas maSin aRiarebdnen,
Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba 4 quliT daecemoda.
aRmoCnda, rom qalebis 46%-s ganuviTarda aversia,
sul mcire, erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi,
romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori kviris
ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi gaxda, rom
virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT, pacientebi arCevdnen,
rom gulisreva Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa,
romlis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli aversia
qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).
imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi
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(Berstein, 1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs sakvebi

qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwodebuli kanfetebi an nayini
iyo sruliad specifikuri surneliT anu aversia swored am surnelis mimarT
yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT, kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli
surnelis mqone kanfeti an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva
aspeqtebic pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebli. bevr pacients
gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da
ganwyoba, romelSic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul stimulad iqca.
(Tomoyasu at all 1996) amgvari efeqtebis safuZvlebis gaanalizeba
mkvlevarebs mkurnalobis meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs.
kidec erTxel, ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis efeqtebis safuZvlebis
codna mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis
sawinaaRmdego mkurnaloba.
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamedrove qceviTi
analitikosebi
yuradRebiT reaqciis im tipebis mimarT, romelic ama Tu im
saxeobisaTvis ufro
Sesaferisia dasaswavlad. (Todd and Morris 1992) Tu Tqven gindaT
moxuc ZaRls aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis genetikurad
ganpirobebul qceviT potencials. Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili,
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ramdenadac jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs, romlebic

umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxovs. axla SevexoT, swored aseTi saxis
daswavlas. Sejameba instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs, rom
organizmebi
limitirebulni arian im TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia imdenad Zlieria zogierT
cxovelTTan, rom is permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli stimulisa
da ganupirobebeli stimulis erTxelobrivi SewyvilebiTac ki.
qimioTerapiaze myof adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul
gemos aversias. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gamoigonon klasikur
ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili meTodebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an
gaauqmon es aversiebi.

kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze

rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc
daswavlis martivi procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara
daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi
sWirdebaT? kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtioba, romelic CarTulia
codnis gadamuSavebisa da warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogoricaa
azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom axla ganvixilavT
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daswavlis iseT formebs, romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod klasikuri

an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom
qceva, nawilobriv, kognituri procesebis Sedegia.

cxovelTa kognicia

am TavSi ganvixileT sakiTxebi, romlis mixedviTac saxeobebisaTvis

specifikuri SezRudvebis garda, daswavlis kanonebi, virTxebze da
mtredebze Catarebuli kvlevebidan gamomdinare, kargad udgeba ZaRlebs,
maimuneba da adamianebs. cxovelTa kogniciis mkvlevarebma daadgines,
rom ara mxolod klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobis ganzogadeba
SeiZleba sxvadasxva sxeobebze (Wasserman 1993-1994).Tavis evoluciis
TeoriaSi Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri unarebi izrdeba da
viTardeba cxovelTa fizikur formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixilavT
cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeWdav tips, romelic miuTiTebs
cxovelTa kognitur unarebze.

kognituri rukebi
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman 1886-1959) iyo pirveli, vinc daiwyo
kognituri
procesebis kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situaciebis
gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri, erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida
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cxovelis qcevas. daakvirdiT syraTs 7.15. tolmenma da misma

studentebma aCvenes, rom rodesac labirinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli
biliki, virTxebi labirinTSi adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven umokles gzas
gamosvlisaTvis miuxedavad imisa, rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT
(Tolman & Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise, TiTqos isini
emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad
imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa da Secdomis
meTodiT (Edward Tolman 1948). tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom
ganpirobebuloba Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod asociaciur
dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas da Semdeg am daswavlili masalis
warmoCenas qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam gamoavlina sivrcobrivi
mexsierebis gasaocari unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva
cxovelebsa da adamianebSic. (Tolman, 1948). kognituri rukis gasagebad
yuraReba unda mivaqcioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxurebian:
- cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben sakuTari garemos
Tvisebebis amosacnobad.
- maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqtebis misagnebad.
- garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
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Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri ruqebis sxvadasxva funqcia

frinvelTa sxvadasxva saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels farTo
arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon saWmels, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi.

klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es

frinveli marxavs 6.000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreT dasavleT nawilis
mTebSi. isni marcvals momaval gazafxulze eZeben, maSin, rodesac
damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT bartyebisaTvis. (Shettleworth, 1993, p.180).
• cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis kognituri
SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevarebi eZeben kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas
sxvadsxva saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT adamianamde.
• kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivrcis gonebrivi
reprezentacia
Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansazRvrul garemoSi da
TuUgaumarTlaT, marcvlebs ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven am
marcvlebis nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg 84% sizustiT
brundebian am adgilze (Kamil & Balda, 1990). isini kargad arCeven im
adgilebsac, sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini ukve carielia.
Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul
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sakvebze, qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlo mdgom

saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxaveba qcevis warmatebulobas Soris araa
am saxeobisTvis, rodesac samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi sivrcobriv
eqperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT,
rom am Citebis qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa
ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miagneben gadamalul
sakvebs, Tuki maTi kognituri ruka SenarCundeba.

konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxovelebs garemoSi
orientaciaSi,
magram sxva ra kognitur procesebi unda hqondes cxovelebs, raTa
TavianT, gansxvavebuli stimulebiT aRsavse garemocvaSi moaxerxon,
sakuTari gamocdilebis sworad gamoyeneba
da raSi unda iyenebdnen isini am procesebs? me-11 TavSi Cven
aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT
mTavar amocanad iTvleba axali
cnebebisa da kategoriebis daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi
ar arian erTaderTi arsebebi, romlebsac am amocanis daZleva SeuZliaT.
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mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari,

gamoiyenon konceptualuri gansxvavebebi.
saidan viciT
mtredebi gansjian (gadawyvetilebebs iReben)
kategorizaciis struqturaze dayrdnobiT
edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma (1992)
warmoudgines mtredebs
adamianebis, yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis
fotoebi. yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili iyo
or ufro did kategoriad (suraTi 7.16) magaliTad, erTi
mtredi miiRebda sakvebs, Tuki niskarts daartyamda
narinjisfer Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis
Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an skamis
Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles adekvaturad
reagireba da maTi 80% swori feris Rilaks urtyamda
niskarts. wrTvnis meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia
unda SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis TiToeuli
suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds unda
daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze –
skamis fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis 80%-ma Tavi gaarTva
amocanas.
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis an manqanis suraTi da
uwevT, airCion mwvane, an TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis
aranairi gamocdileba, raTa SeakavSiron erTmaneTTan es stimuli da
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reaqcia. ase rom, aseT martiv daswavlis procesebze dayrdnobiT, Cven ar

SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT mosalodneli qceva.
Tqven rogor moiqceodiT aseT situaciaSi? eqspeimentis pirvel nawilSi
Tven iswavlidiT, rom, magaliTad, skamebi da yvavilebi erTad unda
iyvnen. meore nawilSi Tqven iswavlidiT, rom, rodesac ganaxeben
yvavilis suraTs, Tqven masze oridan erT-erTi reaqciiT unda upasuxoT.
rodesac warmogidgendnen sakms, savaraudod, im pasuxebis SerCevas
ecdebodiT, romlebic kvavilis SemTxvevaSi gamodga. es swored is aris,
rasac mtredebi akeTebdnen. eqsperimentirebis 60-ida 70%-mde,
mtredebis swored
„kategoriul“ („category“ information) informacias iyenebdnen, raTa
gamoericxaT manamde ganumtkicebeli qceva

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom generalizebas adgili aqvs klasikursa da

operantul ganpirobebulobaSi da damyarebulia stimulTa perceptul
msgavsebaze. am eqsperimentSi, romelsac atarebdnen vasermani
(Wasserman) da misi kolegebi, generalizeba ar moicavda perceptul
msgavsebas; magaliTad, skamebi da yvavilebi arc Tu ise gvanan
erTmaneTs. samagierod, generalizebis Ziri iyo
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kognituri msgavseba. momdevno kvlevebma SemogvTavazes azri imis

Sesaxeb, rom
mtredebs aqvT unari, abstraqtul doneze amoicnon msgavsi da
gansxvavebuli; maT aqvT unari, mogvcen diferencialuri pasuxebi,
rodesac testis erT, identuri elementTa jgufs (magaliTad, matareblis
Zravis 16 msgavsi suraTi), vupirispirebT meore, sruliad gansxvavebul
elementebs (magaliTad, 16 gansxvavebuli suraTi). (Wassernan et al.,
1995; Young et al., 1997).

me-8 da me-9 Tavebi daeTmoba adamianTa kognituri procesebis

analizs. eqsperimentebma, romlebic am TavSi aRvwereT, albaT
dagarwmunaT. rom impresiuli da gamosadegi koginituri procesebis
mflobelemi ara marto adamianebi arian. vidre am Tavs SevajamebdeT,
gadavideT momdevno saxis daswavlaze, romelic agreTve kognituri
procesebis monawileobas moiTxovs.

dakvirvebiT daswavla
imisaTvis, rom gavecnoT am saxis daswavlas, gavixsenoT virTxebisa
da
adamianebis saWmlis gasinjvis meTodebi, gzebi. virTxebi,
danamdvilebiT, gacilebiT dakvirvebulni arian, vidre Tqven, Tumca es
iqidan momdinareobs, rom isini moklebulni arian sxva virTxebisagan
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daufasebeli informaciis miRebas. rodesac Tqven unda gasinjoT axali

saWmeli, es TiTqmis yovelTvis gulisxmobs, rom Tqven amisaTvis
sakmao safuZveli gaqvT, vinaidan iciT, rom adamianTa umravlesobam
isiamovna am saWmlis miRebiT. Tqveni „saWmlis miRebis qcevis“
albaTobaze gavlenas axdens sxva individebisaTvis ganmtkicebis
paternebis codna. es magaliTi asaxavs Tqvens SesaZleblobas, daiswavloT
sxvaTa ganmtkicebisa da sxvaTa dajildoebis mixedviT. Sen Seni
kognituri SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba SegiZlia, raTa daimaxsovro da
gansajo sxvaTa gamocdileba Seni qcevis Camosayalibeblad.
rogorc wesi, socialur daswavlas umetesad adgili aqvs iseT situaciebSi,
sadac es daswavla ver iqneboda nakarnaxevi tradiciuli ganpirobebulobis
Teoriis principebiT; es gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom individs, romelic
swavlobs, arc aqtiuri reaqci hqonia da arc aSkara ganmtkiceba miuRia.
ubralod, mas Semdeg, rac individi dainaxavs sxvis mier warmoebul
qcevas, romelic an ganmtkicda an ara, momavalSi amis Sesabamisad
moiqceva. es aris dakvirvebiT daswavla. dakvirvebiT daswavlaSi
kognicia umetesad molodinebis saxiT erTveba. realurad, raime modelze,
magaliTze dakvirvebis Semdeg Tqven fiqrobT: Tu zustad ise moviqcevi,
rogorc igi, me analogiur ganmtkicebas davimsaxureb, an avirideb dasjas.
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umcrosi bavSvi SesaZloa ukeT iqceodes, vidre misi ufrosi da, vinaidan
bavSvi dis magaliTebze swavlobs. es SesaZlebloba, rom dakvirvebis
safuZvelze viswavloT, uaRresad gamosadegaria. es forma daswavlisa
saSualebas gaZlevT, rom SeimecnoT qcevaTa farTo, integrirebuli
paternebi ise, rom Tavad ar mogiwioT cdisa da Secdomis xangrZlivi
procesis gavla, manam, sanam gamoadiferencirebT mocemuli
situaciisaTvis swor da araswor pasuxebs, reaqciebs. Tqven daubrkoleblad
sargeblobT sxvaTa SecdomebiTa da warmatebebiT.
mkvlevarebma gviCvenes, rom dakvirvebiT daswavla mxolod adamianTa
xvedri ar aris. sxva saxeobebis warmomadgenlebs, mtredebs (Zentall et
al., 1996), zebra Tevzs
(Hall & Suboski, 1995) da rvafexac ki (Fiorito & Scotto, 1992) SeswevT
unari Secvalon TavianTi qceva Tavisi saxeobis sxva warmomadgenlebis
magaliTis mixedviT. adamianis dakvirvebiT daswavlis klasikuri
magaliTi demonstrirebuli iyo albert banduras (Albert Bandura)
laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac naxes, mozardebi rogor Cqmeten da
urtyaven did plastikatis Tojinas, eqsperimentis monawile bavSvebi ufor
midrekilni aRmoCndnen igive qcevebis momvalSi gameorebisaken, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis bavSvebi, romelTac es agresiuli qceva ar unaxavT.
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(Bandura et al., 1963). am fenomenis mogvianebiT Seswavlam

gviCvena, rom bavSvebi baZavdnen iseT qcevebsac, romlebsac
gadaRebuli kadrebis seriis saxiT awvdidnen, Tundac gmirebi
multifikaciuri yofiliyo.
didad kiTxvas aRar badebs is, rom prosocialuri (daxmareba) da
antisocialuri (dazianeba) qcevebis umetesobas vswavlobT dakvirvebiT
daswavlis meSveobiT; magram garemoSi arsebobs dakvirvebis uamravi
modeli. ra cvladebi mniSvnelovani imisaTvis, rom gadavwyvitoT, Tu
romeli modeli iqneba yvelaze gavleniani CvenTvis. gamokvlevam
Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi gamoitana (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1973;
Bandura, 1977). modelis dakvirvebadi qceva gansakuTrebiT gavleniania,
rodesac:
igi gvevlineba, rogorc ganmamtkicebeli Sedegis matarebeli modeli
aRqmulia dadebiTad, imsaxurebs mowonebasa da pativiscemas
arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveblis Tvisebebs Soris.
damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis qcevaze yuradRebis
miqcevisaTvis.
modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia – is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva
modelebs soris.
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damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea damokidebuli qcevis

wamowyeba.
aRmoCenaTa am siis gagebisaTvis, warmoidgineT sakuTari Tavi
modelis
situciaSi da naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am siidan. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas
swavlobs. an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos mafiis
srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqtianad swavlobs modelisagan, advili gasagebia
televiziis didi nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze: axdens
Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is, rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa
da dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca mozardTa da
bavSvTa qcevasa da televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis iseT faqtebs Soris
kavSirs rogorebicaa __ mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi da
TviTmkvleloba . xels uwyobs Tu ara Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis
imitacias? fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am kiTxvaze
dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi
(Comstock & Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg
gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac televizia uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens mayureblis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel rigSi,
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Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas. es asociacia gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania bavSvebisaTvis: agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena, Zaladobis
adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba gadaizardos antisocialur qcevaSi ufro
gviandel asakSi. meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Zaladobis
gamovlenis araswori raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba
Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zaladobis msxverpli
sinamdvileSi. mesame, Zaladobis yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos
desensitizaciamde – emociur aSlilobasa da distersamde.
ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laboratoriuli magaliTi:
saidan viciT
media Zaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis mimarT
tolerantulobas ayalibebs
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan TiToeuli
Seiyvanes
eqsperimentul oTaxSi, sadac unda eyurebinaT ori
videokasetidan erTerTisaTvis: Zaladobis scenebiani
filmi „karates Svili“ da araagresiuli sportuli
sanaxaoba 1984 wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am
kasetebis yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres, rom
axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs, rac Cumad
gadaRebuli iyo videoze da maxlobel oTaxSi
paralelurad xdeboda. sinamdvileSi es iyo
videoCanaweri, romelSic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer
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TamaSobs oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba

erTamneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs instruqciaSi
neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqsperimentatori, Tuki
SeSfoTdebodnen imiT, rasac videoze uyurebdnen.
studentebma, romlebsac „karates Svili“ hqondaT
nanaxi, orjer ufro met xans uyures Canawers, sanam
eqsperimentators dauZaxebdnen, vidre maT, vinc
olimpiur TamaSebs uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes, rom Zaladobis scenebis yurebam
gamoiwvia meti tolerantoba namdvili agresiis
mimarT (Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).

Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laboratoriuli kvlevis mcire efeqti,

magram warmoidgineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis
saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom bavSvebma
SeiZleba, agreTve, iswavlon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki amis
magaliTs televiziiT uyureben (Rosenkoetter, 1999; Singer & Singer,
1990). seriozulad unda mivudgeT im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben
televiziidan imas, rasac uyureben. amitom mSobeli an momvleli unda
zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis programebis SerCevaze. dakvirvebiT swavlis
analizi avlens or kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did
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gavlenas axdens ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri

SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qcevis Sesacvlelad. es
midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986).
me-16 TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul
Terapiirs programebs, romlebic kognituri modifikaciidan gafarTovda da
moicva naklebad Sesatyvisi (maladaptive) qceviTi paternebi.
modiT, es Tavi SevajamoT imiT, rom davubrundeT saSinelebaTa
filmis
naxvas. rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni gamocdileba?
Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo waxvediT, Tqven uneblie
ganmtkicebas daemirCileT. Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es
Tqveni Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis efeqti SeimCneva. Tu
SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis
bedze, es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia. magram Tu Tqveni
mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT, damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes
mogindebaT saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia. mzad xarT
kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?
Sejameba mkvlevarebma daswavlis kognituri formebi aRmoaCines,
romlebic klasikuri
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da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi cxovelebs

moqmedebisa da gdarCenis saSualebas aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs
SuZliaT, daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze dayrdnobiT
gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac perceptualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris
damokidebuli. qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, adamianebi
da cxovelebi swavloben axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze“
dayrdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da antisocialur qcevebs modelirebiT
daiswavlian.

aseT SemTxvevaSi saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda

ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
sur. 7.4 ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi
mkvlevarebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT ganawilebas ganpirobebul
da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze efeqturia
Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs
Soris mcire intervaliT.
sur. 7.7. reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis
SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
da 5wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze
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SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis jgufis

ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia
ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris.
sur. 7.7. reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis
SemTxveveTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
da 5wamiani Soki (ganupirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze
SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis jgufis
ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia
ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul stimulebs Soris.
sur. 7.8. pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli-
upirobo ganmamtkicebelis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodben anu pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen (SiSi metad iyo
ganpirobebuli), vidre is ZaRlebi, romlebsac upirobo ganmamtkiceblis
kavSiri qondaT.
sur. 7.9. kaminis procedura dablokvis efeqtisaTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis virTxebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze (ganp.st1).
Semdeg
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maT unda epasuxaT zarsa (ganp.st.1) da sinaTleze (ganp.st2). virTxebs

sakontrolo jgufSi unda epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa da zarze. roca
Semowmda ganpirobebuloba mxolod zarze da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs hqondaT reaqcia orive stimulze. kaminis
mixedviT, eqsperimentulma virTxebma imitom ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom
is aranair axal informacias ar Seicavda ganupirobebeFli stimulis
gamovlenis Sesaxeb; zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaTlis efeqti.
sur. 7.10 Torndaikis problemuri yuTi
imisTvis, rom gamoaRwios yuTidan da moipovos sakvebi, Torndaikis
katam
unda Camoagdos simZime, ris Semdegac kari gaiReba.
sur. 7.11 operantuli kabina
sagangebo apartSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis mowodebas
virTxisTvis.
sur. 7.12. operantuli ganpirobebuloba Tqvens cxovrebaSi
gvinda mogceT SesaZlebloba, SeimuSaoT uaryofiTi da dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gamoyenebiT sqema, iseve rogorc dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
dasjisa.
airCieT qceva:
qceva (sakuTari an sxvisi), romlis sixSiris gazrdac gsurT, an qceva
romlis sixSiris Semcirebac gsurT.
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Tqveni moqmedebis gegma CawereT TiToeul ujredSi. mag, davuSvaT

Sesamcirebeli qcevaa Tqveni OoTaxis mezoblis gauTavebeli laparaki
telefonze. I cariel ujredSi SegiZliaT CaweroT `yoveli saubrisTvis,
romelic 2 wuTze naklebs gagrZeldeba, mezobels kanfets mivcem.~ xolo
IV cariel ujredSi _ telefonze ar-saubris qcevis gazrda, magram
gaiTvaliswineT, rom realurad SeiZleba ver SesZloT imis ganxorcieleba,
rasac cariel ujredebSi CawerT. sasargeblo stimuli aversiuli stimuli

miwodeba
dadebiTi dadebiTi dasja (2)
ganmtkiceba
(1) Camocileba

uaryofiTi dasja uaryofiTi

sur. 7.14. ganmtkiceba (4) Tandayolili unarebi
(3)
garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom virTxebs aqvT

Tandayolili

unari, gansazRvruli stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan. virTxebi

eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avadmyofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks.
da piriqiT – ferad wyals eridebodnen, radgan Soks moaswavebda da ar
eridebodnen, rodesac mas avadmyofoba mohyveboda.
 223

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
daswavlis unaris kvleva
• daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac viRebT gamocdilebaze
damyarebul SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas qcevaSi an qcevis
potencialSi .
• bihevioristebs sjeraT, rom Zalian bevri qceva SeiZleba axsnili iqnas
martivi daswavlis procedurebiT.
• maT, aseve, sjeraT, rom daswavlis erTidaigive principebi amarTlebs
yvela cocxal organizmTan mimarTebaSi. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba:
daswavlis winaswarganmwyobi faqtorebi
• klasikuri ganpirobebulobis axsnaSi pirveli wvlili pavlovma Seitana,
romelmac Tqva, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli (gs) iwvevs ganupirobebel
reaqcias (gr). neitraluri stimuli romelic Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad, romelic TavisTavad
iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
• Caqrobas aqvs adgili, rodesac ganupirobebel stimuls ar moyveba
ganpirobebuli stimuli.
• stimulis generalizacia fenomenia, romlis drosac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi stimuli iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
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• diskriminaciuli daswavla aviwroebs im ganpirobebuli stimulebis

diapazons, romelzec organizmi reaqcias iZleva.
• imisaTvis, rom ganjxorcieldes klasikuri ganpirobebuloba unda
arsebobdes mudmivi kavSiri ganpirobebul stimulsa da ganupirobebel
stimuls Soris.
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba xsnis mraval emociur reaqcias da
narkotikebis mimarT tolerantulobas. is aseve gamoyenebul iqna
imunuri funqciis Sesacvlelad. operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavleba
Sedegebis Sesaxeb
• Torndaikma aCvena, rom qcevebi romlebic damakmayofilebel
Sedegebs iZlevian, midrekili arian gameorebisken.
• skineris qceviTi analizis midgoma fokusirebulia ganmamtkiceblis
ganpirobebulobis manipulaciiT miRebuli qcevis Sedegebis
dakvirvebaze.
• qcevebi ZiriTadad yalibdeba dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebiT.
naklebad albaTia maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasjiT Camoyalibeba.
• konteqstualurad gamarTlebuli qceva aixsneba samterminiani
ganpirobebulobiT – ganmasxvavebeli stimuli-qceva-qcevis Sedegi.
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• pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli aris stimuli, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc

stimuli maSinac ki, roca organizms wina gamocdileba ar qonia.
ganpirobebuli ganmamtkiceblebi SeZenilia pirvelad
ganmamtkiceblebTan asocirebis Sedegad.
• SesaZlo aqtiobebi funqcionirebs rogorc dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli.
• is qceva, romelzec gavlena moaxdina ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebma,
SeiZleba SenarCundes an Seicvalos da aseve gamovlindes intervalebiT
an porciaporciobiT.
• kompleqsuri reaqciebi SesaZloa daiswavlos Seipingis saSualebiT.

biologia da daswavla

• mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom daswavlas SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos

gansxvavebuli saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelma Taviseburebebma.
• instinqtiT gamowveulma midrekilebam SeiZleba gadafaros
SedegiganmamtkicebliT daswavla.
• gamos aversiiT swavla gvamcnobs, rom saxeobebi genetikurad mzad
arin sxvadasxva saxis asociaciebisTvis.

kognituri sferos gavlena daswavlaze

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• daswavlis zogierTi forma gacilebiT kompleqsur procedurebs

moiazrebs, vidre klasikuri an operantuli ganpirobebuloba.
• cxovelebs gaaCniaT kognituri ruqebi, romlebic maT rTul garemoSi
funqcionirebis saSualebas aZlevs.
• konceptualuri qceva cxovelebs saSualebas aZlevs garemos struqturebis
Sesaxeb informaciis ganzogadeba moaxdinon.
• qcevaTa waxaliseba da dasja SesaZlebelia. adamianebs da sxva
cxovelebs SeuZliaT dakvirvebidan gamomdinare swavla.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
• bihevioraluri analizi • operantuli qceva
• refleqsi • pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
• klasikuri ganpirobebuloba • ganmamtkicebeli
• ganpirobebuloba • dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
• ganupirobebeli stimuli • uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
• ganupirobebeli reaqcia • operantulobis Caqroba
• ganpirobebuli stimuli • damsjeli
• ganpirobebuli reaqcia • dadebiTi damsjeli
• daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba • uaryofiT damsjeli
• daswavla • diskriminaciuli stimuli
• daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba • sampirobiani albaToba
 227

• SeZena • pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli

• Caqroba • pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
• spontanuri aRdgena • fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili • stimulis
generalizeba • cvalebadi intervalis cxrili
• stimulis diskriminacia • warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT
Seipingi
• blokireba • instinqturi swrafva
• fsiqoneiroimunulogia • gemos aversiiT daswavla
• efeqtis kanoni • cxovelTa kognicia
• operanruli ganpirobebuloba • kognituri ruka

Tavi 8. mexsiereba

• ra aris mexsiereba
− ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
− mexsierebis tipebi
− mexsierebis procesebis mimoxilva
• sensoruli mexsiereba
 228

− xatiseburi mexsiereba
− eqo mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
− xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis SezRuduloba
− muSa mexsiereba
• xangrZlivi mexsiereba
− kodireba da aRdgena
− konteqsti da kodireba
− mogonebis mimniSneblebi
− kodirebis da mogonebis procesebi
− daulagebeli (arastruqturirebuli) informaciis daxsomebis
saSualebebi
− metamexsiereba
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi. rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis
gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi

• xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi − mexsierebis struqturebi

− mexsierebis struqturebis gamoyeneba

− mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqciuli procesi
 229

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: adamianis mexsiereba da kompiuteris

mexsiereba

• mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi − engramis ZiebaSi

− tvinis suraTi (skanireba)

• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
− ZiriTadi cnebebi
 230

Tavis avtobiografias marlon brando iwyebs Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze

adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli – naTlad araferi magondeba.
Dda mainc, Cemi pirveli mogoneba im dros ukavSirdeba, rodesac sul
pawawina viyavi, im asakSi, rodesac Tavis asaks bavSvebi verc
acnobiereben. maxsovs, erTxel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis (brandos momvlels) jer
kidev eZina. rogorRac Cavicvi da nabijnabij daviwye saxlis win kibeze
Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis
Sekvra ver movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis zRurbls.
Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis safexurze da daviwye lodini.
rogorc Cans, gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom maRal xes
yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi, bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo,
bumbuli haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT moZraobas miwaze
daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi
bumbuli mainc dameWira. magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen gverds Cems
xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali
saswaulis molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras. Mmze
ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
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swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi

cxovrebis 65 wlis manZilze. “ mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis
dawyebis win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas Tqveni
cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan. rodis moxda igi? iseve naTlad
gaxsovT es movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens mogonebaze
moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulodnelad rom aRmogeCinaT,
rom
dakargeT mexsiereba da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan _ arc xalxi,
romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic Tavs gadagxdaT. ar
gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba dedaTqveni, dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda
Tqvens dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT. Tqveni pirovnebidan
warsulis amgvari amoSlis pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni
TviTidentobac daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoadgenT. an
davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva
Tqvens uaxles gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac ver
SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis azrs gaigebT.
yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad
xedavT da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar gqoniaT TavSi. rogor
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fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis

gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqriaT, es imas niSnavs, rom,
rogorc Cans, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs da
rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT, rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv
procesebs, magaliTad, sunTqvis an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romelTa
moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cnobieri Carevis gareSe
mimdinareobs. magram aqac, iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis
SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT yuradRebas, Tu raRac
arasworad xdeba, magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi,
mniSvnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis SekiTxvaze, romelic
namdvilad iswavleT da icodiT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian
usiamovnod ganicdeba, magram isic unda gaacnobieroT, rom adamianis
tvini saSualod informaciis 100 triolion bits itevs. mexsierebidan garkveuli
informaciis amosatanad ki jer am uzarmazari moculobis gadaxedva unda
moxdes. amitomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis
saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor ixsomebT amdens da
ratom iviwyebT zogjer imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur
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cxovrebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT fsiqologiis

monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava formebis arsebobis da muSaobis
Sesaxeb. vimedovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani
faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven darwmundebiT, Tu raoden
araCveulebrivi ram aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas exeba, modiT, Tqveni
mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven
daixsomoT ricxvi 37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis 37-is
dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi.

ra aris mexsiereba?
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da aRdgenis unari. am TavSi
mexsierebas ganvixilavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erT-erTi
formas.
mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu
rogor aRibeWdeba informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor
gvaviwydeba igi, (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis informacia mexsierebis
sistemaSi da rogor gamodis am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWvdisa da
aRdgenis procesebis ganxilva
 234

SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven

daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli mecnieruli gamokvleviT
mexsierebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul formebs.

ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba:

„masala swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu igi

gaazrebuli da mimarTebaSi ar aris moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo

Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli“. sxva sityvebiT, Tu
naCqarevad daiswavli masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi nawili
dagaviwydeba. es mniSvnelovani da uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba
ekuTvnis germanel fsiqologs herman ebinghauss, romelmac daadgina
amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria, ramac, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba
mis mier mexsierebis axali mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna.
ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi iyo mexsierebis
Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvlevebis upiratesobis saCveneblad. magram
amisTvis aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia, da ebinghausmac
brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas. Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis
meTodebi. igi iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tanxmovnisa da
 235

SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda, magaliTad, ceg an das. igi azrian

marcvlebTan SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR upiratesobas uazro marcvlebs
aZlevda/aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas
SesZlebda, Tavisufals pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa da
asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvlevari iyo, aramed cdis piric
sakuTar eqsperimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da Tavis
Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis masalis daswavlaSi
mdgomareobda. ebingausi ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro marcvlebisgan Sedgenili
mwkrivis kiTxviT pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToeuli
marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili periodulobiT xeboda). am proceduras
imeorebda manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aRdgenas
SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli
daswavlis kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi drois
manZilze igi
pirveli mwkrivisgan gansxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel mwkrivs ubrundeboda da
zomavda ganmeorebebis im raodenobas, romelic saWiro iyo am
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mwkrivis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgenisaTvis. Tu

mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan
dasaswavlad iyo saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli iyo da
swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored daswavlas naklebi dro.

saidan viciT
ebingausis daviwyebis mrudi
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba sWirdeboda
mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo 9 ganmeoreba _ mravali
dRis Semdeg xelmeored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis
koeficienti 25% iqneboda. (12 ganmeorebas
gamoklebuli 9 = 3 anu 25%). am proceduris
gamoyenebiT ebinghausi zomavda gansxvavebul
droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis
raodenobas. mrudi, romelic man miiRo, gamosaxulia
8.1 suraTze rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas
adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel dReebSi, xolo
Semdeg daviwyebis tempi TandaTan klebulobs.
ebinghausis mrudi tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze
Catarebuli yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
sur. 8.1. ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa
mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi
swrafad eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
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• mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis

fsiqikuri unari.

ebingausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze

Seiswavlidnen uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebi
imedovnebdnen, rom ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, romelTa
daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli procesebis axsna iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis daxsomebazea
gadatanili _ informaciis im saxeobaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
aqvs adgili.

• mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of memoty) _

cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenisa.
• mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of memory) _
kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis gaucnobiereblad informaciis
daxsomeba da aRdgena.

mexsierebis tipebi
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs, pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris
 238

is situaciebi, romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _ igonebT

Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio omis dawyebis TariRs da sxv.
faqtobrivad, mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia aris is, rom
Sens individualur Tu sazogadoebriv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli
gaxdes saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba. magram mexsierebis
mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia. masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba
yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis Sesruleba.
magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis saWes uzixarT, gza, maRaziebi
quCis orive mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es mexsierebis
meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, romelic cnobierebis Caurevlad
moqmedebs. mexsierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu rogor
muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad, xSirad
aracnobier donezec.

implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra

Secdomaa daSvebuli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac

gagakvirvaT, aris cocxali kurdRlis yofna samzareuloSi. magram saidan

modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar
ikiTxavT:
 239

es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an es kabinetSi unda iyos?

es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas mexsierebis
gamoyenebis
implicitur da eqsplicitur unarebs Soris. Tqvens mier kurdRlis SemCneva
implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo, radgan Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebma samzareulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias yovelgvari
gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe daukavSira. magram axla Tu
dagisvamT kiTxvas, ra aklia samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad dagWirdebaT eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba.
gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: rogoria tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT
onkanze an gazis quraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro xdeba mexsierebaSi
Senaxuli informaciis gamoyeneba, es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer,
impliciturad _ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis gareSe, zogjer ki
eqspliciturad _ informaciis amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod warsulis aRdgenis, aramed
axali informaciis miRebis, anu aRbeWvdis (kodirebis) procesSic. saidan
iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes
samzareuloSi an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara. ufro
savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven aracnobierad SeiZineT. da piriqiT,
samzareuloSi arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspliciturad
 240

daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, asociaciebis damyareba

sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi xdeba, eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebze dayrdnobiT.
Tqven daimaxsovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac viRacam
migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze, rogorc am konkretuli sagnis
saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur mexsierebas Soris Zalian
afarTovebs mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons.
(Buchner, &Wipich2000, Roediger,1990). tradiciulad, ebinghausis
Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba Seiswavlida eqsplicitur mexsierebas.
eqsperimentatorebi,
Cveulebriv, informaciis daxsomebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo
mexsierebis Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi daxsomebis da
daviwyebis faqtebi da kanonzomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am
Tavis gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi implicituri mexsierebis
Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla ukve viciT, rom
informaciis aRbeWvdis da aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc
 241

eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba. (Toth. et al. 1994). axla

ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi.

deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba

SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT. Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT,
maSin TiTebi daatkacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxismgebeli
am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT kidec, rogor swavlobdiT
am moqmedebebs, magram axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe
akeTebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da implicituri mexsierebis
Sesaxeb magaliTebi exeba
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas, romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba
ewodeba. magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac, Tu rogor
unda
vimoqmedoT an gavakeToT raime. es ki proceduruli mexsierebis
kompetenciaa. ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da movlenebis
daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba, saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor
viZenT raimes gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic
 242

ganapirobebs raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an raimes gakeTebas. is

safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas.
proceduruli mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis droSi
mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas. (Anderson,1996, Anderson
etal., 1999): rogor xdeba gadasvla garkveuli aqtiobis Sesaxeb deklaraciuli
faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqtiobis aracnobier, avtomatur
Sesrulebaze? an ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg
xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis procesis metnaklebad
detaluri gaxseneba da deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinoebisTvis gavarCioT Semdegi martivi
moqmedeba _
telefonze nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze darekvas cdilobdiT,
gixdebodaT yoveli cifris akrefis win dafiqreba - Tqven moqmedebdiT
deklaraciuli faqtebiT:

Tavidan unda avkrifo 2

Semdeg unda avkrifo 3, Semdeg _ 3 da a.S.

magram Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris akrefa, ukve aRar

anawevrebT
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telefonis nomers cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed erTianad,

uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers. am process codnis kompilacia
ewodeba
(Anderson, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT sxvadasxva
moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Sedgenili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba
cnobierebis Carevis gareSe SeasruloT. magram, amave dros, Tqven ver
ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev
telefonis magaliTs davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba SegxvdeT
adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam
akrefis imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is maxasiaTebelia,
romlis gamoc proceduruli mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu
odesme Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas) ucdiaT TqvenTvis
manqanis tarebis swavleba, SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba Zalian kargi
mZRolebic iyvnen, magram ver SeZlon kargad da sworad gadmogcen
manqanis marTvisTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.

• deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _ mimarTulia faqtebisa

da movlenebis daxsomebaze.
 244

• proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mimarTulia imaze, Tu

rogor unda Sesruldes moqmedeba, rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes
perceptuli,
kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena da gamoyeneba.
Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yuradReba, rom codnis
kompilacia, zogjer Secdomebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven
xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beWvda da, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom gawafuli mbeWdavi xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba uaRresad garTuldeboda,
radgan TiToeuli moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij
mogviwevda. da miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac SecdomiT
dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu
meqanikuri Secdoma.

mexsierebis procesebi mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami

saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWvdas (kodirebas), Senaxvas da
aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri,
romelic informaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas emsaxureba.
Senaxva akavebs informacias garkveuli drois manZilze. aRdgena ki
Senaxuli informaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis gamoyenebas
 245

warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT, kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia

sacavSi (Senaxva), akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo
aRdgenas amoaqvs igi. axla ufro vrclad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi gare samyaroSi arsebuli
sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis
warmodgena, Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analogiuria: vTqvaT, me
mainteresebs rogoria is saukeTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo
dabadebis dReze miiReT. (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari Tan ar gaqvT).
ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs.
SeiZleba dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT. yvela
SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis mxolod warmodgena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri,
TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvawvdis am saCuqris yvelaze
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT,
warmovidginoT warsuli gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi Senaxva moxdeba drois
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Senaxvis procesSi xdeba Tavis tvinis
 246

struqturis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT,

Tu rogor cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis is adgilebi, Tu sad
xdeba axali da Zveli informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra
xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individebi
kargaven axali informaciis Senaxvis unars.

• kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac mexsierebaSi

formirdeba mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
• Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba garkveuli drois
manZilze.
• aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena, amotana
mexsierebidan.

aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb Zalisxmevas.

aRdgenis
process SeuZlia wamebSi uzrunvelhyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis
migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra uswrebs win Senaxvas:
kodireba Tu dekodireba? axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve
swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis cneba da aseve
darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli erTi biti
 247

specifikuri informaciis amotana mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari

raodenobis informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im fsiqologTa Soris,
romelTa mizanic aris imis garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da
rogor SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis, rogorc damoukidebeli
mnemuri
procesebis, daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam process Soris
urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTulia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens
mexsierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWvda moxdes, saWiroa, rom vefxvis cneba
gqondeT. aseve, imisaTvis, rom mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi
winadadeba: „is iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi“, saWiroa,
rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri
gramatikis wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs, da bolos,
Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul informaciasac unda vflobdeT,
kerZod, Tu rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi, es cnobili revoluciuri
omis moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad gaecnoT informaciis
kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis procesebs. SemdgomSi Cven
ganvixilavT xanmokle mexsierebis formebs, daviwyebT sensoruli
 248

mexsierebiT da gadavalT xangrZliv mexsierebis formebze (sur. 8.3).

agixsniT, rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni mizania, rom
samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas.
vimedovnebT, rom es dagexmarebaT Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi
aspeqtis gamosworebaSi.
sensoruli muSa mexsiereba xangrZlivi
mexsiereba moicavs xanmokle mexsierebas mexsiereba

sur. 8.3. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena

mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoyeneba.
TeoriebSi informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWvda miewereba sensorul da
xangrZliv mexsierebas. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _
Senaxvas, xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _
aRdgenas. Sejameba mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc informaciis
gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi
informaciis Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mexsierebis pirveli
mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina
daviwyebis siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arsebobs
mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi
forma Seicavs deklaraciul mexsierebas - faqtebis Sesaxeb codnas.
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zogierTi forma ki - procedurul informacias - codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa

Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Zireuli procesebi
kompleqsurad moqmedeben da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis
SeZenasa da gamoyenebaSi.

sensoruli mexsiereba
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis sisustis demonstraciiT. 8.4
naxatze
sakmaod rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT, momentalurad
(daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlobaSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli
daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT suraTTan dakavSirebiT:
1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals qolga marjvena Tu
marcxena xelSi uWiravs?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, suraTze xelmeored daxedva
mogindebodaT, kidev erTxel rom SegexedaT suraTisTvis, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeore gadaxedvis SesaZlebloba Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Cadebulia.
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fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli mexsiereba gaaCnia yovel

sensorul modalobas. TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba inaxavs
gamRizianeblis fizikur Tvisebas wamis an wamze naklebi drois
ganmavlobaSi. es mexsiereba kidev ufro afarToebs garemodan
informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas. am azris ufro detalurad naTelsayofad
moviyvanT ramdenime gamokvlevas mxedvelobiT da smeniT sensorul
mexsierebaze.

xatiseburi mexsiereba mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas

sensorul sferoSi

xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes (Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba

umciresi drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informaciis Zalian did
raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsiereba anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars
grZeldeba.
pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs
evalebodaT, aRedginaT ekranze wamis mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi
miwodebuli informacia.
saidan viciT
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xatiseburi mexsiereba
jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs awvdida 9
asosa da cifrisgan Sedgenil sam mwkrivs

7 1 V F

X L 5 3

B 4 W 7

cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvavebuli amocanis

Sesrulebas. masalis
mTlianad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs unda
aRedginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZlebdnen.
Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daaxloebiT oTxi wevris
aRdgena xdeboda. cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis
nawilobriv
aRdgenas sTxovdnen. am dros cdis pirebs mxolod erTi
mwkrivi unda
aRedginaT. masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda
dabali, saSualo an maRali bgeriTi signali, romelic cdis
pirs miuTiTebda, romeli mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.
sperlingma daadgina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli
mwkrivis
aRdgenas moTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.
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imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis
Sesabamisi nebismieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli
miwodebuli informacia gadadis xatisebur mexsierebaSi. es miuTiTebs
am ukanasknelis did moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli raodenobiT masalis
aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur
mexsierebaSi asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba. es dadasturda
eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis
eqspoziciis Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze Cans, rom
intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis
raodenobas amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes is dro,
romelic sWirdeba xatiseburi mexsierebidan informaciis waSlas
(Gegenfurtner & Sperling, 1993; Loftus at al., 1992). imisTvis, rom
maqsimalurad cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi samyarodan,
mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad unda gadaitanon informacia ufro
myar sacavSi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba ar aris fotografiuli
 253

mexsierebis sinonimi, rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fotografiuli

mexsierebis teqnikuri cneba aris eideturi warmodgena: xalxs, romelsac
gaaCnia eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,
vidre xatisebur mexsierebas, detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos
aRiqvams da aRwers mas. „xalxi“ realurad bavSvebia, radgan dadgenil
iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%, xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi.
(Neath, 1998). ar arsebobs metnaklebad damakmayofilebeli Teoria,
romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi
(Crowder, 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis mkiTxveli,
xarT damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle an kolejis studenti, Tqven
namdvilad ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.

sur. 8.5 eqo mexsiereba bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo mexsiereba

ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve

rogorc xatiseburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met informacias, vidre

daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unaric gaaCnia adamians (Crowder &
Morton, 1969; Darvin et al., 1967). magram eqo mexsiereba, xatisebur
mexsierebasTan SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT met xans grZeldeba. eqo
mexsierebis aseTi xangrZlioba SeiZleba davukavSiroT droSi bgeraTa
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Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT

winadadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla xdeba Cvens yurSi.
eqo mexsiereba gvexmareba, rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad
Seikras. eqo mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gamoavlina
sensoruli
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani Tviseba; axlad Semosuli informacia
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme gikiTxavT sityvaTa mwkrivs, yoveli
axali sityva gadaaadgilebs winas eqo mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi
Tavidanve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgavseba
gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo mexsierebidan. (Crowder, 1976).
magram axla ukve viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo (Ayres et al., 1979).
garedan smeniTi informaciis Semosvlisas, Tqven am gamRizianeblebis
nakadis nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, romeli bgerebi
erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqo mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
rogor ajgufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamocdilebas (LeCompte
& Watkins, 1995).

saidan viciT
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kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo mexsierebaze

studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqsperimenti, sadac
ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda. sufiqsi
yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini
- mee. magram eqsperimentis erT seriaSi monawile
cdis pirebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom es xma
namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo mere seriaSi ki
darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom am xmas adamiani
gamoscemda, (rac marTlac, ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom
sufiqsi mxolod im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo
mexsierebaSi, Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma
adamianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom moqmedi fizikuri gamRizianebeli erTi
da
igive iyo. magram mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo mexsiereba, rodesac cdis
pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias axdendnen (asoebsac da
sufiqssac adamianis xmiT wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis
da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis
gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas, ratom aqvs sensorul mexsierebas ori
ZiriTadi niSani –wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva. saqme
is aris, rom es niSnebi asaxavs garemosTan Cvens urTierTobas. Cvenze
 256

mudmivad moqmedebs axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeblebi.

es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moiTxovs. sensoruli mexsierebis
xangrZlioba sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba asaxos,
magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios axal sensorul
STabeWdilebebs. Cven
SemdgomSi ganvixilavT mexsierebis gadamuSavebis im saxeebs,

romelic SesaZlebels xdis ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas. Sejameba

sensoruli mexsiereba uzrunvelhyofs garemodan informaciis Semosvlas.

xatiseburi mexsiereba aris mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis forma, romelic

SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis informacia umciresi drois
manZilze SevinaxoT. eqo-mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs. Tumca,
igi ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi mexsiereba, mas axali
informacia ufro advilad arRvevs.

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas

daiwyebdiT, Tqven, SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom

gqondaT xatiseburi da eqo-mexsiereba, magram SeiZleba icodiT kidec,

rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma, romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT
informaciis Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian Cveulebrivi
 257

SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis

nomeri. Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT telefonebis
wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasagebs xdis, Tu ratom gamohyves
mkvlevrebma mexsierebis calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba
uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle mexsiereba aris
specialuri adgili, sadac Sedis daxsomebuli masala. is ufros meqanizmia,
romelic
SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmodgenaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs
(Covan, 1999, Shiffrin, 1993). magram xanmokle mexsierebis resursebi
Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu gavixsenebT telefonis nomris
magaliTs, imisTvis, rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi
telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda miiRoT, raTa ufro
saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis
SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqsplicituri mexsierebis
ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri
mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlevrebma mxolod axla
daiwyes (McKone & Trynes, 1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur
 258

mexsierebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, saidanac informacia

implicituri mexsierebis xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven SevexebiT informaciis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSavebis kidev
erT formas, romelic gansazRvravs azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas. es aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT,
muSa mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesasruleblad,
rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba (Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven
cdilobT, daixsomoT telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris da qaRaldis
Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT
SesaZleblobas, SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi, muSa
mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur operaciebs, romlebic xels
Seuwyoben Zebnis procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. daviwyoT ganxilva
xanmokle mexsierebis ganxilviT. xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis
SezRuduloba xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris erTjeradi
aRqmiT informaciis
uSualo aRbeWvda cnobierebaSi. me-5-e TavSi Cven aRvniSneT, rom
yuradRebis funqcia aris gare samyarodan garkveul obieqtTa da
movlenaTa seleqcia.
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ramdenadac Tqveni yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, aseve, SezRuduli

iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semosuli informaciis raodenobac.
xanmokle mexsierebis SezRudul moculobas ganapirobebs yuradRebis
SezRuduloba. xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad
mkvlevrebma uSualo
mexsierebis testi gamoiyenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT
msgavsi
amocana:
waikiTxeT erTxel Semdegi cifrebi, xolo Semdeg CamowereT igive
TanmimdevrobiT, ramdensac SeZlebT:
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5 ramdeni aRdgineT sworad?

axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi da, aseve, ramdensac

SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT, daaxloebiT xuTidan
cxra erTeuls aRadgenT. jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT,
adamiani saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plius an minus or) erTeuls. mas igi
„magiur cifr“ Svids uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT
 260

ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis, sityvebis da nebismier azrian

Tu nacnob masalaze. uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsierebis
SesaZleblobebi
gadafasebulia, radganac cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rom
eqomexsiereba SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masalidan
ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan).
arsebobs faqtorebi, romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis moculobas
oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976). magram Tu mxolod es aris is
raodenoba, riTac iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris, rom
xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis aseT SezRudulobas?

ACCOMMODATING TO STM CAPACITY

miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba sakmaod
SezRudulia,
xanmokle mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori
mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs SesaZlebloba informaciis ganmtkicebisa
ganmeorebebisa da dajgufebis gziT da meore, xanmokle mexsierebidan
informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.

ganmeoreba
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Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso gza Tqveni nacnobis

erTxel amokiTxuli telefonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi
gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis am teqnikas
SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba. ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe
informacias, kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi.

saidan viciT
xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis gareSe

informaciis daviwyeba xdeba cdis pirebs ukiTxaven

sam Tanxmovans, mag. F, C da V-s. maT es

Tanxmovnebi

unda aRadginon gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg,

romlis xangrZlioba meryeobs 3-dan 18 wamamde.
ganmeorebis Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli amocana
(distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZleven samniSna ricxvs da
avaleben ukuRma daiTvalos samis gamoklebiT manam,
sanam im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans miscemen.
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eqsperimenti Catarebuli iyo sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis

da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis gamoyenebiT
mravalricxovan cdispirebze.

rogorc 8.6 suraTze naCvenebi, aRdgenili masalis raodenoba sul ufro

iklebs aRbeWvdasa da mogonebas Soris, drois zrdasTan erTad. sami
wamis Semdeg ukve hqonda adgili daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg ki cdis
pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT. ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan
erTad (Paterson &
Paterson, 1959).
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom informaciis ganmeoreba
ar moxda. aradamakmayofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informaciis
distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia. (interferenciaze Cven Semdgom
vimsjelebT). Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac wveulebaze
pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad
swrafadve gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa aris is, rom droa
saWiro am saxelisa da gvaris ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac
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gagacnoben adamians, manam sanam saubars gaagrZelebdeT, gaimeoreT

ramdenjerme misi saxeli da gvari.
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba
dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia xanmokle mexsierebaSi.
magram davuSvaT, es informacia sakmaod rTulia an didia
gasameoreblad, maSin mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia
dagexmarebaT.

dajgufeba (Chunking) jgufi (Chank) aris azris matarebeli informaciis

erTeuli (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba erTi aso an erTi cifri, an
ramdenime wevrisgan Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos.
magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi erTeuligan Sedgeba
da Tavisuflad jdeba xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu
Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads (1984 weli), an jorj orvelis
wignis „1984“ saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens
xanmokle mexsierebaSi dagrCebaT adgili sxva masalisTvisac. dajgufeba
(Chunking) aris dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis
safuZvelze, an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT
ufro didi jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesi (Baddeley, 1994).
 264

ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis es mwkrivi?

19411917186518121776.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi
iqneba „20“, xolo Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba
„5“. Tu Tqven bolo strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac Zalian
gagiadvilebT igive TnmimdevrobiT am mwkrivis aRdgena. maSin,
rodesac Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc 20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars,
ganixilavT, ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad aRdgenasac
verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu
Tqven monaxavT didi moculobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis
gzas. cnobil pirovnebas S. F.-s (igi gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) SeeZlo 84
cifris daxsomeba maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT dajgufebis
safuZvelze.

saidan viciT
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dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba

F.S-s oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvilobas.
ramdenadac is grZ.el distanciebze darboda, man
SeamCnia, rom bevri mwkrivis cifrebi SeiZleba
dajgufebuliyo, rogorc garbenis dro sxvadasxva
distanciaze. magaliTad, man moaxdina 34925614935
mwkrivis Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distanciaze garbenis
dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis garbenas. SemdgomSi
dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda,
agreTve, asaks, RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur
cifrobriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi xangrZlivi
mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa grZeli,
SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli wevrebi azrian
jgufebad gaeerTianebina. magram, amave dros, S.F.-s
asoebze saSualo mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar
hqonda gamomuSavebuli asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis
araviTari strategia. (Chase & Ericsson, 1981; Ericsson
& Chase, 1982).
SF.-s msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad Semosuli informaciis
gadastruqtureba moaxdinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan
gamomdinare, (magaliTad, daukavSiroT igi megobrebis an naTesavebis
asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
arsebul kodebs. maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT, Tqvens
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xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebi, mniSvnelobebi Tu kodebi

gamogeyenebiaT, am strategiiT sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia.
SegiZliaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis an droiTi intervalebis mixedviT
(magaliTad, 181379256460-dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da
460). yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom aseTi dajgufebis
principi mSvenivrad muSaobs telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.
• muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis unari, romelic
gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa
mizezobrioba da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,
sivrciTvizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmasruleblisagan.
• dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul wevrTa dajgufebis procesi
msgavsebis an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgena

ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos misi Senaxva. magram am strategiuli
midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis
aRdgena Zalian efeqtiania. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamokvlevaTa
seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoyenebuli iyo amocana, romelic
 267

naTelyofda im did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi afasebdnen xanmokle

mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias.

saidan viciT
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis efeqturi aRdgena
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catarebuli cdebis
TiToeul jerze
eZleodaT dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan eqvs
erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad, cifrebs 5294 da 6.
cdidan cdamde es masala icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu
romeli da ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli saxis
masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi maSinve
sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests – cifrs, romlis
Sesaxebac cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es
cifri uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi.
damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe iyo. ramdenad
swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs daeWira xeli Rilakze,
romelzec aRniSnuli iyo „diax“, raTa daedasturebina,
rom axsovs, rom es cifri iyo dasaxsomebel masalaSi
da daeWira xeli Rilakze aRniSvniT „ara“, raTa
eCvenebina, rom darwmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri
miwodebul cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiTvala
es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri masalis aRbeWvdasa
da Semdeg pasuxs sWirdeboda 400 miliwami, xolo 35
miliwami sWirdeboda am gamRizianeblis (cifris)
mexsierebaSi Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi
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wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc vxedavT,

xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgena
araCveulebrivad efeqtiani aRmoCnda.

Tumca, Stenbergis Sedegebis asaxsnelad wamoyenebuli iyo

gansxvavaebuli
Teoriebi (Ratcliff, 1978, Townsend, 1971, 1990), yvela Tanxmdeba
imaSi, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad
xdeba. modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmoCenidan da
gavavloT analogia did samecniero biblioTekasTan. mocemul
biblioTekaSi wignebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa didi
raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod, yovel jerze mxolod sami
wigniT sargeblobis ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
moculoba). magram, davuSvaT, yoveli msurveli wigns Zalian swrafad
 269

kiTxulobs (xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).

aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT biblioTekiT da
iSviTad gaacnobierebT biblioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis
gatanis Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs samuSaos
asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.

muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba xanmokle mexsierebaze
da im rolze, romelsac xanmokle mexsiereba TamaSobs axali informaciis
eqspliciturad aRbeWvdis procesSi. magram, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT,
Tqven gWirdebaT kidev iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia
da nebismier momentSi, nebismieri Tqveni moqmedebis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobas mogcemT, gansxvavebiT mexsierebis im formebisgan,
romelic faqtebis aRbeWvdas udevs safuZvlad. magram aucilebelia
mexsierebis TvalsaCino Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic.
gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagemaxsovrebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT
misi mogoneba, maSasadame, Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT
 270

daxsomebuli ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven gTxovT,

gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, magaliTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan
meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis gamoklebiT 132-dan, am
SemTxvevaSi Tqven mexsierebas ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT.
mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is
funqciebi, romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT da Seqmnes
Teoria
muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb, sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle
mexsierebis formad ganixiles. (Healy & McNamara, 1996). alan bedlim
da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley, 1986, 1992, Baddeley, Andrade,
2000) muSa mexsierebaSi sami komponenti gamoyves:
• fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze (metyvelebaze)
dafuZnebuli informaciis Semosvla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri
sacavi nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. rodesac
imeorebiT am wuTSi mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers
daxsomebis mizniT, am dros fonologiur sacavis moqmedebas
eyrdnobiT.
• mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: is fonologiuri sacavis msgavs
funqcias asrulebs, oRond sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis
 271

mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni merxia Tqvens

auditoriaSi, Tqven iyenebT mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqemis
SesaZleblobebs auditoriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT
merxebis raodenobas.
• centraluri aRmasrulebeli: aq xdeba yuradRebaze kontroli da
fonologiuri sacavidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan miRebuli
informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis, rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic
fsiqikur procesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom gaixsenoT da aRweroT raRac suraTi. Tqven
eyrdnobiT centraluri aRmasruleblis funqcias, romelic warmarTavs
Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleblobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis
gadasawyvetad. (am sakiTxs me-9-e TavSi davubrundebiT).

xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis ufro farTo konteqstSi

Seyvana amtkicebs im mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia
da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmianoba, magaliTad,
metyvelebis procesi Tu problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi
kognituri aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis swraf da Tanmimdevar
amoqmedebas da CarTvas moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba Tqven SegiZliaT
ganixiloT, rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da xanmokle
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mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daakvirdeT romelime fizikur obieqts,

SegiZliaT ufro metad gamokveToT igi; muSa mexsierebas Tqveni
fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac
SeuZlia. muSa mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am obieqtebTan
dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis mixedviT adamianebi
individualurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. (Daneman, Merikle,
1956; Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi amis dasadgenad
aris muSa mexsierebis moculoba. am mizniT, mkvlevrebi sTxoven cdis
pirebs winadadebaTa seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli
winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas. 8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT
ramdenime aseT winadadebas. Aam amocanis Sesruleba arc ise martivia.
dadgenilia, rom vinc saSualod 4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, aqvs kargi
mexsierebis moculoba, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an naklebs ixsomebs _ mcire
moculoba. magram es aris saSualo monacemi, gamoyvanili
gansxvavebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli mravali cdidan. ase
rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
verafers SeityobT. imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba aris imis
sazomi, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri procesebis gamoyenebis ra
 273

SesaZleblobebi aqvs individs, mecnierebi iyeneben mas gansxvavebul

amocanebze SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis.
saidan viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas axdens teqstis
daxsomebaze
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami jgufi,
romelTagan TiToeuls,
Sesabamisad, hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali
mexsierebis moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs sTxovdnen
waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri Zveli saxlis“
Sesaxeb, erTis mxriv, myidvelis da, meore mxriv,
mZarcvelis poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi
da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo, rogorc erTi, ise
meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad. magaliTad, saxlis
moZvelebul saxuravs upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli
koleqcia. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas
moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia, romelic
maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqondaT. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, orjer aRedginaT moTxroba – erTxel
Tavdapirveli poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an
mZarcveli) da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze.
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar. . .). cdis pirebs, romelTac
mexsierebis didi moculoba hqondaT, meore
poziciidanac sakmao masalis aRdgena SeeZloT. es ver
 274

sSeZles sxva cdis pirebma. (Lee-Sammons &

Whitney, 1991).

mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo moculobis mexsierebis

mqone
cdis pirebi Tavidanve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba,
ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba. maRali/didi moculobis
cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis
gadamuSaveba.
eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsierebis moculoba izomeba, xels
uwyobs imis garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebis individualur gansxvavebebs.
da bolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni fsiqologiuri awmyos
SeCereba. swored muSa mexsierebaa, romlis saSualebiTac Semodis
 275

konteqstSi axali informacia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. igi gaZlevT SesaZleblobas,
cvalebadi situaciis Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni
STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT arsebiTi momentebi
saubarSi. es yvelaferi simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris rols
TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xangrZliv mexsierebas Soris. axla
gadavideT droSi ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxilvaze.

Sejameba xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia aris eqsplicituri saxiT

informaciis

pirveladi aRbeWvda. xanmokle mexsiereba itevs oridan oTxamde

erTeuls. ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xanmokle
mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu informacia azrobriv nawilebad
dajgufdeba. informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan swrafad
xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa
mexsierebis cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs
adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv process.
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• xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxsomebis procesi,

romelic uzrunvelhyofs informaciis Senaxvas da SemdgomSi, nebismier
dros mis aRdgenas.
• kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es principi gulisxmobs,
rom aRdgenili informaciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. aRbeWvda (kodireba) da Senaxva

ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi? ganvixiloT 90 wlis
qalis
mexsiereba , romelsac TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels
momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am miwisZvras mohyva. mas
zustad axsovs, Tu ras ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad
mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg
mama arTmevda am svel tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom
saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi da SfoTva, romelic
am patara gogonam ganicada, rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor iyo misi qalaqi
miwasTan gasworebuli. (rogor ingreoda qalaqi).
rodesac fsiqologebi saubroben xangrZlivi mexsierebis Sesaxeb, isini
 277

gulisxmoben, rom daxsomebuli Sinaarsi, STabeWdileba, xSirad, SeiZleba

mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes adamians. aqedan gamomdinare,
Teoriam unda axsnas ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia didi
xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia mexsierebas misi aRdgena–
gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi mexsiereba aris SegrZnebebis da xanmokle
mexsierebis gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis sacavi. masSi
Sedis movlenebi, informacia, emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi,
wesebi da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs pirovnebis mTlian
codnas samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT
daxsomeba, Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs. es winaswari
informacia gexmarebaT, erTgvari sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli
informaciis ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis Sesaxeb Cven
Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu
is pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda, daemTxveva an
maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs, romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT.
Tavis Semdgom nawilebSi vnaxavT, Tu ras niSnavs „damTxveva“.

konteqsti da kodireba manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris

Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda

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ganvixiloT fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks“ uwodeben. xalxiT

gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba, romelsac, grZnobT, rom namdvilad
icnobT, magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris, xolod met-naklebad
xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba,
magram imasac acnobierebT, rom imitom gagiWirdaT misi mogoneba,
rom mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT. ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis
ganyofilebaSi mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris
wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi aseTi SemTxveva,
mixvdebiT ra moiazreba kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: mexsiereba
yvelaze efeqtianad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac aRdgenis procesis
konteqsti kodirebis konteqsts emTxveva. axla vnaxoT, rogor moaxdines
mecnierebma am principis demonstrireba. kodirebis specifikuroba
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi informaciis swavlas? pirvelad
endel tulvingma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines kodirebis
specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demonstrireba, rodesac mogonebasa da
cnobas Soris Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi
miiRes.

saidan viciT
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kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas axdens cnobasa da

mogonebaze cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon
sityvaTa mwkrivebi, mag. vagoni-Savi,
magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom maT unda
daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore sityva.
eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze cdis pirebs sTxoven
sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal asociacias. es sityva
specialurad aris SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am
asociaciaTa Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis
Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaciebSi is
sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT eqsperimentis pirvel
fazaSi wyvilebidan moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma
mxolod 54%-is mogoneba SesZles. xolo maSin,
rodesac wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 %
aRadgines.
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba? tulvingis da tomsonis
mixedviT,
amis mizezi konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, romlebmac sityva Savi
daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi, Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti
sityva TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan cvlilebas konteqstis es
minimaluri cvlileba iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba ramdenad did efeqts
gamoiwvevs.
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mecnierebma SeZles konteqstis mexsierebaze sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis

eqsperimentuli gamowveva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi
swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki
imave sityvaTa Semowmeba am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS
xdeboda. aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT meti iyo,
rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda,
Tumca, TviT masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan da arc
yvinTvasTan. (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). seve, daxsomeba ukeTesia,
Tu masalis ardgenisas Tanmxlebi musika igivea rac daxsomebisas. (Balch
& Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi ki daxsomebis efeqturoba ufro
maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da
aRdgena (Schab, 1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris urTierTkavSirze
Catarebulma eqsperimentebma gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens konteqstis efeqtze.

saidan viciT
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mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols asrulebs

romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani mexsierebis
konteqstis efeqtisTvis? ramdenime eqsperimenti iyo
am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli sxvadasxva sunelebis
gamoyenebiT. erT SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis
pirebisTvis sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli
osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareulkenkrovani;
Herz, 1997, p. 375), Cveulebrivi, nacnobi suni,
magram uCveulo kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da
laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni. hipoTezis
mixedviT, mxolod ori suni gamoiwvevda yuradRebas
Tavisi siaxliT da uCveulobiT da CaerTveboda
kodirebis procesSi. hipoTeza dadasturda. Tumca,
kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis
pirebi mniSvnelovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis dros igive
suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWvdisas. magram es
exeboda mxolod osmantuss da vanils. (Herz, 1996).
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara yovelgvari suni
monawileobs
konteqstis efeqtSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva konteqstSi
icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRaziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos. rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
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konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mexsierebis erT-

erT
klasikuri kanonzomierebis – rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad.
davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT,
gaixsenoT TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romelsac Tqven
aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli Sedegisa: Tqven
mSvenivrad aRadgenT mwkrivis dasawyisidan ramdenime (dasawyisis
efeqti) da bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti). mwkrivis Sua
nawilidan ki erTi–ori sityva gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli
kanonzomiereba zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisufali wesiT aRdgenili
masalis mimarT (gaixseneT, ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT) ise,
igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT
igive TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve,
sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis daxsomebis dros
(Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daadgines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis
efeqti bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder, 1976, Neath, 1993).
ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am
kiTxvaze kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi? (Koriat &
Fischoff, 1974).
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mrudis aseTi forma aixsneba mwkrivis wevrebis gansxvavebuli

konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqveni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sinaarsebis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxv. (Knoedler et al 1999,
Marks &
Crowder, 1997, Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxvavebis
gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad gansxvavdeboda situacia
(konteqsti), romelSic me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romelSic
me unda aRvadgino igi?“ SevCerdeT daboloebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze
mocemulia vizualuri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT, rom
suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT. Tqveni yuradReba liandagis
bolozea (suraTis ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom boloSi,
horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiTqos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca,
Tanabrad arian sivrceSi daSorebulni.
Cven ki SegviZlia, vTqvaT, rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni, (liandagis bolo) konteqstisgan
gansxvavebulia. axla warmoidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT aTi bolos
nanaxi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis msgavsi situacia gvaqvs.
umravles SemTxvevaSi, Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT,
radganac Tqven gamohyofT erTmaneTSi areul suraTebidan imas,
romelic ufro axloa, axlo warsuls miekuTvneba. am logikas Tu gavyvebiT,
 284

„Sua“ informacia ukeT daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro

gamovkveTavT (erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea
gaTvaliswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi erTmaneTisgan
Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.
• rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position effect) _ mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenis procesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis
dasawyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre mwkrivis Sua
wevrebisa.
• dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli wevrebis ukeTesad
daxsomeba.
• daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo wevrebis ukeTesad
daxsomeba.
• konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctiveness) _ Tvalsazrisi,
romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma gamocdilebam.

sur. 8.7. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti

mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas.
studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15
sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi igive
 285

TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali

aRdgenis wesiT (gaixsenebT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da
boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
saidan viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi Tanabrad
daSorebuli davinaxoT,
saWiroa, liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT
erTmaneTs. samagierod, naklebs davinaxavT.
mecnierebma es logika gamoiyenes mexsierebis
eqsperimentSi, gaatares ra analogia sivrcesa da dros
Soris. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa
mwkrivebi, magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis
pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdegnairad
xorcieldeboda:
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi
ricxvebis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris
ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda.
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Cveulebriv pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8

suraTze or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. proporciul
pirobebSi ki (B nawilis nsgavsad) pirvel wyvils Soris
4 cifri iyo, xolo bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amas
unda gamoewvia is, rom wina cifrebi ufro
gamokveTili unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis
SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli ufro Sors Canda.
marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomebdnen Soreul (adre
aRqmul) masals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi
ukeT iyvnen gamokveTilni. (Neath & Crowder,
1990).
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom standartuli daboloebis efeqts
adgili aqvs imitom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtomaturad
gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: yovel
jerze Tqven raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am axal
konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa gamokveTili. amrigad,
dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da
igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia- TiToeuli TiTo bolodan.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi.
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ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWvdasa da mogonebaze saubars, droa

Tqveni
mexsierebac CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT klasikuri
eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom gTxovT daimaxsovroT
ramdenime sityvaTa wyvili. gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi
manam, sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar ityviT:

vaSli – navi qudi –Zvali velosipedi _ saaTi Tagvi _ xe burTi –

saxli yuri – sabani axla, rodesac Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa

mwkrivebi, am tests kidev

ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis

ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois
gayvanis mizniT, visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac Tqveni
mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT. Tqven SeiZleba
gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT an ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli
meTodiTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs miiRebT. es ar aris
ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
mexsierebis testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZleven, magram
jer-jerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri mexsierebis ori meTodi:
mogoneba da cnoba.
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mogonebis dros xdeba adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris

rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti?“ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa. cnobis
dros ki xdeba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa,
romelic Tqven adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba
mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2) engrama; (3)xati; Tu (4)
abstraqtuli kodi?“ es ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens
yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSirdeba. kriminaluri
pirovnebis dasadgenad policia iyenebs mogonebis meTods, rodesac
dazarelebuls sTxovs, aRweros, moigonos borotmoqmedis specifikuri
niSnebi: „rame ucnauri xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?“
xolo rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmitanilTa fotoebs da
ramdenimes Soris unda amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofilebaSi, maSin cnobasTan
gvaqvs saqme.

• mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs

moeTxoveba adre mowodebuli informaciis reproduqcia.
• cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac individs
moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom raRac movlena swored isaa,
romelic Tqven adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT).
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axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa SevamowmoT, Tu rogor

daimaxsovreT sityvaTa mwkrivebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT
sityvaTa mwkrivebi:

velosipedi _ yuri _
qudi _ ?
? ?
SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic daiswavleT? vaSli _ bavSvi

Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi

_ mTa vaSli _ Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa boTli

cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis? asec unda iyos. axla vcadoT am
Sedegis axsna mogonebis mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSualebebs, romlebic
gexmarebaT
mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZebnaSi. es mimniSnebeli
SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT, provokaciuli kiTxvebi
(„mexsierebis romel principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da Stenbergis
kvlevebs?“), an Tqven TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?“).
Tqven yoveTlTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT. amas akeTebT
garkveuli mizniT da am mizans xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis
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saSualebiT aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba gaxseneba

Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniSnebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT,
„vin aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?“ Tqven unda gamoicnoT vis
gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu
ikiTxavs: „vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?“, am kiTxvaze Tqven
maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni“.
davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas. mexsierebis orive testi
moiTxovs
mimniSneblebs, magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT ufro
Sedegiania. mogonebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqven mxolod mimniSnebels unda
miendoT, rom igi migiTiTebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki
naxevari saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT sityvaTa wyvils Tagvi-xe,
Tqven mxolod unda „ki“ an „ara“ upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre rac
vnaxe? (Tu viswavle?)“ vidre maSin, rodesac pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra
vnaxe (ra viswavle?).“ rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad
gagiadvileT. magram axla warmoidgineT, rom amis nacvlad gaZlevT
adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad. romelia amaTgan swori?
qudi _ yuri _
saaTi navi
qudi _ yuri _
Zvali sabani
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva, romelic adre naxeT, aramed
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misi Sesabamisi konteqstic. (Cven isev gavixseneT konteqstis ideas). Tu

Tqven xSirad SegivsiaT mravlobiTi arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori
cbieri SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia. magram umravles SemTxvevaSi
Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan
mogonebis mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizanmimarTulia.
axla gavecnoT mogonebis mimniSneblebis zogierT sxva aspeqtsac.
• mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an garedan
momdinare stimulebi, romelic gvexmareba mexsierebaSi garkveuli
informaciis moZebnaSi.
• epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi mexiereba
avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac es
movlenebi xdeba.
• semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ genetikuri, kategoriuli
mexsiereba, rogoricaa sityvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.

epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom arsebobs mexsierebis gansxvavebuli
formebi. Tqven gaqvT implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsiereba da, agreTve,
deklaraciuli da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia sxva
ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixedviTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis
 292

formebi gamoiyofa im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZvelze,

romlebic aucilebelia informaciis amosatanad mexsierebidan. kanadelma
fsiqologma endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels pirvelma
miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis epizodur da semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad inaxavs pirovnebis mier gancdil
movlenebs. magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis dRe, an pirveli
kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsierebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom
gaixsenoT esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniSneblebi,
romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros _ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi
hqonda mas adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli,
SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im movlenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT,
gaixsenoT meaTed Tqvens mier kbilebis gamoxexvis stili riTi
gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul konteqstTan erTad
Semodis. magram aris informaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac uceb
poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteqstebSi. am saxis informaciebi
amodis mexsierebaSi maTi Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da
mimarTebis gareSe. es semantikuri mexsiereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli
mexsierebaa, rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis mniSvnelobebi.
 293

adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2 an

pasuxi kiTxvaze „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?“ specialur miTiTebas,
Tu rodis an ra situaciaSi SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni semantikuri mexsiereba
yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba
dagaviwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba im situacias,
romelSic igi aRiqviT Tu daiswavleT. saukeTeso strategia im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan
informacias, aris is, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs, ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT
Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis
civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle“, es dagexmarebaT gamonaxoT
mimniSneblebi, romlebic Segivseben mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas.
interferencia rodesac adre gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani
asociaciebi, faqtobrivad,
es iyo epizoduri mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla Cven gTxovT sxva saxis
epizoduri mexsierebis amoqmedebas. kidev erTxel scadeT daiswavloT es
sityvaTa wyvilebi ise, rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer misi ganmeoreba.
 294

vaSli – qurdi qudi – wre Tagvi – Jurnali velosipedi –saxuravi burTi –

bavSvi yuri –kapiki rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom

wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva

axal sityvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ufro Zneli iyo am axali wyvilebis

daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswavlilis mogoneba axla ufro
gagiWirdebaT? (aba, scadeT). orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia:
„Znelia“. es patara savarjiSo miuTiTebs mimniSnebelis axal aspeqtze _
interferenciaze. interferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimniSnebeli
ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac
ufro didia am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa raodenoba,
miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis aRdgena. (Bower et al., 1994,
Chandler & Gargano, 1995)
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, rodesac
gTxoveT, gagesxvavebinaT kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi
erTmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaqtiuli interferencia
(proaqtiuli niSnavs „Semdgomze moqmeds“) niSnavs, rom informacia,
romelic warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis aRbeWvdas.
retroaqtiuli interferencia (retroaqtiuli niSnavs „winaze moqmeds“) ki
 295

imaze miuTiTebs, rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli informaciis

aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis
interferencias moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan geqnebaT
saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis nomers. Tavidan Tqven giWirT axali
telefonis nomris daxsomeba _ Zveli „amoxteba“ xolme. (proaqtiuli
interferencia), magram rodesac bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT
axal nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT Zveli, Tumca,
wlebis manZilze mas iyenebdiT (retroaqtiuli interfrencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac,
pirvelad daiwyo ebinghausma, romelic TviTon swavlobda uazro
marcvalTa mwkrivebs. man aRmoaCina, rom daswavlilis 65% ar
axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperimentebi gaimeores, igive
Sedegebi hqondaT. is mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeorebdnen, aRdgenisas axlad
naswavl mwkrivebSi ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948,
1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: mogonebisTvis
gadamwyvetia
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kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. Tavis Semdgomi ori nawilis

gacnobisas Tqven naxavT, rogor ukavSirdeba nawilebi erTmaneTs, rom
mogoneba ganxorcieldes: konteqsti, romelSic Tqven cdilobT, aRadginoT
warsuli movlena, TviTon gamodis, rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis
wyaro, xolo rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mogonebis
konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac uSlis
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.
• interferencia (Interference) _ mesierebis fenomeni, romelic maSin
xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT
konkretul movlenaze.

kodierebis da aRdgenis procesebi

Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstsa da aRdgenis konteqstebis
urTierTdamTxveva gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla
davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT, romelsac emyareba
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis miReba da aRdgena. Cven vnaxavT,
rom am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, rodesac kodirebisa
da aRdgenis procesebic erTmaneTs emTxveva.
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gadamuSavebis doneebi daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis

gadamuSaveba – yuradRebis forma,

romelsac Tqven informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT – gavlenas

axdens Tqvens mier informaciis daxsomebaze. gadamuSavebis doneebis
Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians (Craik &
Lockhart, 1972, Lockhart & Craik, 1990). Tu gadamuSaveba moicavs
masalis analizs, Sedarebebs, interpretacias da sxva saxis
gadamuSavebebs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba, rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi
dasaxsomebeli eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT sityva
GyurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur doneze warmarToT
msjeloba: ra feris melniT aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT
yuradReba: eriTmeba igi sityva berZens? an mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT
yuradReba: magaliTad, rom igi xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom yoveli
momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro Rrma gadamuSavebas
moiTxovs, met sityvebTan dakavSireba gWirdebaT. (Lockhart & Craik,
1990).
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magram gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mecnierebs yovelTvis

ar SeuZliaT daazuston, Tu ratom vakuTvnebT zogierT gadamuSavebis
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki Rrmas. magram am saxis
gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom procesebs,
romelTac iyenebT informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas. axla ki vnaxavT, rom
kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebs Soris damTxveva
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs implicitur mexsierebaSi.
• gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing theory) _ am
Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
• gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate processing) _
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac
implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva
xdeba.

gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqsplicitur da implicitur
mexsierebas Soris kodirebis da aRdgenis gansxvevaSi mdgomareobs.
(Roediger, 1990, Schacter et al, 1993). sxva pirobebTan erTad, erT-erTi
 299

pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT

masala, romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT aRbeWdili. ase xdeba,
rodesac Tqven saxeliT mimarTavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da
saxelis gaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWirdebaT. zustad aseve
implicituri mexsierebis yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis
damTxveva xdeba. amas gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba
(Transfer-appropriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti yvelaze
maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis
da gamoiyeneba aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad
efeqturi saSualebaa igi, vnaxavT ramdenime meTodis aRweris
safuZvelze, romelic implicitur mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba. Semdeg ki
giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebis
urTierTSeTanxmeba.
axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis Semowmebis tipuri
eqsperimenti: mkvlevrebi studentebs aZlevdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs da
sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno) 5-de (yvelaze metad
sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
 300

SefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniSvneloba hqonda TiToeul

maTgans
(Rajaram & Roediger, 1993). Aeqsperimentis am pirveli fazis Semdeg
cdis pirTa mexsiereba mowmdeboda erT-erTi Semdegi oTxidan
implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris
sityva martorqa):
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs eZleva fragmentuli sityva --rtrq-
, romelic man unda Seavsos pirveli TavSi mosuli sityviT.
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba Seavsos sityvis fuZe,
magaliTad, mar-------, pirveli TavSi mosuli sityviT.
sityvis identifikacia. kompiuteris ekranze cdis pirebs eZlevaT
sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT, rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver
SeZlon. maT unda gamoicnon TiToeuli, kompiuterze miwodebuli,
sityva. am
SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi sityva iqneba martorqa.
anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva, magram areuli asoebiT,
magaliTad, qatorarma da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,
romelic TavSi mouvaT.

zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi, swor pasuxs TiToeul

 301

amocanaze gansazRvravs adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave

dros, yvelaze sayuradRebo is aris, rom eqsperimentatori cdis piris
yuradRebas specialurad ar warmarTavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi
arsebul sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris – swored amitom aris
mexsiereba implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs,
romlebmac gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da Seafases sityvebi
sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa)
udarebdnen im cdis pirTa monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia ar gauvlia.
suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens implicituri mexsiereba
sityvebze: procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines sworad
cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi
iyo, imasTan SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo. sxvadasxva cdis
pirebs sxvadasxva sityvaTa mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis
SemTxvevaSi Tqven xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax sityvebs
eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirebs moeTxovebaT mxolod
sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvnelobis mixedviT maTi Sefaseba. am
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan winaswar sityvis
aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis
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miRebas. mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi praimingis efeqti

kviraze meti grZeldeba
(Sloman et al., 1988). axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris
Tanxvedris sakiTxs. implicituri mexsierebis oTxive testi gulisxmobs
testSi mocemuli informaciis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. sxva
sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive
procesebi ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar--------s Sevsebas. magram
arsebobs sxva testi _
kategoriuli asociaciis, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas efuZneba da ara _
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri
qmnilebebis“ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT, daasaxeloT am kategoriis
imdeni Semadgeneli, ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi,
magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa“ imis gamo, rom is
adre mowodebul sityvaTa mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi)
amoikiTxeT, saqme gveqneba implicitur mexsierebasTan.
Tu gamoviyenebT fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelobis
praimingze damyarebul implicituri mexsierebis or gansxvavebul tests,
vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.

saidan viciT
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praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac gadamuSavebis

formaTa Tanxvedra xdeba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqsperimenti,
raTa eCvenebinaT, rom
implicituri mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi
gansxvavebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili. cdis
pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi instruqciiT an
mniSvnelobis mixedviT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa
sityva Tu usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva?)
daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom kategoriis
asociaciis testi efuZneba mniSvnelobas. Sesabamisad,
mkvlevarTa hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asociaciis
testSi praimings adgili eqneboda, Tu Sedegebma
hipoTeza daadastura. aseve, fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT masalis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs
mxolod im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs. (Srinivas
&
Roediger, 1990).
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am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis

Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss: Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis iyenebT
gadamuSavebis garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an mniSvnelobis
mixedviT analizs, maSin am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqtiani
iqneba, Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT (Park & Gabrieli
1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al., 1995). adre Cven aseTi azri
gamovTqviT: mogoneba yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva im pirobebs, romelSic
unda moxdes aRdgena. am TavSi Cven warmogidgineT am azris
dasasabuTebeli faqtebi.
axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodirebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi
gamoyeneba.
• praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefasebisas, upiratesoba,
romelic adre gagonil sityvas an nanax situacias eniWeba.

arastruqtururebuli informaciis daxsomebis gaumjobeseba am nawilis

wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mexsiereba – meti
daimaxsovroT da naklebi daiviwyoT. monakveTi „fsiqologia Tqvens
cxovrebaSi“ dagexmarebaT, rogor gamoiyenoT es codna swavlasTan
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mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT, rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT

xdeba, Tu igive konteqstSi igonebT, an igive gadamuSavebis tips
iyenebT, rac masalis Tavpirvelad aRbeWvdis dros. magram aq erTgvarad
gansxvavebul mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven
dagexmarebiT. saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT
informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom muSaobT maRaziaSi gamyidvelad. Tqven unda
daimaxsovroT
uamravi ram, rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane maisurSi
qals unda baRSi samuSao Sarvali da fexsacmelebi. mamakacs cisfer
SarvalSi _ 2 cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da saRebavis
safxeki.“ es situacia Zalian hgavs eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven
wyvilovani asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. rogor daimaxsovreT
sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic wina
TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT ,cota rTuli iyo, radgan wyvilebi
TqvenTvis gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. xolo mniSvnelobas
moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia. imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT,
romel myidvels ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba, rom
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SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos. gadamamuSavebeli

ganmeoreba
aRbeWvdis gansamtkiceblad ZiriTad strategias ewodeba
gadamamuSavebeli
ganmeoreba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea is aris, rom rodesac informaciis
aRbeWvdisas Tqven imeorebT masalas, amiT izrdeba misi
gadamuSavebis SesaZleblobac. erT-erTi gza gadamuSavebisa aris
araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba sityvebs Soris.
magaliTad, Tu Tqven gindaT, daimaxsovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe,
unda warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic eZebs yvels.
mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu informaciis calkeul nawilebs patara
moTxrobis saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac TiToeul myidvels
Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils miuCendiT? (amas patara praqtika
sWirdeba). Tqven, albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi
saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebiT
gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia
mogonebisTvis, radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis
 307

SesaZleblobas iZleva _ verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis (Paivio, 1972).

gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZlebelobas iZleva,
dagicvaT
mwkrivis Semdgomi efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis
rigi an
dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs, ra Tqva uSualod misma
winamorbedma. Tu odesme gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs
erTdroulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad gasagebi iqneb,a ra
igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra erqva Tqvens pirdapir mdgom qals? am
efeqtis mizezi aris yuradRebis gadatana sakuTari saxelis an sakuTari
SeniSvnis Tqmaze (Bond et al., 1991). amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba mopirdapire
qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT „liza“, TqviT: „icinis, rogorc mona liza“.

• gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _ mexsierebis

gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba dasamaxsovrebeli informaiis
gamdidreba.
• mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an saSualebebi, romelic
xels uwyobs faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWvdas nacnob da adre
aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT.
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mnemonika mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualeba aris

specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba.
(berZnuli sityvidan „moigone“). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romelic
xels uwyobs faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWvdas nacnob da adre
aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi
mza mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelsac wesrigSi mohyavs SemTxveviTi
informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pirvelad berZenma oratorma
gamoiyena. lokusi niSnavs „adgils“. lokusis meTodi niSnavs sityvis Tu
movlenis adgilis mixedviT daxsomebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis nacnob adgilebTan
dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi
supermarketidan, gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda ganalagoT im gzaze,
romliTac institutSi midixarT. Semdeg, mogonebisas CamouvliT maT da
gaixsenebT (ix. suraTi .8.10).
mimniSnebeli-sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis meTods, im gansxvavebiT,
rom
mwkrivis wevrebs ukavSirebT mimniSneblebs da ara adgilebs. tipuri
mimniSneblebi am meTodisTvis aris gariTmuli strofebi, sadac sityvebi
cifrebs eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-RmerTi; ori-lori, sami-skami da sxv.
 309

SemTxveviTi informaciis daxsomebis gasaRebi aris informaciis iseTi

saxiT dalageba, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon aRdgena.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi yvelaze
xSirad studentebi mexsierebis Sesaxeb
gamokvlevebis wakiTxvis
Semdeg svamen kiTxvas: „rogor gamoviyeno
miRebuli informacia swrafad?“ „rogor momexmareba
es gamokvlevebi momavali gamocdebisTvis
mzadebaSi?“ vnaxoT, ra tipis rCevebi SeiZleba
gamoviyvanoT am gamokvlevebidan.
• kodirebis specifikuroba. rogorc gaxsovT,
kodirebis specifikurobis principi gulisxmobs, rom
mogonebis konteqsti anu pirobebi, romelSic
mogoneba xdeba, unda daemTxves kodirebis
konteqsts. swavlis procesSi konteqsti xSirad niSnavs
„informaciis gansxvavebul konteqstsac“. Tu Tqven
yovelTvis erTsa da imave konteqstSi swavlobT,
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gagiWirdebaT sxva konteqstSi misi aRdgena, ase

magaliTad, Tu profesori cota sxvagvarad dagisvamT
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT da ver upasuxoT. amitom
Tqven swavlis procesSi konteqstebi unda cvaloT.
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT Tqvens Tavs
sxvadasxva kiTxvebi, scadeT masalaSi axali
kombinaciebis Seqmna, magram Tu mainc
SeferxdebiT gamocdaze, scadeT gamoiyenoT, rac
SeiZleba meti mimniSnebeli, raTa pirveladi konteqsti
aRadginoT: „es xom igivea, rac xanmokle mexsierebis
leqciaze movismine“.
• mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti.
adgilmdebareobis efeqtis mruds
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Tu gavixsenebT, vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi

ganlagebuli informacia yvelaze cudad
gvamaxsovrdeba. faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro kargad
axsovT leqciis dasawyisi da bolo, vidre Sua nawili.
(Holen & Oaster, 1976, Jensen, 1962). rodesac
leqciaze xarT, ecadeT, swored leqciis Sua nawils
DmiaqcioT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. rodesac
swavlis dro mova, Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalisxmeva
unda gamoiyenoT am masalis daswavlisaTvis da
ecadeT, rom masala yovelTvis erTi da imave
TanmimdevrobiT ar iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom es Tavi mexsierebis Sesaxeb wignis
SuaSia ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli wigni gaqvT
Casabarebeli, maSin mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasawyis an bolo Tavebs.
• gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba da mnemonikuri
xerxebi. zogjer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis procesSi,
iseTi gancda giCndebaT, TiTqos daulagebel,
arastruqturirebul masalas swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven
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swvlobT tvinis gansxvavebuli nawilebis funqciebs. am

SemTxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda ipovoT masalis
gadamuSavebis efeqturi gza. magaliTad,
mxedvelobiTi warmodgenebi daixmareT, an
winadadebebSi CarTeT, an TiToeul cnebas patara
istoria daukavSireT. am wignis erT-erT avtors
dRemde axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri xerxi, romelic
gamoiyena fsiqologiis SesavalSi ventramedialuri
hipoTalamusis, romlis abreviaturac laTinurad aris
VMH, dasamaxsovreblad. es iyo Very Much Hungry,
magram rogorc me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemonikuri
xerxi mas Semdeg gasul 20 weliwadSi aRar aris iseTi
zusti). gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba ki xels
SegiwyobT naswavli kidev ufro ganamtkicoT.
• metamexsiereba. gamokvlevebma am sferoSi
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kargad grZnoben, Tu ra
ician da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven gamocdaze xarT,
sadac dro SezRudulia, Tqven unda miuSvaT Tqveni
intuicia da andoT mas drois ganawileba. magaliTad,
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SegiZliaT mTeli bileTis kiTxvebi uceb gadaikiTxoT

da naxoT, rogor grZnobT, romeli kiTxva iciT ukeT.
aris iseTi gamocdebic, sadac yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi
savaldebulo ki ara, SerCeviTia, magram pasuxi
siswrafes moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intuicias unda
endoT da im kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT, romelSic
darwmunebuli xarT, rom iciT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-naklebad gasagebia, Tu
rogor SeiZleba
mexsierebaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebi dagexmaroT
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT momzadebaSi.
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metamexsiereba davuSvaT, Tqven xarT iseT situaciaSi, rom

gWirdebaT raRacis mogoneba. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers, rom
gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic kodirebis situacias asaxaven,
magram mainc verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom aseT
Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, aris Tqveni darwmunebuloba, rom am
informacias Tqven flobT, magram, aseve, gacnobierebuli gaqvT, ras
warmoadgens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs Tqveni
mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am informacias flobT? es
metamexsierebis kiTxvebia.
metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: rodis da ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi
gancda
imisa, rom vici.
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo j. T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965),
romelmac
kvleva daiwyo imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, Cven gekiTxebiT: „mzis sistemaSi romeli
planetaa yvelaze didi?“ iciT am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor
moiqceodiT (romel pasuxs airCevdiT) am situaciaSi: „Tumca, me axla ar
maxsovs pasuxi, me vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris
avirCevdi swors“. es iyo kiTxvebi, romelTac harti Tavis cdis pirebs
 315

aZlevda. pasuxebSi darwmunebulobis mixedviT, cdis pirebs unda

SeefasebinaT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebulivar, rom ver avirCev
sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan“), 6-de qulebiT, („savsebiT
darwmunebuli, var rom sworad avirCev“). Tqven rogor gaanawilebdiT
qulebs? ai, es alternativebi:

a. plutoni

b. venera

g. dedamiwa

d. iupiteri
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT Tqvens darwmunebulobis –
„vgrZnob, rom vici“ gancdas, maSin swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi
daasaxelebT, „d“-s, Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSvnas naklebi
albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba iqneba – 1. (sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra
Tqma unda, kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). Hhartis mixedviT, visac
1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor
pasuxebs iZleva maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas
uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom „vgrZnob, rom vici“
gancda SeiZleba zusti indikatori iyos.
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metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimarTulia rogorc im

procesebze,
romlebic „vgrZnob, rom vici“ gancdas iwveven, aseve, imaze, Tu rogor
miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat & Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe,
2000).
• mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamianebi Tavisi
„vgrZnob, rom vici“ gancdis dros emyarebian mimniSneblis nacnobobas.
magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: „ra erqva beThovens?“, Tu Tqven adre
gagigiaT mis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime
alternatividan icnobT mis saxels anu swor pasuxs. (Metcalfe et. al., 1993;
Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz & Metcalfe, 1992).
• misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani cdilobs arasruli
informaciidan swori pasuxis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva „ra erqva
beThovens?“, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs informacias, romelic, Tqveni
azriT, am kiTxvaze swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven
gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad gamoicnobT (Koriat,
1993, 1995).

orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba da oriveSi igulisxmeba,

rom Tqven SegiZliaT endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli
 317

xarT, rom iciT raRac. (mogvianebiT Cven SevexebiT mowmis

Cvenebebze Catarebul gamokvlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesdan
gamonaklisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven
iciT, Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWvdisa da aRdgenis situaciebis „kargi
Tanxvedra“. Semdeg TavSi Cven mexsierebis procesebidan
gadavinacvlebT mexsierebis Sinaarsebze anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba
mexsierebaSi.

• metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an eqsplicituri codna

mexsierebis unarebis da mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb.
mexsierebis Semecneba.

Sejameba xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnas, Tu rogor

xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze. kodirebis specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informaciis
yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin, rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba
kodireba, emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis
efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeWdilebis (sityva, movlena da a.S)
mogonebis konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
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Tqven eZebT daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT. cnoba xSirad ufro advilia,

vidre mogoneba, radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met
informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi daxsomeba aRbeWvdis
konteqstTan mimarTebaSi xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis
aRbeWvdis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakargulia. interferencia
SeiZleba iyos proaqtiuli, rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels uSlis
axlis aRbeWvdas, an retroaqtiuli, rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT, informaciis ufro Rrma
gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWvdis da mogonebis procesebis
damTxveva iwvavs praimings. Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT
mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri xerxebis
daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis specifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni
mexsierebis Sesaxeb tipuri da zustia.
struqturebi xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
aqamde Cvens mier motanil yvela magaliTSi Cven gTxovdiT, rom
dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebeli informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umravles
SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, iyo
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organizebuli codnis nawilebi. gaixseneT, magaliTad, rodesac Cven

gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni xili. Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT
dadebiTi pasuxi. magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze? am TavSi
Cven SeviswavliT, Tu am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi rogoraa dakavSirebuli
mexsierebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan da gzebTan.
vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi
organizebuli codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsenebaSi.

mexsierebis struqturebi mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi

STabeWdilebebis erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba, raTa garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi

gamoyeneba. (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5-e TavSi aRqmis
funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi
individualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT, romelTa mudmivi
gacxrilva da maTi informaciis iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana
gWirdebT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT
samyaroSi garkveuli struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobierebis
CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT,
warmoudgenelia, rom yovel wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu
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moqmedebisas, ambobdeT TqvenTvis: „es is aris, rac samzareulos

nivTebs miekuTvneba.“ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveulebrivi
gamocdilebiT Tqvens mexsierebis struqturaSi garemos struqturebi
aisaxeba. ganvixiloT mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri urTierTobis procesSi.

kategorizacia da cnebebi daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT –

im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT,

romelic saWiroa, raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva ZaRlis

mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos
bavSvisTvis, bavSvs unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is situacia,
romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da, agreTve, informacia konteqstis
Sesaxeb. am gziT bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: bewviani
arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs ZaRls. bavSvma unda
Seimecnos, rom ZaRli ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias. individualuri gamocdilebis
kategorizaciis unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba mis mimarT an
erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva _ aris moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi
yvelaze bazisuri da mniSvnelovani unari (Mervis & Rosch,
 321

1981).
Tqvens mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi reprezentacias cnebebi
ewodeba. cneba ZaRli, magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da
Senaxvas. (rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac
moicavdes, romelic mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba. Tqven gaqvT sagnebis
da qcevebis kategoriebi, magaliTad,
sakuWnao da beizboli. cnebebi SeiZleba asaxavdes Tvisebebs,
magaliTad, wiTeli an didi; abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani, vidre; TiToeuli cneba
Tqvens mier samyarosTan urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad
Camoyalibebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.

prototipebi im ZaRlebs Soris, romelic Tqven Tqvens sicocxleSi

ginaxavT, romels

warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT winadadebas: „ZaRli xravs Zvals“.

SegiZliaT konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime tipuri ZaRli
 322

warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips

warmoadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic dagvexmareba am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
• cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis an ideebis saxeobebis an kategoriebis
mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
• prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze reprezentaciuli magaliTi.

saidan viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli adamianis
saxeebis suraTebs,
romlebic sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdeboda
prototipisgan (suraTi. 8.11). Semdeg maT
aCvenebdnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi suraTi
adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali iyo da
gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo, agreTve,
prototipis suraTi, romelic gansxvavdeboda pirvelad
miwodebuli prototipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT
gamoecnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT adre
miwodebisas nanaxi.
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kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic mocemulia

suraTze 8.1. cdis
pirebi cnobdnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre
hqondaT nanaxi., maSinac ki, rodesac mas
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda msgavseba. axal
suraTebze miuTiTebdnen, rom axali iyo da cnobis
xarisxi prototipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. da
bolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni cdis pirebi iyvnen
axali prototipis ucnobobaSi. (Solso & McCarthy,
1981).

am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen, TiTqos gaaerTianes

yvela
saxe, romelic ki unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis Tavisi TvisebebiTurT prototipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni
gamocdilebidan. amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba icvlebodes da
mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi
mividnen im daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis prototipis
reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom
prototipi TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc saSualo raRac
moqmedebs. (Hintzman, 1986, Nosofsly et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela
ZaRli, romelic ki am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipuli
ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu Tqven saRamos gaxvediT
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quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav

Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias, rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia,
mounaxoT prototipi, gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-
naklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo
kategoriis calkeul wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipiurni arian isini. es
kargad Cans magaliTad frinvelis kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba
yvavi tipiur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema am pingvini atipiurad? pasuxi
ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT is xarisxi, riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im
kategoriis warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi frinvelis
kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis wevrTa tipiuroba ki _ Tu rogor
Seesabameba raRac Tqvens prototips _ yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlina, rom xalxi ufro swrafad
pasuxobs kategoriis tipiur warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre
is, rom siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom
es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis
mimarT. Tqvens gamocdilebaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc
frinvelisTvis adgilis povna, vidre siraqlemasTvis( Tu ra Tqma unda, Tu
 325

Tqveni cxovrebis manZilze xSirad ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis

garemocvaSi). ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi cnebebi da maTi prototipebi
damoukideblad ar aRmocendeba. rogorc nax.
8.12 gviCvenebs, cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaerTiandenen.
iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa cxoveli gaaCnia qvekategoriebi, rogoricaa
frinveli da Tevzi, romlebic Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs, iadoni,
siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris
qvekategoria ufro didi kategoriisa - cocxali arsebebi. cnebebi
dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informaciasTanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi
Senaxulia codna imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi arsebobs is garkveuli done/safexuri,
romelzec adamianebi ukeT moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT
kategorizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben. (Rosch, 1973, 1978).
magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi yidulobT vaSls, Tqven SegiZliaT
ifiqroT masze, rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis mniSvnelobac
Zalian farToa, an rogorc Safranze, rac specifikuri da viwro
mniSvnelobisaa. bazisuri done aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon am
obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon ra aris es, Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT,
 326

rom es aris vaSli (da ara xilis saxeoba). bazisur dones prototipis
gamowvevis meti Zala aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis
gamomyvani iyoT, Tqveni bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
iqneboda.
• bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done, romelic yvelaze
swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze
efeqturad.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

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adamianis da kompiuteris mexsierebis

SesaZleblobebi
rodesac xdeba kompiuterisa da adamianis
SesaZleblobebis Sedareba,
xSirad iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom kompiuteri
sjobnis adamians. kompiuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti – aTasobiT da milionobiT meti biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens mexsierebas. magram
adamianis mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tviseba aqvs,
romelic Cvens mexsierebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,
movigonoT specifikuri informacia, xSirad bevrad ufro
efeqturia, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis procedura.
davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da
gekiTxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes
kodirebis specifikurobis cneba?“ Tqven SegiZliaT
gasceT swori pasuxi (tulvingi da tomsoni); mcdari
pasuxi (soerlingi) an, TqvaT, rom ar iciT. Tqven
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Zalian ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pasuxi, romelsac

araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan.
rogor ggoniT, ra xdeba, rodesac am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis davalebas aZlevT manqanas? pirveli veb saiti,
romelsac gvTavazobs Google.com aris Semdegi: „aris
Tu ara HIV-is izolacia miRweuli?. meore mcdeloba
AskJeeves.com-s ukavSirdeba. is gvTavazobs cneba ra
aris, davukavSirdeT Britanica.com-s. ratom aris
kompiuteris mexsierebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli? Cven adamianis
mexsierebis (mogonebis) or Taviseburebas
gamovyofT, romelic kompiuterTan SedarebiT mis
upiratesobas warmoadgens.
pirveli: rogorc ukve am TavSi adrec gaecaniT,
adamianis mexsiereba
efeqtianad iyenebs Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
mimarTuls saZiebel informaciaze. is uzrunvelyofs
imas, rom aRdgenili informaciis Sinaarsi
Seesabamebodes kiTxvis Sinaarss. kompiuteri ki
piriqiT, konteqsts ar iTvaliswinebs da ufro sityvis
viwro mniSvnelobazea orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
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Cven „kodirebis specifikurobas“ veZebT

Google.com_Si an
 330

ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maSinve gadmogviSlis

gverds, romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze.
kompiuterze maZieblisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs,
romlebic konteqstis dasazusteblad iqneba mimarTuli
(romelma mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis efeqturobaze.
kompiuterze bevri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian Znelia
CarTo konteqsti ise, rom kompiuterma gaurkveveli
mimarTulebiT ar gagagzavnos.
meorec, adamianis mexsierebas marTaven cnebebi
da ara sityvebi. rodesac Tqvens mexsierebaSi eZebT
pasuxs kodirebis specifikurobis Sesaxeb, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba ras ityviT, „mkvlevars“ Tu
„eqspermentators“, „aRmomCens“ Tu „Semqmnels“.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul sityvas, rogorc
mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme aqvs mxolod sityvebTan.
magaliTad, rodesac Cven
Google.com-s veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmomCeni“
„SemqmneliT“, igi gvaZlevs
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„links“ mexsierebis TeoriaSi garkveuli gverdis

miTiTebiT. magram „mkvlevaris“ Secvla
„eqsperimentatoriT“ gvaZlevs, rogorc pirveli linkis
SemTxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT: „talRebi, pulsi,
neironuli masis Teoria“. es patara eqsperimenti kargad
uCvenebs, Tu kompiuteri, adamianis mexsierebisgan
gansxvavebiT, rogoraa damokidebuli ufro sityvebze,
vidre cnebebze. axla mainc Tu grZnobT odnav
upiratesobas kompiuterTan SedarebiT? SegiZliaT,
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT imaze fiqrs, Tu rogor
SeiZleba adamianis mexsierebis es Tvisebebi
gadasceT kompiutersac.

veb gverdebi: WWW.Google.com

WWW. ASKJeeves.com

• sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis an situaciis Sesaxeb

konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis „klasterebi“. codnis erTeulebi,
romelic moicavs garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzogadebebs.

sqemebi
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Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierarqiaSi agurebis rols

TamaSoben. isini agurebis rols ufro rTul kompleqsebSic TamaSoben.
gaixseneT suraTi
8.2. instinqturad saidan xvdebiT, rom baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi?
Cven adre ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur mexsierebas
emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams, Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura
iyo amisTvis gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is, rac Tqven
gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis reprezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic
samzareulos individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sarecxi niJaris Tu
gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _ gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis, adamianebis da situaciis
Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris „codnaTa Sekvrebi“, romlebSic garemos struqturis
Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili. Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da
sawoli oTaxis sqema, sareiso avtobusis mZRolis da profesoris, qeifisa da
banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT, ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT,
Tu ra da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, aris is, rom Tqveni sqema ar moicavs
Tqveni
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cvalebadi gamocdilebis yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi aris

kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis saSualo, sqemaSi
warmodgenilia garemoSi situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni sqemebic cvalebadia da
cxovrebiseul movlenebTan erTad icvleba. (Rumelhart et al., 1986).
Tqveni sqemac mxolod im detalebs Seicavs, romelsac Tqven
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad, rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra
aris warmodgenili, ra xatia Tu weria amerikuli monetis Tavze, studentebi
arasodes weren sityva Tavisuflebas, Tumca, yvela monetazea igi
gamosaxuli. (Rubin & Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi. axla ki ganvixiloT
yvela is gza, romelSic cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT. mexsierebis
struqturebis gamoyeneba modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
mexsierebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqven
ukve naxeT, rom Tqvenma sqemam SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT
mimxvdariyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar aris. axla gaixseneT
me-2-e Tavi, sadac Cven ganvixileT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli
codna orazrovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es figura? suraTi. 8.13.
ras xedavT: ixvs Tu baWias? davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT
 334

imisTvis, rom dinaxavdiT ixvs. Tu Tqven SeusabamebT naxatis niSnebs

Tqvens sqematur molodinebs am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive
moxdeba baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini. Cven
viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias, raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen
Tqvens aRqmasa da mogonebaze. (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al.,
1999). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis eqimis, sakulto
beladebis, ekologistebis da maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob
pirovnebaze getyvian, rom is erT_erTi am profesiis warmomadgenelia,
Tqveni stereotipuli warmodgena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul
maxasiaTeblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqologebis mier
dadgenil iqna, rom enas da sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena
moaxdinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze. es gamokvleva
gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struqturebs SeuZlia, gavlena moaxdinos
samyaros Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: Tqvenis awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis
Tqvens molodinebs momavlis mimarT. Tqven male naxavT, rom xSirad
 335

erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da sqemebi SeiZleba xelsac uSlides zust

mogonebas.
gamotovebulia "saidan viciT". originalSi gv. 244.
mogoneba, rogorc rekonstruqcia axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani

saSualeba, romelSic gamoiyeneba

mexsierebis struqtura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Tqven gTxoven,

moigonoT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver igonebT zustad am
informacias. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT informacias
ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli codnidan. rekonstruqtuli mexsierebis
naTelsayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:

• me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da“?

• 1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
• sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs Soris?
qven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs gascemT yovelgvari
meryeobis
gareSe, magram, ra Tqma unda, konkretuli epizoduri mexsiereba am
movlenebis ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, rogorc,
magaliTad, Tu vinme 7 ivliss ar aris dabadebuli da misTvis
gansakuTrebuli dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven unda
 336

gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekonstruqcia gaukeToT mas da

miuyenoT, ra SeiZleba momxdariyo. gavarCioT rekonstruqciis es procesi
ufro detalurad.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen
zusti monacemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstruirebuli mogonebis faqtebi
gansxvavebuli iqneba realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs
eqneba adgili. erT-erTi yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia mexsierebis
Secdomisa sakmaod Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi „mogoneba:
eqsperimentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvlevebi“ (1932) ser frederik
bartleti ikvlevda sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdileba
axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. bartleti studentebs sTxovda,
daemaxsovrebinaT gansxvavebuli kulturis
Tqmulebebi da legendebi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis brZola“.
• rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive memory) _ mexsierebis
konkretuli reprezentaciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, Senaxuli codnis
zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganlagebis procesi.

bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi

 337

gansxvavdeboda originalisgan anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen

dasamaxsovreblad.
Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis rekonstruqciul process moicavda:
• donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamartiveba.
• gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuTrebuli gaSuqeba.
• asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi
mosuliyvnen sakuTar codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas da maTTvis ucnob
sityvebs
Tavisi kulturisTvis Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: navi kanoes nacvlad,
Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad. bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve,
xSirad cvlidnen moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT zebunebrivi
Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. miyvnen ra bertletis kvals, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
mexsierebis darRvevebis mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT
mogonebis konstruqtuli procesebis gamoyenebis dros (Bergman &
Roediger, 1999).
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magaliTad, mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzomiereba,

romelsac „sapnis operis“ efeqti uwoda (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi
am gamokvlevis masalidan:

nensi mivida kokteilis wveulebaze. man mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq

myofni SeeTvalierebina. igi miuaxlovda Tavis profesors sasaubrod.
man icoda rac unda eTqva misTvis, magram nerviulobda imaze, rac
unda eTqva. stumarTa erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo. nensi
zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad. koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar
ainteresebda, Tu ras saubrobda iq stumrebis nawili. cota xnis Semdeg,
sakmarisiao, gadawyviya man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu
Tqven
cdis pirTa meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar es Sesavali
waakiTxes:

nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed

iyo Tu ara. rogo unda uTxras profesors, rac dainaxa?
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis
pirebisaTvis am winaityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis. rodesac sTxovT, moigonon
Sinaarsi an icnon nawyvetebi, cdis pirebi, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT
 339

Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT „arasasurveli

fexmZimobis“ sqema, ufro metad imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic
nensis fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis gamoyeneba
iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosalodnel damaxinjebas. magram unda
gvaxsovdes da es mniSvnelovania, rom rogorc me-5-e TavSi,
rodesac aRqmis iluziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis normaluri
operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT,
romlebic Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis iluziebi ar iwveven
imas, rom kedelSi gaiaroT. aseve, mexsierebis iluziebi Zalian iSviaTad
Tu SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi.
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv,
Zalian kargad momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtobrivad,
Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc
ki gWirdebaT. movlenaTa arsis aRdgena ki rekonstruqciiTac mSvenivrad
xerxdeba.
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac, detalebis
aRdgena yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia
rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam imisaTvis, rom moergos
mogonebis sagans Tu mizans, gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arc Tu
 340

iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca gindaT Tqveni sityva Tu moxseneba

gaamdidroT sxvisi gamonaTqvamiT. Tqven, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT:
„gaixseneT, Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda: „korelacia
mizezobriobas ar niSnavso“. rodesac Tqven vinmes sityvidan citata
mogyavT, Tqven arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
rekonstruqcias ukeTebs. (Clark & Gerrig, 1990). Tqven SegiZliaT sityva
sityviT moiyvanoT is an misi dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas
Tqven Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma gviCvenes,
rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis cvlasTan erTad icvleba.

saidan viciT
miznebi gavlenas axdens mexsierebaze
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari xangrZliobis
scenas videfilmidan
da sTxovdnen daemaxsiovrebinaT dialogi am
filmidan. cdis pirebs 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac sakmarisi
iyo, rom yvela cdis pirs sakmaod zustad aRedgina
dialogis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves. TiToeul
students dialogis Sinaarsi sxva studentisTvis unda
gadaeca, magram erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba
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maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan axlos), xolo

meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba saintereso
yofiliyo maTi monaTxrobi. is cdis pirebi, romlebsac
hqondaT maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruqcia,
99%-is sizustiT, sityvasityviT aRadgendnen dialogs,
maSin rodesac meore jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis
mxolod 62% aRadgines. ramdenadac orive jgufis
wevrebma daimaxsovres dialogis teqsti Zalian kargad,
meore jgufma, ubralod, airCia, rom ufro saintereso
iqneboda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni Zalisxmeva, rom zustad aRvadginoT,
damokidebulia garemoebebze. Tu Sen Tvli, rom pasuxismgebeli xar
imaze (valdebuli xar), rom zustad moigono, ra moxda, Sen amas
gaakeTeb _ obieqtur monacems waradgen an aRiareb da ityvi, rom ar
gaxsovs. zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac, sakmarisia rac moxda,
imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, metnaklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac Tqven udao
pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT ra moxda, imis sizusteze. ganvixiloT
mowmis mexsiereba.
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mowmis mexsiereba mowme sasamarTloze debs fics „Tqvas simarTle

da mxolod simarTle“. magram am TavSi Cven vnaxavT, rom maxsiereba
zusti iqneba Tu mcdari, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi aRbeWvdis pirobebs.
ramdenadac fsiqologebma ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan
„simarTle“, maSinac, rodesac es Zalian undaT, maT yuradReba
gaamaxviles mowmis mexsierebaze da daiwyes Seswavla. mizani
mizania gamoZiebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebna,
romelic uzrunvelyofs mowmis Cvenebis sizustes.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi iyo Catarebuli elizabet
loftusis da misi kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992). misi
gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba)
Zalian advilad icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT. magaliTad,
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac avtokatastrofa xdeboda _ ori
manqana erTmaneTs ejaxeboda. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT
manqanebis siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). magram cdis pirTa erT
nawils kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ra siCqare eqnebodaT
manqanebs, rodesac Seejaxnen erTmaneTs?“ xolo cdis pirTa meore
nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqariT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac
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erTmaneTs Seexnen?“ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis pirebis pasuxi saSualod

100km/sT iyo, xolo meore kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg ki
cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli SuSebi?”
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar iyo. miuxedavad amisa
pirveli jgufis cdis pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa Camsxvreuli
SiSis naWrebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod 14 % -ma aRniSna, rom
SuSebi dainaxa. amrigad movlenis Semdgom informacias arsebiTi
gavlena aqvs mowmis Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba daamaxinjos mowmis
mexsiereba
maSinac ki, rodesac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom eqsperimentatori
SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas. cdis piri ver axerxebs
gaarCios Tavisi mexsierebis namdvili wyaro romelia; veRar xedavs
gansxvavebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias Soris (Johnson et
al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995). rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac
adamians ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informaciaa, igi swored am
mcdar informacias ufro namdvilad miiCnevs (Mitchell & Zaragoza,
1996). Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs am movlenis axssniTi
meqanizmebis dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
 344

Sergent, 1998), tendencia mowmis Cvenebis Secvlisa Semdgomi

informaciis gavleniT dadgenilad iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben
im azrs, rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias ganicdis warsuli
gamocdilebis sxvadasxva elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWvdis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis bevri
mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba. bolos Cven ganvixilavT mexsierebis am
funqciebis biologiur safuZvlebs.
Sejameba mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia aris msgavsi gamocdilebis

erTmaneTTan

dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur

kategoriebs warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis CaTvliT da, amdenad,
yoveli axali wevris aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac adamianebi ukeT axdenen
kategorizacias da ukeT gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
CarCoebSi ukeT Cans gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
kanonzomierebebi, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia
 345

xdeba. rekonstruqciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviCvenes,

rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis miznis cvlilebasTan erTad
icvleba. mowmis Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom igi mowyvladia
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT.

mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi

axla droa, rom gTxovoT, gaixsenoT is ricxvi, romelic Tqven
mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda dagemaxsovrebinaT.
SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom, ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo?
ifiqreT im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic SesaZleblobas gaZlevT,
nebismieri informacia monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi niSnavs Tqvens tvinSi garkveul cvlilebebs. Tu
Tqven gindaT, rom es informacia, sul cota, am Tavis bolomde
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli xasiaTi unda hqondes..
rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es
SesaZlebeli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT nebismieri
ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
 346

engramis ZiebaSi modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi TqvenTvis

mowdebuli testi, ufro

zustad, SevamowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia, romlis

damaxsovrebac gTxoveT rogor unda ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad
aRibeWda igi? karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac Seqmna
pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _
tvinSi mexsierebis fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira. leSli
virTagvebs aswavlida labirinTSi gavlas, Semdeg maTi tvinis calkeul
nawilebs amokveTda xolme da amowmebda maT labirinTSi naswavl
qcevas. leSlim daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT gamowveuli mexsierebis
darRveva amokveTili qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva miT ufro
Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros,
mexsierebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra nawili iqneboda
dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT, engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim ver SeZlo engramis lokalizacia imitom, rom martiv situaciaSi
mexsierebis sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs. labirinTis
swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedvelobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs.
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neiromecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri informaciis daxsomeba

ganawilebulia mraval neironul sistemaSi maSin, rodesac diskretuli codna
calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxolod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizirdeba.
(Markowitsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000). mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad
nervul struqturas:
• naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs proceduruli
mexsierebisTvis, mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeorebas saWiroebs
da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis.
• zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri struqtura. savaraudo
safuZvelia Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimul-reaqcia“ kavSirebis.
didi tvinis qerqi pasuxismgebelia sensoruli mexsierebis da
•

SegrZnebebs Soris asociaciebis

• nuSisebri kompleqsi – pasuxismgebelia faqtebis, TariRebis,
saxelebis deklaraciul mexsierebaze, agreTve emociuri
STabeWdilebebis daxsomebaze. tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa
Talamusi, bazaluri winatvini da
prefrontaluri korteqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.

• engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi.

 348

gamotovebulia bolo abzaci.

amnezia
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axalgazrda teqnikosi niki. a.
saSineli dazianebis msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi
cxovreba.
niki ijda magidasTan, xolo misi mezobeli TamaSobda miniaturuli
safarikao daSniT. Semdeg, moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda –
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia xmali. xmali
moxvda nikis marjvena nestos da ganagrZo moZraoba marcxena tvinis
mimarTulebiT. am SemTxvevam seriozulad daaziana niki. yvelaze
mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo.
amneziis gamo niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba. wignSi
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli winadadebebi aRar axsovs.
satelevizio gadacemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gaimeorebs oriode wuTis win
nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacientebiT, radgan „bunebriv
eqsperimentad“ Tvlian aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis
dazianebis adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSualeba misca
mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba
 349

tvinis garkveul ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs

moqmedebebi anu proceduruli mexsiereba ar aqvs darRveuli, Tumca,
deklaraciuli mexsiereba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas axsovs,
rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala, magram ar axsovs ra
komponentebia am narevSi. eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi
naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da implicitur mexsierebaSi
tvinis gansxvavebuli ubnebia CarTuli.
axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa, romelic SeiZleba
dakavSirebuli
iyos gansxvavebul anatomiur struqturasTan. gamokvlevebis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, romhipokampis dazianebis dros irRveva eqsplicituri
mexsiereba da ara implicituri (Squire, 1992)

saidan viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba daculia
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileobdnen cdis
pirebi, romelTac
korsakovis sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi) Sedegad
dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampusi. rogorc amneziis
mqone pacientebis, ise janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen
sityvaTa mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT
emociuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva moswondaT da
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romeli –ara. maTi mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad

iyenebdnen or tests. erT SemTxvevaSi cdis

pirebs eZleodaT sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic unda SeevsoT TavSi

mosuli pirvelive sityviT. (Sevsebis testi). meore testSi ki marcvali
mimniSneblis rols TamaSobda, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT unda
moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wakiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT
mogonebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis mqone pacientebi naklebs
igonebdnen, vidre janmrTeli cdis pirebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis testSi
pacientebis da janmrTelebis mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf et
al.,
1984).
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis
dazianeba gavlenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo implicitur
mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs. mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena
SeiZleba sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992).
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis Semdeg gamovlinda.
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hipokampis mniSvnelovani dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri

mexsiereba ar irRveva.
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi forma azianebs eqsplicitur da
ara implicitur mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs, amtkicon,
rom mexsierebis es ori forma gansxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, is gzebi,
riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa
„medicina
arCens enabluobas“. Cven ukve viciT zemoT moyvanili gamokvlevidan,
rom
amneziis mqone individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobierebis gareSe,
magram, aseve, SeuZliaT codnis SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri
kavSirebis Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic ukavSirdeba im individis
monacemebs (Rajaram,
Coslett, 2000), romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac
gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod, medialuri temporaluri lobis
dazianebiT, aris – „ara“. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. avlenda
perceptualur implicitur mexsierebas, mas ar hqonda konceptualuri
implicituri mexsiereba. es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri
mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis SeZena SeuZlebelia. am
 352

tipis gamokvlevebi SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT Cawvdnen

mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.

tvinis suraTi fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves anatomiasa da

mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb, amneziis mqone individebze
dakvirvebis gziT, magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli gaxada
janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza,
2000) (SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-3-e Tavs, sadac saubaria gadaRebis
teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, Pozitron Emission Tomografis (PET)
saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996;
Tulving et al., 1994) daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodirebisa da
aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevarsfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT
xasiaTdeba. es gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis standartuli
gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi
cdis pirTa sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am
gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur
korteqsSi (ixileT suraTi 8.14) epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo
marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZlierebul aqtivobas adgili
hqonda epizoduri informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri
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sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvaobebis garda, romelic

kogniturma fsiqologebma aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI) warmoebulma
gamokvlevebmac
gamoavlina mexsierebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvnelovani
detalebi
(Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
saidan viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis dros cdis pirebs
mexsierebis eqsperimentebi utardebodaT. maT
proeqtoriT ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi,
romlebsac xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi. cdis
pirebs evalebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb Tavisi
azri gamoeTqvaT, kerZod,
semantikuri xasiaTis: „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami“
an „siyvaruli“)
abstaraqtulia, Tu konkretuli? an perceptuli xasiaTis:
„es sityva, (magaliTad, „ndoba“ an „wigni“) fanqriT
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?“ funqcionaluri magnituri
rezonansiT gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom marcxena
prefrontaluri qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis
 354

aramotoruli ubani) ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili

semantikuri kodirebis, vidre perceptuli kodirebis
SemTxvevaSi (Gabrieli et al., 1996).

mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis aqtivacias semantikuri

kodireba iwvevs, marcxena naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris
gamo. (ix.
Tavi 3)
ramdenime axali gamokvleva mieZRvna tvinis specifikuri regionebis
Seswavlas, romelTa aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros
xdeba.
(Brewe et al., 1998, Wagner et al.,1998). am gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs
martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi). (magaliTad, eTqvaT,
abstraqtulia Tu konkretuli esa Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros
cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri rezonansiT, raTa
gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena:
prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli (hipokampTan axlos mdebare)
 355

qerqis is ubnebi iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi sityvebis Tu

siuJetebis Sefaseba cdis pirebma ukeT SeZles. am axal gamokvlevebSi
gamoCnda mexsierebis SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri
safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCveneben, rom sxvadasxva disciplinis
mecnierebma
erTad unda imuSaon, raTa bolomde kargad Cawvdnen mexsierebis
procesebis kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis mexsierebis
Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis
masalaa Sesabamisi tvinis struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,
fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben fsiqologiur Teoriebs
informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi
momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT uzrunvelyofen did
warmatebebs mexsierebis procesebis kvlevaSi. Sejameba karl leSlim,
romelic pirveli iyo, vinc engramebis Zieba daiwyo,
aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali
struqturaa CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi. amniziis mqone
pacientebze gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli struqturebi monawileoben.
 356

tvinis skanirebis teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros janmrTel

adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa biologiuri safuZvlebi.

sur. 8.1. ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi mrudze gamosaxulia uazro

marcvalTa daxsomebis raodenoba individTa

mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoyenebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi

swrafad eSveba qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba
sur. .8.2
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magididan da Tqven gaifiqrebT „ra unda
baWias samzareuloSi?“ amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis procesebis mier
samzareulos situaciis aracnobieri gadamuSavebaa, romelic
baWiassamzareulosTvis zedmet elementad miiCnevs.
sur. 8.5. mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT
daxsomebuli
masalis saSualo raodenobas, rogorc uSualod miwodebis Semdeg, aseve
mogvianebiT. SedarebisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masalis
mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT. (sperlingi. 1960) gv. 221 suraTi
 357

sensoruli muSa mexsiereba → xangrZlivi mexsiereba

→ moicavs xanmokle mexsierebas mexsiereba

sur. 8.3. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi aRdgena

mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoyeneba.
TeoriebSi informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWvda miewereba sensorul da
xangrZliv mexsierebas. informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi-
Senaxvas, xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan - muSa mexsierebaSi-
aRdgenas.
sur. 8.4. ramdens daixsomebT am scenidan?
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da
ecadeT upasuxoT teqstSi dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv, xatiseburi
mexsiereba mxedvelobiTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod wamier xats
inaxavs.
sur. 8.6. xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis gareSe
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da aRdgenas Soris sxva
amocanit
 358

aris Sevsebuli (distraqtoriT) mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,

ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
gv. 227, sur.
ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi
wignis monaxvis analogiuri?
gv. 229, sur.
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wesebis darRvevis semdeg SexvdebiT am
kacs,
ratom ver cnobT, rom mas xom wveulebaze SexvdiT.
sur. 8.7. mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
am naxatze naCvenebia adgilmdebareobis efeqtis ganzogadebuli suraTi
studentebs Txoven moigonon sityvaTa sxvadasxva sigrZis _ 6, 10 da 15
sityvisgan Semdgari mwkrivebi an igive TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc iyo
miwodebuli, an Tavisufali mogonebis wesiT (aRadgineT, ramdeni sityvac
SegiZliaT ). TiToeuli mrudi gviCvenebs, rom rogorc
dasawyisis(daswyisis efeqti) ise bolo nawilis daxsomeba (daboloebis
efeqti)ukeT xdeba.
sur. 8.8 konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mexsierebaSi informacia matareblis liandagis
msgavsad warmoidginoT. A nawilis analogiurad, SegiZliaT ifiqroT, rom
didi xnis win Tqvens mexsierebaSi Semosuli informacia erTmaneTzea
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mWidrod miwyobili, rogorc moSorebiT ganlagebuli liandagis „Spalebi“.

B nawilSi ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis acilebis erT-erTi gza aris adre
miRebuli es „Spalebi“ erTmaneTisgan dacilebulad ganvalagoT, ise, rom
proporciulad iyvnen erTmaneTisgan daSorebulni. aseve, SegiZliaT Zveli
informacia gamokveToT fsiqologiurad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.

gv. 233, sur.

pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, magaliTad, wlebis manZilze
unaxav
megobartan Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnilebaa. semantikuri
mexsierebidan romeli informacia seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?

sur. 8.9. implicituri mexsierebis testze praimingi praimingi gviCvenebs

sxvadasxva amocanebiT sakontrolo sityvebze
manipulaciebis dros gavlenis. zogierTi implicituri testiT SesaZlebelia
praimingis kviraze meti xnis Semdeg gamovlena.

sur. 8.10. lokusis meTodi

lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT dasamaxsovrebel sityvas
(magaliTad
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sayidlebis siidan) nacnob adgilebTan (magaliTad institutidan saxlisken

mimaval gzaze.
sur. .8.11
A. prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B. prototipebis, Zveli saxeebis da axali saxeebis prototipuli
Sefaseba,
(A) saxis 75 % emTxveva prototips, 50% aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi
da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs saerTo, dabolos, 0 % aqvs
saerTo prototipTan. cdis pirebs Txoven Seafason, aqfT Tu ara nanaxi
adre es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis
mimarT, romelic adre arasodes unaxavT. daaxloebiT Tanabaria
darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre mamaxi saxeebis mimarT. axali
saxeebis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda
prototipisgan misi msgavsebis semcirebasTan ertad.
sur. 8.12. cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura

kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos Semdgom qvekategoriebad,

rogoricaa
frinveli da Tevzi, TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi
informacia(aqvs kani gaaCnia iererqiis yvela dones. sxva informacia,
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magaliTad, (SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs SeiZleba

hqondes (magaliTad, iadons). sakvanZo sakiTxebi ra aris mexsiereba
• kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi ganixilaven mexsierebas,
rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis process.
• mexsiereba, romelic moiTxovs cnobier Zalisxmevas, aris eqsplicituri.
aracnobieri mexsiereba implicituria.
• deklaraciuli mexsiereba uzrunvelyofs faqtebis daxsomebas. proceduruli
mexsiereba ki uzrunvelhyofs unarebis SemuSavebas.
• mexsierebas xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc kodirebis, Senaxvis da
aRdgenis samsafexurian process.

sensoruli mexsiereba
• sensoruli mexsierebis sistema didi moculobis, magram Zalian mcire
xangrZliobisaa.
• xatiseburi mexsiereba wamebis ganmavlobaSi aCerebs mxedvelobiT
vels.
• eqo-mexsiereba inaxavs smeniT gamRizianeblebs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsierebas SezRuduli moculoba aqvs da swrafadve qreba
ganmeorebis SesaZlebelobis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
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• ganmeoreba aCerebs masalas xanmokle mexsierebaSi.

• xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba SeiZleba gaizardos dasaxsomebeli
wevrebis azrian jgufebad dalagebis Sedegad.
• aRdgenis procesi xanmokle mexsierebidan efeqturad xorcieldeba.
• muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba xanmokle mexsierebas moicavs.
• muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti xels uwyobs gare samyarodan
gamocdilebis yovelwuTier asaxvas.

xangrZlivi mexsiereba. kodireba da aRdgena.

• xangrZlivi mexsiereba moicavs Tqvens srul codnas samyarosa da
Tqveni Tavis Sesaxeb. igi TiTqmis ganusaRvreli moculobisaa.
• Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris pirobaa kodirebisa da aRdgenis pirobebis
damTxveva.
• swavlisa da aRdgenis konteqstebs Soris damTxveva ganapirobebs
aRdgenas.
• adgilmdeareobis mrudis Tavisebureba aixsneba konteqstebs Soris
gansxvavebiT.
• mogonebis mimniSneblebi xels uwyoben xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
informaciis moZebnas.
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• epizodur mexsierebas iseTi movlenebis daxsomebasTan aqvs saqme,

romlebic pirovnebis subieqtur gamocdilebaSi monawileobdnen.
semantikuri mexsiereba sityvebisa da cnebebis arsebiTi
mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb mexsierebaa.
• interferencias adgili aqvs, rodesac mimniSneblebs mxolod Sesabamis
informaciasTan (mexsierebasTan) ar mivyavarT.
• rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamuSavebuli informacia, miT ukeTesia
daxsomeba.
• implicituri mexsierebisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom kodirebis da
aRdgenis procesebi msgavsi iyos.
• mexsiereba SeiZleba gaviumjobesoT gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebiT
da mnemonikuri xerxebiT.
• Cveulebriv, darwmunebulobis gancdas zustad SeuZlia mexsierebaSi
informaciis arsebobis winaswarmetyveleba.

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

• cnebebi aris azrovnebisTvis mexsierebis saSeni agurebi (masala). maTi

Camoyalibeba xdeba, rodesac mexsierebaSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo

niSnebis mqone obieqtebis an azrTa jgufebi.
• prototipi warmoadgens cnebis saSualo ekzempliars.
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• cnebebi xSirad ierarqiulad arian dalagebulni zogadidan kerZosaken.

• sqema ufro zogadi kognituri klasteria.
• mexsierebis yvela es zogadi struqtura gamoiyeneba axali informaciis
molodinebisa da interpretaciis konteqstisTvis.
• mogoneba mxolod angariSi ar aris, igi rekonstruqciuli da seleqciuri
procesia.
• wina gamocdileba da miznebi gavlenas axdens mogonebaze.
• axalma informaciam SeiZleba Secvalos mogoneba da amiT mowmis
Cveneba arasando gaxados, Tu mas axali movlenis Semdgomi
informacia Seereva. mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
• tvinis gansxvavebuli struqturebi (hipokampis, amigdalas, cerebelumis
da cerebruli korteqsis CarTviT) monawileoben sxvadasva tipis
mexsierebaSi.
• eqsperimentebi amneziis mqone pacientebze daexmara mkvlevrebs imis
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor xdeba gansxvavebuli tipis mexsierebis
Camoyalibeba da tvinSi maTi ganawileba.
• tvinis skanirebis teqnikam udidesi roli Seasrula mexsierebis kodirebis
da aRdgenis procesebSi tvinis monawileobis Sesaxeb codnis
mopovebaSi.
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ZiriTadi cnebebi amnezia bazisuri done dajgufeba cnebebi

konteqstis mixedviT gansxvaveba deklaraciuli mexsiereba eqo
mexsiereba gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba kodireba kodirebis
specifikuroba engrama epizoduri mexsiereba mexsierebis eqsplicituri
gamoyeneba xatiseburi mexsiereba mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba
interferencia gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria xangrZlivi mexsiereba
mexsiereba metamexsiereba mnemonika dasawyisis efeqti praimingi
procedurulki mexsiereba prototipi mogoneba
mwkrivis daboloebiis efeqti cnoba rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba
aRdgena mimniSneblebi sqemebi semantikuri mexsiereba
sensoruli mexsiereba adgilmdebareobis efeqti xanmokle mexsiereba
sacavi
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba muSa mexsiereba
Tavi 9. kognituri procesebi

• kognituri procesebis Seswavla

− fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
− fsiqikuri procesebi da fsiqikuri resursebi
• metyveleba
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− eqspresiuli metyveleba
− impresiuli metyveleba
− metyveleba, azrovneba da kultura
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis
Seswavla?
• vizualuri Semecneba
− vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba
− verbaluri da vizualuri reprezentaciebis kombinireba
• problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
− problemis gadaWra
− deduqciuri azrovneba
− induqciuri azrovneba
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
• gadawyvetilebis miReba
− evristika da msjeloba
− gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
− ZiriTadi cnebebi
367
 368

rodesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma [elen keleris

maswavlebeli] xelze damawera sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me
damainteresa TiTebis am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... me ar
vicodi, rom vambobdi sityvas, saerTod ar vicodi, rom sityva arsebobs, me
ubralod TiTebiT vTamaSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi, misis salivanma aiRo Cemi
Zveli Tojina, Camisva kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da
Seecada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo. manamde, cota
xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs `t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis
salivani cdilobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris talaxi da `w-y-a-
l-i~ aris wyali, magram me kvlav mereoda es ori . . .
Cven mivuyvebodiT biliks saxlis garSemo da vtkbebodiT mcenaris
surneliT, romelic saxlis kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze
civi wylis nakadi Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli
gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad
dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli
brundeboda; da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin mivxvdi,
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rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am

cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi,
sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram
es siZneleebi ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda
Tavisi saxeli da TiToeuli axal azrs Sobda. saxlSi dabrunebisas yvela
sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi, sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller,
1902/1990, gv.15-16).
elen keleris avtobiografiis `Cemi cxovrebis ambavi~ am nawyvetSi
avtori aRwers enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan detalebs. erTi
wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaurkveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac
man dakarga mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas Svidi
weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi gaCnda ana salivani _ misi
maswavlebeli. salivanma SesZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi da, rogorc
avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan
dakavSirebuli mRelvareba.~

• kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi umaRlesi fsiqikuri

procesebi, rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis
gadawyveta da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
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• Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi, romelic moicavs

yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs
procesebis Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
• kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) – mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqikur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis
gamoyenebas, aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
• kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli
sfero.

Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxadad aRgeqvaT sakuTari

kognituri procesebi. es procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamianisaTvis SeumCneveli
rCeba. miuxedavad amisa, metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars
xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis arss (arsebiT niSans).
Tumca, roca kargad Camoyalibebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an
rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli ramodenime samxilze awyobs
danaSaulis gaxsnis virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT SemecnebiTi
aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs. termini Semecneba aerTianebs
SemecnebiTi procesebis yvela formas. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea naCvenebi,
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kognituri procesebis Seswavla gulisxmobs adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis

Seswavlas (me-5-e TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze aRwerili zogierTi
sakiTxi). kognicia (Semecneba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise
procesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi,
wesebi, mogonebebi: `ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~, "wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs
`sdeq~-s~, `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kognituri procesebis
saSualebiT Tqven manipulirebT im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic gare
samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebiseuli dilemebis dros racionaluri
gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqologiis specialistebi
Seiswavlian. bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqologiasTan
erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _
kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic. (ix. sur. 9.2). kognituri
mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva momijnave sferoebSi erTi da igive
sakiTxis garSemo arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos
warmomadgenlebs
SesaZlebloba aqvT, gauziaron erTmaneTs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi.
me-8-e TavSi Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsierebis
biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT,
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mexsierebis Teoriebis daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad

gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umravlesoba, romelsac
winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT, Seqmnilia sxvadasxva momijnave
specialistebis urTieTTanamSromlobis Sedegad.
Semecnebis Seswavlas daviwyebT kognituri procesebis kvlevis mokle
aRweriT _ rogor cdiloben mkvlevarebi gazomon kogniuri funqcionirebis
Sinagani procesebi. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT kognituri fsiqologiis
kvlevis ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvT:
metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis gadaWra, azrovneba,
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba.

sur. 9.1. kognituri fsiqologiis sfero

kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis
Semdeg sakiTxebs: rogor xdeba adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am
codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.
sur. 9.2. kognituri mecnierebis sfero
kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis, neiromecnierebis,
lingvistikis, kognituri fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis (xelovnuri
inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.

kognituri procesebis Seswavla

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rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirveli, rac TavSi mogivaT, aris

is, rom kognituri procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven
SegiZliaT dainaxoT Sesuli informacia, mag. fraza: `damireke~ da
daakvirdeT Sedegs _ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT im
moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic akavSirebs frazas Tqvens
reaqciasTan? rogor SegiZliaT gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli
kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis aqtivacias efuZneba
Tqveni reaqcia? am TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi, romelTa
safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holandieli fsiqologis f.
dondersis (F.C. Donders) mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswavlis
mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli davalebebi, romlTa
warmatebiT Sesrulebis dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safexurebis
gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi 9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti,
romelSic daculia dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT,
gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.
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cxrili 9.1. dondersis fsiqikuri procesebis analizi

(qarTuli varianti)
CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli dro
(wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli
TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad.

davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze

“s” iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali ymiani
Ddro:

davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs daawereT Tavze

“v”, xolo didad
daweril Tanxmovnebs “s” iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe

RmrTisagan sviani, maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-

mravali ymiani Ddro:

davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos daawereT Tavze

“v” iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali ymiani D
dro:
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ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis Sesasruleblad?

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic
gaiareT davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daaxloebiT aseTi iqneba:
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara.
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze “s”.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos
Sesasruleblad studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti an kidev
ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel
safexurebs CamovTvliT:
a. gansazRvreT niSani _ didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso _ xmovania Tu Tanxmovani

g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze “s”, Tu xmovania, daawereT “v”;

amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze gadasvlisas Cven davamateT

ori

gonebrivi safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT rogorc stimulTa

kategorizacia (xmovani Tu Tanxmovani?) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s dawera
Tu s-s dawera?). pirveli davaleba moiTxovs stimulTa kategorizaciis erT
safexurs, meore davaleba ki _ aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da,
agreTve, or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. radganac meore
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davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT, rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT

da kidev metis, amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisaTvis meti droa
saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi
safexuri (operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs SesrulebisTvis. albaT,
gainteresebT, ratom SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis
Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da
meore davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris
ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s
daweras. mesame davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes, vidre
meores. (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo? ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom Tavis proceduras
gamoiyenebda sxvadasxva fsiqikuri procesebis xangrZlivobis zusti
SefasebisaTvis. misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZloT,
gamogekloT pirveli davalebis SesrulebisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore
davalebaze daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT stumulis
kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevisTvis saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT
davalebas, romelic saWiroebs mxolod stimulis kategorizacias (xolo
pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro, rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin
Tqven SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ drois xangrZlivoba _ calkeul
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process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, stimulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100

milisekundi (wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150 miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi aRar iyeneben
gamoklebis meTods, radganac nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro
damokidebulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevarebi mihyvebian
dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois
xangrZlivobas, romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba konkretuli davalebis
Sesasruleblad. dondersis ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri
procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav fundamentur wanamZRvars
warmoadgens kognituri fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi.
vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanaskneli 130 wlis
ganmavlobaSi.
sur. 9.3 umaRlesi kognituri procesebis analizi
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben gansazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis
identuroba da organizacia, romlebic umaRlesi kognituri procesebis
(maRali donis kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas warmoadgenen.
A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3
procesi Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes.
 378

B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs seriulad anu Tanmimdevrulad;

zogierTi ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad.
C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs
mkvlevarebs saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli
mimdinareoba.

A) dondersis davaleba
didi aso? → Tanxmovani Tu s Tu v?
xmovani?
→

______________________________dro_________________________
____→

B) seriuli da paraleluri procesebi

procesi A→ procesi B → procesi C

procesi A

procesi B

procesi C
 379

___________________________dro____________________________
____→ C. seriuli da paraleluri procesebis droSi Tanxvedra.
procesi procesi Y
X
 191

procesi X

procesi Y

_____________________________dro_______________________
___
_____→
 381

fsiqikuri procesebi da resursebi kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave

specialistebis mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri procesebis Semadgenel
komponentebad (calkeul procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da
problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs. TiToeuli kubi
warmoadgens gansxvavebul komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros TiToeuli kubis forma da
zoma da kubebi ise moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi
ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven naxavT, rom kubebi
SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi (ix. sur. 9.3. nawili A). erT safexurs
pirdapir mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba saSualebas
gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZlebelia ramdenime procesis erTdrouli
mimdinareoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoagens me-5-e TavSi
aRweril seriul da paralelur procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias.
Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
warimarTos paralelurad _ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba
SesaZlbelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli
elementis seriul gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,
erTi meoris miyolebiT.
 procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdinareobis identifikaciis mizniT
fsiqologebi xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros. Tumca 9. 3 suraTis me-3-e
nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis
ar amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba, romelic,
savaraudod, moicavs or process. Tu Cven gvecodineba mxolod am
procesebis mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT maTi
mimdinareobis specifikas zustad anu ar viqnebiT darwmunebulni,
Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad. kognituri
fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens
davalebis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas miscemen
eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi SesaZlo konfiguraciidan
blokebis swori varinti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (romelic Tqven
axlaxans gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom
procesebi seriulia, radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs
Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT moaxdinoT reagireba
(moemzadoT s-s an v-s dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori
unda iyos pasuxi.
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriul da paralelur mimdinareobis
gansazRvras xSirad aqtiobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxovnis
xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT, rom megobarTan erTad
 383

midixarT saswavlebelSi. Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir

da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da metyvelebis procesi
paralelurad mimdinareobs. magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad
trotuarze gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasakvlevad,
SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. axla gadaadgilebis procesi
moTxovs damatebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyvelebis
procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom adamianebs gadamuSavebis
SezRuduli resursebi aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes
sxvadasxva davalebebze
(Kahneman, 1973; Navon & Gopher, 1979). am resursebis
gadanawilebaze Tqveni yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5-e TavSi
yuradReba ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs konkretul situaciaSi amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli
informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba gulisxmobs seleqcias.
Tumca, gasarkvevia, romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amorCeuli,
rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule: yvela procesi ar saWiroebs
erTnair resurss. faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, avtomaturia
procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols (Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977).
kontrolirebadi procesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi procesebi ki,
rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis
ganxorcieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro met resurss moiTxoven;
avtomaturi procesebis Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis
paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis
gTxovT, SeasruloT cxril 9..2-Si moyvanili davaleba. rTuli iyo Tu ara A
sia, B siasTan SedarebiT?
• seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi,
romelic Tanmimdevrulad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
 385

• paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an meti fsiqikuri procesi,

romelic erTdroulad mimdinareobs.

cxrili 9.2 ricxvebis gadamuSaveba

dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es
ricxvebis Tu sityvebis wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia. sia 1.

8-8 cxra-rva 1-2 rva-rva

2-1 8-9 9-9 2-2
ori-ori erTi-ori cxra-cxra rva-cxra erTi-erTi 1-1 ori-erTi 9-8
sia 2.
1-1 cxra-ori erTi-erTi cxra-cxra
2-9 rva-ori 8-9 1-9
cxra-erTi 8-8 rva-rva cxra-erTi
 386

Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis `mniSvneloba~

cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9. 2 cxrilSi cifrebs
Soris gansxvaveba. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis
pirebs bevrad ufro uWirT, roca cifrebi erTmaneTTan
axlosaa (mag., 1-2). vidre maSin, roca maT Soris didi
intervalia (mag., rva-erTi), miuxedavad imisa, ra
formiTaa ricxvebi mocemuli, arabuli cifrebiT Tu
sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom pirvel siaSi
mocemulia gansxvavebuli wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac
patara intervalebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvilebs
Soris intervali didia. amitom pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda
yofiliyo. magram ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis
siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgavsebis
gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTi-cxra fizikuri
gansxvavebulobis xarisxis mixedviT TiTqmis identuria.
mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom rodesac xedavT 12-1 an
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis raodenobaze,
maSinac ki, rodesac es xels uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas.
xdeba ricxvis

12
-2 1-8 2-8 ori-ori

saidan viciT
 387

mniSvnelobis avtomaturi Sefaseba miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar

gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein, 1995).

bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor euflebodiT raodenobas da ricxvis

cnebebs. axla kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad avtomaturi
gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT
moyvanili davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi mniSvnelovnad
aris damokidebuli mexsierebis efeqtian gamoyenebaze (Logan
1988,1992). iqneba obieqti “2” Tu “ori” – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSaveba uzrunelyofs informacias raodenobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia, kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb,
gamoviyenoT erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis ganasaxilvelad.
swor gzaze siarulis dros ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac
imaze miuiTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da laparaki SedarebiT
avtomaturi aqtivobebia. Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia
icvleba _ es gaiZulebT gzis mravali variantidan airCioT erT-erTi. axla
Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqmedebis erTdroulad Sesruleba,
 388

Tqveni yuradReba “CixSi eqceva” (Pashler, 1992,4).

es magaliTi naTelyofs, ratom xdeba kontrilirebadi da avtomaturi
procesebis xarisxis da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra.
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac avtomaturi iyo, ukve
moiTxovs yuradRebis kontrols. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare,
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba saWiroebdes met-nakleb yuradRebas.
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis logikas. rTuli saazrovno
amocanebis gadaWris mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi
gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombinirebulia rogorc seriuli da
paraleluri, ise kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi. kognitur-
fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis
Seqmna, romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiToeuli komponentis
arsebobas. axla, rodesac ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa, gadavideT ufro konkretul
sakiTxebze. Cven saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli kognituri
procesebi muSaobis procesSi. daviwyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
 389

Sejameba kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnierebaSi momuSave

specialistebi Seiswavlian fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, mag., gamoiyenos ena, gadaWras problema
da miiRos gadawyvetileba. dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri
davalebis calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis meTodi.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi fsiqikuri aqtiobis komponentebis gansazRvris
mizniT Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis komponentebs; aseve,
sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da kontrolirebad procesebs.

• kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) _ procesebi,

romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas; xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
• avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ procesebi, romlebic ar
moiTxoven yuradRebas, maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva
moqmedebis paralelurad.

metyveleba
 390

SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT da iq aravin aris;

ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia,
romelzec weria:
“kata xaliCazea”. ras geubnebaT es Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia
SevcvaloT, rom es Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesabamisi konteqsti.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven saaidumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs
yovelTvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven gecodinebaT, rom
“kata” aris Tqveni kontaqti. xolo “xaliCaze yofna” sabrZolo adgils
niSnavs. e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza “kata xaliCazea” gasagebi iyos, sulac ar
aris aucilebeli, iyoT saidumlo agenti. mas SeiZleba sxvadasxva
mniSvneloba hqondes.
• warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze karis win mxolod maSin
wveba da gelodebaT, roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni
ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT “kata xaliCazea”, Tqven gulisxmobT:
“SegiZlia, kata gareT gauSva?” ("katas kari gauRo").
 391

• warmoidgineT, rom Tqven megobars surs manqanis gamoyvana

farexidan da SiSobs, radgan ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven
eubnebiT: “kata xaliCazea” da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, rom katas
safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia manqana gamoiyvanos.
• warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gsurT, SeajibroT Tqveni kata da Tqveni
megobris ZaRli. am dros Tqven ambobT: “kata xaliCazea”, riTac
miuTiTebT, rom “kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili”.
aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba winadadebis azrsa da
mosaubris
mier nagulisxmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis
gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents akeTeben rogorc
produqciaze (eqspresiuli metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi
azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba):
• nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad rogor iyenebs mosaubre swor
sityvebs?
• rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs?

eqspresiuli metyveleba
 392

SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecedeT, ramodenime sityviT aRweroT igi. ris

Tqmas apirebT? axla warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT
brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu ara meore SemTxvevaSi
gonebis ufro meti daZabva? eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti
keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras irCeven adamianebi
mocemul momentSi saTqmelad), aseve, im procesebze, romlebic
Setyobinebebs, gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar
gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyvellebaa, agreTve, wera da
JestebiT saubari. simartivis mizniT saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia
sityvebi: mosaubre – is vinc metyvelebs anu wers an laparakobs
(igulisxmeba JestebiT laparakic) da msmeneli – is vinc ismens (igebs).
sur. 9.4. eqspresiuli metyveleba
SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars? ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni
megobari rom brma iyos?
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi normaluri mxedvelobis
mqone da brma adamianisaTvis im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami
 393

dagegegmaT konkretuli msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT. nebismier

SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT, vin aris Tqveni msmeneli
da informacia, romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis wevrebs (Clark, 1992,
1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes
uTxraT, rom kata xaliCazea, Tu man ar icis, rom kata xaliCaze mxolod
maSin wveba, rodesac gareT gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis
wesi, romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, pirvelad Semoitana
filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul Grice). graisi TanamSromlobis
princips ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias, gamonaTqvami aagos
mimdinare saubris pirobebisa da mniSvnelobis mixedviT. am instruqciis
arsis gasagebad graisma Camoayaliba oTxi aqsioma, romelsac
gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9. 3. cxrilSi
warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTxzuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia
metyvelebis dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis SerCevaze.
rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra
SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma. amgvarad, Tqven ar
etyviT Tqvens megobars: “dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob”, Tu
 394

darwmunebuli ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda amisa,
TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob yvela aleqss Soris mxolod
erTs axsenebT am konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar waxvalT). anu
“saerTo
codnaSi” arsebobs vinme aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis, ise
_
Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark,
Kethrine Marshal, 1981) miaCniaT, rom “saerTo codna” eyrdnoba
informaciis sam wyaros:
• jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgufis wevrebi iyeneben
Semoklebul msjelobebs, roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo
gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisaTvis.
• lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas admianebi ukve ganxilul
informacias (wina saubrebis dros) miiCneven “saerTo codnis” nawilad.
• fizikuri Tanaarseboba – fizikur TanaarsebobasTan gavqvs saqme,
roca mosaubre da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofebian da
Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan. es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris
 395

garemos (sivrces, romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise maT

garSemomyof adamianebs.
amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis – “me dRes aleqsisTan erTad
vsadilob”, SesaZloa, gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni
megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac aleqsic miekuTvneba
(jgufis wevroba), an SesaZloa, imitom, rom adre, saubarSi Tqven ukve
aRniSneT aleqsis arseboba
(lingvisturi Tanaarseboba), an sulac imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
modiT, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis wevroba. warmoidgineT,
rom vinmes pirvelad xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom iyoT yuradRebiani
da gulisxmieri mosaubre, pirvel rigSi unda gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas
(jgufs) ekuTvnis igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvaliwinebs
Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi).
adamianebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba icodnen
sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca, tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom
sxvebisTvisac cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician
 396

(Fussel&Kraus, 1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZlebels

xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adekvatur regulacias.Y
daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri informacia unda miawodoT quCaSi
adamians, romelic gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara konkretul
kiTxvebs (mag.: iciT, sad aris meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi
Cacmulobidan da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT, saidan aris
igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda auRweroT gza.

Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc

vnaxeT, gamonaTqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze, romelsac
esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas
gaZlevT, gamoTqvaT azri.

• eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) – is, rasac

adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren; am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis
procesi.
• msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ konkretul
auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsiis formirebis procesi.
 397

cxrili 9.3. graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb

1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis

moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met informacias, vidre

mogeTxovebaT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra

raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens msmenels. amisaTvis
SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis
msmenelma.

2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac

mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli faqtebic ar gaqvT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba

Tqvens mier miwodebuli informaciis dadasturebas. TiToeuli
gamonaTqvamis dagegmis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi
damadasturebeli faqtebi.

3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda
iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri Tqvens mier miwodebul
 398

Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT

saubris Temas anu Tqvens mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar
aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis
gamoyenebas. teqsti agebuli unda iyos mokle da gamarTuli
winadadebebiT.

rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT

SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda
darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT.
Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo
graisis aqsiomebs?
ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros
daTom?
giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi? ar vici ratom mekiTxeba,
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels. amitom, albaT, ufro meti
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, unda vuTxra, vidre, bralod
magram “ho”.
 399

meSinia ar gamZarcvon. ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo

araferi aqvs, mainc ar
damijerebs. ra SeiZleba

daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri vuTxra iseTi, rac simarTles

usafrTxo adgilia. hgavs da Tanac
giorgi: sastumro rogori daamSvidebs?
iyo? daTo: RamiT ar
davrCenilvarT. Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi
ar gavCerebulvar, SeiZleba
ifiqros, rom sxvagan
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad gavaTie Rame. iseTi ram
wavideT? unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs
daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, gaxdis, ratom ar SemiZlia
ramdenad SevZleb kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
wamosvlas. wasvla ar minda,
magram ar minda uaris
giorgi: aa . . .
daTo: hm
 400

Tqma uxeSad
gamomivides. mixvdeba
giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)
gaeba maxeSi.

saidan viciT
 401

eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens jgufis

wevroba
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevarebi studentebs
sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT Sedarebis davaleba, ise, rom
winaswar arafers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win
ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria baraTi
(4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas ise unda aRewera
suraTebi, rom c.p.-s swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebina
isini. eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs ver
xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris SesaZlebloba.
eqsperimentators swrafad SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda
Tu ara c.p. niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis
macxovreblebs esaubrobdnen baraTebis aRsawerad, isini
ufro metad iyenebdnen sakuTar saxelebs: “es aris
sitikorpis Senoba”, vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: “es aris
maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT” (Clark, 1987).
 402

metyveleba da Secdomebi gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v. a.

spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner), oqsfordis universitetidan, romlis
saxelis mixedviTac, ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gadanacvlebas
spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma es saxeli samarTlianad
daimsaxura; zarmac students semestris gacdenis
SemTxvevaSi frazis “You have wasted the whole term” ("Sen mTeli
semestri gaacdine") nacvlad eubneboda: You have tasted the whole
worm, ("Sen mTeli matli SeWame") (waste – gacdena; taste-gemos
gasinjva, term-semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis erT-erTi
saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis
azris gamoTqmis dagegmis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan Cans,
gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul
doneze xdeba, romelTagan TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis
Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000). gasaocaria,
magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi –
isini gasagebi xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis struqturas.
mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos styvebis pirveli asoebi – “tips of the
slung” nacvlad “slips of the sung”-sa, magram arasodes ityvis “tlips of
the sung”, radganac am SemTxvevaSi irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris
wesi, romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes gvxvdeba “tl”(Fromkin,
1980).
 403

cxrili 9.4. Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi

dagegmvis doneebi

mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic

saukeTesod gamoxataven mis
azrs. Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, mag:
`movifiqre“ da `movigone“, SeiZleba Tqvas
`movifone“.
mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos
da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi. radgan adamiani
gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian erTeuls,
SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri
wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba .
mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi,
romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar
gegmaven, SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba.
cali xeli → xali celi.
 404

metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

metyvelebis Secdomebs. amitom mkvlevarebi ar Semoifarglebian
aRniSnuli Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi dakvirvebiT da maTi
aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis
Secdomebis xelovnurad
gamowve- vis
sxvadasxva xerxebi (Bock, 1996).
am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda moqnili eqspresiuli
metyvelebis
safuZvlad mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezentaciebis met-naklebi
gageba.
procesebi. gaixseneT me-6-e TavSi ganxiluli xelovnurad Seqmnili
predispoziciuli spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs, laparakis
dros dauSvan spunerizmis magvari Secdomebi (baars, 1992). c. p.-ebs
Txoven waikiTxon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac msgavsi
fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L
buzi-fuli baRi-fari
boli-foni bedi-fexi
 405

Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan “feri-beri”. rig SemTxvevebSi

zogierTi c.p. manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs “beri-feri”
am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevarebs saSualeba eZlevaT,
Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Secdomebis daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi
faqtorebi. mag: spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis albaToba izrdeba,
rodesac bgerebis gadaadgileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al.,
1975; Stemberger, 1992) amgvrad,
“feri-beri”-is magivrad “beri-feri”-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia, vidre
mag; “coli-qmari””-is magivrad “qmoli-cari”-s Tqmis albaToba.
msgavsi Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli zogierTi
kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da
gasworebas. es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis daSvebis
uflebas, romlebic konkretuli enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis
gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.
reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis dros c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen wyvil-
wyvilad waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi mag.: shoot the breeze –
raise the roof (bevri laparaki – aurzauris atevxa); ori wamis Semdeg ki
 406

sTxovdnen, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erT-erTi. droSi

SezRudvis pirobebSi c.p.-ebi zogierT
SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof.
Secdomis daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia, vidre zemoT
aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo or gamonaTqvams erTnairi
mniSvneloba aqvs. es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis
mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan aris mexsierebaSi
dakavSirebuli: rodesac adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi
mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma kavSirma SeiZleba
ganapirobos kombinirebuli Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock,
1977).

Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romlic ganapirobebs ama Tu im

gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs
maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs, romlebic igeben
mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs.

impresiuli metyveleba warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs `kata

xaliCazea.“ Tqven ukve iciT, rom konteqstidan gamomdinare, am
 407

gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli

azris gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor airCevT mxolod erT
azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze saubars Cven daviwyebT orazrovani
mniSvnelobis problemis ufro detaluri ganxilviT.
orazrovnebis daZleva
ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi ori mniSvneloba mainc
mogividaT: erTi, romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan
(sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore, romelic dakavSirebulia
kafesTan. warmoidgineT, rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari”, rogor
xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda
SesZloT am or mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis
daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoCenT, rom zogierTi kognituri procesis
gamoyenebiT, konteqstidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrovnebis
daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde: sauSao iaraRebze Tu
gasarTob adgilebze. es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis ori
mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi. magram rogor? sanam am kiTxvaze
pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs
 408

es winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba”? Tqven

SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod erTi mniSvneloba, magram am
SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian et
al., 1990) ix. 9.5. suraTi. lingvistebi winadadebis struqturis sailustraciod
xSirad iyeneben diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winadadebis `kata
xaliCazea” analizi. am winadadebis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III
nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces
daxmareba” ori gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli struqtura. II
nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis” exeba
dedas, erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces daxmareba. III nawilSi
warmodgenili analizis mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori
qvemdebare `ninos’’ da `giorgis dedas” e.i. or adamians gadasces
daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelobiT igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas
pirvelad kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic winadadebas ori
mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vubrundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri
orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs konteqsti erTi
mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an meti SesaZlo variantidan?
 409

sur. 9.5. winadadebis sruqtura

winadadebis gramatikuli struqturis TvalsaCino ilustraciis mizniT,
lingvistebi xSirad iyeneben diagramebs. I srtuqtura warmoadgens
winadadebis „kata xaliCazea“ struqturul analizs. II da III struqtura ki
gviCvenebs, rom winadadeba „ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces
daxmareba“ ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli struqturuli analiziT
SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili. vis gadasces daxmareba? or adamians Tu
erTs?
davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT
Semdegi winadadeba: "anas yvavili aqvs". ra aris am SemTxvevaSi
yvavili? warmoidgineT, rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis
mniSvneloba, albaT, aseTi iqneba:
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar gvaZlevs saSualebas,
SesaZlo ori mniSvnelobidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis Sedegebi
adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis
misawvdomi xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998).
 410

konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis gansazvrisaTvis saWiroa

konteqstis gaTvaliswineba, magram rogor gvexmareba konteqsti
mniSvnelobis arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom konteqsti
uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime (tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al.,
1998, 2000). ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTebi:
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT.

2. ana krefda yvavilebs.

ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
3.

pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis `avadaa’’ mixedviT, SesaZloa,

ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli yvavili iseve, rogorc
meore winadadebaSi. mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwerilia
situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore winadadebisTvis `yvavili aqvs’’.
es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis
sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli momentalurad
gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris,
1995; Sereno, 1995). struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis
mixedviT xdeba
 411

(MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993; Trueswell, 1996).

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi
arCevis SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva.
modiT, davubrundeT Cvens magaliTs, romelic pirvelad ganvixileT da
romelic sakmaod orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea”. am SemTxvevaSi
orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an
winadadebis struqturiT. mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom konteqstis
mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs,
1994).
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis procesSi adamiani
orazrovnebis dasaZlevad efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli
SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier gagebul azrs Soris.
metyvelebis procesis ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis
gaTvaliswineba“ _ procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac mosaubre irCevs
mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis gamonaTqvams. impresiuli metyvelebis
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels aqvs molodini, rom
 412

mosaubre sworad metyvelebs. amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia,

naTqvami fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare.

cxrili 9.5. orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri da sarkastuli

interpretacia pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami marta dis
saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom
saxlamde miaRwia. man uTxra das: “Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra
mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila”.
sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTan erTadac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis Rias tovebs
misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis
mravaljeradi Txovna – daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scoida. man uTxra amxanags:
“ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila”.
saidan viciT
 413

konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri mniSvnelobis

gagebaSi
ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria da Tbila.“
ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5 cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia,
am tipis martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxavdasxva azri
mivaniWoT sxavdasaxva istoriis SeTxzviT. Cven
vnaxeT, rom sityva-sityviT versia axlo kavSirSia
sityvebis pirdapir mniSvnelobasTan. igive
gamonaTqvamis arapirdapiri versia mas sarkastul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT
aRniSnuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis ilustraciis
mizniT. Tu
mkiTxveli informacias sityva-sityviT amuSavebs konstanturi rigis
(Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad
igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniSvnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza
warumatebeli aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva
mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978; Searle, 1979a). am modelis
mixedviT, moTxovnis da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro meti
dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamonaTqvamis. konteqstis mixedviT
gadawyobis modelis mixedviT ki ufro advilia sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis
 414

gageba, vidre pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom

mkiTxvelebi ufro swarafad igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive
gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs, 1986).

ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas Cven aqcenti gavakeTeT
imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis
gagebaze, Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba
mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu mTliani teqstis gagebis dros?
mag.: ra inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT ukve nacnob
frazas: `kata xaliCazea”. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
mniSvnelobis mqone reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri erTeulebiT,
romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben (Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974).
propozicia gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis `kata xaliCazea”
ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas
Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT, gaigoT katasa da xaliCas
Soris arsebuli mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT.
propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze (kata,
 415

xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met propozicias Seicavs.

ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra
taxtis qveS.“ aq pirveli Semadgeneli propoziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti).
aqedan vawyobT: SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]. sabolood ki
miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))].

qveS (Tagvi, taxti)

SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]
uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti))]
rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvnelobis fsiqikuri
propoziciebi marTlac ase muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi
Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda, eCvenebina propoziciuli
reprezentaciebis roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi ori sityva ekuTvnis erTi da
igive propozicias, mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdroulad,
maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan winadadebaSi.

saidan viciT
 416

propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis struqturas

ganvixiloT winadadeba “mavzoleumi, sadac mefe ganisvenebda,
moedans gadahyurebda.“ miuxedavad imisa, rom am winadadebaSi
mavzoleumi da moedani erTmaneTisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli
analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsierebaSi erTad unda Seikribos
propoziciaSi gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani). am analizis
Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebma cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis
CamonaTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu ara TiToeuli sityva
winadadebaSi. zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod
moednis Semdeg miewoda, zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli
sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi “diax, iyo mavzoleumi“ gacilebiT swrafad
modioda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi mavzoleumi uSualod
moednis Semdeg iyo mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva
propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRvoda win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom
cnebebi mavzoleumi da moedani erTad iyo warmodgenili mexsierebaSi
(Ratclif & McKoon, 1978).
 417

rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia vinmes naTqvamis zustad

damaxsovreba? SesaZloa, gicdiaT zustad (sityva-sityviT)
dagemaxsovrebinaT raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dabrunebuls
aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi
miuTiTebs, Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityva-sityviT damaxsovreba.
imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba
axorcielebs, gulixmobs propoziciebis gamoyofas, xolo propoziciebis
zusti Tanmimdevroba swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexierebaSi (mag.: "kata
misdevs Tagvs" _ "Tagvi gaurbis katas").
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar aRmocendeba zustad
miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas
daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia
mexsierebaSi arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori
winadadeba: me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad.
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa, sul cota, ori daskvnis
gakeTeba. Tqven unda gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi” meore winadadebaSi da
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rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli dapirebasTan, rom giyidian

namcxvars. megobari, vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT,
darwmunebulia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis gaTvaliswineba.
Tqven arasodes getyvian: `me mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan
Sesaxvedrad. igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars
da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba”.
mosaubre yovelTvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT akeTebs
daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas, Tu ra saxis daskvnebs
akeTeben msmenelebi regularulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994;
McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992), romlebsac msmenelebi, Cveulebriv,
akeTeben. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaTqvamis SemTxvevaSi
potenciuri daskvnebis raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, radganac
Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZliaT, gaifiqroT, rom mas
aqvs guli, RviZli, filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi azrad
ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT: `me sakonditroSi
mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad”. kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom
 419

msmenelebi sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gakeTebas.

ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba:
`arqiteqtorma daWra kaci”.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi igulisxmeboda am
winadadebaSi, umravlesobam aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis
Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi tipis winadadebebis
kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana”
(Dosher & Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs, rom
sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar xdeba avtomaturad. mag.:
viRaca daWres daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven
akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina winadadebis SemTxvevaSi,
romelic gulisxmobs mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa” da nacvalsaxels
`igi~ Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~ Soris. aseTi daskvnebi
saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia, romelsac
mosaubre gadmogcemT.
metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram esaWiroeba mosaubres,
raTa warmoTqvas swori winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa
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swored gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi azri. Cven, rogorc wesi,

amas ar vacnobierebT. rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni
kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi?

• daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba arsebuli

mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis da Teoriis safuZvelze.

metyveleba, kultura da azrovneba

Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea, rogor ggoniaT, am or enaze
Tqven gansxvavebulad fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena
azrovnebaze? es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevarebi ara erTgzis
ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-
lingvistur magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa, rogor isrola
mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi inglisurenovania, ityoda: Daddy threw the
ball – mamam isrola burTi, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqulenovania, maSin
ityoda Topu babam atti.. rogor fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive
azria mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli? es mTlad ase ar aris:
-ti sufiqsi Turquli winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre
movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre gagonils hyveba, maSin
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winadadeba mis sufiqsiT mTavrdeba anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze

mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im movlenebis mixedviT,
romlebic sakuTari TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa cnobili
(Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis
gansxvavebulma gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos
azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze
pasuxi ucnobia. xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba
gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri zegavlenis sakiTxiT
dainteresebas.
am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla daiwyo edvard sepirma (Edward
Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort).
kros-longvisturi kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebuli SedegebiT avtorebma
daaskvnes, rom gansxvavebebi enaSi azrSi gansxvavebebs ganapirobebs.
sepiri aRniSnavs:
“Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad ganvicdiT movlenebs, radganac
Cveni sazogadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis gansazRvruli
arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs” (Sapin, 1941/1964, p.64)
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sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis

safuZvelze gaakeTes. uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic sepir-
uorfis
hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix. Brown, 1976).
lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris arsebuli struqturuli
gansxvavebebi aisaxeba am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul
aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.
lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struqtura Zlier gavlenas axdens da,
SesaZloa, mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake individebis
mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi determinizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria,
radgan igi amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs azrovnebas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqologebma, lingvistebma da
anTropologebma araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis Seqmna am
hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996 ).

ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erT-erTi aspeqti. SesaZloa,

gagikvirdeT, rom sxvadasxva enebSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli
raodenobaa. linvisturi analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi
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ferTa 11 dasaxelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane, lurji,

yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafilosferi, nacrisferi). xolo zogierT
enaSi, mag.aliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi, romelsac
dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da
Ria) (Berlin & Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros
mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~ (1956 p. 213): mkvlevarebi
varaudoben, rom ferTa dasaxelbis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa,
gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre adamianebis mier ferebis
klasifikaciis unarebze.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

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SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis swavla?

Tqven, ra Tqma unda, ginaxavT filmi, an satelevizio
Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveulebriv saubroben
adamianebTan. gaxsovT mister edi _ molaparake cxeni?
SesaZlebelia es realur cxovrebaSi? am sakiTxis kvleva
gasuli saukunis 20iani wlebidan daiwyo; fsiqologebma
scades SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebinaT laparaki.
radganac Simpanzeebs ar gaaCniaT laparakisaTvis
Sesaferisi sametyvelo aparati, mkvlevarebi iZulebulni
gaxdnen, komunikaciis damyarebis sxva meTodebi
moeZebnaT. magaliTad, Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos
aswavles amerikuli niSnebis enis gamartivebuli varianti
(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Simpanzes, saxelad saras ki
daaswavles simboloebiT manipulacia (simboloebi
aRniSnavdnen iseT cnenebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
vaSli, micema) (Premark, 1971). am eqperimentebis
Sedegebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoSva
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(Seidenberg & Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainteresdnen

Semdegi sakiTxebiT: Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis an
Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombinaciebis (magaliTad, vaSo
bodiSi, Sen meti daleva) gamoyeneba aris Tu ara
metyvelebis azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniSvnelobaTa
umetesoba, rac miewereba maimaunis gamonaTqvams,
xom ar Cndeba adamianis da ara maimunis TavSi.
ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi siu sevij-rumbaum
(Sue Savage-Rumbaugh 1998) da misma kolegebma
Caatares kvleva, romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa ufro
zusti monacemebi Simpanzeebis metyvelebis unaris
Sesaxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad, muSaobda bonobos
jiSis Simpanzeebze, romlebic, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT,
ufro axlos arian adamianTan, vidre Simpanzeebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bonobos jiSis orma maimunma,
kinzim da mulikam kvlevis procesSi spontanurad
aiTvises plastmasisagan damzadebuli siboloebis
mniSvneloba; maT ar dasWirvebiaT rTuli treningi. isini
simboloebis mniSvnelobebs avtomaturad daeuflnen
adamianebsa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs Soris
komunikaciis procesze dakvirvebis dros. garda amisa,
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maT esmiT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvneloba,

magaliTad, kanzas SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze dados
misi Sesabamisi simbolo an foto. mkvlevarebma
bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis ori maimunisaTvis
Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac maimunebi
Rebulobdnen/iRebdnen metyvelebis iseT gamocdilebas,
rogorc adamiani enis adreuli aTvisebis
 427

periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom Simpanze-

panpanzeesac ki SeuZliaT zogierTi inglisuri sityvis mniSvnelobis
daufleba, Tumca, bonobos jiSis maimuns – panbaniSas bevrad ufro meti
sityvis daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).
bonobos jiSis maimunebze miRebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria, Tumca,
metyvelebis unarisa da sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas Soris didi
gansxvavebaa. gavixsenoT e.w. msmenelTa gaTvaliswineba. SuZliaT
cxovelebs informaciis Secvla auditoriaze morgebis mizniT?
mkvlevarebma gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim
da robert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney, Robert Seyfarth, 1990) Caatares
didi kvleva. isini Seiswavlidnen vervetis jiSis maimunebis komunikaciur
unarebs. sxvadasxva tipis saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leopardis, arwivis an
gvelis moaxloebis dros es maimunebi gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare SuZliaT xmis Secvla: mdedri maimunebi
saSiSroebis dros ufro maRali sixSiris xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis
STamomaval maimunebTan erTad arian, vidre sxva maimunebTan.
Tumca, vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis
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gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan gamomdinare, xmis Secvla: eqsperimentul

pirobebSi Seqmnili saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi deda vervetebi erTsa da
igive xmebs gamoscemen marto yofnis drosac da maSinac, roca maTi
STamomavali safrTxis momaswavlebeli movlenis TviTmxilvelia.
mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom adamiani erTaderTi cocxali arsebaa,
romelsac SeuZlia, gaiTvaliswinos sxvisi codna da Sesabamisad
Secvalos qceva (Povinelli & Prince, 1998).
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa da bonobos jiSis maimunebs gaaCniaT
adamianis
msgavsi metyvelebisaTvis aucilebeli zogierTi, magram ara yvela unari.
Tumca, Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake adamianebi erTnairad asruleben
ferebis klasifikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWv qveS ayenebs
mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevarebi mainc
iziareben azrs SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyvelebaSi
gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi sdevs Tan.

saidan viciT
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metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis klasifikaciaze

mkvlevarebma c.p.-ebs sTxoves, SeemowmebinaT sami feris wiri.
ferebi aRebuli iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtralur diapazonSi. c.p.-ebs
evalebodaT, ganesazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad romeli
gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan. c.p.-Ta erTi jgufi warmodgenili iyo
inglisurenovani individebiT (inglisur enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis
leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi), xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi
mcxovrebi individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras enaze laparakoben. am
enaSi lurjisa da mwvane elferis aRsaniSnavad arsebobs mxolod erTi
sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevarebi varaudobdnen, rom Tu sepir-uorfis
hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani individebi SesZlebdnen
lurjisa da mwvanis zRvarTan axlo myofi elferis garCevas, radganac
inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityvebi mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo
imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi gansxavebuli erTeulebi ar
arsebobs, am enaze molaparake c.p.-ebi ver SesZlebdnen mosazRvre
elferebis garCevas (Key & Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi
adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros
 430

inglisurenovani c.p.-ebi arCeven sxvadasxva elferebs, tarahumaras enaze

molaparake individebi ki _ vera.

msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris uamravi saintereso

gansxvavebaa, rogorc es Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze giCveneT.
Sesabamisad, arsebobs umaravi sakiTxi (hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom
kvlevas saWiroebs (gerrig
&Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996). savaraudoa, rom
azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs Soris arsebuli bevri leqsikuri da
gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba sityvebsa da
struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, radganac Cven aRvwereT kulturuli
gansxvavebebi "fsiqologia da cxovreba"-Si, mizanSewonili iqneba,
gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gansxvavebuli kulturis
warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben,
SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb kulturul
gansxvavebze. axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis sakiTxidan
gadavideT im
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pirobebis ganxilvaze, sadac mniSvneloba xatzec aris damokidebuli.

Sejameba
saubrisas admianebi cdiloben, iyvnen gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi.
Sesabamisi msmenelis arseboba moiTxovs saerTo codnis
gaTvaliswinebas. spunerizmi da metyvelebis sxva Secdomebi
SesaZlebels xdis swori frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da
Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas. orazrovani sityvebis,
struqturebisa da gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo
variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad msmenelebi iyeneben
konteqsts. fsiqikuri reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalibdeba.
miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT
daskvnebis gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT xasiaTs. sepir-
uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi, romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben,
gansazRvraven adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaazrebas. am
hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli faqti gamovlinda ferebze Catarebul
eqsperimentebSi. mkvlevarebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs Soris arsebuli
uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas
axdendes azrovnebaze.
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vizualuri Semecneba
9.6. suraTze mocemulia winadadebis “kata xaliCazea” reprezentaciis
ori nimuSi. romelia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas
lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiazrebT, orive sworia – orive
suraTze kata xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT, ufro
misaRebi A variantia, radgan am winadadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom
zustad am suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle, 1979b). ras
fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb? cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggonia, kata
sadac aris daecema. es SfoTva Cndeba imitom, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
situacia gaiazroT suraTebze dayrdnobiT. Tqven SegiZliaT zustad
warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba moxdes. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT
vizualuri xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas azrovnebaze.
sur. 9.6. vizualuri reprezentaciebi
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze? vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba

kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze gakeTebul uamrav

mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas (Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven

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igi ukve vaxseneT me-6-e TavSi), romelmac benzolis qimiuri agebuleba

aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros, kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina

mocekvave atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi erTiandebodnen.

benzolis rkali man sizmarSi aRmoaCina, roca gvelis magvarma

molekulaTa jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra. maikl

faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad

erkveoda maTematikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda

magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben, albert ainStaini

mTlianad vizualuri xatebis terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod vizualur

xatebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg gadmoscemda

maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da sityvebis saSualebiT. es magaliTebi

movitaneT imisaTvis, rom Tqvenc scadoT vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba,

Tumca, vizualuri xatebiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari mcdelobis

gareSec regularulad iyenebT. ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac

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c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis warmodgenaSi

datrialeba.

suraTi 9.7. sxvadaxsva kuTxiT daxrili “R”, romelic warmodgenis

Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes cdis pirebs SemeTxveviTi
TanmimdevrobiT miewodebodaT figurebi da moeTxovebodaT, rac
SeiZleba swrafad ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli - “R” Tu misi
sarkisebuli asli. rac ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili vertikaluri
mdgomareobidan, miT ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
saidan viciT
gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsia
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili
laTinuri aso “R”-sa
da misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli “Я”) nimuSebi (ix. sur
9.7). asos miwodebisTanave c.p.-s evaleboda,
ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi “R” iyo, Tu misi
sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda, rom gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze daxarjuli dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide
pirdapirproporciul kavSirSia – rac ufro metad aris
mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti dro sWirdeba mis
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identifikacias. miRebuli Sedegebi mowmobs, rom cdis

pirebi cdiloben, warmoidginon figura da moatrialon igi
vertikalur mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebuli
siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyvetilebas.

rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi

rotacia fizikuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&Cooper, 1982).

adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi rotaciis unars. rogorc me-

5-e TavSi naxeT, xSirad sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan
gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SecvaloT sagnis
aRqmuli xati da moargoT xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). mag., 9.6 suraTze
mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven, albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa
amogecnoT igi, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?).
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, agreTve, zogierTi tipis
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian:
 436

golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping-pongis? Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT,

SegiZliaT erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri xatebi. sagnis xatis
aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad
aRqmul saganTan.

saidan viciT
vizualuri xatebis skanireba
erT-erTi kvlevis dros c.p.-ebs sTxovdnen,
daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli figura, kerZod, motoriani navi
(ix. sur 9.8), Semdeg ki sTxovdnen, warmoegdinaT
TvalsaCinod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT
detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen,
warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi detali, magaliTad,
saqare mina an Ruza. aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis
“dasanaxad“ (warmosadgenad) c.p.-ebs ufro meti dro
sWirdebodaT, vidre saqare minis, romelic ufro axlosaa
ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis droebs Soris
gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom adamianebi iseve
aTvaliereben vizualur xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs
(Kosslyn, 1980).
sur. 9.8. warmodgenis vizualuri skanireba
 437

navis figuris Seswavlis Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, “SeexedaT”

maT mier warmodgenili navis ZravisaTvis; Semdeg ki ekiTxebodnen: ra
hqonda navs – saqare mina Tu Ruza. saqare minis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi reaqiis dro naklebi iyo, vidre maSin, roca c.p.-ebi
xedavdnen Ruzas, romelic Zravisagan ufro daSorebulia. miRebuli
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom c.p.-ebi aTvalierebdnen maT mier
warmodgenil sagnebs.
xatebiT operireba SezRudulia. ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze
(miiRebT or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi gverdi) da
ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi?
(Adams, 1986).
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili (250 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis
sisqe), daaxloebiT dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven,
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena gadaitvirTa
warmosadgeni informaciiT. verbaluri da vizualuri reprezantaciebis
kombinireba
 438

Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT vizualuri reprezentaciebis

im tipebze, romelTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli vizualuri
stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis
SemTxvevaSi – mexsierebidan amotaniT. Tumca, vizualur xatebs Tqven
xSirad qmniT verbaluri infirmaciis safuZvelze, mag.: miuxedavad imisa,
rom realurad arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT kata,
romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri informacia saSualebas gaZlevT,
SeqmnaT vizualuri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
verbaluri informaciis xatovani warmodgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis
kiTxvis dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs
Seicavs. ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan "From a View to a Kill“:
mdelo sididiT ori CogburTis kortis zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli
xeebis qveS ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT mxares mayvliTa da
ayvavebuli vardebis ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara goraki
esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs
 439

Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda gorakis miwiani zedapirisa

(Flemming, 1959 PP.19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmarebodiT bonds safrTxis
moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis). kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis
warmodgenis mizniT, SegiZliaT
SeqmnaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998).
mkvlevarebi araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs fsiqikuri sivrciTi
modeli realuri sivrciTi gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso nawyvets moTxrobidan.
sxedxarT operaSi megobrebTan erTad. Tqveni mosvlis mizania,
SexvdeT da esaubroT maRali wris warmomdagenlebs da saintereso
adamianebs. axla dgaxarT eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
gadahyurebs parters. zustad Tqvens ukan, Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis
kedelze CuqurTmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, romelic kedelzea
mimagrebuli, mTlianad mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, p.65).
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxvelebi)
swavlobdnen
 440

am tipis teqstebs, romlebSic detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis

garSemo arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky, 1990).
mkvlevarebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom gonebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli
obieqtebis sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis Sesaxeb
informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis siswrafes. mag., c.p.-ebi ufro
swrafad pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqvens win“, vidre kiTxvaze: „ra
aris Tqvens ukan“, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi
sizustiT iyo aRwerili.
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia Tu dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros
aRmocenebuli reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlveT, “moxvdeT scenaze”,
Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdileba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT
gamocdilebad.
zogadad, Tqvens garSemo arsebul samyaroze fiqris dros, TiTqmis
yovelTvis gixdebaT informaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis
Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi, scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva.
rogor apirebT amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobilia
vizualuri gamocdilebiT; mag., Tqven daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis
 441

moxazuloba, radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis zogierTi detali ki

verbalur informacias eyrdnoba; mag., SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia
ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca, SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad
unda daxatoT is. erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49 qveyanaSi
Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000 students sTxoves, daexataT
msoflio ruka (Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena, rogoria
kulturaTa Soris sxvoba msoflios TvalsaCino warmodgenis, vizualizaciis
mixedviT; igi miznad isaxavda, agreTve, mSvidobis xelSewyobas.
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli
msoflio fokusirebulia evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis centrSi, xolo
mis garSemo ganlagebulia sxvadaxsva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia
ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi geografiis
saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil rukebze evropa warmodgenilia rukis
centrSi. Tumca, dafiqsirda kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.11 suraTze
warmodgenilia avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentis mier daxatuli ruka. es
ruka gviCvenebs, Tu ra xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli
unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur reprezentaciaze.
 442

am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri procesebi da reprezentaciebi

Seavsebs verbalur unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi warmoadgens
yveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da amocanebis gadaWris
damatebiT saSualebebs. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi, sadac xdeba
vizualuri da verbaluri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis
daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra da azrovneba.
suraTi: 9.11.
yuradReba miaqcieT msoflos am avtraliaze koncentrirebul
warmodgenas, axla vin aris qvemoT?

Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezentaciebis gamoyeneba sagnis
gonebaSi rotaciisaTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvaliereben
ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT
adamianebs SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezentaciebis Seqmna.

problemebis gadaWra da azrovneba

warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseuli situacia: Tqven
SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da
 443

darCiT gareT. rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, Tu ra

,,gonebriv nabijebs” gadadgamdiT am problemis dasaZlevad. es
,,gonebrivi nabijebi” aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs, romlebic
ganapirobeben problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas. dasaxuli miznis
misaRwevad es orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali informaciis
dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT
problemis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis or formas _
deduqciursa da induqciurs.

problemis gadawyveta
,,ra aris is arseba, romelic diliT oTx fexze dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo
mzis Casvlis Semdeg _ samze?” berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,
borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am amocanis amoxsna
ubrZana; xolo sanam vinme mis amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli
mmarTvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis elementebSi
metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis
sxvadasxva periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili adamiani ki _ or fexze,
 444

xolo moxucebulobaSi adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,

siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs. e.i. sam fexze dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo
,,adamiani”.
Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT
rTuli, magram problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi
nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT problemebs, romelTa
gadawyvetac gixdebaT: rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis
Sesruleba drois gansazRvul periodSi, rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas
gasaubrebaze; rogor gavwyvitoT urTierTioba arasasurvel pirovnebasTan
da a.S. mravali problema dakavSirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis
saWiro informacias Soris gansvlasTan. roca problemas wyvetT, Tqven
amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro informaciis mopovebiT. problemis
daZlevis arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12 suraTze
mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba
saSualebas mogcemT, naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis
gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa, TqvenTvis
 445

saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, romlebic dagexmarebaT davalebis

Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi.

• problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis procesi, romelic

mimarTulia konkretuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs mTeli rigi fsiqikuri
operaciebis saSualebiT.
• msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azorvnebis procesi, rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis
erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli

azrovnebis procesi.
problemuri situacia rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur cxovrebiseul
pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul
mdgomareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad, Tqven ganicdiT
materialur gaWirvebas da gsurT, iSovoT fuli; TqvenTvis cnobilia,
agreTve, ra SegiZliaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZlevad.
magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar
daiwyebT jibis qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra aerTianebs am
 446

sam elements. problemis gansazRvra sam elements moicavs (Newell &

Simon, 1972). problema ganisazRvreba:
• Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli informacia an
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi TqvenTvis sasurveli garemos
1.

Sesaxeb;
2. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is savaraudo safexurebi, romlebsac

gaivliT mocemuli mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaRwevad.

am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba problemuri situacia.
ilustraciis mizniT problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia), romelic gulisxmobs
sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde
gadaadgilebas (mizani). am dros Tqven gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis
ganxorcieleba.
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis umravlesoba im
SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami elementidan romelime ar aris
sakmarisad gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli problema
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa
 447

warmodgenili sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi, romelic

miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor
gamoiyenoT operaciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli
problema ki hgavs saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis daweras an Sidsis
mkunalobis meTodis aRmoCenas, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pirvel
rigSi, saWiroa problemis arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi
mdgomareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miRwevis SesaZlo
saSualebebis dadgena. rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac ki,
roca sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli,
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis misaRwevad mainc
Znelia. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaixsenebT maTematikis gakveTils,
darwmundebiT, rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma
mogcaT formula x2+x_12=0@da gTxovaT, gansazRvroT x-is
mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis? am algebruli amocanis
gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT algoriTmi: Tanmimdevruli,
safexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis gvaZlevs swor pasuxs
 448

(konkretuli tipis problemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs sworad

gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is swor mniSvnelobas (e. i. 3 da
_4). algoriTmi saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagexmarebaT.
Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxvadasxva variantebs
(mag.: 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4), gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algoriTmis gamoyeneba ufro
efeqtiania kargad gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, radgan naTlad
aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba da mizani, vidre cudad
gansazRvruli problemis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba
SeuZlebelia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul meTodebsa da
strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas.
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs saidumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb
da gsurT, gaarkvioT vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven, SesaZloa,
gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma mokla, radgan Tqveni
gamocdilebiT migaCniaT, rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT
banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, evristika
warmoadgens
 449

msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.

• problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi, romlebic qmnian
problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba _ arasruli informacia an
pirovnebisaTvis aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ informacia
an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis adamiani; operaciebis
erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel
miznamde misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
• algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli safexureobrivi procedura,
romlis saSualebiTac vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis problemis
gadasaWrelad.
• evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an ,,praqtikuli meTodi”,
romelic xSirad gamoiyeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis
gadasaWrelad.
 450

sur. 9.10. SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili

I)
scadeT am amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia
suraTze (9.11). nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis
mogvarebas.
A.SegiZliaT, daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan
oT xi swori xazis gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar
aiRoT.
B.6 futis simaRlis milSi, romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi
iatakzea mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi.
rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs milidan.
C. Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles
TiTo ujra, darCa 62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos
koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs. scadeT mTlianad
dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT.
D. Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia
Camokideuli, ise, rom Tu xels erTi Tokis bolos
 451

mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT

miswvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini
erTmaneTs.
E.Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi
as anTis yuTSi. daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
F.gadasawyveti gaqvT ,,wylis qilis” 3 problema.
SegiZ liaT mxolod 3 qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis
raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?

mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situaciaSi adamianebis mier

algoriTmisa da evristikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis
Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmamaRali fiqris meTods,
romelic gulisxmobs fiqris verbalizacias (Ericson & Simon, 1993).
magaliTad, mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen, SeeswavlaT is fsiqikuri
procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis
problemas (suraTi 9.10 nawili C) (Kaplan &
 452

Simon, 1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris xmamaRali fiqris

oqmis
Canaweri, sadac igi akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis
gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod vertikalurad an
horizontalurad daalagebs (dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).

,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es moklea _ ramdeni rCeba _ uhhh...

vardisferi ufro metia, vidre Savi, imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa,
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver vizamT, imitom rom isini
diagonalzea... es ixureba?
.... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda, Tu dominoebs sul
horizontalurad an vertikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevarebi cdis pirTa
azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris modelis amosaval wertilad
iyeneben
(Simon, 1979, 1989).
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba ra uSlis xels problemis
gadawyvetas? Tu gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas,
SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom ,,uamravi ram aris erTdroulad
 453

gasaTvaliswinebeli.“ problemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas

zustad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad problemis gadawyvetas
aZnelebs is, rom mocemuli problemis gadawyvetis gonebrivi
moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et
al., 1985; Kotovsky & Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa
mTeli rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu moqmedebaTa es
rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli TiToeuli moqmdeba metad rTulia,
SesaZloa, verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan saboloo miznamde
misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT am SesaZlo problemis gadawyveta?
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs
Tqveni
resursebis Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis SemuSavebas.
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis problemebis gadaWra, maSin
mizanSewonili iqneba daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul
komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtomatizacias da nakleb
Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al., 1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad
muSaobT niu-iorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT gadaWedil
quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba. SesaZloa, qalaqis sxadasxva
 454

monakveTSi gamoimuSavoT gansxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi. ase, rom

Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi geqnebaT gadwyvetilebis mza komponentebi,
Tqven mTel yuradRebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi
ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis safasurs, Semdeg ki
SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi gamoyenebis erT-erT
saukeTeso magaliTs. msoflio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia
Wadrakis figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis gansazRvra da
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas
saSualebas aZlevs erTdroulad ramodenime oponenti daamarcxos (Gobet
& Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis povna problemis sruliad
axal WrilSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT,
sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, warmatebas ver
miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri,
 455

romelTagan erTi mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams,

1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian erTmaneTs? (ix. sur. 9.12).
axla ori beri SecvaleT erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas uzrunvelyofs swored swori –
vizualuri da ara verbaluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamoyeneba.
Tu 9.10 suraTze mocemul amocanebs gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel,
darwmundebiT problemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis
mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan ping-pongis burTebis
amosaRebad ar aris saWiro milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan
moSorebiT Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad ki saWiroa
yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da
gamoiyenoT igi, rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasamagreblad
ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli
unda gamoiyenoT, erTis mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, xolo, meores mxriv,
sagani, romelic unda miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcionaluri
rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931).
funqcionaluri rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad miRebuli Tvisebebis
 456

ugulvebelyofas da misi axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze. rodesac problemur
situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis gansxvavebuli an
ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatiT
warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi. naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis
Secvlaa SesaZlebeli axali kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, rogorc wesi, Tqven
fiqrobT anu azrovnebT. qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
• funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) – sagnis tradiciuli
xedvis Secvlis da axali funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqtianad
gamoyenebis uunaroba.
 457

cxrili 9.6. gamocana ,,beri“

erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti beri iwyebs
asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi
Tu ori nabijis siganis. spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis
mwvervalisaken miemarTeba. beri sxvadasxva siCqariT
midis, xSirad Cerdeba dasasveneblad, Wams gamxmar
xils (Cirs) da taZarSi mzis Casvlamde cota xniT adre
midis. ramodenime dRis marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg,
isev mzis amosvlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT
eSveba, igi sxvadasxva siCqariT modis; xSirad Cerdeba
Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camosvlisas, misi siarulis
saSualo siCqare bevrad aRemateba qvemodan zemoT
asvlis siCqares. daamtkiceT, rom bilikze aris wertili
sadac beri zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda
asvlisasac da Camosvlisasac (pasuxi ix. sur.
9.12).
suraTi 9.12. A suraTze naCvenebia ori beri. erTi moZraobs qvemodan
zeviT, meore - zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze warmodgenilia maTi
 458

Sexvedris adgili dRis erTi da igive momentSi. axla SecvaleT ori beri
erTiT; amocana damtkicebulia. deduqciuri azrovneba warmoidgineT,
rom midixarT restoranSi da fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito
baraTiT „American Express“-iT apirebT. rekavT restoranSi da
ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens restoranSi sakredito baraTiT, „American
Express“iT, sargebloba?“ restornis mepatrone gpasuxobT: „Cven viRebT
yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs“. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT
daaskvnaT, rom isini miiReben Tqvens sakredito baraTsac. ratom? am
SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT silogizmiT (ori
winadadebidan gakeTebuli logikuri daskvna), romelic berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:

wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs.

wanamZRvari 2. „American Express“-i aris ZiriTadi sakredito baraTi.
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American Express“.

aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimarTeba arsebobda winadadebebs

Soris, romlebic realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri azrovneba
gulisxmobs logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas. Cven moviyvaneT
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sakredito baraTis magaliTi, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs logikuri

daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis
forma gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven, gvaqvs Tu ara
deduqciuri azrovnebis formaluri wesebi. (Schaeken et al., 2000). es
masStaburi kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac gagvaCnia
zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari, magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur
azrovnebaze gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros Sesaxeb da
konkretul problemasTan dakavSirebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
• deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma,
romelic ori an meti wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars
gulisxmobs.

modiT, ganvavrcoT msjeloba Semdeg daskvnebze da vnaxoT, Tu ra

gavlenas
axdens codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT Semdegi silogizmi:
wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava, sWirdeba benzini.
wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT benzini. daskvna:
avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.
 460

rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis wesebis Tanaxmad — ara,

radgan pirveli wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT sagans,
romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve, sWirdeba benzini. siZnele imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom is, rac arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris
aucilebeli mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic. e. i. Tu Tqven flobT mxolod
pirvel da meore wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias da Tqven mas
ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc formaluri logikis savarjiSos, maSin es
daskvna mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, roca c.p-ebi msjeloben,
gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna logikurad ori wanamZRvridan, isini
ufro dadebiTi pasuxisken ixrebian, rodesac daskvna avtomobils Seexeba,
vidre maSin, rodesac uazro termini „oppobines“ gamoiyeneba
(Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens. rwmenis
efeqti gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im
daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros misaRebi modelis
konstruireba (ageba), xolo mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac
amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al.,
 461

1983; Janis & Frick, 1943; Newstead et al., 1992).

• rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia, romelsac pirovnebis
codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis
process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi.

suraTi: ZaRli (gv 276)

wanamZRvari 1. yvela katas 4 fexi aqvs. wanamZRvari 2. me 4 fexi
maqvs. daskvna: me kata var.
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna, romelic Seesabameba
adamianis gonebaSi problemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad
miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avtomobilebis Sesaxeb
aZnelebs am daskvnis uaryofas. Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad
es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna, daaxloebiT
naxevarma SesZlo sworad ganesazRvra, rom am formulirebiT swor
daskvnas ver gamoitanda. amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi
gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis procesebze, vidre Tqvens
mier sxvisi daskvnebis Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990).
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logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri instruqciebi, romlebic aq aris

aRwerili, amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et al., 1994).
azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs. amaSi dasarwmuneblad,
SeadareT, Tu rogor asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli
azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.
warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia 4 baraTi, romelTagan
TiToeulze weria „a“, „d“, „4“, „7“, ise, rogorc es 9.13 suraTzea
warmodgenili. romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT, rom SeamowmoT
wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxareze xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi
ricxvi“ (Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umravlesoba
fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi „a“ — rac sworia da baraTi „4“,
rac ar aris swori. mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad araviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvs baraTs „4“. amitom mis gadmobrunebas azri ara
aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?). Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi „7“ da Tu
naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, gamodis, rom wesi
ar aris swori.
sur. 9.13. abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba
 463

Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is

baraTebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: „Tu baraTis erT
mxareze mocmulia xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi“.
qveda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi,
romlebic saSualebas mogcemT, SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: „Tu
momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc
unda iyos“. rogorc wesi, c.p.-ebi meore davalebas ukeTesad asruleben.
am dros SesaZlebeli, realuri cxovrebiseuli strategiebis gamoyeneba.
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas (Wason selection task)
uwodeben, romelic eWvs qveS ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis
unars. es negatiuri azri SemdgomSi modificirebul iqna ori mimarTulebiT.
pirveli: mkvlevarebma gamoTqves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, c.p.-ebi
baraTebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur strategias, ris gamoc
isini ufro adastureben, vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis
ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am strategias mcdar deduqciur
azrovnebamde mivyavarT, realur situaciaSi igi
mizanSewonilia mimarTebebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad (Oaksford,
 464

Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).

meorec, deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia, rodesac
c.p.-ebs saSualeba aqvT, veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros gamoiyenon
samyaros
Sesaxeb realuri codna (Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoidgineT,
Tqven gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul baraTebze logikuri
davalebis Sesruleba. unda SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli
apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos“ (CHeng
& Holyoak 1985).
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli baraTebi unda
gadmoabrunoT: „17“ da „ludis daleva“. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi
problemis dros SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema.
rogorc me-8-e TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis Camoyalibeba xdeba
gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT —
gaixseneT is dro, roca geubnebodnen: „televizors ver uyureb, sanam
saSinao davalebas ar Seasruleb“. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi Tqven
imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac
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dakavSirebulia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia; xolo pirobiT

situaciaSi, romelic luw ricxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis
aqtivacia ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis davalebebi ar iZleva
deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Sedegad gaCnda akrZalvebis
procesSi
sqemebis SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli
variantis Catarebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT wesis
gageba - Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra – akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos
xdis, rom akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tandayolili iyos
(Cummins, 1996). radganac igi ar aris damokidebuli socialur normebze,
SesaZloa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis nawils, romelic
memkvidreobiT gadaecema adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas
(Cummins, 1999).
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia, saidanac Tqven akeTebdiT
swor deduqciur daskvnas sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac
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SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis gakeTeba, sakmaod sando

wanamZRvrebidanac ki. axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias,
romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis azrovnebas moiTxovs.
induqciuri azrovneba warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT
restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT, SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu
ara sakmarisi naRdi fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom mogiwevT Tqveni sakredito
baraTis „American Express“-is gamoyeneba, magram restornis gareT ar
aris gancxadeba imis Taobaze, SegiZliaT Tu ara am restoranSi sakredito
baraTiT sargebloba. restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli
momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi sakmaod maRalia.
mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven garSemomyofTa maRal materialur
mdgomareobas, mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT, rom es
restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna,
radganac igi emyareba Tqvens varauds da ara _ logikur wanamZRvars.
Tqveni daskvna induqciuri azrovnebis nimuSia. induqciuri azrovneba
gulisxmobs savaraudo daskvnis gamotanas mocemul situaciaze
dayrdnobiT, magram igi ar gvTavazobs sando daskvnebs.
 467

• induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) – azrovnebis forma, romelic

misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT
garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.

Tumca, saxeli, SesaZloa, axalia, magram Cven ukve SemogTavazeT

induqciuri azrovnebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5-e da me-8-e TavebSi
vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil informacias iyeneben
awmyosa da momavlis gansazRvris mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas
iyenebT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: haerSi popkornis surnelis safuZvelze
askvniT, rom viRac popkorns akeTebs. induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT,
Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze uecrad ar gauCinardeba
(an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
da bolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis tipebi, romlebic adamianis
saubridan gamomdinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad maRali
wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis maneridan gamomdinare,
induqciuri azrovnebis nimuSs warmoadgens.
realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris unari xSirad damokidebulia
induqciur azrovnebaze. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven
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SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da darCiT gareT. ras moimoqmedebT am

SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba
pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process problemis analogiuri
gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul
situaciebs Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988; Holyoak &
Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT darCenis” warsuli gamocdilebis
safuZvelze SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi: `iseTi adamianebis
moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi”. am zogadi wesiT SeiaraRebuli,
Tqven iwyebT am adamianebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, rogor ipovoT isini
(Ross & Kenedy, 1990). am problemis gadasaWrelad SeiZleba
dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni megobrebis
mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT,
rom Tqven ukve mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas:
induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT, gamoiyenoT gamocdili
meTodebi da swrafad gadaWraT axali problemebi.
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb kvlevebs xSirad
saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad,
 469

Tqveni maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswavleblebi

gacnoben ramodenime amocanas Tavisi amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve
damuSavebuli pasuxebiT mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. SemdgomSi
ki, Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna, romlebsac,
savaraudod, dasZlevT. aseTi midgoma emyareba im mosazrebas, rom
Tqven gamoiyenebT induqciur azrovnebas da SesZlebT Zveli meTodebis
gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad. mkvlevarebi Seecadnen,
ganesazRvraT is pirobebi, romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett & Anderson, 1994;
Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes,
gulisxmobs, rom moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad daxmareba
sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli
problemis mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi waxaliseba
— miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990).
modiT, ganvixiloT magaliTi:

saidan viciT
 470

msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs xSirad

daxmareba sWirdebaT
daakvirdiT 9.14 suraTis I nawilSi mocemul figuras.
warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis zeda bolodan Caasxa
wyali. ra mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis qveda
bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
meore nawilSi mocemuli nimuSebi. ganvixiloT kiTxvis
odnav Secvlili varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam
milis TavSi daamagra Slangi. cvlis es rames? c.p.ebs
pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT wylis nakadis
mimarTuleba, romliTac, maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda
milidan gamosvlis Semdeg. amis Semdgom ki
sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad
hgavda maT naxats. erT-erT
eqsperimentSi, sadac pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, c.p-Ta mxolod
30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi (f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis Semdeg
es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc
Cans, warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sexsenebisas (magaliTad,
gaixseneT, rogor gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan), c.p-ebi
iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas, Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini
fiqroben, rom „miamituri fizikis“ kanonidan gamomdinare, milidan
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gamosvlis Semdeg wylis nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas

(Catrambone et al., 1995).

am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis umravlesobas

problemis
gadaWrisas sWirdeba Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon
induqciuri azrovneba.
Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sexseneba xSirad aucilebelia
— maswavleblebi da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT
miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven TviTon,
SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli analogia; SeecadeT,
gansazRvroT problemis struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis
mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis daZlevis meTodi.
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli Zveli problemis
komponentebi da struqtura, miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs
Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis meTodis morgeba.
manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier
miRebuli Sedegebi gauziaroT maswavleblebs da saxelmZRvanelos
avtorebs.
 472

sur. 9.14. ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali?

warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pirvel nawilSi daxatuli
mowyobilobidan gamodis wylis nakadi. rogor ggoniaT,
ra mimarTulebiT wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki,
meore nawilSi warmodgenili nimuSebidan airCieT erT-
erTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavs Tqvens naxats.
induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi ram unda
aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia efeqturi gadawyvetilebis xelmeore
gamoyeneba. magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da axal situacias
Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa, warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli
SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12 suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis
amocana amis klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi warsul
gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver
amoxsnaT (Luchins, 1942). pirveli ori amocanis „e“ nawilSi Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs zogadi formula B-A2(C).
bunebrivia, rom mesame amocanis amoxsnisas iseve SeecdebiT mis
gamoyenebas da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame amocana ar
amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda gaavsoT „a“ qila da gadmoasxaT
imdeni, rom Seivsos „g“ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis saWiro
 473

raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da

amocanis amosaxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas niSnavs, rom
SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba,
romelmac warmateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba — es aris fsiqikuri
aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi mdgomareoba, romelsac
garkveuli pirobebis zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis
gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca, maSin, rodesac
azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris
produqtuli, maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da damaxinjeba.
rodesac problemur situaciaze fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da
hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: warsuli warmateba xom ar ganapirobebs Tqveni
xedvis SezRudvas?
problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT problemuri situaciebisa da maTi
daZlevis rac SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro SemoqmedebiTs gaxdis
daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven ganvixileT problemis gadawyvetisa da azrovnebis
sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli etapebi, romlebic unda gaiaroT realur
 474

pirobebSi moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT. am Tavis bolo nawilSi

Cvenc imave strategias mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi
mniSvnelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia gansjisa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebTan. Cven, agreTve, SemogTavazeT,
Tu rogor unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvnelovan
situaciaSi. Sejameba problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel
mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs, romelTa saSualebiTac
Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan individi aRwevs mizans. problemis
daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi gadawyvetilebis komponentebs
gamocdian da pouloben sasargeblo reprezenataciebs. deduqciuri
azrovnebis gamoyenebiT viRebT sando daskvnebs. kvlevis Sedegebis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian
Tanmimdevrulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad, isini tyuvdebian
rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca, deduqciuri azrovnebis efeqturoba matulobs
„akrZalvebis“ situaciaSi. induqciuri azrovneba moiTxovs warsuli
gamocdilebis generalizacias. induqcias didi gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri
problemis gadaWris dros: axali problemis gadasaWrelad adamianebi
 475

cdiloben, ipovon misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZlevis gzebic

maTTvis ukve cnobilia.

• fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis dasaZlevad wina

problemis daZlevis stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
Tu odesme gqoniaT seriozuli samedicino konsultacia
eqimTan, Tavad yofilxarT im situaciis monawile, roca
individis msjelobasa da problemis gadaWris unars
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tqvens janmrTelobaze
pasuxismgebelma pirma unda moaxdinos Tqvens mier
CamoTvlili simptomebis erTobliobis (paternis)
identifikacia da daadginos daavadebis gamomwvevi
mizezi. miRebuli daskvnis safuZvelze individma
samoqmedo gegma unda SeimuSavos. am procesSi
mocemuli sirTuleebidan gamomdinare, warmoidgineT,
Tu raoden Znelia, zustad Tqveni daavadebis
simptomebis aRwera ise, rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi
iyos. amis mere, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca
gaigebT, rom kognitur mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi
ramdenime welia muSaoben kompiuterul programebze,
romlebic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs eqimebsa
 476

da janmrTelobis dacvis personals diagnostikasa da

mkuranlobis dagegmvaSi. am programebs ,,eqspert
sistemebs“ uwodeben. „eqspert_sistema“ aris
kompiuteruli programa, romelic realurad profesionalTa
mier problemebis gadaWris simulaciaa, arsebuli codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema MYCIN, romelic
SemuSavebul iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZvlad daedo
mecnierul kvlevaTa did nawils am sferoSi. MYCIN
Seiqmna, rogorc infeqciur daavadebaTa diagnostikisa
da mkurnalobis damxmare saSualeba
 477

(Shortliffe, 1976). am programis muSaoba eyrdnoba

,,Tu - maSin” wesebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi momuSave
specialistebis evristikul codnaze (magaliTad,
praqtikaze) damyarebuli daskvnebis dakavSireba.
realuri samedicino diagnozis msgavsad, MYCIN
sistemis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa
(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis analizis pasuxis) da
konkretuli daskvnis (magaliTad, diagnozis an
mkurnalobis rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba.
programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviCvenos (moTxovnis
SemTxvevaSi), Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo
daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom MYCIN sistema
arasodes gamouyenebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebis mier Seqmnili msgavsi programebi
inarCuneben igive princips – rekomendaciebis garda
momxmarebels miawodon informacia „azrovnebis
 478

procesebis“ Sesaxeb (Chae, 1998; Hudson & Cohen,

2000).
faqtia, rom am programebis SesaZlebloba –
daadginos daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi,
mkuranlobis procesis warmatebis mniSvnelovani
komponentia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, eqimi,
romelic iyenebs samedicino eqspert_sistemas. rogorc
eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar aRiaroT, rom romelime
kompiuterul programas SeuZlia Tqvenze ukeTesad
gansazRvros daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni codna da
mravlwliani gamocdileba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eqspert_sistemebi erTad
uyris Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagrovil codnas. aseTi
tipis sistemebSi mocemulia ara mxolod faqtebi, aramed
maT am faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZliaT “azrovneba”.
mecnierebi cdiloben iseTi sistemebis Seqmnas,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen imis ufro sistematur axsnas, Tu
 479

ratom unda daakavSiros momxmarebelma

(janmrTelobis dacvis muSakma) faqtebis garkveuli
erToblioba konkretul daskvnebTan. (Chandrasckaran&
Mittal, 1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT SevxedoT am yvelafers.
ramdenadac 21-e saukuneSi eqspert_sistemebis
mniSvnelovni gaumjobeseba xdeba, Tqven SeiZleba
SexvdeT eqims, romelic Seitans Tqvens konkretul
monacemebs kompiuterSi. Tqven kmayofili iqnebiT,
Tu eqimi gamonaxavs dros da sakuTari codnis garda
eqspert_sistemaSi mocemul codnasac gaiTvaliswinebs.
veb gverdebi:
 480

• www-camis. stanford.edu
es aris stenfordis samedicino informatikis veb
gverdi, sadac ganTavsebulia informacia mkvlevarTa
jgufis Sesaxeb, romelmac ganaxorciela mTeli rigi
proeqtebi medicinasa da eqspertul sistemebTan
dakavSirebiT.
• www.cis. upenn. edu/~traumaid
“TraumAID” aris programa, romelic Seiqmna kritikul
situaciaSi eqimTa dasaxmareblad. veb gverdze
ganTavsebulia eqspert-sistemebis demo versiebi.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
Tavs msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, daviwyebT
Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT:
Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT
Tu ara 9 dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba an mogewonoT an
ara? gamocdis win Tqveni Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu
saxelmZRvanelos xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT Tu ara CaebaT
xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi
 481

SegiZliaT da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli codna warsulis

Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom
swored imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT. amgvarad,
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli herbert saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul
garemosTan SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba, misi
azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia”. is unda dakmayofildes
problemebis ,,sakmaod kargi” gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmod
kargi” gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, saimoni varaudobs,
rom azrovnebis procesebi imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZloa,
Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad
kargi da racionaluri; Tqven unda SeZloT imis danaxva, rom es
ganpirobebulia SezRuduli resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT,
romelic moiTxovs swraf moqmedebas.
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis ufro detalur analizze
gadavidodeT, ganvixiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyvetilebis
 482

miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis procesSi Tqven ayalibebT

mosazrebebs, gamogaqvT daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven msjelobT spontanurad,
motivaciis gareSe. gadawyvetilebis miReba ki gulisxmobs ramdenime
alternatividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo variantebis seleqciasa da
uaryofas. msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba warmoadgens or
urTierTdakavSirebul process. magaliTad: SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT
wveulebaze da xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani
CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg
Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze gaataroT
masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra momavali kvirisaTvis;
gadawyvetilebis miReba mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas.
davubrundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.
evristika da msjeloba romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu ara filmi? am
kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT
mxares aRniSnavT, Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo meore mxares – ra ar
 483

mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis,

rom Tqveni Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda awon-dawonoT
yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul mxares. maTi mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani
iyos (meti wona hqondes) ,,msaxiobis Sesrulebas” plusebis mxareze,
vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebs” minusebis mxareze). Tu mTel am
proceduras gaivliT, Tqven SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi,
magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac iSviaTad akeTebT. realur
cxovrebSi ki ufro xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar gaqvT
dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras
akeTebT amis nacvalad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad amos
tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos Tversky & Daniel
Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro
evristikul, vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli,
evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul, praqtikul meTods, romelic
amcirebs msjelobis (gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
 484

ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praqtikul, gamocdilebaze

damyarebul meTodebs? rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevarebi
upiratesobas aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac aRniSnuli
meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Secdomis daSvebas. am
eqsperimentebis logika aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT
SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis Seswavla – mexsierebis
darRvevebis SeswavliT, aseve, SesaZlebeblia msjelobis procesebis
Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT (Kahneman, 1991). rogorc
mexsierebis, aRqmisa da sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am
drosac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da daskvna. miuxedavad
imisa, rom aRqma ar aris srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT
dagarwmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver ivliT;
Sesabamisad, miuxedavad Secdomebisa, romlebic evristikuli
msjelobebis gamo aRmocendeba, Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri
SezRudvis barierebs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad komfortulad grZnobT Tavs,
roca aseTi tipis Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan
 485

Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis iluziebis umravlesoba ar

aris codnaze damokidebuli. Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT
miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom iciT, rom isini erTi sigrZisani arian. xolo, Tu
iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs
atarebs, SegiZliaT Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis Secdoma.
Tumca, inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapirobes Secdomebis Tavidan
acilebas (zogierT SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki
uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
msjelobis gaumjobeseba. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT am unarebis
efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas. davubrundeT evristikis sam
tips: misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da Ruzis evristikas.
misawvdomobis evristika gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv
kiTxvaze (Cvenis azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia swori pasuxi da amitom
ar gTavazobT rTul amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar
CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT moTxrobis patara
monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva
 486

iqneba ufro meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k”-Ti (magaliTad, kalaTa),
Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k” mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu
Tqven tverskisa da kanemanis c.p.-ebis msgavsad fiqrobT (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k”
ufro metad gvxvdeba sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki ,,k”
orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi (inglisur enaSi). ratom hgonia
adamianebis umravlesobas, rom ,,k” aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis
TavSi? es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi
informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic iwyeba
,,k”-Ti, vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k” mesame adgilzea. am
SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze, rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens
misawvdomobis evristika: Tqveni daskvna emyareba im informacias,
romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebisaTvis. imis gamo, rom
mexsierebisaTvis xelmiswavdom informacias umravles SemTxvevaSi
swor daskvnamde mivyarvarT, es daskvnac ganixileba, rogorc swori. Tu,
magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT
xtoma, Tqveni daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas. problemebi
 487

warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca: (1) mexsierebaSi

tendenciuri informaciis aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi.
amocana, romelSic c.p.-ebs „k“ asos Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis
gansazRvra evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori msjelobis
(daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens. mexsierebaSi sityvebis
organizaciidan gamomdinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba,
roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvixiloT yoveldRiuri
cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi msjeloba.
• msjeloba _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben
mosazrebebs, akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze dayrdnobiT;
fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi.
• gadawyvetilebis miReba _ alternativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo
variantebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
• xelmisawvdomobis evristika _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.
 488

saidan viciT
guneb-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens mexsierebis
xelmisawvdomobaze
mkvlevarebs surdaT, eCvenebinaT, Tu ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos
guneba-
ganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. c.p.-ebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT
sasiamovno da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapirobebda Sesabamisi
guneba-ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasiamovno saRamos da mtkivneuli
Wrilobis gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis ganmeorebis
albaTobis gansazRvras uaxloesi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli
Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom warsuli movlenebis
gaxsenebaze gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba, xolo am
ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogonebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb
msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze myofi c.p.-ebi ixsenebdnen
sasiamovno movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi ufro meti
sasiamovno da naklebi usiamovno movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod &
Campbell, 1992).
 489

am eqsperimentSi naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas axdens msjelobaze

mexsierebisaTvis nebismierad xelmisawvdomi informaciis tipi. es
saintereso informaciaa Tqveni yiveldRiuri cxovrebisaTvis. mniSvnelovan
samomavlo sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT guneba-
ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misawvdom informaciaze.
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs:
,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems gunebaganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas
moaxdens mexsierebidan amotanil informaciaze?” misawvdomobasTan,
rogorc msjelobis evristikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs iCens
im SemTvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens mexsierebaSi arsebuli
informacia. erT-erTi kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs televizoris
yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis
Sefasebas Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ufro
xSirad uyureben "dinastiisa" da "dalasis" tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom
bevr amerikel diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsaxureebi.
mkvlevarebis azriT, es korelacia imiT aixsneba, rom satelevizio
programebi qmnis keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic advilad
 490

misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis. ganvixiloT meore magaliTi:

adamianis msjeloba sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown &
Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis
raodenobis mixedviT mciredan didisken:
a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom rac ufro meti icis
adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis
raodenobis Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa
qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu ramdenjer iyo is
naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims”-is statiebSi mimdinare wels. (sxvaTa Soris,
swori pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia. SegiyvanaT
Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam?) rogorc Cans, Znelia, endoT
Tqvens kognitur procesebs, radgan masmedia uzrunvelyofs TqvenTvis
xarveziani monacemebis mowodebas. miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovani
daskvnis gamotanamde informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT, Tqven
 491

SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas. darwmunebuli

xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, TqvenTvis cnobilia?
reprezentaciuli evristika rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul

evristikas eyrdnoba, Tqven

iTvaliswinebT kategoriis arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an

movlena xasiaTdeba am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSniT,
xdeba misi am kategoriisadmi mikuTvneba. evristikis es tipi nacnobi
unda iyos TqvenTvis. igi gulisxmobs warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze
msjelobis agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induqciuri daskvnis
arss warmoadgens.
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da kategoriebis Sesaxeb
informaciis arsebobis dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgavsebis
mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs
sportis iseT axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma, mizanSewonili
iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad hgavs igi sportul saxeobaTa im
kategorias, romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT naxavT,
 492

msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT

yuradRebas ar miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahnemean &
Tversky, 1973).
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.15. suraTze mocemuli warmatebuli iuristis
daxasiaTeba.
suraTi 9.15. reprezentaciuli evristikis gamoyeneba
warmatebuli ierusalimeli iuristi. kolegebis azriT, mas axirebuli xasiaTi
aqvs, ris gamoc ar SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras isini
mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas ukavSireben. igi gamxdari,
saSualo simaRlis adamiania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi sayvareli sportis
saxeobas. sportis romeli saxeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTiT TamaSebiT
c. CogburTiT
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
 493

CogburTi

savaraodod yvelaze sworia ufro metis

momcveli burTiT TamaSebi kategoria

reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom

advokatis sayvareli sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea
naCvenebi, ufro sworia “burTiT TamaSebis” dasaxeleba, radgan igi
CogburTsac moicavs.
saidan viciT
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens msjelobaze
erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs miewodebodaT 9.15
suraTze mocemuli pasuxebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT
45 dolaris _ naRdi fulis _ mogebis SesaZlebloba.
amisaTvis maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT
ricxvi `1”.
 494

Tqven romel variants amoirCevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc

monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT 45 dolars, radgan Tqveni
pasuxi iqneba `CogburTi” da ara `burTiT TamaSebi” 9.15 suraTis qveda
nawilidan Cans, Tu ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni. is Sedis
`burTiT TamaSebis” kategoriaSi. cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi
pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis yvela is Tviseba, romlsac
iuristi iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). reprezentatulobaze
dafuZnebuli es msjeloba monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulvebelyon sxva tipis
informacia, kerZod ki - kategoriis struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis
SemTxvevaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-
Hille & Neter, 1993).
gaiTvaliswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoekidebiT” yvelaze tipiur reprezentatiul
arCevans, sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alternativis struqturas.
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore magaliTi, romelsac, agreTve,
SeuZlia gavlena iqonios Tqvens mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoidgineT,
SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi.
 495

gasamarjveblad Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi cifrTa swori

Tanmimdevroba. am cifrebidan romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis
dadeba?
859 101 333
574 948 772 kiTxva aseTia: am ricxvebidan romeli ipyrobs Tqvens
yuradRebas, rogorc im ricxvebis msgavsi, romlebic igeben aseT
latareebSi. (Tqveni azriT, am ricxvebidan romeli hgavs im ricxvebs,
romlebic igeben latareebSi?)
Tu Tqven hgavxarT moTamaSeebis umravlesobas, Tavs aaridebT im
ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es
ricxvebi SemTxeviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezentatuli iyos. sinamdvileSi
samcifiani ricxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiTeuli cifri aRebulia SemTxeviTad
diapazonidan 0dan 9-is CaTvliT, eqneba ganmorebiTi cifrebi.
miuxedavad amisa, gaTamaSebaSi “Indiana pick-3” 15 dRis
ganmalobaSi monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi ganmeorebadi
cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992). imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis
situaciebis umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia, maT
 496

sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, adamianebs imedi aqvT, rom

reprezentatulobis mixedviT da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT
gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.

• reprezentaciuli evristika – kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs

obieqts garkveul kategorias, am kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ramdenime niSnis safuZvelze.

“Ruza amoRebulia!”
evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT azrovnebis eqsperimentis
Catareba. daiwyeT qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis
Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramodenime moqmedebis Sesrulebas
da miiRebT arasrul pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24–s. Semdeg ki aqedan
gamoiyvanT saboloo pasuxs. axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____ im SemTxexaSic ki, Tu Tqven
SeamCnevT, rom es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive
 497

ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod gansxavebuli iqneba.

albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT -
8 X 7 da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg ki, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze gamravlebas;
es ukve sakmaod did ricxvs gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT
Tqven isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganargZobT magaliTis
amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis monawileebs
aZlevdnen identuri problemis or variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi
pauxebis mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore variatis SemTxvevaSi _
2250-s (swori pasuxia 40320). rogoc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5
wamis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi) gavlenas
axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi,
miT ufro didia saboloo Sefaseba. A am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT
Cven davasabuTeT „Ruzis“ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis an Sedegis
Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba „Ruzis“ evristikas, sakmarisi ar
aris. misi gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniSvnelobis
gadafasebas an ver Sefasebas. „Ruzis“ evristikis gamoyeneba
 498

mizanSewonili ar aris, roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli

msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur informacias. miuxedavad amisa,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad
mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, adamianebi „Ruzis“ efeqtis Zlier
zegavlenas ganicdian.
saidan viciT
SemTxveviTi „Ruza“ cvlis Sefasebas
erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mianiWes pirobiTi
saidentifikacio nomrebi (1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic
instruqciis mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis
kiTxvarebze. (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi ar iRebdnen
nomrebs.) am ricxvze studentebis yuradRebis
gasamaxvileblad mimarTavdenen sxvadasxava
saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen aReniSnaT, iyo Tu
ara is 1,940-ze meti), magram saidentifikacio nomeri
naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc sxva nebismieri
pasuxisTvis irelevanturi. mogvianebiT, studentebs
sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT adgilobriv sainformacio
broSuraSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze aSkara
gavlena moaxdina absoliturad irelevanturma, pirobiTma
“Ruzam”. studentebi, romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles
 499

pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiqroben, rom

broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis raodenoba didia – 631,
vidre sakontrolo jgufis studentebis – 219. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca studentebs specialurad
afrTxilebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos maT Sefasebaze, maTi Sefaseba
gacilebiT maRali iyo (539), vidre sakontrolo jgufiSi
gaerTianebul studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219)
(Wilson et al., 1996.).

es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxurebs yuradRebas:

gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad
iyeneben “Ruzis” efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon, iyidoT produqcia.
magaliTad, Tqven apirebT axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma
SeiZleba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000 dolaris gadaxdas,
ara?” mas Semdeg, rac maRal fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad
599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT. vfiqrobT, rom am
nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT “Ruzis” uaryofiTi
 500

gavlena. rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT, rom windaxeduleba

unda gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa
xelmisawvdomoba, reprezentaciuloba da “Ruza”, radgan, umravles
SemTxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis SesaZleblobas
gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvevlobidan da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan
gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums akeTebT. Cven
giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba migiyvanoT Secdomamde.
mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis dros, SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna
da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi. gansakuTrebiT
kritikulad miudegiT sxvebis SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT
zegavlena moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla ganvixiloT
gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad swored am msjelobis safuZvelze
xdeba.

• “Ruzis” evristika (Anchor Heuristics) – zogierTi movlenis an Sedegis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis
gadafaseba an ver Sefaseba.
 501

gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologia warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino magaliTs.
ganvixiloT problema, romelic mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi.
waikiTxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti. axla am problemis
meore naSilSi warmodgenil variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT
arCevans?
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxulobdnen am problemis erT-
erT versias (Shafir, 1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen, Tu
romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis 67% irCveda B variants. xolo
roca studentebs sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es maCvenebeli
52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B variants). ratom aris es cvlileba
ucnauri? Tu yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias, naxavT,
rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom msgavsma informaciam igive gadawyvetilbamde
unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans
,,upiratesobis” miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba
koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur Tvisebebze _ Tqven agrovebT
 502

aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca

,,gauqmebis” moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, yuradRebis koncentrireba
arCevanis negatiur Tvisebebze xdeba _ Tqven agrovebT informacias
raRacis winaaRmdeg. amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba
Seicvalos.
aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze did
gavlenas axdens kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995).
swored amitom saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni gadawyvetilebis
Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT, eqvemdebareba Tu ara igi detalur
analizs. am SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs:
,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu im variantis uaryofis da ara
arCevis SemTxvevaSi?” Tu romelime konkretul arCevans erT
SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT,
es imas niSnavs, rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi.
bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni
 503

kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs

warmoadgens.

cxrili 9.7. fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze

nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT
sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi
gijdebaT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia
sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils
amoirCevdiT dasasveneblad?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro saSualo donis sastumro wylis zomieri
temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
 504

Zalian Zlieri qari

RamiT aranairi garToba

nawili meore: uaryofa

2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros apirebT erTi kviriT
sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi
gijdebaT. Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi unda
gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli
informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli
adgilis javSans gaauqmebdiT?

adgili A saSualo amindi

saSualo sanapiro saSualo donis sastumro wylis zomieri
temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
 505

RamiT aranairi garToba

arCevanis forma gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze bunebriv

gzas warmoadgens imis gansazRvra, Tu romeli arCevani mogvitans
udides sargebels, an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben 5
dolars an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mixvdebiT, rom
ukeTesia, Tu 10 dolars airCevT. situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da
danakargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra formiTaa
arCevani mocemuli. “forma” warmoadgens arCevanis detalur aRweras.
warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xelfasis
gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es
didi miRweva iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT. magram warmoidgineT,
rom manamde ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000 dolariT gazrdas.
am SemTxvevaSi rogor xasiaTze dadgebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi
gancda dageufloT, TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000 dolari gacilebiT
naklebia, vidre Tqven elodiT. Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, Tqven 1 000
dolariT mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven zustad erTnair
mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian
 506

gansxvavebulia. ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi gadawyvetilebis

miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras ganvixilavT mogebad da ras
danakargad, nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT _ 1 000 dolaris an
10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec orientirebulia adamiani (am
SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi darCenas).
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli magaliTi, romelSic `formireba” ufro
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. cxrilSi 9.8
Tqven gevalebaT filtvis simsivnis mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva:
operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT `gadarCenis” formiT
warmodegnili problema da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki
`sikvdilianobis” formiT gadmocemuli igive problema da naxeT, SecvliT
Tu ara Tqvens arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi
obieqturad erTi da igivea. gansxvaveba aris mxolod statistikuri
monacemebis aRweraSi, romelic mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis
warmodgenilia gadarCenis an sikvdilianobis terminebiT. cdis pirebis
mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCevaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
mogebaze da danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis” formiT
 507

miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias cdis pirTa 18% irCevs,

`sikvdilianobis” kuTxiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis”
es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze klinikuri
pacientebis, statistikis mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamocdili eqimebis
jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).
es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi asaxulia
Tqveni
realuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.
• forma (Form) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera. gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze da arCevanis gakeTebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis
formulireba, misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.

cxrili 9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti gadarCena

operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi jer

kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo xuTi wlis
Semdeg ki - mxolod 34.
 508

radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100

admianidan yvela cocxali rCeba, erTi wlis Semdeg
cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis
Semdeg – 22.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
sikvdilianoba
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis
Semdgom periodSi iRupeba 10
adamiani, operaciidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi
wlis ganamvlobaSi ki
– 66.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi 100
adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ki – 78.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
saidan viciT
 509

msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, monawileoba
miiRoT disciplinarul komisiaSi, romelmac unda
gadawyvitos, Tu ra TanxiT daajarimos kompania,
romelic reklamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias
avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas sakiTxis
miwodebis forma Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze?
eqsperimentSi kompaniis saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo
erT SemTxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad, ,,20%-ia
imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar icoda reklamaSi mcdari
informaciis Sesaxeb”), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi -
negatiuri kuTxiT (magaliTad: `80%-ia imis Sansi, rom
organizaciam icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis
Sesaxeb). xedavT, rom orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da
igive informacias gvawodebs?
cdis pirebi, romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri kuTxiT
miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen daaxloebiT 40,153
dolaris odenobis jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca
 510

negatiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis wakiTxvis

Semdeg cdis pirebis rekomendacia iyo daaxloebiT
78,968 dolaris odenobis jarima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc
xedavT, ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.

rogor SegviZlia msgavsi Sedegebis sakuTar cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba?

realur samyaroSi gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, rac eyrdnoba
momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis mosazrebas (varauds).
aseT SemTxvevebSi, scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis
kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom Tqven apirebT iyidoT
axali manqana. gamyidveli Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis
kuTxiT: `qsenoni”-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba pirveli wlis
ganmavlobaSi!” Tqven SegiZliaT mis mier mowodebuli informaciis
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perefrazireba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvelive wels!” cvlis Tu

ara axali formulireba Tqvens mier situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa,
romelic realur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis saukeTeso magaliTs
warmoadgens, rodesac viRac cdilobs informaciis iseTi formiT
mowodebas, romelic saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena
moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram sistematurad xdeba
Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori
mowinaaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa da sxavdasxva
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa
simpaTia daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas: ,,vTvli, rom
unda gavagrZelo im politikis gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba
moaqvs”, oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegoT Tqvas, rom ,,mas
eSinia axali ideebis.” erTi kandidati SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika
migviyvans ekonomiur aRmavlobamde.“ misi oponenti SeiZleba
SeewinaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa garemosaTvis.” xSir
SemTxvevaSi orive marTals ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba
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ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram garemosTvis saziano. aseT

dros formis damajereblobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert, 1992).
amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gamonaTqvamis formulirebis
gavlenis codna dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs msgavs
situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis
survili gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor moaxdines am
adamianebma gadawyvetilebis formireba.

gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg sxvadasxva kuTxiT
SeafaseT alternativebi. ra moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT,
rom ar gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi aRwerilia iseTi
pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis
survilis dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli situacia, ras
airCevdiT? mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34%
ambobs, rom moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar miiReben
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(Tversky & Shafir, 1992) axla ganvixiloT B nawilSi aRwerili odnav

Secvlili situacia. gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinamdvileSi,
cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam
damatebiT informacias ar miiRebs. raSia saqme? (rogor ggoniaT,
ratom?) Cvulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali alternativis damateba
Seamcirebs sxva alternativis xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, politikur
arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, savaraudoa, rom igi xmebis garkveul
raodenobas waarTmevs pirvel ors. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi mesame
SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erT-erTi pirveli arCevanis xvedriT
wils. ra xdeba?
am efeqtis miReba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, roca Znelia
gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac c.p.-ebs miewodebodaT problemis
iseTi varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani `sidipleeris”
arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT, monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom
daicdian, sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCveneblis
Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba, rom `sonis” arCeva advilia.
Tumca, arCevanis gakeTeba `sonis” SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa da
 514

umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas” Soris rTulia. ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT

gadawyvetilebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.
miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa, adamianTa
umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan
acilebis sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia ramdenime
fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
(Bettie et al., 1994):
adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romlis Sedegadac
zogs eqneba meti sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi.
adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton, rogor inaneben, Tu
maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic
maT ar gaakeTes. adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen im
gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi Sedegi hqondes.
adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis miReba sxvebis magivrad.
im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic adamianebi eZeben
gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros
formulireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT gadawyvetilebis
miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva
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gaakeTebs. es yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT, TviTon

gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani problemebi. nu daarwmunebT
sakuTar Tavs imaSi, rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT da ar
SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. ZiriTadad, SegiZliaT, gqondeT
Tqvens kognitur procesebze damyarebuli msjelobis imedi. gamoiyeneT
Tqveni msjelobebi Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!
Tavis dasawyisSi, Cven movitaneT citata elen keleris publikaciidan
,,azris dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba”; Semdeg ki Cven ganvixileT
sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _ metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba,
problemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis miReba _
Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT im sixarulze, romelsac es
unarebi ganiWebT. SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdilebiT da ar
moepyraT Tqvens SemecnebiT procesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls;
ifiqreT Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni argumentebi da
a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri yofis arss. Sejameba msjelobaze
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad
eyrdnobian evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evristikis
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xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im

informaciis safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia mexsierebaSi.
evristikis reprezentatulobis mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im
sagnis an movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niSnebis gansazRvras.
Ruzis evristikis mixedviT, adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba
xdeba sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare. kiTxvis forma gavlenas axdens
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis
sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi antipatiur damokidebulebas.
• gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) _ gadawyvetilebis
miRebisagan Tavis aridebis tendencia. rac ufro rTulia gadawyvetilebis
miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis albaToba.

sur. 9.9. gadawyvetilebis aversia

A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris” yidvas apirebT. magram
gadawyvetili ara gaqvT, Tu romeli modeli iyidoT. Tqven gaiareT
maRaziasTan, sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini
gTavazoben popularuli firmis SONY `sidipleers”, sul raRac 99 dolarad,
rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
 517

1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers”.

2. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris” yidvas apirebT, magram
gadawyvetili ara gaqvT, romeli modeli iyidoT. Tqven gaiareT
maRaziasTan, sadac gamocxadebulia erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini
gTavazoben popularul firmis SONY `sidipleers” sul raRac 99 dolarad da
umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA sidipleers”, 159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi
bevrad ufro dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor
moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers”.
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers”.
3. daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Kkogniciis Seswavla
• kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian fsiqikur
procesebs da struqturebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs adamianis aRqmis,
metyvelebis, azrovnebis, problemis gadaWris, msjelobisa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebis unarebs.
 518

• im fsiqikuri procesebis gamoyofis mizniT, romlebic rTuli amocanis

Sesrulebas udevs safuZvlad, mkvlevarebi mimarTaven reaqciis drois
gazomvas.
metyveleba

• adamianebs SeuZliaT azris gamoTqma da naTqvamis gageba.

• gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gansazRvra xdeba auditoriis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
• Mmetyvelebis Secdomebi naTels hfens metyvelebis dagegmvis bevr
process.
• gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis gageba – orazrovnebis daZleva – xdeba
konteqstis mixedviT.
• mniSvnelobis mexsierebaSi Senaxuli reprezentaciebi efuZneba
propoziciebs, xolo maTi Sevseba xdeba daskvniT (varaudiT).
• ena, romelzec adamianebi laparakoben, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes
maT azrovnebaze.
vizualuri kognicia
 519

• vizualuri reprezentaciebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas propoziciuli

reprezentaciebis Sesavsebad.
• vizualuri reprezentaciebi garemos vizualuri aspeqtebis gaazrebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
• adamianebi qmnian vizualur reprezentaciebs, romlebSic gaerTianebulia
rogorc verbaluri, ise vizualuri informacia.

problemis gadaWra da azrovneba

• adamianebma unda gansazRvron sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da is
operaciebi, romlebic saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi mdgomareobidan
miaRwion mizans.
• logikur wesebze damyarebuli wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli
daskvna deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
• induqciuri azrovneba gulisxmobs daskvnis gakeTebas xdomilebis
albaTobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
• msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZneba evristikas,
romelic adamians gadawyvetilebis swrafad miRebis saSualebas aZlevs.
 520

• misawvdomobis, reprezentatulobisa da „Ruzis efeqtis“ arasworma

gamoyenebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis SesaZlo variantebis formireba.
• fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis gamo adamianebi avlenen rTuli
gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganridebis tendencias.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
• avtomaturi procesebi • kognituri
mecnierebebi
• azrovneba • kontrolirebadi
procesebi
• algoriTmi • misawvdomobis
evristika
• gadawyvetilebis aversia • msmenelis
gaTvaliswineba
• gadawyvetilebis miReba • msjeloba
• deduqciuri azrovneba • paraleluri procesebi
• evristika • problemis gadaWra
• eqspresiuli metyveleba • problemuri situacia
• varaudi • reprezentaciuli
evristika
 521

• induqciuri azrovneba • seriuli procesebi

• kognituri procesebi • forma
• kognituri fsiqologia • funqcionaluri
rigidoba
• avtomaturi procesebi • fsiqikuri ganwyoba
• azrovneba • Ruzis evristika
• algoriTmi • Semecneba

Tavi 10. inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

• ra aris Sefaseba?
Sefasebis istoriuli mimoxilva
formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi
• inteleqtis Sefaseba
inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi
IQ testebi
• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: Sefaseba internetiT
• inteleqtis Teoriebi
 522

inteleqtis fsiqometriuli Teoriebi

stembergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoriebi
gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da emociuri inteleqti
• inteleqtis politika (an politikuri foni)
jgufebs Soris Sedarebis istoriuli mimoxilva
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
garemo pirobebi da IQ
kultura da IQ testebis validoba
• SemoqmedebiToba
SemoqmedebiTobis Sefaseba da kavSiri inteleqtTan
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiToba da SeSliloba
• Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
 523

adre, naklebad rTul droSi, imisaTvis, rom SegeZinaT xeloba da

dagewyoT saqmianoba, unda gagevloT ucvleli gza Segirdidan ostatamde.
Tqven bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando xelosani bunebrivi
procesis Sedegad da amisaTvis ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba imis gamo,
rom gamxdariyaviT "serTificirebuli" da nomeri ori fanqriT SemogexazaT
pasuxebi "WeSmaritia" an "mcdaria" fsiqologiuri testis punqtze" me
upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal qalebs". ara, mWedeli iyo mWedeli
imitom, rom mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda da Tvlebis ostati Tvlebs
Wedavda. dRevandel, superracionalur da postindustrialur samyaroSi,
Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamocdilebas, amitom nebismier
Semosavlian sferoSi muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba dagavalon testis Sesruleba.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxoven damqiraveblebi da
profesiuli organizaciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan da,
sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis samuSaos Seveferebi me
yvelaze metad. gaviare ocdaTerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi.
testebis klasifikacia iyo metad mravalferovani - testebi barmenebisaTvis,
safosto manqanis meqanikosebisaTvis, radio diqtorebisaTvis,
 524

samogzauro agentisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo uwyebaTa

moxelisaTvis da FBI agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli. me Tavi gavarTvi
mxolod sam tests.
kompoziciaSi saxelwodebiT "Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT ZaRlebs am
qalaqSi", eseisti henri alfordi (Henry Alford, 1993) aRwers zogierTs im
testsa da gamocdas, romelic man gaiara Semosavliani samsaxuris
Zebnisas. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi,
misTvis kargad nacnobi iqneba Alford-is iumoristuli SemTxvevebi.
damqiravebelebi iyeneben sxadasxva tests TiToeuli kandidatis
"SesaZleblobis" gansasazRvrad. zogjer Zalian Znelia testsa da samuSaos
Soris kavSiris danaxva, Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi,
romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs relevantur
gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven gaizardeT aSS-Si, savaraudoa, rom Tqveni
"SesaZleblobebi" gazomili iyo bevrad ufro adre, vidre daiwyeT
samsaxuri: umravlesoba skolebSi, maswavleblebi da administratorebi
 525

cdiloben, Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi, gazomon Tqveni inteleqti.

yvelaze xSirad, mizani aris imis gansazRvra, Tu saklaso davalebebi
ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZloblebebs, rac maT garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs..
Tumca, rogorc Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze
inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa da
gamoyenebas. mimovixilavT im wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis
sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi Seitanes. aseve,
vimsjelebT im azrTa sxvasxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba,
rodesac adamianebi iwyeben am gansxvavebebis axsnas. Cveni
yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis
nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom isini yovelTvis ar asruleben
im saqmes, romlisTvisac iyvnen gankuTvnili. da bolos, davasrulebT
piradi CanaweriT, romelSic ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols
sazogadoebaSi.
 526

Cven daviwyebT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamoyenebis mokle

mimoxilviT.

ra aris Sefaseba?
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs individTa unarebis, qcevebisa da
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadgenili procedurebis
gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc
individualuri gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan SefasebaTa umravlesoba
adgens, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemul
fsiqologiuri testirebis ZiriTadi niSnebis (an maxasiaTeblebis) detalur
ganxilvamde, mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es istoriuli eqskursi
dagexmarebaT, gaigoT Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi.
aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli zogierTi
dava.

Sefasebis istoria
Sefasebis formaluri testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT
axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic farTo asparezze gamovida
mxolod 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tumca, didi xniT adre, vidre
 527

dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamianTa Sesafasebeli testebis

gamogonebas, Sefasebis meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi.
faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiyeneboda sakmaod daxvewili
programa saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxuris (civil service)
testirebisaTvis.- saxelmwifo moxeleebs moeTxovebodaT TavianTi
kompetenturobis gamovlena zepir gamocdaze yovel mesame wels. ori
aTasi wlis Semdeg, Han-is dinastiis (Han Dynasty) dros, weriTi testebi
gamoiyeneboda saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxuris kompetenturobis
gamosavlenad iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme,
agronomia (an sasoflosameurneo saqme) da geografia. Ming dinastiis
periodSi (C.w.aR.-iT 1368-1664) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva
xdeboda sam safexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi miRebuli
Sdegebis safuZvelze. pirvel etapze gamocdebi tardeboda adgilobriv
doneze. 4%-i im adamianebidan, vinc gamocdebi Caabara agrZelebda
gamocdas meore etapze: cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi werdnen
narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze. mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc
 528

Caabara es gamocda, ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo etapze,

romelic tardeboda qveynis dedaqalaqSi.
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebuli SerCevis proceduras
akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen britaneli diplomatebi da misionererebi.
Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki amerikaSi, saxelmwifi
samoqalaqo samsaxuris personalis SerCevisaTvis danergili iyo Cinuri
sistemis modificirebuli
versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili
uWiravs inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons (Sir Francis Galton). misi
wigni "geniosobis memekvidreobiToba" gamoqveynda 1869 wels,
romelmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. galtoni (Galton),
romelic gaxldaT Carlz darvinis naTesavi, cdilobda adamianis qcevis
Seswavlisas gamoeyenebina darvinis evoluciis Teoria. mas ainteresebda,
Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisagan
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT. mas akvirvebda is, rom
 529

zogierTi adamiani iyo niWieri da warmatebuli, rogorc TviTon, xolo

Zalian bevri ki _ ara.
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena oTxi mniSvnelovani idea
inteleqtis Sefasebis Sesaxeb. pirveli, inteleqtis xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba
raodenobrivad izomeboda inteleqtis xarisxis terminebiT anu raodenobrivi
mniSvneloba SeiZleba mieweros sxvadasxva adamianis inteleqtis
doneebs Soris gansxvavebas. Mmeore, adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba
mocemulia zaris formis
mrudze, anu es aris normaluri ganawileba. zaris formis mrudze mocemuli
ganawilebis mixedviT, umravlesobis maCvenebeli grovdeba SuaSi, xolo
ukiduresi wertilebisaken ki es raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba.
ukiduresi wertilebi gamoxatavs geniosobas an gonebrivi deficitis
arsebobas (zaris formis mruds Cven mogvianebiT davubrundebiT).
mesame, inteleqti anu gonebrivi unari SesaZlebelia gaizomos obieqturi
testebis saSualebiT. am testebSi arsebul kiTxvebs gaaCnia mxolod
erTaderTi swori pasuxi. meoTxe, testis ori seriis maCveneblebs Soris
arsebuli urTierTmimarTeba SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros statistikuri
 530

proceduris saSualebiT, anu gaizomos ko-relacia, dRes cnobili, rogorc

korelacia. samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvnelovani kamaTis
sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT
gadaecemoda. misi azriT, talanti an "sidiade" (eminece) modis ojaxidan,
xolo aRzrdas ki minimaluri gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. igi Tvlis, rom
inteleqti dakavSirebulia darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da,
garkveulwilad, moralur RirebulebebTan. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi
politika daefuZnebina koncefciaze, romelic gulisxmobda genetikurad
`uaresi~ (inferioruli) da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) monacemebis
arsebobas. Mman pirvelma Camoayaliba memkvidreobiTobis Teoriis
(evgenika) principebi, romelic xels uwyobs biologiurad `saukeTeso~ da
`uaresi~ monacemebis mqone adamianebis SeerTebas, xolo dabali
monacemebis mqone adamianebis gamravlebis SezRudvas momavali
Taobis gaumjobesebis mizniT. igi adamianebze avrcelebda evoluciis
Teoriis principebs. galtoni werda: "arsebobs Sexeduleba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi sakmaod usafuZvlo, romelic gulisxmobs, rom TiTqos
inferioruli rasa TandaTanobiT gadaSendeba" (Galton,1883/1907, p.200).
 531

es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiTac iqna wamoyenebuli. isini

Tvlidnen, rom inteleqtiT dajildoebuli rasa (superioruli) unda gamravldes
dabali inteleqtis (inferioruli) mqone rasis xarjze. am ideebis damcvelTa
Soris iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard) da termeni
(Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT da,
rasakvirvelia, aseve vilaparakebT nacisti diqtatoris adolf hitleris Teoriis
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es elitaruli ideebi
dResac ganixileba. ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis
Tanamedrove Sefasebas.
axla ganvixiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi. foto 1 inteleqtis testirebis Sesaxeb romeli
mniSvnelovani mosazrebebi ekuTvnis frensis galtons (Sir Francis
Galtun) (1822-1911)?
formaluri Sefasebis ZiriTadi niSnebi formaluri Sefasebis procedura,
romelic gulisxmobs individebis klasifikaciasa an maT SeerCevas, unda
akmayofilebdes sam moTxovnas. Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1)
sando, (2) validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu Sefasebis instrumenti am
 532

moTxovnebs ar akmayofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar

iqneba. Tumca, winamdebare Tavi inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba,
formaluri Sefasebis procedura gamoiyeneba yvela saxis fsiqologiuri
testirebis dros. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo gamoyeneba
gasagebi gaxdes, Cven magaliTebs ganvixilavT rogorc inteleqtis, aseve
fsiqologiis sxva sferoebSi testirebidan, ise fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva
sferoebidanac
.
sandooba sandooba, rogorc sazomi, iZleva SesaZleblobas imis
dadgenisa, Tu romeli Sefasebis instrumenti iZleva myar anu sando
monacemebs Sedegebs. Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da
sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva maCvenebels iZleva, maSin kargad ar
muSaobs, Sen SegiZlia Tqva, rom ar aris sando imitom, rom ver iReb
myar maCvenebels. Tu awonvebs Soris kargad miirTmevT, maSin,
bunebrivia, aRar geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTidaigi wonas
aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos sandod an arasandod,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ucvleli darCeba is, rac unda gaizomos.
 533

testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia - test-retestuli sandoobis-

gansazRvra. es aris korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs KerTi da igive cdis
pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
maCveneblebs Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis koeficientia +1.00. es
niSnavs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi viRebT erTnair maCveneblebs. Tu cdis
pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes yvelaze maRali an dabali qulebi,
maSin igives miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad arasando
testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis koeficienti 0.00-is tolia. es niSnavs,
rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs pirveli da meore seriis
maCveneblebs Soris. AaseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu pirvelad cdis pirma miiRo
umaRlesi qulebi, meored SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi
aCvenos. korelaciis koeficientis (idealuri +1.00) zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
testis sandoobac.
sandoobis Sesafaseblad kidev ori xerxi arsebobs. pirveli, erTi da igive
testis magivrad c.p.-s monacvleobiT aZleven testis paralelur formebs.
paraleluri formebis gamoyeneba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis
gavlenis SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, gamoavlinos erTi testidan
 534

meoreze gadasvlisas Tanamimdevruloba. sandoobis meore sazomia

Sinagani
SeTanxmbulobaa, romelic gulisxmobs erTi da igive testis pasuxebis
Sesabamisoba. magaliTad, SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da
kenti davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli qulebi. sando testis
TiToeuli nawilsaTvis erTnairi qulebi miiReba. es aris maRali
Sesabamisoba), romelis miiRweva xdeba SuaSi gaxleCvis sandoobis
(split-half reliability) meTodis saSualebiT.am dros SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
testi maRali Sinagani
SeTanxmebulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac misi Suaze gaxleCviT miiRweva.
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos aramarto sazomi instrumenti
TavisdaTavad, aramed am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic.
vTqvaT, mkvlevarebi saklaso oTaxSi akvirdebodnen bavSvebs
imisaTvis, rom SeefasebinaT agresiuli TamaSis sxvadasxva done. am
miznisaTvis mkvlevarebs SeiZleba SeeqmnaT kodirebuli sqema, romelic
maT saTanado gansxvavebis dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema,
maSin iqneboda sando Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi awarmoebdnen
 535

dakvirvebas da imave Sefasebas miscemdnen. es kidev erTxel adasturebs

imas, rom fsiqologiuri SefasebisaTvis saWiroa sakmaod seriozuli
momzadeba. maT unda iswavlos gansxvavebis sistemebis gamoyeneba
ise, rom es sando iyos.

validoba
testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac
surs eqsperts. inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTebels da
saSualebas iZleva Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisa im situaciebSi,
romelSic mniSvnelovan wamyvan rols asrulebs inteleqti. kreatulobis
validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi gviCvenebs realur kreatulobas da ara
xatvis unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, validoba asaxavs testis
mier im qcevebisa an Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas,
romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan an mis formasTan. arsebobs
validobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba (face validity),
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli (konstruqciuli) validoba.
validobis pirveli tipi eyrdnoba testis Sinaarss. Tu testis amocanebi
uSualod ukavSirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia TvalsaCino
 536

validoba (face validity). TvalsaCino validobis mqone testebSi Zalian

pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi, rac ainteresebT testis
Semqmnelebs. magaliTad: ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT Tu ara
kreatuli? Aadamiani, romelic testirebaSi monawileobs, Zalian zustad da
patiosnad unda asrulebdes mas. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba
xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis. pirveli rigSi, sakuTari Tavis
aRqma adamianebis mier SesaZlebelia ar iyos zusti, an SeiZleba ar
icodnen, sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari Tavi. meore,
testi, romelic sakmaod zustad zomavs zogierT maxasiaTebels, testi
Semsruleblebs aZlevs maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis moxdenis
saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT garkveul pirobebSi myofi
(hospitalizirebuli) fsiqikuri problemebis mqone pacientis klasikuri
SemTxveva, rodesac fsiqiatriuli klinikis pacienebs ar surT klinikis
nacnobi, struqturirebuli garemodan wasvla.
saidan viciT
pacientebi manipulireben fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT fsiqiatriuli klinikis
personali SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi daavadebul pacientebs
 537

ekiTxeboda, Tu ramdenad darRveulia maTi sulieri mdgomareoba..

rodesac interviuSi pacientebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT, TavianTi
mdgomareoba (grZnobdnen Tu ar Tavs kargad), romelic iZleoda Tu ara
maTi palataSi gadayvanis SesaZleblobas. Pacientebi, ZiriTadad, pozitiur
afasebdnen TavianT mdgomareobas. Tumca, rodesac intervius mizani
iyo SeefasebinaT pacientebs TavianTi mdgomareoba, romelic iZleoda
Tu ara gaweris saSualebas, maSin isini sakuTar mdgomareobas
uaryofiTad afasebdnen., radgan maT ar surdaT, gaweriliyvnen.
fsiqiatrebi, romlebic afasebdnen intervius monacemebs ise, rom ar
icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli variaciis Sesaxeb, askvnidnen,
rom im pacientebs, romlebic pasuxobdnen uaryofiTi TviTdaxasiaTebiT,
hqondaT ufro mZime darRvevebi da iZleodnen maTi gaweris
sawinaaRmdego rekomendaciebs. ase rom, pacientebma miiRes
Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi. fsiqiatris Sefasebaze, aseve, SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos Sexedulebam, rom nebismiers, visac surs fsiqiatriul klinikaSi
darCena, unda hqondes Zalian Zlieri darRvevebi
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967)
 538

am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnelebi ar unda daeyrdnon

mxolod TvalsaCino validobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT validobis
sxva tipebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis (aseve cnobilia, rogorc
prognozirebadi validoba, predictive validity) misaRwevad fsiqologebi
cdis pirebis qulebs adareben maTsave qulebs, romelic miRebulia sxva
standartebis an kriteriumis dros, romelic dakavSirebulia imasTan, rasac
testi zomavs. MmagaliTad, Tu testis mizania kolejSi warmatebis
gansazRvra, maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi iqneba Sesabamisi
kriteriumi. Tu testis qulebi korelirebs kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi
validuria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis mTavari amocanaa
Sesabamisi gazomvadi kriteriumis povna Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia
Sefasebis instrumentis am saxis validoba, maSin mkvlevarebi sandod
miiCneven am instruments da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi
prognozirebisaTvis. es aris is, rasac logikis kolejSi mimRebi komisiis
wevri iyenebs, rodesac gekiTxebaT iseT rames, rogoric aris SAT-is
(saskolo SiSebis qvalitaturi Seswavlis proeqciuli meTodi) qulebi.
 539

warsulSi SAT-is qulebi dadebiT korelaciaSi iyo kolejSi moRvaweobis

zogierT aspeqtTan. amaze dayrdnobiT kolejis administracias SeeZlo
gaekeTebina daskvnebi kolejSi Tqveni karieris Sesaxeb.
testis validobis pirobebi SeiZleba iyos Zalian specifiuri, amitom
yovelTvis mniSvnelovania davadginoT, "ra miznisaTvis aris is
validuri?". imis codnam, Tu sxva ra sazomebTan aris an ar aris testi
korelaciaSi, SeiZleba aRmoaCinos raime axali sazomebis, konstruqtebisa
da adamianis qcevis sirTulis Sesaxeb.. magaliTad, tests qmniT imisaTvis,
rom gazomoT samedicino fakultetis studentebis stresTan gamklavebis
unari. Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom am testis qulebi maRal korelaciaSia
studentebis mier auditoriaSi gancdili stresis daZlevis unarTan. Tqven
varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve, korelaciaSi iqneboda studentebis stresul
klinikur SemTxvevebTan gamklavebis unarTan, rac ar dadasturda. imis
gamo, rom Tqven garkveuli validoba daadgineT, Tqven amiT gaigeT
rogorc Tqveni testis, Tu ra pirobebSia is validuri, aseve kostruqtis
Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors sxvadasxva Sedegi aqvs.
SemdgomSi SeZlebdiT testis modificirebas ise, rom gaTvaliswinebuli
 540

yofiliyo klinikur SemTxvevebSi gamovlenili gansakuTrebuli stresorebis

tipebi.
ganvixiloT sandoobisa da validobis urTierTmimarTeba. Tu sandooba
izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs testi sakuTar TavTan
(sxvadasxva dros an SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebisas), validoba izomeba
imiT, Tu ra xarisxiT korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan (sxva testi,
qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris
sando, is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs sakuTar
Tavis Sesaxeb, maSin is ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas.
magaliTad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis testi Catarda da
miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCnda korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli
paraleluri formis qulebTan (arasandoobas magaliTi), Nnaklebad
savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes miRebulma Sedegebma winaswar
gansazRvros, Tu yvelaze xSirad romel students SeiZleba hqonoda
SexlaSemoxla momavali erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. Aamis Semdeg
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom testis qulebis or testis ki ar SeuZlia erTi da igive
prognozis gakeTeba. meores mxriv, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos
 541

Zalze sando, magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Cven gadavwyviteT,

gavzomoT inteleqti zrdasruli adamianis simaRlis mixedviT. AalbaT
xvdebiT ratom SeiZleba es sazomi iyos sando, magram aravaliduri?
normebi da standartizacia
Cven gvaqvs sando da validuri testi, magram sxvadasxva testis
Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis kidev saWiroa normebi. magaliTad testSi,
romelic zomavs depresias, miiReT 18 qula. ras niSnavs es? ramdenad
depresiuli xarT _ msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT depresiuli?
miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis gasadebad, is unda SeadaroT sxva
studentebis tipiur qulebs anu statistikur normebs. testis normebi saWiroa
imisaTvis, rom naxoT, Tqveni asakisa da sqesis studentebi Cveulebriv
rogor ganawilebas iZlevian, ra aris maTi saSualo. es SesaZlebels gaxdis
Tqveni Sedegebis interpretacias. maSin, rodesac Tqven asrulebdiT
unarebis tests, rogoric aris SAT, albaT ginaxavT testis normebi. testis
normebi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni qulebi sxvebis
qulebs da gvexmareba imis dadgenaSi, Tu ramdenad axlosaa Cveni
Sesruleba normatiuli populaciis SesrulebsTan.. individis qulebis
interptetaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia jgufis normebis codna, rodesac
Sesadarebeli jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa asaki, socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.
 542

normebisaTvis mniSvnelovania yvelam airCios erTi standartizirebuli

testi _ standartizacia. standartizacia aris yvela individTan erTi da igive
formiT, erTsadaimave pirobebSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. gasagebia
standartizaciis aucilebloba, magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar
xerxdeba. zogs eZleva meti dro, zogierTs ki - ufro naTeli da detaluri
instruqcia, zogs aqvs SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba an ufro motivirebulebi
arian, rom ukeTesad Seasrulon. ganvixiloT erT-erTi avtoris gamocdileba:
me, rogorc ielis bakalavris xarisxis mqone studenti, saSualo skolis
klasebSi SfoTis donis gasazomad viyenebdi skalas. dawyebamde erT-
erTma masawavlebelma Tavis klass uTxra: "Tqven es mSvenieri
mamakaci geTamaSebaT axal TamaSs, romelic kiTxvebis dasmas
gulisxmobs. es TamaSi Cven gagvamxiarulebs." meore masawavlebelma
ki Tavis klass ase mimarTa: "es fsiqologi, romelic gaxlavT ielis
universitetidan, apirebs CagitaroT testi imisaTvis, rom gaigos, Tu ras
fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad
kargia Cveni klasi. (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1958.,
SegiZliaT pirdapir SeadaroT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebi, romelic
miRebuli iqna erTi testis Catarebis Sedegad? am kiTxvaze pasuxi aris
 543

uaryofiTi, radgan testi ar gamoyenes standartizirebuli formiT. am

SemTxvevaSi, meore klasis bavSvebis qulebi SfoTvis testSi ufro maRali
iyo.
(albaT, es TqvenTvis gasakviri ar aris). Tu testis instruqcia Sesrulebis
Sesaxeb an Sedegebis daTvlis xerxi ar aris zusti, maSin Zalian rTuli
iqneba mocemuli testis Sedegebis interpretacia an imis dadgena, Tu
ramdenad Seesabameba Sesadarebel jgufs
Cven axla ganvixileT zogierTi sakiTxi, romelic aRelvebT
mkvlevarebs, rodesac isini qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron
sinamdvileSi zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazomvac undaT. isini
darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen testis sandoobasa da validobaSi. MmaT,
aseve, unda daadginon testirebis standartuli pirobebi, mxolod amis
Sedegad miRebul normebs aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda
Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT. aseve, unda Sefasdes
Sesrulebis normebi da standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi Catarda.
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleqtis gazomvas. Sejameba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia individualur gansxvavebebze, aseve
 544

imis Seswavlaze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba na gavs individi sxva

adamianebs. Sefasebis formebi Seiqmna antikur CineTSi. dasavlur
samyaroSi frensis galtonma pirvelma Seqmna Teoria inteleqtis testirebis
Sesaxeb da pirvelma gamoiyena kidec is. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis
miTi biologiurad "saukeTeso" (superioruli) da "uaresi" (inferioruli)
adamianebis Sesaxeb.
vargisiani testebi aris validuri anu erTi da igive adamians aZlevs erTi
da igive qulebs, da sando - iZleva zust informacias im konstruqtis
Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna. aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis
Catarebis procedura iyos standartizirebuli da miRebuli qulebi Sedardes
relevanturi populaciis normas. inteleqtis Sefaseba
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni megobrebi? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad inteleqtis gansazRvrebiT unda daiwyoT. es advili
amocana ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52 kaciani jgufi mainc
SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvrebaze: “inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi
gonebrivi SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan erTad moiicavs
logikuri msjelobis, dagemvis, problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli
 545

azrovnebis, rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa da gamocdilebis

miRebis unars" (Gottfredson,1997a, p.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo
speqtrs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ratom aris
inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is,' Tu rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi
inteleqtis da umaRlesi gonebrivi funqciebis konceptualizebas,
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs, riTac isini mis gazomvas
cdiloben (Sternberg, 1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisazRvros da dayvanil iqnas erT
garkveul qulaze. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali
komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke unda gaizomos. arian
iseTebic, vinc ambobs, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis ramdenime
gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.
am TavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris dakavSirebuli inteleqtis testebi
inteleqtis am sxvadasxva koncefciasTan. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi da inteleqtis
gazomvisadmi interesi.
inteleqtis testebis istoriuli safuZvlebi
 546

1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi pirveli qmediTi testi.

alfred bine (Alfred Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo
ganaTlebis ministris
mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeqturi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi
Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega Teofil simoni
(Theophil
Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva. binem scada,
SeemuSavebina inteleqtis obieqturi testi, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone
bavSvebis klasificirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan maT
gamosarCevad.
igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda
skolas, naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier moswavleTa
sakmaod subieqtur da
xSirad tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri Sesrulebis raodenobis gansasazRvrad _ gasazomad _
binem
 547

Seadgina asakis Sesatyvisi amocanebi anu testis punqtebi, riTac mravali

bavSvis pasuxebs erTmaneTs Seadarebdnen. testisaTvis davalebebi
SearCies ise, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi obieqturi daTvla rogorc
sworis an arasworis, aseve maTi Sinaarsis varireba, punqtebi naklebad
yofiliyo ganpirobebuli bavSvebis garemo pirobebis gansxvavebulobiT,
SeefasebinaT msjeloba, azrovneba
da ara _ meqanikuri mexsiereba (Binet, 1911).
testireba CautardaT sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs da dadgenili iqna
yoveli
asakis normaluri bavSvisTvis saSualo qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli
bavSvis Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis saSualos. testis
Sedegebi gamoisaxa saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normaluri
bavSvebi konkretul
qulas iReben. am sazoms ewoda gonebrivi asaki. magaliTad, rodesac
bavSvis mier miRebuli qula utoldeba xuTwlian bavSvTa jgufis saSualo
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5, imis miuxedavad, Tu
rogoria misi qronologiuri asaki,
dabadebidan gasuli wlebi raodenoba.
 548

bines midgoma 4 mniSvnelovani niSan-TvisebiT xasiaTdeba.

pirveli, man am
testis qulebi gaiazra, rogorc mimdinare Sesrulebis Sefaseba da ara
rogorc
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi. meore, mas surda, testis qulebi
gamoeyenebinaT im bavSvebis gamosavlenad, romlebic specialur
daxmarebas saWiroeben da ara maTi
stigmatizirebisaTvis. mesame, igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSs da
SesaZleblobebis
uzrunvelyofas SeuZlia gavlena iqonios inteleqtze da cdilobda daedgina
Sesrulebis sferoebi, sadac specialuri ganaTleba daexmareboda
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi myof am bavSvebs. dabolos, man Tavisi
testi aago empiriuli gziT _ Seagrova monacemebi, rom enaxa maTi
validoba da ar ucdia
misi dakavSireba inteleqtis romelime TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines warmatebam didi gavlena
moaxdina
 549

SeerTebul StatebSi. istoriuli movlenebisa da socialur-politikuri Zalebis

unikalurma kombinaciam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba interesi
gonebrivi
unarebis gazomvisadmi. me-20-e saukunis dasawyisisaTvis SeerTebuli
StatebSi xalxi qaotur mdgomareobaSi iyo. globaluri ekonomikuri,
socialuri da
politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi milionobiT emigranti Sedioda.
axalma sayovelTao ganaTlebis kanonma skolebi moswavleebiT
aavso. emigranti
zrdasruli adamianebisa da skolis moswavleebis identificirebis,
dokumentirebis da klasifikaciisaTvis saWiro iyo garkveuli formiT
Sefaseba
(Chapman,1988). rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo, milionobiT
moxalise gamwvevi punqtebisaken gaemarTa. axalwveulebs unda
gansazRvraT am uamravi adamianidan, Tu vis hqonda sagangebo
treningebis saSualebiT swrafad
daswavlisa da codnis ganoyenebis unari. axali, araverbaluri, jgufurad
 550

miwodebuli gonebrivi unaris testebi Cautarda 1.7 milionze met

axalwveuls. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen liuis
termani (Lewis Terman), eduard Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert
ierksi (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagangebo
viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT TveSi Seqmnes
(Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo is,
rom
amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs
SeuZlia adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa da sxva socialurad
mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. am garemoebam xeli
Seuwyo testebis farTo gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi.
Sefaseba ganixileboda rogorc
qaotur sazogadoebaSi wesrigis Setanis saSualeba, aseve, es iyo
sakmaod iafi,
demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodiferencirebisa, visac
ganaTlebidan da samxedro meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis
miReba SeeZlo. inteleqtis
 551

farTomasStabiani testirebis gamoyenebis gasaadvileblad mkvlevarebi

Zalas ar iSurebdnen. isini qmnidnen farTo gamoyenebis mqone testur
procedurebs.

IQ testebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis standartizebuli gazomva
safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul male wamyvani poziciebi aSS-s fsiqologebma
daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, IQ anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ
iyo inteleqtis ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomi. amJamad farTod
gamoiyeneba individualuri daniSnulebis IQ testis ori jgufi: stenford-
binesa (StanfordBinet) da veqsleris skalebi (Wechsler). stenford-bines
inteleqtis skala
liuis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis universitetis sajaro skolis
yofilma administratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis gazomvis bines
meTodis mniSvneloba. aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT
man moaxdina
bines testis adaptireba aSS-s skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba
gaukeTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi normebi. 1916
wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti,
 552

romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc stenford-bines inteleqtis

skala (Terman, 1916). am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada
iseTi konceptisaTvis,
rogoric aris inteleqtis koeficienti anu IQ (termini, romelic SemoiRo
Sternma, 1914 wels). IQ iyo Sefardeba gonebrivi asakisa qronologiur
asakTan,
gamravlebuli 100-ze:
IQ = gonebrivi asaki X 100

qronologiur asakze
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki aris 8 weli da romlis testis qulebma
gamoavlina gonebrivi asaki 10 weli, IQ eqneba 125, (10 : 8 X 100
=125), xolo igive
qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac testi Seasrula 6 wlis bavSvis
doneze,
IQ eqneba 75 (6 : 8 X100= 75); individebs, romlebmac Seasrules Tavisi
asakisaTvis
Sesabamisi gonebrivi asakis mixedviT, IQ eqnebaT 100. amrigad, 100
qula saSualo
 553

IQ-d iqna miCneuli.Q

axali stenford-bines testi male gadaiqca klinikuri fsiqologiis,
fsiqoTerapiis da saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instrumentad.
stenford-bines testi Seicavs subtestebis serias, romelic konkretul
gonebriv asakzea morgebuli. am subtestebs mcire reviziaTa seria
Cautarda 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa miRweuliyo 3 mizani: (1)
mcirewlovani bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-s gasazomad
gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni; (2)
ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi, romelTa sirTule
sazogadoebaSi momxdar cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3)
ganaxlebuliyo normebisa da
asakis Sesabamisi saSualo qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.).
stenford-bines testis ukanaskneli, me-4-e gamocema (Torndike et
al.,1986) testis validobis
gaumjobesebis mizans emsaxureba. stenford-bines es uaxlesi testi
uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis
mqone individebisaTvis, aseve, “fsiqikuri funqcionirebis problemebis
mqone” an
 554

niWieri individebisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).

miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar miiReba gonebrivi
asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba Tqveni asakis sxva
adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is toli IQ aris “saSualo” da aCvenebs, rom
Tqveni asakis
adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da
110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi aris “norma”, xolo maTze meti (120 da zemoT)
_“umaRlesi”.
rodesac 18 wlamde asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs 70-
dan 75-mde an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi CamorCenilobis erT-
erT kriteriums
Seesabamebian. magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi, gonebrivad
CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon, individebma, aseve, unda
gamoamJRavnon cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSirebuli adaptaciuri
Cvevebis SeZenis SezRuduli unari (American Association on Mental
Retardation AAMR,1992). ufro adre IQ qulebi gamoiyeneboda msubuqi,
 555

zomieri, Zlieri da Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasifikaciisaTvis (ix.

sur.
10.1.). magram, adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam
ukarnaxa eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis
sasargeblod, rogoric aris “gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba,
romelic eqstensiur
mxardaWeras saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari Tavis
marTvis sferoebSi” an “gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone pirovneba,
romelic komunikaciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras
saWiroebs” (American
Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992.p.34)
]suraTi 10.1
IQ qulebis ganawileba did SerCevaSi
qulebi isea normirebuli, rom 100 qula populaciis saSualos
warmoadgens (imdenive adamiani iRebs 100-ze nakleb qulas, ramdenic
100-ze mets). 90 da 110-s
 556

Soris qulebi iTvleba normalurad. 120-ze maRali qulebi ganixileba,

rogorc “saukeTeso” an “friad saukeTeso”; 70-ze dabali qulebi ki
gulisxmobs gonebrivi uunarobis mzard doneebs.
cxrili 10.1 gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali
• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2 an meti saadaptacio
unaris sferoSi. es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis
gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis
unarTan
dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis
Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo
meurneobis gaZRola da yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
557
 558

komunaluri resursebis sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis

unari, rogoric aris sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da
sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis
moZiebasTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis
SenarCunebasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis
aTvisebasTan
dakavSirebuli unarebi (rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac
wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis
ganxorcielebaSi.
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da
dasvenebis
interesebTan dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan
dakavSirebuli
unarebi;
• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.
 559

wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR,

1992,p24,40-41.
veqsleris inteleqtis skala
david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu-iorkis belviu
hospitalSi
muSaobda, Tvlida, rom zrdasrulTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura
naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze damokidebuli. 1939 wels
man gamoaqveyna veqsler-belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verbaluri
subtestebi
kombinirebuli iyo araverbalur anu Sesrulebis subtestebTan. amrigad,
garda mTliani IQ qulebisa, adamianebs damatebiT miecaT maTi
verbaluri da
araverbaluri IQ-s damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. mcireodeni cvlilebebis
Semdeg
tests Seecvala saxelwodeba _ “veqsleris inteleqtis skala zrdasrulTaTvis“_
WAIS 1955 wels da gadasinjuli versia -WAIS-R dReisaTvis
(Wechsler, 1981).
 560

WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: informirebuloba, leqsikuri

maragi, gageba, ariTmetikuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu
ratom aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi (eqsperimentatoris mier
warmoTqmul ricxvTa seriis
gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc werilobiTi, ise zepiri formis.
Sesrulebis xuTi subtesti Seicavs masaliT manipulirebas da mcire an
araviTari verbaluri Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. magaliTad, kuburebis nimuSis
testSi individi cdilobs gaimeoros baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSi,
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad
mxareebs usadagebs erTmaneTs. ricxobrivi simbolos testSi mocemulia
gasaRebi,
romelic 9 simbolos 9 cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi ricxvebis miweraSi
mdgomareobs. Sesrulebis
danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da
obieqtis ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s unda SeasruloT 11-ve subtesti
da miiRoT 3 saxis qula _ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani anu
sruli skalis IQ. 10.2
 561

cxxrili gvTavazobs magaliTebs, Tu ra tipis kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-

R-Si.
WAIS-R gankuTvnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram
msgavsi testebi
SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac. veqsleris inteleqtis skala
bavSvebisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler, 1991)
morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da veqsleris skolamdeli da
dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _
gadasinjulia (WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bavSvebisaTvis.
orive testis bolo reviziebma masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da
bavSvebisaTvis
sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma daamtkica, rom sando da validur
sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis testebis ojaxs,
romelic gvaZlevs verbalur IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s
yovel asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian subtestebis
Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevarebs Tvali gaadevnon
ufro specifikuri
 562

inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi ganviTarebas. amis gamo, veqsleris

skalebi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da igive individi
testirebas
gansxvavebul asakSi gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs
gansxvavebuli saswavlo_saganmanaTleblo programebis Sedegad
bavSvis warmatebis
monitoringi.
cxrili 10.2 WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera “didi geTsbi”?
gageba “ras niSnavs, roca adamianebi amboben:”feri fersa _
madli RmerTsa”?
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5 dolari gadaixade
da batibutSi _ 2.5 dolari, maSin
ocdolarianidan xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
riTi hgavs erTmaneTs TviTmfrinavi da
msgavseba
wyalqveSa navi?
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi : 3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs “paeqroba”?
 563

Sesrulebis subtestebi
ricxobrivi eqsperimentatori cdis pirs awvdis
simbolo gasaRebs, romelic ricxvebs (magaliTad,

1, 2, 3) simboloebs (magaliTad, Φ, Θ,

∇) uTanadebs. cdis piri sqemis

Sesavsebad iyenebs gasaRebs, romelzec
mxolod ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
cdis piri aTvalierebs suraTs da ambobs, ra
suraTis aklia mas
dasruleba (magaliTad, cxeni fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs, rom gamomcdelis mier
mowodebuli nimuSi gaimeoros.
suraTebis cdis piri alagebs muyaos suraTebis
dalageba serias iseTi TanmimdevrobiT,
TiTqos moTxrobas hyveba.
obieqtis ageba eqsperimentatori awvdis cdis pirs muyaos firfitebis
nawilebs. cdis pirma ise unda daalagos nawilebi, rom
nacnobi sagnis suraTi miiRos.
 564

Sejameba
inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves iRebs alfred bines
mcdelobidan
gamoevlina moswavleebi, romlebic skolaSi damatebiT daxmarebas
saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena winadadeba, rom yoveli bavSvi
klasificirebuli yofiliyo misi
gonebrivi asakis mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc funqcia _
gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronologiur asakze. liuis termenma da david
veqslerma IQ-s
axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
 565

Sefaseba internetiT
inteleqtis Tavis wakiTxvis Semdeg, studentebs
xSirad uCndebaT interesi, IQ testebs Tavad rogor
gaarTmeven Tavs. Cvens droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb gverds, amoirCioT testi da
miiRoT gansazRvruli qulebi. niSnavs Tu ara rames
miRebuli qulebi? am kiTxvas pasuxs gavcemT im
zogierTi cnebis mimoxilviT, /romelsac gaecaniT am
TavSi.
analizisaTvis gvWirdeboda garkveuli monacemebi,
amitom Cven vTxoveT
megobars, romelsac pirobiTad vuwodebT poindeqsters
(Poindexter), ramdenime
testi gaekeTebina internetiT. pirvel saits, romelsac is
ewvia, hqonda oTxi
sxvadasxva testi, ramac mogvca sandoobis Sefasebis
SesaZlebloba. gavisenoT, rom sandooba
 566

konsistenturobas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara TiTqmis

erTnair
qulebs is testebi, romlebic iTvleba rom erTi da igive
rames zomavs
faqtobrivad, poindeqsteris qulebi iyo 116, 117, 129 da
130. Tu davubrundebiT
10.1 suraTs, vnaxavT, rom misi qulebi saSualoze
maRalia (ra kargia poindeqsterisaTis!), magram
miRebuli qulebidan ori aTavsebs mas "sakmaod
normaluri"-s kategoriaSi, ori ki _ "superiorulis"
sazRvris marjvniv. aqedan SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
testis Sedegebi ar aris gansakuTrebiT
sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando, isini ar SeiZleba iyos
validuri. magram davuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT, yvela SemTxvevaSi
ratom daveWvdebodiT maT validobaSi: poindeqsteris
qulebi daTvlili iyo misi Sesrulebis (20 kiTxvaze
miRebuli swori pasuxebis raodenoba) SedarebiT im
individebis SesrulebasTan, vinc masze adre iyo am
 567

saitze da Seasrula is testebi. 10.1 suraTze mocemuli

zaris formis ganawilebaze dayrdnobiT, saiti afasebs IQ-
s. ra problemasTan gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven
araviTari safuZveli ar gvaqvs gvjerodes, rom im
adamianebis saSualo IQ (gazomili tradiciuli, sando
arainternetuli testiT), rogorc wesi, SeiZleba iyos 100.
iqneb adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im adamianebis
mxridan, vinc Seasrula testi veb gverdze. meore, Cven
aravTari safuZveli ar gvaqs vivaraudoT, rom testi
yvelam erTnair standartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
 568

magaliTad, testi moicavs kiTxvebs, romlebic

saWiroebs leqsikur marags. rogor SeiZleba viyoT
darwmunebuli, rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis gazrdis
mizniT leqsikoniT ar isargebla ("Sexede dediko,
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom geniosi var!").
interneti TqvenTvis uzrunvelyofs rogorc IQ-s, aseve
sxva Sesrulebisa
da pirovnuli konstruqtis Sefasebis uamrav
SesaZleblobebs. Tqven unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom frTxilad SeafasoT
internetiT miRebuli qulebis sandooba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri internetis IQ testebis
daJinebul momxmareblad gadaiqca. "evropul IQ
testebze" misma saukeTesma qulam 159-s miaRwia.
poindeqsteri irwmuneba, rom 159 qula misi IQ-s
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc darwunebuli xarT amaSi?

veb gverdebi: www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml

 569

saiti, sadac Tavmoyrilia testebis didi raodenoba

www.majon.com/iq.html mravalricxovani testebi erT
saitze

cech.cesnet.cz/IQ/index.php
evropuli IQ testebi

inteleqtis Teoriebi
Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogierTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven
ukve
SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi yovelive
imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulisxmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi
yvela im
 570

unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts Seadgens? am sakiTxebis

gaazrebaSi, rom dagexmaroT, ganvixilavT inteleqtis Teoriebs.
TiToeuli Teoriis
gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs: moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara
Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s gamoiyenebdnen.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, ZiriTadad, imave filosofiur
atmosferoSi warmoiSva, romelmac IQ testebs misca dasabami.
fsiqometria aris
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic fsiqikuri funqciebis testirebas emsaxureba.
mis
mraval aspeqts Soris aris pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba, inteleqtis
Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva. amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi
mWidro kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi ikvlevs statistikur
mimarTebebs
unaris gansxvavebul parametrebs Soris, rogoric aris WAIS-R-is 11
subtesti da
 571

Semdeg am mimarTebaTa safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb

daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba,
faqtoruli analizi ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura, romelic
aRmoaCens parametrebis,
klasterebisa da faqtorebis ufro mcire raodenobas damoukidebel cvladTa
ufro didi erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis mizania sakvlevi cnebis
ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri parametrebis dadgena. cxadia, statistikuri
procedura mxolod adgens statistikur mudmivebs; am mudmivebis axsna
da maTi damtkiceba
ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma gamoiyena faqtoruli
analizi inteleqtis kvlevi sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo.
spirmenma aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis sxvadasxvagvari
testebis Sesruleba maRal korelaciaSia erTmaneTTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom arsebobs
zogadi inteleqtis faqtori anu faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis
ganxorcielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli calkeuli sfero,
aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma uwoda
 572

s. magaliTad, Sesruleba leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi damokidebulia

rogorc zogad inteleqtze, aseve am sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebel
specifikur unarebze. raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel) (1963)
faqtoruli analizis ufro mowinave
teqnikis gamoyenebiT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba daiyos
or SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad, romelsac man kristalizebuli
da fluiduri inteleqti (cristallized and fluid intelligence) uwoda.
kristalizebuli
inteleqti moiicavs codnas, romelic individma ukve aiTvisa da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli
da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inteleqti aris rTuli mimarTebebis
xedvis da problemebis gadaWris unari; is izomeba kuburebis nimuSis
da
sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis testebiT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad
saWiro fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba an TvalsaCinoa
kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi
 573

cxovrebis mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri inteleqti

gexmarebaT ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
gilfordma (J.P.Guilford) (1961) faqtoruli analizi inteleqtTan
dakavSirebuli mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamoiyena.
inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri
amocanebis sami
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi anu informaciis tipi; produqti anu forma,
romliTac informacia aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli
gonebrivi
moqmedebebis tipi.
suraTi 10.3 inteleqtis struqtura
operaciebi

produqtebi
 574

Sinaarsi

operaciebi Sinaarsi produqtebi

Sefaseba
vizualuri erTeulebi
kognituri pruduqcia klasebi
audituri
divergentuli produqcia mimarTebebi
simboluri
mexsiereba sistemebi
semantikuri
kognocia qceviTi transformaciebi
implikaciebi

inteleqtis struqturis am modelSi j. p. gilfordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs

inteleqtualuri amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss anu informaciis
tips;
 575

produqts anu formas, romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da operacias

anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi aqtiobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi CarTuli Sinaarsis,
produqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi adgens
semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars.
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi mocemulia xuTi saxis
Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi, smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;
eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi, mimarTebebi, sistemebi,
transformaciebi da implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,
konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli
produqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis,
produqtebis da
operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa, gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli
kombinacia Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi modelSi)
gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoadgens. magaliTad, rogorc
naCvenebia 10.3 suraTze, leqsikuri testi
 576

adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo

sacekvao
nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis mexsierebas saWiroebs. es
Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perioduli sistemis analogiuria.
amgvari sistematuri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi, qimiuri
elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT aRmoCenamde iqnan
postulirebuli. 1961
wels, rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina, cnobili iyo daaxloebiT
40 inteleqtualuri unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebma 100-ze meti unari
aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis prognostikur unarze
metyvelebs (Guilford,
1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia
imisaTvis, rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre tradiciuli
IQ testebis mixedviT Sesrulebaa. amJamad ganvixilavT Teoriis or tips,
romelic
scildeba IQ-s farglebs.
sternbergis inteleqtis triarqiuli Teoria
 577

robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988) xazs usvams

problemebis
gadaWraSi kognituri procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro zogadi
inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _
Teorias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami saxe _ komponenturi,
empiriuli da konteqstualuri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis
gansxvavebul xerxebs
warmoadgens.
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba komponentebis anu
gonebrivi
procesebis meSveobiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas da
problemebis
gadawyvetas. sternbergi asaxelebs sami tipis komponents, romelsac
centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebaSi: (1) codnis
SeZenis komponentebi, axali faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis
komponentebi, problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da teqnikisaTvis; (3)
metakognituri komponentebi, strategiebis
 578

SerCevisa da warmatebisaken momavali procesis monitoringisaTvis.

Tqveni komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad axla gvsurs, rom
scadoT 10.3
cxrilSi mocemuli savarjiSos Sesruleba.
cxrili 10.3
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis unari
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. rac SeiZleba
swrafad
moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis amoxsna (Sternberg,1986)

1. H-U-L-A-G __________
2. P-T-T-M-E __________
3. T-R-H-O-S __________
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________
5. T-E-W-I-R __________
6. L-L-A-O-W __________
7. R-I-D-E-V __________
8. O-C-C-H-U __________
9. T-E-N-R-E __________
 579

10. C-I-B-A-S __________

gadaSaleT gv??, romelzec mocemulia swori amoxsna

rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis amosaxsnelad,

ZiriTadad,
dagWirdebaT Sesrulebis komponentebis da metakognituri
komponentebis
gamoyeneba. Sesrulebis komponentebi is komponentebia, romelTa
saSualebiT
SegiZliaT gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba moaxdinoT;
metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis mosaZebni strategiebis
arsebobis saSualebas iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor
gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad?
dasawyisisaTvis saukeTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa
SeTanxmebebis mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur enaSi, rogoric aris
S-H da T-H. strategiebis SerCeva saWiroebs metakognitur
komponentebs, maT ganxorcielebas ki
 580

Sesrulebis komponentebi sWirdeba. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom kargi

strategia zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T-N-K-H-G-I. bevr
adamians am anagramis amoxsna uWirs, radgan K-N ar aris is
kombinacia, romliTac
inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba, xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom
didxans cdilobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas, romelic T-
H -iT iwyeba?
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad daSliT mkvlevarebs
SeuZliaT,
zustad gansazRvron procesebi, romlic gansxvavebuli IQ-s mqone
individebis
Sesrulebis Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. magaliTad,
mkvlevarebma
SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom maRali IQ-s mqone moswavleTa
metakognituri komponenti karnaxobs maT garkveuli tipis problemis
gadasaWrelad
gansxvavebuli strategiebis SerCevas, dabali IQ-s mqone Tanatolebisgan
gansxvavebiT. strategiebis SerCevaSi gansxvavebiT aixsneba maRali
IQ-s mqone moswavleTa 2-problemaTa gacilebiT meti warmateba
 581

gadaWra. empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis unars,

gaumklavdes or
ukiduresobas _ axal da rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
rom
adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze swrafad SeZlebs gzis
moZebnas
Sinisaken. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiCnioT im
adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba
SeuZlia. Tu, magaliTad,
adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTi da igive amocanebs asrulebs,
Tqvenze yvelaze did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, romelic
amocanebis
warmatebiT Sesrulebas “axali ideebis umciresi raodenobiT”
moaxerxebs. konteqstualuri inteleqti yovelgvari saqmeebis praqtikul
mogvarebaSi
vlindeba. is moicavs unars, adaptacia moaxdinoT axal da gansxvavebul
 582

viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan), SearCioT Sesatyvisi situaciebi da

efeqturad
SeqmnaT garemo, romelic Tqvens moTxovnilebebs Seesabameba.
konteqstualuri inteleqti aris is, rasac adamianebi “gaqeqilobas” da
“saqmis alRos” uwodeben. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebs
SeiZleba hqondeT maRali konteqstualuri
inteleqti maRali IQ-s gareSe.
saidan viciT
konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
mkvlevarebma airCies ipodromis mudmivi klientebi,
rom daedginaT mimarTeba
IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis warmatebas Soris. 30 kaciani
jgufi daiyo eqspertebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswarmetyvelebis
safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs eqneba gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi.
Tumca, orive jgufis IQ saSualo, 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis
araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ -sa da eqpertobas Soris, eqspertebma
SemTxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel adgilze gasuli cxeni,
araeqspertebma _ SemTxvevaTa 33%Si mkvlevarebma isic aCvenes,
 583

rom rom eqspertebi Tavis zust Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen,

romelic rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavs (Ceci
& Liker, 1986).
radgan yoveli cxeni mTeli rigi parametrebis mixedviT (Cveuli
siswrafe,
miRebuli prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris unarianoba
da a.S.), warmoadgens cvladebis axlebur kombinacias, eqspertebis
warmateba msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver miewereba. ufro
savaraudoa, rom maT ganuviTardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic
maT garemos specifikurad
esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiarebulia, rom IQ qulebi
inteleqtualur qcevas sruli moculobiT ver asaxavs da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da dabali IQ-s iarliyebis
miniWeba.YwarmovidginoT, rom mkvlevarebma gaiges, rom
“aragonier” (unintelligent) adamianebs garkveuli amocanebi imitom
uZneldebaT, rom ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis kodirebas.
aseTi adamianebi SeZleben “gonivruli”
 584

Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents gaivarjiSeben. amrigad,

savsebiT
SesaZlebelia komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. sternbergs, agreTve
miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT empiriuli da konteqstualuri
inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad gaigeben qcevis

safuZvlad mdebare komponentur process, mkvlevarebi SeZleben iseTi

Seqmnas teqnikebis, romelTa meSveobiTac yoveli adamianis Sesruleba

“gonivrulad gamoiyurebodes”. gardneris mravlobiTi inteleqti da

emociuri inteleqti hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner 1983,1999)

SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ

testebSi gaTvaliswinebul unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs inteleqtis mraval

saxeobas, romelic adamianis

gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul am unars gansxvavebuli

Rirebuleba eniWeba adamianTa sazogadoebebSi, imis mixedviT, Tu
ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad mocemuli
 585

sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia naCvenebi, gardneri adgens

inteleqtis rva saxes.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazogadoeba wina planze ayenebs
pirveli
ori saxis inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi xSirad sxva saxeebia
Rirebuli. magaliTad, mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs unda
SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis gareSe, mxolod
sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis
gamoyenebiT. es unarebi
am sazogadoebaSi ufro fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.
balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
nawilia,
musikaluri inteleqti da talantebi, romelic monawileobs rTuli sacekvao
ileTebis koordinirebaSi, gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur
inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili ukavia koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi,
rogoric aris iaponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba da
komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individualistur sazogadoebaSi,
rogoric aris aSS
 586

(Triandis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRaldisa da fanqris testebi,
martivi raodenobrivi sazomebi ar aris sakmarisi. inteleqtis gardneriseuli
Teoria moiTxovs, rom individs dakvirdnen da Seafason mTel rig
cxovrebiseul situaciebSi da aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi,
romlic inteleqtis
tradiciul testebSia mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevarebma inteleqtis iseTi tipis kvleva daiwyes,
rogoric aris emociuri inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interpersonalur
da
intrapersonalur inteleqtis cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4).
emociuri inteleqti ganisazRvreba rogorc oTxi ZiriTadi komponentis
mqone inteleqti
(Mayer & Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). esenia:
• emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis, Sefasebis da
gamoxatvis unari
• azrovnebis gasaadvileblad emociebis gamoyenebis unari
 587

• emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve, emociuri codnis

efeqtianad gamoyenebis unari
• emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad sakuTari
emociebis regulirebis unari
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsazrisi emociebis pozitiuri rolis
Sesaxeb inteleqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emociebs
SeuZlia azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxados, adamianebs SeuZliaT
gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.
cxrili 10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti saboloo statusi
ZiriTadi
komponentebi
LlogikurmaTematikuri mecnieri logikuri da ricxobrivi
maTematikosi paternebisadmi
mgrZnobeloba da
maTi garCevis unari,
msjelobis grZeli
jaWvis agebis unari
 588

Llingvisturi poeti sityvaTa bgerebis,

Jurnalisti riTmebisa da
mniSvnelobebisadmi
mgrZnobeloba; enis
gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi
mgrZnobeloba.
sabunebismetyvelo biologi mgrZnobeloba
bunebrivi cxovelTa saxeobaTa
garemos Siris
mkvlevari gansxvavebebisadmi;
cocxal arsebebTan
saTuTad mopyrobis
unari.
musikaluri kompozitori ritmis, simaRlis da
mevioline tembris Seqmnisa da
dafasebis unari;
musikaluri
gamomsaxvelobebis
formebis codna
sivrcobrivi navigatori vizualur-sivrcobrivi
samyaros
 589

moqandake zustad aRqmis da

sakuTari sawyisi
aRqmebis
transformirebis unari.
sxeulebrivkinesTetikuri mocekvave sakuTari sxeulebrivi
aTleti moZraobebis marTvis
da obieqtebTan
marjved urTierTobis
unari.

pirovnebaTSorisi fsiqoTerapevti sxva adamianTa

saqonlis gunebaganwyobilebis,
gasaRebis
temperamentis,
muSaki
motivebis da survilebis
garCevisa da maTze
Sesatyvisi reagirebis
unarebi.
 590

Sidapirovnuli sakuTari Tavis sakuTari grZnobebis

detalurad misawvdomoba da
maT Soris sxvaobis
mcodne povnis unari da maT
pirovneba Sesatyvisad qcevis
warmarTva; sakuTari
Zlieri da susti
mxareebis, survilebisa
da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis
codna.
ganvixiloT viTareba, rodesac maswavlebeli Tqvens klass usvams
SekiTxvas: “
ra erqva stambuls Zvelad?” miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs, rom
pamelam
xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs pasuxs _ “konstantinopoli”. Tqven
gesmiT, rom pamela gabrazebulia, rom tomma mas “dideba waarTva”.
Tqven SeiZleba
TvlideT, rom toms aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-s emociuri
oreuli
 591

(Goleman,1995). Cvens mier pamelas grZnobebis gageba _ EQ-s erT-

erTi magaliTia. mkvlevarebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis
Seqmnas, romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-s sando da validuri sazomebi
iqneba.
saidan viciT
EQ -s gazomva
503 zrdasrulisa da 229 mozardisagan
Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso
“mravalfaqtoriani emociuri inteleqtis skala”. es skala
individebisagan moiTxovs warmoadginon emociur
problemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi
variantebi, rogoric aris mocemuli situaciiT aRZruli
emociebis dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda
rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela im
adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan mimarTebaSi,
romlebmac skala Seavses. EQ-s qulebi mxolod
zomier korelaciaSi iyo IQ-s qulebTan, rogorc
 592

zrdasrulebTan, ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom

EQ zomavs IQ-s
tradiciuli sazomebisgan gansxvavebul unarebs.
zrdasrulebi asrulebdnen ufro maRal doneze, vidre
mozardebi, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ
mniSvnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. da bolos,
emociuri inteleqtis am axal skalaze qalebs emociebis
aRqmaSi gacilebiT didi upiratesoba
hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs (Mayer et al., 1999)
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs mamakacebze ufro maRali
EQ? xom ar fiqrobT, rom amas ganagebs buneba _ qalis evoluciuri
momzadeba garkveuli rolebisaTvis, an aRzrda _ qalTa socializacia
metad emociur arsebebad
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teoriebis mimoxilvam safuZveli
moamzada im sazogadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac inteleqtis
Temas
 593

esoden sadaos xdis.

Sejameba
Carlz spirmens (Charles Spearman) miaCnda, rom inteleqti Sedgeba
zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda g da sxvadsxva sferos
Sesabamisad specifikuri unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva
fsiqometrikosma mkvlevarebma scades
inteleqtis sxva Semadgeneli nawilebis kvleva.
sternbergma wamoayena varaudi, rom adamianebs aqvT sami saxis
inteleqti: komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma
gaafarTova inteleqtis
gansazRvreba da masSi rva tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romelic scildeba
IQ-s tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs. emociuri inteleqti
asaxavs individis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos emociebi.

inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove koncefciebi
ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-s testSi miRebuli qulebisa da pirovnebis inteleqts
 594

arsebul Soris mWodro kavSirs. magram dasavlur sazogadoebaSi IQ

testebi mainc rCeba inteleqtis
yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ
qulebis xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva jgufebis Sedareba
maTi “saSualo”
IQ-s mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi jgufuri Sedarebebi
xSirad gamoiyeneboda, rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis
TanSobili genetikuri
arasrulfasovnebis damadasturebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled
mimovixilavT IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas zogierTi
jgufis gonebrivi
arasrulfasovnebis maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxis ”buneba
Tu
aRzrda”, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleqtis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT
moniWebuli da ra aRzrdis Sedegad. Tqven naxavT, rom fsiqologiaSi es
aris politikurad yvelaze cvalebadi sakiTxi, radganac saemigracio
kvotebis, ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi SeiZleba aigos
imaze, Tu rogor aris
 595

interpretirebuli jgufuri IQ-s monacemebi.

jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri godardi (Henry
Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi
unarebis testireba da maT, visac “fsiqikuri defeqti” aRmoaCndeba,
“SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi Semosvla”. amgvar Sexedulebebs
Tavisi wvlilis Setana SeeZlo qveyanaSi emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis
SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975; McPherson,1985;
Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924
wels kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda emigracias da
emigrantebisaTvis awesebda inteleqtis testebis gavlas, niu-iorkis
navsadgurSive, elisis
kunZulze moxvedrisTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva erovnebis
emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis safuZvelze klasificirebuli iyo,
rogorc
 596

“Wkuasusti”. zogierTma fsiqologma es statistikuri monacemebi imis

sabuTad miiCnia, rom emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan
genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebodnen, vidre CrdiloeT- da
dasavleT evropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca, es “arasrulfasovani”
jgufebi xom yvelaze cudad icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas,
romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali Casulebi iyvnen.
ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg IQ-s testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri
sxvaobebi mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis sferoSi rasobri
sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganagrZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-s eTnikur warmomavlobasTan
ubralo
dakavSirebaze Sors wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT
Tvisebebs daumates moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri defeqturoba da
amoraluri
socialuri qceva. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba momdinareobda cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa da kalikakis ojaxis _
klinikuri Seswavlidan. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis Seswavla TiTqosda
 597

aCvenebda, rom ojaxur genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad defeqtur

STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma igive daaskvna kilikakTa
ojaxis klinikuri
Seswavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi “ kargi Teslis” da meore “
cudi
Teslis” mxareebi (am gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva,
rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin kilikaks, revoluciuri omis
jariskacs, arakanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris Tanaxmad,
gonebrivad
CamorCenili iyo. maTma kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480
STamomavali mogvca. godardma aqedan 143 “defeqturad” miiCnia da
mxolod 46 - “normalurad”. man ojaxis danarCeni wevrebisaTvis
aRmoaCina, rom/ Cveuli iyo danaSauli,
alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSlilobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi.
amis sapirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored “karg qalTan”
iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496 STamomavali, saidanac mxolod
sami iqna “defeqturad”
 598

aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa, rom am maRalxarisxiani kavSiris

mravali STamomavali “gamoCenili adamiani” gaxda (Godard, 1914).
godardi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidreobiTobam dadebiTi
mxridan gansazRvra inteleqti,
genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba,
alkoholizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi CamorCeniloba da
siRatakec ki
(McPherson,1985).
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli argumenti SemdgomSi
ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi
gamoyenebul
inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi
nakleb
qulebs iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. liuis termenma,
romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si IQ testirebas, aseTi aramecnieruli
komentari gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT
Segrovda aSS-Si mcxovrebi
rasobrivi umciresobebisgan:
 599

“maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans rasobrivia. . . amJamad ar Cans

raime
SesaZlebloba, davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda mieceT
reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, evgenikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi
araCveulebrivad swrafi
gamravlebis gamo, isini seriozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916,pp.91-
92).
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive darCa. dResac SeerTebul
StatebSi
afro-amerikelebi da laTinebi standatizebul inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod,
ufro dabal qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da TeTrkanianebi.
cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian individebi, romelTa IQ skalis qulebi
umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogor aris SesaZlebeli IQ-s qulebSi
aseTi
jgufuri gansxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi da did
britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur
arasrulfasovnebas
 600

(bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT IQ-s

maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis realurobaze, ganvixilavT
meore SesaZleblobas, romlis
mixedviT, garemo pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens
IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi kombinaciis dasabuTebas
mniSvnelovani socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuti Sedegebi
mohyveba.
saidan viciT
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi
aRwerilia, rom mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis “jukis sisxlis” mqone
ojaxebis 2000-ze meti wevri, (dawyebuli 1875 wlidan), radganac am
ojaxs damyarebuli hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCenilobis,
kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458
wevrs aRmoaCnda swavlaSi gonebrivi CamorCena, 171 aRmoCnda
kriminali, xolo maTi sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri iyo “glaxaki,
TavaSvebuli da meZavi”. daaskvnes, rom memkvidreobiToba iyo am
saSineli ojaxis wevrTa samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faqtori.
 601

memkvidreobiToba da IQ
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs inteleqtis genetikuri gansazRvrulobis
xarisxis dadgena? am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi moiTxovs
mkvlevarebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas. amrigad, sakiTxi
mdgomareobs ara imaSi, axdens Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze
gavlenas, aramed, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara IQ ojaxur xeTa SigniT. am konkretul
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevarebs sWirdebaT saerTo genebisa
da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amis erT-
erTi meTodia identuri
(monozigoturi) tyupebis da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis da
sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis naTesavTa funqcionirebis
Sedareba. 10.4 suraTze warmodgenilia individTa IQ-s qulaTa Soris
korelaciebi maTi genetikuri
naTesaobis doneebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT,
rac ufro
 602

didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia IQ-s msgavseba (am

monacemebSi yuradReba unda miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena
aseve gamomJRavnda erTad gazrdilTa IQ-s did msgavsebaSi).
suraTi 10.4 ar aris suraTis dasaxeleba (suraTi
Sesaworebelis)

saerTo ojaxuri
genetikuri naTesaoba
naTesaoba
korelaciebi

erTad aRzrdili
1 1
identuri tyupebi
cal-calke aRzrdili
1 0
identuri tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili
5 1
araidenturi tyupebi
erTad aRzrdili da-Zma 5 1
 603

erTad aRzrdili
5 1
mSobeli/bavSvi
cal-calke aRzrdili
5 0
araidenturi tyupebi
cal-calke aRzrdili
5 0
da-Zma
cal-calke aRzrdili
5 0
mSobeli/bavSvi
naSvilebi da-Zma 0 1
naSvilebi
0 1
mSobeli/bavSvi
 604

am suraTze warmodgeniliaUkorelaciebi erTad gazrdili (igive ojaxur

garemoSi) an calcalke gazrdili (sxvadasxva ojaxur garemoSi) identuri
(monozigoturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ-qulaTa Soris.
Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia siblingebis (debisa da
Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis
monacemebi. monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris
(ricxvebi, romlebic weria “genetikuri naTesaobis” qveS, azusteben
genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili “saerTo
Sinauri garemos” qveS, aCveneben, rom garemo igive iyo [1] Tu
gansxvavebuli [0]), faqtoris mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi
anu saxezea genetikur gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro
maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian gazrdili anu saxezea
garemos gavlena.
mkvlevarebi amgvar Sedegebs iyeneben IQ-s memkvidreobiTobis
Sesafaseblad. romelime niSan-Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis,
memkvidreobiT gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis testuri
qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba, rac SeiZleba genetikur
 605

faqtorebs mieweros. es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis

(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis variaciis gamoTvliTYda
Semdeg imis dadgeniT, Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs
genetikur anu
memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es keTdeba genetikuri gadafarvis
sxvadasxva donis
mqone adamianTa SedarebiT. mkvlevarebi, romlebmac IQ-s
memkvidreobiT gadacemis
Sesaxeb mravali gamokvleva ganixiles, askvnian, rom IQ qulebis
variaciis daaxloebiT 50% genetikuri nakrebiT aris gamowveuli
(Grigorenko,2000;Neisser et al.,
1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997). magram yvelaze saintereso, albaT, is
aris, rom memkvidreoboToba izrdeba sicocxlis manZilze:
memkvidruloba utoldeba
daaxloebiT 40%-s 4 da 6 wlianebTan, magram daaxloebiT 60%-mde
izrdeba
 606

adreul mozardobaSi da aRwevs daaxloebiT 80%-s ufros zrdasrulebTan!

bevrs gaukvirda es Sedegi, radgan asakis matebasTan erTad garemos sul
ufro meti da ara naklebi gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am
Seusabamo Sedegs mkvlevarebi aseT axsnas aZleven: “SesaZlebelia,
genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben im
garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri midrekilebebis aqcentirebas
axdens da
Sedegad sicocxlis manZilze gazrdil memkvidrulobas viRebT (Plomin &
Petrill,1997. p.51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils, saidanac genetikuri analizi
winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba: testuri qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da
TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom ramdenime
aTeuli wlis winaT sxvaoba IQ-s 15 punqts Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg erTmaneTs
dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis /mixeedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 intervals Soris Tavsdeba
(Nisbett, 1995,
 607

1998, Williams&Ceci, 1997). Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos

gavlenaze miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc afiqrebinebs,
rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein&Murrey, 1994).
magram, maSinac ki, Tu
IQ memkvidreobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian jgufSi
Semaval individTa genetikur arasrulfasovnebas (inferiorulobas)?
pasuxi
erTmniSvnelovania: “ara!” memkvidreobiToba emyareba Sefasebas erT
konkretul jgufSi. is ar gamodgeba jgufTaSoris gansxvavebebis
ganmartebisaTvis _ ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad didia
sxvaobebi/es gansxvavebebi obieqturi
testis monacemebSi. memkvidreobis maCvenebeli individTa mocemuli
populaciis
saSualos ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT, rom simaRle,
magaliTad, maRali memkvidreobis maCvenebeliT xasiaTdeba (udris
daaxloebiT 90%-s), ver
 608

gansazRvravT, ramdenad aris Tqveni simaRle genetikurad

ganpirobebuli. igive
argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis; miuxedavad inteleqtis
memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT
konkretuli individis IQ-Si an jgufTaSoriso saSualo IQ-Si genetikis
gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi erTi rasobrivi Tu
eTnikuri jgufi nakleb qulebs iRebs, vidre meore jgufi, ar unda
niSnavdes, rom gansxvaveba am jgufebs Soris genetikuri
warmoSobisaa, maSinac Tu memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli
(romelic jgufSi iyo dadgenili) IQ
qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba iyos genetikuri nakrebi srulad
pasuxismgebeli jgufTaSoris sxvaobaze, exeba am gansxvavebaTa
SefardebiT
sidides. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
damTxveva
TiToeuli jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba,
TiToeul jgufSi individebis qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT,
mcirea (Loehlin,
 609

2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad, gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva

rasobrivis jgufis genur nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis
wevrebs Soris arsebul
genetikur gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman,
1990). metic, aSS-Si rasa xSirad /warmoadgens ufro socialur, vidre
biologiur konstruqts. ganvixiloT SesaniSnavi axalgazrda golfis
moTamaSis taiger vudsis (Tiger
Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad moixsenieben afrikel amerikelad
da amiT ufro uares pirobebSi ayeneben, Tumca, misi realuri
warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winaprebi iyvnen TeTrkaniani,
Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikeli). vudsi warmoadgens SesaniSnav magaliTs, Tu
ramdenad ar Seesabameba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba biologiur
realobas. aseT
SemTxvevaSi arsebobs seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva socialuri
jgufebis gansxvavebebi IQ-s mixedviT ganxilul iqnas ise, TiTqos es
 610

gansxvavebebi ganpirobebulia biologiuri faqtorebiT

(Suzuki&Valencia,1997).
mkvlevarebma gamonaxes gzebi, Tu rogor SeemowmebinaT es
Sexeduleba kvlevebis saSualebiT, romelSic dadgenilia Savkanianebs
Soris TeTri an evropuli warmomavlobis xarisxi. aSS-Si "Savkaniani"
mosaxleobis 20-30% Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-
Si is, Tu ra ramdenad aris datvirTuli evropuli geniT "Savkaniani"
individi? genetikuri argumentaciis mixedviT, es asea, Tumca,
monacemebi amas ar adasturebs. arsebuli monacemebi mixedviT,
evropuli warmomavlobis xarisxis korelacia IQ-Tan Zalian dabalia
(mraval kvlevebSi mxolod .15). is, rom romelime, an kanis feri an sisxlis
jgufi gamoiyeneba rasobrivi narevis maCveneblad, aris simarTle.
erTmaneTs Seadares im germaneli bavSvebis IQ, visac hyavdaT afro-
amerikeli GI mama da TeTrkaniani
GI mama. Sedarebam araviTari gansxvaveba ar gamoavlina.
amasTanave, "SavkanianiTeTrkaniani" kavSiris bavSvebs, hqondaT rva
 611

quliT maRali Sedegi, rodesac maT hyavdaT TeTrkaniani deda. am

gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna aris is, rom mamasTan SedarebiT deda
ufro metad monawileobs bavSivis inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi da,
ra Tqma unda, es gansxvaveba ar SeiZleba mieweros genetikur faqtors,
radgan Svilis genetikur monacemebi ganpirobebulia orive mSoblis
genetikiT (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
ra Tqma unda, genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis IQ - ze,
iseve rogorc mis bevr sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad
amisa, Cven vamtkicebT, rom gansxvavebebi IQ-Si rasobriv da eTnikur
jgufebs Soris ar SeiZleba axsnas memkvidereobiT. is asrulebs aucilebel,
magram arasakmaris rols, amgvari Sesrulebis Sedegebze. axla
ganvixiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes garemo faqtorebi IQ
xarvezebis SeqmnaSi.

garemo da IQ vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi (heridity

estimates) 1.0-ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis IQ-ze
mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec
unda axdendes gavlenas. magram rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,
 612

garemos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani? garemos romeli

maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ testSi maRali qulebis miRebis
SesaZleblobaze (Beiser&Gotowiec,2000; Ceci,1999;Rowe,1997;
Suzuki&Valencia,1997)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa rTul
(kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba mravali ganzomilebiT mixedviT,
rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZleba gansxvavebulad
aRiqmebodes adamianebis mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive
ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone)
fsiqologiur garemoSi imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT
Tqvens ojaxSi. Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcvdnen Tu ara maT erTnair
yuradRebas mSoblebisagan? icvleboda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finansuri SesaZleblobebi?
an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia,
rom garemo Sedgeba bevri komponentisgan, romelic dinamiurad aris
urTierTdakavSirebuli da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis gansazRvra, Tu
 613

sinamdvileSi IQ-ze ra saxis garemo pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe,

janmrTeloba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi iyo garemos
ufro globaluri sazomebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socioekonomikuri
statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-
ze meti bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-s saukeTeso winaswarmetyveli 4
wlis asakSi ojaxis socioekonomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done
iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afrikeli, amerikeli da kavkasieli
bavSvebisaTvis (Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze
naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena IQ-ze.

suraTi 10.5. memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris arsebuli

 614

urTierTdamokidebuleba grafikze
mamebis saSualo IQ vaJebis saSualo IQ

asaxulia memkvidreobisa da
4

garemos wvlili IQ qulebSi.

3

mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT

2
erTnairi IQ-ebi
1
(memkvidreobiTobis gavlena),
75 80 85 90 95

IQ
100 105 110 115 120
magram rogorc mamebis, ise
vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo
socialur klasTan (garemos gavlena)

ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze? simdidres iseve rogorc

siRatakes SeuZlia inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari gavlenis
moxdena, maTgan yvelaze aSkara aris janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis
uzrunvelyofis pirobebi. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTelobam da
dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis
daqveiTebuli inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi xSirad cudad
ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi mSieri midis, amitom naklebad
axerxebs davalebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi ojaxebi
 615

ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis, kompiuterebis da sxva im

nivTebis naklebobas, romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. "orientacia gadarCenaze" nakleb drosa da energias utovebs
Rarib mSoblebs, gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri stimulacia, rac, Tavis
mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis
Sesarulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ-s testebi.
da bolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi garkveul daRs atareben
Cvens sazogadoebaSi iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,
rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki, rogoric iaponiaSia.
magaliTad, burakaminis (burakamin), am sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali
kastis wevris, IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT dabalia (Ogbu,
1987). im jgufis socialurma daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba,
SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebulobaze da
araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos testis Sedegebsa da saskolo
miRwevebze. amitom bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis
SemTxvevaSi unda vxedavdeT garemos uSualo gavlenas IQ-ze.
 616

saidan viciT

garemos gavlena IQ-ze mkvlevarebi swavlodnen bavSvebis or jgufs,

romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani
mSoblebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive
biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgufis bavSvebs (14
bavSvi) erTi biologiuri mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _
TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi veqsleris inteleqtis skalis
saSualebiT afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac orive mSobeli Savkaniani
hyavdaT, iyo 108.7, xolo Sereuli rasis bavSvebis IQ _ 107..2. rogorc
naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneblebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli
amerikelebisaTvis
(Lynn,1996).

suraTi 10.6 naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ

 617

18

16
qulebi
14

12

10
saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier
8

4
naSvileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis
2

yvela naSvilebi adre naSvilebi

bavSvebs hqondaT saSualoze maRali IQ,
bavSvi bavSvebi

radgan bavSvebi arian im jgufebis wevrebi,

romlebisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli
monacemebi aCvenebs garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-ze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvavebas qmnis ara rasa,
aramed ekonomikuri, janmrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
resursebi, romelic rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi, ise _ bevr sxva
qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv mikuTvnebulobasTan.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mkvlevarebi
cdiloben am Sedegis ganzogadebas sazogadoebriv doneze. programa
"Head Start" federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels daafinansa. is
gankuTvnili iyo "mcire SesaZlobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri
janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da emociuri
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri mxardamWeri
 618

samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT

sakuTar Svilebze" (Kassebaum, 1994, p. 123). Head Start programis arsi
iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana priviligirebul pirobebSi, aramed im
pirobebis gaumjobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrdebodnen.
aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi iReben specialur skolamdel
ganaTlebas, yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi iReben
janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebul rCevebs. "Head
Start" programis efeqturobis pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo mxolod
inteleqtis testebis (IQ Tests) da miRwevis sxva sazomebis (achivement
measures) gaumjobesebaze. faqtobrivad, programaSi CarTvidan sul
ramdenime kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda. samwuxarod,
programis datovebis Semdeg, bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebi isev
mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998; Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco,
1994). am modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana: IQ-ze
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram xelsayreli garemo
pirobebi unda iyos xangrZlivi (sustained). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head
 619

Start programis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma gadalaxa

Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod IQ-s mimarT.
empiriuli literaturidan ... viRebT rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi aris is, rom arc H"Head Start"-s da arc nebismier sxva skolamdel
programas ar SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis damangreveli
zemoqmedebisagan. adreul intervencias ubralod ar SeuZlia, daZlios
cxovrebis cudi pirobebi, aradamakmayofolebeli kveba da jandacva,
uaryofiTi roluri modelebi da dabali donis skolebi. dadebiTi mxare ki aris
is, rom programebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba skolisaTvis da,
Sesabamisad, amiT exmareba maT daZlevisa (coping) da adaptaciis
unarebis ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas miscems maT, cxovrebaSi
miaRwion saukeTesos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc.
(Zigler&Styfco,1994,p.129).
Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo gansazRvrebas, romelic
scildeba ubralod verbalur da Sesrulebis davalebebs inteleqtis testebSi,
garemo faqtorebis gavlena ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli,
mxardamWeri garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs
 620

inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situaciur adaptaciaSi. kultura da

IQ testebis validoba
adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ qulebze, rom ar
iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasargeblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma
kvlevebma aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad SeuZliaT iseTi
sakiTxebis prognozireba, rogoricaa saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli statusi da
Sesrulebis xarisxi bevr samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b; Gottfredson, 1997b).
am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebs (unarebs, intellectual abilities), romelic Zalian
mniSvnelovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmatebebis
misaRwevad; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad Rirebulia dasavluri
kulturebisaTvis _ inteleqti, gazomili IQ-s saSualebiT, uSualo gavlenas
axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQ-Si, aseve, SeiZleba
imoqmedos akademiur warmatebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze
arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis motivebi da rwmenebi. isini,
visac maRali IQ aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warmatebulni
iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni
 621

miRwevaze da optimisturad uyureben sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, rom Tavs

gaarTmeven yvelafers. aseve, bavSvebs, visac dabali IQ aqvT, SeiZleba
"Tan sdevdes" dabali donis skolebi da programebi, ramac SeiZleba,
garkvuliwilad, imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze (Self-
competence) studentobis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-m SeiZleba
ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros, IQ-s, Tavis mxriv,
SeuZlia axali garemo pirobebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, aseve _ uaresis _
Seqmna. amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero gaxdes
bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi
genetikuri unarebis wvlilis miuxedavad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
dadasturda IQ testebis validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT
gamoyenebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev eWvis qveS ayenebs
maT validobas sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas.
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis da testirebis
mravali forma SeiZleba ar Seesabamebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas
an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uaryofiTi Sefasebis erTi
magaliTi:
 622

rodesac laTino amerikeli warmoSobis emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi

wavidnen amerikul skolaSi, isini ufro metad orientirebulni iyvnen
gagebaze vidre _ laparakze, maswavleblis avtoritetis pativiscemaze, vidre
_ sakuTari azrebis gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akademiuri
Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis
forma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uaryofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli
iseTi skolis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli, mtkice laparaki
komunikaciis Rirebul formad aris miCneuli.
am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu rogor moiqcnen amerikul
skolaSi
ise, rom daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavinT gonierebaSi.
. erT-erTi standartis mixedviT IQ testebTan dakavSirebul problemas
warmoadgens maTi tendenciuroba, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva
kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg an sasargeblod: kritikosebi aRniSnaven,
rom jgufebs Soris ur gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematiuri
mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT xdis aravalidursa da usamarTlos
umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis Sedgenisas
gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi
 623

xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es sakiTxi SeiZleba

dakavSirebuli iyos ufro testis konteqstTan, vidre testis
SinaarsTan. klaud stili (Claude Steel) (1997; Steel&Aronson, 1995,
1998) aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis testebis Sesrulebaze
gavlenas axdens stereotipuli muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereotipuli
mowyvladobis -Stereotype vulnerability- saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe imisa,
rom dadasturdes negatiuri stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. Steele-is
(Steel) gamokvlevebma aCvena, imis rwmenam, rom situaciaSi
moqmedebs uaryofiTi stereotipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios cudi Sesruleba,
romelsac gulisxmobda stereotipi.

saidan viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba dasalagebelia

stilisturad

erT kvlevaSi Savkaniani da TeTri studentebi

pasuxobdnen Zalian rTul, damamTavrebeli gamocdis
tipis, zepir SekiTxvebs. studentebis naxevarma icoda,
rom pasuxi kiTxvebze iyo diagnostikuri da zomavda
maT inteleqtualur unars. studentebis meore
 624

naxevarma icoda, rom eqsperimenti exeboda

fsiqologiur faqtorebs, romelic monawileobs
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. stereotipuri
muqaris Teoria gvTavazobs, rom SedarebiT dabali
Sedegebi kiTxvebze eqnebodaT im

studentebs, romlebsac situaciam Seuqmna stereotipuri muqara anu

Savkanian studentebs diagnostikur pirobebSi. rogorc xedavT 10.7
suraTis nawilze, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi daadastura. rodesac
Savkanian studentebs sjerodaT, rom testis Sedegebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli yofiliyo maTi inteleqtis gansasazRvrad, maTi Sesruleba
uaresi iyo
(Steel&Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqaris logika vrceldeba yvela
jgufze, romlis mimarT arsebobs cudi Sesrulebis stereotipi. magaliTad,
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maTematikis
aTvisebis naklebi unari aqvT. rogorc naCvenebia 10.7 suraTis nawilze,
rTulma maTematikurma testma aCvena sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi mxolod maSin, rodesac studentebs eubnebodnen, rom aseTi
 625

gansxvavebebi SeiZleba yofiliyo (Steel, 1997). es niSnavs, rom testze

muSaobis dawyebamde, sqesobrivi gansxvavebis pirobebSi, studentebs
eubnebodnen, rom warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis mixedviT
gansxvaveba da ase iqneba maTTvisac.

aRsaniSnavia, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor

gansazRvravs situacias testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba stereotips, magaliTad,
rodesac miaCniaT, rom testi zomavs inteleqts maTi stereotipulad cudi
Sesrulebis gamosavlenad, Sesruleba uaresdeba. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli
IQ-s gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmocenebis gareSe? Tu es
SeuZlebelia, mkvlevarebi verasodes SeZleben ”realuri” Sesrulebis
gansazRvras.
axla ganvixiloT bolo sakiTxi inteleqtisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad,
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikuri axsnisas aSS-i amJRavnebs
kulturul mikerZoebas. harold stivensonma (Harold Stevenson) da misma
kolegebma (1993) ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da
amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis kvlevas. 1980 wels
 626

azieli bavSvebi sagrZnoblad jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs.

1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo: "Cineli bavSvebis mxolod
4.1%-s da iaponeli bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qulebi,
rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs" (gv. 54). niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom
azieli bavSvebi genetikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobrivad, ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad
upasuxebden. rodesac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen aziel da
amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo maTTvis "bejiTad mecadineoba" Tu "
Tandayolili goniereba", azieli respondentebi aqcents "bejiTad
mecadineobaze" akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki - "Tandayolil
gonierebaze". rogorc xedavT, am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi SeiZleba
miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri upiratesobiT unda
xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis aTvisebaSi. radgan aseTma rwmenam
SeiZleba asaxva hpovos sazogadoebriv politikaSi, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa
saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebma daeuflon maTematikas, maSin
rodesac ara aqvT am sagnis Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania
 627

gamokvlevebis Seswavla im mizniT, rom ganisazRvros ra SeiZleba

Seicvalos da ra ar SeiZleba Seicvalos inteleqtualur SesrulebasTan
dakavSirebiT.

naxati 10.7. stereotipuri muqara

Savkaniani stereotipur muqaras adgili aqvs
TeTrkaniani
20

18 maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom

16
14
12
negatiuri stereotipi marTebulia
10

8
mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erTi
6

4 kvlevaSi
2

0
diagnostikuri aradiag nostiku ri
swavlobdnen stereotips: afro-
testis daxasiaTeba
qalebi amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT
mamakaceb
30 i
inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebisebis _
20 Savkaniani da TeTri sudentebis _
naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri
10

iyo da zomavda maT inteleqtualur

0
genderuli gansxvaveba aragenderuli gansxvaveba SesaZleblobas cdis pirebis meore
testis daxasiaTeba
 628

naxevars ar hqonda es informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi

diagnostikuri iyo, maTi
Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
(mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi.). (B) meore kvlevaSi
swavlobdnen stereotips: qalebi dabal qulebs iReben maTematikis
gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci studentebis _
naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina
SemTxvevaSi aCvena genderuli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi.
cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar Rebulobda. rodesac
qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.
Sejameba godardma (Goddard) Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi da eTnikuri
jgufebis genetikuri inferiulobis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis
damkvidrebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si mravalricxovani
genetikuri komponenti aCvena. Tumca, IQ-s gazomva xSirad iZens
politikur datvirTvas, IQ-Si miRebuli rasobrivi gansxvavebebis gamo.
 629

mkvlevarebma daadgines garemos faqtorebi, romelic mniSvnelovan

gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad
SeuZlia iseTi cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogoricaa
warmatebebi skolaSi da samsaxurSi, misi gazomvebi SeiZleba
aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva rasobriv da kulturul jgufebis SemTxvevaSi.
magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas
ganicdis stereotipuri muqaris zemoqmedebas.
sanam davasrulebT inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas, davubrundeT
iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa kreatuloba. kreatuloba aris adamianis unari,
mocemuli pirobebis Sesabamisi axali ideebis generirebisa an axali
produqtis Seqmnisa
(Sternbeg&Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis magaliTi. es
meqanizmi siaxle iyo, radgan ucnob gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs
mbrunavi obieqtebis gamoyeneba. is iyo pirobebis Sesatyvisi, radgan
Zalze cxadi iyo am siaxlis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba. pirobebTan
Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi xSirad ucnaurad da Seusabamod
aRqmeba.
 630

am TavSi ganixileba kreatuloba imitom, rom bevri adamiani aRiarebs

inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, unda SegveZlos SemoqmedebiTobis
testireba, xolo Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris kavSiris
dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi
an produqtebi ganixileba rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da SevamowmebT
inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli(an
uCveulo) kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSlilobasTan. vnaxavT,
ra SeiZleba viswavloT gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT
dajildovebuli adamianebisagan.

kreatulobis Sefaseba da misi kavSiri inteleqtTan

rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT adamianebi kreatulebi arian, Tu
arakreatulebi? bevri midgoma fokusirdeba divergentul azrovnebaze,
romelic gansazRvrulia, rogorc problemis sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo
gadawyvetis unari. kiTxvebi, romelic zomavs divergentul azrovnebas,
saSualebas aZlevs testis
 631

Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos. sxarti da moqnili azrovneba

(Torrance, 1974;
Wallah&Kogan, 1965):
• daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni azriT, aris
oTxkuTxedi.
• sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac SeiZleba meti TeTri
feris, saWmelad vargisi sagnebi.
• daasaxeleT, Tqveni azriT, aguris gamoyenebis yvela SesaZlo
varianti.
pasuxebi jamdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixedviT, rogoricaa (1)
sisxarte - gansxvavebuli ideebis saerTo raodenoba, (2) unikaluroba _ im
ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams
da (3) uCveuloba _ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva mocemuli
SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze
naklebma (Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatuloba Sefaseba xdeba am gziT, testi gvaZlevs Sesrulebis
indeqss, romelic SeiZleba sxva sazomebTan korelirebdes. bevr
SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevarebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergentuli azrovnebis
 632

sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris. saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris

arsebobs susti an saSualo korelacia, rodesac IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120
qulaze zemoT korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg&O'Hara, 1999). ratom unda
xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom "inteleqtis~ garkveuli
done iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleblobas., magram
ar axdens mis stimulacias" (Perkins, 1998, p.319). sxva sityvebiT,
inteleqtis gansazRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas, iyos kreatuli,
magram man SeiZleba ver gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevarebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom
divergentuli azrovnebis testebi (divergent-thinking tests) Zalian mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli inteleqtis testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebTan
(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120 IQ-s farglebSi)
(Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _ kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis
gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier gansazRvruli
SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _ naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna.
eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli produqtis kreatulobis xarisxi.
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni arian,
 633

rodesac isini afaseben produqtis kreatulobas (Amabile, 1983).

eqspertebma SeiZleba sakmaod zustad Seafason adamianebi dabali an
maRali kreatulobis TvalsazrisiT.

gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba da SeSliloba arseboben gansakuTrebuli

adamianebi, romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs warmoadgenen.
vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi
adamianis dasaxelebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawilobriv,
damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze, romelSic moRvaweobT da,
nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxelon zigmund froidi.
ferweriT,
musikiT an cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba
daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an marta grahami. aris Tu ara
SesaZlebeli aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena,
romelic
 634

gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas

mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardner) airCia is
individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cvens mier adre ganxilul inteleqtis rva tipis
relevanturi iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski da grahami.
gardneris analizma saSualeba misca mas, Seeqmna tipiuri
Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac uwoda
E.C.:

E.C-i. aRebs problemuri sferosa da gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos

kars, romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es aris uaRresad
sapasuxismgeblo momenti. am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanatolebisgan
da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom /aris raRac
aRmoCenis zRvarze, romelic jer TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am
kritikul momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri, ise _ emociuri
mxardaWerisken, amiT is axerxebs Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas.
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe man SeiZleba Zalisa da energiisagan
daicalos. (Gardner, 1993, p.361).
 635

am pasaJis dasasruls gardneri moixseniebs tipiur SemoqmedTa erT-erT

yvelaze zogad stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer ki
gulisxmobs - SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom Zlieri kreatuloba
mWidrod ukavSirdeba
SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba
(Kessel,1989). SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (Kraeplin)
(1921) aRniSnavda, rom "maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT" anu bipolaruli
aSlilobis mqone individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian Tavisufali
azrovnebis procesis (free flowing though processes) fons, rac xels
uwyobs did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15e TavSi vnaxavT , mania
xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis periodebiT. Aadamians amaRlebeli
ganwyobileba aqvs da iqceva eqspansiurad. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
xelovnebisa da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali gamoCenili
moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba
(Keiger,1993). magram rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevarebma,
imoqmeda Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis realuri
azrovnebis procesze?
 636

saidan viciT
kreatuloba da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert
veisbergma (Robert Weisberg) Seiswavla kompozitor robert Sumanis
Semoqmedebis nawarmoebi. Sumans hqonda bipolaruli aSlilobis
diagnozi. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris
navaraudevi kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma gacilebiT meti
kompozicia Seqmna maniakaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3), vidre _
depresiul fazaSi(saSualod 2.7). Tumca, es kavSiri sustdeboda, rodesac
veisbergma Seafasa nawarmoebebis xarisxi. maniakalur periodSi
Seqmnili nawarmoebebi xarisxiT ar iyo ukeTesi depresiul periodSi
Semnil nawarmoebebs.

veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeSliloba (gamovlenili maniis

saxiT) mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi imorCilebs
maniis Semotevas da qmnis bevr namuSevars. Tu pirovnebas
gamoirCeva garkveuli talantiT, am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram
ara yvela nawarmoebi, iqneba brwyinvale, Tumca, xarisxiT ar iqneba
 637

sxva periodebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli

SemTxvevebis yuradRebiT mimoxilvam, romelic SemoqmedebiTobasa
da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul garkveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs,
eqsperti
Albert Rothenberg-i miiyvana daskvnamde, rom "mcdari da romantiulia
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi TviTon unda
daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba"
(Rothenberg,1990,p.164).
mas mere rac adaminma miiRo informacia gansakuTrebul kretulobis
Sesaxeb,
ra SeiZleba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba mibaZoT riskis
gawevis models. uaRresad kreatuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen
"gaukvalav gzaze". aseve SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis modeli.
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTobiT dajildoebuli adamianebi wlebs
uTmoben im sferoSi daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebeli gaiziaroT Sinagani motivaciis
modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation). SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi
gulmodgined asruleben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da
 638

kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian (Collins&Amabile,1999).

Tu Tqven Tqvens cxovrebaSi SeZlebT sami modelebis gaTvaliswinebas,
maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTobis gazrdas. axla Tqven iciT
is xerxebi, romelTa saSualebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian
individualur gansxvavebebs, romelic arsebobs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas
Soris. Tumca, ueWvelia iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gacilebiT metia
saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleqtualurobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis
xarisxis Sesaxeb. Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romliTac
fsiqologebi iReben informacias im pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis
Sesaxeb, romelic gansazRvravs TiToeuli individis unikalurobas.
Sejameba kreatuloba izomeba divergentuli azrovnebis testebis
saSualebiT. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, ar dadasturda
mWidro kavSiri SemoqmedebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris. Tumca,
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis gawevas, momzadebasa
da motivacias.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizania
sworad Sefasos adamianebi, rac eqspertTa daskvnebSi Secdomebis
 639

gareSe iqneba asaxuli. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebelia

maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva Semfaseblebis subieqturi
daskvnebis ufro obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romelic sakmaod frTxilad
aris agebuli da Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am mizanma misca
dasabami alfred bines pionerul Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom
testireba xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias da Seamcirebda
sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privilegiebis an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs. Tumca, am amaRlebuli
miznebis miuxedavad, fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro
sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze
dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis samarTlianoba, (2) ganaTlebis
Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianoba da (3) testis qulebis gamoyeneba
individebis garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom zogierTebisaTvis
testirebis sazRauri an uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre sxvebisaTvis
(Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi,
romelzec umciresobaTa jgufebma miiRes dabali qulebi, ar aZlevs maT
 640

garkveul samuSaoebze Sesrulebis uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi, saxelmwifo

samoqalaqo samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis dasawyebad, msurvelma
unda gaiaros verbaluri testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri unarebis
testi. mkvlevari uiliam benkis (William Banks) mixedviT, es aris
strategia, romelis mizania umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSveba.
(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi testSi cud Sedegebs
iZleodnen, radgan maTi Sedegebi fasdeboda arasaTanado normebis
mixedviT. garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandidatebisaTvis SemTxveviT
dadgenili gamsvleli qulebi (cutoff scores) SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT
gamoyenebuli iyos SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas maSin,
rodesac realurad, ufro dabali gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani,
Sesabamisad samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli
gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsaninvaia isic, rom testirebaze
gadaWarbebuli dayrdnoba ganapirobebs kadrebis avtomatur
SerCevas.Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZleba ufro mogebuli darCes Tu
samuSaos aRwerilobebi Seicvleba adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
 641

meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom testireba ara mxolod

studentebis Sefasebas axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic garkveul
rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze
xSirad msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad warmatebiT asruleben
maTi moswavleebi standartizebul miRwevis testebs TviT
maswavleblebis xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos testebis
Sedegebze. testebis Sedegebis aseTma mniSvnelobam skolebSi xeli
Seuwyo TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs. magaliTad potomakSi
(Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac
gamoaSkaravda mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis Sedegebis
gaujobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTeklaselebma miiRes iseTi saxis
daxmareba, rogoricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored Sesruleba
(Thomas&Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi TviTon moswavleebma
gamoamJRavnes. 10 wlis moswavleebma mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi
maT sTxoves eTaRliTaT. bavSvebi gaocebulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT
da sTxovdnen mSoblebs, aexsnaT maTi saqcieli. bavSvebis amgvari
 642

damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad saSiSi SeiZleba iyos,

rodesac testis Sedegebi ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
mesame eTikuri problema aris is, rom testis Sedegebs SeiZleba
mohyves statusi Seucvleli iarliyiT. adamianebi sakmod xSirad Tvlian,
rom arian IQ 110 an B tipis B studentebi, TiTqos testis Sedegebma maT
daRi daasva. amgvarma iarliyebma SeiZleba maT winsvlas xeli
SeuSalos, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZliaT sakuTari
SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba. testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma
SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da Seasustos
TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ
monacemebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi Sedegia. isini,
vinc ase sajarod arian "daRudasmulebi", ijereben imas, rasac "eqspertebi"
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom, skola da ganaTleba ar miaCniaT maTi
cxovrebis gaumjobesebis saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli statusis miniWebis aseTi
tendencia vrceldeba rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze. rodesac
 643

testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis,

araadaptirebulobis, konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva, adamianebi
gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis "aranormalurobaze" iwyeben ufro fiqrs, vidre
ganaTlebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis modificirebas ise,
rom moergos yvela moswavles. iarliyebs wina planze devianturi
pirovnenebi ufro gamoaqvs, vidremaTi garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi.
individualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogorica, magaliTad, aSS, adamianebis
umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba da warumatebloba
arasworad miaweros mas da, amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo
pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians warumateblobisaTvis da
amiT sazogadoeba gamogvyavs mdgomareobis vamsubuqebT. Cven
vaqebT pirovnebas warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada misi
warmateba. Cven unda vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi
amJamad, rac imis Sedegi, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad Camoyalibdnen da
ra mimdinare situacia axdens gavlenas maT qcevaze.
 644

es Tavi gvinda davasruloT fil zimbardos (Phil Zimbardo) piradi,

romelsac SeiZleba hqondes romelic SeiZleba STagonebis wyarod iqces
im studentebisaTvis, romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur
testebs:
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali fsiqologis, warmatebuli
karierisa, Cems mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma testebma sul sxva
ram iwinaswarmetyvela. miuxedavad imisa, rom viyavi warCinebuli
kursdamTavrebuli, romelmac daamTavra Summa Cum Laude, erTaderTi
Sefaseba (niSani) C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac gamocda
mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze., Semdeg Camricxes rezervSi da
bolos mimiRes uxalisod.. es, nawilobriv, gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
Cemi maTematikis qulebi fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul zRvarze
naklebi iyo. magram mogvianebiT aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv
gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom profesor-maswavleblebma Cemi pasuxebisa
da sxva mtkicebulebebis mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa
da testebSi, ivaraudes rom zangi var. am monacemebma uaryofiTad
imoqmeda maT daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, mimeRwia
 645

warmatwebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi. sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad

iyo CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT mier dafinansebuli
kandidati (gordon boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi) sxvagan wavida
staJirebaze.
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi moiTxovs gacilebiT mets, vidre
mxolod standartizebuli testebiT gazomili unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da
maxasiaTeblebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs SeuZliaT imis
prognozireba, Tu saSualod ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes
Secdomas. adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qulebis pesimisturi
prognozi, rodesac mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT, pirovnuli
siamayiT da intensiuri ZalisxmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT
monacemebs. albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT sakuTari Tavis,
vidre _ testis Sedegebis.

Sejameba miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri testireba xSir

SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa individisaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis
 646

upasuxismgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs awuxebT iseTi

sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaTleblo praqtikis
Sesafaseblad da testebis Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul
kategoriebad daxarixxebisaTvis.

ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba?
• fsiqologiur Sefasebas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da dasababams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana ser frensis
galtonma (Sir Francis Galton).
• Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos sando, validuri da standartizebuli.
sando sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis Sedegebs. validuri sazomi afasebs im
Tvisebebs, romelTa gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.
• standartizebuli testis Catareba da Sedegebis Sejameba yovelTvis
xdeba erTi da igive gziT. normebis arseboba saSualebas iZleva,
SevadaroT pirovnebis qulebi igive asakis, sqesis da kulturis individTa
saSualo maCvenebels. inteleqtis Sefaseba
 647

• XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi safrangeTSi

binem safuZveli Cauyara inteleqtis obieqturi testirebis ganviTarebas.
qulebi mocemuli iyo gonebrivi asakis terminebiT da asaxavda bavSvebis
funqcionirebis arsebul dones.
• aSS-Si termanma Seqmna stenford-bines inteleqtis skala da
moaxdina IQ-s cnebis popularizacia.
• veqslerma Seqmna specialuri inteleqtis testebi mozrdili pirebisaTvis,
bavSvebisaTvis da skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisaTvis. inteleqtis Teoriebi
• IQ-s fsiqometriulma analizma aCvena, rom zogierT ZiriTad unars,
rogoricaa inteleqtis fluiduri da kristaluri aspeqti, garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs
IQ qulebSi.
• Tanamedrove Teoriebi ganixilavs da zomavs inteleqts Zalian
farTod, msjeloben ra im unarebsa da insaitebze, romelsac adamianebi
iyeneben sxvadasxva amocanis gadasaWrelad.
• stenbergi (Sternberg) ganasxvavebs inteleqtis komponentur,
empiriul da konteqstualur aspeqtebs.
 648

• gardnerma (Gardner) daadgina inteleqtis rva tipi, romelic moicavs

da scildeba kidec standartuli IQ sazomebiT gazomvad inteleqtis formebs.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia emociur inteleqtze. inteleqtis

politika

• Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis testebi gamoiyeneboda eTnikuri da

rasobrivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uaryofiTi gancxadebebis gasakeTeblad.
• IQ-s maRali memkvidreobiTobis gamo, zogierTi mkvlevari
garkveuli rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis dabal Sedegebs miawers maT
Tandayolil inferiorulobas.
• araxelsayreli garemo pirobebi da stereotipuri muqariT aixsneba
zogierTi jgufis dabali qulebi. gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos garemo faqtorebiT.
kreatuloba
• xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulobis Sefaseba xdeba divergentuli
azrovnebis testebis saSualebiT.
 649

• gansakuTrebiT kreatuli adamianebi midian riskze, gadian

momzadebas da uaRresad motivirebulni arian.
• ar dadasturda kavSiri kreatulobasa da SeSlilobas Soris.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
• miuxedavad imisa, rom testebi xSirad sasargeblod gamoiyeneba
momavali Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis, testis Sedegebi ar unda
ganapirobebdes individis ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis SezRudvas.
• rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi momavalSi gavlenas axdens individis
cxovrebaze, gamoyenebuli teqnikebi unda iyos sando da validuri rogorc
am individTan mimarTebaSi, ise _ gamoyenebis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki (gv. 295)- chronological age kreatuloba (gv. 311)-
creativity
kriteriumis validoba (gv, 293)-criterion validity
 650

kristalizebuli inteleqti (gv.300) crystallized intelligence divergentuli

azrovneba (gv. 312) divergent thinking emociuri inteleqti (gv. 302)
emotional intelligence (gv. 303) EQEQ TvalsaCino validoba (gv. 293)
face validity fluiduri inteleqti (gv. 300) fluid intelligence
formaluri Sefaseba (gv. 292) formaluri Sefasebag faqtori (gv. 300)
memkvidreobiTobis maCvenebeli (gv. 305) heritability estimate
inteleqti (gv. 295) intelligence
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (gv. 296) intelligence quatient Sinagani
SeTanxmebuloba (gv. 292) internal consistency gonebrivi asaki (gv.
295) mental age gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (gv. 296) mental
retardation normebi (gv. 294) norms
paraleluri formebi (gv. 292) parallel forms prognozirebadi validuroba
(gv. 293) predictive validity fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (gv. 290)
psychological assessment fsiqometria (gv. 299)- psychometric
sandooba (gv. 292) reliability
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (gv. 292)split-half reliability standartizeba
(gv. 294) standatization stereotipuri muqara (gv. 310) stereotype
 651

threat test-retestuli sandooba (gv. 292) test-retest reliability validoba

(gv. 292) validity

10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta

1. Laugh
2. Tempt

3. Short
4. Knight

5. Write
6. Allow
7. Drive

8. Cough

9. Enter 10. Basic

leqsikoni fsiqologiuri Sefaseba - individTa unarebis, qcevisa da

pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansazRvruli procedurebi.

formaluri Sefaseba - sistematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba individebis
 652

funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis

Sesaswavlad.
sandooba _ xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs erTnair qulebs testis
nebismier dros gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis stabilurobas an
konsistenturobas.

test-retestuli sandooba - erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis

sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul qulebs Soris arsebuli
korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri formebi - testis sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis
sandoobis Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs pirdapiri
gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts an individis survils, gamoavlinos
konsistenturoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.

Sinagani Sebamisoba (konsistenturoba) - sandoobis sazomi. testis

sxvadasxva nawilebis, rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebis, gamoyenebis
Sedegad miRebuli msgavsebis xarisxi.
 653

SuaSi gaxleCvis testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis sandooba - cdis pirebis

mier Sesrulebuli testis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis
sazomi. (kenti da luwi nomrebis mqone punqtebi.
validoba – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zomavs testi imas, ris
gasazomadac iyo miwodebuli.
TvalsaCino validoba (face validity) - xarisxi, Tu ramdenad aris testis
amocanebi uSualod dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan.

validoba kriteriumis mixedviT - xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba

gansazRvruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi Sesafasebeli
maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kriteriums.

normebi - standartizirebulia individebis didi jgufebis gazomvis

safuZvelze. normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa da
ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis normebi.

standartizacia – testirebis erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli

cdis pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti Tu monacemebis
registracia.
stereotipuri muqara - safrTxe, rom dadasturebuli iqneba garkveuli
 654

jgufis mimarT arsebuli negatiuri stereotipi.

kreatuloba – garemosTvis adekvaturi da axali ideebisa da produqtebis
generirebis unari.
divergentuli azrovneba – kreatulobis gamovlineba, romelic xasiaTdeba
problemis uCveulo da, amave dros, saTanado gadawyvetiT.
inteleqti - gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb
mocemuli informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari.

gonebrivi asaki _ bines inteleqtis etalonis mixedviT aris asaki, rodesac

bavSvis inteleqtualuri aqtioba gamoxatulia im saSualo asakiT, romelSic
normaluri bavSvebi aRweven gansazRvrul qulas.
qronologiuri asaki _ individis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
raodenoba.
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) _ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis
gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze
gamravlebiT; amJamad
pirdapir gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula.
 655

gonebrivi CamorCeniloba _ rodesac individebis IQ-s qulebi meryeobs

70-75-
mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve, rodesac SezRudulia
cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis
SemuSavebis unari.
fsiqometria _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
testirebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, romelic safuZvlad
udevs yovelgvar inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli inteleqti _ inteleqtis aspeqti, romelSic Sedis
pirovnebis ukve SeZenili codna da am codnis gamoyeneba-gazrdis
unari; izomeba leqsikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT.

fluiduri inteleqti _ inteleqtis aspeqti, romelic moicavs rTuli

mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars. emociuri
inteleqti _ inteleqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi: emociaTa
zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da gamoxatva; azrovnebis
 656

gasaadvileblad emociebis gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi;

emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari emociebis
regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _ inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.

EQ -IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.

memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba _ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis
memkvidreobiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im
individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.

Tavi 11: adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

• ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna

ganviTarebis aRwera
ganviTarebis axsna
• fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
 657

fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi

• kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi
kognituri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi
• enis aTviseba
sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla
gramatikis aTviseba
• socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi
socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi
socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvTa
ganviTarebaze

• genderuli ganviTareba sqesi da genderi

 658

sqesobrivi rolebis aTviseba

• moraluri ganviTareba
moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT
genderisa da kulturis ganvlena moralur gansjaze
viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi

„vfiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yvela inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi

iyo da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. TandaTan finansuri mdgomareoba
umjobesdeboda da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda dro
ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama cdilobda eSova fuli da
eyida dedasTvis „mersedesi“, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva msgavsi
ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me,
ZiriTadad, garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi mezobeli
bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me visjebodi yvela araswori
saqcielisaTvis, magram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. es
 659

mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, rom migtyepon.

samagierod, yuradRebas mainc miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, aris Cemi sakuTari skolis gaxsna. aTi
wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs vxedav skolaSi, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso
oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba asaxuli Cveni politikuri da
ekonomikuri sistemis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze
upiratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola iqneba ubralod Tanasworuflebiani maswavleblebis skola _
TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebismieri _ radgan
es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari
komercia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi“ da vila, magram Tu Seni
suli daukmayofilebelia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.“
es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afro-amerikelis, derilis, sityvebi.
aSkaraa, rom movlenebma, romelTac ganapirobes misi warsuli, aseve
ganapirobes misi samomavlo miswrafebebi (Goodmillie, 1993, gv. 28-
29). rogor mivida derili aseT daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi
azrovneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11-e TavSi Cven SevecdebiT,
 660

gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic individTa cxovrebas mTeli

sicocxlis manZilze ayalibeben.
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi giWiravT axalSobili. ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg? xuTi wlis
Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis? samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis?
Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, albaT, daefuZneba zogadisa da konkretulis
nazavs. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos
an ar iyos niWieri avtori. Tqveni winaswarmetyveleba, aseve, SeiZleba
daefuZnos Tandayolilisa da garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas: Tu orive
mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom bavSvic,
aseve, literaturuli niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli; bavSvs rom ganaTleba
mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli, Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom
misi akademiuri moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi Cven
aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teoriebs, romlebic saSualebas
gvaZlevs, sistemurad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba
SegviZlia axalSobili bavSvis momavlis Sesaxeb.
 661

• ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _ fsiqologiis

dargi, romelic swavlobs fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis
urTierTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebis poziciidan.

ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis sfero, romelic Seiswavlis

cvlilebebs adamianis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi Casaxvidan
sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor
da ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmavlobaSi da aRweron da
axsnan es cvlilebebi. mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa
ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva unarebi da funqciebi da
akvirdebian, Tu rogor icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, rom
adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socialuri urTierTobebi da sxva
sasicocxlod aucilebeli aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT gvaCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad
periodebs.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas
da rogor warmoadgenen im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben
 662

droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da TiToeuli
maTganis gaTvaliswinrbiT ganvixilavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi
Cven yuradRebas SevCerdebiT fizikur, kognitur da enobriv
ganviTarebaze. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT socialuri
urTierTobebis cvalebad bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im
specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec adamianebi dgebian cxovrebis
garkveul etapebze. axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Seswavla.

cxrili 11.1. ganviTarebis safexurebi

safexuri asaki
 663

Canasaxovani dabadebis wina

(prenataluri) periodi dabadebidan
Cvili bavSvoba
18 Tvemde
adreuli bavSvoba
gviani bavSvoba daaxloebiT 18
mozardoba Tvidan 6 wlamde
axalgazrdoba13
mowifuloba daaxloebiT 6 wlidan
xnovani 13 wlamde
daaxloebiT 13
wlidan 20 wlamde
daaxloebiT 20
wlidan 30 wlamde
daaxloebiT 30
wlidan 65 wlamde
daaxloebiT 65
wlidan da zeviT

13
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTiandeba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axalgazrdoba, (2) Sua xnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq:
xnovani. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 664

ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela

im cvlilebis siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT, bolo erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT axal
fizikuri gajansaRebis progrmaSi? an xom ar gankurnebulxarT raime
daavadebisagan? xom ar gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi?
megobarTa axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuTrebiT xom ar
dauaxlovdiT? rodesac aRvwerT ganviTarebas, Cven mis
konceptualizacias cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT sakuTar
cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina _ cvlileba
TiTqmis yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. adamianebi xSirad cxovrebas
ganixilaven, rogorc, ZiriTadad, SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas)
bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (danakargs, uaresobisaken
svlas) xandazmul asakSi.
ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents imaze akeTebs, rom
arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad, mogebebi da danakargebi axasiaTebs
ganviTarebis yvela etaps (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).
magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanamgzavrs irCeven, isini
 665

Tmoben farTo arCevanis saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. roca

adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini Tmoben statuss, magram
iZenen Tavisufal dros.
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom Tqven ganviTareba ar
ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis
bevri cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas moiTxovs.
(Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci, 1994). axla, vnaxoT,
rogor aRweren mkvlevarebi ganviTarebis cvlilebebs.

ganviTarebis aRwera imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli

sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor
gamoiyureba saSualo adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT. normatiuli kvlevebi
cdiloben, aRweron konkretuli asakis an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis
maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sistematuri testirebis gziT,
mkvlevarebi adgenen ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr
adamianze dakvirvebis safuZvelze, es monacemebi uzrunvelyofen
 666

normebs _ ganviTarebis an miRwevis standartul paternebs, romelic didi

raodenobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqologebi erTmaneTisgan
mijnaven qronologiur asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa
Tu wlebis raodenobas, da ganviTarebis asaks _ qronologiur asaks,
rodesac adamianebis umravlesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi
ganviTarebis garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, romelic metyvelebs,
rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi, iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis
mixedviT is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul baziss, romlis
safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba.
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad ganviTarebis fsiqologebi
kvlevis ramodenime models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis
gamoyenebisas erTi da igive individebi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
sistematuri dakvirvebisa da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramodenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi kviraSi
ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da igive bavSvebi, raTa rac SeiZleba zustad
daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi daiwyebs mza strategiis
 667

gamoyenebas ariTmetikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler &

Crowley, 1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT
ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas.
mkvlevarebi longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben individualuri
gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis
mimarTulebisa da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba
Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi faqtorebisa, romelic
moqmedebs cxovrebis adreul periodSi da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens es
faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.
grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa, rom vinaidan cdis pirebi,
ZiriTadad, erTgvar sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave
socialurekonomikur periodSi cxovroben, SevZlebT asakTan
dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereba socialuri
pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis minusi ki isaa, rom
ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeTdes mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi
CarTuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi dabadebul adamianebze.
amasTanave, longituduri kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis pirebze
 668

dakvirveba drois xagrZlivi monakveTebis manZilze da, Tanac,

monacemebi advilad SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gasvlis an
gauCinarebis gamo.

• normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) gulisxmobs gansazRvruli

asakisa Tu ganviTarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
aRweras.
• qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) individis dabadebidan gasuli
Tveebis an wlebis raodenoba.
• ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) qronologiuri asaki, romlis
drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi
ganviTarebis garkveul dones.
• longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) kvlevis meTodi, romlis
drosac erTsa da imaive cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi
dakvirveba droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.

ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba iyenebs e. w. jvaredini Seswavlis

meTods, sadac sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa
 669

jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad,

mkvlevars SeuZlia daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze,
romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos asakobriv cvlilebebTan.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen
erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxardaWeras, maT SeiZleba
erTnairi laboratoriuli davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa
wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996). jvaredini Seswavlis meTodis
nakli momdinareobs iqidan, rom erTmaneTs dardeba sxvadasxva
qronologiuri asakis individebi. asakobriv cvlilebebis Sefasebisas
gaugebrobas qmnis sxvadasxva Taobaze moqmedi gansxvavebuli
socialur-politikuri pirobebi. Sesabamisad, 10 wlis da 18 wlis individTa
SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas, romelic axla tardeba, SeiZleba
gairkves, rom es adamianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi Tanatolebisgan,
romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc epoqis, ise _ ganviTarebis
stadiebis TaviseburebebiT.
 670

TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebis

aRweris saSualebas iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTlian
paternis axla? axla am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
• jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional design) _ kvlevis meTodi,
romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufebze
dakvirvebasa da erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.

ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca, TiToeuli bavSvi amas
odnav gansxvavebulad akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro
racionalurad azrovnebs, vidre maTze umcrosebi, magram gvxvdebian
iseTebic, romlebic TavianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTarebis
asaxsnelad aucilebelia rogorc cvlilebaTa universaluri, saerTo aspeqtebis,
aseve, TiToeuli individisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri, unikaluri
aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba.
 671

ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri gansvla bavSvobaSi

mimdinare cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. sakiTxi isaa, Tu rogor jobia
axalSobilsa da, vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris arsebuli mkveTri
siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna: ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba
ganpirobebuli memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da ramdenad _ daswavlis
Sedegi (garemo)? didi xania, rac filosofosebi, fsiqologebi da pedagogebi
Tandayolili-SeZenilis dapirispirebaze, memkvidreobiTobisa da daswavlis
fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze kamaToben. erT mxares arian isini, visac
mianCia, rom adamiani yovelgvari codnisa da SesaZleblobebis gareSe
ibadeba da rom gamocdileba, daswavlis formiT, waruSlel kvals tovebs
axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa dafaze (laTinurad tabula
rasa). es mosazreba, romelic britanelma filosofosma jon lokma (John
Locke) wamoayena, empirizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. adamianis
ganviTareba gamocdilebas miewereba. empiristebs miaCniaT, rom
adamianis ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa Soric, vinc ar
eTanxmeboda maT, iyo frangi filosofosi Jan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques
Rousseau). is nativistur poziciaze idga da Tvlida, rom buneba anu
 672

evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romlsac flobs TiToeuli bavSvi, ganapirobebs

misi ganviTarebis sqemas.
empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi gamwvavda, rodesac 1798
wels safrangeTSi, sofel aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod,
cxovelebis gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am 12 wlis velur bavSvSi,
romelic cnobili gaxda, rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda
pasuxebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebiT kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am
bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac bavSvoba adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe
gaatara, namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo?
axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc Itard) rTuli amocanis
Sesruleba daisaxa miznad _ aRezarda da civilizaciisTvis eziarebina veluri
biWi, romelsac man viqtori daarqva,. Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis
programa warmatebuli Canda. viqtori mosiyvarule da zrdilobian bavSvad
iqca da miTiTebebis Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg
progresi SeCerda da itardi iZulebuli gaxda, Seewyvita eqsperimenti
(Itard, 1802/1962). ra gaxda warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda?
SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom miatoves bedis anabara, rom ar
 673

viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es iyo mizezi, nebismieri varjiSi mxolod

garkveul farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase ar iyo, daexmareboda
Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove meTodebi biWs ufro srulad
ganviTarebaSi, vidre es itardis meTodebma SeZlo? harlan leini, (Harlen
Lane; 1976, 1986) _ erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac Seiswavla viqtoris
istoria, fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri
kontaqtebis gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv ganviTarebaSi.
dResdReobiT mkvlevarebi bunebisa da aRzrdis gavlenis Sesaswavlad
mTel
rig meTodebs floben da aRar sWirdebaT bunebis iseTi samwuxaro
eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris SemTxveva iyo. Cven
viciT, rom lokisa da rusos ukiduresi poziciebi usamarTloa adamianis
qcevis mravalferovnebis mimarT. TiTqmis nebismieri rTuli qceva
ganpirobebulia rogorc individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise _
piradi gamocdilebiT. Cveni survilia, bunebisa da aRzrdis
urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi SexedoT: memkvidreobiToba
uzrunvelyofs potencials; gamocdileba gansazRvravs am potencialis
ganxorcieldebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi davinaxavT, Tu
 674

rogor viTardeba da realizdeba potenciali unikaluri adamianebis

cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teoriebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor
da ratom icvlebian adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. calkeuli asakisa
da grZelvadiani ganviTarebis etapebis Taviseburebebis aRsawerad
mkvlevarebi iyeneben normatiul kvlevebs. longituduri kvlevebi
individebis erT garkveul jgufs xangrZlivi drois manZilze Seiswavlian;
jvaredini meTodebi sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven.
filosofosebi da fsiqologebi odiTganve kamaTobdnen ganviTarebis
cvlilebebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis fardobiT
mniSvnelovnebaze. dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
ganviTarebas ganixilavs, rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

ganviTarebis mravali tipi, romelsac am TavSi aRvwerT, dasadgenad da

gansasazRvrad garkveul specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven
SeiZleba verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani
 675

momentebi manam, sanam aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca,

adamianis ganviTarebaze saubars im sferos ganxilviT daviwyebT, sadac
cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze TvalsaCinoa: esaa fizikuri ganviTareba.
ueWvelia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi ganicadeT mas
Semdeg, rac am qveyanas moevlineT. es cvlilebebi Tqveni cxovrebis
bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven
mxolod im cvlilebebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, romlebic fsiqologiur
ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.

• buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture controversy) _ kamaTi

qcevisa da ganviTarebis gansazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da
SeZenili gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvnelovnebis Sesaxeb.
• fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _ Casaxvidan mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da
zrda.

ganviTareba Canasaxis periodsa da adreul bavSvobaSi

 676

Tqven cxovrebas iwyebT unikaluri genetikuri potencialiT: Casaxvis

momentSi mamakacis spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercxujredi
da warmoiqmna erTi ujredi _ zigota; Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela
normaluri adamianis sxeulis ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli 46 qromosomis
erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _ meore naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad
ganvixilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan
periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momentamde. agreTve,
aRvwerT zogierT sensorul SesaZleblobas, romelsac bavSvi ker kidev
dabadebamde flobs. dasasrul, visaubrebT bavSvobis asakis
mniSvnelovan fizikur cvlilebebze.

(originalSi gv. 322) suraTze: ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis tvini

wuTSi axal 250 000 neirons warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis tvini
ganviTarebuli bavSvis dabadebisas?

fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi nebismieri bavSvis yvelaze adreuli

funqcionirebis formaa guliscema. guliscema iwyeba Canasaxovan
periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni aris 3 kviris da 20 mm sigrZis.
 677

reaqcia stimulaciaze SeiniSneba 6 kviris asakSi, roca embrioni jer ar aris

2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi SeimCneva 8 kviris
asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey, 1970).
8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions ewodeba nayofi (fetusi).
Casaxvidan daaxloebiT 16 kviris Semdeg deda grZnobs nayofis
moZraobebs. am droisaTvis nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa
(dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia). vinaidan Tavis tvini muclad
yofnis dros izrdeba, is wuTSi 250 000 axal neirons
gamoimuSavebs/warmoqmnis. dabadebis momentisaTvis maTi ricxvi
100 miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi da sxva mraval
ZuZumwovarSi ujredebis es gavrceleba da neironebis migracia
Sesabamisi adgilebisken swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba, maSin,
roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis gantotebis ganviTarebis procesebi,
ZiriTadad, dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba. (Kolb, 1989). suraTi 11.1
gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrobas 25 dRidan 9
Tvemde.
sur. 11.1. adamianis tvinis ganviTareba
 678

cxra Tvis manZilze, romelic dabadebas uswrebs win, tvinSi srulad

grovdeba 100 miliard neironze meti.
orsulobis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa
araswori kveba, infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba, SeiZleba
mohyves bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis normaluri
ganviTarebis darRveva. magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an oTxi
kviris Semdeg deda inficirdeba wiTuriT, 50%-ia imis albaToba, rom
bavSvze es iseTi uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT aisaxeba, rogoricaa
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazianeba, gulis defeqtebi an
siyrue. Tu inficireba sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli efeqtis
albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore Tveze, 8% _
mesameze) (Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi, romlebic senzitiur periodSi
anu rodesac nayofi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia, garkveul nivTierebebs
moixmaren, magaliTad, alkohols, TavianT jer ar dabadebul Svilebs tvinis
da sxva organoebis Tu sxeulis nawilebis dazianebis risks winaSe
ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson, 1999; Jacobson, 1993; Roebuck, 1999).
magaliTad, saxis anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad orsulobis
 679

pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis mier alkoholis moxmarebis Sedegia.

(Coles, 1994). garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis qveS
ayeneben TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT orsulobis meore naxevarSi.
orsulobis dros moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobiarobis da
bavSvis nakluli woniT dabadebis risks. faqtobrivad, im qalebs, romlebic
orsulobis dros iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon Tambaqos kvamli, aseve,
SeiZleba hyavdeT nakluli woniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al.,
1998).
orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqtikulad nebismier dros
SeiZleba miayenos ziani nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini placentaSi aRwevs
da Canasaxis ganviTarebis Seferxeba SeuZlia. mozrdilebSi kokaini
sisxlZarRvebis Seviwrovebas iwvevs. orsul qalebSi kokaini aferxebs
placentaSi sisxlis moZraobas da nayofis JangbadiT momaragebas.
Jangbadis seriozuli SimSilis Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec nayofis
Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma prenatalurma insultebma SeiZleba
samudamo fsiqikuri arasrlfasovneba gamoiwvios (Chasnoff, 1998;
Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini yvelaze metad Tavis tvinis
 680

im sistemebs azianebs, romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:

bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis zemoqmedeba
ganicades, SeiZleba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uSedegod
ewinaaRmdegebodnen maTTvis uintereso mxedvelobiT da smeniT da
gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas. am magaliTebiT gvsurda,
gveCvenebina, rom sxeulsa da tvins bavSvis
dabadebamdec ki ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.

• zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis

mier kvercxujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.

bavSvebi momarTulni arian gadarCenisaTvis ra SesaZleblobebia

Cadebuli sxeulsa da tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT azrs, rom
axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria. biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli jon
uotsoni aRwerda Cvils, rogorc „sicocxlisunarian, mofarTxale xorcis
naWers, romelsac ramdenime martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia“.
Tu es marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom dabadebidan
ramdenime wamSi axalSobili avlens grZnobis organoebiT informaciis
 681

miRebis da masze reagirebis gasaocar unars. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

bavSvebi „momarTulebi arian
gadarCenisaTvis“ da kargad arian adaptirebulni, raTa reagireba
moaxdinon maTze mzrunvel mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof
adamianebze.
magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT bgerebis gagoneba,
Sesabamisad, isini mzad arian dabadebis Semdeg garkveul bgerebze
reagirebisTvis. axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze metad, dedis xmis
mosmena urCevniaT, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom muclad yofnisas isini dedis
xmis cnobas swavloben (Decasper & Fifer, 1980). mkvlevrebma isic
daasabuTes, rom axalSobilebi, kerZod, TavianTi dedebis imgvarad
Secvlil xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs saSvilosnoSi anu dedis
sxeulis qsovilebis gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu zogierTi sixSiris bgerebi
ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper, 1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996). ase rom,
axalSobilebi cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Canasaxovan
gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi
gamocdileba aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yuradRebas mamis
 682

xmas (Decasper & Prescott, 1984). oTxi Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi
mamis xmas ver arCeven ucxo mamakacis xmisagan (Ward & Cooper,
1999).
Cvilebi TiTqmis dabadebisTanave iwyeben mxedvelobiT sistemebsac
gamoyenebasac: dabadebidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria
aqvs Tvalebi, Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT da cnobismoyvareobiT
eZebs am xmis wyaros. miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa
ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. mozrdilTa mxedvelobis
simaxvile daaxloebiT 40-jer ukeTesia, vidre axalSobilebisa (Sireteanu,
1999). mxedvelobis simaxvile swrafad umjobesdeba bavSvis sicocxlis
pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. axalSobilebi, agreTve, cudad aRiqvamen
samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod 4 Tvis asakSi SeuZliaT maT orive
TvaliT miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa da manZilis aRqma.
kargi mxedveloba _ kontrastis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da ferebis
garCeva _ moiTxovs Tvalis receptoruli velis centrSi uamravi
fotoreceptoruli ujredis funqcionirebas da Tvalis optikis saTanadod
ganviTarebas (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani
 683

mosamwifebelia Cvilis mxedvelobis sistemaSi. kargi mxedvelobisaTvis,

aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis tvinis vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons
Soris urTierTqmedeba Seesabamebodes vizualur gamocdilebas (Maurer,
1999). dabadebisas neironebs Soris arasakmarisi urTierTqmedebaa.
bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT garkveuli
gamRizianeblebis erTmaneTisagan garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi
pirvelTagani _ robert fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda rom 4 Tvis
bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze metad konturiani obieqtebis yureba
erCivnaT, martiv obieqtebze metad _ rTulis da arasworad ganlagebuli
nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _ mTliani, Cveulebrivi saxeebis. ufro
gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi dabadebidanve adamianis
saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas, vidre vizualurad msgavs
gamosaxulebebs (Valenza et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, 4 dRis asakSi
axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.

saidan viciT
 684

axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi

oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani masaliT
damzadebul specialur savarZelSi, romelic usafrTxod
iWerda bavSvs da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT trialis
saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win moTavsebuli iyo
nacrisferi ekrani, romelzec amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli.
eqsperimentis dros erT sakrmelSi dedis saxe Canda,
meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis (ucnobi qali ise
iyo SerCeuli, rom bundovnad hgavdnen dedas). dedasa da ucnob qals
eZleodaT instruqcia, rom SeenarCunebinaT saxis neitraluri
gamometyveleba da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT. aRmoCnda, rom cdis
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs,
vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).

es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi Zalze adreul asakSive floben

mniSvnelovan informacias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis
nakvTebi. axla xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs „gadarCenisaTvis
momarTulebi“.
rogorc ki bavSvebi daiwyeben garemoSi moZraobas, isini swrafad
iZenen sxva perceptul unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor
 685

Gibson) da riCard uolqis (Richard Walk) klasikurma kvlevam (1960)

aCvena, Tu rogor reagirebdnen bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciaze.
kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba, romelsac vizualuri ufskruls
uwodeben. es iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi moTavsebuli gauWvirvale
sibrtye. didi da mcire siRrmeebis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda kubokruli
qsovili, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2. Tavdapirvel eqsperimentSi
gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe mixoxaven SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis
mimarTulebiT, magram uars amboben didi siRrmisken wasvlaze.
Semodgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom siRrmis SiSi momdinareobda
xoxvis gamocdilebidan: bavSvebs, romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT
xoxva, eSinodaT siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, romlebic jer ar xoxavda
_ ar eSinodaT. (Campos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris sruliad
Tandayolili, aramed viTardeba maSin, rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs
garemos Seswavlas.
sur. 11.2: vizualuri ufskruli
 686

rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamocdilebas iRebs, igi

avlens „vizualuri ufskrulis“ Rrma mxaris SiSs.
sur. 11.3: sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli
Zalze sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swrafad izrdeba
neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre
zogadi fizikuri zrda. amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba
mozardobis periodamde.
sur. 11.4: moZraobis unari ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba
siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is
TavisiT viTardeba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela
fizikurad normalurad ganviTarebuli wevrisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. im
kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi
siaruls ufro adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).
zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSiD axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad
icvlebian, Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, fizikuri zrdis tempi
erTnairi ar aris yvela fizikuri struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,
SegimCneviaT, rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan. dabadebisas
bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo sakuTari
 687

sxeulis sigrZis meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs

TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo erT weliwadSi _
sammagdeba. ori wlis asakSi bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros
miRweuli) sigrZis naxevars udris. mozardobamde genitaliebi mcireoden
cvlilebas ganicdian da Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis
proporciebamde.
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis
momwifeba. momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeobebis
warmomadgenelTa tipiuri zrdis procesi. momwifebis Cveuli
Tanmimdevroba, romelsac axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayolili
biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT.
magaliTad, rogorc 11.4 suraTzea mocemuli, gadaadgilebis unaris
ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri varjiSis gareSe swavlobs siaruls. es
Tanmimdevroba saerToa bavSvebis umravlesobisTvis, umciresobam ki
SeiZleba gamotovos romelime safexuri an sakuTari originaluri
TanmimdevrobiT ganviTardes. miuxedavad amisa, im kulturebSi, sadac
naklebi fizikuri stimulacia aqvT, bavSvebi siaruls SedarebiT gvian
 688

iwyeben. magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWidrod Sekrul

zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis swavlas,
Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan, igi lokomociis
ganviTarebis zustad igive safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali
aqvs. • momwifeba (maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi
memkvidreobis uwyveti
gavlena; saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.

fizikuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli

konkretuli maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis mozRvaveba13 gogonebSi
daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da biWebSi daaxloebiT 12 wlis asakisTvis
zrdis hormonebi iwyebs sisxlSi gadasvlas. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
mozardi SeiZleba weliwadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad
moimatos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar aRwevs mozrdilis
proporciebs. Tavdapirvelad zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi da
 689

xelis mtevnebi, Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da fexebi, xolo torsi viTardeba

yvelaze nela. amgvarad, individis sxeulis forma mozardobis
ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme icvleba.
• pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis miRweva. misi
maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris menarqe s(pirveli menstruacia), xolo
biWebTan _ cocxali spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari.
• menarqe (menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
• sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis garegnobis subieqturi
aRqma.
energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami wlis Semdeg dgeba
pubertati anu sqesobrivi simwife. (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs
„TmebiT dafaruls“ da miuTiTebs fexebsa da xelebze, iRliebsa da
genitalur areebSi Tmis safaris ganviTarebaze). biWebisTvis sqesobrivi
momwifeba iwyeba cocxali spermis warmoebiT maSin, roca
gogonebisaTvis is iwyeba menarqeTi anu menstruaciis dawyebiT. aSS-Si
menarqes saSualo asakia 12-13 weli, Tumca, misi dawyeba normis
farglebSi mosalodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi cocxali
 690

spermis warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod, 12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca,

aqac SesaZlebelia droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad Tan sdevs
sakuTari seqsualuri SegrZnebebis gacnobiereba. seqsualuri motivaciis
warmoqmnas me-12-e TavSi ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri cvlilebebi gavlenas
axdens mozardis fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es cvlilebebi
xSirad ubiZgebs mas, rom didi yuradReba dauTmos sakuTar garegnobas.
uzarmazari fizikuri cvlilebebi da gaZlierebuli aqcenti Tanatolebis
mxridan aRiarebaze aZlierebs individis mier sakuTari sxeulis xatiT
dainteresebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas. aTi sxvadasxva
qveynis mozardebze Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo
aSS, bangaladeSi, TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo, rom gogonebis 38% da
biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al.,
1988). moWabebulma wuxilma sakuTar garegnobasa da socialuri me-s
sxva aspetebze, zogierTi mozardi gogona
SeiZleba TviTgvemamde miiyvanos (Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999).
fizikur srulyofilebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesabamisi
 691

formebis misaRwevis mcdelobiT mozardma gogonebma SeiZleba

seriozuli kvebiTi aSliloba ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac
SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia, romelic sakvebis usazRvro
raodenobiT STanTqmasa da Semdeg kuWis-nawlavis iZulebiTi
gawmendas ukavSirdeba (me-12-e TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT
kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa gamwvavebis periodi
adreul mozardobaSi mTavrdeba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian
TavianT garegnobas. mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg Tqveni
sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs cxovrebis im xanas, rodesac biologiuri
cvlilebebi SedarebiT naklebad xdeba. Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad
imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva saSualebebiT _ dietiTa da
varjiSiT. cvlilebebis Semdeg nakadi, romelic asakis momatebis Sedegia,
mowifulobasa da xnovanobaze (anu zrdasrulobis Sua da bolo periodze)
modis.

fizikuri cvlilebebi mozrdilobaSi asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli

yvelaze SesamCnevi zogierTi cvlileba fizikur garegnobasa da
SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis momatebasTan erTad kanze naoWebi
 692

Cndeba, Tma Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT iklebs.

aseve, mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi
moulodnelad ar Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT,
axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam asakTan dakavSirebul zogad
cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT, ufro zogadi xasiaTis mosazrebas gamovTqvamT:
mravali fizikuri cvlileba ara asakis, aramed

13
pubescent growth spurt
umoqmedobis Sedegia; gamokvlevebi adasturebs sayovelTaod cnobil
andazas: „Tu ar gamoiyeneb, dakargav“. xanSiSesuli adamianebi,
romlebic sistematurad varjiSoben (an iwyeben varjiSs), SedarebiT nakleb
siZneleebs awydebian, romelsac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad
miiCneven. (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven zustad imave daskvnamde mivalT
mowifulobis da xnovanebis kognituri da socialuri aspeqtebis
ganxilvisas). modiT, axla ganvixiloT is TiTqmis gardauvali cvlilebebi,
romlebic xSirad zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben
zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze.
 693

mxedveloba

65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba grZnobs mxedvelobis

funqciis garkveul Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad
adamianis Tvalis broli yviTldeba da naklebad elastiuri xdeba. iTvleba,
rom brolis gayviTlebis gamo zogierT xanSiSesuls uWirs ferebis garCeva.
zogierTi moxucisTvis gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali
talRis sigrZis ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi.
brolis sixistem SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis danaxva.
aseve, is gavlenas axlens sibnelesTan adaptaciaze, rac asakovan
adamianebs RamiT xedvis problemas uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis
umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.
smena
smenis dakargva gavrcelebuli movlenaa 60 wlis da ufrosi asakis
adamianebSi. Cveulebriv, asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris
bgerebis aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv,
mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba, vidre qalebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba
didi dro dasWirdeT sxvisi laparakis gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT maRali
 694

tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria, magram asakis matebasTan

erTad adamianis xma wvrildeba xmis iogebis gaxistebis Sedegad).
smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da individisTvis SeumCnevlad
xdebodes, sanam ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac ki,
rodesac adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian, maT SeiZleba uaryon es
faqti, radgan smenis dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba.
smenis dakargvis zogierTi fsiqologiuri aspeqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis
daxmarebiT SeiZleba. agreTve, unda vicodeT, rom asakis matebasTan
erTad an moxucebTan urTierTobisas gvexmareba dabali toniT saubari,
mkafiod metyveleba da fonuri xmauris Semcireba.

reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi funqcionireba

Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife niSnavs reproduqciuli
funqcionirebis dasawyiss. Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis
SesaZlebloba klebulobs. daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis qalebis mamakacebi
naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT xasiaTdebian, Tumca, 40 wlis Semdeg
mcirdeba sicocxlisunariani spermis raodenoba, 60 wlis Semdeg ki iklebs
saTesle siTxis moculoba. ra Tqma unda, es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad,
 695

reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri cvlilebebi aucileblobiT

ar iwvevs seqsualuri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis gauaresebas. (Levine,
1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxovrebis erT-erTi jansaRi
siamovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba, radgan is aRmgnebia, xels uwyobs fizikur varjiSs, axdens
fantaziis stimulirebas da warmoadgens socialuri urTierTqmedebis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas.
Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis fizikuri ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi momentebi. axla vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena
garesamyaros Sesaxeb. Sejameba bavSvebi am qveynad sensoruli
unarebiT ibadebian, rac maT informaciis miRebisa da socialuri
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur zrdas, Cveulebriv,
motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan.
mozardobis periodSi individebi pubertatis xanas gadian. isini xSirad
zedmet yuradRebas uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis periodis
zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba ara daberebis fizikuri procesis, aramed
funqciebis gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis Sedegia. Tumca, asakis
 696

matebasTan erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas aReniSneba cvlilebebi

mxedvelobaSi, smenasa da sqesobriv funqciebSi.

kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze individis mier fizikuri da socialuri
garemos gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis gonebrivi procesebsa
da produqtebs, romlebic warmoqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
vinaidan mkvlevarebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen kognituri
SesaZleblobebis Zalze adreuli ganviTarebiT, ZiriTad yuradRebas
kognituri ganviTarebis adreul stadiebs davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im
aRmoCenasac aRvwerT, romelic mozrdilobis wlebs ukavSirdeba.
kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT Sveicarieli fsiqologis Jan
piaJes novatoruli naSromiT aRweriT.
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean Piaget; 1929, 1954,
1977) aviTarebda Teoriebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben
da wyveten amocanebs bavSvebi. piaJes interesi kognituri
ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma sakuTarma inteleqtualurad aqtiurma
 697

bavSvobam ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna pirveli statia,

14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis kuratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes
(Brainerd, 1996). adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kompleqsuri
Teoriebis SesamuSaveblad piaJe sakuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan
interviuirebasa da martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda. mas ainteresebda ara
im informaciis moculoba, romelsac flobdnen bavSvebi, aramed is, Tu
rogor azrovnebdnen isini da rogor icvleboda fizikuri realobis Sinagani
reprezentaciebi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi
gonebriv struqturebs, romelTa saSualebiTac adamiani axdens samyaros
interpretirebas, piaJem sqemebi uwoda. sqemebi asakobrivi cvlilebebis
elementebi _ „samSeneblo agurebia“. Cvilis pirvelad sqemebs piaJem
sensomotoruli inteleqti uwoda. es aris azrovnebis struqturebi da
programebi, romelic iseT sensomotorul Tanmimdevrobas warmarTavs,
rogoricaa wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praqtikasTan erTad,
elemetaruli sqemebi erTiandeba, integrirdeba da nawildeba qcevis
TandaTanobiT garTulebad mravalferovan paternebSi. aseTi paternis
 698

magaliTia, rodesac sasurveli sagnis xelSi asaRebad bavSvi xels kravs

arasasurvel sagans, romelic efarebas mas. piaJes mixedviT, kognituri
zrdisTvis aucilebelia ori bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba safuZvlad –
asimilacia da akomodacia. asimilaciiT xdeba garemodan momdinare
axali informaciis modificireba, raTa es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi
movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan; Semosuli sensoruli informaciis
struqturizaciisTvis bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs. akomodaciis
SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, axali informaciis ufro srulad asaxsnelad
gadastruqturdeba an modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi.

• kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _ Semecnebis procesis

ganviTareba, romelic moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da
amocanis gadawyvetas.
• sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struqturebis
aRsaRniSnad, romelic viTardeba bavSvis mier samyaros
interpretirebasa da garemosadmi adaptaciasTan erTad.
• asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi, romlis drosac axali
kognituri elementebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa
 699

ufro gamartivdes morgebis procesi; asimilacia xorcieldeba

akomodaciasTan erTad.
• akomodacia (accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve arsebuli kognituri
struqturebis modificirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa gaadvildes
axali informaciis morgeba ukve arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba
asimilaciasTan erTad.

warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma dedis ZuZus wovidan jer

boTlis sawovaras wovaze, Semdeg siTxis sawrupiT Sewovaze da bolos
finjnidan dalevaze gadasvla. Tavdapirveli woviTi reaqcia Tandayolili
refleqsia, magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom bavSvis tuCebi moergos
dedis kertis zomasa da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili jer
kidev iyenebs ucvleli Tanmimdevrobis mraval komponents (asimilacia),
magram man, adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda moiqcios
pirSi boTlis sawovara da ise Seiwovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis
gansxvavebuli kuTxiT daWerac unda iswavlos (akomodacia). boTlidan
sawrupze da Semdeg finjanze gadasvlis nabijebi ufro met akomodacias
saWiroebs, Tumca, kvlav eyrdnoba manamde SeZenil unarebs. piaJe
 700

kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da akomodaciis swored aseTi

monacvleobis Sedegad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, rom misi qceva da
codna naklebad iyos damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze da metad
daeyrdnos abstraqtul azrovnebas.

kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri

ganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos (ix.
cxrili 11.2). iTvleba, rom yvela bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT
gadis am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs SeiZleba meti dro dasWirdes
romelime konkretuli stadiis gasavlelad, zogs ki _ naklebi.
sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2
wlamde grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi nawili
Tandayolil sqemaTa SezRudul erTobliobas efuZneba, rogoricaa wova,
yureba, taceba da xelis kvra. pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi sensomotoruli
unarebi umjobesdeba, kombinirebuli, koordinirebuli xdeba da erTiandeba
(magaliTad, wova da taceba, yureba da manipulireba). Cvilis mier
sakuTari moqmedebis garemoze asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es
 701

unarebi TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba. cxrili 11.2. piaJes

kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi
stadia/asaki maxasiaTeblebi da ZiriTadi miRwevebi

sensomotoruli (0-2) bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire raodenobis

sensomotoruli TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba
obieqtis mudmivoba da simboluri azrovnebis
sawyisebi.
operaciamdeli (2-7) bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiTa da
centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba simboluri azrovnebis
gamoyenebis unari.
konkretuli operaciebis bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis gagebas. mas SeuZlia
(7-11) azrovneba konkretul fizikur sagnebTan
mimarTebaSi.
formaluri operaciebis bavSvs uviTardeba abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi
(11→) azrovnebis unari.

Cvilobis periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani kognituri SenaZenia iseTi

obieqtebis mentaluri reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac bavSvs
ar aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti. obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs
 702

bavSvis mier imis gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben misi

qcevisa da mis mier maTi arsebobis gacnobierebisgan damoukideblad.
sicocxlis pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi sagnebs Tvals ayoleben, magram
rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velidan qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis
gonebidanac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3 Tvis asakSi bavSvebi
im adgils isev uyureben, sadac sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde bavSvebi
iwyeben gamqrali sagnis Zebnas. 2 wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebi ukve
darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac
arseboben
(Flavell, 1985).
winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis
asakamde grZeldeba. ganviTarebis am periodSi didi kognituri winsvlaa
fizikur mocemulobas moklebuli obieqtebis gonebaSi warmodgenis
gaumjobesebuli unari. am SenaZenis gamoklebiT, winaoperaciul stadias
piaJe aRwers imis mixedviT, Tu risi gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase
magaliTad, piaJes miaCnda, rom patara bavSvebis winaoperaciuli
azrovneba xasiaTdeba egocentrizmiT anu bavSvis mier sxva adamianis
 703

Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris arqoniT. Tqven, albaT, SeginiSnavT

egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu gagonili gaqvT, rogor elaparakebian ori
wlis bavSvebi sxva bavSvebs. am asakis bavSvebi xSirad sakuTar
TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSemomyofebTan.
garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi xasiaTdebian centraciiT
– obieqtebis perceptulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis miqcevis
tendenciiT. centraciis TvalsaCino magaliTia piaJes klasikuri
eqsperimenti, sadac man aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba,
rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba WurWlis zomisa da formis cvlasTan
erTad.

• obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra imisa, rom

sagnebi arseboben individis mier amis gacnobierebisa da individis
moqmedebisgan damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZeni.

• egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciul

stadiaze: patar bavSvis mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqona.
 704

• centracia (centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis

dasawyisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic
xasiaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori perceptuli faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebis unaris arqoniT.

saidan viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias
rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs asxamen or
erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7 wlis bavSvebi adastureben, rom
Wiqebi Tanabari odenobis siTxes Seicaven. Tumca,
rodesac limonaTs erT-erTi Wiqidan viwro, maRal
WurWelSi gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gansxvavebuli
xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician, rom maRal WiqaSi
igive limonaTi asxia, Tumca, amboben, rom is axla
meti gaxda. 7 wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT
raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.
piaJe gviCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebi fokusirebuli arian percepturad
gamokveTil erT Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze. didi
bavSvebi iTvaliswineben orives _ simaRles da siganes _ da sworad
askvnian, rom rasac xedaven, ar aris realoba.
 705

• konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba imisa, rom Tu

araferi emateba an araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba
maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.

konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkretuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT

7-dan 11 wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve SeuZlia gonebrivi
operaciebis _ gonebaSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba,
romlidanac saTaves iRebs logikuri azrovneba. winaoperaciul da
konkretuli operaciebis stadiebs xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs,
radganac konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze bavSvebi axerxeben imas, rasac
ver axerxebdnen winaoperaciul stadiaze. konkretuli operaciebi bavSvs
fizikuri moqmedebis gonebriviT Canacvlebis saSualebas aZlevs.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvi xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia, xolo
mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia, bavSvs SeuZlia
daaskvnas, rom am samidan adami yvelaze maRalia _ am sami individis
fizikurad datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs jer kidev ar
SeuZlia saTanado daskvnis gakeTeba („adami yvelaze maRalia“), Tu
problema mxolod sityvierad aris aRwerili. uSualo, fizikuri dakvirvebis
 706

gareSe fardobiTi simaRlis gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis

gadawyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs, rom abstraqtuli azrovneba jer
kidev momwifebis stadiazea konkretuli operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkretuli operaciebis stadiis
kidev erT maxasiaTebels. 7 wlis bavSvebs ukve aTvisebuli aqvT is, rasac
piaJe konservacias anu Senaxvas uwodebs: maT ician, rom Tu araferi
emateba an araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac
ki, rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe. suraTze 11.5 mocemulia piaJes
cdis magaliTebi, romelic Seexeba konservacias sxvadasxva
ganzomilebebSi. erT-erTi axladSeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac
SeuZliaT bavSvebs konservaciaze amocanebis Sesrulebisas, aris
Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis mier imis gageba, rom fizikuri
moqmedebebi da gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos.
bavSvma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver Seicvleboda, radganac
Tu fizikur moqmedebas SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT
sawyis WurWelSi _ orive moculoba isev erTnairi gamoCndeba.

sur. 11.5. konservaciis testi

 707

I faza II faza III faza

raodenobis
konservacia
„aris Tu ara „axla naxe, ras „aris Tu ara erTi da igive
gavakeTeb erTi da igive
raodenoba?“ (gaSlis)“ raodenoba?“ myari masis
konservacia

„erTi da igive „axla naxe, ras „erTi da igive raodenobis

gavakeTeb raodenobis
plastelinia?“ (plastelins plastelinia?“
welavs)“

siTxis raodenobis

konservacia

„erTi da igive „axla naxe, ras „erTi da igive

 708

raodenobis gavakeTeb (asxams)“ raodenobis wyalia?“

wyalia?“
formaluri operaciebis stadia. formaluri
operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis asakidan iwyeba. kognituri
ganviTarebis am bolo stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba abstraqtuli xdeba.
mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier aRqmuli konkretuli
realoba mxolod erT-erTia variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo
warmosaxvidan da SeuZliaT WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobisa da
yofierebis siRrmiseul sakiTxebze fiqri da msjeloba. isini problemebs
sistemurad wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven formaluri operaciebis
stadias, bavSvebs, mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad
scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, maT ukve SeuZliaT
gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri azrovnebis im tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec
me-9-e TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi daZmebisgan gansxvavebiT,
mozardebs SeuZliaT abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan („Tu A, maSin B“ da
„ara B“) msjelobiT mividnen logikur daskvnamde („ara A“).
 709

adreuli kognituri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove midgomebi piaJes Teoria

kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis klasikur aTvlis wertilad rCeba (Flavell,
1996; Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999). Tumca,
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri unarebis Seswavlis ufro
moqnili meTodebi SeimuSaves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes
mravalferovanma axalma kreatulma meTodebma piaJes daskvnebi
bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.

bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli stadiis gadaxedva

piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis ganviTareba 2 wlis
bavSvis umTavresi miRwevaa. Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom 3 Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa, ufro patarebsac ki,
ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT am cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT
esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi myari sagani ver gaivlis meore myar
saganSi. es mniSvnelovani aRmoCena mkvlevar rene baiarJans (Renée
Baillargeon) ekuTvnis (1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis
erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvma gakvirveba gamoxates, rodesac Tvali
gaadevnes movlenaTa SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.
 710

saidan viciT
Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel movlenebs
Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio yuTis14 win.
pirdapir maT win moTavsebuli iyo patara ekrani. am
ekranis marcxniv mdebareobda daxrili sibrtye. Cvilebi
xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda
(ise, rom maT SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom ekranis
miRma araferi iyo) da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxril
sibrtyeze gordeboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio
yuTis gavliT, siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe,
uCinardeboda ekranis ukan, Semdeg gamoCndeboda
ekranis meore mxridan da sabolood gamodioda
sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares (ix. suraTi
11.6).
mas Semdeg, rac Cvilebi mieCvien am movlens, maT
naxes movlenaTa ganviTarebis ori testuri, sacdeli
varianti: miCvevaSi aisaxeba reaqciis Sesusteba,

14
display box –zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc “daxli”-c.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 711

rodesac stimuli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel

movlenaSi ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademonstracio
yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs, amasTan,
gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdebareoba. SesaZlebel
movlenaSi kubi moTavsebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis
ukana kedlisken, im bilikis miRma, sadac vagons unda
gaevlo; amitom vagons Tavisuflad SeeZlo
sademonstracio yuTis gavliT gagoreba. SeuZlebel
movlenaSi kubi

moTavsebuli iyo bilikis Sua nawilze ise, rom momaval vagons gzas
gadauRobavda. miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas Cvilebi
xedavdnen, rom vagoni daubrkoleblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs. isini
„SeuZlebel“ movlenas SedarebiT didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom is akvirvebda maT _ arRvevda maTTvis ukve Cveul
warmodgenas movlenis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).

Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT imis dasturad, rom maT

srulad aiTvises obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod
 712

icodnen, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi, imis codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es

raRac (Lourenço & Machado, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJonis
kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara bavSvebic ki floben fizikuri
samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan codnas.
sur. 11.6 SeCvevisa da testuri movlenebis sqematuri reprezentacia
SeCvevis fazaze mcirdeba Cvilis interesi movlenis mimarT. sacdel
SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda SeuZlebeli movleniT.

bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli stadiis gadaxedva

gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvis
azrovnebas egocentrizmi axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes,
rom bavSvebi SeiZleba saTanadod mgrZnobiareni iyvnen sxvebis
mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da
ra ician sxvebma.

saidan viciT
 713

patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis Sesaxeb

4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 6 Tvis
bavSvis (anas), 4 wlis bavSvisa (maris) da mozrdilis
(siuzenis) codna. TiToeuli individis Sesaxeb bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen: „icis Tu ara man, rogor gamoiyureba
cxoveli, romelsac spilos eZaxian?“ da „icis Tu ara
man, rogor gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac lemurs
eZaxian?“ bavSvebs axerxebdnen, eTqvaT, vis ra
ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda spilos Sesaxeb,
magram bavSvs ecodineboda; arc Cvils da arc bavSvs
ar ecodinebodaT lemuris Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives
Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT, bavSvebi
ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari codnis safuZvelze
(magaliTad,
is, rom maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _ lemuris Sesaxeb). isini
aucileblobiT ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al., 1991).

bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZliaT msmenelis tipis

mixedviT. 2 wlis bavSvTan saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi
ufro mokle da martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre TanatolTan an
mozrdilTan. (Shatz & Gelman, 1973). aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav
migviTiTebs, rom egocentrizms Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs.
 714

bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris

agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis azrovnebaSi umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi
xdeba. mogvianebiT mkvlevrebma ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom
cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad,
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad
aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi,
romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman, 1992; Wellman
& Inagaki, 1997). magaliTad, isini sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri
mdgomareobebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb agroveben gonebis TeoriaSi anu
gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi. ase ukeT SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa
azrovnebis procesebis gageba.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles zogadmecnieruli warmodgenebis
ganviTareba, magaliTad, rogor gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi
erTi saxeobidan meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen,
dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan romels eZina an hqonda Zvlebi, isini
msjelobas yvelaze xSirad adamianTan cxovelis msgavsebaze
 715

afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis bavSvebis umravlesobam

es Tvisebebi („Zili“ da „Zvlebis qona“) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna, vidre
Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
bavSvebma adamianTan msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon
TeoriiT, romelic cxovelTa samyaroSi ufro gamokveTilis struqturis
arsebobas aRiarebs: magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri
gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da uxerxemloTa Soris, raTa gansazRvron, ra
tipis cxovelebs aqvT Zvlebi. aseve, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom is,
rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer
zustad ar ician, ra aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman, 1991). amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma zustad ar ician, ra aris
ZaRlSi, isini sruliad darwmuneblni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets ZaRlad
yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul
sferoSi dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian zogad Teorias
da Semdeg maTi warmatebuli daxvewisaTvis iyeneben axali
gamocdilebis farTo diapazons.
 716

socialuri da kulturuli gavlena kognitur ganviTarebaze piaJes TeoriaSi

kognituri ganviTareba, ZiriTadad, bavSvis Sinagani momwifebis
produqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs bavSvis kognituri
unarebis ganviTarebaze. Tumca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma daiwyes
kongitur ganviTarebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebebis rolis Seswavla. am
kvlevaTa umravlesoba saTaves iRebs rusi fsiqologis lev vigotskis (Lev
Vigotsky) Teoriebidan. vigotski Tvlida, rom bavSvebi internalizaciis
procesiT viTardebian: isini codnas isrutaven socialuri garemodan,
romelic seriozurad aisaxeba maTi kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze.
socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad vigotskim SemogvTavaza,
dadastureba hpova ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebSi. vinaidan piaJes
Teoriam asakobrivi ganviTarebis sakiTxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa
yuradReba miipyro, bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier
mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul kulturebSi bavSvebis kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995).
am kvlevebma TandaTanobiT eWv qveS daayena piaJes mtkicebulebaTa
universaluroba, ramdenadac, magaliTad, mraval kulturaSi adamianebma
 717

ver aCvenes, rom kognitur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli hqondaT formaluri

operaciebis stadiisTvis. mogvianebiT piaJem Tavad gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom mis mier formalur operaciebad wodebuli specifikuri
miRwevebi, SesaZloa, bavSvis mier miRebul garkveuli tipis mecnierul
ganaTlebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre kognituri ganviTarebis
biologiurad deternimirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Lourenço &
Machado,
1996).
internalizaciis vigotskiseuli cneba gvexmareba im gavlenis axsnaSi,
romelsac kulturuli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur ganviTarebaze.
bavSvis SemecnebiTi unarebi ise viTardeba, rom mas mocemul
kulturulaSi dafasebuli funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell & Boykin,
1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad, Seqmna iseTi amocanebi,
sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari warmodgena saTanado da sasargeblo
kognitur moqmedebebze. sxva kulturebs urCevniaT, rom maTma
bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi
rom imis mixedviT SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT is
 718

rTuli kognituri unarebi, romelic Zafis dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini,

albaT, gonebrivad CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen
gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan SedarebiT (Rogoff, 1990).
kognituri ganviTarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebs araerTxel daudasturebia is
faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi, Tu rogor warmatebas
miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff &
Chavajay, 1995). aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur
ganviTarebaSi garemosa da bunebis rolis gansasazRvrad unda
gamoiyenon.

• sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational theories) _ sawyisi struqturebi,

romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas.
• internalizacia (internalization) _ vigotskis mixedviT, romlis
saSualebiT bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan codnas Sesrutvis,
aTvisebis procesi.

asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxans visaubreT, Zalze

STambeWdavia. ioli SesamCnevia, rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur
 719

SesaZleblobebs flobs, razec erTi wlis pataras warmodgenac ki ar aqvs.

axla ki gadavinacvloT SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnev cvlilebebze,
romlebic mozrdilobis periodsTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli kognituri
ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda
kongituri unarebi bavSvobidan mozardobisken, SevamCnieT, rom am
dros mimdinare cvlilebebi, Cveulebriv, „ukeTesobisken Secvlas“
niSnavda. rodesac gviani zrdasrulobis periods anu xnovanebas vaRwevT,
kulturuli stereotipebi migviTiTeben, rom „cvlileba“
„uaresisken Secvlas“ gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas da xnovanebas zogadi
gauareseba moaqvs, isini am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis
dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999). danakargebisa da SenaZenebis
urTierTmonacvelobis saCveneblad, vnaxoT, ra TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba am periodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba. inteleqti naklebad
moipoveba janmrTel xandazmulTa zogadi kognituri unarebis gauaresebis
Sesaxeb mosazrebis damadasturebeli monacemebi. mosaxloebis mxolod
daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli
 720

gauareseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri funqcionirebis

gauareseba, es, rogorc wesi, mxolod zogierT unars exeba. Tu inteleqts
davyofT komponentebad, romelic aerTianebs verbalur SesaZleblobebs
(kristalizebuli
inteleqti) da romelic aerTianebs swrafad da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs
(fluiduri inteleqti), vnaxavT, rom fluiduri inteleqti mniSvnelovnad
uaresdeba asakTan erTad (Baltes & Staudinger, 1993). es cvlileba,
didwilad, informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis zogad
Semcirebas ukavSirdeba: mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri
amocanebis Sesrulebis unari drois mokle periodSi, romelic mravali
kognituri procesis monawileobas saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs
sagrZnoblad uWirT (Salthouse, 1996).
cxrili 11.3. sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi

• mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli pirobebisa da situaciebis

Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli codna.
 721

• mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

rCevebisa da gansjis strategiebis zogadi da specifikuri codna.
• cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli situaciebis da droSi
(ganviTarebaSi) ganfenili urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna.
• ganusazRvreloba. cxovrebis SedarebiTi ganusazRvrelobisa da
araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gamklavebis gzebis codna.

magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli funqcionirebis

gauaresebisken. magaliTad, dResdReobiT fsiqologebi asakTan erTad
SeZenili sibrZnis _ cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi gamocdilebis _
Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturobas cxovrebis fundamentur
sferoebSi (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000). cxrilSi 11.3 mocemulia codnis
zogierTi tipi, romelic gansazRvravs sibrZnes (Smith & Baltes,

1990). SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom codnis TiToeuli es forma xangrZlivi da

Sinaarsiani cxovrebis manZilze grovdeba. garda amisa, sibereSi
adamianebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
 722

inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom

xandazmulebi, romlebic garemosgan Zlieri stimulaciisken iswrafvian,
metad arian midrekilni kognituri unarebis maRali donis
SenarCunebisken.

saidan viciT
rodesac profesorebi berdebian
kaliforniis berklis universitetis 60-dan 71 wlamde 22
asakovani profesorisagan Semdgari jgufi inteleqtualuri
funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT Sedarda axalgazrda
kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde) jgufs da maTive asakis
xandazmulTa sakontrolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules
mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, romlebic kognituri
funqcionirebis sxvadasxva aspeqts Seexeboda. zogierT
testSi (magaliTad, asociaciuri wyvilebis daswavlis
testSi) xandazmulma profesorebma asakTan
dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipiuri paterni aCvenes.
Tumca, sxva testebi maT iseve Seasrules, rogorc
maTma axalgazrda kolegebma. magaliTad, maT
erTnairad SeZles audio CanaweriT miwodebuli
moTxrobebis mosmena da maTi Sinaarsis aRdgena.
asakovani individebis sakontrolo jgufma am amocanis
Sesrulebisas asakTan dakavSirebuli „tipiuri“
 723

gauareseba gamoavlina. rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT

asakovan profsorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri
unarebis arseboba? mkvlevarebis azriT, profesorebis
saqmianoba, romelic maTgan intensiur gonebriv
aqtivobas moiTxovs, SesaZloa, icavdes maT
siberisTvis tipiuri zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura
et al., 1995).

kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar mogandomaT? sxva

kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.
mniSvnelovani daskvna isaa, rom aucilebelia goneba vamuSaoT da
vavarjiSoT. uorner Saim (Warner Schaie) da misma kolegebma aCvenes,
rom gavarjiSebis programebis saSualebiT xandazmul adamianebs
zogierTi kognituri unaris gauaresebis Tavidan acilebac ki SeuZliaT
(Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis, 1986). rogorc Cans, ukmarisoba
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebisa, romelic ar aris dakavSirebuli
 724

informaciis gadamuSavebis siswrafesTan, SesaZloa, ginpirobeuli iyos

umoqmedobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999). kidev erTxel
mivediT daskvnamde: „gamoiyene an dakarge (an ivarjiSe mis ukan
dasabruneblad)“ saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani
adamianisaTvis.
rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad xandazmuli adamianebi
asakis matebis Tanmxleb gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba
SeiZleba moiazrebdes SenaZenebidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebasa
da xandazmulobis Tanmxlebi gardauvali danakargebis zemoqmedebis
SeZlebisdagvarad Semcirebas. warmatebuli daberebis es strategia,
romelic fsiqologebma pol baltesma (Paul Baltes) da margaret baltesma
(Margaret Baltes) SemogvTavazes, cnobilia saxelwodebiT seleqciuri
optimizacia kompensaciiT (Baltes et al., 1992; Freund & Baltes, 1998).
seleqciuri niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli miznebis
raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia gulisxmobs adamianebis mier
sakuTari unarebis gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul
sferoebSi. kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa mxridan danakargTan
 725

gamklavebis alternatuli gzebis gamoyenebas: magaliTad, iseTi garemos

SerCeva, sadac xandazmulebs gulisxmierad eqcevian. ganvixiloT
Semdegi magaliTi:
rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu
rogor moaxerxa man, rom aseT xandazmul asakSic warmatebuli pianisti
yofiliyo, man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi nakleb
nawarmoebebs asrulebda, (2) TiToeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda
da (3) dakvrisas igi swrafi monakveTebis win met ritardandos (tempis
Senelebas) akeTebda, raTa nawarmoebis swrafi monakveTi imaze
swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels, vidre is realurad iyo. swored es aris
seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), optimizaciis (meti praqtika) da
kompensaciis (tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) magaliTebi.
(Baltes, 1993, p. 590) mexsiereba xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian
mexsierebas _ veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT kargad mexsierebis
testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli adamianebi marTlac uares Sedegebs
aCveneben, vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994; Hultsch et
al., 1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mexsierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad
 726

ganaTlebuli da sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone

adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski et al., 1993). dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar
aqveiTebs zogadi codnisa da didi xnis win momxdari cxovrebiseuli
movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gaxsenebis unars. saxelebisa da saxeebis
cnobis kvlevaSi Sua xnis mozrdilebma SeZles Tanaklaselebis 90%-is
cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis damTavrebidan 35 wlis Semdeg maSin,
roca skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan individebs jer
kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis 70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra &
Arenberg,
1993).
mkvlevrebs jerjerobiT ar SeuZliaT im meqanizmebis amomwuravad da
saTanadod aRwera, romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis
mexsierebis daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa erTi nawili aqcents
akeTebs axalgazrdebisa da xandazmulebis mier informaciis organizebisa
da gadamuSavebis gzebis gansxvavebulobebze. meore nawili ki
miuTiTebs xandazmulTa Semcirebul unarze, yuradReba miaqcion
informacias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi mimdinare im
 727

neirobiologiur cvlilebebs swavlobs, romelic mexsierebaSi fizikur kvals

tovebs. mkvlevarebi imasac fiqroben, rom xandazmulTa mexsierebis
muSaobas Tavad maTi rwmena _ mexsierebis aucileblobiT gauaresebis
Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy & Langer, 1994).
mkvlevarebi agrZeleben TiToeuli dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis
Sefasebas. mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma calsaxad biologiuri
warmoSobisaa. asakovani adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris daavadebiT
arian daavadebulni, TandaTanobiT kargaven mexsierebas da
xasiaTdebian pirovnebis degradaciiT. es daavadeba aReniSneba 65 wels
gadacilebul amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s, romelTagan daaxloebiT
naxevari 85 welze metisaa. maT Sorisaa, rogorc cnobili gaxda 1994 wlis
noemberSi, amerikis yofili prezidenti ronald reigani (Evans et al., 1989).
alcheimeris daavadeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqoda uwyinrad iwyeba _
adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino simptomi SeiZleba mexsierebis
gauareseba iyos, Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis
ganuxreli degradacia. daavadebis msxverpls SeiZleba aReniSnebodes
gradualuri pirovnuli cvlilebebi, rogoricaa apaTia, spontanurobis dakargva
 728

da garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis survilis arqona. Semdgom stadiebze

alcheimeris daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad Caiketnon
sakuTar TavSi da uyuradReboni gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari
meuRlisa da Svilebis saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom mexsierebis
aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT safuZvliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis
xandazmulobisTvis Cveuli gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan ufro konkrterul sakiTxebze
gadavinacvloT da vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
• sibrZne (wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan momdinare
kompetenturoba cxovrebis fundamentur sferoebSi.
• seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selective optimization with
compensation) _ warmatebuli daberebis strategia, romlis saSualebiTac
adamiani maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan
dakavSirebul danakargs.
• alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimer’s disease) _ Tavis tvinis qronikuli
organuli sindromi, romelic xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi
 729

daqveiTebiT inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT da pirovnebis

gasadavebiT.

Sejameba
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan miRebuli informaciis
asimilaciisa da akomodaciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben,
romelTac man sqemebi uwoda. piaJem kognituri ganviTarebis oTxi
stadia gamoyo: sensomotoruli stadia, rodesac bavSvebi aRweven
obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli stadia, rodesac bavSvebis
azrovnebas egocentrizmi da centracia axasiaTebs; konkretuli operaciebis
stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT konkretuli gonebrivi operaciebis
danaxsovreba da Sesruleba; formaluri operaciebis stadia, rodesac
bavSvebs SeuZliaT abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba.
Tamanedrove mkvlevrebma daxvewes piaJes Teoriis elementebi.
magaliTad, obieqtTa mudmivobis garkveul aspeqtebs bavSvebi sicocxlis
pirvelive Tveebidanve aRweven; winaoperaciul stadiaze myofi bavSvebi
aucileblobiT ar arian egocentrulebi. mkvlevarebi, aseve, varaudoben, rom
cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad,
 730

erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad

aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi,
romliTac isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas. da bolos, aucilebelia piaJes Teoriis ganxilva
kulturul konteqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri unarebi, romlebic
sruliad gansxvavdeba im unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove kognituri
ganviTarebis mkvlevarebi Seiswavlian.
kognituri unarebis gauareseba mozrdilebSi, ZiriTadad, kognituri
procesebis zogadi SenelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma
adamianebma SeiZleba am movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa da
gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines.
amasTan, kognituri funqcionirebis maRali donis SenarCuneba maT
gonebrivi aqtiurobiTac SeuZliaT. asakovan adamianTa umravlesoba
ganicdis mexsierebis gauaresebas, Tumca, aseTi danakargi umniSvneloa
iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris daavadebas axlavs.

enis aTviseba
 731

aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom 6 wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT

metyvelebis danawevreba mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT
erTeulebad; bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _ azrian winadadebebad
gaerTianebis wesebis gamoyeneba, romlebic TviTonve aRmoaCines da
aqtiuri monawileobis miReba Tanmimdevrul saubarSi. bavSvebis
SesaniSnavma enobrivma miRwevebma ubiZga mkvlevarTa
umravlesobas, rom daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis unars
biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994). Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu
sad daibada bavSvi, mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi arsebuli
4000 sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri. amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni
arian orive _ sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es niSnavs, rom
enis swavlisken Tandayolili midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave,
moqnili unda iyos
(meier, 1991).
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi aseTi gawafulebi enis
aTvisebaSi, Cven aRvwerT faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis
aTvisebis unaris Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb. amasTan, garemos rolzec
 732

visaubrebT _ bavSvebi xom im konkretul, mkacrad gansazRvrul enas

swavloben, romelic maT irgvliv garemoSi gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4
warmodgenas gviqmnis sxvadasxva saxis codnaze, romelic bavSvebma
unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis swavlisas. Tqven SegiZliaT
gadaxedoT me-9-e Tavis qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (gv. ?????)
da gaixsenoT, rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs saubris dros.

• fonemebi (phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTeuli nebismier

enaSi, romelic azrobriv gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli
metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa inglisurSi da qarTulSi,
Tumca, erTi fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.

cxrili 11.4. enis struqtura

gramatika cdilobs, aRweros enis struqturirebisa da gamoyenebis

gzebi. is moicavs ramdenime komponents:

fonologia Seiswavlis sityvebad gaerTianebul bgerebs an bgerebs,

romlebic sityvebad aris gaerTianebuli.
 733

fonema aris metyvelebis umciresi erTeuli, romelic erTmaneTisgan

ganasxvavebs or gamonaTqvams. magaliTad, b da kP
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs bars da kars. 15 fonetika aris
metyvelebis bgerebis Seswavla da klasifikacia.

sintaqsi aris wesebis erToblioba, romliTac sityvebi erTiandeba

winadadebad. magaliTad, subieqti (me) + zmna (miyvars) + obieqti
(vaSli) inglisur sityvaTa standartuli Tanmimdevrobaa.

morfema aris gramatikis minimaluri ganmasxvavebeli erTeuli,

romlis gankalkeveba SeuZlebelia azris dakargvis gareSe. sityvas
bins (kalaTebi) aqvs ori morfema: bin (kalaTi) da s (-ebi), romelic
mravlobiT ricxvze miTiTebs.

semantika Seiswavlis sityvaTa mniSvnelobebs da maT cvlilebas droTa

ganmavlobaSi.
leqsikuri mniSvneloba sityvis leqsikonuri mniSvnelobaa. sityvis
mniSvneloba zogjer winadadebis konteqstis („sauzme vWame“ da

15
originaluri varianti: bin – pin.
 734

„sircxvili vWame“) an warmoTqmis intonaciis (SeecadeT

yuradReba

gaamaxviloT sxvadasxva sityvebze: „TeTri saxlis kata“) mixedviT

icvleba.
pragmatika aris dialogSi monawileobis wesebi; komunikaciis,
winadadebebis Tanmimdevrobis da sxvebis sityvebze saTanadod
reagirebis socialurad miRebuli normebi.

sityvebisa da metyvelebis aRqma warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT

da saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT. rogor daiwyebT imis
gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi maTgani relevanturia sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobisTvis? bavSvis pirveli nabiji konkretuli enis aTvisebisas aris
bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis SemCneva, romlebic azrianad
gamoiyeneba am enaSi. (niSnebis enebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma unda
SeamCnios gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli
 735

sametyvelo ena Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebebisagan,

romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia adamianis vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar
iyenebs yvela im salaparako-bgeriT kontrasts, romelic SeiZleba
wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone minimalur erTeuls fonemas
uwodeben. inglisur enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli fonemaa.
warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right (ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu
inglisuri TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT gansxvavebis
gagoneba _ inglisur enaSi /r/ da /l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu
Tqven mxolod iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT gansxvavebas am or
sityvas Soris, radgan /r/ da /l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur
enaSi. ismis kiTxva: inglisurad molaparakeni iZenen am gansxvavebis
gagebis unars Tu iaponurad molaparakeni kargaven mas?
aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebma iseTi meTodebi
SemuSaveba dasWirdaT, romliTac SeZlebeli iqneboda enobrivi
informaciis miReba bavSvebisgan, romelbic jer ar laparakoben.

saidan viciT
 736

SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma dabadebisTanave?

me-7-e TavSi aRwerili operantuli ganpirobebulobis
principebis gamoyenebiT, mkvlevarebi aswavlian
Cvilebs xmis wyarosken Tavis Sebrunebas,
rodesac isini SeamCneven metyvelebis erTi bgeris Secvlas meori bgeriT.
waxaliseba (jildo), romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, aris ganaTebul
yuTSi moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxoveli, romelic taSs ukravs da
dolze abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvlilebis SemCnevisTanave
bavSvebma aucileblad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavSvebis mier
gansxvavebis aRqmis unaris gasazomad, mkvlevarebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu
ra sixSiriT abrunebdnen isini Tavs cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker, 1991; werker & lalond, 1988)
am meTodiT ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tandayolil
safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/ sakiTxis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT
ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda bgeriT gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba
hindiSi, magram ara inglisurSi _ gansxvavebebs, romlebic arTuleben
hindis aTvisebas inglisurad molaparake zrdasrulebisTvis. uerkerma da
misma kolegebma gazomes Cvilebis, romlebic swalobdnen inglisurisa da
 737

hindis, da, aseve, inglisurad da hindize molaparake zrdasrulebis mier

hindis fonemebis gansxvavebis unari. maT aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili
8 Tvis asakamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel enas swavloba,
amCnevda am gansxvavebebs. Tumca, 8 Tveze ufrosi asakis Cvilebis da
mozrdilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT hindis bgeriTi
kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am
enaze.

aseTi kvleva dabejiTebiT gvafiqrebinebs, rom cxovrebas salaparako

enebisTvis mniSvnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili
unariT viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT im zogierTi kontrastis
aRqmis unars, romelic ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT
(werker & tees, 1999).
metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpirobebuli dasawyisis
paralelurad, bevr bavSvs garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis
naklebad moiTxovs misgan gamarTul metyvelebas. mraval kulturaSi
mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas enis gansakuTrebul,
mozrdilTa metyvelebisgan gansxvavebul formas iyeneben. es aris
 738

xazgasmiT gamokveTilad da maRali intonaciiT metyveleba, romelic

formalurad cnobilia, rogorc bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-
directed speech) an, naklebad oficialuri saxelwodebiT _ dedebis an
mSoblebis ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald &
morikawa, 1993; fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul
metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros maT enis aTvisebaSi, vinaidan misi
saSualebiT bavSvebi interesdebian da yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasad
mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni
xazs usvams emociur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs bavSvsa da masze
mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri kavSiris damyarebas (trainor et al.,
2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa paternebis _ sityvebis _
mravaljeradi gameorebis SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis
nakadSi? es aris pirveli didi nabiji enis aTvisebisas: Tqven ver iswavliT
imas, rom sityva ZaRli raRac kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis
gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben, vidre ar daafiqsirebT, rom
 739

bgeraTa paternis ZaRli gamoiyeneba maSin, roca saxezea bewviani

arseba. Cvilebi, saSualod, 6-7,5 Tvis asakidan avlenen ganmeorebadi
bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995). Tumca,
erTi gansakuTrebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT ufro adre,
daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT: am droisaTvis isini aSkara
upiratesobas aniWeben sakuTar saxels (mandel et al., 1995)!

sityvis mniSvnelobaTa daswavla rogorc ki SeZlebdiT bgerebis

warmoqmnisa da movlenebis Tanxvedris dafiqsirebas, Tqven mzad
iqnebodiT sityvebis mniSvnelobebis asaTviseblad. udaoa, rom bavSvebi
brwyinvaled swavloben sityvebis mniSvnelobebs. daaxloebiT 18 Tvis
asakSi maTi siytvebis maragi gasaocari siswrafis izrdeba. mkvlevarebi
am periods dasaxelebebis afeTqebis anu dasaxelebaTa raodenobis
swrafi zrdis periodi uwodes, radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT
iwyeben axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasaxelebebis,
aTvisebas. (ix. suraTi 11.7). 6 wlis asakisaTvis saSualo bavSvs
daaxloebiT 14,000 sityva esmis (templin, 1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am
sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde asakSia naswavli, miviRebT,
 740

rom bavSvi erT dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs anu sifxizlis yovel erT
saaTSi _ TiTqmis erT sityvas (carey, 1978). rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama seirnoben parkSi da
mama uTiTebs raRacaze da ambobs: „es aris ZaRli“. bavSvma unda
gadawyvitos, Tu samyaros romel nawils ekuTvnis ZaRli. es ar aris ioli
saqme (quine, 1960). iqneb ZaRli niSnavs „nebismier oTxfexa
qmnilebas“, „cxovelis qurqs“, „cxovelis tyavs“ an kidev sxva uamrav
mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali iqneba yovel jerze, roca vinme ZaRlze
miuTiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor axerxeben
bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgenas?

• bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed speech) _ metyvelebis

gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT gamokveTil da maRali intonaciiT,
romelsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas iyeneben.

sur. 11.7. bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba

bavSvis mier gamoyenebuli sityvebis raodenoba swrafad izrdeba
wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde. mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis
sityvaTa saSualo marags 6 Tviani intervalebiT. (wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz,
 741

1978. The acquisition of lenguage. scientific American, Inc. All Rights

reserved. Reprinted by permission.)
Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis msgavsad
moqmedeben. isini ayalibeben hipoTezebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba
niSnavdes TiToeuli axali sityva. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT, Tu rogor
aqtiurad muSaobs maTi naturalisturi goneba, rodesac isini Zalian
afarToveben sityvis mniSvnelobas _ erT sityvas iyeneben obieqtTa farTo
speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZliaT sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela
cxoveli, an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali obieqti, saaTisa da monetebis
CaTvliT. xsva SemTxvevebSi, bavSvebs SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon sityvis
mniSvneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli mxolod maTi ojaxis
ZaRls niSnavs.
Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi hipoTezebs qmnian, ar
xsnis, Tu ratom arian bavSvebis gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis
warmodgenisken, rom ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian cxovels da ara,
magaliTad, mis marcxena wina TaTs. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom
bavSvebis hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili principebiT (clark, 1987,
 742

1993; markman, 1989). ganvixiloT, magaliTad, urTierTgamoricxvis

principi, romelic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian, TiTqos TiToeul
sagans mxolod erTi dasaxeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs es principi
bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi bavSvebs midrekilni arian,
CaTvalon, rom axali sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad, roca
maT ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni,
isini iyeneben urTierTgamoricxvas da aviTareben hipoTezas, rom
maTTvis ucnobi sityva, magaliTad, yurmili unda aRniSnavdes sagnis
romelime nawils (liitschwager & markman, 1994; markman & wachtel,
1988). bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme.
urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian 2 wlis bavSvebi, roca
maT saxanZro manqanas deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.
gramatikis Seswavla bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobebis aTvisebis
asaxsnelad isini davaxasiaTeT, rogorc naturalistebi, romelTa hipoTezebi
SezRudulia Tandayolili pricipebiT. igive analogiis gamoyeneba SeiZleba
bavSvebis mier wesebis, romelTa meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi
erTiandeba ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _ aTvisebis aRsawerad,
 743

bavSvisTvis siZneles is qmnis, rom sxvadasxva enebs sxvadasxva wesebi

aqvT. magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipiuri wyobaa subieqti-zmna-
obieqti, iaponurSi ki — subieqti-obieqti-zmna. bavSvebma unda
gaarkvion, ra tipis wyoba gamoiyeneba im enaSi, romelic maT irgvliv
gamoiyeneba.S rogor akeTeben isini amas?
dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom am kiTxvaze
pasuxi, ZiriTadad, adamianis genomSi unda veZioT. lingvist noam
xomskis (Noam Chomsky; 1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs, rom
bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT, romelic aioleben enis
gagebas da am enis saSualebiT azris gadmocemas. gramatikis aseTi
biologiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen bavSvebi, romlebic
mkafiod Camoyalibebuli gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad floben
enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvevarebma Seiswavles yru
bavSvebi, romelTa siyruec imdenad mZime iyo, rom ar SeeZloT zepiri
metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvelyves maTTvis Jestebis
enis srulad swavleba (goldin-meadow & mylander, 1990, 1998). am
bavSvebma daiwyes sakuTari niSnebis enis gamogoneba da am Jestebis
 744

enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis ararsebobis miuxedavad _

gamarTuli gramatikuli struqtura SeiZina: „Camoyalibebuli enis, rogorc
orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis pirobebSi, bavSvebi, rogorc Cans,
„mzad“ arian struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis da winadadebis
doneze, rodesac aviTareben informaciis gacvlis sistemebs”

(goldin-meadow & mylander, 190, p. 351).

rogor unda gaarkvion mkvlevrebma, konkretulad romeli codnaa
Tandayolili? am sakiTxisadmi yvelaze nayofieri midgomaa enis
aTvisebis Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT anu kros-
linglisturad. imis garkveviT, Tu ra uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT
bavSvebs msoflios mravali enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT
gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze
metad Sinagan predispoziciebs.
aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc naturalistis, Sesaxeb.
bavSvebi Tandayolil SemzRudvebs iyeneben konkretuli enis Seswavlis
amocanis Sesrulebisas. den slobinma (Dan Slobin) es warmmarTveli
principebi gansazRvra, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erToblioba,
 745

romelic erTad bavSvis enis Seqmnis unari qmnis. slobinis Teoriis (1985)
mixedviT, saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvisTvis mimarTulebis
mimcemis (direqtivebis) formas iRebs. magaliTad, operaciuli principi,
romelic bavSvs exmareba iseTi sityvebis aRmoCenaSi, romlebic erTad
gamoiyeneba da maTgan sityvaTSeTanxmebebis SedgenaSi, aseTia:
„sityvaTa kategoriebisa da funqcionaluri elementebis kategoriebis
dadgenili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian konkretuli propoziciis
tipis gamoxatvisas, mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan erTad
mexsierebaSi Senaxva“ (gv. 1252). martivad rom vTqvaT, es
saxelmZRvanelo principi gveubneba, rom bavSvebma unda daicvan
sityvebis warmoTqmis Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamoxatuli
mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba. slobinma saxelmZRvanelo
principebi sxvadasxva enebis mravali mkvlevaris mier mowodebuli
monacemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis saCveneblad, Tu
rogor muSaobs es principebi Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs
gamoviyenebT.
 746

vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze molaparake bavSvebs daaxloebiT

ori wlis asakSi, orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac isini
sityvebis kombinaciebis gamoyenebas iwyeben. am TvalsazrisiT,
bavSvebis metyveleba telegrafulia, radgan, ZiriTadad, warmoadgens
arsebiTi saxelebisa da zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi
mimdevrobebis erTobliobas. telegraful metyvelebas aklia iseTi
damxmare sityvebi, rogoricaa the, andAda of, (artikli, kavSiri da
windebuli) da romlebic sityvebsa da ideebs Soris kavSiris gamoxatvaSi
gvexmareba. magaliTad, Allgone milk16 telegrafuli frazaa.
orsityviani gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad mozrdilebi im konteqsts unda
icnobdnen, sadac iTqva es sityvebi. „Tanya ball“ (tania burTi),
magaliTad, SeiZleba niSnavdes: „tanias unda burTi“ an „tania isvris
burTs“. miuxedavad amisa, orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze myof
bavSvebi amtkiceben, rom maT garkveulwilad aiTvises inglisuri
gramatika. saxelmZRvanelo principebi saSualebas aZlevs maT,
aRmoaCinon, rom inglisurSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis wyobas da rom

16
Allgone milk – All milk is all gone – mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda) gaTavda. 17
extension.
 747

sami aucilebeli elementia moqmedi piri – moqmedeba _ obieqti

(subieqti-zmna-obieqti), romlebic am mimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. am
„aRmoCenis“ dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi arasworad igeben aseT
winadadebas:
“Mary was followed by her little lamb to school” (meris wayva misi
patara kravi skolaSi), maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi piri) wayva
(moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti) (ix. suraTi. 11.8). droTa
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma unda gamoiyenon sxva saxelmZRvanelo
principebi, raTa aRmoaCinon, rom wesidan „moqmedi piri –
moqmedeba _ obieqti“ gamonaklisebic arsebobs.
axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi, romelsac slobinma gavrcoba17
uwoda da romelic moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi
erTeulis anu morfemis gamoyeneba scadon erTi da igive cnebis
aRsaniSnavad. aseTi cnebebis magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli
dro da mimdinare moqmedeba. inglisur enaSi TiToeuli dasaxelebuli
forma gamoixateba sityvis fuZeze iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis
gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -‘s (maria’s), ed (called) da -ing (laughing).
 748

daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxelebuli bgeris damateba arsebiT saxelze an

zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am
morfemebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb hipoTezebis Camosayalibeblad.
Tumca, vinaidan es principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda scados yvela
konkretuli SemTxvevis erTnairad aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas
_ axdens hiperregulacias. magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi inglisurSi
warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze edis damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela
zmnas da qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed da breaked (arawesieri
zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma ed-is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba).
swavlobs ra bavSvi mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an –z-is
damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT
sityvebs, rogoricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, rodesac
mravlobiTi ricxvi -s an -z is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia
gansakuTrebiT saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is, Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas
Semdeg, rac bavSvebs ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da iyeneben zmnebisa
da arsebiTi saxelebis swor formebs. bavSvebi jer iyeneben zmnis swor
 749

formebs (magaliTad, came da went), albaT, imitom, rom isini swavloben

maT, rogorc calkeul terminologiur elementebs; magram roca isini
swavloben warsuli drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad wess, isini iyeneben mas
im zmnebis mimarTac, romlebic wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgenen
anu im sityvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad
gamoTqvamdnen17. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi iyeneben sxva
saxelmZRvanelo principebs am droebiTi gaugebrobis dasaZlevad.
bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens maT
socialur urTierTobebze. es unda davimaxsovroT, vinaidan socialuri
ganviTarebis ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinareobs.

• enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _ Tandayolili

saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebsac bavSvebis iyeneben enis
Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas.

17
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi amboben „rsebobs“ da ara „arsebobs“, radgan maT ukve naswavli aqvT, rom „ar“ uaryofis gamomxatvelia da fiqroben, rom „ar“-is
gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas dadebiTad aqcevs. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 750

• hiperregularizacia (overregularization) _ gramatikuli Secdoma,

romelic, Cveulebriv, vlindeba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da
romlis drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba
araswori lingvisturi formebis warmoeba.

sur. 11.8: gramatikis aTviseba mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom “mary was
followed by the lamb” (meris gahyva kravi) da “mary followed the
lamb” (meri gahyva kravs) erTi da igive mniSvnelobis mqone
winadadebebia.
Sejameba mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas, rom
bavSvebi ibadebian enis Seswavlis biologiurad ganpirobebuli unariT. am
ideis damadasturebel monacemebs iZlevian eqsperimentebi, romlebic
aCveneben, rom bavSvebs aqvT fonemuri kontrastebis aRqmis
Tandayolili unari, maT Soris iseTi kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoiyeneba
maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben
ganmeorebad bgerebs. es unari saSualebas aZlevs maT, daiwyon
sityvaTa mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom axali
sityvebis mniSvnelobebs bavSvebi swavloben im hipoTezebis SeqmniTa
 751

da gadasinjviT, romlebic ganpirobebulia iseTi Tandayolili principebiT,

rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
kros-lingvisturi kvlevebi exmareba mkvlevrebs, gansazRvron,
gramatikis romeli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan
predispoziciebs. enis Seqmnis unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo
principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs bavSvebis mier maT
garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis gaanalizebis process.

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani dabadebidan xandazmulobamde
fizikuri da kognituri TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT socialur
ganviTarebas: rogor icvleba individis socialuri urTierTobebi da
molodinebi sicocxlis manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socialuri da kulturuli
garemo urTierTqmedebs biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul periods
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamowvevebiTa da ganmtkicebebiT
uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovania
imis codna, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni cxovrebis
 752

garkveul aspeqtebze. magaliTad, ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi

mcxovrebi adamianebi eqvemdebarebian garkveuli tipis stresebs, rac ar
xdeba ganviTarebis
„normalur“ pirobebSi (crockett & silbereisen, 2000; leventhal & brooks-
gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciebi
ganviTarebis fsiqologebs valdebuls xdis, gaiTvaliswinon is gamorCeuli
garemoebebi, sadac uwevs cxovreba mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu
mozrdils _ garemoebebi, romlebic mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis maT
fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles (dryfoss, 1990; huston et al., 1994;
ladd & cairns, 1996). garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis sxvadasxva stils qalebsa da mamakacebs da umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, xandazmuli qalebi ufro xSirad
imyofebian arasaxarbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, vidre xandazmuli
mamakacebi; xandazmuli afro-amerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud
mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi
(carstensen & rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi Tanamedrove amerikul
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli struqturuli uTanasworobis uSualo Sedegia.
 753

• socialuri ganviTareba (social development) _ gza, romliTac icvleba

individis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi.

rodesac vaskvniT „saSualo“ cxovrebis mimdinareobis Taobaze, ar unda

dagvaviwydes _ kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom
gansxvavdebodes am normidan. rodesac aRvwerT im fsiqologiur
sirZneleebs, romelsac „Cveulebrivi“ individi awydeba, unda gaxsovdeT,
rom mravali individi gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamowvevebis winaSe
dgas. mkvlevarebis daniSnulebaa, aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis
gavlena adamianze da SeimuSavon meTodebi, romliTac Seamsubuqeben
yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia, rom saWiroa seriozuli reformebis
gatareba ukeTesi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis
programebisa da socialuri daxmarebis politikis asamoqmedeblad da
dasaregulireblad. fsiqologebi daxmarebas gagviweven ojaxebisa da maTi
bavSvebis saukeTeso interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg,
1993). socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba gveqneba,
davubrundeT kulturis gavlenis sakiTxs.
 754

gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kulturiT ganpirobebuli socialuri

gamocdileba erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxovrebiseul
amocanebs. socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis
cxovrebis ciklis TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens im
gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac viRebT cxovrebiseuli ciklis
TiToeul did monakveTze.
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
erik eriksonma (Erik Erikson), zigmund froidis qaliSvilis, ana froidis
mowafem, SemogvTavaza Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma
individma warmatebiT unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqosocialuri stadiebisa,
romelTaganac TiToeuli mas garkveuli konfliqtis an krizisis winaSe
ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis ciklis rva stadia gamoyo. rogorc
naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5, TiToeuli stadia xasiaTdeba konkretuli krizisiTa
Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba
bolomde, aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad gadaWras TiToeuli
maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes Semdgomi stadiebis
konfliqtebs.
 755

eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils,

mzrunvel mozardebTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes
garemosadmi ndobis bazisuri grZnoba. ndoba bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia
Zlieri mijaWvulobisa mSobelTan, romelic bavSvs sakvebiT, siTboTi da
fizikuri siaxloviT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca, Tu ar aris dakmayofilebuli
bavSvis bazisuri moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri siaxlove,
siTbo da, aseve, Tu is xSirad rCeba masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa,
mas ganuviTardes undoblobis, daucvelobisa da SfoTvis yovlismomcveli
gancda.
fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad, farTovdeba bavSvis
mier gamokvleuli sivrce da is intensiurad iwyebs obieqtebis (da
xandaxan adamianebis) Seswavlasa da manipulirebas (xeliT mosinjvas,
datrialebas, gadmobrunebas). am moqmedebebiT mas unda
Camouyalibdes avtonomiis da sakuTari qmedunarianobisa da Rirseulobis
gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam da kritikulobam, SesaZloa,
migviyvanos bavSvis mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde, xolo iseTma
moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, rogoricaa,
 756

magaliTad, TviTmomsaxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad

mkacri moTxovna, SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali amocanebis
miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis xalisi. winasaskolo periodis
dasasruls bavSvi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli aqvs ndobis bazisuri
grZnoba jer uaxloesi garemocvis, Semdeg ki sakuTari Tavisadmi,
SeZlebs iniciativis gamoCenas rogorc gonebriv, ise motorul aqtivobaSi.
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan aseTi
iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebulobis SegrZnebas, rac aucilebelia ganviTarebis
Semdegi safexurisTvis, an aRZraven danaSaulis gancdas da mozrdilTa
samyaroSi „daupatiJebel stumrad“ agrZnobineben Tavs.
 376
cxrili 11.5. fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
miaxloebiTi warumatebeli
krizisi warmatebuli gadawyveta
asaki gadawyveta
0-1,5 ndoba undoblobis usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda daucveloba, SfoTva
winaaRmdeg
1,5-3 avtonomia eWvis Tavis aRqma momqmedad, movlenebis kontrolis
winaaRmdeg romelsac xelewifeba sakuTariSeuZleblobis gancda
sxeulis kontroli da romelic
flobs situacias
3-6 iniciativa sakuTar TavSi, rogorc sakuTari Rirsebis
danaSaulis iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi, gancdis ararseboba
grZnobis darwmunebuloba
winaaRmdeg
6-pubertati kompetenturoba bazisuri socialuri da saliTar TavSi
arasrulfasovnebis inteleqtualuri unarebis daurwmunebuloba,
winaaRmdeg adekvaturoba marcxis gancda
mozardoba ego-identuroba sakuTari Tavis, rogorc sakuTari pirovnebis
rolebis aRrevis pirovnebis, sasiamovno, danawevrebulobis
winaaRmdeg damakmayofilebeli gancda gancda; sakuTar me-
ze cvalebadi da
bundovani
warmodgena
axalgazrdobaintimuroba izolaciismeore adamianTan martoobis da
winaaRmdeg daaxloebisa da erTgulad gancalkevebis
darCenis unari gancda; axlo
urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa

377
saSualo qmnadoba18 uZraobis19 sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze, sakuTari survilebis
asaki winaaRmdeg sazogadoebaze, momaval damkayofilebaze
Taobaze zrunvis unari zrunva; momavalze
orientaciis
ararseboba

18
Generativity.
19
Stagnation
xandazmuloba mTlianoba20 mTlianobis gancda, zogadi sicarielis,
sasowarkveTis kmayofileba cxovrebiT gamousadegarobis
winaaRmdeg gancda,
imedgacrueba

20
ego-integrity
 dawyebiT skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelsac warmatebiT daZlia wina
stadiebis krizisebi, mzad aris, rom garesamyaros SemTxveviTi Ziebidan
da gadasinjvidan gadavides kompetenturobisa da Sromisunarianobis
sistematur ganviTarebaze. skola da sporti _ inteleqtualuri da motoruli
unarebis ganviTarebis, TanatolebTan urTierToba ki socialuri unarebis
ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. warmatebul mcdelobebs am
mimarTulebebiT bavSvi kompetenturobis gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am
stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayurebelis rolSi aRmoCndeba an
marcxs ganicdis, SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZeba
ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs Semdgomi cxovrebiseuli
stadiebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis unars.
eriksons miaCnda, rom mozardobis ZiriTadi krizisia sakuTari
individualurobis anu identobis aRmoCena, rasac abrkolebs sxvadasxva
wreSi gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT gamowveuli
gaurkvevloba. am krizisis gadawyveta individs sakuTari pirovnebis
mTlianobis gancdis CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; warumatebloba ki,
Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis
Sesaxeb, warmodgenis mizezi xdeba.
axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis) ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da
izolacias Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis warmatebuli
 761

gadawyvetis Sedegia sxva adamianebTan sruli emociuri, zneobrivi da

seqsualuri urTierTobebiis damyarebisa da SenarCunebis unaris
ganviTareba. aseTi urTierTobebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs zogierTi
pirovnuli prioritetis daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar Tavze garkveuli
pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da meore adamianis (partnioris)
ganmartoebulobisa da damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT
SenarCunebas. am krizisis daZlevisas warumateblobas individi
izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde
mihyavs. socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba, romelic, Cveulebriv,
mowifulobaSi (Sua xnis mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba
anu produqtulobaa. 3040 wlis asakSi adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da
sakuTar partniorze fiqris sazRvrebs scdebian da zrunvas iwyeben ojaxis
wevrebze, samuSaoze, sazogadoebasa da momaval Taobaze. isini, visac
wina stadiebis krizisebi ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav sakuTari
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS ayeneben
warsulis miRwevebs da miRebul gadawyvetilebebs da usafrTxoebis fasad
inarCuneben Tavisuflebas.
xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa
da sasowarkveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis krizisis gadawyveta
xnier adamians amzadebs imisaTvis, rom warsuls sinanulis gareSe
 762

Sexedos da pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gancda daeuflos. Tu

adrindeli krizisebi gadauWrelia, xolo miswrafebebi ausrulebel
survilebadve darCa, individs sasowarkveTileba, ganvlili cxovrebis
amaoebisa da sakuTari gamousadegrobis SegrZneba eufleba.

• fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial stages) _ erik eriksonis

SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis Tanmimdevrul stadiebi, romelic
fokusirdeba sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es stadiebi
moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs da
individisa da socialuri garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
socialur konfliqtebs.

socialuri ganviTareba bavSvobaSi bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba

damokidebulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani
urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare procesia, rodesac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi,
standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi da motivebi iseT formas iReben,
romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis. procesSi mravali
adamiani (naTesavebi, megobrebi, maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi,
RvTis msaxurebis adgilebi) CarTuli, romelTa zegavlenis Sedegadac
iTvisebs individi socialurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis
standartebs. Tumca, socializaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maregulirebeli
 763

da ganmapirobebeli Tavad ojaxia. Tavad ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan

dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi, romelic gansxvavdeba
ojaxis standartuli _ deda, mama, da-Zmebi _ struqturisgan: zogierTi
bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba, zogi ki _ mravali Taobisagan
Semdgar ojaxSi. ojaxis ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa, ojaxi
exmareba individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva adamianebTan
damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli stilis safuZveli xdeba.

• socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesi,

romlis saSualebiTac individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi,
standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi da iseT formas iReben, romelic
misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis.

mijaWvuloba socialuri ganviTareba iwyeba bavSvsa da dedas, mamas,

an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels Soris mWidro emociuri urTierTobis
damyarebiT. am Zlier, xangrZliv, socialuremociur urTierTobas
mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT Tavis gamokveba
da dacva, mijaWvulobis yvelze adreuli funqcia bavSvisTvis sicocxlis
SenarCunebaa. cxovelTa samyaros zogierT saxeobaSi axalSobils
avtomaturad ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti, romelsac
is xedavs an romlis xmac esmis (Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas
 764

imprintingi ewodeba. imprintingi swrafad xdeba ganviTarebis kritikul

periodSi da Znelia misi Secvla. imprintingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer
SeiZleba problematuri iyos. eTologma konrad lorencma (Konrad Lorenz)
aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili batis Wukebi adamians miejaWvebian da
ara TavianTi saxeobis romelime warmomadgenels. sabednierod, bunebriv
pirobebSi batis Wukebi, dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad, sxva
batebs xedaven. adamianis Svili naklebad aris damokidebuli instinqtur
mijaWvulobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT mraval
samSobiaro saxlSi mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSobilis
dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben, adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis
kavSiris gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi esaWiroebaT. Cvilis mier
gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSorebis signalebi _ rogoricaa Rimili, tirili,
bgerebis gamocema _ rogorc Cans, Tandayolili qcevebia, romliTac Cvili
agebinebs sxvebs, rom yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991).
magaliTad, cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec surs gavlenis
moxdena
(Jones et al., 1991). cxadia, warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris
damokidebuli mxolod
Cvilis mier signalebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze,
aramed
_ mozrdilis mier am signalebis garCevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec.
vis
 765

SeuZlia, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils? jon boulbis (John

Bowlby, 1973), adamianTa Soris mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis gavleniani
Teoretikosis, mixedviT, Cvilebi im individebs ejaWvebian, romlebic
Tanmimdevrulad da saTanadod pasuxoben maT signalebs.
mijaWvulobis Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia meri
einsvorsisa (Mary Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli ucnobi
situaciis
testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978). erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi, bavSvi
SehyavT saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi. dedis Tandaswrebis
pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba eZleva, ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da
iTamaSos. ramdenime wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi ucnobi adamiani Semodis,
esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg deda tovebs oTaxs.
xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili
xvdeba erTmaneTs da ucnobi gadis. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom am
testze bavSvebis reaqciebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et
al., 1978):
• myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi oTaxidan mSoblis gasvlaze garkveuli
distresiT reagireben. misi dabrunebis Semdeg ki siaxlovisken,
komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian da TandaTanobiT
ubrundebian TamaSs.
 766

• aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi indiferentulebi Canan

da SeiZleba aqtiurad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an moaxdinon misi
ignorireba.

• aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/rezistentuli bavSvebi

brazdebian da SfoTaven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi
dabrunebisas veRar mSviddebian da ubrazdebian da
ewinaaRmdegebian mas, Tumca, masTan kontaqtis survilsac
gamoxataven.

aSS-is mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis ojaxebisdan Semdgari SerCevevis

gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad
mijaWvulTa kategorias ganekuTvneba; aramyarad mijaWvuli bavSvebis
daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _
rezistentulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT gansxvavebul qveynebSi,
rogoricaa SvedeTi, israeli, iaponia da CineTi, mijaWvulobis
urTierTobebis kros-kulturulma kvlevam mijaWvulobis konkretuli tipebis
sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoavlina (van Ijzendoorn &
Kroonenberg, 1988). TiToeul qveyanaSi bavSvebis umetesoba myarad
mijaWvulia; kulturuli gansxvavebuloba yvelaze metad aisaxa arasando,
aramyarad mijaWvulobis sxvadasxva tipis prioritetulobaze. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTanxmebuloba ucnobi
 767

situaciebis testiTa da bavSvebze da maT dedebze saxlis Cveul garemoSi

dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sedgenil klasifikaciebs Soris
(Pederson & Morgan, 1996).
ucnobi situaciebis testis monacemebze dafuZnebuli kategoriebi
prognostulad Rirebuli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT bavSvis
Semdgomi qcevis prognozireba mTel rig situaciebSi; es gansakuTrebiT
exeboda im sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad mijaWvul
bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan mijnavda. magaliTad, grZelvadianma
kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi, romlebic 15 Tvis asakSi ucnobi
situaciis testSi sando an arasando mijaWvulobisTvis damaxasiaTeblad
iqceodnen, skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen 89
wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15 Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli
bavSvebi ufro popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen
sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis gamo, vidre maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli
Tanatolebi. adreul wlebSi mijaWvulobis xarisxisa da Semdgomi qcevis
aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis bavSvebSi (Urban et al., 1991) da
mozardebSi (Weinfield et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mijaWvulobis xarisxs, romelic ucnobi situaciebis testiT gamovlinda,
namdvilad aqvs grZelvadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17-e TavSi vnaxavT, ro
 768

m mkvlevarebi mijaWvulobis sazomebs mozrdilTa sasiyvarulo

urTierTobebis prognozirebiTvisac iyeneben.

• mijaWvuloba (attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba bavSvsa da masze

regularulad mzrunvel mozrdils Soris.
• imprintingi (imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli forma, rodesac
axalSobili cxoveli ukan misdevs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts,
romelsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.

Cven vnaxeT, rom mijaWvuloba sakmaod mniSvnelovania axalgazrda

sicocxlisaTvis. sando mijaWvuloba mozrdilTan, romelic sayrdensa da
socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs, mas prosocialur qcevaTa
Seswavlis winapirobas uqmnis. is saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, iswavlos
gariskva, axal situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma pirovnuli urTierTobebis
damyareba. axla ki vnaxoT, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mSoblebs imisaTvis,
rom xeli Seuwyon am myari mijaWvulobis erTob mniSvnelovani
grZnobis Camoyalibebas.

mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi da dadgenili qcevis

wesebi
TiToeuli bavSvi sakuTari temperamentis Sesabamisad iqceva
mSoblebTan urTierTobisas: mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT,
xSirad aRniSnaven, Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen maTi Svilebi
 769

erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve. bavSvis ama Tu im tempretamentma

mSoblebis saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi SeiZleba moulodnel
Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevarebi aRiareben, rom bavSvebis
temperamenti da mSoblebis qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac,
Tavis mxriv, aisaxeba bavSvis ganviTarebaze, magaliTad, mijaWvulobis
urTierTobis xarisxis saxiT: ramdenadac mSoblebi cvlian Tavian Svilebs,
imdenad Svilebi cvlian mSoblebs (Collins et al., 2000).
da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze, mkvlevrebma daadgines
mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stili, romelic, Cveulebriv, yvelaze
met sargebels iZleva. mocemuli stili ori ori ganzomilebis _
momTxovnelobisa da gulisxmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi
mdebareobs (Maccoby & Martin, 1983): „momTxovnelobaSi moiazreba
mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da am
sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli,
gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis aRiareba“
(Darling & Steinberg, 1993, p.492). rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.9,
avtoritetuli mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben TavianT Svilebs:
isini maTgan moiTxoven qcevis miRebuli normebisadmi Sesatyvisobas,
magrm Tavadac gulisxmierad epyrobian maT _ isini yovelTvis utoveben
bavSvebs urTierTobis inicirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben
 770

TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray & Steinberg, 1999). aseTi

avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis kavSirs.
amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia suraTze 11.9, aRzrdis avtoritaruli
stilis SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi Tavisi Svilebisgan disciplinirebulobas
iTxoven da naklebad uTmoben yuradRebas maT damoukideblobas;
momTmeni stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svilebis mimarT,
Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazogadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas,
romliTac unda icxovron maT; uyuradRebo stili ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom
mSoblebi arc disciplinirebulobas iTxoven Svilebisgan da arc maTi
individualurobisadmi iCenen did sinteress.
erTnairi aRzrdis zogadi stilis mqone mSoblebic ki sxvadasxvagvar
prioritets aniWeben socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad
miaCniaT TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi
momdinareobs mkafiod dasaxuli miznebidan. (Darling & Steinberg,
1993). aqedan gamomdinare, avtoritetuli mSoblebi, romelTac surT, rom
bavSvebma kargad iswavlon skolaSi, saxlSi iseT garemos qmnian, sadac
bavSvebi mixvdebian, Tu ratom eswrafvian mSoblebi amas. bavSvebi
ecdebian, rom kargad iswavlon skolaSi, radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves
am miznisTvis _ aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba adamians codna
sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas. Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli mSobeli
 771

ar aris swavlaze orientirebuli, SeuZlebelia bavSvis saskolo warmatebis

prognozireba mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg et al., 1992).
mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi konkretuli qcevebi
mniSvnelovania maTi Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvrisTvis.
mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierTqmedeba bavSvis pirveli
nabijia normaluri socializaciisa da jansaRi fizikuri ganviTarebisken.
vinaidan pirveli momvlelisadmi Tavdapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT
ganivrcoba ojaxis sxva wevrebzec, es ukanasknelnic xdebian bavSvisTvis
misabaZi modelebi azrovnebisa da qcevis axali meTodebis aTvisebis
procesSi. am adreuli mijaWvulobebidan bavSvebi aviTareben sakuTar
moTxovnilebebsa da sxva adamianebis moTxovnilebebze reagirebis
unars.
• aRzrdis stili (parenting style) _ meTodi, romliTac

mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeqtianad iTvleba

avtoritetuli stili, romelic Tanabrad moiazrebs
momTxovnobasa da gulisxmierebas.
• mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (parenting
practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi qcevz, romelic
konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi miznebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
cxrili 11.9 aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia
aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa:
momTxovneloba – mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazogadoebis
 772

warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis

gadamcemis roli, gulisxmiereba _ mSoblis mier bavSvis individualobis
aRiareba. avtoritetuli stili yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis
kavSirs

mSoblis gulisxmiereba
mimRebi, uarmyofeli,
gulisxmieri, aragulisxmieri,
bavSvze mSobelze
centrirebuli centrirebuli
avtoritetuli,
momTxovni, reciprokuli, avtoritaruli,
mSoblis makontrolirebeli Zlieri Zalauflebaze
ormxrivi dayrdnobili
komunikacia
ara-momTxovni, momTmeni uyuradRebo,
iSviaTad gulgrili, ganze
makontrolirebeli mdgomi
momTxovneloba

komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri gamocdileba ras iReben bavSvebi

mijaWvulobis kavSirisgan? zigmund froidis da sxva fsiqologebis
Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs, rom isini maT
 773

sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen _ akmayofileben bavSvis upirveles bazisur

moTxovnilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis Teorias21
uwodeben. es Teoria rom swori iyos, bavSvebs keTildReobiTvis
saTanadod gamokvebis garda araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles?
hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda, rom SimSilis Teoria
xsnida mijaWvulobis mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man
gamoTqva sakuTari hipoTeza, rom Cvilebi SeiZleba imaTac miejaWvon,
visTanac kontaqtisas komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow &
Zimmerman, 1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave moaSora dedebs da
moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri „deda“ daxvdaT. erTi
maTgani mavTulisgan iyo damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qsovilis dedasTan axlos
daibudes da cota dros atarebdnen mavTulis dedasTan. es maSinac ki ase
xdeboda, rodesac rZes maT mxolod mavTulis deda aZlevda. rodesac
saSiSi stimuli (magaliTad, dolze mobraxune saTamaSo daTunia)
gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qsovilisgan damzadebul „dedasTan“
garbodnen. rodesac axali saintereso stimuli gamoCndeboda, makakebi
stimulis gamosakvlevad TandaTanobiT bedavdnen „dedisgan“

21
Cupboard theory.
 774

moSorebas da ganaxlebamde kvlevas isev qsovilisgan damzadebul

„dedasTan“ brundebodnen.
harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
surogat dedasTan Zlieri mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi
arasakmarisi iyo jansaRi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad
eqsperimentatorebma ifiqres, rom patara makakebi qsovilis surogat
dedasTan normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze gasxvavebuli suraTi
miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi gazrdil mdedr maimunebs Tavad mouwiaT
dedis rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul asakSi ar hqondaT
sxva maimunebTan urTierTobis saSualeba, gauWirdaT normaluri
socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba zrdasrulobaSi.
primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen Suomi, 1999;
Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena, rom emociurad mowyvladi Cvili
makakis mzrunvel dedaze gaSvileba arsebiTad cvlida mis cxovrebas.
suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT
mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da
ukana planze gadaweuli wevrebidan gadaiqcevian Tamam,
komunikabelur mamr maimunebad, romlebic momwifebis periodSi erT-
erTi pirvelni toveben gunds, raTa Tavad gaikvlion gza da sakuTari adgili
daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jvaredini
 775

aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadarCenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs,

romelic aucilebelia sxva maimunebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad da
gundSi maRali socialuri statusis SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor
aris SesaZlebeli maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan miRebuli
codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.

• komforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan an sxva

mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlovidan momdinare komforti.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi22 bavSvis
ganviTarebaze
rodesac fsiqologebma pirvelad daiwyes socialuri
ganviTarebis Seswavla, im Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba,
romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda maTi daskvnebi,

22
Day-care
 776

mTeli dReebis manZilze dedebTan imyofebodnen

TavianT saxlebSi. Tumca, ukanaskneli ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze sazogadoebis moTxovnebi Seicvala
da aucilebeli gaxda, rom dedebis gacilebiT met
raodenobas emuSava saxlis gareT. amis Sedegad bevri
bavSvi mraval saaTis da zogjer TiTqmis mTeli adreuli
bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver ganicdis mSoblebis
gavlenas. mkvlevrebma, am cvlilebidan gamomdinare,
ori SekiTxiva dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze? (2)
rogori unda iyos optimaluri baga-baRi?
Cven ukve movxazeT is konteqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia
pirveli SekiTxvis interpretireba: Tu bavSvsa da mSobels
Soris mijaWvulobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs,
nebismieri movlena (rogoricaa, magaliTad, baga-baRi),
romelic arRvevs am mijaWvulobas, aucileblad cudia Tu
ara bavSvisTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxia: „yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, ara“ (Scarr, 1998). am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevarebi, Cveulebriv,
erTmaneTs adarebdnen saxlSi gazrdil da baga-baRSi
 777

gazrdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da socialuri ganviTarebis

mixedviT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bavSvebi, romlebic
baga-baRebSi atarebdnen dros, xSirad upirates
mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen am parametrebis
mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, imitom, baga-baRebi maT
ganviTarebis ufro met SesaZleblobas aZlevda
(Burchinal et al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993).
gonebriv ganviTarebas xels uwyobs baga-baRebSi
saganmanaTleblo da TamaSis aqtiobaTa farTo speqtri,
socialur ganviTarebas ki _ socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
farTo arCevani, rasac moklebulni arian saxlebSi myofi
bavSvebi.
Tumca, arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc pasuxs „ara“
unda daematos „yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT“. pirveli
isaa, rom bavSvebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan
saxlis gareT zrunvaze reagirebis mixedviT. meore,
arsebobs mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan gamomdinare,
kargisa da cudis Ziebis nacvlad, mkvlevarebi
dainteresdnen imiT, Tu rogori unda iyos xarisxiani
aRzrda konkretuli bavSvebisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).
 778

baga-baRebis eqspertma alison klark-stiuartma (Alison

Clarke-Sewart, 1993) Seajama am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
arsebuli samecniero literatura da mogvca principebi,
romlis mixedviTac unda vixelmZRvaneloT baga-
baRebis xarisxianobis gansazRvrisas. qvemoT
mocemuli zogierTi rekomendacia bavSvebis
 779

fizikur komforts exeba:

• baga-baRi fizikurad komfortuli da usafrTxo unda
iyos.
• yovel eqvs an Svid bavSvze unda iyos, sul mcire,
erTi aRmzrdeli (meti 3 wlamde asakis
bavSvebisTvis).
danarCeni rekomendaciebi dRis zrunvis centrebis
muSaobis saganmanaTleblo da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs
Seexeba.
• bavSvebs unda hqondeT TamaSebis Tavisuflad
arCevis saSualeba, romelsac drodadro TvalsaCino
da cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba Tan.
•bavSvebs unda aswavlidnen socialuri problemebis
gadawyvetis unar-
Cvevebs.
garda amisa, klark-stiuartma SemogvTavaza, rom
baga-baRiss aRmzrdelebs kargi mSoblebis Tvisebebic
unda hqondeT.
• aRmzrdelebi unda pasuxobdnen bavSvebis
moTxovnilebebs da aqtiurad unda iyvnen
CarTulni maT saqmianobebSi.
 780

• aRmzrdelebma gaumarTleblad ar unda

zRudavdnen bavSvebs.
• aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZloT bavSvebis
individualur moTxovnilebebs Soris
gansxvavebebis danaxva.
Tu es kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia, baga-baRSi
nebismieri bavSvis miyvana SeiZleba, romlis mSoblebi
saxlis gareT muSaoben. baga-baRi marTlac efeqtiani
rom gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi damokidebuleba unda
Seicvalos. pirvel rigSi, adamianebma unda miviRon
arsebuli realoba da aRiaron, rom bavSvebis mzardi
raodenoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi da, Sesabamisad,
sazogadoebam energia am baRebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebisaken unda warmarTos (Fuller et al., 1996;
Scarr et al., 1990). meore, adamianebma Zalisxmeva ar
unda daiSuron „momuSave dedis“ da Tavad baga-baRis
mimarT araswori damokidebulebis dasaZlevad
(Hoffman, 1989). Tuki fsiqologebi gaavrceleben
sazogadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom baga-baRi
bavSvs aranairad ar vnebs, aramed, piriqiT, SesaZloa,
xelic ki Seuwyos mis ganviTarebas, mSoblebic
naklebad inerviuloben imis gamo, rom uwevT bavSvis
baga-baRSi miyvana. stresis aseTi Semcireba mxolod
gaaumjobesebs bavSvis mTlian fsiqologiur garemos.
socialuri deprivacia
samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi
moklebulni arian kontqatis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena, rom
 781

adreul bavSvobaSi mWidro, Tbili urTierTobebis nakleboba gavlenas

axdens bavSvis fizikur ganviTarebaze da sicocxlis SenarCunebazec ki.
1915 wels jon hopkinisis hospitalSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri
fizikuri zrunvis miuxedavad, baltimoris upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi
moxvedrili bavSvebis 90% sicocxlis pirvelive wels gardaicvala.
momdevno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hospitalizirebul bavSvebze
Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis miuxedavad,
bavSvebi xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeqciebiT, ucnobi
etiologiis cieb-cxelebiT, ver imatebdnen wonaSi da aReniSnebodaT
fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi (Bowlby,
1969; Sherrod et al., 1978). aSS-sa da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa
saxlebSi myof mcirewlovan bavSvebze Catarebulma sxva kvlevam
gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aSlilobebi da maRali
sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa
(Spitz
& Wolf, 1946).
socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli garemoc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3
wlamde asakis Zaladobis aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma
kvlevam aCvena, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen Tanatolis
distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi
Tanatolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben mas, an Tavadac
 782

sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zaladobis msxverpli bavSvebi ufro

metad reagirebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT (Main &
George, 1985). sxva kvlevaSi Seiswavles kavSiri bavSvobis droindel
fizikur da seqsualur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
mdgomareobas Soris. 375 axalgazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan
11%-ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime tipis Zaladoba.
am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%-s aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli
aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al.,
1996).
bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba fsiqologebs Zalze
mniSvnelovani amocanis winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori
Careva iqneba bavSvebisTvis saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxloebiT 500 aTasi
bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia ojaxidan da mTavrobis mier
dafinansebul garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad, gaSvilebulia
an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor ggoniaT,
yovelTvis uxariaT bavSvebs, roca aSoreben moZalade ojaxebs? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia, vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl
bavSvebsac ki axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaWvulobis
ganviTareba: bavSvebma SeiZleba SeinarCunon erTguleba sakuTari
biologiuri ojaxisadmi da imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvardeba, Tu
ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored amitom dResdReobiT bevri
 783

mkvlevari cdilobs Carevis iseTi programebis SemuSavebas, raTa

moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi dabruneba im
garemoebebis Secvlis gziT, romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al.,
1995; Skibinski,
1995).
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bavSvobis gamocdileba
Semdgom socialur ganviTarebaze. axli ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis
Semdgom periodebisa, kerZod, mozardobis ganxilvaze.

socialuri ganviTareba mozardobaSi am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven

visaubreT mozardobisas mimdinare fizikuri da kognituri cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es cvlilebebi fonad edeba
socialur gamocdilebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri da
gonebrivi simwifis garkveul dones, mis winaSe axali socialuri da
pirovnuli problemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zogadad,
mozardobis gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _ mozardis cvalebad socialur
samyaros.
mozardoba mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, rogorc cxovrebis
mSfoTvare periodi, romelic ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da
rTuli, araprognozirebadi qceviT – „qariSxliTa da stresiT“ _ xasiaTdeba.
es mosazreba me-19-e saukunis dasasrulisa da me-20-e saukunis
 784

dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris goeTesTanac,

gvxvdeba. mozardobis „qariSxliTa da stresiT“ Teorias intensiurad icavda
j. stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epiqis pirveli fsiqologi,
romelic dawvrilebiT werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis
Semdeg am mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen fsiqoanalizis
Teoretikosebi, romlebic froidis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen
(magaliTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958). zogierTi maTgani
amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali mozardobis ara mxolod
normaluri nawilia, aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom „normaluroba mozardobis periodSi
TavisTavad aranormaluria“ (1958, p.275).
kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri margaret midi (Margaret Mead,
1928) da ruT benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom „qariSxlisa
da stresis“ Teoria gamousadegaria mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis.
maT aRweres kulturebi, sadac bavSvebi TandaTanobiT, yovelgvari
araprognozirebadi stresuli gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTa Relvis
gareSe, mozrdilebiTvis Cveul ufro da ufro met pasuxismgeblobebs
iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxolod mas Semeg daiwyes fsiqologebma
vnebaTa Relvis Teoriis eWv qveS dayeneba, rac dasavluri kulturis
mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvlevebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi
 785

adasturebda erTmaneTs: mozardTa mcire raodenoba Tu ganicdis im

Sinagan mRelvarebasa da araprognozirebad qcevas, romelTac maT
miaweren (Offer & SchonertReichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20
aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri adaptaciis kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi
(Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod, im mozardebs, romlebic Znelad eguebian cvalebad
pirobebs, mosalodnelia, rom mogvianebiT, mozrdilobaSic axasiaTebdeT
aseTive sirTuleebi (Offer et al., 1998; Stattin & Magnusson, 1996).
ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa
qceviT problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi ganxorcielebul kriminalur qcevas
Soris.
cxrili 11.6. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me.
mozardTa
procenti,
debuleba romelic
eTanxmeba
TiToeul
debulebas
 786

normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad

vgrZnob. siamovnebas viReb 91
cxovrebisagan. 90
90
Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.
86
Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.
85
ZiriTadad, bednieri var. kargi xumroba
maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca 83
sevdiani, mowyenili var.
saidan viciT
mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi
farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi Seiswavlidnen
10-13 wlis mozardebs, romlebic SvedeTis tipiuri qalaqis
skolaSi swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis daxasiaTebasa
(maswavleblebis daxasiaTebebis mixedviT) da biologiur
funqcionirebas adarebdnen maT mier cxovrebis
Semdgom periodSi (18-26 wlis asakSi) kriminaluri
qcevis an sxva saxis antisocialuri qmedebebis
ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan, romlebic
adreul agresiulobasa da mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas)
avlendnen, gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli iseT
mozrdilad Camoyalibeba, romelic sisxlis samarTlis
danaSauls Caidenda. garda amisa, adreuli adaptaciis
 787

problemebis ufro mZime paternebi korelirebda

adaptaciis iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa loToba da
fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10
gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba adreuli
agresiuloba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas (Magnusson,
1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990).

sur. 11.10. mozardobis agresiuloba da mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva

grafikze mocemulia individTa raodenoba, romelTac 13 wlis asakSi
agresiulobis sxvadasxva dones miaRwies da maT mier 18-26 wlis asakSi
kriminaluri qcevis Cadenis procenti. kriminaluri qceva seriozulad iqna
miCneuli, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia SvedeTis kanonebis
mixedviT, sul mcire, erTi TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.
aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar unda miewerebodes
„qariSxlisa da stresis“ miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom mozardebi suicidis maRali riskiT xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc
urTierTobs aseT mozardebTan, gulwrfeli yuradReba unda miaqcios maT
(Garland & Zigler, 1993).
mozardobis zogadi gamocdilebis ganxilvis Semdeg gadavideT ufro
konkretul sakiTxze – rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis
 788

(pirovnuli individualurobis) formireba. cxovrebis ciklis eriksoniseul

TeoriaSi mozardobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis aRmoCena.
Cven vnaxavT, Tu gavlenas axdens socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis
miznebi identobis gancdis formirebaSi.
socialuri urTierTobebi mozardTa socialuri ganviTarebis kvlevebSi

ojaxisa (an mozardze

mzrunvelisa) da megobrebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski et

al., 1998; Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozrdilebisadmi
mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg maleve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs
adreuli asakidan hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba pirveli periodia, rodesac
Tanatolebi ecilebian mSoblebs pirovnebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis
formirebaSi. TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi mozardebi
TandaTanobiT sazRvraven TavianTi ganviTarebadi identobebis socialur
komponents _ sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da rogori
urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt, 1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom
mozardebi da maTi megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs qmnian,
magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba narkotikebis miRebas (Dinges &
Oetting, 1993).
vinaidan mozardobaSi Tanatolebis jgufi socialuri mxardaWeris mzardi
mniSvnelovnebis wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo uaryofiT
 789

gamowveuli SfoTvac. amis Sedegad viTardeba Tanatolebis

faseulobebisadmi da qcevebisadmi damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola,
romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic
Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs (Brown, 1989).
Tanatolebis mxridan zewolis SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad
ganicdian, rom maT konkurencia unda gauwion sakuTari Svilis
megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano ganwyobebisa da qcevebis
ganviTarebisgan. Tumca, simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom
zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis
Sesaxeb saubroben mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad, mozardebi
miuTiTeben, rom maT skolaSi miRweuli warmatebebis ganxilva
gansakuTrebiT urCevniaT mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan, Tumca,
megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT saubroben paemanze momxdari
ambebsa da seqsze, vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss &
Smollar, 1985). amrigad, mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis
megobrebTan „Sejibri“ garkveul sferoebSi, unda gamoZebnon
saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar mozard Svilebs „megobrebis” Temebze
aalaparakeben.
garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi Svilebis urTierToba,
romelSic mSobeli erTaderTi da upirobo avtoritetia, unda gadaizardos
 790

iseT urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTilgonierad eZleva

damoukidebloba anu avtonomia mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas (Allen & Land, 1999; Holmbeck & O’Donnell, 1991). aseTi
gadasvla Zneli iqneba im mSoblebisTvis, romlebic, miuxedavad imisa,
rom aRiareben maTi Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da
saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi
hqondes, mainc iZlevian araswori nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli gavlena
iqonios mis momavalze.

saidan viciT
mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi hon-kongSi
erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva kulturaSi mozardebis
konfliqtebi
mSoblebTan? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen Cineli
mozardebis konfliqtebiT honkongSi, vinaidan dasavlur
kulturebTan SedarebiT, Cinuri kultura nakleb aqcents
akeTebs avtonomiurobaze. (Semdgom TavebSi ufro
dawvrilebiT visaubrebT kulturul gansxvavebebze.)
meSvide, mecxre da meTormete klaselebs sTxoves,
SeedginaT mSoblebTan arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri
konfliqtebis sia da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da
sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT TavianTi
qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi: „ratom fiqrobT, rom
SegiZliaT amis gakeTeba (an ar gakeTeba)?“. Cineli
 791

mozardebisTvis Cveuli iyo saSualo sixSirisa da

simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad, dedebTan, iseTi
yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT
laparaki da televizoris yureba. amasTanave, maT mier
poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad, asaxavda
damoukideblobis damkvidrebis moTxovnilebas an
sakuTari individualurobis gamokveTis mcdelobas
sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebiT.
amgvarad, im kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad aris
aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia, mSoblebsa da
mozardebs Soris konfliqtebi xSirad mainc
individualurobis damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv
fokusirdeba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).
winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom
mozardobis periodSi Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba,
rodesac Svili ufro naklebad xdeba damokidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mozardobis wlebSi, garkveulwilad, icvleba
megobrebTan damokidebuleba
(Shulman, 1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebis
momatebas ufro asaxavs, vidre urTierTobaSi (Tanasworuflebianobis
TvalsazrisiT) poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeli-Svilis urTierTobaSi
konfliqtis ufro meti potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis
urTierTobaSi.
 792

identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozardisagan iseTi

damoukidebeli Sexedulebebisa prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs,
romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mSoblebisa da Tanatolebis poziciebi,
Tumca, ar iqneba maTi ubralo asaxva. mTavaria, rom mozardma
garemoSi ipovos socialuri mxardaWeris stabiluri wyaro (Bacher et al.,
1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari socialuri mxardaWera mas momavlis
dagegmvis saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT
qvemoT. momavlis miznebi mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma
seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi maradiul SekiTxvas: „vin unda iyo, roca
gaizrdebi?“ albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi daviwyeT 16 wlis biWis fiqriT
imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda mas momavalSi, warsulidan gamomdinare.
kiTxva „vin unda iyo?” TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul daSvebas, rom
individebis identobas, nawilobriv, maTi miznebi ganamtkicebs. momavali
profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formirebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs
moicavs: esaa individis SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis Sefaseba, realuri
alternativebis moazrebisa da arCevanis gakeTebis da misi realurad
ganxorcielebis unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT afiqrebT. isini Relaven rogorc sakuTari
saqmianobisa da ojaxis, ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri safrTxis an
birTvul omis gamo. (Nurmi, 1991). garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad
 793

SeigrZnoben, Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi cxovreba asakis

momatebasTan erTad: jer ganaTleba unda miiRon, Semdeg profesias
unda daeuflon, bolos ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. dasaxelebul TiToeul etapze
miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis, ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli
resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar elodeba momavlisgan.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, romliTac
SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogor isaxaven mozardebi miznebs,
romelTa daxmarebiTac mozardebi isaxaven miznebs.

saidan viciT
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis socialuri konteqsti
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire da saSualo
Semosavliani ojaxebidan gamosuli biWebis profesiuli
miswrafebebi da molodinebi. miswrafebebi
Seexeba imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi „nebismieri samuSaos
arCeva rom
SeeZloT“, roca gaizrdebian; molodinebi ki _ iseT samuSaos, romelsac
„savaraudod miiReben“, roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileobdnen
Raribi da mdidari ubnebis skolebis me-2, me-4, me-6 da me-8 klaselebi.
suraTi 11.11 gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da molodinebs iseTi
saqmianobebis mimarT, romelic ar gulisxobs fizikur Sromas (magaliTad,
mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca, ar aris gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis
 794

bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am

asakSi maT miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqondaT. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, Raribi ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki ar
mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, romlis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar
iyvnen
darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996).
cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba samuSaosadmi, isini verc
miiReben mas. ra unda gakeTdes Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis Sesacvlelad? am kvlevis Sedegebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi
molodini ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT anu molodini imisa, Tu ramdenad
hqondaT saganmanaTleblo sarbielze winsvlis unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis aRqmis Secvla, saboloo
jamSi, saganmanaTleblo reformas saWiroebs, romelic
SesaZleblobas miscems yvela moswavles, irwmunos swavlis
mniSvneloba da Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _ rogori ganaTleba miiRos
da ra profesias daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos mozardis
momavalze. Tumca, identobis yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis
dasaxvis gaazreba ukeTesi iqneba cxovrebis mTliani ciklis konteqstSi.
 795

mozardobisas miRweuli warmatebebi safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili

adamianis ganviTarebas.

sur. 11.11. profesiuli miswrafebebi da molodinebi

Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs
hkiTxes, Tu rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isini momavalSi yvelaze metad
(miswrafebebi) da, maTi azriT, rogor samuSaos iSovidnen (molodinebi)
realurad. Sedegebis mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs ara
mxolod mokrZalebuli molodinebi, aramed naklebad ambiciuri
miswrafebebic aqvT.
socialuri ganviTareba mozrdilobaSi
eriksonis mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori mTavari amocana dasaxa:
intimuroba
da produqtuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis moTxovnilebebi _
Lieben und Arbeiten _ siyvaruli da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968,
1970) cxovrebis am periodis moTxovnilebebi aRwera, rogorc siyvaruli da
mikuTvnebuloba, romelic dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmatebisa da
pativiscemis moTxovnilebaSi gadaizrdeba. sxva Teoretikosebi am
moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis an socialuri miRebis da miRwevis an
kompetenturobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es Teoria iziarebs
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, mozrdiloba aris periodi, rodesac
 796

gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania socialuri urTierTobebi da pirovnuli

miRwevebi.

sur. 11.12 socialuri urTierTobebis gavlena keTildReobaze

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze, ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan
urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs
adamianTa mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.
intimuroba eriksoni intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore adamianisadmi
srul emociur, seqsualur da moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic
SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs,
aucilebelia gaxsniloba, gambedaoba, eTikuri Zala da, Cveulebriv, meore
adamianis survilebisadmi garkveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs
eriksonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom socialuri intimuroba fsiqologiuri
keTildReobis gancdis winapirobaa mTeli mozrdili cxovrebis manZilze
(Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs, rom am dros ojaxis
wevrebTan da megobrebTan urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs
erTmaneTs, rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis sakmaod mdgrad
gancdas ganapirobebs. mxardaWeris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba,
nawilobriv, asaxavs TiToeul asakobriv periodTan dakavSirebul
mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul movlenebs. vnaxoT, ra kavSirebia es.
 797

axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali adamiani qmnis ojaxs an

sxva saxis stabilur urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi, romelsac
ojaxi hqvia, farTovdeba. istoriulad, mozrdilTa urTierTobebisa da
ojaxebis kvlevebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo „standartul”
konfiguraciaze: deda, mama da bavSvebiT savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan
adamianebis ojaxebis realoba icvleba, mkvlevarebi Seecadnen, aReweraT
da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi (Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad,
dResdReobiT kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben da
inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseqsualuri wyvilebi (James &
Murphy, 1998). gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, heteroseqsualTa da
homoseqsualTa urTierTobebis SenarCunebis strategiebi sakmaod
msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi, magaliTad, siaxlovis SeinarCunebas
funqciebis ganawilebiTa da erToblivi saqmianobiT cdiloben (Haas &
Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTilganwyobil sazogadoebisTvis
winaaRmdegobis gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi
damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi yofnisas
sakuTari urTierTobis dafarva. zogierT heteroseqsualur wyvilsac
mudmivad uwevs dausrulebeli dabrkolebebis gadalaxva sazogadoebis
mxridan aRiarebis mosapoveblad; gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
 798

intereTnikuri wyvilebic awydebian crurwmenebs, rac uaryofiTad

moqmedebs da amcirebs xagrZlivi urTierTobebis
SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson &
Jacobson, 1995).
TiToeuli saxis aseTi urTierToba zrdis ojaxis rols zrdasruli adamianebis
socialur cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac wyvili Tavis
cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT,
magram bavSvis dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis
bednierebas. ratom unda iyos ase? mkvlevarebi daakvirdnen, Tu rogor
icvlebian qalebi da mamakacebi bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor
iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000). warsulisgan
gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips efuZneba.
Tumca, bavSvis dabadebam qals da mamakacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli
rolebis Sesrulebisken SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba zedmet tvirTad
daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki _ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri
uzrunvelyofa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is iyos, rom bavSvis dabadebis
Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasiamovno aRmoCndes orive meuRlisTvis
(Cowan et al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris nakvlevi
(orive sqesis) homoseqsualuri wyvilebi, romlebic bavSvebs zrdian,
arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT naklebad
 799

awuxebT genderuli rolebis ganawilebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan

mimarTebaSi da, Sesabamisad, naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT
urTierTobaze.

• intimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad _ emociurad,

seqsualurad da moralurad _ mindobis unari.
bevri heteroseqsualuri wyvilisaTvis qorwinebiT kmayofileba mcirdeba
konfliqtebis gamo, rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis periodSi
imyofebian. kulturuli stereotipebis miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad
mouTmenlad elodebian, rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava saxlidan da isini
“cariel budeSi” darCebian
(Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met siamovnebasa da
sixaruls maSin iReben SvilebTan urierTobiT, rodesac isini erT WerqveS
aRar cxovroben
(Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia,
ara. Cveni mizani, rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis Sedegebis
Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni sakuTari cxovrebis mosalodneli
paternebis codnasa da interpretirebaSi dagexmarebaT. Tqven SegiZliaT
gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma SegiZliaT, raTa sanatrelma Svilma
ar dagingrioT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT.
 800

Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari

gviani zrdasrulobis periodis miaRwevs, yvelam unda ecados qorwineba
SenarCunebas am dromde? mkvlevarebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT
imis garkveva, Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs, magaliTad,
urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs
SeuZliaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis Tavis arideba, romelic
dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney &
Bradbury 1995). Tumca, erTi ram cxadia: aradamakmayofilebeli
qorwinebis SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis ufro mZimea, vidre
mamakacisTvis.

saidan viciT
cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Sua xnis wyvili (sadac
ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15
wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani wyvili
(sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo), romelic, sul
mcire, 35 wlis daqorwinebulni iyvnen. TiToeuli
asakobrivi jgufi daiyo or jgufad: qorwinebiT kmayofilni
da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
maTi fsiqikuri da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.
kvlevam aCvena, rom qorwinebiT kmayofileba didad ar
zemoqmedebda mamakacebze, Tumca, qalebis
SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba
 801

SedarebiT gauaresebuli iyo qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa

jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985).

ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad qalebze? mkvlevrebi

varaudoben, rom qalebi ufro metad iReben sakuTar Tavze arajansaRi
qorwinebis gaumjobesebaze pasuxismgeblobas, maSin, roca mamakacebi
konfliqtidan ganze gadgomas amjobineben. rogorc me-13-e TavSi
vnaxavT, mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT gamowveulma stresma SeiZleba
seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTelobas. amasTan, yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom qalebTan ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze didxans
icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron
ori periodi – arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da glovisa da
finansuri arastabilurobis (Carstensen & Pasupathi., 1993). mozrdilTa
ganviTarebis sxva sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod axla
iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis im Taviseburebebis kvlevas, rac
homoseqsualur da sxva aranormatiul urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msjelobisas isev mivediT erT-erT
mizezamde, romliTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti cxovrebis
 802

bolosken ojaxidan megobrebze gadainacvlebs (ix. cxrili 11.12).

moxucebulobaze stereotipuli mosazrebis mixedviT, xnovani adamianebi
ufro metad ganmartoebulebi xdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
SeiZleba marTlac mcire raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen, am
urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba, rom sruliad akmayofilebs intimurobis
moTxovnilebas. am tendencias kargad asaxavs seleqciuri socialuri
urTierTobebis Teoria, romlis mixedviTac, asakis momatebasTan erTad
adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im socialuri
partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs.
laura karstensenis (Laura Carstensen; 1991, 1998) mixedviT, SerCeviTi
urTierToba, SesaZloa, emociuri gamocdilebis regulirebisa da fizikuri
energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos. xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian
CarTulni zogierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da didi xnis
megobrebis, cxovrebaSi. modiT, es qveTavi imave mosazrebiT
davasruloT, romliTac daviwyeT: socialuri intimuroba anu siaxlove
fsiqologiuri keTildReobis winapirobas warmoadgens. gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis xarisxs da ara raodenobas.
xanSi SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis dacvas
iseTi adamianebis arCeviT cdiloben, romlebic saukeTesod SeZleben
emociur mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofas.
 803

axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.

• seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria (selective social interaction

theory) _ mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad
adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im socialuri
partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT emociur moTxovnilebebs
akamyofilebs.

qmnadoba adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTobebis myari

safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro metad SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva
qmnadobaze, rac, sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis
Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas
gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40
wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi
(McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da
nayofierebaze orientacia adamianebs fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gancdis
damkvidrebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rac ganvlili siymawvilis bunebrivi
nostalgiis anazRaurebaa.

saidan viciT
 804

cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba

meoce saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan jorj vailantma
(George Vaillant) interviuirebisa da dakvirvebis
meTodiT Seiswavla 95 uaRresad inteleqtualuri
mamakacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis
damTavrebidan 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi cvlilebebi
ganicada da maTi gviandeli qceva xSirad sruliad
gansxvavdeboda kolejSi yofnis dros Cveuli qcevisgan.
interviu moicavda kiTxvebs fizikuri janmrTelobis,
socialuri urTierTobebis da samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis
Sesaxeb. 30 wliani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg SearCies
da erTmaneTs Seadares saukeTeso da uaresi Sedegebis
mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani ori jgufi (ix. cxrili
11.7). saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi
cxovrebis Sua periodSi dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis
amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxismgeblobas da
garkveuli wvlili SehqondaT sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi. maTi pirovnuli momwifebuloba maTi
Svilebis ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda – pirovnulad
metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZloT TavianTi
SvilebisTvis garesamyarosTan
adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).
es kvleva gviCvenebs qmnadobis winapirobebs: saukeTeso miRwevebis
mqone mamakacebs cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri
(mogvarebuli) unda hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi resursebi gareT,
momaval Taobebze miemarTaT. rodesac Sua xnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli)
 805

da xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli) adamianebs hkiTxes, Tu ras niSnavda

cxovrebasTan kargad adaptirebuli pirovneba, orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo “sxvebze orientirebuli” _ mzrunveli, TanamgrZnobi da kargi
urTierTobebis mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi. modiT, isic
aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil cxovrebas
keTildReobis im gancdiT uyurebs, romelic ucvlelad gamohyva
axalgazrdobis wlebidan (Carstensen & Freund, 1994). rogorc socialuri
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba is periodia, rodesac xdeba
miznebis wanacvleba; prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom momavali
arc ise usazRvro da usasruloa. Tumca, prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze
xnovani adamianebi inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis faseulobis gancdas.
mozrdilobis ukanasknel krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc konfliqti
mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris. monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,
vTqvaT, rom arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani uyurebs ganvlil cxovrebas
sasowarkveTiT. maT umravlesobaSi ganvlili cxovreba da momavali
mTlianobis gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.

cxrili 11.7. saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris

sxvaoba
fsiqosocialuri mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT

saukeTeso uaresi miRwevebi

 806

miRwevebi
(30 cdis piri)
(30 cdis piri)

pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda 0% 33%

kolejSi, romelic kolejSi
swavlis dros qvemodan
mexuTe procentils
miekuTvneba
dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis 0% 40%
periodSi
megobrobis/megobrebis
0% 57%
nakleboba 50 wlis asakSi
dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis 3% 37%
asakisaTvis
pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi
daurwmunebloba, pasiuroba da 3% 50%
seqsis SiSi 50 wlis asakSi
bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo 17% 47%
samuSao, romelsac amJamad
asrulebs,
naklebad gulisxmobs 20% 93%
xelmZRvanelis movaleobebis
Sesrulebas
cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli 60% 27%
arCevani mamasTan
idenTifikacias asaxavs
 807

Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba,

rogorc 66% 23%
kargi an saukeTeso.

gviani mozrdilobis kulturuli konteqsti

Cvens mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa
da xnovanebas Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti procesi
ufroa, vidre wyvetili; ar arsebobs konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani
ucbad moxucebulad iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa, rom cxovrebis
ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri
rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone & Wernick, 1995). mkvlevrebma
dokumenturad daafiqsires es molodinebi; maT moagroves stereotipebi,
romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT TavianTi bebiebisa da babuebis
Taobis warmomadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom
axalgazrdebs araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxucebis mimarT (Brewer et. al.,
1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989). moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba
stereotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda mozrdilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi
damokidebuleba aqvT „srulyofili bebiisadmi an babuisadmi“ da
SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ „uRimRamo“ moxucisadmi (Schmidt & Boland,
1986). miuxedavad amisa, zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT
 808

fizikuri mimzidvrlobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis daqveiTebis

mimarT (Kite & Johnson,
1988; Sharps et al., 1998).

• qmnadoba (generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris,

sazogadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da
maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze
mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 3040 wels miRweuli adamianis ganviTarebis
procesSi.
asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia
konkretuli crurwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias anu
eijizms23 uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa diskriminacia, rac
zRudavs maT SesaZleblobebs, axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs
sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad fsiqologebi
Tavad arian damnaSaveni aseTi diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im
terminologiis gamo, romelsac isini iyeneben (Schaie, 1993). ukanaskneli
40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili 139 studenturi naSromis Seswavlam
aCvena, rom mravalma studentma arc ki CarTo masSi moxucebulobis
periodi an warmoadgina stereotipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul
adamianebze (Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990). asakis mixedviT

23
ageism.
 809

diskriminaciis ufro STambeWdavi da naTeli magaliTi erT-erTi Jurnalistis

piradi gamocdileba, romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT „moxucad
gadaiqca“.

saidan viciT
asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis gamocdileba
pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis qalbatonad iqca.
man Semoiara aSS-is 100-
ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras
niSnavda moxucebulad yofna amerikaSi. bundovanma
kontaqturma linzebma da yuris sacobebma mas
mxedveloba da smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze
gadabmuli fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi TiTebi ki zed
daxveuli webovani lentis gamo arTritian TiTebze odnav
moqnili iyo. es „patara moxuci qali“ gadarCebisaTvis
ibrZoda axalgazrdebis, Zlierebisa da sicocxliT
savseTaTvis Seqmnil samyaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis
gaxsna, saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis
wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze asvla. siswrafis, xmaurisa
da Crdilebis samyaro aSinebda mas. rodesac daxmareba
sWirdeboda, iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels;
 810

xSirad dascinodnen moxucebulobis da mowyvladobis

gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki
Tavdasxmis msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore, 1990).

muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc

fizikuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris
momarTuli.
Cven mimovixileT cxovrebis mTliani cikli: ganvixileT bavSvobis,
mozardobisa da mozrdilobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi. mocemuli
Tavis dasasruls ganvixilavT or calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba miRebuli gamocdileba; esaa genderuli ganviTareba da moraluri
ganviTareba.

• asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ crurwmena asakovani

adamianebis Sesaxeb, rasizmisa da seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi
asakovani adamianebis mimarT.
 811

• sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (sex differences) _ biologiuri safuZvlis

mqone maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs
mdedrobiTi sqesisgan.

Sejameba kulrutulma da istoriulma gansxvavebebma SeiZleba arsebiTi

gavlena moaxdinos imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben
adamianebi TavianTi cxovrebis socialur aspeqtebs. erik eriksonma
SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis, rogorc krizisebis Tanmimdevrobis,
koncefcia: cxovrebis TiToeuli fazaze individi dgeba dilemis winaSe,
romelic man warmatebiT unda gadaWras, raTa efeqtianad gaumklavdes
Semdgomi fazebis konfliqtebs.
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socializaciis procesi, umetesad,
ojaxis wevrebTan bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi Zalian
adreuli asakidan reagireben da urTierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel
adamianebTan. ucnobi situaciebis testi Seiqmna mSoblebze bavSvebis
mijaWvulobis Sesafaseblad. myari mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi
SemdgomSi socialurad ufro kompetenturebi arian. mSoblebis mier
gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebis kvlevis mixedviT, aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili
mSobeli-Svilis kavSiris warmoqmnis yvelaze didi albaTobiT xasiaTdeba.
mijaWvulobis gamocdilebis arqona moqmedebs socialur ganviTarebaze.
hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom
 812

udedo maimunebs aq hqondaT socialuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianis

SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi mosiyvarule urTierTobebis arqona
zemoqmedebs fizikur da socialur ganviTarebaze.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozardoba aucileblobiT ar
xasiaTdeba qaliSxliTa da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosazrebebi
mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb konkurencias uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas.
mozardebma unda daimkvidron avtonomia mSoblebis avtoritetisgan. isini
Relaven TavianT momavalze rogorc pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv
doneze. mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze gavlenas axdens
maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi.
mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis wesrigSi urTierTobebi da
miRwevebi dgas. intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise
_ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs. adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze
sxvadasxva TanafardobiT iReben socialur mxardaWeras ojaxisgan da
megobrebisgan. xanSi SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi
xdebian urTierTobebis SerCevisas. zrdasrulobis kidev erTi amocanaa
qmnadoba –sxvaTa keTildReobaze mimarTuli qceva. zogadad, studenti-
axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryofiTi stereotipiT xasiaTdeba, ramac
SeiZleba saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.
 813

genderuli ganviTareba
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT
socialur samyaroSi ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: _ mdedrobiTi sqesis
da mamrobiTi sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac
bavSvebi amCneven, mTlianad socialuria: isini anatomiis gacnobamde
gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven
mozrdili adamiani xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis da isic esmis, rom
sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvavebulobaze metia, SegiZliaT,
dafiqrdeT am gansxvavebebis warmomavlobaze. romeli maTgania
biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igenen
gogonebi da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb, romelTac
maT TavianTi kultura da sazogadoeba uyenebs?
sqesi da genderi biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic
mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqesisgan, sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi ewodeba. am maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli
reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da anatomiuri sxvaobebi. es
gansxvavebebi universaluria, biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli da ar
eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi maT garkveuli
tradiciuli socialuri rolebis Camoyalibebac ganapirobes. magaliTad,
 814

vinaidan qalebs SeeloT bavSvebis ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul

adamianebs SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos unda
yofiliyo da Svilebze unda ezruna, mamakacs ki unda enadira ojaxisaTvis
sakvebis mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984).
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg
biWebi fizikurad ufro aqtiurebi da agresiulebi arian, vidre gogonebi.
mTel msoflioSi biWebi ufro metad axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken
midrekileba, vidre gogonebs. es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, sqesobriv
hormonebs ukavSirdeba _ biologiurma faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos
qceviTi dispoziciebi (Collaer & Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980).
mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi zemoqmedebs socialur
TamaSze, radganac axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da
maimunebze dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina, rac
adamianebSi (Meany et al., 1988). mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis
energiul formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil motorul aqtivobas gulisxmobs.
mdedri cxovelebi ki iseTi moqmedebebiT arian dakavebulni, romelic
wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
biologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia da
moiazrebs sqesTan dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs.
kulturebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad
 815

ukavSirdeba genderi yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia

is kros-genderulad miCneuli qcevebis mimarT. genderuli identifikacia
aris individis mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda.
is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas da gacnobierebas. sqesis
gacnobiereba sakmaod adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis
bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im videoCanawers, romelzec
maTive sqesis bavSvis moZraobaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993).
genderuli rolebi aris qcevaTa paternebi, romelic mocemul sazogadoebaSi
misaRebad iTvleba mdedrobiTi sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis
adamianebisaTvis. ZiriTadad, isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT
mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic Seiswavlian mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis
warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, xSirad cdiloben,
gansazRvron, Tu romelia maTgan Tandayolili da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad ganpirobeuli
da romeli _ mocemuli kulturis farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis
socializaciis Sedegi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom patara bavSvebs Tavad
miaCniaT, rom biologia gansazRvravs beds. saidan viciT
 816

rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi

4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, evaraudaT, Tu
rogor moiqceoda 10 wlis personaJi krisi an peti. yvela
bavSvs uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes lamaz
kunZulze, Tumca, zog maTgans uTxres, rom krisi an
peti am gancalkevebul kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis
(magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi gamzrdeli
mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod misi sawinaaRmdego
sqesis adamianebma gazardes (magaliTad, krisi biWi
iyo da yvela misi gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi sqesis). ra
gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma pirobebma 4-10 wlis
bavSvebis mier krisis an petis sqesisTvis tipiuri qcevis
Sesaxeb gamoTqmul varaudebze? 9 wlamde bavSvebs
miaCndaT, rom personaJi ganaxorcielebda mocemuli
sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas, ganurCevlad
socialuri konteqstisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis
bavSvebi fiqrobdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin
iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad endomeboda biWs
kriss _ mexanZreoba da gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba.
ufrosi bavSvebi ki, piriqiT, msjelobisas
iTvaliswinebdnen im socialur garemos, sadac gaizarda
 817

dasaxelebuli personaJi: (rogorc gogona, ise _ biWi)

krisis mier profesiis arCevaze gavlenas axdenda
aRmzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari sqesic
(Taylor, 1996).

es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ver afaseben

garemos gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris
gansxvavebebi. amasTan, es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmoCenas, rom 2-
dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, ufro mkveTrad da xistad
aRiqvamen socialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker, 1989).
rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben,
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis msjeloba, mozrdilebTan SedarebiT, ucvlelad
eyrdnoba SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs “gogo” Tu “biWi”. umcrosi
bavSvebis mZafri reaqciebi,
SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom isini swored im asakSi imyofebian,
rodesac Tavad cdiloben sakuTari genderuli identobis damkvidrebas anu
 818

romelime socialuri sqesisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas.

mTlianobaSi, rogorc Cans, isini ufro metad arian momarTulni maTi
sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis “scenaris” Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi
da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993).
• genderi (gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romelSic moiazreba
mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesTan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da
ganwyobebi.
• genderuli identoba (gender identity) _ individis mier sakuTar TavSi
qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis
miRebas da gacnobierebas.
• genderuli rolebi (gender roles) _ qcevaTa da ganwyobaTa erToblioba,
romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da
romelsac Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.

Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.

axla ganvixiloT is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba udidesi nawili imisa, rasac adamianebi
qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTeblad miiCneven, kulturis mier
aris Seqmnili (Leaper, 2000). bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli
rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT kvlevaSi mSoblebi
TavianT axalSobil gogonebs iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen, rogoricaa
 819

patara, nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axalSobili biWebis

aRsawerad mSoblebi iyenebdnen iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa magari, Zlieri,
windaxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa
da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebodnen
erTmaneTisagan (Rubin et al., 1974). mSoblebi TavianT vaJebsa da
qaliSvilebs gansxvavebul tansacmels acmeven, gansxvavebul
saTamaSoebs aZleven da gansxvavebulad epyrobian (Rheingold & Cook,
1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi midrekilni arian, rom ufro dadebiTad
upasuxon Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTamaSoTi TamaSoben.
magaliTad, erT eqsperimentSi mamebi nakleb dadebiT ukukavSirs
aZlevdnen biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipiuri saTamaSoebiT
TamaSobdnen (Fagot & Hagan, 1991). zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan
waxalisebas iReben, rom sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT dakavdnen
(Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997).
mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, vinc bavSvebs genderuli rolebis
aTvisebaSi uwyoben xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998)
amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom mSoblebis mier genderuli rolebis swavleba ar
aris mxolod saTanado qcevebisa da qcevis normebis gadacemis procesi.
man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani, rom TamaSis stili da prioritetebi
saTamaSoebis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar aris damokidebuli
 820

mSoblebis prioritetebsa da rolebze. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi

segregacionistebi arian anu isini eZeben da pouloben Tavisive sqesis
Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da
maSinac, roca maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi
TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis miaCnia, rom bavSvebis genderul
qcevebs Soris mravali gansxvaveba TanatolebTan urTierTobis Sedegia.

saidan viciT
gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis struqtura
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs TanatolebTan
urTierToba da rogor xdeba genderuli rolebis aTviseba,
mkvlevrebma daiwyes imis detaluri Seswavla, Tu riTi
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan gogonebisa da biWebis
TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Seiswavles, Tu rogor
TamaSobdnen 4 da 6 wlis bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis
jgufebSi meore bavSvTan anu diadaSi, an mTle jgufTan
erTad. mkvelvrebma bavSvebis TamaSebi videofirze
Caiweres da Semdeg yvela maTi interaqciis
kategorizacia moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da
biWebi Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca,
gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols ufro didxans
eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu biWebi ufro xSirad
 821

icvlidnen partniors), SesaZloa, imitom, rom gogonebs

ufro met xans SeuZliaT yuradRebis koncentrireba. am
bavSvebidan mxolod 6 wlis biWebi iyvnen dakavebulni
iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli
(Benenson et al.,
1997).

mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom iwyeben 6 biWebi jgufur

TamaSebs, 6 wlis gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia garkveva,
ra ganapirobebs amas _ biologia (sqesobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu
molodinebi, romelic ufrosebs SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi
(genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac gogonebi iwyeben jgufur
TamaSs, es jgufebi gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan. magaliTad,
biWebis jgufebi ufro mimarTulni arian dominanturobaze _ vin visze
Zlieria, vidre gogonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi,
Cveulebriv, ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo TanxmobiT, vidre
Zalauflebis damyarebiT. Sesabamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva
fsiqologiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac ayalibebs samyaros maTeul xedvasa
da problemebTan gamklavebis gzebs.
 822

Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom ganicdian gogonebi da

biWebi gansxvavebulad socialuri ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi
vnaxavT, rom zogierTi mkvlevaris mixedviT, genderi moralur
ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas. Sejameba miuxedavad imisa, rom
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi biologiuri fenomenia, kulturac ganapirobebs
genderul gansxvavebebs. informacias genderuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb
bavSvebi adreuli asakidan iReben. genderuli rolebis zogierT aspeqts
adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda
amisa, genderul rolebs bavSvebi Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebis qcevis
sxvadasxva normebis gadaRebiT iTviseben.

moraluri ganviTareba
Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania cxovrebis manZilze
axlo socialuri urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi
aspeqti, kerZod ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir
SemTxvevaSi Cveni sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed
sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda SevafasoT. es aris
moraluri qcevis safuZveli. moraluroba aris rwmenaTa, faseulobaTa da
ZiriTad msjelobaTa sistema adamianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu
mcdarobis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom bavSvebi
 823

Camoyalibdnen iseT mozrdilebad, romlebic miiReben moralur

faseulobaTa sistemas da romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmarTavs
(Killen & Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is, rac moraluri Tu amoraluri
qcevaa konkretul situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebSi gacxarebuli kamaTis
sagnad iqces. SesaZloa, swored amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas
imas, rom moraluri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda. kamaTi lourens kolbergis
fundamenturi gamokvleviT iwyeba.

moraluri gansjis stadiebi kolbergis mixedviT lourens kolbergma

(Lawrence Kohlberg; 1964, 1981) moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria moraluri

gansjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris adamianTa msjeloba imis

Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli _

araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli

mosazrebebis gavleniT, romelic cdilobda moraluri gansjis ganviTarebis

dakavSirebas bavSvis zogad kognitur ganviTarebasTan. piaJes azriT,

imis mixedviT, Tu kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba, bavSvi

sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs moqmedebis Sedegs da moqmedi piris

ganzraxvas. magaliTad, bavSvisTvis, romelic winaoperaciul stadiaze

 824

imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi Wiqa, ufro „celqi da urCia“,

vidre is, vinc ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan erTad,

moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul

gansjaSi.

saidan viciT
kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba moralurobis
Sesaxeb
3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, moraluri
TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT adamianebis qceva, romelic
sami parametris mixedviT varirebda: qmedebebi,
Sedegebi da ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi
(magaliTad, cxovelis mofereba da cxovelis cema)
qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi; aseve ganisazRvreboda Sedegebic
(magaliTad, cxoveli tiroda an cxoveli icinoda).
ganzraxvebis varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva
winaswar ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogierTi _
SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad, moqmedma pirma
cxovels ganzrax daarya an SemTxveviT mouvida es).
bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo
maTTvis es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erTerTi
unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, romelTagan
TiToeuli aRniSnavda Sefasebas „Zalian, Zalian cudi“-
dan „Zalian, Zalian kargi“-mde. umcrosma bavSvebma
qcevisadmi mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad
 825

Sedegze daafuZnes; mxolod 5 wlis bavSvebma

gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tumca, rodesac bavSvebs
hkiTxes, unda dasjiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros
bavSvTa umravlesobam gaiTvaliswina moqmedi piris
ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).

• moraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, romelic

iZleva garantias, rom individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom
winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa

uflebebTan da interesebTan.
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri unarebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebs uviTardebaT imis unari, rom
yuradReba miaqcion ara mxolod Sedegebs, aramed ganixilon orive _
Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis mimReblobis Sesaxeb
msjelobisa da dasjis aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxvavebuloba
 826

miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis bavSvebs moraluri gansjis

zogierTi tipi ufro meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc
wina TavSi vnaxeT, is, Tu ris gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv,
ganapirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad „momwifebulebi“ Canan isini. cxrili
11.8 moraluri argumentaciis kolbergiseuli etapebi
doneebi da etapebi moraluri argumentacia

1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba stadia 1: orientacia

tkivilis acileba an gaqceva
siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-jildoebis miReba
mogebaze;
urTierTsamarTlianoba
_ Tvali Tvalis wil
2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebis damsaxureba da
Seqebaze gamtyunebis
(„kargi-bavSvi“) Tavidan acileba
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa wesebis dacva,
da wesrigze mTavrobisgan
gakicxvis acileba
3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia socialur sazogadoebis
kontraqtze keTildReobis
gaumjobesebisTvis
xelSewyoba
 827

stadia 6: orientacia eTikur samarTlianobis

principebze miRweva da
TviTgankicxvis acileba
etapi 7: orientacia globalur, iyo marTali universaluri
msoflio principebze principebis winaSe da
Tavs
grZnobde samyaros nawilad,

romelic scildeba socialur normebs

moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasazRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco

piaJes Tvalsazrisi. TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb msjeloba
gansxvavebul safuZvlze aigeba (ix. cxrili 11.8). moraluri msjelobis
umdablesi done dafuZnebulia sakuTar interesebze maSin, roca umaRlesi
done mimarTulia socialur sikeTeze, piradi sargeblisgan damoukideblad.
am stadiebis dasasabuTeblad kolbergma gamoiyena dilemaTa seria, sadac
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba sxvadasxva moraluri principebi.

erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi, cdilobs, colsTvis iSovos

garkveuli wamali, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi daexmareba. unamuso
gamyidveli hanss am wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis, Tu igi
aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi
Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre SeuZlia, rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili
hansi iWreba gamyidvlis maRaziaSi da iparavs wamals colisaTvis. unda
 828

gaakeTos hansma es Tu ara? ratom? interviueri azustebs, Tu ra mizezebis

gamo miiRo cdis pirma gadawyvetileba da Semdeg ajamebs da
axarisxebs miRebul pasuxebs.
daxarisxeba efuZneba im mizezebs, Tu ratom miiRo pirovnebam aseTi
gadawyvetileba da ara TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc
Tqva, rom hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is valdebuli iyo
momakvdavi colis winaSe, an ar unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo,
daecva kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi grZnobebisa), cdilobs, rom
Seesabamebodes dadgenil valdebulebebs da amitom ganviTarebis
mixedviT me-4-e stadiaze imyofeba.
kolbergis stadiuri modeli oTxi principiT xelmZRvanelobs: (1) yovel
mocemul momentSi individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod
romelime erT stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am stadiebs dadgenili
TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da
rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi gvxvdeba yvela kulturaSi.
kolbergma stadiuri ganviTarebis aseTi filosofia piaJesgan aiRo.
faqtobrivad, ganviTareba 1-3 stadiebze Tanxvdeba normaluri kognituri
ganviTaebis stadiebs. stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs da
yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili kognituri unarebiT
 829

xasiaTdeba, vidre wina. TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias

13 wlis asakSi.
kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, ZiriTadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg
iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tanazomierad
da ganuxrelad agZeleben moralur ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg,
Tumca, yvela maTgani ver aRwevs 4-7 stadiebs. faqtobrivad, bevri
mozrdili arasodes aRwevs mexuTe stadias da mxolod zogierTebs
xelewifebaT kidev ufro win wasvla. kolbergis gviandeli stadiebis Sinaarsi
subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli gasagebia, Tu rogor aris yoveli
Semdgomi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli. magaliTad,
moraluri gansjis safuZveli meeqvse stadiaze „TviTgankicxvis acileba“, ar
gamoiyureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri gansjis safuZveli
mexuTe stadiaze „sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis
xelSewyoba“. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi ar aris yvela kulturaSi
(Eckensberger & Zimba, 1997). axla mivubrundeT kolbergis Teoriis vrcel
Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa da kulturis ganxilvidan
momdinareobs. genderisa da kulturis gavlena mosalur gansjaze kolbergis
Teoriis kritika, ZiriTadad, Seexeba mis pretenzias universalobaze:
kolbergis gviani etapebi gaakritikes, vinaidan ar moxerxda imis
dadastureba, rom zrdasrulTa moraluri msjelobebi SeiZleba asaxavdnen
 830

gansxvavebul, magram Tanabari moraluri Rirebulebis principebs. kargad

cnobili kritikosi qerol giligani (Carol Gilligan, 1982) miuTiTebs, rom
kolbergis Tavdapirveli naSromi Seiqmna mxolod biWebze dakvirvebis
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT. giligani amtkicebda, rom es kvleva saTanadod ar
aSuqebda SesaZlo gansxvavebebs qalisTvis da mamakacisTvis Cveul
moralur msjelobebs Soris. giligani ambobda, rom qalis moraluri
ganviTareba dafuZnebulia sxvebze zrunvis standartze da aRwevs
TviTrealizaciis stadiamde, xolo mamakacebis msjeloba eyrdnoba
samarTlianobis standarts. amdenad, giliganis Teoria afarToebs kolbergis
ideebs msjelobaTa diapazonis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba arsebiTi iyos
moraluri gansjisTvis bavSvobis periodis Semdeg. miuxedavad giliganis
mier TeoriaSi Setanili wvlilisa, kvlevebma cxadyo, rom igi cdeboda
qalisa da mamakacis moraluri argumentaciis unikaluri stilebis
gansazRvrisas. modiT, ganvixiloT faqtebi. zogierTma kvlevam aCvena,
rom qalebi ise axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis formirebas, rom
SeinarCunon harmonia socialur urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki ufro
metad samarTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons, 1983). miuxedavad
amisa, mkvlevrebi agrZeleben kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara
saerTod sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi (Baumrind, 1986;
Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996). miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da
 831

mamakacebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT mividnen moraluri

ganviTarebis maRal stadiebamde, mozrdilobaSi maT mier
ganxorcielebuli aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia (Boldizar et al.,
1989). arsebobs versia, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi marTlac
mniSvnelovania gansakuTrebuli “wminda qaluri” da “wminda
mamakacuri” socialuri situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac qalebsa da
mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri dilemebis gadawyvetis mizezebis
Sesaxeb ekiTxebian, isini zrunvasa da samarTlianobaze dafuZnebul
pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs iZlevian (Clopton &
Sorell, 1993).
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis msjeloba moraluri dilemebis
Sesaxeb davaxasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosazrebebisa da zrunvis
mosazrebebis nazavi. es nazavi SenarCundeba cxovrebis udidesi nawilis
manZilze. Tumca, rogorc mosalodnelia, moralur gansjaze aisaxeba
mozrdilis kognitur sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba gviani mozrdilobis periodisTvis isaa, rom
gansjisas individebs aqcenti konkretuli situaciebis detalebidan zogad
principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am asakSi isini moraluri gansjas
metad iTvaliswineben zogad sazogadoebriv interesebs (magaliTad, „ras
ambobs kanoni?“), vidre konkretul dilemebs (magaliTad,
„SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?“) (Pratt et al., 1988).
 832

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumentaciaSi sqesobrivi

gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb kamaTi, ZiriTadad, isev dasavluri
kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moraluri argumentaciis irgvliv
mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvlevam am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli
yvela monacemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna. kulturaTa
Sedarebam aCvena: _ SeuZlebelic ki aris, rom universalurad
gamovacxadoT situaciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba
relevanturi iqneba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: gzis napirze xedavT
ucnobs, romelsac avtomanqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu ara
dasaxmareblad? davuZvaT, TvliT, rom „ara“. amoraluria es? Tu Tqven
aSS-Si gaizardeT, albaT, ifiqrebdiT, rom aseT situaciaSi daxmarebis
gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _ yvelam Tavad unda
gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi araferia amoraluri. meores mxriv, Tu Tqven
indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi, romelic gacilebiT met
mniSvnelobas aniWebs urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTdaxmarebas,
savaraudod, unda gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze uaris Tqma amoraluri
iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen sxvadasxva kulturis
moralur msjelobebs:
saidan viciT
 833

kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg

moraluri gansjis kvlevisTvis cdis pirebi moiwvies ori adgilidan:
koneqtikutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS) da samxreT indoeTis qalaq
misoridan. dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am warmomadgenlebs sTxoves,
gamoexataT reaqcia movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac upirispirdeboda
kanonis
dacva da upirispideboda pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas. davuSvaT,
Tqveni saukeTeso megobris qorwilSi saqorwino beWdebis mitanis
erTaderTi gza TqvenTvis matareblis bileTis sayidlad fulis moparva iyo.
kanonierebis dacvis principi gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moiparoT;
pirovnebaTSorisi
pasuxismgeblobis principi ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megobrul
valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobaze moraluris kategoriebiT: saqorwino
beWdebis ver mitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara _ amoraluri.
Tumca, rogorc axlaxans aRvniSneT, indoeTis indusTa kulturisTvis,
zogadad, meore adamianis winaSe valdebuleba moraluris kategoriebs
miekuTvneba. amis gamo mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom indoeli
respondentebi ufro met upiratesobas mianiWebdnen pirovnebTSoris
pasuxismgeblobas, vidre amerikelebi. rogorc 11.13 suraTze Cans, sami
 834

asakobrivi jgufis indoeli respondentebi ufro metad irCevdnen im variants,

sadac upiratesoba swored pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda
(Miller & Bersoff, 1992).

am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols asrulebs kultura moraluris da

amoraluris gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
gaizardeT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu ramdenad Rrmad swamT
indoeleebs, rom megobrisTvis micemuli dapireba unda Sesruldes –sjobs
moiparo, vidre beWdebis gareSe mixvide qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom kulturuli normebis es gansxvaveba scildeba am or qveyaniss,
indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi ufro vrclad
vnaxavT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da indoeTi tipiuri dasavluri da
aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimarTulni arian, Sesabamisad,
calkeuli individebis keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.

Sejameba
piaJes msgavsad, kolbergma Camoayaliba moraluri msjelobis stadiuri
ganviTarebis Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teorias imis gamo,
rom is yuradRebis miRma tovebda im faqts, rom moraluri msjeloba
safuZvelSive gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan. Tumca,
ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom mozrdilTa umravlesoba
xelmZRvanelobs samarTlianobisa da zrunvis principebis nazaviT. kros-
 835

kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxva

standartebiT ganisazRvreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da qcevebia moraluri
Tu amoraluri.

sur. 11.13 kros-kulturuli pasuxebi moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze

skolis moswavleebs da zrdasrulebs indoeTsa da amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi
moraluri dilemebis gadaWrisas. indoelma monawileebma airCies is
variantebi, sadac (kanonierebis dacvaze metad) prioriteti pirovnebaTSoris
pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda.

viswavloT sworad da warmatebulad dabereba

axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli zogierT
sakiTxi, raTa SevadginoT rekomendaciebi sworad da warmatebulad
daberebisTvis. Tavis dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganviTareba gangexilaT,
rogorc cvlileba, romelsac yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi.
aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi keTildReobis miRwevis xerxia
SenaZenebis gazrda da danakargebis Semcireba. Cven vnaxeT, rom wesi
“gamoiyene an dakarge” exeba rogorc fizikur formas, ise _ gonebriv
SesaZleblobebs. mravali cvlileba, romelic stereotipulad asocirdeba
daberebasTan, sinamdveliSi aris unarebis gamouyeneblobis,
 836

umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis an gauaresebis Sedegi. Cveni

pirveli rCevaa:
SeinarCuneT es unarebi!
Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli daberebis erT-erTi nawilia
seleqciuri optimizacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund &
baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT, rom seleqciuri niSnavs individis mier
miRwevadi amocanebis dasaxvas. optimizacia gulisxmobs individisTvis
prioritetul sferoebSi mis ganviTarebas da gavarjiSebas. kompensacia
niSnavs danakargebis Sesamcireblad individis mier alternatiuli xerxebis
gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom asakovani adamianebi irCeven iseT
megobrebs, romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris optimalur dones
uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmavlobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis
SerCeva, raTa kompensirebul iqnas sikvdilis Tu sxva mizeziT dakarguli
megobrebi (carstensen, 1998; lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad
imisa, rom seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis procesis Seswavlisas gaCnda,
is kargi meTodia im gadawyvetilebebis amosarCevad, romelic cxovrebis
manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT iseTi miznebis dasaxvas,
romelic yvelaze metad mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis, am miznebis
gaTvaliswinebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis optimizacia da eZioT
SemovliTi gzebi, Tu miznisken mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT.
es aris Cveni saboloo rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
 837

ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom brZnulad da warmatebiT

daberdebiT.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
• cvlilebaTa aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiuli, longituduri da jvaredini
kvlevebis monacemebs iyeneben.
• ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze damokidebulia rogorc Tandayolil, ise
_ SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze. fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
• garemos faqtorebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT fizikur ganviTarebaze
zemoqmedeba, rodesac bavSvi jer kidev dedis mucelSi imyofeba.
• axalSobilebi da Cvilebi SesaZleblobebaTa sakmaod farTo speqtrs
floben: isini momarTulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis.
• sqesobrivi momwifebisas mozardebma SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli
yuradReba dauTmon TavianTi sxeulis xats.
 838

gviani zrdasrulobis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba gamouyeneblobis da ara

gardauvali daberebis Sedegia.

kognitiuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

• piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi kognituri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: sqemebis

ganviTareba, asimilacia, akomodacia da wyvetili ganviTarebis oTx-
stadiuri Teoria. es oTxi stadiaa: sensomotoruli, winaoperaciuli,
konkretuli operaciebis da formaluri operaciebis.
• gviandelma originalurma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvilebi da patara
bavSvebi ufro metad arian ganviTarebuli, vidre amas piaJe
varaudobda.
• mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden Teoriebs,
romliTac orientireben sxvadasxva fsiqologiur da fizikur sferoSi da
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
• kros-kulturulma kvlevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena kognituri
ganviTarebis Teoriebis universaloba.
 839

• kognituri funqcionirebis asakTan dakavSirebuli daqveiTeba, rogorc

wesi, exeba mxolod zogierT unars. mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zogierTi
kognituri deficiti gamowveulia unaris gamouyeneblobiT da ara
gardauvali daberebiT.
• kognituri sistemis warmatebulad daberebaze SeiZleba saubari, rodesac
adamianebi axdenen funqcionirebis optimizacias saqmianobis
maTTvis yvelaze prioritetuli sferos amorCeviTa da arsebuli resursebiT
danakargebis kompensirebiT. enis aTviseba
• bevri mkvlevari darwmunebulia, rom adamianebs aqvT enis Seqmnis
Tandayolili unari. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, enis aTvisebis procesis
mniSvnelovani pirobaa zrdasrul metyvel adamianebTan urTierToba.
• naturalistebis msgavsad, bavSvebi aviTareben hipoTezebs maTi enis
mniSvnelobebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb. es hipoTezebi xSirad
gansazTvrulia Tandayolili principebiT. socialuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
• socialur ganviTareba konkretul kulturul konteqstSi xdeba.
 840

asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cveuli mimdinareobidan gadaxveva xSirad

kulturiT ganpirobebuli garemo pirobebis Sedegia.
• erik eriksonma cxovrebis cikli gansazRvra, rogorc krizisebis seria,
romlebic individma unda daZlios.
• socializacia aris procesi, rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben im faseulobebs
da qcevebs, romlebic mocemul sazogadoebaSi sasurvelad iTvleba.
• socializacia iwyeba momvlelTan Cvilis mijaWvulobis
ganviTarebidan.
• mijaWvulobis ganuviTarebloba mravalricxovan fizikur da fsiqologiur
problemebs iwvevs.
• bavSvobaSi aRmzrdelobiTi zemoqmedebis ararsebobas SeuZlia
socialuri ganviTarebis Seferxeba.
• gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom mozardTa umravlesoba kmayofilia
Tavisi cxovrebiT.
 841

• mozardebma unda ganaviTaron pirovnuli indenturoba TanatolebTan

da mSoblebTan komfortuli socialuri urTierTobebis CamoyalibebiT da
samomavlo amocanebis dasaxviT.
• mozrdilobis ZiriTadi amocanebi intimurobasa da qmnadobis
moTxovnilebebs efuZneba.
• adamianebi socialurad naklebad aqtiurebi xdebian asakSi Sesvlisas,
radgan SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxolod im urTierTobebs, romlebic
emociurad metad mniSvnelovania maTTvis.
• adamianebi TavianT cxovrebas afaseben, nawilobriv, sxvebis
cxovrebaSi TavianTi dadebiTi wvlilis Setanis unaris mixedviT.
• xandazmul adamianTa mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipebi asakis mixedviT
diskriminacias anu eijizms iwvevs.
genderuli ganviTareba
• genderi fsiqologiuri fenomenia, romelic gulisxmobs biologiuri sqesiT
gansazRvruli qcevebisa da ganwyobebis daswavlas.
 842

• genderuli rolebis aTviseba dabadebidanve iwyeba. socializaciisTvis

xelisSemwyobi mTeli rigi faqtorebi ganamtkiceben genderul
stereotipebs.

moraluri ganviTareba
kolbergma gansazRvra moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebi.
• moraluri argumentaciis gviandel kvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqna
sqesobrivi da kulturuli gansxvavebani.
• sxvadasxva kulturebi sxvadasxva standartebis mixedviT afaseben, Tu
romeli situaciebi da qcevebi CaiTvalos moralurad Tu amoralurad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. akomodacia
2. alcheimeris daavadeba
3. asimilacia
4. mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi
5. mSovlebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebi
6. bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba
7. buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba
8. ganviTarebis asaki
 843

9. ganviTarebis fsiqologia
10. egocentrizmi

11. asakis mixedviT diskriminacia anu eijizmi

12. enis Seqmnis unari

13. zigota

14. imprintingi

15. internalizacia
16. intimuroba

17. kognituri ganviTareba

18. konservacia

19. komforti kontaqtisas

20. longituduri kvlevis meTodi

21. menarqe
22. mijaWvuloba

23. momwifeba
24. moraluroba
25. normatiuli kvlevebi

26. obieqtis mudmivoba

 844

27. sayrdeni Teoriebi

28. seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT

29. seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria

30. sibrZne

31. socializacia
32. socialuri ganviTareba

33. sqemebi
34. genderi
35. sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi

36. genderuli identoba

37. genderuli rolebi

38. sqesobrivi simwife
39. sxeulis xati

40. fizikuri ganviTareba

41. fonemebi
42. fsiqosocialuri stadiebi

43. qmnadoba

44. qronologiuri asaki

45. centracia

46. jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi

 845

47. hiperregularizacia
Tavi 12: motivacia

• ra aris motivacia
motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi
motivaciis wyaroebi
• kveba
kvebis fiziologia
kvebis fsiqologia
• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne
• seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqcia
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
seqsualuri qcevis normebi
homoseqsualoba
• pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
 846

warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia

Sromisa da organizaciuli fsiqologia
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris
arCevaSi
daxmareba?
• moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia • sakvanZo sakiTxebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi
 847

1994 wels gamocemul Tavis wignSi ,,msoflios mwvervalze“ (On Top

of the World) Jurnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebecca Stephens) aRwers
everestze asvlas. wignis dasawyisSi vrclad aris moTxrobili everestis
dapyrobis survilis Sesaxeb:
,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom
avediT, sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT _ sxvadasxva
erovnebis, sarwmunoebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengans
mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze
maRali adgilia msoflioSi da arsebobs uamravi mizezi, romelic misken
iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc
CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRrmeebisken.“
mogvinebiT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
daZabuloba da safrTxe, am ,,romantikas“ pirquSi realoba cvlis.
miuxedavad amisa, avtori midis gasaocar daskvnamde mas Semdeg, rac
TiTi daiziana:
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo,
maxinji msuqani sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse,
 848

TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele iyo amis gakeTeba“, _

buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma mTasvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli,
daudevari da araseriozuli vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...
me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS martoobaSi msurda yofna.
vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,“ _
Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla romc
momrCenoda, SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi
20 000 futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 29 000 futze
(11300 metrze), sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da, Sesabamisad,
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis
dapyroba ase Zviri _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota
xans da sakmaod mSvidad, Cemda gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac
verasodes warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ „TiTi arc ise didi
sazRauri iyo. rogorme iolad gaval nekis gareSec“ (gv.90-91).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze. ramdenad Zlierad
unda gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT: _ ,,iolad gaval nekis
gareSec“. arsebobs raime mizani, romlis gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT?
sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmarTebze rebeka stefensis
 849

mTaze asvlis dros... ratom surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra

gansazRvravs imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs mTis mwvervalze
asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu sxva raime mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT
daJinebulni, jiutni, Seupovarni raime miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad im
didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es
Seupovroba jdeba? dabolos, didxans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis miRwevas,
Tu maleve gaanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaciebiT, rodesac adamianebi
motivaciur faqtorebs mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, romelic
moxda an ar moxda. Tqven SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba bosi
Tavis gamyidvelebs: _ ,,Tqven unda SeecadoT ufro bejiTad imuSavoT,
rom saqoneli gayidoT,“ megobari SeiZleba saidumlod gagendoT, rom
gamocdaze imitom CaiWra, rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas
sakmaris motivacias; SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri moTxroba da
SeecadoT, warmoidginoT danaSaulis motivi da amiT daikmayofiloT
sakuTari mizani deteqtivis mkvlelTan identifikaciis gamo. Mmilioni
adamianis msgavsad msoflioSi, Tqvenc SeiZleba miwebebuli xarT
 850

yoveldRiurad sapnis operebs (teleserilebs) iseTi motivebis gamosavlenad,

rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocanaa Teoriuli safuZvlis uzrunvelyofa
motivaciis aseTi magaliTebisTvis. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur
mdgomareobas, gavlena moaxdinos sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis
Sedegebze? ratom imatebs zogierTi adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom
zogierTi lamis sikvdilis piramde mivides SimSiliT? Aaris Tu ara Cveni
seqsualuri qceva determinirebuli genetikuri memkvidreobiT? am TavSi
Tqven SeityobT, rom adamianis moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva
moTxovnilebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamenturi fiziologiuri
moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa pirovnuli miRweva. aseve,
naxavT, rom xSirad arc ise advilia erTmaneTisagan gamijno fsiqologia
da fiziologia. xandaxan iseTi mamoZravebeli Zala (draivi), rogoricaa
SimSili, romelic, erTi SexedviT, biologiuri Cans, konkurencias uwevs
pirovnuli kontrolis individualur moTxovnilebas da xSirad socialuri
aRiareba (mimRebloba) gansazRvravs xolme kvebiT paternebs.
 851

am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic

aucilebelia motivaciis kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi
farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips, romelTaganac TiToeuli
sxvadasxvagvarad mniSvnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac
biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es
sami tipia: SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.

ra aris motivacia
motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis ganzogadebul termins,
romelic CarTulia fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi,
mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva motivacia warmodgeba
laTinuri sityvidan movere, rac “moZraobas“ niSnavs. organizmebi
moZraoben garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis mimarTulebiT da
gaurbian garkveul stimulebs maTi mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis
Sesabamisad. motivaciis Teoriebi sxnis rogorc cxovelTa, ise
adamianebis, ,,moZraobis“ zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias
TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebasa da prioritetebze.
motivaciis analizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT, romliTac
 852

motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da prognozirebs individualur da saxeobriv

qcevas. motivaciis koncefciebis funqciebi motivaciis koncefciebs xuTi
ZiriTadi daniSnuleba aqvT:
qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ rogorc biologiuri organizmebi,
Tqven flobT kompleqsur Sinagan meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben
Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da gexmarebian sicocxlis
SenarCunebaSi. ratom adeqiT sawolidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT,
gSiodaT, gwyurodaT an gciodaT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi deprivaciis
Sinagani mdgomareoba warmoadgens trigers (sasxlets) sxeulis
reaqciisaTvis, rac qmnis motivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT
qmedeba Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad; qcevis cvalebadobis
axsna _ ratom asrulebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad da
meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs
Tavs sakonkurso davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive unarebi da
codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben motivaciur axsnas,
rodesac adamianis mier davalebis, an raime sxva moqmedebis
Sesrulebis cvalebedoba ucvlel situaciaSi ver aixsneba unarebis,
 853

gamocdilebis, praqtikis sxvadasxvaobiT, an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu

Tqven gsurT diliT adre adgoma damatebiT samecadinod, magram
Tqven megobars _ ara, maSin, SesaZloa,
es mivaweroT Tqveni da Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur
mdgomareobebs; subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis
gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva is sazogadoebaSi _
Tqven xedavT, rom viRac skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am
qcevas? fsiqologebi da diletantebi, Cveulebriv, erTnairad gadaitanen
yuradRebas qcevaze dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan
mizezebze daskvnebis gakeTebaze. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen
qcevis interpretacias savaraudo mizezebis terminebiT _ ratom moxda
es swored ise, rogorc moxda. igive wesi moqmedebs Tqveni qcevis
mimarTac. Tqven xSirad cdilobT, gaarkvioT Tqveni qceva garedanaa
motivirebuli Tu
Signidan.
imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze pasuxismgebloba _
pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis cneba ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da
 854

eTikisaTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs Sinagan

motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis unars. adamianebi naklebad
pasuxismgeblebi arian sakuTar moqmedebebze, roca: _ (1) ar fiqroben,
rom maT qcevas uaryofiT Sedegebi eqneba; (2) roca eqsternaluri
(garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria imisaTvis, rom qceva gamoiwvios,
an (3) roca qmedebaze gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da
intensiuri emociebi. amgvarad, motivaciis Teoriam SeiZleba axsnas
qcevis SesaZlo mizezebi; araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad
miznisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da daJinebis axsna _
gavixsenoT rabeka stefensis wignidan warmodgenili citatebi, romliTac
daviwyeT winamdebare Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da
sasikvdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc agrZeleben mTaze
asvlas? bolo mizezi, ratomac fsiqologebi motivacias swavloben,
warmoadgens imis axsnas, Tu ratom axorcielebs organizmi qcevas,
rodesac gacilebiT ioli SeiZleba iqnes am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan
Tavis Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad mivideT
samsaxurSi Tu mecadineobaze maSinac ki, roca amis Zala ukve aRar
 855

Segvwevs; gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT TamaSi

maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT, rom mogeba SeuZlebelia.
axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im garemo pirobebze, sadac
fsiqologebi mimarTaven motivaciis cnebas qcevis
winaswarmetyevelebisa da axsnisaTvis. gamocdilebis konkretuli
sferoebis ganxilvamde, gavecnoT motivaciis zogad wyaroebs.

• motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri aqtivobebis dawyebis,

mimarTulebis micemis da marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs,
romlebic CarTulia erTi aqtiobisaTvis meoresTan SedarebiT
upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da mdgradobas sZens
reaqciebs.

motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma (Lans Armstrong) moigo
safrangeTis turne (Tour de France) _ sportis istoriaSi es iyo sportsmenis
dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi magaliTi. 1996 wels mas testikularuli
simsivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa da tvinze vrceldeboda.
 856

agresiuli qimioTerapiis kursis dasrulebis Semdeg, armstrongma varjiSis

ganaxleba gadawyvit da sam weliwadSi msoflios yvelaze prestiJul
SejibrebSi moipova gamarjveba; 2000 wels ki kvlav moigo safrangeTis
turne. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom visac armstrongma ajoba, susti
velomrbolelebi iyvnen. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam ki daamtkica, rom lanss
SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velomrbolelebis daZleva.
Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas rac lans armstrongma gaakeTa?
SeZlebdiT seriozuli avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni
sxeulisTvis arcTu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas? xom ar fiqrobT, rom rac ar
unda yofiliyo misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi iyo? saWiroa
Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi
SeupovrobisaTvis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis Sedegi iyo?
moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa umravlesoba aseve, Tu isini igive situaciaSi
aRmoCndebian? warmoadgens Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da situaciis
maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis (interaqciis) Sedegs? motivaciis
wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad vnaxoT, ra gansxvavebaa internalur
(Sinagan) da eqsternalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im Teoriebis
 857

ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul tipebs internaluri, biologiuri

impulsebiT xsnian.

ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
rogorc Cans, motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivia: _ Tu SimSils
grZnobT, WamT, Tu grZnobT, rom gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis
mixedviTad mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia Sinagani
ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad ganaviTara klark halma (Clark Hall, 1943,
1952). halis azriT, ltolva aris Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod. organizmi
cdilobs SeinarCunos iseTi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis wonasworoba, anu
homeostazi, rogoricaa: _ sxeulis temperatura da energiis miwodeba (ix.
Tavi 3). ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac deprivacia arRvevs
wonasworobas, anu qmnis daZabulobas. es ltolva organizms daZabulobis
Semcirebisken anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs; rodesac ltolva
dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, homeostazi aRdgeba da organizmi
wyvets moqmedebas. amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels mravali
saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis
 858

mdgomareoba, rac sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis

mamotivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac sakvebis moZiebis
mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba, vinaidan is ukavSirdeba sakvebis miRebis
Sedegad daZabulobis Semcirebas.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis Teorias yvela motivirebuli
qcevis axsna? udavod, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi, romelsac ar
awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals. daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT,
winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave
daleven wyals an SeWamen sakvebs, Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal
garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da sasmelia, isini garemos
gamokvlevasa da dazvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian
saWmlisa da sasmelisken; mxolod cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis
Semdeg iwyeben Wamas da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965;
Zimbardo & Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi,
axalgazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias xarjavdnen maT garemoSi
mocemuli mowyobilobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze da,
rogorc Canda, amas akeTebdnen ,,maimunobiT, garTobiT“ siamovnebis
 859

misaRebad, yovelgvari garegani waxalisebis gareSe. (Harlow et al.,

1950).
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar aris motivirebuli mxolod
Sinagani ltolvebiT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani
stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba biologiur
moTxovnilebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi garemoSi mocemul
obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es
gviCvenebda, rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda. asevea
adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari aRmZvreli
akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis
nacvlad? ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom SegaSinebT da
aRgaSfoTebT? ratom WamT tkbileuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad
gamokvebili brZandebiT? TiToeul SemTxvevSi garemos elementebi
aRmZvrelis rols asruleben, romlebic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven ukve SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani da
Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxedavad imisa, rom virTxebi
SeiZleba sakvebis miRebisa da wylis dalevis biologiur zewolas
 860

ganicdidnen, isini axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac daemorCilebian.

axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi Tanamedrove midgoma, romelSic
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba konkurentuli motivaciuri
mdgomareobebis Seswavlas; esaa reversiis Teoria.
• ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba
wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis
sapasuxod.
• homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgomareobis mudmivoba
an wonasworoba.
• aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi an waxaliseba,
romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa,
rom isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.

reversiis, anu araTavsebadi mdgomareobebis Teoria ukanasknel wlebSi

maikl afterma (Michael Apter, 1989; Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma
ganaviTares axali Teoria, romelic, aseve, uaryofs motivaciis, rogorc
daZabulobis Semcirebis, ideas. nacvlad amisa, aRniSnuli Teoria uSvebs,
rom arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi wyvili. rogorc
 861

naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1, wyvilebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi

Seadgenen. Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul momentSi
TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi
SeiZleba arsebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT cxrils, naxavT, Tu rogor
gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili araTavsebad motivaciur mdgomareobebs.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom samsaxureobriv situaciaSi imyofebiT. ra
gsurT mocemul momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damoukidebloba?
sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moqmedeba, Tu sxvebis grZnobebze
yuradRebis mipyroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi
mdgomareobebis Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri motivaciis axsnas erTi
mdgomareobidan meore, sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaze reversiis
(gadasvlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT paraTelikuri da Telikuri
kontrastuli mdgomareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi xarT,
rodesac iseTi moqmedebebs axorcielebT, romlebsac siamovnebis
moniWebis garda sxva mizani ar gaaCniaT; xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi
xarT, rodesac axorcielebT iseT moqmedebebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania
TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul momentSi. magaliTad, am wuTas,
 862

albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos

kiTxulobT _ Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad CaabaroT
gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad, an axali diskis mosasmenad
SewyvetT mecadineobas, amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT
paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtobrivad, gveubneba,
rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT an erT, an meore mdgomareobaSi,
magram ara _ oriveSi erTad.
drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze mkafiod SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT
nawinaswarmetyvelebi reversiis tipebi. reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani forma aReniSnebaT adamianebs, romlebic CarTulni arian
iseT maRalriskian aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa paraSutiT xtoma.
cxrili 12.1. metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi wyvilis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi

Telikuri paraTelikuri seriozuli mxiaruli

mizanze orientirebuli aqtivobaze orientirebuli upiratesobas aniWebs
winaswar cxovrobs am momentiT
 863

dagegmvas eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTovanebas Tavs aridebs SfoTvas

surs mxiaruleba da garToba surs progresi da miRweva

konformisti negativisti damyoli meamboxe

surs wesebis dacva surs wesebis darRveva
tradiciuli aratradiciuli

sasiamovno gabrazebuli
surs morgeba surs damoukidebloba mbrZanebloba TanagrZnoba

(simpatia)

Zalauflebaze orientirebuli zrunvaze orientirebuli cxovrebas brZolad

miiCnevs cxovrebas TanamSromlobad miiCnevs mkacri azrovneba
mgrZnobiare
kontrolze koncentrirebuli sikeTeze koncentrirebuli surs dominantoba
surs sinaze da mofereba

auturi aloikuri
 864

upiratesad sakuTar Tavze upiratesad sxvebze koncentrirebuloba

koncentrirebuloba sxvebTan identifikacia egocentruli sxvebis
grZnobebze koncentracia sakuTar grZnobebze koncentracia

saidan viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT
TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es gasarTobad
gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia am qcevis gageba daZabulobis
Semcirebis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan
TviTmfrinavidan gadaxtomis molodini ufro zrdis
daZabulobas, vidre _ amcirebs. reversiis Teoriis
Tanaxmad, paraSutiT gadaxtoma warmoadgens Telikuri
mdgomareobidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlas. Telikur mdgomareobaSi aRgznebis maRali
done, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadaxtomamde,
iwvevs SfoTvis warmoqmnas; paraTelikur
mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc
Zlieri aRfrTovaneba. amgvarad, Telikuri
mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla agznebis imave
 865

doneze iwvevs Zlieri SfoTvidan did siamovnebaze

gadarTvas.Aamgvari pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis
Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma monacemebi
paraSutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan Seagroves. klubis
wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoTvisa da aRfrTovanebis
grZnobas gadaxtomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis
Semdeg. monacemebma aCvena aSkara reversia:
gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar iyvnen

aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac paraSuti ixsneboda, isini

aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen (magram ar SfoTavdnen). es aRgzneba ar
qreboda _ is maSinve iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutisti
gadadioda Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikurSi (Apter & Batler,
1997).

xedavT, rogor xsnis reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?

reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis saintereso zogad midgomas. axla
ganvixilavT motivaciis kvlevis sxva tradicias, romelic koncentrirebulia
biologiuri saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.
 866

• reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic xsnis adamianis

motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro
mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
• instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli tendencia, romelsac
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.

instinqturi qceva da daswavla ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase

da ara sxvagvarad? nawilobriv, pasuxi isaa, rom biologiuri saxeobis
qcevis zogierT aspeqts marTavs instinqtebi anu winaswar daprogramebuli
tendenciebi, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saxeobis
gadarCenisaTvis. instinqtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, romelic
TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawils warmoadgens.
oraguli curavs aTasobiT mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad, sadac
daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs, axteba CanCqerebs da
midis zustad daniSnul adgilze, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da mamri
oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas asruleben. ganayofierebul qviriTis
dayris Semdeg mSoblebi kvdebian. momavalSi ki axalgazrda Taoba
dauyveba dinebas, raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam, sanam ramdenime
 867

wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawileobis dro ar mova.

aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval
saxeobaSi. futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas sxva
futkrebs gadascems, WianWvelaTa armia sinqronizebulad dadis nadirobis
eqspediciebSi, Citebi aSeneben budeebs, obobebi xlaraTaven da qsoven
rTul qselebs _ zustad iseve, rogorc maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi
akeTebdnen amas.
adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midrekilni iyvnen adamianisTvis
instinqtebis mniSvnelobis gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William James,
1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom adamianebi yvela sxva cxovelze
metad eyrdnobian instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, isini, rogorc wesi, ar
vlindeboda qcevaTa fiqsirebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiur instinqtebis
garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan saerTo aqvs, moqmedebaSi
Semodis, agreTve, iseTi ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa
simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _
rogorc cxoveluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi miznobrivi iyo, anu
 868

emsaxurebodnen mniSvnelovan miznebs anu asruleben mniSvnelovan

funqciebs organizmis garemosTan adaptaciis procesSi.
zigmund froidi (Sigmund Freud, 1915) gvTavazobs, rom adamianis
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi aRmocendeba sicocxlis (maT Soris
seqsualuri) da sikvdilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan. mas
miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi mimarTavs fsiqikur energias
sxeulebrivi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba
aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac es energia ver ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba
ubiZgebs adamians aqtivobis an/da obieqtisken, romelic Seamcirebs mas.
magaliTad, froidis azriT, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben
gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis donea (anu Rrmad
aracnobierSi); Tumca, maTi gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da
qmedebebze Zalian Zlieria imis gamo, rom instinqtebi mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen adamianebs
(Cven am mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).
1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines adamianis 10 000
instinqtisgan Semdgari sia (Bernard, 1924). amave periodSi adamianuri
 869

instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universaluri amxsnelis, cneba eWvis

qveS dadga da kritikis sagnad iqca. kroskulturulma anTropologebma ruT
benediqtma (Ruth Bendict, 1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead,
1939) sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia aRmoaCines. maTi
dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod
Tandayolili instinqtebis universalobas ganixilavdnen.
instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvelaze metad damangreveli iyo
bihevioristebis empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvnelovani
qcevebi da emociebi daswavlili ufro iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT
demonstraciebs Tqven me-7 Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom
adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu
rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi. Tu gsurT
axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi
_ ara, Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna, garda imisa, rom erTi
cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda, xolo meoris _ ara. aseT pirobebSi Tqven
saerTod ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu Secdoma iqneboda
gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli „motivirebulia“, xolo meore _ ara).
 870

Tumca, gavixsenoT: _ me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT, rom qcevis tipebi,

romelTac cxovelebi ufro iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia mocemuli
saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT amitom TiToeuli cxoveli
axorcielebs daswavlili da instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias. amrigad, Tu
Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis axsnas, an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven
ori ramis codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, unda icodeT rame: _ (1)
mocemuli cxovelis saxeobis istoriidan _ romeli adapturi qcevaa
organizmis genetikuri memkvidreobis nawili? (2) konkretuli mocemuli
cxovelis istoriidan _ garemoSi arsebuli asociaciebis rogori unikaluri
erToblioba aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxvevebSi
motivacia im gavlenaSi mdgomareobs, rasac warsulis movlenebi axdenen
mimdinare qcevaze. kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7 Tavs. Cven vnaxeT,
rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlevrebma eWvqveS daayenes
mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria
sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols
asruleben motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi aqtivobebi.
 871

molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi motivaciisadmi ganvixiloT

,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan“, rogorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi
da misi sami megobari kargad gaisarjnen, raTa zurmuxtis qalaqamde
mieRwiaT: _ maT daZlies barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil
yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari
miscemda maT imas, rac akldaT. amis nacvlad, saocarma (da brZenma)
jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad maT, da ara jadoqars, yovelTvis
xelewifebodaT TavianTi sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis saxli
ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan
yofniT miRebuli usafrTxoebis da komfortis gancda iyo: _ saxli iq iyo,
sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace, romelic loms surda; Wkua,
romelsac safrTxobela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis xis
mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac isini ukve flobdnen. maT am
Tvisebebze unda ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze, aramed,
rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze, romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan.
jadoqari ozis qveynidan aSkarad aris erT-erTi pirveli kognitur
fsiqologTagani, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis azrovnebis procesis
 872

mniSvneloba misi miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorcielebuli

qcevis determinaciaSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli
da socialuri qcevebis mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad. isini iziareben
jadoqris mosazrebas, rom adamianis mniSvnelovani motivacia
aRmocendeba ara gare samyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed realobis
subieqturi interpretaciebidan. dajildoebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti
ikargeba, Tu Tqven ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba es
jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad kontroldeba: _ (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni
azriT, pasuximgebeli iyo warsulis warmatebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi
gakeTebac, gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3) imiT, rasac ganWvretT
winaswar, anu ra iqneba Tqveni qmedebis Sedegi. kognituri midgoma
xsnis, Tu ratom arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali
movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvneloba julian roterma (Julian
Rotter, 1954) daamuSava socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT
socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7 TavSi ganvixilavdiT dakvirvebiT
 873

daswavlas). roterisaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcielebT

mocemul qcevas (moemzadebiT gamocdisTvis da ar waxvalT
wveulebaze) determinirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli miznis
(kargi niSnis miReba) miRwevis molodiniT, romelic mohyveba am
aqtivobas da imiT, Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans
TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris gansvlam SeiZleba individs
makoregirebeli qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957,
Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni qceva ar
Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven
SesaZloa motivirebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa ukeT moergoT
jgufs.
• socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _ daswavlis Teoria,
romelic xazs usvams dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli
qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis garegan da Sinagan Zalebs?
fric haiderma (Fritz Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni
qcevis Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba mieweros iseT
 874

dispoziciur Zalebs, rogoricaa: _ Zalisxmevis arqona, an arasakmari

goniereba, anda iseT situaciur Zalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri maswavlebeli. amgvari
atribucia gavlenas axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro bejiTad
iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi niSani Zalisxmevis
ararsebobis Sedegia, magram SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu
CaTvliT, rom miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an SesaZleblobebis
arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens (Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis
wyaros identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis, SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos realobis sakuTar subieqtur interpretaciaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxvadasxva wyaroebs. Cven
daviwyeT dakvirvebidan, rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis
gamomwvevis Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna.
ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens
motivaciis Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas axdens qcevaze Sesabamisi
garegani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi. rodesac organizmebi iwyeben
sakuTar qcevaze fiqrs _ risi midrekilebac gansakuTrebiT aqvT
 875

adamianebs _ molodini imisa, Tu ra unda moxdes, an SeiZleba moxdes,

iwyebs motivaciis uzrunvelyofas. adamianma zogierTi motivacia
SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs miaweros, zogi ki _ gare samyaros.
Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo motivaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis.
winamdebare Tavis danarCen nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips,
romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis urTierTqmedeba; esaa kveba,
seqsualuri qceva da pirovnuli miRweva. Sejameba fsiqologebi iyeneben
motivaciur cnebebs imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron biologia
da qceva; axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba; zogadi qmdebebis mixedviT
gamoitanon daskvnebi kerZo mdgomareobaze; moqmedi subieqtisTvis
qcevaze pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa da daJinebis
asaxsnelad, romelsac adamianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas
araxelsayreli garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis Teoriebi cdiloben
imis garkvevas, Tu romeli motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi
arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _ organizmis gareT arsebuli
garegani wyaroebidan _ garemos an kulturuli faqtorebidan. ltolvebis
Teoria xazs usvams motivaciaSi daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas.
 876

rogorc wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTac aris motivirebuli, romlebic

ar ukavSirdeba fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis mixedviT,
motivacia marTavs sapirispiro metamotivaciur mdgomareobebs.
saxeobisaTvis specifikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc
Sinagani, ise garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis kognituri Teoria
koncentrirebulia adamianis molodinebze da imaze, Tu rogor axdens
adamiani samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situaciuri Zalebis
mixedviT.

kveba
gaakeTeT prognozi aseTi situaciis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb: fsiqologiis
Sesaval kursze Caweril students unda SevTavazoT picis naWeri. rogor
fiqrobT, ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom SeWams studenti picis naWers? ar
gindaT, gamoicnoT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, iqneba: ,,me mWirdeba ufro
meti informacia”. bolo qveTavSi gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT
TqvenTvis saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis organizeba aseTi
prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWirdebodaT Sinagani codna anu
informacia am studentis Sesaxeb.\: _ ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami
 877

students? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven, aseve, dagWirdebodaT

garegani codna, anu praqtikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia Tu
ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, romelTac gauyofs picas da Tan
gaesaubreba? rogorc xedavT, Cven ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaanalizeT is
Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinon iseT martiv Sedegebzec
ki, rogoricaa studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi fiziologiuri
procesis ganxilviT, romliTac evoluciam aRgvWurva sakvebis
misaRebad.

kvebis fiziologia rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom Wamis droa?
Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis mTeli rigiT, romlebic qmnian
SimSilisa da simaZRris fizikur gancdas (Logue, 1991). sakvebis
efeqturad misaRebad, organizmi aRWurvili unda iyos meqanizmebiT,
romlebic asruleben oTx amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani moTxovnilebis
dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da organizeba; (3) miRebuli
sakvebis xarisxisa da raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis
dafiqsireba, Tu rodis aris sakmarisi miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis
Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna maTi dakavSirebiT
 878

iseT periferiul meqanizmTan, rogoricaa kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis

iseT centralur meqanizmTan, rogoricaa hipoTalamusis funqcionireba.
ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvrilebiT.

periferiuli reaqciebi saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis Tu ara

kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misaTiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli
fiziologi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter qenoni (Walter Canon,
1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis
grZnobis erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma studentma a. l.
uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn) gaivarjiSa da gadaylapa rezinis milze
mimagrebuli gauberavi buSti. milis meore bolo uerTdeboda
mowyobilobas, romelzec registrirdeboda haeris wnevis cvalebadoba.
Semdeg qenonma gabera buSti studentis kuWSi. rodesac kuWi
ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buStidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis
kalams. uoSbornis mier aRniSnuli SimSiliT gamowveuli tkivilis
SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier SekumSvebs, magram ara _
 879

gafarToebebs. qenoni fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobaze

kuWis spazmebis pasuxismgebloba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis procedura
gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom SimSilis
SesagrZnobad kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas.
carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis
SekumSvebi, magram ar qreba SimSilis grZnoba. pacientebi, romlebsac
mTlianad amokveTili hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis
grZnobasTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman, 1950), xolo
kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi mainc daiswavlidnen labirinTs
sakvebiT dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba SeiZleba garkveul
rols asrulebdes adamianis mier SimSilis gancdaSi, magram is
amomwuravad ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis
moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs SimSils, magram wyvets Tu
ara sakvebis miRebas „savse“ kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT
 880

(magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo kuWis gafarToeba individs

sakvebis miRebis Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, organizmi
mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT. sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis
SegrZneba, aseve, warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis periferiul
wyaros; es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSirdeba danayrebulobis, anu
sisavsis gancdas. SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg naklebi
enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli kerZis gemosac ki. am
fenomens sensorul-
specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro
Zlier simaZRres iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis naklebi
Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson & Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters &
Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakvebisadmi „swrafvis“ aseTi dauyovnebeli
Semcireba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis regulirebis erT-
erTi saSualeba iyos, Tumca, ,,specifikuri“ sensorul-specifikur
simaZRreSi niSnavs, rom simaZRre Zalze uSualod aris damokidebuli im
konkretul sakvebze, romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mravalferovani
da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT kvebaven da ara erTi romelime
 881

konkretuliT, romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo aqvs, isini ufro
mets
Wamen (Rolls et, al., 1981). Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos
mravalferovneba, romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis, sadac
ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis erTmaneTs, SeiZleba
dabrkolebad iqces sxva sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobineben
organizms, rom ukve sakmarisad miirTva.
axla gavecnoT Tavi tvinis im meqanizmebs, romlebic CarTulia
sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi da sadac erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli
wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.

centraluri reaqciebi rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma Teoriebma

Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb, sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis
miRebis procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs. yvelaze adreuli
Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze,
aigeboda lateraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da ventromedialuri
hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul
 882

monacemebze (hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia suraTze

3.10). gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi
dazianebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi stimulirebulia), cxoveli met
sakvebs moixmarda, magram, Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeboda, rom
lateraluri hipoTalamusi dazianebuliyo (an ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi
yofiliyo stimulirebuli), cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmarda. am
dakvirvebam ganapiroba orcentriani
modelis aRmoceneba, sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda
,,SimSilis“ centrad, xolo ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRris
centrad“.
droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili monacemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis
siswore (Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, dazianebuli vmh-is
mqone virTxebi zedmetad STanTqamen mxolod im sakvebs, romelic
gemrielad eCvenebaT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur sakvebs.
amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralo centri, romelic gadascems signalebs: _
,,kidev Wame“, an ,,aRar Wamo“. signali damokidebulia sakvebis tipze.
 883

faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba, nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos

sakvebze Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze (Powley,
1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleqsuri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am
sakvebis SeWmaa, moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama
iqneba. Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs ugemuri sakvebis miRebas
daxrCobiT, an RebinebiT, moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas
SeiZleba saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asruleben vmh da lh tvinidan
miRebul davalebas. nawili yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciisa, romelsac
vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis
nakadTan erTad midis. (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi
glukozis formiT aris warmodgenili) da cximebi warmoadgenen energiis
wyaros metaboluri procesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis
ori ZiriTadi signali modis receptorebidan, romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben
Saqrisa da cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac metaboluri
procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis maragi mcirea, an saerTod ar aris,
RviZlis ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema lh-s, sadac glukozis
 884

maZiebeli neironebi cvlian aqtivobas am informaciis sapasuxod. sxva

hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon Tavisufali cximovani
mJavebis, an insulinis donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi
ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis
lateralur zonaSi da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul qcevas.
signali, rom sisxlSi mravlad aris glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-
isTvis sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian imaze, rom Cven daviwyoT da davasruloT
sakvebis miReba, Tumca, mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis
darwmunebiT gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis moTxovnileba ar aris
damokidebuli mxolod Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul signalebze. vnaxoT, ra
fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom mivirTvaT bevri, an cota.

kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia mravali meqanizmiT,
romlebic aregulireben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram
miirTmevT Tu ara Tqven mxolod maSin, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi,
 885

albaT, iqneba: _ ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!“ Tu gadaxedavT ukanasknel or

dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT ramdenime SemTxveva, roca Tqvens mier
sakvebis miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan. magaliTad,
SeerTebul StatebSi miRebulia dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis
socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan
wamosul signalebs. metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socialuri
Tu kulturuli normebis gaTvaliswinebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara,
rom sadilad kiborCxala miirTvaT ufasod? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT,
damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze, xarT morwmune ebraeli (am
SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT) Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni
pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT Tu ara iseTi
vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi
gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fiziologiur
signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom
SeiZleba, rom sakvebis miReba ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis SegrZnebas?
Tu adamianebTa umravlesobas gavxarT, albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis
 886

mimarT, Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi Tqveni

sxeulis formasa da zomaze. kvebis fsiqologiaze saubrisas Cven did
yuradRebas davuTmobT im viTarebebis ganxilvas, romelSic adamianebi
cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da ragvarobis kontrols, raTa
Seicvalon sxeulis formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul Tu
socialur idealad Tvlian.
wuxxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis dacvas? Tu Tqven
qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „diax“, Tumca,
dResdReobiT amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs sakuTari
wonis gamo: qalebis 52% da mamakacebis
37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994). sinamdvileSi ki
qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis
matarebelad, ase rom, isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav qalebis
SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa da am realobis maTeul
aRqmas Soris. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
sxeulis wonasa da xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi
reaqciis saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
 887

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: _ genebi da simsuqne

21-e saukune mecnierTa STambeWdavi gancxadebiT
daiwyo: _ mkvlevrebma, romlebic muSaobdnen
proeqtSi „adamianis genomi“, ganacxades, rom isini
Zalian axlos iyvnen adamianis genomis qimiuri
safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis dadgenasTan. am proeqtis
saboloo mizani iyo im genebis sruli aRwera, romliTac
aigeba genomi. am proeqtma mecnierebs Semata
rwmena imisa, rom isini SeZlebdnen adamianis
sicocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis saziano mTeli rigi
daavadebebis genetikuri safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, romelsac genetikuri safuZveli
aqvs, aris simsuqne. mkvlevrebma mogvawodes
uamravi sabuTi imis dasadastureblad, rom adamianebi
ibadebian Tandayolili midrekilebebiT meti Tu naklebi
wonisken. magaliTad, identuri tyupebis Seswavlam
gamoavlina didi msgavseba maT wonebs Soris
 888

(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al., 1990). am

msgavsebis nawili SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT,
rom ZiriTadi funqciebis uzrunvelsayofad individis
sxeulis mier kaloriebis dawvis intensioba anu metaboluri
procesebis intensioba mosvenebis
mdgomareobaSi, aseve, bevrad aris damokidebuli
memkvidreobaze (Bouchard et al., 1989). amrigad,
zogierT adamians Cveulebrivi yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
drosac ki didi raodenobiT kaloriebis dawvis Tandayolili
predispozicia axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swored es
ukanasknelni xvdebian wonis momatebis risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines
zogierTi realuri genetikuri meqanizmi, romlebic
individis simsuqnisadmi midrekilebas ganapirobeben
 889

(Comuzzie & Allison, 1998; Gura, 2000). magaliTad,

gamoyofil iqna geni, romelic akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi
signalis gadacemas, rom sakvebis miRebis procesSi
sakmarisi raodenobiT cximebi iqna Senaxuli organizmSi
_ individma unda
Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac
leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaqtiurdeba, individi gaagrZlebs
Wamas, amis potenciuri Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba.
faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom msuqan
adamianTa Zalian mcire raodenobas aReniSneba am
genis mutacia, riTac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba aixsnas
kidec maTi zedmeti wona (Jackson et al., 1997;
Montague et al., 1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia Zalian
iSviaTia, is ver axsnis Warbi wonis uamrav
sxvadasxvagvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad amisa,
mtkicebulebam, rom leptini garkveul rols asrulebs wonis
regulaciaSi, mkvlevebs biZgi misca wonasTan
 890

dakavSirebuli sxva genebis moZiebisa da

SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli genetikuri kvleva imeds iZleva, rom
moiZebneba simsuqnis problemis axleburi gadawyveta.
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi imedovneben, rom genebsa da
wonis regulacias Soris kavSiris aRmoCena maT axali
medikamenturi mkurnalobis Seqmnis saSualebas
miscems (Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi adre
ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda: _
kvlevis dros leptiniT manipulirebam ver moaxdina
mniSvnelovani gavlena wonaSi daklebaze, Tumca,
genetikuri kvlevebisa da aRmoCenebis uwyveti winsvlis
procesSi mecnierebi agrZeleben axali hipoTezebis
Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba wonis
regulaciis fiziologiur meqanizmebSi Careva (Gura,
2000). yvelaze optimisturad ganwyobili mkvlevrebic ki
gvafrTxileben: _ ,,axali medikamenturi preparatebi
 891

yvelaze Sedegiani maSin iqneba, rodesac maT

damxmare saSualebad gamoviyenebT (da ara
Camnacvleblad) mZimewoniani adamianebis cxovrebis
stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa gaumjobesdes maTi organizmis
metaboluri procesebi, janmrTeloba da cxovrebis xarisxi“
(Campfield et al., 1998, p. 1987). sxva sityvebiT Tu
vityviT, imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad
SevZlebT bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis unda
gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda jer kidev asrulebs gadamwyvet
rols Cveni cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb gverdebi:
• www.Ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is mTavrobis vrceli veb
gverdi, sadac mocemulia
proeqtis _ „adamianis genomi“ _ Sedegebi.
 892

• www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/index.html am gverdze
mocemulia samecniero moxsenebebi
simsuqnisa da wonis kontrolis
Sesaxeb.
simsuqne da dieta ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT ra
„fsiqologia da cxovreba“-s, albaT, TqvenTvis ar unda iyos axali, rom
pasuxi nawilobriv bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi veZioT. qveTavSi
,,fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi“ aRwerilia SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena
moaxdina „bunebam“: zogierTi adamiani genetikurad aris midrekili
simsuqnisaken, Tumca, biologiuri midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos
sakmarisi, rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba ,,aiZulo“. biologiis garda
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani sakvebsa da
sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze. simsuqnis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis adreuli kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu ramdenad
aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _
garemoSi mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda mosazreba,
rom rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi da xilulia, msuqani adamiani
ugulebelyofs sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare signalebs, Tumca, es Teoria
 893

aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda, ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi

yovelTvis ar moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981). sxva
sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar
aRiqvams, Tu riTi da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom.
Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy & Peter Herman)
ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs
kvebis fsiqologias, aris SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaoba (Polivy & Herman,
1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis sazRvraven sakvebis
raodenobas, romlis miRebis uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs: isini
qronikulad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis gamo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi SeiZleba ufro xSirad
aRniSnavdnen aseTi azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZleba
iyos SezRuduli mWameli misi sxeulis zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor
imateben adamianebi wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian? mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom, rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs aRaraferi akavebT _
rodesac cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis moxsnas, isini
TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT
 894

savse sufrebze. TavSeukavebloba yvelaze xSiria maSin, rodesac

SezRuduli mWamelebi stresul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT
SesaZleblobebsa da TviTSefasebas ukavSirdeba (Greeno & Wing, 1994;
Tanofsky-kraff et

al., 2000). saidan viciT

SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da SeuzRudav

mWamelebze
sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli qcevisa da
azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti
gogona or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis piri) da
SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWamelebad. studentTa
naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maT orwuTiani
improvizebuli sityviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic
Sefasdeboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen.
davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi Zlier SfoTvas
aRZravda. monawileTa cdis pirTa meore nawilma icoda,
rom monawileobdnen eqsperimentSi, romlis mizani iyo
 895

qsovilis aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali

SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis pirTa es
nawili sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda. Semdeg orive
jgufs sTxovdnen, rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde
SeesrulebinaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamowmeblad.
am cdis sastimulo masala iyo maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli
namcxvrebi da „eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari,
misi mtkicebis miuxedavad“ ugemuri namcxvrebi
(Polivy et al., 1994, p. 507). cdis pirTa gafrTxilebis
gareSe, eqsperimentatorebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da
ramdeni namcxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma.
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 12.2. rodesac
SeuzRudavi mWamelebi SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis
(gemrielsac da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas
Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveulwilad,
Trgunavda maT SimSils, Tumca, mSfoTvare SezRuduli
mWamelebi orive tipis funTuSebs ufro meti raodenobiT
Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva iwvevda
zogad TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis mimarTac ki,
 896

romlebic arc ise gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al.,

1994).

cxrili 12.2 SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba

 897

SeuzRuda SezRudu li gansxvaveb am eqsperimentSi

vi a mcireodeni
mWamelebi
mWamelebi gamowveva
gemrieli TviTSefasebisTvis _
namcxvrebi 6.2 5.1 -1.1
mokle sityviT
sakontrolo 5.1 7.6 +2.5
gamosvlis albaToba,
jgufi romelic unda
mSfoTvare
jgufi Sefasebuliyo,
ugemuri SezRudul mWamel
namcxvrebi 3.0 2.6 -0.4 qalebSi ufro meti
sakontrolo 2.7 3.7 +1.0 sakvebis miRebas
jgufi iwvevda, vidre
mSfoTvare
SeuzRudav
jgufi
mWamelebSi. am
kvlevam aCvena, rom, zogadad, SezRuduli mWamelebi mxolod maSin
iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur
keTildReobas safrTxe
 898

emuqreba; msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis darRvevis

saSiSroeba
(Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas
aZlevs SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seuracxyofidan, romelic
mis TviTSefasebas miayenes. rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs
eubnebodnen, rom maT ver SeZles problemis gadaWris amocanis
Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets, Tu maT sakuTar qcevaze
dakvirvebas aiZulebdnen _ ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli
mcdelobis videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am cdis
pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTar warumateblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen
orjer met nayins, vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
SezRuduli kvebis gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben.
mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno
& Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, Tu
ratom uZneldebaT adamianebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve
gaxdnen Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani adamiani
aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze imyofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli
 899

mWamelebi arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena moxdeba, rac

TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seqmnis, uzomod kveba iolad
gamoiwvevs wonis momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad
dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamowveva da ara _ wonis
dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive
fsiqologiur Zalebs adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis saSiS
kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati am qveTavs daviwyebT kvebis
fsiqologuri aspeqtebis ganxilviT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im adamianTa
jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia,
vidre im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi wonisaa. rodesac
gansvla adamianis sakuTari sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris
sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes kvebiTi aSlilobebis risk-
jgufs. anoreqsiis diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi iwonis misi
mosalodneli wonis 85%ze naklebs, magram mainc Zalian eSinia
gasuqebis (DSM-IV, 1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diagnozi
aqvT, xasiaTdebian „Rormucelobis“ SetevebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da
 900

arakontrolirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan sdevs Warbi

kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _ TviTgamowveuli Rebineba,
safaRaraTo saSualebebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV,
1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba bulimiis Setevebic
axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg
gaiwmindon kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis Sewovis Sesamcireblad.
ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive
sindroms SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi mohyves. droTa
ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec
ki mividnen.
me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi gansakuTrebiT
eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore &
Cachelin, 1999). anoreqsia aReniSneba mozardobis dasasrulisa da
axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s (DSM-IV, 1994). amave
asakobrivi jgufis qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV,
1994; Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-jer ufro xSiria,
vidre mamakacebSi. ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da ratom
 901

aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebulebebi imisa,

rom kvebiTi aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba genetikurad
gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992). Tumca, gamokvlevaTa didi nawili
fokusirebulia idealuri wonis Sesaxeb qalebis warmodgenaze, romelsac
sazogadoeba da media qmnis. (Wertheim et al., 1997). ase magaliTad,
bevri Jurnali, romelic specialurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT Jurnalebze,
romlebsac mamakacebi kiTxuloben (Andersen & DiDomenico, 19192).
amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam, rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni
arian, SeiZleba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos sazogadoebidan da
kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma. mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi
aSlilobebi, nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan, dadasturda mTeli
rigi kvlevebiT, sadac naCvenebi iyo mniSvnelovani kulturuli
gansxvavebebi.

• anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romlis drosac inidividi

iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs
sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
 902

• bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba

uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli
kaloriebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.

saidan viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas sxvadasxva kulturebSi
vermontis universitetis 219 studenti da hanis
universitetis 349 studenti gamokiTxes kvebasTan da
dietis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis
Sesaxeb. am kvlevam aCvena, rom, miuxedavad imisa,
rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa TiTqmis
Tanabari raodenoba yofila odesRac dietaze (aSS _ 5.3%;
hana _ 6.1%), amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT
didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _ hanaSi
mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda amisa, studentebs
sTxovdnen, rom wardgenili figurebidan (ix. suraTi 12.1)
amoerCiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad
miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis. studentebis
saSualo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia suraTze 12.2,
sadac SegiZliaT naxoT, rom mamakacis sxeulebis
maCveneblebi SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu
vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli qveynis
warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT erTmaneTs 12.1.
 903

suraTze mocemuli saSualo maCveneblebi: „idealuri“

mamakaci imyofeba MM5 da M6-s Soris, magram
uaxlovdeba M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli, rogorc wesi,
icleba erTi sruli quliT imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis
warmomadgenlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebisTvis
idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gamxdari, hanelebi ki
irCeven F6-Tan axlos myof figuras (Cogen et al.,

1996).
sur. 12.1. msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb.
Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens yvelaze zustad qalis ideals
aSS-Si? mamakacebis ideals?
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvlevarTa azriT, hanaSi,
iseve rogorc sxva afrikul qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas,
rom zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq simdidresTan da Zalze
uzrunvelyofasTan asocirdeba“ (Cogan et al., 1996, p. 98). rogorc 12.2.
 904

suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs

Soris marTebulia konkretulad qalebisTvis da konkretulad haneli
mamakacebis azriT.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis
mixedviT gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad, mozardi gogonebis
didi jgufis gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT
komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis zomebis gamo, vidre
TeTrkaniani amerikeli gogonebi (Parker et al., 1995; Rand & Kuldau,
1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve, rodesac kolejis Savi da TeTrkaniani
studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo da msuqani modelebis
fotosuraTebs, mxolod TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs
dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis modelebTan SedarebiT)
iseTi parametrebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: _ momxibvleloba, inteleqti da
popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan gamomdinare, Tqven,
albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi
ufro metad arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSlilobebisken, vidre
afroamerikelebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi,
 905

romelic asaxavda ori populaciis gamocdilebas am aSlilobebTan

mimarTebaSi, didi raodenobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom
afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian am aSlilobebs (Crago et
al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi kvlevebi, sadac Seswavlili iqneboda
sxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebi, magram arsebuli monacemebi
cxadyofs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri
warmoSobis amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT), magram
Tanabrad _ espanuri warmoSobis amerikelebTan da TeTrkanianebTan.
Yyoveli moZiebuli SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben kulturuli
faseulobebis dakavSirebas sxeulis zomasa da dietis dacvasTan.
mamakaci s i deal ur i sxeul i qal i s i deal ur i sxeul i
7
7 7

6
6 6

5
5
5

4
4
4

3 3
3

aSS hana aSS hana

mamakacebis arCevani qalebis arCevani mamakacebis arCevani qalebis arCevani

sur. 12.2. sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi saboloo

SeniSvna: _ Tqven amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis
 906

warmomadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs kvebiTi aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.

umaRlesi skolis da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT midrekileba
bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi
swavlisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris _ gamoiyurebodnen
momxiblavad da SeWamon da dalion megobrebTan erTad _
warmoqmnili daZabulobis daZleva imiT, rom jer imxiarulon wveulebaze
megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg „ganiwmindon“ _ ganTavisufldnen
miRebuli kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda icodeT,
rom kolejis cxovreba moicavs aseT safrTxes.
Sejameba
SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli reaqciebi, rogoricaa
sensorulspecifikuri simaZRre, ise centraluri reaqciebi, rogoricaa
hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas
axdens memkvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve, mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani.
mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs.
SezRudul mWamels aqvs tendencia miiRos uzomo raodenobis sakvebi,
 907

rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi

aSlilobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan gvxdeba. rogorc wesi,
Sefasebaze, romelic iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganviTarebas,
gavlenas axdens misi subkulturuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomisadmi.
magaliTad, afroamerikeli qalbatonebi naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari
sxeulis zomis gamo da naklebadac eqvemdebarebian kvebiT aSlilobebs.

seqsualuri qceva
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom yoveldRe ifiqrobT kvebaze.
magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? iolia seqsis biologiuri
funqciis gansazRvra _ gamravleba (reproduqcia), magram ramdenad
aixsneba amiT is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur qcevaze?
rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT fiqrobdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-
ma da qalebis 19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel mainc
mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor
SegviZlia avxsnaT sixSire, romliTac adamianebi fiqroben seqsze? rogor
ukavSirdeba azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
 908

motivaciis sakiTxi kvlav iqceva sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom

iwyeben adamianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas. rogorc ukve
viciT, seqsualuri qceva biologiurad mxolod gamravlebisTvis aris
aucilebeli, Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCenisTvis, amas
ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi cxoveli da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino zians ar ayenebs
mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas; Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom namdvilad
gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seqsualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT
sasiamovno gaxada. orgazmi warmoadgens uZlieres ganmamtkicebels im
energiis sazRaurad, romelic ixarjeba Sewyvilebis dros.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsualur qcevas iseT motivaciur
Zalas aZlevs, romelic gacilebiT aRemateba Tavad reproduqciis
moTxovnilebas. individi ganaxorcielebs mravalferovan qcevebs, raTa
miaRwios seqsualur dakmayofilebas. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur
motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs. kultura adgens misaRebi seqsualuri
qcevis normebsa da standartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs am
 909

normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas, zogierTi adamiani

seqsualur dakmayofilebas, upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa
da dawyvilebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki adamianis
seqsualobis Sesaxeb calkeul sakiTxebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas.
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi
motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis, romlebic seqss
reproduqciisTvis iyeneben, evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi
da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi gamoimuSaveben didi zomis kvercxujredebs
(romlebic momaragebulia sakmarisi energiiT, raTa embrionma zrda
daiwyos), xolo mamrebi gamoimuSaveben spermatozoidebs, romlebsac
SeuZliaT moZraoba (kvercxujredSi gadaadgilebisTvis). orive sqesis
individma ise unda moaxdinos moqmedebebis sinqronizacia, rom
saTanado pirobebSi spermatozoidi da kvercxujredi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs
da moxdes Casaxva.
seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziologiuri procesebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. cxovelebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod
 910

emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipofizis jirkvali akontrolebs da

romlebsac gamoimuSaves sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi. mamrebSi am
hormons androgens uwodeben da is uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba sakmarisi
raodenobiT; Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis nebismier
dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis. mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi
hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, gamomuSavdeba dReebis an Tveebis
regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezonuri cvlilebebis mixedviT. amasTan,
mdedrebi hormonalurad yovelTvis ar arian mzad
SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise _ genitalur qsovilebze da
xSirad safuZvlad udevs prognozirebadi stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis
paterns saxeobis yvela wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, Tqven naxeT
virTxebis erTi wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba, maSin Tqven ukve
iciT, rogor iqcevian danarCenebi. mdedri virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT
midis mamris mimarTulebiT da iqcevs mis yuradRebas; mamri Tvals
miadevnebs mas roca is gaiqceva. Semdeg mdedri uecrad Cerdeba da
zemoT wevs sxeulis ukana nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad
 911

axorcielebs friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT isev gaurbis

mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola, romelic eakulaciamde 10-20-jer wydeba
calkeuli intromisiebiT. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT isvenebs da mTeli
seqsualuri cikli isev Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled
wyvildebian (daaxloebiT 15 wami). siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da
xangrZliavia da grZeldeba daaxloebiT rva saaTi. mtaceblebs, magaliTad
loms, axasiaTebT xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ritualiT tkboba _ arc meti, arc
naklebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tanmimdevruli dRis
manZilze, xolo maTi msxverplis, magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba
mxolod ramdenime wams grZeldeba da Zalian xSirad es sirbilis dros
xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba.
bevri saxeobisTvis potenciuri partnioris mier ritualuri qcevebis Wvreta da
Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens seqsualuri
raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeobebSi, rogoricaa: _ cxvari,
xari da virTxa, axali mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens
mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve miaRwia seqsualur
 912

dakmayofilebas erT mdedr partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri

aqtivoba, roca mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba (Dewsbury, 1981).
seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexeba, gemo da ynosva garegani stimulis rols
asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, zogierTi saxeoba gamoyofs
qimiur signalebs _ feromonebs, romlebic izidavs
Tayvanismcemlebs, xandaxan didi manZilidanac ki (Farine et al., 1996;
Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri maSin gamoyofs
feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze metad aris momzadebuli
ganayofierebisTvis, hormonebis koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki
piks aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyofili nivTierebebi
upirobo gamRizianebelia aRgznebisa da yuradRebis miqcevisTvis; maT
memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgznebisken midrekileba.
rodesac datyvevebuli mamri mamaka rezusi iynosavs SewyvilebisTvis
momzadebuli mdedris suns mezobel galiaSi, is mTeli rigi saTanado
fiziologiuri cvlilebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis momatebiT,
reagirebs, romlebic sqesobrivi aqtisTvis mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson,
1979).
 913

miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia cxovelebSi

mniSvnelovanwilad Tandayolili biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is
kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli“ aspeqtebisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas
axdenen Sewyvilebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT erTgvari
Tevzebis _ gupebis SemTxveva.

saidan viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis partnioris
SerCevisas
umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi mdinare
pariadan (trinidadSi) upiratesobas aniWeben mamrebs,
romelTa SeferilobaSic forToxlisferi
Warbobs, Tumca, rodesac ori mamri erTnairad forToxlisfrad aris Seferili,
mdedri gupebi am oridan ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic SeniSnes
sxva mdedrTan. magram ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad
narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva“) da aRzrda (,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis
arCeva“) upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad,
mkvlevrebma gamozardes iseTi mamri gupebi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjisferi Seferilobis 0-40%-iT.
,,eqsperimentuli“ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyurebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs,
 914

romlebic narinjisfrad naklebad Seferil mamri gupebis gverdiT

imyofebodnen; sakontrolo jgufis mdedrebi ver akvirdebodnen
Sewyvilebis qcevas. suraTi 12.3. gviCvenebs bunebisa da aRzrdis
Sedegs. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri
gupebi irCeven im mewyviles, romelic sxvis mier ukve iqna arCeuli.
Tumca, roca gansxvaveba ukiduresi xdeba(daaxloebiT 40%), mdedrebi
cvlian arCevans ,,bunebis“ sasargeblod _ irCeven ufro metad narinjisfer
gupebs (Dugatkin, 1996).

gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom es uwyinari Tevzebi, romlebic

akvariumSi cxovroben, yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis
CaTvlis sasurvelad an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada
safuZveli, raTa adamianis seqsualobis Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari.
qvemoT vnaxavT, rom mkvlevrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis
seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc
Cveni evoluciuri ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi
adamianebis prioritetebi.

sur. 12.3. mdedri gupebis partnioris

 1 915

0,8 arCeva
0,6
mdedri gupebi, eqsperimentul jgufSi xedaven
0,4

0,2 sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisfer mamri gupis

0
dabali maRali axlos. mdedri gupebi ,,sakontrolo“ jgufSi ver

eqsperimentuli jgufi akvirdebian sxva mdedris arCevans.

sakontrolo jgufi monacemebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs
kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas Soris.
Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gansxvavebis
SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs im mamrs,
romelic sxva mdedrma ukve airCia. Tumca,
roca SeferilobaSi gansvla ukiduresi xdeba
(40%), mdedrebi cvlian arCevans bunebis
sasargeblod _ irCeven narinjisfer mamrs.
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba da reaqciebi hormonaluri aqtivoba,
romelic esoden mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis
seqsualur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayofilebaze (Bancrft,
1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da
 916

menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi, Tumca, normis farglebSi hormonTa

SemcvelobaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsualuri
aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamakacebisTvis hormoni testosteroni
aucilebelia seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis ganxorcielebisTvis.
18-dan, sul mcire, 60 wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas sisxlSi
imdeni testosteroni aqvT, ramdenic sruliad sakmarisia normaluri
seqsualuri ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raodenobis individualuri
variacia normis farglebSi ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
seqsualuri qcevebi.
adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aris aRelvebisa da daZabulobis
motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romelsac iwvevs fiziologiuri da kognituri
reaqcia erotikul stimulze. erotikuli stimuli, romelic SeiZleba iyos fizikuri
an fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas da vnebis gancdas.
erotikuli stimulebiT gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba
seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac pirovneba damakmayofilebel
moqmedebaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis
miRwevis SemTxvevaSi.
 917

mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben cxovelebis sqesobriv

moqmedebebsa da seqsualur reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis
ganmavlobaSi msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla adamianebTan akrZaluli iyo.
uiliam mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master & Virjinia
Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es tradiciuli tabu. maT
daamkvidres da daakanones adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom
laboratoriul pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen da aRricxavdnen im
fiziologiur kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis mier
uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen
ara imas, Tu ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed imas, Tu
rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaqciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad
mastersma da jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo laboratoriuli
dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise mamakacze da qalze masturbaciisa da
sqesobrivi aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dros. am
kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze mniSvnelovani daskvna: _ (1)
mamakacebi da qalebi seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT
 918

xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis

fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni
arian _ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, magram xSirad _ ufro xangrZlivi
reaqciisken; (3) drois Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi
orgazmis gancda maSin, roca mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4)
penisis zoma aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan
asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis qonasTan Tavad mamakacis
damokidebulebisa). adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi gamoyofen oTx
fazas, esenia: _ agzneba,
plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta (ix. suraTi 12.4).

sur. 12.4. adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis fazebi

mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis fazebis msgavsi paternebi
aqvT. ZiriTadad gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa TiToeuli fazis
misaRwevad, da didi albaToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mravaljerad
orgazms.
 919

• agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic ramdenime wuTidan erT

saaTamde da metxans grZeldeba) menjis areSi mimdinareobs
vaskularuli
(sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi magrdeba da swordeba, klitori
ibereba; sisxli da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vaginas;
sxeuli wiTldeba, anu Cndeba seqsualuri siwiTle;
• platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsimaluri (Tumca, cvalebadi)
done. swrafad izrdeba guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva,
Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri
daZabuloba mTel sxeulSi, matulobs vaginaluri siTxis gamoyofa da
mkerdi ibereba;
• orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi ganicdian aqamde mzardi
seqsualuri daZabulobis gantvirTvis Zalze intensiur sasiamovno
gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSvebiT, romlebic
warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur
areSi. rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da sisxlis
 920

wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _ ormagdeba. mamakacebSi

pulsirebadi SekumSvebi iwvevs eakulacias, spermis amofrqvevas;
• gadawyvetis anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli TandaTanobiT ubrundeba
normalur, aRgznebamdel mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis
sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa umravlesoba Sedis
refleqtorul periodSi (anu isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze),
romelic grZeldeba ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde. am
drois manZilze kidev erTi orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi
aRgznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda
sakmaod swrafi TanmimdevrobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da
• seqsualuri agzneba
(Sexual arousal) _ jonsonis kvleva fokusirdeboda seqsualuri
aRgznebisa da reaqciebis fiziologiaze, maTi yvelaze
daZabulobis motivaciuri
mdgomareoba, romelic mniSvnelovani aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc
aRmocendeba erotikul aRgznebaSi, ise _ dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri
stimulebze fiziologiuri da
procesebis centraluri rolis dadgena
kognituri reaqciebiT.
 921

iyo. maT aCvenes, rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsiqologiuri

mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre fiziologiuri; Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia
maTi modificireba, an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva. gansakuTrebuli
Civilis sagania seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayofilebis
miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens
pirovnuli problemebiT datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri aqtivobis Sedegebis
gamo, SfoTva imis gamo, Tu rogor Seafasebs partniori individis
seqsualur moqmedebebs, aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda, anda uaryofiTi
azrebi; Tumca, cudi kveba, daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi raodenobiT
gamoyeneba, an narkotikebi, agreTve, amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da
maTi dakmayofilebis unars.
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualobis da seqsualuri aRgznebis
zogierTi fiziologiuri aspeqti, magram jer ar gvisaubria im Zalebze,
romlebic ganapirobeben gansxvavebebs seqsualur qcevebSi. daviwyebT
im ideiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis
uzrunvelyofs seqsualuri qcevis gansxavebul paternebs.

seqsualuri qcevis evolucia

 922

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri qcevis paterni,

ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris ganmtkicebuli. umTavresi mizania reproduqcia
_ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba da seqsualuri qceva Zalze
ritualizebuli da stereotipulia. SeiZleba, rom igive adamianis seqsualuri
qcevis zogadi paternebis Sesaxebac vamtkicoT?
evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma Seamowmes idea imis
Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli
strategiebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur qcevas (Buss, 1999;
Wright, 1994). imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT es strategiebi, unda gavixsenoT
zogierTi realia adamianis reproduqcidan. mamakacebi SeZlebdnen
weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis ganxorcielebas, Tu moZebnidnen
Sewyvilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis CasaxvisTvis maT
mxolod erTi Cais kovzi sperma da ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri
moeTxovebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod erTxel ganaxorcielon
reproduqcia da Semdeg TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia unda
dauTmon. (sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia
qals bavSvis gaCena, aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT
 923

metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlismRvrels hyavda 7000 Svili;

CineTis pirveli imperatorze amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama iyo. orive
maTgans hqonda didi haramxana.) amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa,
kvercxujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom mamrebs konkurencia
uwevT ganayofierebis SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema,
romelic dgas mamri cxovelis winaSe, mis mier warmoqmnili
STamomavlobis ricxvis gazrdaa, rac miiRweva SeZlebisdagvarad didi
raodenobis mdedrebTan SewyvilebiT; ZiriTadi problema, romelic dgas
mdedri cxovelis winaSe, maRalxarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa
uzrunvelyos saukeTeso, yvelaze janmrTeli STamomavloba sakuTari
SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujredebisaTvis. ufro metic, adamianis
STamomavlobas imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis da
imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs arsebiT wvlils da
zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan (Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da
obobebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben kvercxebs da
toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia
unda daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod yvelaze didi,
 924

yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani, yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da

yvelaze momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba yvelaze
erTguli da pasuxismgebeliani partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo
bavSvebis gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma devid bassma (David Buss, 1999;
Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali
ganaviTareben sxvadasxva strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs
moklevadiani da grZelvadiani SewyvilebebisTvis. mamakacTan
cdunebisa da mitovebis strategia _ erTgulebisa da valdebulebis Cveneba
da Semdeg mitoveba _ moklevadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili
strategiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze zrunvis strategia ki _
grZelvadiania. qalTan im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis strategia, romelic
masTan darCeba da bavSvebis aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani
strategiaa. bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria moklevadiani
Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan. erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel,
SemTxveviT sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, arasodes
moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _ isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da,
 925

amasTan, ar iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci Semdgom izrunebs

masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi, rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian
dainteresebulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamamakacebi (Buss&
scmitt, 1993); meoreni amtkiceben, rom moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval
(gansakuTrebiT ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyovnebeli
dajildoebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian
gadarCenas.
mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis
• mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili
prognozebis mravali damadasturebeli
(Parental investment) _ dro da
sabuTi moipoves. magaliTisTvis
energia, romelic unda daxarjon
ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa
mSoblebma TavianTi
saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra
STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
gavlenas axdenda Casaxvis SesaZlebloba
qalis msjelobaze mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.

saidan viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi upiratesobis miniWeba
 926

mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis esa Tu is qali mimzidvelad?

mkvlevarTa jgufma Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac am
kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia qalebis menstrualuri ciklis
fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak & Perrett, 2000).
mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic eqsperimentSi gamoiyeneboda, cvlidnen
kompiuteris daxmarebiT ise, rom mieRoT diapazoni SedarebiT
maskulinuri saxidan SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac qalebs
sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT yvelaze mimzidveli saxe „grZelvadiani
urTierTobisTvis“, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen im saxes, romelsac
SedarebiT feminuri Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis ufro
metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda imaze, rom is sando da saimedo
partniori iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi. Tumca, arCevani
„moklevadiani urTierTobisTvis“ damokidebuli iyo qalis menstrualur
ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, romlebic menstrualuri ciklis im fazaSi
imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans
SedarebiT maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc Cans, dafexmZimebis
SesaZleblobam gadaanacvla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic
 927

ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli „kargi mzrunveli“ iqneboda, im saxeze,

romelic metyvelebda, rom mis mflobels ,,kargi genebi“ hqonda.

am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen da ara realur seqsualur

qcevas; Tumca, is mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmarTavdes
Cveni evuluciuri istoria adamianis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs adamianis seqsualuri
qcevis evoluciuri axsnis mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian, rom
aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli kulturis roli (Angier, 1999).
magaliTad, qalebi ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaTdebian, vidre
mamakacebi: _ isini avlenen met mravalferovnebas seqsualur reaqciebsa
da seqsualur qcevaSi (Baumeister, 2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans,
didwilad, kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens (Hyde & Dukik,
2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis „seqsualuri revolucia“: _ cvlilebebi
seqsualur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa aSkara mzaobas _ daemyarebinaT
SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi. cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis
evoluciuri istoria, aramedE maT mier seqsualuri ltolvebis
gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebuleba.
 928

miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma xsnis adamianis seqsualuri

qcevis zogierT aspeqts, kritikosebi mogviwodeben, yuradReba
mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul variabilurobas
(cvalebadobas). seqsualuri qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da
adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze visaubrebT qvemoT.

seqsualuri qcevis normebi rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri

cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mecnierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-
ian wlebSi daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred kinsis da misi
kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT
gamokiTxes daaxloebiT 17 aTasi amerikeli maTi seqsualuri qcevis
Sesaxeb da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaognebeli faqti: _
garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic manamde iSviaTadad da paTologiuradac ki
iTvleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, an, sul mcire,
aRiniSneboda, rom arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caatares
gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri qcevis Cveuli regularobiT
ganxorcielebadi formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod da xmauriT
aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3 mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani
 929

gamokiTxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994). mkvlevrebi

SekiTxvebis mTel rigs svamdnen. cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod mcire
nawilia warmodgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso tendenciebze?
magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba sainteresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis
adamianebi ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan erT
partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom seqsualuri qcevis normebi Seicvala ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze.
cxrili 12.3. seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*

seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan

(TiToeul kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)
0 1 2-10 10 da
meti
mamakacebi 3 26 44 33
qalebi 3 31 56 9
25-29 weli 2 25 53 19
 930

55-59 weli 1 40 43 15
saSualo 3 30 49 17
ganaTleba
2 24 50 24
kolejis ganaTleba

seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze

(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia
procentebiT)
weliwadSi TveSi kviraSi
arc ramdenjerme ramdenjerme
erTi orjer an
metjer
mamakacebi 14 16 37 34
qalebi 10 18 36 37
mamakacebi 47
7 15 31 23
25-29 weli
11 22 43 47
55-59 weli
38 13
qalebi
5 10 35
25-29 weli 30 22 34 41
 931

55-59 weli 10 15 38 35
mamakacebi 9 18
saSualo skola 16 38 36
11 17 37 33
koleji
14
qalebi
saSualo
skola
koleji

*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviT SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis

3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.

seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia, rasac Tqven iTvisebT,

rogorc garkveuli kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsualuri
qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri“ da ,,mamakacuri“ aspeqti SeiZleba
warmoadgendes adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miuxadavad
amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi gansazRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac
seqsualuri impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da misaRebad
miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi seqsualuri reaqciebis
 932

ganxorcielebis socialurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia,

romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli) miTiTebebi, Tu ra unda
gakeTdes; rodis, sad da rogor unda gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda
gakeTdes; dabolos, ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am scenarebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia cxovrebis manZilze socialuri
urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul scenarebSi
realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseulobebi warmoadgens seqsualuri
motivaciis garegan wyaros: _ scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs, romelTa
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia, an aucilebelia.

• seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi scenari warmoadgens socialuri

(Sexual scripts) _ seqsualuri normebidan momdinare miTiTebebis
pasuxismgeblobis socialurad
daswavlili programa. (ra aris
swori da miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da warsulSi daswavlil
qcevaTa prioritetuli Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis
Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu,
Tqveni azriT, risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli Tqveni
mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras eliT Tqveni seqsualuri partniorisgan.
 933

rodesac ar aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven, anda ar

axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba
gaarTulos da problemuri gaxados partniorebis urTierTSegueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebisTvis Cveul seqsualur
qcevebze. mkvlevrebi xSirad interesedebian: ratom axorcieleben
individebi riskian
seqsualur urTierTobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca arsebobs dafexmZimebis an
veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe. evoluciisa da seqsualuri
gansxvavebebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvirdebaT, Tu getyviT,
rom mamakacebi ufro metad axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi
(Poppen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi ufro metma
mamakacma, vidre qalma, ganacxada, rom isini Sediodnen barebSi
savaraudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT (77% 14%-is
winaaRmdeg) da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil partniorTan (47%
24%-is winaaRmdeg). amasTan, ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom
hqonia seqsi yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (78% 64%-is winaaRmdeg).
 934

kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev

erTi sfero, sadac mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi
mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs: gaupatiureba paemanze.
paemanze gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, rodesac individs
nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT
gamokiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT Tu ara
respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seqsualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul
gamoikiTxa 341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini yofilan
seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli formis msxverplni; daaxloebiT 15%
aRniSnavs, rom paemanis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri kavSiris
damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). rodesac mamakacebs
hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave paemanis situaciaSi momxdar
Zaladobaze, maT, qalebTan SedarebiT metwilad, msxverpli (anu
gaupatiurebuli
qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994; Ryckman et al., 1998).

• gaupatiureba paemanze
(Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
 935

paemanze Zaladobis situaciebs, rodesac individs kvlevebma

aCvena, rom mamakacTa nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs da qalTa
sqesobrivi kavSiris
seqsualuri scenarebi damyarebas mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan simboluri winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis
TvalsazrisiT; es aris qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsualur
Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi, sqesobrivi kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis
miuxedavad. Zalian cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom
gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca, mamakacTa 60%
miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire, erTxel mainc Sexvedria aseTi
winaaRmdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris arsebul
gansxvavebaSi, rogorc Cans, aisaxeba paemanze gaupatiurebis mravali
SemTxveva. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi mamakaci simbolur
winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams
mas, rogorc qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvnelovania, rom
mamakacebma gaigon: _ sinamdvileSi qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas
TamaSad; maTi winaaRmdegoba realuria. seqsualuri motivaciis
ganxilvisas Cveni yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamocdilebis
 936

seriozuli da mniSvnelovani kategoria: homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri

motivaciis am qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa (lesboselebsa) da
mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev erT saSualebas mogcemT,
dainaxoT, Tu rogor marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan
motivaciur ZalTa urTierTqmedeba.
homoseqsualuroba aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis
gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axorcieleben seqsualur qcevebs.
am konteqstSive SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis arseboba.
homoseqsualizmis, rogorc heteroseqsualobidan gadaxriT „gamowveuli“
qcevebis erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad, seqsualuri motivaciis Cven
mier warmoebulma ganxilvam unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur
qcevas „iwvevs“ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsulizmsa da
heteroseqsualizms msgavsi motivaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs; arc erTi
maTgani ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualur qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi cdilobdnen
homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa zusti raodenobis
miRebas. Aadreul kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi
 937

SerCevis mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri gamocdilebis, sul

mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo 4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri
gamocdileba (procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcirediT naklebi
iyo). SedarebiT gviandel kvlevebSi cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan
ganerCiaT homoseqsualuri survilebi da maTi dakmayofilebisTvis
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma kolegebma (1994)
aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad
izidavda maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram SerCevis mxolod 2%-
s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi urTierToba gasul wels; aseve, maT
kvlevaSi mamakacTa 6%-s seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci,
magram kvlav SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom hqonda realuri
seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan gasul wels. ramdenad marTalia
es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba mtrulad iqneba ganwyobili
homoseqsualuri survilebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT, verc iqneba
SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis raodenobis zusti Sefaseba,
radgan adamianebi moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
 938

qvemoT ganvixilavT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsualizmis

wyaroebs. aseve, mimovixilavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri
qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damokidebulebas Seexeba.

homoseqsualizmi: _ buneba da aRzrda

evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis Semdeg, gasakviri ar unda
iyos, Tu getyviT, rom kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri
prioritetebi nawilobriv genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli. rogorc xSirad
xdeba, mkvlevrebma es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves,
romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen monozigotur (genetikurad identur) da
dizigotur (romelTac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis naxevari aqvT identuri)
tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals erTnairi orientacia aqvs _
homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva Tanxvdeba
erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali homoseqsualia, meore ki _
heteroseqsuali, maTi seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba.
homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis Seswavlam
mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre
dizigotur tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am
 939

kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan moiZiebdnen calkeul

homoseqsual mamakacebsa da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen
informacias maTi tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsualuri orientaciebis
Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaognebeli iyo. qalebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive
tyupiscali (Bailey et al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo, dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive
tyupiscali (Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom monozigoturi
tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre
dizigoturebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad epyrobodnen, rac
seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia
SeiZleba, nawilobriv, genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli. flobdnen ra aseT
monacemebs, mkvlevrebma daiwyes im genebis erTobliobis moZieba,
romlebic SeiZleba ganapirobebdes homoseqsualuri Tu heteroseqsualuri
orientaciis warmoqmnas
(Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al., 1999) amrigad,
ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma
 940

kvlevebma SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli hipoTeza,

magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsualurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis
zogierTi aspeqti wmindad biologiuri faqtorebis gavleniT warmoiqmneba
(Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).
socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl Bem, 1996; 2000)
gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur
prioritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs umcrosi asakis
bavSvebis temperamentsa da aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan,
rom mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxvagvarad
TamaSoben; biWebs, magaliTad, uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad
izidavT. bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu romel _ TavianTi
sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur _ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini
eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanatolebisgan sakuTari
gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas. bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri
gadaiqceva erotikulad“. sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda emociur
aRgznebas iwvevs, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi erotikulad gadaiqceva.
magaliTad, Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva gogonebisgan
 941

gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba,

droTa ganmavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsualur
grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom bemis Teoriis
Tanaxmad, homoseqsualizmic da heteroseqsualizmic erTi da igive
mizezebidan momdinareobs: _ orive SemTxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac
bavSvi sakuTari sqesisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa
ganmavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod bems mravali monacemi moaqvs, is jerjerobiT
mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno ramdenime
weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warimarTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac
mkvlevrebi Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosazrebebs.

sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac

ambobs, rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela
adamiani bavSvobaSi ganmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT
moqmedebs? is, rac yvelaze metad ganasxvavebs homoseqsualurobas
heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT, aris mudmivi mtroba homoseqsualurobis
gamovlinebebisadmi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi (Herek, 1998).
 942

363 gamokiTxuli mozardidan 68% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“

daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa“;
maTi 64% ,,aucileblad“ an ,,nawilobriv“ daeTanxma debulebas: ,,seqsi or
qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa“ (Herek, 1994). Zalze uaryofiT
damokidebulebas homoseqsualebis mimarT mkvlevrebma homofobia
uwodes. bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogierTi im
mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi homofobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba,
faqtobrivad, Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis masaliT.

saidan viciT
niRbavs Tu ara homofobia homoseqsualur interess
kvlevaSi monawileobda kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti,
romelTagan TiToeuli sakuTar Tavs afasebda, rogorc
,,calsaxad heteroseqsuals“. studentebma Seavses 25-
debulebiani kiTxvari, romelic zomavda homofobiis
xarisxs. am skalis monacemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti
miiCnies arahomofobikad, 35 studenti _ homofobikad.
eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs aCvenes
heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da mamakacTa
homoseqsualuri aqtebis videoCanawerebi. TiToeuli
studentis reaqcia Canawerebze izomeboda
 943

mowyobilobiT, romelic afiqsirebda misi penisis

garSemowerilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis mixedviT,
ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur da lesbosur aqtebze
homofobikTa da arahomofobikTa reaqciebi, Tumca,
homofobikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti
aRgzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa homoseqsualuri
aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).

es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi mamakacis Zalian Zlieri

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv,
SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar surT sxva
mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmavlobaSi acnobierebs, rom
isini eltvian Tavisive sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi
homofobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi; aseTma pirobebma ki
SeiZleba gaarTulos am ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mravali
homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli qali ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili
homofobia anu SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen % Oleson,
 944

1999; Ross % Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). aseT SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba

warmoiqmnas fsiqologiuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis) homoseqsual
individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli) aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba. garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba
SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed imis gamo, rom mudmivad
uxdebaT sakuTari seqsualuri identurobis gamovlena („Tavisuflebaze
gamosvla“) an dafarva („karCaketilSi jdoma“) sakuTar ojaxTan,
megobrebTan da TanamSromlebTan
(D,Augelli, 1993). 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma
misca homoseqsualizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan amoRebas;
1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikis fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin &
Rothblum, 1991). aseTi naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze dayrdnobiT
gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homoseqsualTa umravlesoba bednieri,
produqtuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT sakuTari
seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi“
SesaZlebels gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972). am
monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli stresi,
 945

umeteswilad, ganpirobebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT _

homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia sakuTari orientacia, aramed
seqsualuri motivaciis gamovlenaze adamianebis reaqciebiT. rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve
fiqroben da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis damyarebasa da
SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseqsualebi (D,Augelli,
1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,gareT gamosvlisTvis“ mzaoba SeiZleba
pirveli nabiji gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis
Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa ganwyoba
homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu
isini icnoben am jgufSi Semaval individebs; faqtobrivad, rac ufro met
homoseqsuals icnobs individi saSualod, miT ufro keTilganwyobilia misi
damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996). (rodesac me18-e
TavSi crurwmenebis Temas ganvixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor
mihyavs umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami gacilebiT
dadebiT ganwyobamde). icnobT romelime homoseqsual mamakacs,
 946

lesbosels an biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi maTTan

urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad xarT homoseqsuali an
biseqsuali? ra gavlena moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis
codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSualebas gvaZlevs
ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis
Sesaxeb. seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan momdinareobs _
memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs
homoseqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis Sinagani modelebiT, Tumca,
garegani garemo24 aseve warmoadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros.
Tqven daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia,
xolo qcevis esa Tu is forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis farglebSi.
homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani sazogadoebrivi normebi
SeiZleba Sinagani bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes.
axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame magaliTis ganxilvaze gadavideT:
_

24
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 947

vnaxoT, ra Zalebi ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis, an

marcxisTvis. Sejameba cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad,
hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis arCevanze gavlenas
axdens garemo faqtorebi. masterma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg
fazebad: agzneba, plato, orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi
cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri qcevebis paternebis axsnas
reproduqciis realiebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strategiebze
dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis
winaSe ayenebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis
SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi Sedegi paemanze gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos.
heteroseqsualobis msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba rogorc
garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis gavlenis Sedegad. mravali
homoseqsuali mamakacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime tvirTs
sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba warmoadgens.

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

 948

ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas, zogierTi ki

warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis
gadacurva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven xels? albaT, daapirebT,
rom zogierTi es gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT,
rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali iqnebiT. magram Tqven isic
iciT, rom zogierTi adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dainteresebuli
lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT
motivaciis kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad yuradReba
SevaCeroT im motivaciur Zalebze, romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs
pirovnuli miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben. dasawyisisTvis
ganvixiloT konstruqti, romelsac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba
miRwevis moTxovnileba
jer kidev 1938 wels henri miureim (Henry Murray) ganacxada
adamianTa miRwevis moTxovnilebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis
moTxovnilebis Zala gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas
axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari moRvaweobis
Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David
 949

McCLelland, 1953) SeimuSaves am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis

meTodika da ikvlevdnen sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi miRwevis
motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao
pirobebSi mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs. miRwevis moTxovnilebis siZlieris
dasadgenad maklelandi iyenebda kvlevis monawileTa fantazias.
monawileebs waredginebodaT e.w. Tematuri apercepciis testis (Tat)
bundovani suraTebis seria da moeTxovebodaT maT mixedviT
moTxrobebis Sedgena: _ maT unda aReweraT, ra xdeboda suraTze,
savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi momavalSi da rogor
dasruldeboda. navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi
moaxdendnen TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da motivebis
proecirebas. maklelandis sityvebiT: _ „Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba
adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb, radgan mas ar SeuZlia
yovelTvis zustad giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da ocnebebiT.
Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze gaakeTebT, aRmoaCenT im Temebs,
romelsac misi goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis
 950

gamoyeneba SeiZleba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad. . .“ (David

McCLelland, 1971, p.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romlebsac monawileni yvebodnen
wardgenili Tat-is suraTebis mixedviT, maklelandma SeimuSava
gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxovnilebisTvis, maT Soris
Zalauflebis, afilaciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis
moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n Ach25. is asaxavs
individualur gansxavebebs imaSi, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
individisTvis miznis dagegmva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze 12.5.
mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da
imave suraTis mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali
moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma. rogorc laboratoriulma, ise realuri
cxovrebiseuli situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis validuroba.
• Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apperception Test – TAT) _
proeqciuli testi, romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT
waredgineba suraTebi

25
n Ach – need for Achievement.
 951

(romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da

moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.
• miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement – n Ach) _ savaraudod,
adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis
moTxovnileba, romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis farTo
speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.

sur. 12.5. Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli interpretaciebi

moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs am

biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris gakveTili. is kmayofilia
im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla
Rirs mis mier gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes,
man unda daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri saqmianoba, raTa
yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos. miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis
_ gacilebiT met fuls iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis
gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes didi mevioline da siamovneba da
 952

sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT. is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs

Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom TviTonac icodes
dakvra, magram icis, rom ar aqvs gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia
da fuli. is wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobaze,
raTa emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian kargi iqneboda
erT dRes umaRlesi klasis musikosad gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar
xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe
da didi albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi orkestranti,
romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.

magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone individebi ufro metad

miiweven zemoT, vidre dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. vaJiSvilebi n
Ach maRali maCveneblebiT ufro metad aRweven profesiul asparezze
TavianT mamebze ufro maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic n
Ach dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian (McLaland et al., 1976); n Ach
 953

maRali maCveneblebis mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi

Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n Ach dabali
maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs 41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz,
1992). migviTiTebs Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Ach
individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu
maRali n Ach–is mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
eCvenebaT, maleve anebeben Tavs mis gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is,
rac namdvilad tipuri Cans maRali n Ach–is mqone individebisTvis, aris
efeqturobis, Sedegianobis wyurvili _ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi
ZalisxmeviT. Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, es
SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis
ukukavSirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben sakuTari warmatebulobis
Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba, rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis
maCvenebeli, sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, McLeland
&Franz, 1992).
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxovnileba? mkvlevrebi
dainteresdnen: _ ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli, rom mSoblebis mier
 954

gamoyenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos SvilebSi miRwevis maRali

Tu dabali moTxovnilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia bostoneli
bavSvebis jgufis longituduri analiziT miRebuli monacemebi.

saidan viciT
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis moTxovnileba
devid maklelandma da kerol francma (Devid
McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs Seadares:
erTi mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis meTodebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic agrovda 1951 wels, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile
bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen da, meore mxriv,
monacemebi n Ach-isa da Semosavlis Sesaxeb, romlebic
agrovda 1987-1988 wlebSi, rodesac kvlevis monawileni
ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels mSoblebs
sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor aswavlidnen TavianT
Svilebs sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas.
maklelandma da francma
CaTvales, rom bavSvebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas
miznis miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT
 955

mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas

mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen. mTlianobaSi
aRiniSneboda dadebiTi korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis
bavSvobaSi gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom
mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda amisa, im
bavSvebis wliuri Semosavali, romlebic miznis
miRwevisTvis Zlier zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi
daaxloebiT $10.000-iT ufro mets Seadgenda, vidre maTi

Tanatolebis wliuri Semosavali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi aseTi

gamocdileba.

es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis

xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.
warmatebisa da marcxis atribucia miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris
erTaderTi cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi dainteresebaze axdens
gavlenas; rom gaverkveT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi.
warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic erTsa da imave sagans
swavloben. pirveli semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo Sefaseba
 956

„C“. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad

imecadinon meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis
TiToeuli maTgani miRebul Sefasebas.
ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia
kontrolis lokusze anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris mizezi _ aris
warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi
damokidebulia Tqven mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze (orientacia
internalur, anu Sinagan kontrolze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia
eqsternalur, anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT motanil magaliTSi „C“-s
miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZleba miaweros garegan (mSeneblobis
xmaurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs.
atribucia aris msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb (atribuciis Teorias
ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi ganvixilavT). mocemul SemTxvevaSi
atribuciam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu Tqveni
megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom gamocdaze miRebuli niSani
SeiZleba mSeneblobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia, rom isini
 957

bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamocdisTvis, xolo Tu isini

warumateblobis atribucias sust mexsierebaze axdenen, savaraudoa, rom
naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba
varirebdes atribucia (Peterson &Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi kiTxvac
SegviZlia davsvaT: _ ,,ramdenad ucvleli (stabiluri) da mdgradia, an
cvalebadi (arastabiluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori droTa
ganmavlobaSi?“ pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas _ ucvleli-cvalebadi
(stabiluri-arastabiluri), an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: _ ,,ramdenad aris
mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli (specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod
gansazRvruli amocaniT, an situaciiT, anda zogadi (globaluri) da farTod
gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi.
pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomilebas _ zogadi-konkretuli (globaluri-
specifikuri).
suraTze 12.6 mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu
• atribucia
(Attribution) _ rogor SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis lokusi
msjeloba Sedegebis da stabiluroba. yuradReba SevaCeroT gamocdaze
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
 958

miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze. Tqvenma megobrebma miRebuli

Sefasebebi SeiZleba iseTi Sinagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiCnion,
rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli), an Zalisxmeva
(cvalebadi pirovnuli Tviseba); anda maT miRebuli Sefaseba SeiZleba
iseTi garegani faqtorebiT gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa _ amocanis
sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli situaciuri problema), an
iRbali (cvalebadi garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warmatebasa Tu marcxs, maTi
emocia, savaraudod, iqneba erT-erTi im emociaTagani, romelic
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi
imoqmedebs rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _ ufro bejiTad
mecadineobaze an SromisTvis Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu
marcxis realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad.
aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas, rodesac Tqveni orive
megobari erTnairad xsnis maT mier miRebul Sefasebas „C“, magram
Zalze mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs mogvcemen. erT-
erTma es SeiZleba miaweros raime garegans (,,profesorma
 959

arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda“), meorem ki _ raime Sinagans („ar

var imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani“). mkvlevrebma aCvenes,
rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare
movlenebs _ banqoSi mogebidan dawyebuli paemanis SeTavazebaze
uaris TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebiseul, Cveul
atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da
marcxebis axsnis stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens
motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTanadod moqmedebis unarzec
ki. ramdenime wlis manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin
Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs adamianebis axsnis stili _
maTi optimizmisa Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da
pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miznisken isini Tu iolad
nebdebian, riskaven Tu frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).
kontrolis lokusi
sur. 12.6. qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis
Sinagani garegani
atribucia
 SesaZlebl rTuli
960

ucvleli oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs

oba amocana
qcevis atribuciis mxolod ori wyarodan: _
kontrolis Zalisxmeva iRbali lokusidan da im
cvalebadi
situaciidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba. SesaZleblobiT
atribucia
ekuTvnis kombinacias Sinagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _
kombinacias Sinagani-cvalebadi, rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac uSveben
garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali _ kombinacias garegani-
cvalebadi.
cxrili 12.4 atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri reaqciebi
Tqveni grZnobebi emociuri reaqciebi warmatebasa da
marcxTan atribucia warmateba marcxi dakavSirebiT
damokidebulia
SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba
arakompetenturoba atribuciis im stilze,
darwmunebuloba brZolaze
uaris
 961

romelsac axdenT Sedegebis siamaye Tqma

mizezebis mixedviT. daTrgunuloba
Semsubuqebabraleulobis
magaliTad, Tqven amayobT gancda
kmayofileba
warmatebiT maSin, roca am sircxvili SiSi
Zalisxmeva
moduneba brazi
warmatebas sakuTar
mrisxaneba
unarebs miawerT da madliereba gakvirveba
daTrgunuli xarT, Tu
marcxs gakvirveba

SesaZleblobis arqonis
sxvaTa Sedegad aRiqvamT;
anda moqmedeba ganicdiT
madlierebis bedi
grZnobas, rodesac Tqvens sindisis qenjna gaoceba

mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moqmedebas miawerT da brazobT,

roca sxvebi migaCniaT Tqveni marcxis mizezad.
me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadi-ucvleli (internaluri-
globaluri-
stabiluri) axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad“) individs depresiis
riskis winaSe ayenebs (da depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli
 962

motivacia). axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia axsnis stils, rom semestris

bolos Tqvenma erTerTma megobarma „A“, meorem ki _ „F“ Sefaseba
miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen aexsnaT, ratom SeuZlia erT
adamians marcxis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara.
aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi da, erTi SexedviT, martivi
ram iyo: _ optimizmi da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis
es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, guneba-
ganwyobasa da qcevaze.
atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis
mizezebze. garda amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis gamowvevaSi
miiCneva ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad da globalurad): _ ,,me amas
ver Sevcvli da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.“ atribuciis optimisturi
stili marcxs garegani mizezebis Sedegad ganixilavs: _ ,,testi
arasamarTliani iyo“, xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (stabiluri), an
modificirebadia da konkretuli
 963

(specifikuri): _ ,,Tu met Zalisxmevas gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad

gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba gavlenas ver moaxdens
imaze, Tu rogor Sevasruleb CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas“.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brundeba, rodesac warmatebis
sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. optimisti iRebs srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad
pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti Tavis warmatebas
garegan-cvalebadzogad, an konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is
Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis, pesimisti ufro cudad asrulebs
davalebas, vidre mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi
sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi adastureben optimizmisa
da pesimizmis Sesaxeb aseTi ganzogadebis siswores. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis
agentebad muSaobdnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadazRveo
kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom im mamakacebi,
romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met
garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi movlenebis interpretacia
 964

gavlenas axdens optimistTa da pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis

Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze.
am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs
mizezobrivi atribuciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.
saidan viciT

atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli moRvaweobis

SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi
rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, gsurT SeZlebisdagvarad
saukeTeso samuSaos miReba, magram rogor fiqrobT,
rogor moxdeba es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni
sakuTari ostatobiTa da iniciaturobiT (Sinagani atribucia)
apirebT, Tu SemTxveviTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis
wyalobiT (garegani atribucia)? mkvlevrebi varaudoben,
rom is studentebi, romelTac sjeraT, rom Tavad
ganapirobeben sakuTar profesiul warmatebas, ufro
metad axorcieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs. am
TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes studentebis
 965

wasaxaliseblad, rom maT garegani atribucia SinaganiT

Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis meTodi,
romelsac atribuciis
reorientacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac
miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damokidebuli
karieraSi winsvlis TvalsazrisiT, ayurebinebdnen
videokasetas, romelzec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis
kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da mamakacis dialogi.
eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuTvnili dialogi
Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor miiRes maT gadawyvetileba
karieris Taobaze: _ ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad
vacnobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram, rac Cemi
karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli iqneboda,
Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda“ (Luzzo et al., 1996, p. 417).
sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda aseT informacias. am
xanmokle Carevis Semdeg, eqsperimentuli jgufis
wevrebma gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri kontrolis
 966

lokusi karieris arCevisas da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad

CaerTvnen saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis
SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontrolo jgufs ar
aReniSneboda aseTi cvlilebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).

imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni

informaciis miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb didi gavlena iqonia
studentTa mosazrebebze momavlis Taobaze.
 967

Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis

sasargeblo aRmoCndeba. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni
warmatebisa da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili; SegiZliaT situaciaSi
SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis
uaryofiTi, stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia. dabolos, nu miscemT droebiT
Cavardnebs uflebas, rom SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT,
gamoiyenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni cxovrebis
gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis SegaxseneT am wignSi. Sromisa da
organizaciuli fsiqologia warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri filosofia
dagexmaraT samsaxuri dagewyoT did korporaciaSi. SegviZlia zustad
viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT, Tu gvecodineba
Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni
motivaciis done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im zogad konteqstze _
wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom
samuSao garemo sTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaciuli fsiqologi
swavlobs iseTi adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs,
rogoricaa: _ TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure
 968

personalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi,

samuSaosadmi an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba,
samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve,
mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi samuSaoze. rogorc bizneskonsultantebi,
organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas uweven organizaciebs momsaxure
personalis dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda amisa, isini
amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT morgeba.
samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT organizaciuli fsiqologebi
iyeneben marTvis, gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriebs.
ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaciulma fsiqologebma
SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad.
samarTlianobis Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben, axsnan da
iwinaswarmetyvelon, rogor moiqcevian adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao
pirobebSi. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian
garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa: _ samarTlianobis
Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri mgdomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur
 969

mdgomareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an mosalodneli waxalisebis Sefaseba,

romelic maT mier Sesrulebul samuSao ukavSirdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom muSaki motivirebulia
TanamSromlebTan samarTliani, an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven maT mier
samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT saqmianobasa da fulad
danaxarjs) da Semosavals (rasac iReben samuSaos Sesrulebis Sedegad),
Semdeg ki adareben TanamSromelTa xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a
muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba utoldeba b muSakis
danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardobas (danaxarji a ÷ Semosavali a =

danaxarji b ÷ Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki dakmayofilebulia.

ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin, rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan
uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia, muSakebi motivirebulni
xdebian, rom aRadginon es proporcia imiT, rom saTanadod Secvalon
danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos qceviTi cvlilebebi
(magaliTad, danaxarjis Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis
xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRaurebis momatebis
 970

moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis: _ „Cemi

samuSao arcTu ise kargia“, an Semosavlis: _ „gamimarTla, rom yoveli
kviris bolos viReb xelfass, romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo,“ Rirebulebis
axleburi interpretacia).

• organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist) _ Seiswavlis

adamianuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, rogoricaa
TanamSromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure personalis
socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi
an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba, samuSaoTi
kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis
xarisxi samuSaoze.
• samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao motivaciis kognituri
Teoria, romlis mixedviT muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan
samarTliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis SenarCunebaze; agreTve,
am Teoriis mixedviT, samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac
monawileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis proporciulia.
 971

SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis an samarTlianobis Sedegebi Tqvens

samuSao situaciebSi? ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Tqveni TanamSromeli
ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganicdiT Tqven am dros? samarTlianobis
Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod dagtoves
arasasurvel samuSaoze. faqtobrivad, rodesac muSaki ise midis
samsaxuridan, rom is ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am samuSaos mimarT,
darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian naklebi produqtulobisken _
isini amcireben Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli
Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman,
1993). Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba,
unda ecadoT, rom
Tavidan aiciloT aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom
daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samarTlianobis fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebi. magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT „saTanado axsnis“
sargeblianoba.
molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki motivirebulia maSin, rodesac is
elodeba,
 972

rom misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs

(Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT,
adaminebi Seasruleben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad (romelsac
Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis
TeoriaSi aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: molodini,
instrumentuloba da valentoba. molodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel
albaTobas, rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier samuSaos
garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba. instrumentuloba niSnavs, rom samuSaos
Sesruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa, magaliTad Sromis
anazRaureba an jildo. valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis
mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao situaciaSi am sami
komponentisTvis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis warmodgena SegiZliaT.
Tqven SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac didia albaToba imisa, rom
dagajildoeben warmatebuli muSaobisTvis (maRali instrmentuloba),
magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos warmatebulad
SeasrulebT (dabali molodini), an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli
jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valenturoba). molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
 973

muSaki afasebs am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs maT

maTi calkeuli mniSvnelobebis gadamravlebiT. yvelaze maRali donis
motivacia gvaqvs maSin, rodesac didia samive komponentis albaToba,
xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin, rodesac samidan erT-erTi
komponentis albaToba nulis tolia.
xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molodinis Teoriis analizi, Tu
xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda
iswavloT molodinis, instrumentulobisa da valentobis naTlad
warmodgena; aseve, unda SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am situaciaSi yvelaferi
wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom
muSakebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da amisTvis
miRebul anazRaurebas Soris ar aris sakmarisi Tanafardoba. rogor
SecvlidiT samuSos pirobebs, raTa aRgedginaT instrumentulobis maRali
Rirebuleba?
winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT gTavazobT gamafrTxilebel
SeniSvnas samuSo garemoSi miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac
iRebT pirovnul gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdenad gulmodgined da
 974

dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT

gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebsac. rogorc momdevno TavSi
vnaxavT, agresiulma swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba garkveulwilad
xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad cxovrebaSi. Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas, raTa gamoTqvan
varaudebi, Tu rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra elis mas.
motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mizezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba
moicavdes konkretul, an zogad, ucvlel, an cvalebad da Sinagan, an
garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres axsnis optimisturi da
pesimisturi stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor asruleben
adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben
amas. organizaciuli fsiqolebis interesTa sferoSi Sedis samuSo adgilze
moqmedi mamotovirebeli faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis
Teoriebi aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis mosazrebebi samuSao
situaciis Sesaxeb mis motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.
 975

• molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo motivaciis Teoria,

romlis mixedviT muSaki motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi
Zalisxmeva da samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoiRebs.
• moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ maslous Sexeduleba,
rom bazisuri adamianuri motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom
moTxovnileba ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli intensiobiT unda
dakmayofildes, romlis Sedegadac SesaZlebel iqneba momdevno donis
miRweva; es moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba bazisuri biologiuri
moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturobisaken.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

 976

SeuZlia fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba?

Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar
mogwondaT, albaT, bevri gecodinebaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ras niSnavs, itanjebode motivaciis naklebobiT: autanelia
Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi
saaTad geCvenebaT. warmatebuli karieris erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani nawilia iseTi samuSao garemos
moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli samuSao da misTvis
miRebuli anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri
moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi iqneba. albaT, ar
gagikvirdebaT, rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen profesiuli
mowodebisa da adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis,
faseulobebsa da moTxovnilebebis urTierTTanxvedras.
profesiuli warmatebis miRwevis motivaciis
SesanarCuneblad unda gqondeT Tqveni interesebisa da
TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis Sesatyvisi samuSao.
 977

profesiuli interesis farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia strongis

profesiuli
interesebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard strongs (Edward
Strong) ekuTvnis. testis Sesaqmnelad man gamokiTxa
sxvadasxva profesiis mamakacTa jgufebi im
saqmianobebs Sesaxeb, romlebic maT moswondaT an ar
moswondaT. Semdeg, skalis misaRebad, im respodentTa
mier gacemuli pasuxebi, romlebic warmatebulni iyven
konkretul profesiebSi, Seadara Cveulebrivi respondenti
mamakacebis pasuxebs.
testis Semdeg versiebs (maT Soris 1994 wels
redaqtirebuls) daemata qalebisTvis relevanturi skalebi da
axali profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994). strongis profesiuli
interesebis kiTxvari sakmaod warmatebiT adgens
kavSirs adamianebis mier mowonebul da armowonebul
saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis profesiebs Soris (Donnay
&Borgen, 1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests, profesiuli
 978

konsultanti SeZlebs informaciis mowodebas im

samuSaos Sesaxeb, romlebic tipuria Tqveni interesebis
msgavsi interesebis mqone adamianebisTvis, radgan es is
samuSaoa, romlic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva imis Taobaze, Tu ra
profesias unda misdioT. rogor unda amoirCioT is
konkretuli kompania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor unda
SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo periodSi kadrebis SerCevis
fsiqologiis
 979

mkvlevrebma didi yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-

organizaciis morgebis cnebas _ mizania adamianisa da
im organizaciis Tavsebadobis maqsimizacia, romelic
mas daiqiravebs (Borman et al., 1997; Kristof, 1996;
Van Vianen, 2000). erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli iyo
TanamSromelTa pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da
organizaciis
,,kulturis“ morgebaze. magaliTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli
faqtori, romelsac TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba ewodeba;
masSi moazrebuli kontiniumis ori ukiduresobaa: _
,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili da mosiyvarule“ da ,,civi, kapasi
da sastiki“ (ix. Tavi 14). vnaxoT, aseve,
organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturebis
kontiniumi mxardamWeridan da jgufze orientirebulidan
agresiul da Sedegebze orientirebulamde. xedavT rogor
wrfivad lagdeba es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom samuSos is maZieblebi, romelTac
 980

maRali maCvenebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis mzaobis

mixedviT, amjobineben organizaciebs, romlebic
mxardamWeri da jgufze orientirebuli kulturiT
gamoirCevian (Judge & Cable, 1997). am tipis kvlevebi
gvTavazoben imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar aris sakmarisi
martoden Cveni motivaciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac
profesiul warmatebas exeba saqme; aseve, aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs
miznis miRwevis Cveneuli meTodebi da organizaciis
prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT, romelic miznebis
miRwevis motivacias SegiqmniT, warmogidgenT kidev
erT, gasaTvaliswinebel faqtors: _ cxovrebis sxva mravali
aspeqtis msgavsad, profesiul interess, rogorc Cans,
genetikuri faqtoric gansazRvravs. erT-erT kvlevaSi
sxvadasxva ojaxebSi gazrdil identur da araidentur
 981

tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT (strongis profesiuli

interesebis
kiTxvaris msgavsi) profesiuli interesebis ori kiTxvari
(Moloney et al., 1991). ori kiTxvaris monacemebis
mixedviT, saSualo korelacia identuri tyupebisTvis iyo
0,38 da 0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis ki _ mxolod 0,05
da 0,06. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es tyupebi ar
izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu Tqven gadawyvetT, rom
dedis an mamis profesiul kvals miyveT, SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom es sulac ar aris mxolod garemos
Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesiuli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis
miRwevis motivacias? rogorc mravalricxovani
cxovrebiseuli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac fsiqologebma
Caatares kvlevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT am
mniSvnelovani
 982

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi yuradReba SevaCereT motivaciis specifikur tipebze
da qcevis specifikur tipebze. Tavis dasasruls isev davubrundeT motivaciis
ufro zogad mniSvnelobas. Cven gvsurs zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT
im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa warmarTavdnen Tqvens cxovrebas.
humanisturma fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham Maslow, 1970)
Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac bazisuri motivebi qmnian
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia martividan
umaRlesisken, rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda
dakmayofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxovnilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaxdes momdevno doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis safuZvelSi mdebareobs
iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili. sxva
nebismieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es moTxovnilebebi unda
dakmayofildes. rodesac biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCerebulia da isini veranairad
aisaxebian Cvens qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi
 983

dakmayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi donis moTxovnileba

qmnis; es aris usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT
SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis ganmapirobebeli
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT. Tu
kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs usafrTxod grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri
mikuTvnebulobis gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis
moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi kompetenturi da
efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa, romelsac SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac
saWiroa sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad.
adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli tviniT, romelic azris
stimulacias saWiroebs. Tqven gamoZravebT Zlieri SemecnebiTi
moTxovnilebebi: _ gsurT Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare arsebobis
Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis winaswarganWvreta. swored am
moTxovnilebebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs, rom mTeli TavianTi
sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miuZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis Semdeg
donezea mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva, romelic warmodgenilia
 984

esTetikuris moTxovnilebis saxiT, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi

mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
transcendenturi
moTxovnilebebi
ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian
kosmiuri daniSnulebis
Secnobis sulieri
moTxovnilebebi adamianebi _ gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan
TviTaqtualizacii s
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli miznisken
daculni, visac uyvarT da vinc uyvarT,
swrafva
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da
sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebulni,
wesrigis moTxovnileba

SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es adamianebi

codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi

pativiscemis moTxovnileba
gascdnen elementaruli adamianuri
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari
Tavis faseulobisa da
kompetenturobis,
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa
moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari
mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba
mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
potencialis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
uyvardeT anu TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi
usafrTxoebis moTxovn ileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis,
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba TviTaqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi
biologiuri Tvisebebis garda, kargad icnobs, esmis
moTxovnilebebi
sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,
dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis
moxsnis moTxovnilebebi sakuTari Tavis da iseTad iRebs, rogoric aris;
socialurad gulisxmieria, SemoqmedebiTia,
Tavisufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da gamowvevisadmi. maslous ierarqiaSi
kidev erTi safexuria, romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis sruli
 985

ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transcendenturis moTxovnileba, romelmac

adamiani SeiZleb miiyvanos cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde
da samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur xedvamde.
Zalze cota adamiani Tu axerxebs sakuTari
me-s sazRvris gadabijebas da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis
miRwevas.
maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansakuTrebiT popularul xedvas
warmoadgens. Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens mosazreba, rom
TiToeul adamians aqvs moTxovnileba, ganviTardes da moaxdinos
sakuTari potencialis maqsimalurad realizeba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi
dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi cxadyofs, rom _ ara.
maslous mier aRwerili moTxovnilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom
adamianebs axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominantobisa da
agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi. garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari
gamocdilebidan viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia SeiZleba
xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia, rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT
SimSils maSin, rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni, Tumca, aseTi SezRudvebis
 986

pirobebSic ki vimedovnebT, rom maslous sqema dagexmarebaT Tqveni

mamotivirebeli swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad
mowesrigebaSi.
Cven grZeli gza ganvleT mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT rebeka stefensis
usiamovnebebiT savse asvla everestze; Cven aRvwereT kvebis da
SimSilis fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis evolucia da sociluri
ganzomilebebi; Cven gamovikvlieT individuluri gansxvavebebi pirovnuli
miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis
ganxilvisas Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben buneba da
aRzrda rogorc saxeobis, ise _ individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da mosazrebebi gagiCndaT rebeka
stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb? xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom
xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis dakargva arc ise didi
sazRauri SeiZleba iyos sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?

sakvanZo sakiTxebi motivaciis cneba

• motivacia dinamikuri cnebaa, romelic gamoiyeneba qcevisaTvis

mimarTulebis micemis procesebis aRsawerad.
 987

• motivaciuri analizi gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba

erTmaneTs biologiuri da qceviTi procesebi da ratom iswrafvian
adamianebi miznebisken dabrkolebebisa da araxelsayreli pirobebis
miuxedavad.
• ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs, motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis
cnebas.
• adamianebi motivirebulni arian aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani
stimulebiTac, romlebic ar ukavSirdebian fiziologiur moTxovnilebebs.
• reversiis Teoria gamoyofs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis opoziciur
wyvilebs.
• instinqtebis Teoria gvTavazobs, rom motivacia xSirad eyrdnoba
Tandayolil stereotipul reaqciebs.
• socialuri da kognituri fsiqologebi xazs usvamen individis mier situaciis
aRqmas, interpretacias da masze reaqcias.

kveba
• sxeuli flobs mTel rig meqanizmebs kvebis procesis dawyebisa da

SewyvetisaTvis.
 988

• Tu msuqani adamiani SezRuduli mWameli xdeba, misma dietam

SeiZleba wonis momateba ufro gamoiwvios, vidre wonis dakleba.
• kvebiTi aSliloba janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi
daavadebaa, romelic SeiZleba aRmocendes kulturuli gavlenisa da
sxeulis xatis darRveuli aRqmis Sedegad.

seqsualuri qceva
• evoluciuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, seqsi STamomavlobis producirebis
meqanizmia.
• cxovelebSi seqsualuri ltolvebi mkacrad kontroldeba hormonebiT.
• mastersisa da jonsonis Sromam mogvawoda pirveli monacemebi qalisa
da mamakacis seqsualuri reqciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.
• evoluciuri fsiqologebis azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri qceva asaxavs
Sewyvilebis sxvadasxva strategiebs qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.
• gansxvavebebma seqsualur scenarebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios seriozuli
gaugebroba da migviyvanos Zaladobamde.
• homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi determinirebulia rogorc
genetikiT, ise pirovnuli da socialuri garemoTi.
 989

pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

• adamianebs aqvT miRwevis mravali moTxovnilebebi. miRwevis
moTxovnileba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani
warmatebisa da marcxis interpretacias.
• ori atribuciuri stili _ optimizmi da pesimizmi _ iwvevs gansxvavebul
damokidebulebebs miRwevisadmi da gavlenas axdens motivaciaze.
• organizaciuli fsiqologebi swavloben samuSao garemoSi adamianis
motivaciis gavlenas.

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia
• abraham maslous azriT, moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ierarqiulad
dalagdes.
• miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis motivacia ufro rTulia, maslous
Teoria gvawvdis samuSao CarCos motivaciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.

ZiriTadi cnebebi anoreqsia atribucia bulimia gaupatiureba ltolvebi

Tanasworobis Teoria molodinis Teoria moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
homeostazi aRmZvrelebi instinqtebi motivacia miRwevis
moTxovnileba organizaciis fsiqologia mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili
 990

reversiis Teoria seqsualuri agzneba seqsualuri scenarebi socialuri

daswavlis Teoria Tematuri apercepciis testi
Tavi 13. emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

• emociebi
− bazisuri emociebi da kultura
− emociis Teoriebi − emociis funqciebi

• cxovrebiseuli stresi
− fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze
− fsiqologiuri reaqciebi stresze
− stresis daZleva
• janmrTelobis fsiqologia
− janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli
− janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
− mkurnaloba
− profesiuli gamofitvis sindromi da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
− rCevebi janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebiT
 991

• fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: _ janmrTeli adamianebi 2010

• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: _ axdens Tu ara gavlenas Tqveni
pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
− ZiriTadi cnebebi
 992

6 wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kulturis warmomadgeneli, gaxda avad

maRali sicxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT. misma ojaxma es
avadmyofoba daukavSira hebus
_ sagvareulo sulebs. bavSvis sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies
mkurnali Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi rituali, romlis
ZiriTad nawils ganmkurnebeli simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT
mocemulia im teqstis nawili, romelsac visidatu asrulebda:
Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas,
CaeWide mas TavSi
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo
adamiani. me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis cieb-cxeleba, me var is, vinc
Sen gicnobs, me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs, me var is, vinc
gagiSvebs aqedan.
me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems mklavebSi. me var is,
vinc CagWidebs xels.
me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb
aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli
kanidan, me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan, me gagiSveb xorcidan, me
 993

var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus, me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus, me
var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus, me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs.
meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom
warumatebeli mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda
(Briggs,1996).
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli
iqneba, rom raime kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa - visidatus urTierTobas
hebus sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamojanmrTelebas Soris. Tumca,
vimedovnebT, rom am Tavis bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri
damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda gavafarTovoT Tqveni
warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan suli da
sxeuli. varaos gankurnebis ritualSi vxvdebiT swored im Temas, romelsac
gamovyofT da ganvixilavT am TavSi: _ ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur
mdgomareobas, rogoric aris Zlieri emocia, gavlena moaxdinos fizikuri
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.
dasawyisisaTvis, gTxovT, warmoidginoT naklebad damabneveli
situacia. davuSvaT, zustad am wuTs gekiTxebiT ras grZnobT?~ rogor
upasuxebdiT am SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis, sul mcire, sami
 994

gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis mowodebac SegiZliaT. pirveli, Tqven

SegiZliaT gagvimxiloT Tqveni gunebaganwyobileba anu emociebi,
romelsac ganicdiT: _ gixariaT, radgan iciT, rom am Tavis wakiTxvas
moaswrebT wveulebaze wasvlamde; brazobT, radgan Tqvenma ufrosma
axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore, SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi gagvceT
gancdili stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: _ iseTi gancda gaqvT, TiTqos yvela
gasakeTebeli davalebis Sesrulebas moaxerxebT? Tu grZnobT, rom
gadatvirTuli xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT Tqveni fsiqikuri
an fizikuri janmrTelobis Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT? Tu kargad
yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT? am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba
pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris SekiTxvaze _`rogor grZnobT Tavs?~
_ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba emociebs, stress da janmrTelobas.
emociebi warmoadgens adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxeds. emociebi
adamianebTan urTierTobis process amdidreben, xolo mexsierebis
Sinaarsebs Tvisobriobasa da mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven
ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT funqciebs. magram ra xdeba
maSin, rodesac emociis moTxovnebi biologiur da fsiqikur
 995

SesaZleblobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirTo da veRar moaxerxo

cxovrebiseul stresorebTan gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxiluli iqneba,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi
daZleva dabolos, gavafarTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqologiis
wvlils janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi ikvleven, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis
ganviTarebaze garemo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri procesebi.
janmrTelobis fsiqologebi, aseve, iyeneben fsiqologiur procesebsa da
principebs avadmyofobis mkurnalobisa da prevenciisaTvis: amave dros,
SeimuSaveben pirovnuli keTildReobis gaumjobesebis strategiebs. es gza
_ emociebidan, stresis gavliT, janmrTelobamde, Seqmnis konteqsts,
romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba.
daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilviT.
emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom SegeZloT fiqri
da moqmedeba, magram ara grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis
unari satrfos kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xarjze? daTmobdiT
 996

mowyenilobas mxiarulebis xarjze? ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba

iqneboda, romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT, rom emociebi
mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom
SemogTavazebT emociis gansazRvrebas da aRvwerT emociuri
gamocdilebis safuZvlebs.

Tqven SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad CaTvaloT: _ `me vgrZnob

bednierebas~, an `vgrZnob brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani
cnebis ufro mravlismomcveli gansazRvreba gvWirdeba, romelic moicavs
rogorc sxeuls, ise suls. Tanamedrove fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven,
rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri cvlilebebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs
fiziologiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qceviT
reaqciebs, romlebic Cndeba pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aRqmul
situaciebze sapasuxod. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, risTvis aris saWiro
yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tavs Zalian
bednierad grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoixateba mSvid
guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba dadebiTi. emociasTan
dakavSirebuli kognituri procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa
da molodinebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZleven, gansazRvroT situacia,
rogorc bednieri. Tqveni TvalsaCino qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos
eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze orientirebuli (sayvarel adamianTan
Caxuteba). emociebis Cveneul gagebaSi SevecdebiT, rom yvela es
komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva _ gavaerTianoT.
 997

• emocia – cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur

agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura
warmoidgineT, rom erT oTaxSi gansxvavebuli kulturis
warmomadgenlebi SekribeT. ra iqneba saerTo maT mier emociebis
gancdaSi? Tavdapirvelad pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT Carlz
darvinis wigns `emociebis gamoxatva adamiansa da cxovelebSi~
(1872/1965). darvini Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda adamianisaTvis,
da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli struqturebisa da
funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas
ainteresebda emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic, misi azriT,
warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel, araprognozirebad pirovnul mdgomareobas,
aramed adamianis Tavis tvinis moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordinirebuli moqmedebis formas.
darvini emociebs gansazRvravda TanSobil, specifikur mentalur
mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi situaciebis garkveul
jgufTan gasamklaveblad aris mowodebuli. saxeobis ganviTarebis istoriis
 998

manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvardebodaT, uCndebodaT

Svilebi, isini ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats,
iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis sikvdilis momswreni – da es yvelaferi
uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis
emociuri reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela wevrTan unda
aRmocenebuliyo. mkvlevrebma emociebis universalobis Sesaxeb
ganacxadi Seamowmes axalSobilebis emociur reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva
kulturebSi saxis gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT.

aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia Tandayolili

Tu sakiTxisadmi evoluciuri midgoma marTebulia, savaraudoa, rom
mTel msoflioSi bavSvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive paternebi
gamovlindeba
(Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi (Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi
pirveli fsiqologi iyo, romelmac xazi gausva uSualo, TanSobili,
aradaswavlili afeqturi (emociuri) reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi
gausva imas, rom Cvilebi yovelgvari winaswari swavlis gareSe Zlier
xmaurs pasuxoben SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTulebiT; isini TiTqos winaswar
 999

arian mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emociuri reaqciiT, romelic

imdenad zogadia, rom pirobebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs
Seesabameba.
kroskulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura varaudi, rom zogierTi
emociuri pasuxi sakmaod msgavsia erTmaneTisagan Zalian
gansxvavebuli kulturebis bavSvebTan.
saidan viciT
kroskulturuli emociuri reaqciebi CvilebTan eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da
12 Tvis asakis iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze. eqsperimentatorebi cdis
pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen da Semdegi procedura Cautares: _ bavSvebs
xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvaredinad abjendnen mucelze.
eqsperimentatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli bavSvis reaqcias. orive
kulturis bavSvebi saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZravebdnen, rac
distresis Zalian msgavsi gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da
iaponelma bavSvebma gamoavlines, agreTve, negatiuri vokalizaciisa da
fizikuri

winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et al.,1992).

 1000

marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniSvnelovani kroskulturuli

Sesabamisoba, magram ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli
gansxvavebebic gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT, 11 Tvis
Cineli bavSvebi emociurad ufro nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi
iaponeli da amerikeli Tanatolebi
(Carmas et al.,1998). es Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve
Zalian adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da gavlenas axdens Tandayolil
emociur reaqciebze. yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc
Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis gamometyvelebis interpretaciis Tandayolili
unaric. erT-erT eqsperimentSi 4-dan 6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi
prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis gamomxatvel saxeebs.
SeCvevis faqti imiT dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan uqrebodaT
interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da
brazis gamomxatveli suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi 11, SeCvevis
procedurebis magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac bavSvebs
aCvenebdnen gansxvavebuli emociis gamomxatvel fotos, isini
ganaxlebuli interesiT pasuxobdnen masze _ savaraudoa, rom es
eqspresiebi maTTvis `ucnauri~ iyo da gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis
eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyureboda~ aseT adreul asakSic
 1001

ki (Serrano et al., 1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro

dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad, moaxloebis moZraobebi da Rimili)
mxiaruli eqsperesiis mimarT da ufro negatiur qcevas (magaliTad,
ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna) brazis eqsperesiis
mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto
cnoben am gamometyvelebebs, aramed Zalian adreul asakSi xvdebian
maT `mniSvnelobas~
(Serrano et al., 1995).
universaluria Tu ara emociuri eqsperesiebi
rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen standartul emociur
eqspresiebs. Tu es asea, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs hqondeT msgavsi warmodgena
imaze, Tu rogor xdeba emociebis gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT.
pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic saxis eqspresiis bunebis
wamyvan mkvlevrad iTvleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveulwilad
emTxveva erTmaneTs (Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma da misma
TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac jer kidev darvini varaudobda, rom
 1002

emociuri eqspresiebis garkveuli nawili adamianis saxeobisaTvis

universaluria, savaraudod, imitom, rom es emociuri eqspresiebi Cveni
evoluciuri memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs
warmoadgenen. sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daakvirdiT 13.1 suraTs.
naxeT, ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emociis gamoxatuleba (Ekman &
Friesen,
1986).
sur. 13.1 _ emociuri eqspresiebis Sefasebebi
SeusabameT qvemoT CamoTvlili Svidi emociis aRmniSvneli termini
aq naCveneb saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, sixaruli, gaoceba, siZulvili, brazi da
mwuxareba. pasuxebi mocemulia am Tavis bolos.
arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom am Svid eqspresias
erTnairad cnoben da avlenen mTel msoflioSi sixarulis, gaocebis, brazis,
zizRis, SiSis, sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi,
romlebic kroskulturul gansxvavebebs ikvleven, sTxovdnen sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebs, moexdinaT standartul fotosuraTebze
mocemul eqspresiebTan dakavSirebuli emociebis identifikacia.
 1003

adamianebs zogadad SeuZliaT Svid emociasTan dakavSirebuli eqspresiis

identificireba.

saidan viciT
saxis gamometyvelebis kroskulturuli aRqma
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis damwerlobis
armqone kulturis (fores kulturis) warmomadgenlebi,
romlebsac am eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari
Sexeba ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur
kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen evropeoiduli saxeebis
mier gamoxatuli emociebis identifikacias (suraTi 13.1).
mocemuli. cdis pirebi amas axerxebdnen eqspresiis im
situaciebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic igive emocia
hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, foto 5 (SiSi), cdis pirebis
pasuxebis mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac
mogdevs gareuli taxi da Tan ara gaqvs Subi, xolo foto 6
(sevda) - gaxsenebs Seni Svilis sikvdils. cdis pirebi
daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (2 foto) da SiSis
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan, rogorc Cans,
am xalxs ZiriTadad SiSi eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT.
Semdeg mkvlevrebma igive kulturis sxva
warmomadgenlebs (romlebsac eqsperimentis pirvel
nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba) sTxoves im
eqspresiebis modelireba, romlebsac isini iyenebdnen
CamoTvlilTagan eqvsi (siZulvili gamoricxes) emociis
 1004

gadmosacemad. rodesac amerikel studentebs aCvenes

fores tomis warmomadgenlebis saxis
gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi, maT zustad
moaxerxes eqspresiebis identificireba _ erTi
gamonaklisiT. ar aris gasakviri, rom amerikelebs
uWirdaT erTmaneTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis
mier

gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu igive emociebi, romelic abnevda

fores warmomadgenlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi (Ekman & Friesen,
1971).

ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxvadasxva kulturebis _

ungreTis, iaponiis, poloneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _
warmomadgenelTa mier saxis eqspresiebis Sefasebebi. am gansxvavebul
populaciebs Soris dadasturda sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al, 1997).
aqedan zogadi daskvna is aris, rom adamianebi mTel msoflioSi,
miuxedavad kulturuli gansxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis, an ganaTlebisa,
 1005

ZiriTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamoxataven da aqvT unari,

gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi
saxis gamometyvelebaze.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia mxolod Svid ZiriTad
emocias
exeba. ekmani da misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis emociis
eqspresia universaluria, an, rom sxvadasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias
erTnairad gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis
Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb
neiro-kulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa (evoluciis produqti)
da
kulturis erToblivi wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs,
romelma saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli eqspresiis
gamosavlenad, rodesac garkveuli emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca,
gansxvavebuli kulturebi, universaluri biologiis miRma, emociis
eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven aRvniSneT kulturis garkveuli
gavlena fores tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis pasuxebis
urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas. zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis
warmomadgenlebze Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli zogadi
Sesabamisobis garda, gamoavlina garkveuli gansxvavebebi qveynebs
Soris (Biehl et al,
1997). magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad SeeZloT brazis
identifikacia, vidre amerikelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel cdis
pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis
 1006

warmomadgenelTan SedarebiT. ratom unda Cndebodes es

gansxvavebebi? axla ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena
emociurobaze.
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur eqspresiaze adamianebs mTel
msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT erTnairi genetikuri
memkvidreoba, rac gansazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul
erTgvarovnebas. magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva kulturebs emociebis
marTvis sxvadasxva standartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi
forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki, unikaluria TiToeuli kulturisaTvis. kultura
awesebs socialur wesebs, Tu rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli emociebis
gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis
emociis gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis adamianisaTvis konkretul
viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner, 2000). ganvixiloT sami
kulturis magaliTi, romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri
normebisagan gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT afrikuli kulturiT.
senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi cxovroben sazogadoebaSi,
sadac adamianebs Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gansxvaveba
Zalian mkacrad aris gansazRvruli. am kulturis maRali kastis
warmomadgenlebisagan elian emociebis gamoxatvis Zlier Sekavebas;
dabali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan mosalodnelia emociaTa ufro meti
cvalebadobis gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia kastaze, romelsac griotebi
 1007

ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtobrivad, iZulebulni arian, gamoxaton

warCinebulebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi.

erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi warCinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen

qalaqis piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi
gadaxta. yvela qali Sezara aSkara TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobis danaxvam,
magram warCinebulebma mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo griotebi
ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad (Irvine,
1990, gv.146).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT msgavs situaciaSi?
albaT, ufro gagiadvildebaT Tqveni Tavis griotis adgilze dayeneba, vidre
warCinebuli qalebis adgilze. pasuxi, cxadia, isaa, rom warCinebulma
qalebma aiTvises emociuri eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan
nebismieri TvalsaCino reaqciis dafarvas moiTxovs.
emociuri eqspresiis sferoSi kulturuli gansxvavebebis meore magaliTs
warmoadgens SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris
cxovrebaSi moxda. igi gaaoca warmoSobiT sirieli amerikeli amxanagis
panaSvidze qalebis jgufma, romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda
 1008

samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas. am adamianis

gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvetdnen tirils da jgufur godebas xelaxla
iwyebdnen, rodesac Semdegi momsvleli Semodioda. rogor SeiZleba
aixsnas amgvari qceva? imis gamo, rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis
Zalian Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis SenarCuneba panaSvidebis
(sami dRe-Ramis) ganmavlobaSi, isini qiraoben profesional damtireblebs,
romlebic maT nacvlad gamoxataven saTanado Zlier emociebs yovel
axlad mosulTan. es gavrcelebuli praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da axlo
aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaoT
individualisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi. individualistur kulturebSi wina
planzea individis moTxovnilebebi, xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi wina
planze jgufis moTxovnilebebia wamoweuli (Triandis, 1994, 1995).
maSin, roca individualistebi eswrafvian uSualo, gadaudebel pirovnul
jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas, pirovnul siamovnebasa da
mravalferovan, amaRelvebel cxovrebas, koleqtivistebi upirates
Rirebulebas aniWeben TviTdisciplinasa da cxovrebaSi adgilis
 1009

damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa

da Sromas Soreuli miznebisaTvis, romliTac isargeblebs mTeli jgufi.
mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom es kulturuli orientacia gavlenas unda
axdendes emociis eqspresiaze.

sur. 13.2. _ emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva kulturebSi

amerikel (individualisturi kultura) da kosta-rikel (koleqtivisturi kultura)
studentebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen Tavs
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis SemTxvevaSi im adamianis
mimarT, romelic maTSi am emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs
aRniSnavdnen skalaze, romelic ranJirebuli iyo 0-dan (Zalze
arakomfortulad) 5-mde (Zalze komfortulad). dadebiTi emociebis
SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba ar gamovlinda. uaryofiTi emociebis
SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda, rom individualisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebi uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT
grZnobdnen, vidre koleqtivisturi kulturis warmomadgeneli studentebi.
saidan viciT
 1010

emociis eqspresia individualistur da

koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac mavani avlens uaryofiT
emocias sxva adamianis an adamianTa jgufis mimarT?
xSirad situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul saxes iZens.
situacia nakleb problematuria, Tu saqme individualisturi
sazogadoebis warmomadgenels exeba, romelic
dasaSvebad miiCnevs uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas sakuTari damoukideblobis dasacavad.
magram, Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqtivisturi sazogadoebis
warmomadgenelTan, maSin, SesaZloa, man Tavi
Seikavos uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa
Tavi aaridos jgufSi uTanxmoebis gamowvevas. am
msjelobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma SearCies
studenti fsiqologebi amerikisa (individualisturi kultura)
da kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura) universitetebidan.
isini cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu ramdenad
komfortulad igrZnobdnen Tavs garkveuli dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg im adamianis
mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda maTSi am emocias~.
13.2 suraTze warmodgenilia
Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi
emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, amerikeli
 1011

studentebi sakuTar mdgomareobas bevrad ufro komfortulad afasebdnen

uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi (Stephan et
al.,1996).

SemdgomSi, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxatavT, magaliTad, brazs

megobris mimarT, dafiqrdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni
damokidebuleba am SemTxvevisadmi kulturul Rirebulebebs.
rodesac saqme emociuri paternebis tipebs exeba, romlebic, SesaZloa,
adamianis arsebobis manZilze ganviTarda, yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT,
rom ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis. dasavluri warmodgenebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis eqspresiaSi,
daRdasmulia amerikuli kulturiT iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva
sazogadoebebis kulturebiT. rogorc xedavT, emociis eqspresiis
gansxvavebul standartebs SeuZlia sxvadasxva kulturuli warmomavlobis
adamianebs Soris gaugebrobebi warmoSvas.
Cven vnaxeT, rom emociur situaciebze garkveuli fiziologiuri pasuxebi,
rogoricaa Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos. axla ganvixiloT
 1012

Teoriebi, romlebic cdiloben, daakavSiron erTmaneTTan sxva fiziologiuri

reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi.
emociis Teoriebi zogadad, emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, axsnan
urTierTmimarTeba emociis gancdis fiziologiur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs
Soris. am Tavs viwyebT im reaqciebis ganxilviT, romlebsac sxeuli iZleva
emociurad relevantur situaciebSi. Semdeg mimovixilavT Teoriebs,
romlebic ikvleven, Tu rogor uwyoben xels es fiziologiuri reaqciebi
emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.
emociis fiziologia ra xdeba, rodesac ganicdiT Zlier emocias? guliscema
xSirdeba, sunTqvis sixSire matulobs, piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da,
SesaZloa, agakankaloT kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvlilebebisa, bevri
sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac xdeba. yvela es reaqcia emsaxureba sxeulis
mobilizebas moqmedebisaTvis, raTa garkveuli zomebi iqnes miRebuli
emociis wyaros/gamRizianeblis mimarT. axla ganvixiloT maTi
warmoSoba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema amzadebs sxeuls emociuri reaqciebisaTvis,
misi, rogorc simpatikuri, ise, parasimpatikuri nawilebis amoqmedebiT
 1013

(ix. Tavi 3). am nawilebs Soris balansi damokidebulia gamRizianeblis

xarisxsa da intensiobaze. susti, usiamovno stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi
simpatikuri nawilia ufro aqtiuri; susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _
parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis ufro Zlieri stimulaciis
SemTxvevaSi orive nawili ufro Zlierad aris CarTuli. fiziologiurad Zlieri
emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi, an brazi aaqtiurebs sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis
sistemas, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs sxeuls mosalodneli
safrTxisaTvis. simpatikuri nervuli sistema pasuxismgebelia adrenalinis
gamommuSavebeli jirkvlebidan hormonebis (epinerfini da norepinerfini)
gamoyofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs Sinagani organoebidan sisxlis
Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas da aZlierebs nerwyvisa da oflis
gamoyofas. krizisis gadavlis Semdeg dasamSvideblad parasimpatikuri
nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaqtiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas. agzneba
grZeldeba Zlieri emociuri aqtivaciis gancdis Semdeg cota xnis
ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias.
rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teoriebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi
 1014

ganixilaven sakiTxs: _ `iwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda

avtonomiur nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gansxvavebul paternebs?~
kroskulturuli gamokvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dadebiTia.
saidan viciT
aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli
paternebi davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an zizRs, magram ar
gindaT amis gamxela. SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avtonomiuri
nervuli sistemis reaqcia da zustad davaskvnaT ras grZnobT? pol
ekmanma da misma kolegebma (1983) am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
gadawyvites SeerTebuli Statebis profesional msaxiobebze dakvirvebis
gziT. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT avtonomiur reaqciebs, rogoricaa
guliscema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen
emociebs da emociis eqspresiebs. am gazomvebma gamoavlines
gansxvavebuli paternebi sxvadasxva emociisaTvis. magaliTad,
mwuxareba xasiaTdeboda guliscemis gaxSirebiT, maSin, roca sixaruli,
piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTalia, SiSic da brazic iwvevs guliscemis
gaxSirebas, magram brazis dros aRiniSneboda kanis maRali temperatura,
xolo SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali temperatura.
 1015

ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am monacemebis ganzogadeba sxvadasxva

kulturebze? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva kvleva, romelSic
amerikeli qalebi da kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT
sumatradan. am kulturis warmomadgenlebisTvis socialuri norma aris
uaryofiTi emociebis dafarva. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, eqnebodaT Tu
ara maTac iseTive bazisuri avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri emociebisaTvis,
rogoric amerikel kacebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian mcire
gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis
mixedviT, am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis maRali done gamovlinda.
aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana im azramde, rom avtonomiuri aqtivobis
paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri memkvidreobis ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi
swavloben sxvadasxva Ria reaqciebis SemuSavebas erTi da igive bazisuri
sxeulebrivi gamocdilebisaTvis _ yviri Tu Cumad itanjebi, rodesac
brazob?
axla gadavinacvloT avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan centraluri nervuli
sistemisaken. agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti kontroldeba
hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier. isini warmoadgenen
makontrolebel sistemebs emociebisa da Tavdasxmis, Tavdacvisa da
gaqcevis paternebisaTvis. neiroanatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT aris
 1016

fokusirebuli amigdalaze, rogorc limburi sistemis nawilze, romelic

moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe da rogorc mexsierebis filtri.
amigdala yovelive amas akeTebs SegrZnebebis gziT miRebuli
informaciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT. is gansakuTrebiT Zlierad
moqmedebs uaryofiTi gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas.
magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi uyureben SeSinebuli saxis
gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs, marcxena amigdala (tvinis TiToeul
nawils calke amigdala aqvs) avlens gaZlierebul aqtivobas eqspresiis
intensivobis zrdasTan erTad da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis gamometyveleba
iwvevs igive struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas, rac ufro metad mxiaruli
xdeba saxe (Morris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalis, d. r-s magaliTi,
romelsac marcxena da marjvena amigdala dauzianes epilefsiuri gulyrebis
gakontrolebis mcdelobisas. operaciis Sedegi iyo is, rom d.r-s Zalian
uWirda SiSisa da brazis emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi
gamoxatuli iyo saxis gamometyvelebiT, an xmis intonaciiT (Scott et al.,
1997). warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar
 1017

SegeZloT adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini cdiloben, gamcnon uaryofiTi

emociebi.
korteqsi monawileobs emociur gancdaSi Tavisi Sida nervuli qselebiT
da sxeulis sxva nawilebTan kavSirebiT. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs
asociaciebisa da mogonebebis gamowvevas da mniSvnelobebis
miniWebas, rac aerTianebs fsiqologiur gamocdilebasa da biologiur
pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis teqnikas iyeneben,
daiwyes garkveuli reaqciebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva emociebTan.
magaliTad, pet skanebi/PET scans (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis
sademonstraciod, rom sixaruli da mwuxareba ar warmoadgens
urTierTsawinaaRmdego pasuxebs korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi. ufro
metic, es urTierTsawinaaRmdego emociebi
Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs tvinis gansxvavebul nawilebSi (George et
al.,1995). pet skanebi, aseve, gamoyenebul iqna emociuri gancdis
Sedegad tvinSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Cndeba
Sinagan stimulaciaze sapasuxod (emociebiT datvirTuli mogonebebis
aqtivacia), garegani stimulaciisagan gansxvavebiT (emociurad datvirTuli
 1018

movlenebis Semcveli filmebis yureba) (Reiman et al., 1997). es pet

skanebi mkvlevrebs tvinis im nawilebis dadgenis saSualebas aZleven,
romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wyarosagan damoukideblad aqtivirdeba,
gansxvavebiT garkveul stimulze damokidebuli, nawilebisagan, romlebic
emociur gancdas aRmoaceneben. magaliTad, amigdalaSi ufro meti
aqtivoba dadasturda filmisagan aRZruli emociebis SemTxvevaSi, vidre
mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas. mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben,
axsnan, Tu ratom Cndeba es gansxvavebebi _ pet teqnikebi iZleva
uamrav faqtebs, romlebic gamaerTianebel Teorias elian.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs reaqciebs situaciebze,
romlebSic
emociebi relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli grZnoba romel
fiziologiur reaqcias ukavSirdeba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic
cdilobs am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis
Teoria erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela daeTanxmeboda im azrs,
rom emociebi win uswrebs reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT
(reaqcia), radgan gabrazebuli xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti wlis win uiliam
jemsi (William James), xolo, bevrad ufro adre, aristotele amtkicebda, rom
 1019

es Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba sxeulis reaqciis

Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase Camoayaliba: _ `mowyenilebi varT, radgan
vtiriT; vbrazobT, radgan Tavs vesxmiT; SeSinebulni varT, radgan
vkankalebT~ (James, 1890/1950, gv. 450). Tvalsazrisi, rom emocia
sxeulebrivi ukukavSiris Sedegia, jems-langes emociis Teoriis
saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili (karl lange iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac,
rogorc jemsma, igive ideebi wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis
mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur fiziologiur agznebas da
sxva sxeulebriv reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis gancdamde
mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria periferiul Teoriad
iTvleba, radgan yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi
visceralur reaqciebs, anu avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivobas, rac
periferiulia centralur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.

• amigdala _ limburi sistemis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,

agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
• jems-langes emociis Teoria _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic
 1020

agzavnis sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am

gziT, qmnis specifikuri emociis grZnobas.

kenon-bardis centraluri nervuli procesebis Teoria fiziologma uolter

kenonma (Walter Canon, 1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria centraluri
nervuli sistemis moqmedebisadmi centralisturi midgomis sasargeblod.
kenonma da sxva kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa
jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini aRniSnavdnen,
magaliTad, rom visceraluri moqmedeba emociis gancdisaTvis
irelevanturia: eqsperimentSi cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras
qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri nervuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT
gamRizianebelze emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini, aseve, amtkicebdnen,
rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqciebi, rogorc wesi, Zalian nelia
imisaTvis, rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli emociebis
wyaros warmoadgendnen. kenonis mixedviT, emocia moiTxovs, rom
tvinma iSuamdgomlos Semosul stimulaciasa da masze miRebul reaqcias
Soris. Talamusidan wamosuli signalebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis
 1021

erT nawilSi emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _ emociuri eqspresiis

aRmosaceneblad.
kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip Bard), aseve, daaskvna,
rom
visceraluri reaqciebi ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad,
emociis gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri efeqti: _ erTis mxriv, is
iwvevs sxeulebriv agznebas simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore
mxriv, emociis subieqtur gancdas korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis
Sexedulebebi gaerTianda kenon-bardis emociis Teoriis saxelwodebiT,
romelic amtkicebs, rom emociis stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias
_ fiziologiur agznebasa da emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar
ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi 13.3). Tu raime iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas,
guliscema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi azric giCndebaT _
`rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram sxeuli da suli ar karnaxoben erTmaneTs,
rogori unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia. kenon-bardis Teoria
varaudobs sxeulebrivi da fsiqikuri reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblobas. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom emociis Tanamedrove Teoriebi
uaryofen debulebas, TiTqos es reaqciebi aucileblad damoukidebelia
erTmaneTisagan.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi imis gamo, rom agznebis
simptomebi da Sinagani mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva emociisaTvis
msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac maTi gancda xdeba orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal
 1022

situaciaSi. stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter) mixedviT (1971b), emociis

gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs. orive komponenti aucilebelia emociis
aRmocenebisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom yvela agzneba aris zogadi,
aradiferencirebuli da pirveli nabiji emociis mimdinareobaSi. Cven
vaxdenT fiziologiuri agznebis Sefasebas, raTa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras
vgrZnobT, romeli emociis iarliyi aris yvelaze Sesaferisi da ras niSnavs
Cveni reaqcia im konkretul situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda
Cndeba. riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus &
Lazarus, 1994) kognituri
Sefasebis Tvalsazrisis meore wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom `emociuri
gancda SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnes, rogorc mxolod pirovnebaSi, an Tavis
tvinSi mimdinare procesi. is moicavs mimdinare transaqciebs
garemosTan, romlis Sefasebac xdeba~ (Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124).
lazarusi, aseve, xazs usvams imas, rom Sefaseba xSirad cnobieri
gaazrebis gareSe Cndeba. Tu arsebobs warsulis gamocdileba, romelic
emocias situaciasTan akavSirebs (`modis isev es usiamovno tipi,
romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis interpretaciisaTvis aRar aris
 1023

saWiro damatebiT garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsazrisi

cnobili gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi
13.3).
• kenon-bardis emociis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri
stimuli iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da emociis gancdas, _
romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben.
• kognituri Sefaseba _ emociebTan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul garemoebaTa
mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gancdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da
Sefaseba, raTa dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi daZlevisaTvis saWiro
resursebi da Sesatyvisi daZlevis strategiebi.
• emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociis
gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis
erTobliv Sedegs. kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas, Tu rogor moxdeba
gaurkveveli, orazrovani Sinagani mdgomareobis `etiketireba”.
 1024

am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi qmnidnen situaciebs,

romlebSic mocemuli iyo miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis
mxriv, unda uzrunveleyoT individis mier agznebis etiketireba.

saidan viciT
agzneba da mcdari emociuri interpretacia
mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada) iRebda intervius
kacebisagan, romlebmac es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan
erT-erTze. erTi xidi iyo usafrTxo da myari, meore _
saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators viTom
ainteresebda peizaJis gavlena kreatulobaze da xidis
gadalaxvis Semdeg cdis pir kacebs sTxovda, daeweraT
mokle moTxroba orazrovani suraTis Sesaxeb, romelSic
figurirebda qali. eqsperimentatori damatebiT
sTavazobda cdis pirebs, Tu survili eqnebodaT, daerekaT
masTan gamokvlevis Sesaxeb ufro meti informaciis
misaRebad. cdis pirebi, romlebmac saxifaTo xidze
gaiares, werdnen moTxrobebs ufro meti seqsualuri
saxeebiT da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis piri urekavda
eqsperimentators, meore jgufis cdis pirebTan SedarebiT
(anu, vinc usafrTxo xidze gaiara). raTa eCvenebinaT,
rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladia, romelic gavlenas
axdens mcdar emociur interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa
 1025

jgufma gamoyo mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev

erTi jgufi, romelsac gasaubreba utardeboda saSiS xidze
gavlidan 10 wT-is, an metis gasvlis Semdeg. es
sakmarisi droa fizikuri agznebis simptomebis
Sesasusteblad. damSvidebuli cdis pirebis es jgufi ar
avlenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, agznebuli cdis
pirebisagan gansxvavebiT (Dutton & Aron, 1974).

sur. 13.3. sami Teoriis Sedareba Tavad Teoriebis sqemebi

gamotovebulia jems-langes Teoria

gamRizianebeli gaRizianeba moqmedeba aRqmuli agzneba,

moqmedebis interpretacia

kenon-bardis Teoria gamRizianebeli tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba

agzneba moqmedeba emociuri gancda

 1026

kognituri Sefasebis Teoria gamRizianebeli fiziologiuri agzneba

agznebisa da stimulis Sefaseba situaciis konteqstis mixedviT emociuri

gancda

emociis klasikuri Teoriebi emociis sxvadasxva komponentebs exeba.

am TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba
stimulidan emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena
amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas,
Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac bolos specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT
vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba stimulis gadamuSaveba tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilebSi, rac Semdeg warmarTavs agznebis, qcevisa da
emociuri gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri Sefasebis TeoriaSi
rogorc sastimulo movlenebi, ise fiziologiuri agzneba kogniturad fasdeba
situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis mixedviT. emociuri gancda
aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.
am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi midiodnen emociur
daskvnamde (`me
 1027

mainteresebs es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros mcdar

atribucias (`aRmagznebs qali da ara saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs
eqsperimentSi studentebs orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda
aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba. rodesac cdis pirebi sakuTar
mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis damTavrebis Semdeg aRwerdnen,
naklebad aRniSnavdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am SemTxvevaSi
maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba daekavSirebinaT da
aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre emociuri mdgomareobiT., xolo, rodesac cdis
pirebi sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas aRwerdnen varjiSis
damTavrebidan garkveuli periodis Semdeg, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad
relevanturad eCvenebodaT gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan mimarTebaSi,
isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS
daayenes. magaliTad, Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis
mdgomareobebi _ avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivoba, _ romlebic Tan
axlavs sxvadasxva emociebs, erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et
al., 1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri gancdisaTvis interpretacia,
SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli; garda amisa, Zlieri agznebis gancda
yovelgvari aSkara mizezis gareSe ar iwvevs neitralur, aradiferencirebul
mdgomareobas, rogorc es Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi wamiT
SeCerdiT da warmoidgineT, rom zustad axla guliscema uecrad
gagixSirdaT, sunTqva zedapiruli da xSiri gagixdaT, gulmkerdis kunTebi
dageZabaT da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor interpretacias
gaukeTebdiT am simptomebs? SesaZloa, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT,
magram Turme adamianebi, sazogadod, gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas
xsnian, rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi.
 1028

dabolos, adamianebis mxridan amgvari axsnis mcdeloba mimarTulia

imaze, rom moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an daadasturebs am
negatiur interpretacias (Marshal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi kritika ekuTvnis robert zaioncs
(Robert Zajonc), romelmac daadgina iseTi pirobebi, romelSic
SesaZlebelia raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba msjelobis gareSe da
grZnobis gancda misi mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000).
mcire eqspoziciis efeqtis (mere exposure effect) eqsperimentebis seriaSi
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva stimuls, rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi,
iaponuri ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo saxeebi. es stimulebi ise
swrafad miewodebodaT cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri aRqma
SeuZlebeli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba
zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe.
stimulebi, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imeorebdnen prezentaciis dros, met
mowonebas imsaxurebda. amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli
mowoneba Tavs iCenda stimulebis cnobieri cnobis gareSe.
amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom kognituri Sefaseba
emociuri gancdis mniSvnelovani, magram ara erTaderTi, procesia (Izard,
 1029

1993). mTel rig pirobebSi Tqven, SesaZloa, marTlac daakvirdeT garemos

(aracnobierad mainc), raTa axsnaT
Tqveni grZnobebi. zog SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni emociuri gancda
SesaZloa evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Sinagani kavSirebis kontrols
eqvemdebarebodes. fiziologiuri pasuxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs
interpretacias. gansxvavebuli gzebis arseboba, romlebsac emociur
gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom emociebi mTel rig funqciebs
asruleben. axla ganvixiloT es funqciebi.

emociis funqciebi risTvis gvaqvs emociebi? ra funqcias asruleben

emociebi CvenTvis? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi, SesaZloa,
dagvexmaros Cveni cxovrebidan erTi dRis gaxseneba da imis
warmodgena, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni cxovreba
emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis
zogierTi funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, asrulebs Cvens
cxovrebaSi.
motivacia da agzneba warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: _ pirvelad
CaicviT axali jempri da misi nakeri mxarze irRveva. ratom mibrundebiT
 1030

maRaziaSi da moiTxovT kompensacias? me-12 Tavis Tanaxmad, es

SemTxveva unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis Sesaxeb.
Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba: _`radgan me Zalian
gavbrazdebi~, an `radgan sasowarkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli
xdeba, rom emociebi xSirad iZlevian impulss moqmedebisaTvis;
emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia, iwveven ra adamianSi moqmedebis
ganxorcielebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gancdili, an
warmodgenili movlenebis sapasuxod. amis Semdeg emociebi
warmarTaven qcevas garkveuli miznebisaken. sxva adamianis
siyvarulisaTvis, SesaZloa, gaakeToT yvelaferi, raTa moxibloT, iyoT
masTan axlos da daicvaT igi. sakuTar principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls,
SesaZloa, sicocxle SeswiroT.

• ierks-dodsonis kanoni _ korelacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis

optimalur dones Soris.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac emocias SeuZlia, daiwyos
Tqvenze batonoba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli, rodesac
gigrZvniaT, rom ar SegwevT raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis unari? rogorc
 1031

ukve vnaxeT, emociur situaciebze fiziologiuri agznebiT pasuxobT.

mecnierebi varaudoben, rom mimarTeba agznebasa da raime
moqmedebis Sesrulebas (performance) Soris mihyveba gadmobrunebuli
laTinuri U-s formis funqcias (∩) (Hebb, 1955). es mrudi
winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian Zlierma agznebam
SeiZleba daaqveiTos moqmedebis Sesrulebis xarisxi. zedmetad susti
fiziologiuri stimulaciis SemTvevaSi, SesaZloa, ver moaxerxoT Tqveni
qcevis efeqturad organizeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri
stimulaciis dros, SesaZloa, emociam gadafaros kognicia.
suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa da Sesrulebas Soris.
suraTze, aseve, gansazRvrulia optimaluri agznebis donis cneba
saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi davaleba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac
agznebis maRali done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki _ ufro saSualo dones
saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac agzneba SedarebiT
dabalia, Sesruleba maqsimaluria, agznebis donis gasaRebi amocanis
sirTulea. Zneli an rTuli amocanebis warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro
agznebis optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal mxareze mdebareobs.
 1032

sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis gamartivebasTan erTad Sesrulebis

optimaluri done _ done, romelic saWiroa yvelaze efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis
_ ufro matulobs. am mimarTebas ierkes-dodsonis kanoni (YerkesDodson
Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amocanebis Sesrulebis
efeqturoba mcirdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad, maSin, roca martivi
amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba izrdeba agznebis matebasTan erTad
(Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).

sur. 13.4 ierks-dodsonis kanoni

Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT.
advili, an martivi amocanebis SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro
maRali done zrdis Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca rTuli da Zneli
amocanebisaTvis agznebis ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis
saSualo done, zogadad, yvelaze ukeTesia saSualo sirTulis
amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis (∩) funqciebi
gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc yvelaze
dabal, ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze.
amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias warmoadgens
moqmedebisTvis impulsis micema, rac mniSvnelovani miznebisaken
 1033

moZraobis dawyebas niSnavs. fiziologiuri agzneba, romelsac emociuri

situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri Sesrulebis
gansaxorcieleblad. magram sifrTxilea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT
imdenad gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom Sesruleba mrudis qvemoT daSvebul
mxareze moxvdes. emociebis socialuri funqciebi socialur doneze
emociebi asruleben socialuri interaqciebis regulatoris funqcias. rogorc
dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli, isini gvaaxloeben zogierT adamianTan,
xolo rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi, gvaSoreben zogierT
adamians. Cven ganveridebiT mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven
vuaxlovdebiT adamians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT da
gamamxnevebeli mzeriT gvagrZnobinebs, rom gviRebs. SesaZloa,
davfaroT sxva adamianis mimarT Zlieri negatiuri emociebi misi statusis,
an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT d.r., romelmac dakarga amigdalas
funqcia da, masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari (Scott et al.,
1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-s SemTxveva, gTxoveT,
warmogedginaT, rogori iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT
adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini cdiloben, gadmogvcen uaryofiTi
emociebi. magaliTad, ra moxdeba, rom ar gqondeT sxvebisagan imis
 1034

gagebis unari, rom situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma qcevam

gamoiwvia sxvaSi brazis reaqcia? d.r-m amigdalaSi, garkveuli funqciis
dakargvasTan erTad, dakarga Tavis socialur garemoSi srulyofilad
funqcionirebis unari.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebT
socialur
viTarebebSi. ganvixiloT, ra gavlena aqvs pozitiur, an negatiur
gunebaganwyobilebas Txovnis formulirebaze.

saidan viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens metyvelebaze
eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen moklemetraJian
filmebs, romlebic maT
ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur, an sevdian gunebaze. mas
Semdeg, rac gunebaganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT,
eqsperimentatori avalebda TiToeul cdis pirs, moetana
gamokvlevis stimulis Canaweri asistentisagan, romelic
gverdiT oTaxSi imyofeboda. mimarTvebs, romlebsac
cdis pirebi iyenebdnen asistentisadmi Txovnis
Camosayalibeblad, iwerdnen. Semfaseblebi (romlebmac
ar icodnen, romeli cdis piri rogor gunebaze iyo) TiToeul
 1035

Txovnas Tavazianobis mixedviT afasebdnen. rogorc

13.5 suraTzea naCvenebi, guneba-

ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqonda Tavazianobaze: _ mowyenili cdis

pirebi yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze TavSekavebulebi
aRmoCndnen sxvebis mimarT kategoriuli ( potenciurad araTavaziani)
moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas,
1999).
daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: _ ufro riskianebi xarT socialur
situaciebSi, rodesac karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi xarT
cud, mowyenil gunebaze Tu ara?
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, agreTve, emociis gavlenaze prosocialuri
qcevis stimulirebaze (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995).
rodesac adamianebs Tavs kargad agrZnobineben, maSin ufro
mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon sxvadasxva altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson
 1036

et al., 1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs garkveul

danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen Tavs, isini momavalSi
daxmarebis gawevis mzaobas gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari
danaSaulis Sesamsubuqeblad (Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amisave
msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani, damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad prosocialuri iyo misi qceva. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi
ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari uTxres sxvas daxmarebis
gawevaze, maT guneba ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es,
ZiriTadad, maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars
eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari, ojaxis wevri, an romantikuli
partniori iyo. Tu rogor grZnobT Tavs, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenad SegiZliaT Tqveni socialuri valdebulebebis
Sesruleba. emociebis gavlena kognitur moqmedebaze emociebi kognitur
funqciebs emsaxureba imiT, rom gavlenas axdens imaze, rasac aqcevT
yuradRebas; imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs da rogor
xsniT da ixsenebT cxovrebiseuli situaciebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs SeuZlia zegavlena
 1037

moaxdinos swavlaze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, daskvnasa da

kreatulobaze (Bredley 1994; Forgas, 1995, 2000). emociuri reaqciebi
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis organizebasa da
kategorizaciaSi.
sur. 13.5. guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena Tavazianobaze
mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi cdis pirebi TxovniT
mimarTavdnen ucnobs. Semfaseblebi adgendnen TiToeuli Txovnis
Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan (araTavaziani) 7 - (Tavaziani) safexurian
skalaze. cud, mowyenil gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis Txovna ufro
Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: _ `fails xom ver momcemdiT?~ da ara
_ `stimulis faili mWirdeba!~) informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis
rolis kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon Bower, 1981, 1991) da misma
studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis mixedviT, rodesac adamiani
ganicdis garkveul emocias garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsierebaSi
inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis
nawili. mexsierebis reprezentaciis es paterni ganapirobebs guneba-
 1038

ganwyobilebis kongruentul gadamuSavebas da masze damokidebul

mexsierebas. guneba-
ganwyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamuSavebasTan (mood-
congruent processing) maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani
SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom gadaamuSaos da aRadginos
informacia, romelic mis mimdinare gunebaganwyobilebas eTanxmeba.
masalas, romelic dominirebuli guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisia, ufro
metad amCneven, aqceven yuradRebas, ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad
gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). guneba-ganwyobilebaze
damokidebuli mexsiereba (mood-dependent memory) exeba pirobebs,
romelSic adamians uadvildeba informaciis gaxseneba; rodesac misi
guneba gaxsenebis momentSi emTxveva im gunebas, romelic mas
hqonda informaciis damaxsovrebis dros (Eich, 1995; Eich & Macaulay,
2000).
axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemulia rogorc gunebis Sesabamisi
gaxsenebis, ise, masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis magaliTebi.
saidan viciT
 1039

guneba-ganwyobileba da avtobiografiuli mexsiereba

am kvlevaSi ori tipis musikas _ mxiarulsa da
mowyenils _ iyenebdnen sasiamovno da usiamovno
guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad. mas Semdeg, rac
cdis pirebs Sesabamis gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT
awvdidnen 16 neitralur sityva-
gamRizianebels da sTxovdnen, rom am sityvebze
sapasuxod gaexsenebinaT
SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan. magaliTad, cdis
pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas
`vardi” da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda gaexsenebina
raime sakuTari cxovrebidan. monacemebma aCvena
guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi gaxsenebis arseboba:
_ karg, sasiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis
mogonebebis 72% Sefasebul iqna, rogorc dadebiTi
mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno gunebaze myofi cdis
pirebisa _ mxolod 52%.
guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsierebis
Sesaswavlad igive cdis
pirebi ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes laboratoriaSi da isev musikiT
Seuqmnes guneba-ganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils eqsperimentis
orive nawilSi erTnairi guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad,
orive cdaSi
 1040

sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes); cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva

gunebaganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad, pirvel cdaSi
usiamovno gunebaze
ayenebdnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba marTlac guneba-
ganwyobilebazea damokidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive cdaSi
erTnair
gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre cdis
pirebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebul gunebas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT
swored aseTi
paterni gamovlinda: _ cdis pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-
ganwyobilebiT, ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gaxsenebulis 35%-s, xolo
gansxvavebuli gunebis mqone cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogonebebis
mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb me-8
TavSi. am monacemebs guneba-ganwyobilebasTan dakavSirebiT
mivyavarT im azramde, rom saWiroa emociebis damateba mogonebebis
kodirebisaTvis mniSvnelovan konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi.
dabolos, ukanaskneli SeniSvna guneba-ganwyobilebasa da kognicias
Soris urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevrebma
Tanmimdevrulad aCvenes, rom dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno guneba-
 1041

ganwyobileba _ ganapirobebs azrovnebisa da problemis gadawyvetis met

efeqturobasa da kreatulobas (Isen et al., 1987). ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic eqimebs sTxovdnen problemebis gadaWras, rac kreatulobis
garkveul dones moiTxovda. cdis pirebs, romlebic zomierad sasiamovno
gunebaze daayenes (eqsperimentatori cdis pir eqimebs kanfetebs
Cuqnida), sagrZnoblad ukeTesi Sedegi hqondaT kreatulobis testSi, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT, vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars)
(Estrada et al., 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSualod
gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro efeqturad da kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao
davalebis Sesruleba, Tu kargi guneba-ganwyobilebis SenarCunebas
SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT azri: _ `rogor unda SevinarCuno
kargi guneba-ganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs gasakeTebeli?~
axla Cven SevexebiT stress da imas, Tu rogor SegviZlia gavumklavdeT
mas. agreTve, vnaxavT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari grZnobebis
kontroli kogniciiT.
Sejameba
 1042

Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi ganviTarda garkveuli

kategoriis ganmeorebad situaciebze sapasuxod. kros-kulturulma
gamokvlevebma ganamtkica evoluciuri midgoma, uzrunvelyo ra is
faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi da maTi cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad
amisa, kulturebs aqvT gansxvevebuli normebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da
sad aris SesaZlebeli emociebis gamovlena. avtonomiuri nervuli sistema,
limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi garkveul rols TamaSoben emociis
fiziologiaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron kauzaluri
urTierTkavSiri fiziologiur agznebasa da individis emociur gancdebs
Soris. Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom
kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, garkveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis
interpretaciaSi. emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas emsaxurebian;
isini, aseve, asruleben garkveul rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa
da kognituri procesebis Sinaarsisa da efeqturobis gansazRvraSi.

cxovrebiseuli stresi
davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnobdiT Tavs” dRis
ganmavlobaSi. Tqven SeiZleba gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas,
 1043

brazs, gakvirvebas da a.S. ganicdidiT; magram aris kidev erTi grZnoba,

romelsac adamianebi xSirad adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad
gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis umetesobas da es aris stresi
(Sapolsky, 1994). Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba amkvidrebs
cxovrebis swraf, cvalebad temps. adamianebi xSirad iZulebulni arian,
erTdroulad bevri ram akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali
gaurkvevelia da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro ar rCebaT.
viqnebodiT ki ukeT stresis gareSe? ustreso cxovreba gamowvevebs ar
gvTavazobs _ arc dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob sferoebs da arc
raime saWiroebas, rom davxvewoT goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni
SesaZleblobebi. yoveli organizmi gare sinamdvilidan da sakuTari
moTxovnilebebidan momdinare gamowvevebs awydeba. organizmma es
problemebi aucileblad unda gadaWras, raTa gadarCes da ganviTardes.
stresi aris organizmis mier ganxorcielebul reaqciaTa paterni im
mastimulirebeli movlenis mimarT, romelic urRvevs wonasworobas,
gamocdas uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan
 1044

viTarebebs, romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa stresorebi. stresori aris

mastimulirebeli movlena, romelic organizmisagan garkveul adaptaciur
reaqcias moiTxovs. mag., Tqveni manqanis win velosipedisti zigzagebiT
moZraobs, profesorma semestruli gamocdis TariRi gadmogiwiaT,
gTxoven klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kandidaturis wardgenas.
aseT SemTxvevebSi individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis
moTxovnaze ramdenime doneze mimdinare _ fiziologiuri, qcevis,
emociur da kognitur _ reaqciaTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT iqmneba.
rogori reaqcia SeiZleba gqondeT zemoT CamoTvlil TiToeul stresorze?
13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinareobis elementebi. am nawilSi
Cven SevecdebiT, naTeli wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul
yvela maxasiaTebelze. daviwyebT stresorebze zogadi fiziologiuri
reaqciebis ganxilviT; Semdeg aRvwerT sxvadasxva kategoriis stresorTa
calkeul efeqtebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva meTods, romelTa
gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi gaarTvaT stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi.

sur. 13.6. stresis modeli aklia Tavad modelis sqema

 1045

stresuli situaciis kognituri interpretacia-Sefaseba urTierTqmedebs

stresorTan da masTan dasapirispireblad arsebul fizikur, socialur da
pirovnul resursebTan. sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul
doneebze reagirebs: _ fiziologiur, qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi
reaqcia adaptaciuri bunebis mqonea, zogierTi ki _ araadaptaciuri da
xSirad momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

• stresi _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri reaqciebis paterni,

ganxorcielebuli organizmis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT,
romelic arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an aRemateba
misi daZlevis unars.
• stresori _ Sinagani an garegani movlena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs
stress.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia, rodesac
SedixarT klasSi da igebT, rom moulodnelad sakontrolo wera gaqvT?
albaT, TqvenSi es garkveul stress gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda
niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaTvis? im fiziologiur
reaqciaTagan, riTac emociur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani stresis
 1046

yoveldRiur magaliTebsac Seesabameba. agznebis iseTi droebiTi

mdgomareobebi, romlebic naTlad gamoxatuli dasawyisiT da dasasruliT
xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoadgens. qronikuli stresi
ki, piriqiT, aris agznebis droSi ganfenili mdgomareoba, sadac wayenebuli
moTxovnebi, individis aRqmiT, aRemateba mis xelT arsebul stresTan
gasamklaveblad saWiro Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli stresis
magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi frustracia imis gamo, rom ver axerxebT
gamonaxoT dro, raTa gaakeToT yvelaferi is, rac gsurT. modiT, vnaxoT,
rogor reagirebs sxeuli am gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.
• mwvave stresi _ agznebis gardamavali mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv,
dawyebisa da dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT.
• qronikuli stresi _ agznebis xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac
individi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi aRemateba
Sinagan da garegan resursebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan
dasapirispireblad.
• brZola, an gaqcevis reaqcia _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba,
romelic amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba;
 1047

amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas

gaqcevisaTvis. bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxolod
mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze MM

1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad aRwera mecnierulad, Tu
rogor reagireben cxovelebi da adamianebi safrTxeze. man aRmoaCina,
rom nervul qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT
xorcieldeba, raTa sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqciisaTvis:
TavdacvisaTvis da brZolisaTvis, an usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis.
kenonma am ormag stresul reaqcias brZola, an gaqcevis reaqcia uwoda.
am stresuli reaqciis centri mdebareobs hipoTalamusSi, romelic mraval
emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss zogjer stresis centrad
miiCneven sagangebo viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi funqciis gamo: _
(1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul sistemas (ans) da (2) axdens
hipofizis jirkvlis aqtivirebas.
ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas aregulirebs. stresul viTarebaSi
xdeba sunTqvis gaxSireba da gaRrmaveba, guliscemis gaxSireba,
 1048

sisxlZarRvebis Seviwroveba da sisxlis wnevis aweva. am Sinagan

cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba yelisa da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa
filtvebs meti haeri miewodos da, amave dros, saxeze Zlieri emociis
eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba signalebi zogierTi iseTi
sxeulebrivi funqciis SesaCereblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saWmlis
moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTarebisaTvis mzadebis situaciis
Seusabamo moqmedeba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT funqcias stresis dros
warmoadgens adrenalinis gamoyofa. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda
jirkvlebis Sida nawils, adrenalur medulas (mogrZo tvini), romelic
gamoyofs or hormons - epinefrinsa da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs, raTa Seasrulon sakuTari
specializebuli funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro met wiTel
burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis Sededebas Seuwyos
xeli), xolo Zvlis tvini stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos ufro meti TeTri
burTulebi (raTa SeebrZolos SesaZlo infeqcias); RviZli stimulirdeba,
gamoimuSavos meti Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad.
 1049

hipofizi reagirebs hipoTalamusidan mosul signalebze ori hormonis

gamoyofiT, romlebsac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT stresze
reaqciisaTvis. tiroTropuli hormoni (tTh) astimulirebs farisebr jirkvals,
romelic uzrunvelyofs organizms meti energiiT; adrenokortikotrofuli
hormoni (akth), romelic cnobilia, rogorc `stresis Hhormoni”, astimulirebs
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac mohyveba metaboluri
procesebis makontrolebel hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla
RviZlidan sisxlSi. akth awvdis, agreTve, signalebs sxvadasxva
organoebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxvadasxva hormoni,
romelTagan TiToeuli garkveul rols asrulebs sxeulis brZolisTvis
momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziologiuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7
suraTze.

suraTi 13.7. sxeulis reaqcia stresze sqema asawyobia, aq mxolod teqstia

naTargmni stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.
- ikumSeba kanis ConCxis kunTebi, tvini da
sisxlZarRvebi,
Sinagani organoebi
- Zlierdeba oflis gamoyofa
 1050

- kani xorkliandeba da - guliscema Cqardeba,

sxeulis Tmovani
safarveli qmnis `batis
kans”
- Tirkmelzeda jirkvlebi
astimulireben adrenalinis
gamoyofas, zrdian sisxlSi
Saqris Semcvelobas, sisxlis
wnevas da guliscemas
- iketeba analuri spinqteri
- iketeba urinaluri spinqteri
- gugebi farTovdeba da
wamwamovani kunTi
dundeba Sors xedvisaTvis
- bronqebi farTovdeba
dundeba Sardis buSti
guliscemis sixSire zrdis
SekumSvis siZlieres
- mcirdeba saWmlis
momnelebeli traqtis
peristaltikas
- RviZli gadaisvris Saqars
sisxlis nakadSi
- mcirdeba pankreasis sekrecia
- mcirdeba saWmlis
momnelebeli sekretebis
gamoyofa farTovdeba garegani
sasqeso organoebis
sisxlZarRvebi
-

janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis _ Seli teilorisa (Shelley

Taylor) da misi kolegebis bolodroindeli analizi (2000) aCvenebs, rom
stresze fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes
mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da misi kolegebi
gamoTqvamen varauds, rom qalebi ar ganicdian brZola, an gaqcevis
reaqcias; metic, am mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa, rom
stresorebi ubiZgeben qalebs zrunvisa da movlis reaqciis gamovlenisaken:
_ stresis dros qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis usafrTxoebas maTi
 1051

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze zrunviT; qalebi uvlian Tavisi socialuri

jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi STamomavlobis
mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT, rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebis es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier zemoT
ganxilul evoluciur Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, rodesac me-12 TavSi
adamianis seqsualur qcevas ganvixilavdiT, aRvniSneT, rom qalisa da
mamakacis dawyvilebis strategiebi gansxvavebulia, nawilobriv, im
fardobiTi rolebis gamo, rasac qalebi da mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze
bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli azric arsebiTad igivea: _
Svilis aRzrdaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli evoluciuri
rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi sruliad
gansxvavebul qcevas iwvevs.
• dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudoT,
tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas
Svilebi da SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamcireblad.

samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola, an gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _

`zrunva da movla~, naklebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi.
mravali stresori, romlis zemoqmedebas yoveldRiurad ganicdian rogorc
qalebi, ise kacebi, stresze fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad araadaptaciurs xdis.
warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad
 1052

garbis. garda gamaxvilebuli yuradRebisa, rac stresze Tqveni reaqciebidan

marTlac Rirebulia, sxva danarCen fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi araferi
moaqvs: _ ar arsebobs is, visac unda SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT
da a.S. reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs CamouyalibdaT garedan wamosuli
safrTxis dasaxvedrad, amJamad ukve kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne
Sedegebis momtania fsiqologiuri stresorebis mravali Tanamedrove tipis
SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, bevri adamiani
cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.

zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas) da qronikuli stresi pirveli

Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac ikvlia sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri
stresis moqmedebis efeqtebi, iyo kanadeli endokrinologi hans selie (Hans
Selye). 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli
cxovelebis rTul reaqciebs iseT mavne agentebze, rogoricaa baqteriuli
infeqciebi, toqsinebi, travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da a.S.
selies stresis Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia
gamoiwvios erTnairi reaqcia, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqcia. yoveli
stresori moiTxovs adaptacias _ organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an
aRidginos integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba. stresorebze reaqcia seliem
aRwera, rogorc zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas), romelic moicavs sam
stadias: _ gangaSis reaqcia, winaaRmdegobis stadia da gamofitvis stadia
 1053

(Selye, 1976a, 19976b). gangaSis reaqciebi aris sxeulebrivi agznebis

xanmokle periodebi, romlebic amzadeben sxeuls energiuli
aqtivobisaTvis. Tu stresori droSia ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis
winaaRmdegobis stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi.
winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi organizms SeuZlia erTxans kidev
aitanos da winaaRmdegoba gauwios gaWianurebuli stresorebis
damangrevel moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod xangrZlivi da
intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resursebis amowurva da organizmi gadadis
gamofitvis stadiaze. es sami stadia gamosaxuli da ganmartebulia 13.8
suraTze.
• zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fiziologiur
meqanizmTa paterni, romelic vlindeba TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli
stresoris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
• fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic
mZafrdeba, an imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress Tu sxva
fsiqologiur mizezebs, an Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.
seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic gamofitvis stadias
ukavSirdeba. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze
xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram xangrZlivi moqmedebis pirobebSi is
amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujredebis (natural killer cells) unars, mospos
 1054

kibos ujredebi da sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi. roca sxeuli

qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis hormonebis~ Warbi
gamomuSaveba safrTxes uqmnis imunuri sistemis integrirebulobas.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromis amgvari gageba Rirebuli aRmoCnda
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebis asaxsnelad _ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod
fizikuri mizezebiT ver aixsneba, im eqimebis gasakvirad, romlebic stress
arasdros miiCnevdnen daavadebis mizezad. is, rac kargad emsaxureba
sxeuls mwvave stresTan Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul stresze sxeulis
reaqcias.
selies gamokvleva daavadebas warmogvidgens, rogorc gardauval
reaqcias stresze. Tumca, mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri
interpretacia _ Tu ra aris stresuli da ra ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad
stresul movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fiziologiur reaqciaze.
sxeulze stresis gavlenis Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa
selies fundamenturi fiziologiuri Teoriis kombinireba fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan. fsiqologiuri
reaqciebi stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze aris avtomaturi, winaswargansazRvruli,
Tandayolili reaqcia, rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad. Tumca,
bevri fsiqologiuri reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damokidebulia
samyaros aRqmasa da interpretaciaze. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT
fsiqologiur pasuxebs stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa
 1055

mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da travmatuli movlenebi. sur.

13.8. zogadi adptaciuri sindromi
I stadia: gangaSis sindromis ufro neli * stresisadmi momatebuli
reaqcia (mudmivad komponentebi) mgrZnobeloba
meordeba cxovrebis II stadia: (Tu stresi grZeldeba
manZilze) winaaRmdegoba intensiur doneebze,
* Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis (mudmivad meordeba xdeba hormonaluri
tvinovani Sris gadidebacxovrebis manZilze) rezervebis amowurva,
* limfuri sistemis * Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis Cndeba daRliloba da
gadideba tvinovani Sris individi gadadis III
SekumSva stadiaze)
* sisxlSi hormonTa
III stadia: gamofitva
Semcvelobis mateba limfuri kvanZebis
*

* reaqcia specifikur normalur zomaze

stresorze dabruneba
* limfuri struqturebis
* epinefrinis gamoyofa, * sisxlSi hormonTa gadideba/disfunqcia
dakavSirebuli Semcvelobis
SenarCuneba * sisxlSi hormonTa
fiziologiuri agznebis da Semcvelobis mateba
negatiuri afeqtis maRal maRali fiziologiuri
*

doneebTan agzneba * adptaciuri hormonebis

amowurva
* stresoris momatebuli avtonomiuri nervuli
*

intensivobisadmi ufro sistemis * sawyisi Tu sxva,

didi mgrZnobeloba parasimpatikuri nawilis gareSe stresorebisadmi
neitralizeba winaaRmdegobis
* daavadebisadmi unaris daqveiTeba
momatebuli * amtanoba stresoris
mgrZnobeloba mimarT, Semdgomi * afeqturi gancda _
damasustebeli xSirad depresia
(Tu gagrZelda, II
stadiidan amoqmeddeba efeqtebisadmi * avadmyofoba
zogadi adaptaciuri winaaRmdegoba * sikvdili
 1056

stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam

gangaSis saTanado reaqciis fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar daabrunebs mas
normalur doneze. Tu stresoris moqmedeba grZeldeba, gangaSis reaqciis
sxeulebrivi niSnebi, faqtobrivad, qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT
winaaRmdegoba iwevs normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni
stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri winaaRmdegoba sxeuls funqcionirebis
normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg
adaptacia irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens Tavs. stresorebis
zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba avad da SeiZleba daiRupos
kidec.

umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli movlenebi cxovrebiseul situaciaSi

momxdari umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi mravali adamianisaTvis stresis
safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli movlenebic ki, rogoric aris,
magaliTad, latariaSi mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba
cxovrebis Cveuli msvlelobis Zireul cvlilebas da axal moTxovnebTan
adaptacias moiTxovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni, romelic
me-11 TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis dabadeba daqorwinebuli
wyvilis cxovrebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram,
amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri stresis wyaroc aris, vinaidan, garkveulad,
aqveiTebs qorwinebiT gamowveul kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan,
1988; Levenson et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT, stresi Tqvens
 1057

cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukavSiroT, saWiroa rogorc pozitiuri,

ise negatiuri cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis gavlena fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze
seriozuli kvlevis sagnad iqca. kvleva daiwyo 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac
SeimuSaves socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala, e.w. SRRS (Social
Readjustment Rating Scale), sakmaod martivi instrumenti adaptaciis
donis Sesafaseblad, romelsac moiTxovs adamianis cxovrebaSi momxdari
sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebi. es
skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis, socialuri mdgomareobis da a.S.
zrdasrul adamianTa pasuxebis safuZvelze, romlebsac sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT cxovrebiseul movlenaTa nusxidan romeli exeboda piradad
maT. es zrdasruli adamianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro readaptaciis
sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad
mieniWa cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlevrebma
gamoTvales individis mier gancdil cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis
(LCU-Life-change units) jami, rac individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis
sazomad gamoiyenes
(Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba
ganicada. mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes igive procedura _ sTxoves
monawileebs, SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli movlenebiT gamowveuli stresi
 1058

qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller & Rahe, 1997). modernizebul

variantSi LCU-s Sefasebebi gaizarda 45%-iT Tavdapirvel
maCveneblebTan SedarebiT, anu 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa
monawileebi ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi isini ganicdidnen stresis
gacilebiT maRal doneebs, vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa
monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis gamokvlevebSi monawile
qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stresis gancdas aRniSnavdnen, vidre mamakacebi.

• cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi _ stresis gamokvlevebSi

gamoyenebuli stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs drois mocemul
monakveTSi gancdili sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba.
cxrili 13.1 warmoadgens am skalis modificirebul variants kolejis
studentebisaTvis. sanam mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT
Tqveni stresis done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul stresis skalaze. rogoria
Tqveni LCU-s qulebi. Cven dagiTmobT oTaxs, rom es savarjiSo samjer
CaitaroT, ase rom, SegeZlebaT semestris ganmavlobaSi Tqveni stresis
donis diagrama SeadginoT. mkvlevrebma mravali xerxi aRmoaCines
cxovrebiseul movlenebsa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris
mimarTebis gamosavlenad. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi monawile moxaliseebi
nebayoflobiT Tanxmdebodnen surdos gamomwvevi virusiT inficirebaze.
is monawileebi, romlebsac negatiur cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti
 1059

jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro maRali aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT

meti albaTobiT surdoTi marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen et al., 1993).
moifiqreT msgavsi kvleva, romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba Tqven mier
mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gakeTebul arCevanTan.

saidan viciT
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gadaxdili
safasuri
rodesac profesori gaZlevT sakurso davalebas, rac
stresuli movlenaa yoveli studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor
iqceviT: _ maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze zrunvas Tu
bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsiqologebma
SeimuSaves sazomi instrumenti _ saqmis gadadebis
zogadi skala (Lay, 1986), raTa ganesxvavebinaT
erTmaneTisagan isini, vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo
wuTisaTvis moitoveben saqmes `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
da vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis
argadamdeblebi~. mkvlevrebma Seavsebines es skala
studentebs, romlebic janmrTelobis fsiqologiis kurss
gadiodnen da romlebsac sakurso naSromi unda
warmoedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs sTxoves,
aReniSnaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos
fizikuri daavadebis ramden simptoms
ganicdidnen. ar yofila moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
abarebdnen Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da
uares niSnebsac iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gadadebis
 1060

gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze. rogorc vxedavT, `saqmis gadamdeblebi~

semestris dasawyisSi aRniSnavdnen avadmyofobis nakleb, xolo semestris
bolos _ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi
(Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

cxrili 13.1. stresis skala studentebisaTvis stresis skala studentebisaTvis

warmoadgens Hholmsisa da raihis socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis
adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba qula, romelic
warmoadgens readaptaciis sidides, rac cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis sapasuxod
unda ganaxorcielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met qulas agroveben,
janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni arian. 150-300 qulis mqoneTa
Sansi _ ganicadon janmrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis m o v l e n a
erTeulebi
ojaxis wevris sikvdili 100
uaxloesi megobris sikvdili 73
mSobelTa ganqorwineba 65
patimroba 63
sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an
63
avadmyofoba
daqorwineba 58
samsaxuridan daTxovna 50
mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra 47
 1061

ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis

45
mdgomareobis Secvla
orsuloba 45
seqsualuri problemebi 44
seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo megobarTan40
finansuri statusis Secvla 39
specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis Secvla 39
problemebi mSoblebTan 39
axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an 38
`boyfriend~
saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda 37
gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi 36
pirveli kursis pirveli semestri kolejSi 35
sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla 31
seriozuli uTanxmoeba maswavlebelTan 30
mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis miReba 29
Zilis Cvevebis Secvla 29
socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla 29
kvebis Cvevebis Secvla 28
manqanasTan dakavSirebuli qronikuli
26
problemebi
ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris Secvla 26
Zalian bevri gacdenili mecadineoba 26
kolejis gamocvla 24
erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani 23
moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo 20
darRvevebi
 1062

Cemi pirveli monacemi sul ___(TariRi)

Cemi meore monacemi sul (TariRi)
Cemi mesame monacemi sul (TariRi) am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom
yvela cxovrebiseuli movlena adamianebze erTnair zegavlenas ar axdens.
`saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes iwyeben dauyovnebliv da, amdenad,
stress da avadmyofobis simptomebs semestris dasawyisSi ganicdian.
magram `saqmis gadamdeblebis~ mier semestris dasawyisSi stresisagan
Tavis aridebas semestris bolosaken fizikur daavadebaTa mkveTri zrda
mosdevs. gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod, cudad grZnoben Tavs swored
im momentSi, roca janmrTelad yofna esaWiroebaT, raTa yvela
dawyebuli saqme warmatebiT daasrulon! kargad daufiqrdiT am
Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli semestrisaTvis moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas
SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv, bolosaTvis
itovebT, sasurvelia, konsultacia miiRoT fsiqologTan, an saswavleblis
konsultantTan, rom qceva SeicvaloT. Tqveni niSnebi da janmrTeloba
sasworze devs!
sur. 13.9. saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT gaRebuli safasuri
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom arsebobs studenTa ori kategoria: _ saqmis
gadamdeblebi da saqmis argadamdebeli studentebi. studentebs sTxoves,
ecnobebinaT, semestris dasawyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis
 1063

ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris bolosaTvis yvela students

simptomTa mateba aReniSneboda, magram rogorc vvaraudobdiT, saqmis
gadadebis moyvarulebi aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre
maTi saqmis argadamdebi Tanatolebi. katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi
movlena, romelic negatiuria da, amasTanave, umarTavi, moulodneli da
gaugebari, gansakuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba
gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans katastrofuli movlenebis SemTxvevaSi.
fil zimbardo (Phil Zimbardo) ixsenebs, rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi
msoflios Cempionats eswreboda, rodesac katastrofuli miwisZvra moxda:
`davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma Svilma adgilebi san-
franciskos qendelstik parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo. uecrad, mTelma
stadionma ryeva daiwyo, sinaTle yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo Cabnelda. 6
aTasi mayurebeli sruliad dadumda.
swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom
kacs aRmoaCnda
portatuli televizori, romelic aCvenebda sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil
xanZars,
Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs da uamrav daRupul
adamians.~ miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa gundi Seudga
imis Seswavlas, Tu
rogor umklavdeboda xalxi katastrofas.
saidan viciT
 1064

miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi

gamokvlevisaTvis daaxloebiT 800 respondenti
SemTxveviTobis principiT SearCies san-franciskos
zonidan da ramdenime moSorebuli qalaqidan.
respondentebs interviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2,
3, 6, 8, 16, 28, an 50 kviris Semdeg. respondentebi
aTwuTian satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen
sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris
dadginda stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli faza: _
sagangebo fazaSi (emergency phase) (pirveli sami-oTxi
kvira) socialuri kontaqti, SiSi da miwisZvris Sesaxeb
akviatebuli azrebi gaizarda; faruli faza (inhibirion phase)
(samidan rva kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris
Sesaxeb fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT, magram,
samagierod, xdeboda stresTan dakavSirebuli iseTi
arapirdapiri reaqciebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi; adaptaciis
fazaSi (ori Tve da meti) katastrofis fsiqologiurma
efeqtma TiTqos gadaiara adamianTa
umravlesobaSi, Tumca, san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti
miwisZvridan erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav distress ganicdida (Pennebaker
& Harber, 1993).

san-franciskos katastrofaze adamianTa reaqciebis ganzogadeba

daexmara fsiqologebs axali katastrofis _ oklahoma sitis dabombvis _
Sedegebis
 1065

SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson, 1995).

gaupatiurebisa da incestis msxverplni, TviTmfrinavisa da seriozuli
saavtomobilo katastrofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi da
sxvebi, romelTac matravmirebeli movlenebi piradad ganicades, SeiZleba
emociurad reagirebdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD).
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba aris stresze reaqcia, romlis drosac individi
itanjeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivi, akviatebuli gancdiT,
magaliTad, e.w. `fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli mogonebebis uecari
gacocxlebis, an Ramis koSmarebis formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es
adamianebi ganicdian emociur `gaxevebas~ yoveldRiur movlenaTa
mimarT da sxva adamianebTan gaucxoebis grZnobas. sabolood, am
reaqciiT gamowveul emociur tkivils SeuZlia gamoiwvios sxvadasxvagvar
simptomTa mateba, rogoricaa Zilis problemebi, gadarCenis gamo
danaSaulis gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis darRveva da gaZlierebuli
SekrTomis reaqcia. seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad avlenen
posttravmuli stresis
mraval niSans (Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg
Catarebul gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxverplTa 94%-s daesva
posttravmatuli stresis diagnozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg
msxverplTa 51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am diagnozs Seesabameboda
 1066

(Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti kolejis ori studentis
saubridan gaupatiurebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb gvacnobs metad Zlier
da xanier emociebs.
elisi: _ me SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi, SemeZlo laparaki faqtze,
rom gaupatiurebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma Tavi mxolod erTi
Tvis Semdeg iCina.
beTi: _ pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli
myavda Cemi ambis mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi
mxardaWera aRmomiCines; ori kviris Semdeg ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram
sTqves: _ `Zalian kargi, is ukve gamovida mdgomareobidan da Cven
SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da mere grZnob, rom kidev ufro meti
mxardaWera gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad metad acnobiereb
Sens emociebs da imasac, rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: _ aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom es moxda. Sen TiTqos
mTlianad iviwyeb amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda daijero, rom es marTla moxda,
an, rom
es SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da brazis xangrZlivi periodi
modis. elisi: _ Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav sirbili unda damewyo
(elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg, rac gamaupatiures, sruliad
Sevwyvite
 1067

yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi isev daviwye, magram

yovelTvis, roca gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. guliscema
miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve aRar davrbivar, magram dRemde SiSi
mainc mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: _ kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos yvela Senma megobarma
giRalata. vnaxulob xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT
maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani iyurebian TavianTi fanjrebidan. saxeebs
Zalian naTlad vxedav. yvela Cemi megobari gamofenilia fanjaraSi
sayureblad, zogierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea. yvela xedavs ra xdeba,
magram saqmeSi aravin ereva. viRviZeb da ukidures
martoobas ganvicdi ( “Stanford Daily” 1982).
• posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivad ganmeorebadi gancdiT _
Semawuxebeli mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da disociaciuri
`gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba gaupatiurebis, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi
movlenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.
• narCeni stresis paterni _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic posttravmuli
emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi SeiZleba gamovlindes mwvave
formiT uSualod katastrofis Semdeg da Semcirdes ramdenime TveSi. am
reaqciebma SeiZleba, aseve, ganagrZon arseboba da Camoyalibdnen
qronikul sindromad, romelsac narCeni stresis paterni ewodeba (Silver &
 1068

Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba gagrZeldes Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec.

klinikosebi dResac xvdebian meore msoflio omisa da koreis omis
veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni, an dagvianebuli posttravmatuli stresis
aSlilobebi aReniSnebaT (Zeiss & Dickman, 1989). es monacemebi
amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi `ikurneba~
(Wortman & Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).…
qronikuli stresorebi
stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilvisas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv,
mwvave, mkveTrad gamoxatuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone da,
meore mxriv, qronikuli, anu droSi ganfenili stresorebi. rac Seexeba
fsiqologiur stresorebs, aq mkveTri zRvris gavleba yovelTvis ar aris ioli.
warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris
stresis mwvave wyaro, magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT Relvas, rom
axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am movlenasTan dakavSirebuli stresi
SeiZleba qronikuli gaxdes. mkvlevrebma daadgines es paterni
adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli daavadebebiT, magaliTad, kiboTi arian
avad (Anderson et al., 1994). kibos diagnoziT da mkurnalobiT
gamowveuli SfoTvis daZlevasTan dakavSirebul qronikul stress SeuZlia,
gaauaresos janmrTeloba ufro swrafad, vidre sakuTriv daavadebas.
 1069

mravali adamianisaTvis qronikuli stresi sazogadoebrivi viTarebebiT da

garemo pirobebiT aris gamowveuli. ra kumulaciuri efeqti aqvs Tqvenze
mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, ekonomikur pirobebs, haeris
dabinZurebas, Sidsisa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben
aRniSnuli da garemos sxva stresorebi Tqvens fsiqikurad kargad yofnaze?
adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ganicdis qronikul stress Tavisi socialur-
ekonomikuri statusis an rasobrivi
identobis gamo, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs zogadad kargad yofnaze.
(Contrada et al.,
2000; Stone, 2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad, gul-
sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis gacilebiT ufro maRali koeficienti aqvT, vidre
TeTrkanian amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis ZiriTadi
mizezi ar aris genetikuri gansxvavebebi. sisxlis maRali wneva afro-
amerikelTa Soris, rogorc Cans, qronikuli stresis Sedegia, romelsac
iwvevs maT mimarT arsebuli diskriminaciuli rasobrivi crurwmena
(prejudice): dabalstatusiani samuSao, SezRuduli ganaTleba, samuSaos
uSedego Zebna da dabali socialur-ekonomikuri
statusi (Anderson et al.,1992; Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezi aris
frustraciebi, romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi cxovrebiseuli
miznebis miRwevis fuWi mcdelobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors.
 1070

msgavsad amisa, qronikuli stresi, romelsac socialur-ekonomikurad

araxelsayrel pirobebSi myofi qalebi ganicdian, Seicavs naadrevi
mSobiarobisa da mcirewoniani bavSvis gaCenis safrTxes (Lobel, 1994;

Lobel et al.,1992). amgvarad, siRaribisa da rasobrivi crurwmenebis

pirobebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gacilebiT meti
riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.E

saidan viciT
 1071

xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris damangreveli

Sedegebi
gamokvlevaTa didi nawili, romelic aCvenebs, rom
dabali Semosavali
dakavSirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobasTan,
Semosavali mxolod erTxel izomeboda. miRebuli
korelaciebi, SesaZloa, ver afiqsireben
mravalwliani siRaribis kumulaciur efeqts, da, aseve,
SeiZleba asaxavdnen
sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs: cudi janmrTeloba
iwvevs siRaribes.
bolodroindelma gamokvlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri
siduxWire izomeboda
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli wlis manZilze
cxadad aCvena, rom xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire
iwvevs fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da kognituri funqcionirebis
gauaresebas (Lynch et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba, rogorc
siRaribis federalur donesTan SedarebiT 200%-ze
naklebi ojaxis Semosavali. 1994 wlis gamokvlevebiT
dadginda, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi
zrdasrulma adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 1965-1983 wlebSi
ganicades da rom yvelaze meti problema maT
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan
hqondaT, rogoricaa, saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebi da
dabana _ dakavSirebul fizikur funqcionirebaSi. msgavsi
efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur funqcionirebaSic
gamovlinda. ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodis armqone
adamianebTan SedarebiT siRaribis mdgomareobaSi
 1072

samjer namyofi adamianebi samjer ufro xSirad

ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simptomebs, xuTjer ufro
xSirad fasdebodnen, rogorc cinikurad mtrulad
ganwyobilni da optimizms moklebulebi da oTxjer ufro
xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kognitur funqcionirebaSi.
imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia
ekonomikuri siduxWiriT da ara sawyisi cudi
janmrTelobiT, mkvlevrebma warmoadgines
monacemebi im monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis sawyisi
gazomvebis dros iyo kargi, an Zalian kargi.
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom bolodroindeli
ekonomikuri da politikuri strategia zrdis araTanabar
Semosavlebs da sul ufro met bavSvs aiZulebs, icxovros
xangrZliv siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fizikur, fsiqologiur da
kognitur anabeWds, riTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi
qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).

am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg gakvirvebas aRar unda

iwvevdes is, rom qronikul stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur
ganviTarebazec iqonios gavlena. ganvixiloT gamokvleva, romelSic
adgendnen stresis dones 6-dan 16 wlamde bavSvebis jgufSi da, amasTan,
zomavdnen maT inteleqts IQ testis meSveobiT (ix. Tavi 10).
monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda uaryofiTi korelacia stressa da
 1073

verbalur gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: _ saSualod, rac ufro maRalia stresis

done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi, miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am
parametris mixedviT (Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc vxedavT, qronikuli
stresis maRal dones mavne zegavlena aqvs bavSvebis kognitur
aqtivobaze (cognitive performance). es monacemebi imasac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi mavne efeqti socialuri
gadawyvetilebebiT unda ganeitraldes.
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel
adamianTan urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an diskriminaciul
crurwmenas (prejudiss) namdvilad SeuZlia stresis gamowveva, magram
ras ityviT ufro sust stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganicdiT? ra
SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqorwindiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi
sikvdils gadaurCiT. ufro savaraudoa, rom dagekargaT rveulebi, an
saxelmZRvanelo. SesaZloa, dagagviandaT mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze an
dagajarimes manqanis akrZalul adgilze dayenebisaTvis, an kidev,
xmaurianma mezobelma Zili dagifrTxoT. es yvelaferi aris ganmeorebadi
yoveldRiuri stresorebi, romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis
mudmivad ganicdis.
dRiurebis gamokvlevam, romelSic TeTrkaniani, saSualo klasis
warmomadgeneli, saSualo asakis qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen
 1074

dRis manZilze momxdar usiamovnebebs erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (Zireul

cxovrebiseul cvlilebaTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad),
gamoavlina sruliad aSkara kavSiri usiamovnebebsa da janmrTelobis
problemebs Soris: _ rac ufro xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs
aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi fizikuri da fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba (Lazarus,1981; 1984b). yoveldRiuri
usiamovnebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba mohyveba
(Chamberlain & Zika, 1990). mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom yoveldRiuri
usiamovnebebi uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli
etapebidan iwyeben.

saidan viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier gancdili yoveldRiuri
usiamovnebebi
mkvlevrebma sTxoves sabavSvo baRis 74 aRsazrdels, aReweraT
TavianTi yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi. am informaciis mosapoveblad
mkvlevrebi ekiTxebodnen bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis
manZilze iseTi ram maT cxovrebaSi, rogoricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an
`vinmeze gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvra, moxda Tu ara
TiToeuli es movlena, bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, imoqmeda Tu ara maTze
am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebis sazomSi
 1075

aisaxeboda, Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli am movlenisagan

gamowveul stress. bavSvebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis
dasadgenad, mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs,
aReniSnaT ramdenad cudad iqceodnen bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena
dadebiTi korelacia yoveldRiur usiamovnebebsa da qcevis problemebs
Soris: _ saSualod, bavSvebi, romelTa cxovreba ufro metad iyo datvirTuli
usiamovnebebiT, qcevaSi ufro met
agresiasa da destruqcas avlendnen (Creasey et al.,1995).
xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT. Tumca, es
gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom zogierTi bavSvi ukve ganicdis stresis
garkveul dones, rac uaryofiT
SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli fokusirebas Cven, ZiriTadad, yoveldRiur
usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom mravali
adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri dadebiTi
gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi gancdebis fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-erT gamokvlevaSi 96
kacs pozitiuri da negatiuri movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs sTxovdnen.
am kacebs, agreTve, yoveldRiurad umowmebdnen imunuri reaqciis
siZlieres. Sedegebma aCvenes, rom sasurveli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi
kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan, xolo arasasurveli movlenebi
_ ufro sust reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu gvinda
cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswarmetyveleba, yoveldRiur
 1076

usiamovnebebis gaTvaliswineba sakmarisi ar aris, saWiroa, vicodeT is

yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi stresis mravali wyaro.
fsiqologebi sakmaod didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva
tipis stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad
efeqturad SeuZlia adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT,
ramdenad warmatebulad Tu warumateblad umklavdebian adamianebi
stress.
stresis daZleva
Tu cxovrebaSi stresebi gardauvalia da Tu qronikul stress SeuZlia
cxovrebis dangreva da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswavloT
stresis marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan
gamklavebis process, rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis
Tanaxmad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian mis resursebs (Lazarus

& Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicavdes qceviT, emociur, an

motivaciur reaqciebsa da azrebs. am nawils daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu
rogor zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze, rac ganicdeba, rogorc
stresori, Semdeg ganvixilavT daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebs; aRvwerT rogorc
daZlevis zogad principebs, ise specifikur intervenciebs. dabolos,
ganvixilavT zogierT individualur gansxvavebas stresTan gamklavebis
unarSi.
 1077

• daZleva _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis

procesi, romelic aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an
dauZleveli.

stresis Sefaseba stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas, pirveli nabijia,

gansazRvroT, ramdenad stresulni arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri
Sefaseba (ix. gv. X) aris stresoris kognituri interpretacia da raodenobrivi
Sefaseba. kognituri Sefaseba centralur rols asrulebs situaciis
gansazRvraSi: _ ras moiTxovs is Cemgan, ramdenad didia safrTxe, ra
resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad (Lazarus,1993;

Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad,

sxeulis dazianeba, almodebuli sakuTari saxlis naxva, TiTqmis yvelas
mier ganicdeba, rogorc safrTxe, Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvros, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria Tqveni
piradi cxovrebiseuli mdgomareoba, konkretuli moTxovnis mimarTeba
Tqvens ZiriTad miznebTan, moTxovnebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobebi
da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba. situacia, romelic iwvevs mwvave
distress erT adamianSi, SeiZleba sruliadECveulebrivi ram iyos
meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yuradReba da gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli
movlenebi, romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da Tqveni
megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: _ zogierTi situacia TqvenSi, magram ara
 1078

Tqvens megobrebsa da ojaxis wevrebSi, iwvevs stress. sxva movlenebi

maTSi iwvevs stress, TqvenSi ki _ ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefasebis zogadi Teoria
wavumZRvareT emociebis ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi
or stadias ganasxvavebs. pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers moTxovnis
seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es Sefaseba iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra
xdeba?~ da `es CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan araviTari kavSiri
aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris `stresulia~, Tqven afasebT
stresoris potenciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve arsebobs Tu is
mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili
13.2). Tu gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba meoradi
Sefaseba. afasebT stresul viTarebasTan gasamklaveblad Tqvens xelT
arsebul pirovnul da socialur resursebs da gansazRvravT saWiro
moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. Sefaseba grZeldeba manam, sanam xdeba
gamklavebis reaqciebis mosinjva. Tu pirveli reaqciebi araefeqturia da
stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da fasdeba maTi efeqturobac.
cxrili 13.2 mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/kognituri Sefasebis
safexurebi
safexuri sakvanZo kiTxvebi
1. gamowvevis Sefaseba - riski seriozulia, Tuki ar
Sevicvlebi?
 1079

2. alternativebis mimoxilva es alternativa misaRebi

-

saSualebaa
gamowvevasTan
dasapirispireblad?
- sakmarisad ganvixile Cem

xelT arsebuli
alternativebi?
3. alternativebis awon- - romeli alternativaa

dawona saukeTeso?
- akmayofilebs saukeTeso

alternativa arsebiT
moTxovnebs?
4. fiqri valdebulebis aRebaze- ganvaxorcielo saukeTeso
alternativa da sxvebsac
gavumxilo?
5. arCeul poziciaze myarad - riski seriozulia, Tuki ar
dgoma uaryofiTi Sevicvlebi?
ukukavSiris miuxedavad
- riski seriozulia, Tuki Sevicvlebi?
kognituri Sefaseba aris stresis Semanelebeli cvladis magaliTi. stresis
Semanelebeli cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian stresoris
zemoqmedebas konkretuli tipis stresul reaqciaze. Semanelebeli cvladebi
filtravs, an saxes ucvlis stresorebis Cveul zemoqmedebas individis
reaqciebze. magaliTad, Tqveni daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTelobis
statusi Semanelebeli cvladebia, romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu
rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul fsiqologiur, an fizikur stresorze.
 1080

Tu karg fizikur formaSi xarT, maSin ukeT gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre

maSin, roca karg formaSi ar xarT. SegiZliaT naxoT, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba kognituri Sefaseba Semanelebeli cvladis gansazRvrebasac.
is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra
tipis daZlevis reaqciebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. axla ganvixiloT
daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.

daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis

dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis Sesaxeb, SeafaseT situacia da sruliad
darwmunebuli xarT, rom es aris stresuli situacia. risi gakeTeba
SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom daZleva SeiZleba win
uswrebdes potenciurad stresul movlenas anticipatoruli daZlevis formiT
(Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT mosalodneli gamocdiT
gamowveul stress? rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan
gagricxes, an sayvarels, rom igi aRar giyvarT? stresuli situaciis
anticipacia aRZravs uamrav azrsa da grZnobas, romelic Tavad SeiZleba
iyos stresis gamomwvevi. ase xdeba intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an
ucnob adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT, rogor gaarTvaT Tavi
stresul situacias.
ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas, imisda mixedviT Tu ra aris
mizani, problemasTan uSaulo dapirispireba _ problemaze mimarTuli
 1081

daZleva Tu stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis Semcireba _ emociaze

fokusirebuli daZleva (Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus &

Folkman,1984). am ori ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime qvekategoria

mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3 cxrili 13.3. daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia
daZlevis strategiis tipi magaliTi
problemaze mimarTuli daZleva brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba, stresoris
Secvla, an misdami sakuTari moSoreba, an Sesusteba) damokidebulebis
Secvla uSualo gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris brZolisa Tu gaqcevis
variantebis
aqtivobebiT SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi) momavali stresis prevencia
(sakuTari winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris
gazrda, an anticipirebuli stresoris Zalis
Semcireba).
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi
me-s cvlileba imgvari garTobebi, fantaziebi, fiqrebi
moqmedebebiT, romlebic ukeT sakuTar Tavze)
agrZnobinebs adamians Tavs Terapia damatebiTi SiSis
stresoris cvlilebis gareSe. (SfoTvis gamomwvevi cnobieri, an
sawinaaRmdego medikamentebis, aracnobieri procesebis
relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris dasaregulireblad,
gamoyeneba) kognitur sferoze
mimarTuli aqtivobebi (dagegmili
 1082

daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT. `wavavloT xars rqebSi

xeli~ - ase aRiwereba Cveulebriv problemuri situaciisTvis mzadyofnis
strategia. es midgoma moicavs yvela strategias, romelic gamiznulia
stresorebTan uSualod dasapirispireblad Ria qceviT; aseve, problemis
racionalurad gadaWris aqtivobebs. xuligans an dauxvdebiT, an
gaeqceviT; ecdebiT mis mosyidvas qrTamiT, an sxva ramiT; Tqven
koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an stresis gamomwvev
faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT, rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT
situacias da sakuTar resursebs, da axorcielebT reaqcias, romelic
adekvaturia muqaris mosaSoreblad, an Sesamcireblad. problemis
gadaWris amgvari mcdelobebi sasargebloa kontrolirebadi stresorebis
samarTavad _ anu stresorebisa, romelTa Secvla, an Semcireba
SesaZlebelia iseTi moqmedebiT. rogoricaa, magaliTad, avtoritaruli
ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi.
emociaze fokusirebuli midgoma ukeTesia arakontrolirebadi stresorebis
zegavlenis samaraTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT alcheimeriT
daavadebuli mSoblis movlaze. msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~,
romlis garemodan mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven ver geqnebaT garegani
stresuli situaciis Secvlis gzebis povnis. amis nacvlad SeecdebiT,
SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi mis Sesaxeb imiT, rom
alcheimeriT daavadebulebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi
 1083

gaerTiandebiT, an daeuflebiT relaqsaciis teqnikas. es midgoma isev

daZlevis strategias ganekuTvneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens
kargad yofnas safrTxe emuqreba da am safrTxis Semcirebas cdilobT.

• stresis moderatori/Semasustebeli cvladebi _ cvladebi, romlebic

cvlian mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias Soris.
• anticipatoruli daZleva _ potenciurad saSiS movlenamde
ganxorcielebuli mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an asatani gaxdes
Seusabamoba aRqmul

moTxovnebsa da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.

daZleva aris situacia, romelSic, rac ufro met gansxvavebul strategias
flobT, miT ukeTesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli
iyos, Tqveni resursebi unda Seesabamebodes aRqmul moTxovnas.
amrigad, daZlevis mravalferovani strategiebis floba adapturia, radgan,
savaraudod, ufro advilad moaxerxebT am Sesabamisobis miRwevas da
stresul movlenasTan gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis
sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs flobT, dagexmarebaT, gazardoT TqvenSi
realuri unari, daakmayofiloT garemodan wamosuli moTxovnebi
(Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas SeuZlia dagicvaT mravali stresoris
Zlieri zegavlenisagan, radgan rwmena imisa, rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT
daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur reaqcias `ra gavakeTo!?~
 1084

aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT stresorebis daZlevis zogad midgomebs, axla

ki
warmatebuli daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur midgomebs
gavecnobiT. kognituri strategiebis modificireba stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri
saSualebaa stresorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa da maTi daZlevis Sesaxeb
TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvla. Tqven sxvagvarad unda gaiazroT
mocemuli situacia, Tqveni rolis masSi da is kauzaluri atribuciebi,
romlebsac akeTebT arasasurveli Sedegis asaxsnelad. stresis gonebrivi
daZlevis ori gza arsebobs: _ sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis gadasinjva da
stresze sakuTar reaqciaTa Sesaxeb codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi maT cxovrebaSi
stresis gancdas nawilobriv ise akontroleben, rogorc cxovrebiseul
movlenebs afaseben (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). garkveuli stresorebis
Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad fiqris swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an maTi
warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac, sasacilo) konteqstSi
warmoadgens kognituri gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis Semcireba
SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda gamoxvideT didi, mkacri
auditoriis winaSe? stresoris gadafasebis erT-erTi teqnika aseTia: _
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritikosebi darbazSi SiSvlebi
sxedan, rac namdvilad Seamcirebs maT SiSismomgvrel Zalas. SfoTavT
 1085

imis gamo, rom morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveulebaze, romelsac

aucileblad unda daeswroT? xom ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze ufro
morcxvi da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis daZlevaSi daxmarebodiT.
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT, rom SecvaloT is, rasac
sakuTar Tavs eubnebiT mis Sesaxeb da SecvaloT masTan mopyrobis
xerxi. kogniturbihevioristma fsiqoTerapevtma donald maihenbaumma
(Donald Meichenbaum,

1977,1985,1993) SemogvTavaza samfaziani procesi, romelic amgvar

stresis inokulacias (acras) iTvaliswinebs. I fazaSi adamianebi cdiloben
sakuTari aqtualuri qcevis ukeT gacnobierebas _ ra iwvevs mas da ra
Sedegebi moaqvs, risTvisac saukeTeso xerxi yoveldRiuri Canawerebis
warmoebaa. es Canawerebi exmareba adamianebs sakuTari problemebis
mizezebisa da Sedegebis safuZvelze axlebur gaazrebaSi da aZliereben
maTi kontrolis gancdas. SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, magaliTad, rom Tqveni
niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis cota dros itovebT saklaso
davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi iwyeben axali
qcevebis gansazRvras, romlebic aRkveTen araadaptaciur,
TviTdestruqciul qcevebs. albaT, unda gamoyoT fiqsirebuli `samecadino
dro~, an Ramis satelefono zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT; III fazaSi,
adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, individebi afaseben TavianTi
 1086

axali qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli damakninebeli Sinagani

dialogis gareSe. nacvlad imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar Tavs: _
`gamimarTla, rom profesorma swored maSin gamiZaxa, roca teqsti
wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: _ `mixaria, rom momzadebuli viyavi
profesoris
SekiTxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvianurad SegiZlia
upasuxo." es samfaziani midgoma gulisxmobs reaqciebis da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb gamonaTqvamebis inicirebas, romlebic SeuTavsebelia
aqamde ganxorcielebul damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis
Semdeg, adamianebi acnobiereben sakuTar cvlilebas da aRiarebis
mopovebis SesaZleblobas cvlilebiT, romelic momavali warmatebebis
sawindaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb axali tipis
gamonaTqvamebis magaliTebi, romlebic stresul situaciebTan
gamklavebaSi gvexmareba. stresis
inokulaciis treningi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
cxrili 13.4. sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis magaliTebi, romlebic xels
uwyoben
stresis daZlevas

momzadeba me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma. ubralod

mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze
 1087

ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari Tavisadmi, iazrovne
racionalurad. konfrontacia erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am
situaciis marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi miwinawarmetyvelebda. es aris
Sexseneba Cemi
daZlevis meqanizmebis gasavarjiSeblad. dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb,
nela, Rrmad isunTqe.
daZleva rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene. yuradReba awmyoze
SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli? nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas,
SeinarCune marTvad doneze. amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.
TviTganmtkiceba gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi. marTla kmayofili var Cemi
miRwevebiT.

saidan viciT
 1088

stresis inokulaciis treningi tkivilis samarTavad

am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo 60
sportsmenma mamakacma, romelTac sportuli travmis
gamo muxlis qirurgiuli operacia CautardaT.
sportsmenTa naxevari moxvda samkurnalo jgufSi, sadac
reabilitaciis Cveulebriv programas stresis inokulaciis
treningi daemata. treningi fokusirebuli iyo
gamojanmrTelebis periodis SfoTvisa da tkivilis
saxeobebze da xels uwyobda mamakacebs zemoT
aRwerili kognituri restruqturizaciis teqnikebis
gamoyenebaSi. danarCenma ocdaaTma mamakacma
mxolod reabilitaciis standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive
monawiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis
gancdis subieqturi Sefasebebi mkurnalobis dawyebamde da Semdeg,
aTive fizioTerapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa, rom samkurnalo da
sakontrolo jgufebi didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
mkurnalobis dawyebamde an pirveli testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra
Terapiuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi inokulaciis jgufis cdis pirebi
aRniSnavdnen gacilebiT nakleb tkivils,
vidre sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).
me-4 da Tavidan albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris tkivilis gancda
ganpirobebuli
rogorc fiziologiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankurnebis procesSi
myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
SeiZleba daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba tkivilis fsiqologiuri
 1089

komponentebis zogierTi aspeqtis gasakontroleblad. warmatebuli

daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi komponentia Tqven mier stresorze
cnobieri/perceived kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom SegiZliaT
cvlilebis Setana romelime movlenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi
(Vaughan,1993). Tu gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT daavadebis mimdinareobaze,
an daavadebis yoveldRiur simptomebze zemoqmedeba, etyoba kargad
axerxebT darRvevebTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987), magram Tu
fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa, romlis qcevaze gavlenas
ver axdenT, an situaciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis albaToba,
rom am qronikul viTarebas fsiqologiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman &

Wortman, 1977). individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis cnobieri

kontroli, iseTi fataluri daavadebis SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric aris Sidsi,
sulieri da fizikuri
janmrTelobis mxriv `mogebulebi rCebian~ (Thompson et al., 1994).
sanam daimaxsovrebT momavlisaTvis kontrolis am strategiebs,
ganvixiloT
stresis daZlevis bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba.

• cnobieri kontroli _ pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an

gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla; xSirad sasargebloa
stresorebTan gamklavebisas.
 1090

socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc stresis daZlevis resursi socialuri

mxardaWera aris sxvebis mimarT gaweuli daxmareba, romelic amcnobs
adamians, rom igi uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi sxva
adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierTvaldebulebebis qselSia CarTuli
(Cohen &

Syme, 1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis garda

garSemomyof adamianebs SeuZliaT materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da
informaciuli mxardaWeris (rCeva, pirovnuli ukukavSiri, informacia)
uzrunvelyofa. nebismieri adamiani, visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani
socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis wevri, megobari, TanamSromeli
Tu mezobeli _ SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni socialuri
mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
mravali gamokvleva miuTiTebs stresisadmi mowyvladobis SemcirebaSi
socialuri mxardaWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac
adamianebs hyavT xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon, isini ukeT axerxeben
gaumklavdnen samsaxurebriv stresebs, umuSevrobas, ojaxis rRvevas,
seriozul daavadebebsa da sxva katastrofebs iseve, rogorc sakuTar
yoveldRiur problemebs (Gottlieb, 1981;

Pilisuk & Parks, 1986). socialuri mxardaWeris pozitiuri efeqtebi scildeba

stresuli movlenebis daregulirebas; maT SeuZliaT diagnostirebuli
 1091

daavadebisagan gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamowveuli

sikvdilis riskis Semcireba (House et al.,1988 Kulik & Mahler, 1989).
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Seiswavleboda Tirkmlis mZime daavadebis
mqone avadmyofTa sikvdilianobis
koeficienti (Christensen et al., 1994). ojaxis mxardaWeris sazomis
erTpunqtiani zrda dakavSirebulia sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian
klebasTan.Q mkvlevrebi cdiloben, daadginon, ra tipis mxardaWeraa
yvelaze sasargeblo
sxvadasxva specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996; Kuijer
et al., 2000).
saidan viciT
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis urTierTSedareba
Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seiswavlida
sxvadasxva tipis socialuri mxardaWeris efeqturobas
kiboTi daavadebulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990;
Taylor, 1986). avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad
afasebdnen sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris
sargeblianobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxolod
meuRleebis, da ara eqimebis, an momvlelebis `gverdiT
yofnas~. meore mxriv, avadmyofebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani iyo informaciis, an rCevis miReba
kiboTi daavadebuli sxva pacientebisagan, an
eqimebisagan, magram ara ojaxisgan da
megobrebisagan.
 1092

wyarosagan ganurCevlad _ iqnebodnen eseni eqimebi,

ojaxi Tu megobrebi _ avadmyofebi ar miiCneven
sasargeblod naZaladev xalisianobasa da daavadebis
zemoqmedebis seriozulobis dakninebas.

13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxardaWeris tipebis Sedareba

efeqturobis mixedviT kibos da iseTi arakatastrofuli daavadebebis mqone
pacientebTan, rogoricaa qronikuli Tavis tkivili, an gaRizianebuli kuW-
nawlavis sindromi (Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel
mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris optimaluri tipi gansxvavebulia
stresis sxvadasxa wyarosTvis. SegiZliaT moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu ratom
unda iqnes emociuri mxardaWera ufro sasargeblo kiboTi
daavadebulTaTvis, vidre arakatastrofuli daavadebebis mqone
avadmyofebisaTvis?

sur. 13.10. socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba aRqmuli socialuri

mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis funqcia
(Martin et.al., 1994, kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebis monacemebi
aRebulia
Dakof&Taylor, 1990). Casasmelia grafiki
mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron, Tu rodis iwveven
mxardaWeris
 1093

wyaroebi realurad SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT

gTavazobT eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze, an kolejis gasaubrebaze
wamoyolas maSin, roca Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo
SeiZleba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT
(Coyne et al., 1988); aseve, seriozuli daavadebis mqone avadmyofebs,
SesaZloa, ar SeeZloT maT socialur wreSi arsebuli am adamianebis
molodinebis gamarTleba.
• socialuri mxardaWera _ sxva adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis
stresTan gamklavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emociuri da
informaciuli mxardaWera.

saidan viciT
molodinebi da qronikul daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu rogor axdens
gavlenas avadmyofebis mier
garSemomyof adamianTa molodinebis aRqma
daavadebasTan maT adaptaciaze. avadmyofebs
Tirkmlebis daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas
sWirdeboda
dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen maT, rom skalaze
(`srulebiT ar veTanxmebi~-dan
`srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde) SeefasebinaT iseTi
debulebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob,
rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas, vidre es
realurad SemiZlia~ da
`zogjer vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi moelian
Cemgan sakuTar mkurnalobaze meti pasuxismgeblobis
aRebas, vidre es realurad SemiZlia~.
 1094

mkvlevrebi, aseve, zomavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad

axerxebdnen pacientebi avadmyofobis daZlevas.
Sedegebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris. magaliTad,
pacientebTan, romlebic sakuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis
molodinebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc gadaWarbebuls, ufro
mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiasa da cxovrebis dabal
xarisxTan dakavSirebiT (Hatchett et al.,1997).

rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi yvelafers

akeTebdnen maTTvis mxardaWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi
molodinebi pacientebisadmi zrdida am ukanasknelTa distress.
efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens
rwmenas, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT
aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu stresis gancdisas faqtobrivad arc ki
mimarTavT daxmarebisaTvis. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mesiji,
fsiqologia da cxovrebidan aris is, rom yovelTvis unda imuSaoT, rogorc
socialuri mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da arasodes misceT
Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniSneT stresis gavlena fizikur
da fsiqologiur keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT, Tu rogor
iyeneben fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb
gamokvlevebiT miRebul codnas. Sejameba stress iwvevs stresorebi _
stimulebi, romlebic organizmisagan garkveul reaqcias moiTxoven. stresi
 1095

iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs, romlebic amzadeben organizms

moqmedebisaTvis. rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe eqmneba
imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiwvios fsiqosomaturi
daavadebebi. sxvadasxva saxis stresors, rogoricaa cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi, matravmirebeli movlenebi,
sxvadasxva saxis fsiqologiuri efeqti aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac adamianebi afaseben
situacias moTxovnis gansazRvris mizniT. safrTxis mimarT adamianebi
iyeneben stresis daZlevis problemaze orientirebul, an emociaze
orientirebul gzebs. maT, aseve, SeuZliaT, stresTan gamklaveba stresoris
xelaxali SefasebiT, an stresze reaqciebis Sesaxeb codnis restruqturizaciiT.
stresis inokulaciis (acris) treningi (stress inoculation training)
warmoadgens kogniciaTa restruqturizaciis erTerT programas. adamianebi
ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac grZnoben, rom
akontroleben situacias. socialuri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac
Tanxvdeba individis moTxovnebs. socialuri interaqcia, SesaZloa,
uaryofiTi iyos, rodesac adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT
arsebuli molodinebis gamarTleba.

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
ra wvlili SeaqvT fsiqikur procesebs avad da kargad yofnis (wellness)
gancdaSi? Cven ukve warmogidgineT sakmarisi sabuTebi imisa, rom,
 1096

pasuxi am kiTxvaze iqneba _ `sakmaod didi~. janmrTelobisaTvis

fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqtorebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo
axali sferos _ janmrTelobis fsiqologiis ganviTarebas. janmrTelobis
fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia imis dasadgenad,
Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi janmrTelobas; ratom xdebian isini
avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990).
janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da gonebis (mind) zogad mdgomareobas,
romelic aRiwereba siZlierisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris
ubralod daavadebis, an dazianebis ararseboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi
saqme ufro imas exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad funqcionireben sxeulis
Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTelobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb msjelobas
daviwyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avadmyofobis tradiciul
dasavlur models is filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad udevs
mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT, janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils
daavadebisa da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.
janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis fsiqologia xelmZRvanelobs janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialuri
modeliT. am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur kulturaSi
vxvdebiT. sanam biofsiqosocialuri modelis gansazRvrebas
CamovayalibebdeT, ganvixiloT zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.
janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli praqtika (Traditional health practices)
 1097

fsiqologiuri principebi avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa da janmrTelobis

SenarCunebaSi yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi esmiT
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa (Communal health) da relaqsaciis
ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
winamdebare Tavi daviwyeT venesuelis varaos kulturisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gankurnebis ritualis magaliTiT. rogorc aRvwereT,
mkurnali mowveuli iyo avadmyofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis
gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli gankurnebis ceremonia.
mSoblebma biWis gamojanmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres
(Briggs,1996).

• janmrTelobis fsiqologia _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia

imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi janmrTelobas, ratom
xdebian

isini avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.

• janmrTeloba _ sxeulisa da gonebis zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic
aRiwereba simtkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod
daavadebis an dazianebis ararseboba.
• huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi arsebuli cneba, romelic
niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
 1098

urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis

sijansaRes.

msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva kulturebSic SevxvdeT.

magaliTad, navajoSi daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da kargad yofnas
miawerdnen socialur harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls Soris
urTierTqmedebebs. huazos cneba navajoSi niSnavs harmonias, sulier
simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas
xelovnebasa da xelobaSi, sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes. avadmyofoba
ganixileba, rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri disharmoniis
Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis,
zedmeti damyolobis, boroti ocnebebis gamo. tradiciuli gankurnebis
ceremonia gulisxmobs avadmyofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis
aRdgenas ara marto Samanis mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis yvela wevris
erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos
mdgomareobis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri wevri avadmyofobas
miiCnevs ara avadmyofis pirad pasuxismgeblobad (da danaSaulad),
aramed ganixilavs, rogorc ufro zogadi disharmoniis niSans, romelic unda
aRikveTos Temuri gankurnebis ritualebiT. es kulturuli orientacia
garantias iZleva, rom Zlieri socialuri mxardaWeris qseli avtomaturad
daexmareba pacients. biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
 1099

Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kulturebSi gankurnebis praqtika

xSirad varaudobs sxeulsa da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas. amis
sapirispirod, Tanamedrove mecnieruli azrovneba, ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba
biosamedicino models, romelic sxeulisa da gonebis dualisturi koncefciiT
xelmZRvanelobs. am modelis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls
sulisagan (psyche) damoukideblad mkurnalobs. goneba mniSvnelovania
mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis da cota ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos
sxeulis realobisaTvis, Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi mecnierebma daiwyes
urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis aRnusxva, romelTa SemTxvevaSi xisti
biosamedicino modeli ar muSaobs. Tqven ukve naxeT zogierTi maTgani:
_ karg da cud cxovrebiseul movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon
imunuri sistemis funqcionirebaze; adamianebi met-naklebad moqnilebi
arian stresis uaryofiT SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma
mxardaWeram SeiZleba Seamciros sikvdilis albaToba. amgvari gaazrebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti: _
`bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri avadmyofobis realur arsebobaze; `fsiqo~ da
`socialuri~ ki _ janmrTelobis fsiqologiur da socialur komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli akavSirebs fizikur janmrTelobas gonebriv (Tu
sulier) mdgomareobasa da garemomcvel samyarosTan. janmrTelobis
fsiqologi
 1100

(health psychologist) janmrTelobas ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur

mravalganzomilebian movlenas. optimaluri janmrTeloba, anu kargad
yofna (wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur, inteleqtualur,
emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos aspeqtebs. rodesac axorcielebT
qmedebebs daavadebis prevenciis, an adreul etapze misi gamovlenis
mizniT, Tqven avlenT janmrTelobaze mimarTul qcevas (health
behavior). janmrTelobis fsiqologiis zogad mizans warmoadgens
fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba kargad yofnasa da janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebuli pozitiuri qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT aRniSnul
mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi. janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
(Health Promotion) janmrTelobis xelSewyoba niSnavs zogadi
strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs
adamianTa avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas an Semcirebas.
avadmyofobis prevencia XXI saukuneSi ayenebs ufro gansxvavebul
amocanebs, vidre XX saukunis dasawyisSi (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian
wlebSi sikvdilis upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi warmoadgenda.
am periodSi praqtikosma eqimebma wamoiwyes pirveli revolucia
amerikul sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi (public health).
kvlevebis, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, vaqcinebis ganviTarebisa da
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa
narCenebis kontroli da kanalizacia) saSualebiT maT TandaTanobiT
 1101

SeZles sikvdilianobis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba iseTi daavadebebis

SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa gripi, tuberkulozi, poliomieliti, wiTela da
yvavili.
Tu mkvlevrebs surT wvlilis Setana cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
mimarTulebiT, cxovrebis stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix. cxrili 13.5). sigaretis
moweva, Warbi wona, cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT Semcveli
sakvebisa da alkoholiani sasmelebis didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba
usafrTxoebis Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba _ yvelaferi es
garkveul rols asrulebs iseTi daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa:
_ kibo, gulis daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri SemTxvevebisa da
TviTmkvlelobebisas. civilizaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli
qcevebis SecvliT mravali daavadebisa da naadrevi sikvdilis prevencia
gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
• biofsiqosocialuri modeli _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri sistemis, qceviTi stilis,
kognituri procesebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma SeiZleba
adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe daayenos.
• kargad yofna _ optimaluri janmrTeloba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur,
inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos sxvadasxva sferoSi
sruli da aqtiuri funqcionirebis unars.
• janmrTelobis xelSewyoba _ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli
taqtikis ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad gaxdomis
riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
 1102

am codnaze dayrdnobiT, advilia garkveuli rekomendaciebis mocema,

magram ufro sasurvelia, SeinarCunoT janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis
SemuSavebiT, romlebic CamoTvlilia 13.6 cxrilSi. bevri maTgani, albaT,
ukve nacnobia TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis fsiqologebi
gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur principebs albaTobis gasazrdelad, rom Tqven
marTla gaakeTebT imas, rac TqvenTvis kargia. amis demonstrirebis
mizniT axla ganvixiloT ori konkretuli Tema: _ moweva da Sidsi.

cxrili 13.5. sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSS-Si, 1998 weli

rangi sikvdilianobis procenti sikvdilis mizez
1 31.0 gulis daavadeba
2 23.2 kibo
3 6.8 dambla
4 4.8 filtvebis
obstruqciuli d
5 4.2 yvela saxis ubeduri
SemTxve
1.9 mxolod
avtoavariebi
6 3.9 pnevmonia da gripi
7 2.8 diabeti
8 1.3 TviTmkvleloba
9 1.1 Tirkmlebis daavadebebi
RviZlis qronikuli daavadeb
10 1.1
cirozi
 1103

* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi

moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma, vinc ki waikiTxa es
wigni, ar icoda, rom moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad daaxloebiT
400000 adamiani kvdeba mowevasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT.
aSS-Si yovelwliurad kiboTi
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-ze meti swored Tambaqos
moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni adamiani aSS-Si jer
kidev eweva.
mwevelTa 70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba,
magram ver axerxebs
(daavadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis
fsiqologebs ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: _ (1) ratom iwyeben
adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2) rogor daexmaron
adamianebs
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon
`eqsmwevelad~ gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani
sargebeli.
cxrili 13.6. aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisken
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.

2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari bostneuliT, xiliT,

marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT yoveldRe.
 1104

5. mgzavrobisas isargebleT usafrTxoebis RvedebiT da velosipedis

CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-stomatologiuri Semowmebebi;
daicaviT samedicino reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da SeiZineT megobrebi.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi adamiani mowevas,
fokusirdeba
pirovnul Tvisebebsa da socialur faqtorebze. individTa erT tips, romlebic
mowevis dawyebasTan arian dakavSirebulni uwodes SegrZnebaTa
maZieblebi (Zuckerman,1988); aseTma individebma, ufro mosalodnelia,
rom ganaxorcielon sarisko qmedebebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da
mamakacebis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi, romlebic 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967)
miiRes, Seadares 80-iani wlebis bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-
aramwevelis~ qcevas. qalebi da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian wlebSi
sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc SegrZnebebis maZiebelT, 20-25
wlis Semdeg ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi yofiliyvnen (Lipkus et
al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli faqtorebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba
zogierTi jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad imisa, an swored
imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~
(Leary et al.,
1994). es gansakuTrebiT mozardebTan SeiZleba iyos ase. janmrTelobis
fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom mowevis warmatebuli prevencia gulisxmobs
 1105

mowevis Sefasebis Secvlas `magaridan~ _ `cudisken~. saukeTeso

damokidebuleba mowevisadmi aris mowevis ardawyeba. magram rogor
SeiZleba daexmaros TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis Sesaswavlad
Catarebuli kvlevebi maT, vinc ukve daiwyo moweva. miuxedavad imisa,
rom bevrma adamianma, vinc scada mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba,
magram SemdgomSi kvlav daubrunda mas, daaxloebiT 35 milionma
amerikelma samudamod daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es
damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo programebis gareSe SeZlo.
mkvlevrebma gansazRvres is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac
TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mzard mzadyofnas mowmobs
(DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
• gansjis wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis
danebebaze;
• gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze, Tumca,
jer ar axorcielebs cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom Tavi daanebos
•

mowevas;
• moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli
qceviTi miznebis misaRwevad;
• SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwevelia da cdilobs am
mdgomareobis SenarCunebas.
 1106

mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela mweveli fsiqologiurad

erTnairi ar aris mowevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia
imgvarad unda iyos dagegmili, rom iwvevdes mwevelis mzadyofnis
gazrdas manam, sanam is fsiqologiurad mzad ar iqneba ganaxorcielos
janmrTelobaze mimarTuli qceva. mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli
warmatebuli mkurnaloba moiTxovs mwevelis
rogorc fiziologiuri, ise, fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas
(Tsoh et al., 1997; U.S. Department of health and Human Services, 2000).
fiziologiur doneze
mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis
iseT efeqtur
formas, rogoricaa nikotinis plastiri da nikotinis saReWi rezinebi.
fsiqologiur doneze mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi
eqsmweveli da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba SesaZlebelia. garda
amisa, mwevelma unda iswavlos Zlieri ltolvis daZlevis strategiebi,
romelic Tan axlavs TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mcdelobebs.
mkurnaloba xSirad moicavs Cven mier adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur
xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians, Seasustos masze
mravali stresoris zemoqmedeba. mowevasTan dakavSirebiT adamianebs
aswavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis gzebi situaciebidan,
romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav gauRviZon mowevis Jini.
 1107

Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
aTasobiT adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali adamiani
cxovrobs aiv infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi,
romelic anadgurebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfocitebi), riTac azianebs
imunur sistemas da asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daavadebebs.
individi mowyvladi xdeba mTeli rigi sxva virusuli da baqteriuli
infeqciebis mimarT, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sicocxlisaTvis iseTi
saSiSi daavadebebi, rogoricaa kibo, meningiti da pnevmonia. periodi
virusiT Tavdapirveli inficirebidan simptomebis gamovlenamde
(sainkubacio periodi) SeiZleba iyos xuTi weliwadi, an meti. miuxedavad
imisa, rom aiv virusiT inficirebulTa did nawils ara aqvs Sidsi (samedicino
diagnozi), maT uwevT mudmivi stresis qveS cxovreba, rom nebismier
dros am saxifaTo daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi.
dResdReobiT ukve arsebobs mkurnaloba, romelic SesaZlebels xdis Sidsis
sruli siZlieriT Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc Sidsisgan
gankurnebis saSualeba da arc misi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli
vaqcina.

• Sidsi _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis abreviatura, sindromi

gamowveulia virusiT, romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da asustebs
organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.
 1108

• aiv _ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi, romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr

ujredebs (limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis imunur sistemas; aiv
infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.

aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT. inficirebisaTvis aucilebelia

sisxlTan uSualo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi adamianidan meores
SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT: _ (1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis, an
spermis gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuTvnili intravenuli
nemsebisa da Spricebis saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba
gadavides sisxlis gadasxmiT da im samedicino procedurebiT, romlis
drosac janmrTel adamians SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul sisxls,
an gadaunergaven organoebs.
hemofiliiT daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored am gziT
SeiZina, Tumca, yvela adamians emuqreba SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis erTaderTi gza aris im
cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis Secvla, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben
adamians. es niSnavs permanentuli cvlilebebis Setanas seqsualuri qcevis
paternebsa da wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis sagnebis
gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologi tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im
multidisciplinaruli kvlevis gundis wevria, romelic mTel rig fsiqologiur
principebs iyenebs Sidsis Semdgomi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad (Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990;
Ekstrand&Coates, 1990; Kegeles et al,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs
gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT aspeqts, rogoricaa fsiqologiuri
risk-faqtorebis Sefaseba, bihevioraluri intervenciebis ganviTareba, Temis
 1109

liderebis treningi adamianebis ukeT ganaTlebis mizniT janmrTeli

sqesobrivi da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT, daxmareba
sareklamo da sainformacio kampaniebis SeqmnaSi da cvlilebebis
sistematuri Sefaseba Sesabamis atitudebSi, Rirebulebebsa da qcevebSi.
Sidsis sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami
komponenti (Fisher et al,.
1994, 1996; Yzer et al,. 1998):
• informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebodeT informacia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadadis Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan
acileba; maT unda miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis (magaliTad,
sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros prezervativis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) da
steriluri SpricebiT sargeblobis
Taobaze;
• motivacia _ adamianebi unda iyvnen motivirebulni Sidsis prevenciis
ganxorcielebisaTvis;
• qceviTi unar-Cvevebi _ adamianebs unda aswavlon miRebuli codnis
praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.
ratomaa aucilebeli samive komponenti? adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen
Zlier motivirebulni, magram ar iyvnen informirebulni da, piriqiT., maT
SeiZleba hqondeT sakmarisi codna da motivacia, magram ar hqondeT
saWiro unar-Cvevebi. magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor
 1110

daZlion socialuri barieri da mosTxovon partniors prezervativis

gamoyeneba (Leary et al., 1994). fsiqologiurma Carevam SeiZleba
SesZinos adamians roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi unar-
Cvevebi, am barieris mniSvnelobis Semcirebis mizniT.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT, Tqveni mTavroba
momdevno aTi wlis gegmas gTavazobT: _ aSS-is
janmrTelobis departamentma da Human Servic-ma
Seqmnes programa saxelwodebiT _ `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~, sadac mocemulia konkretuli
rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi
janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebeli qcevebis Sesaxeb.
programas aqvs ori zogadi mizani: _ (1) gansxvavebebis
Semcireba janmrTelobis statusebs Soris mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva fenaSi
_ moxucebSi, umciresobebsa da bavSvebSi da (2)
janmrTeli cxovrebis xangrZlivobis gazrda. fsiqologebi
orive miznis ganxorcielebaSi Seitanen TavianT wvlils.
rac Seexeba pirvel mizans, mentaluri janmrTeloba
(mental health) Seyvanilia `janmrTelobis statusis~
 1111

kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime welia, fsiqologebma didi

energia daxarjes sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebSi
fsiqikuri (mentaluri, mental) janmrTelobis dacvis
gaumjobesebaze. meore mizani uSualod exeba
kvalifikacias, rasac fsiqologebi janmrTelobis
xelSewyobis (health promotion) sagnad miiCneven.
programa `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is mizania, rom
adamianebma Secvalon janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli
qcevebi. rogorc vnaxeT, es janmrTelobis fsiqologiis
kvlevebis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es sakiTxi rom gavagrZeloT, ganvixiloT ori konkretuli
mizani programidan _ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~:
• samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri aqtivobiT dakavebul
mozrdilTa raodenobis
Semcireba 40%-dan 20%-mde;
• im mozrdilTa raodenobis gazrda 15%-dan 30%-
mde, romlebic regularulad saSualo xarisxis fizikuri
aqtivobiT arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi, TiTqmis
yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia, Tu ratom girCevT es
programa regularulad
 1112

varjiSs; anu, janmrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba

miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT, rogoricaa velosipediT
siaruli, curva, sirbili da Cqari siarulic ki. es aqtivobebi
iwveven gulisa da respiratoruli sistemis mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlierebas da bevri
sxva sargebelic moaqvT janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor SeiZleba janmrTelobis fsiqologiis codna
daexmaros adamians dadebiTi efeqtebis miRebaSi?
mkvlevrebi swavloben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs
regularul varjiSs da cdiloben gansazRvron is programebi
Tu strategiebi, romlebic yvelaze metad exmarebian
adamianebs, daiwyon da gaagrZelon varjiSi
(Dishman&Buckworth,1997). faqtobrivad, varjiSis
dawyebisTvis mzadyofnas miesadageba igive modeli,
romelic moqmedebs mowevisaTvis Tavis
danebebisaTvis mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi.
(Myers&Roth,1997). gansjis wina etapze
(Precontemlation) adamianTa yuradReba, ZiriTadad,
koncentrirebulia im winaaRmdegobebze, romlebic xels
uSlian varjiSis dawyebas (mag. drois ukmarisoba,
varjiSisas partnioris ararseboba), vidre im sargeblobaze,
romelic moaqvs varjiSs (mag. exmareba relaqsaciaSi,
aumjobesebs garegnobas). rogorc ki individebi, treningis
Semdgom, gansjisa (contemplation) da SenarCunebis
 1113

(maintance), etapebze gadadian, yuradRebis

koncentraciis gadanacvleba xdeba winaaRmdegobidan
sargeblobaze. rogor unda moaxerxoT gansjis wina
(precontemplation) etapis daZleva, Tu Tqven jer kidev
ar varjiSobT regularulad? mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom
adamianebs SeuZliaT iswavlon strategiebi, romlebic
saSualebas miscemT maT, daZlion varjiSis
xelisSemSleli dabrkolebebi (Simkin&Gross,1994).
Tqven SegiZliaT ganixiloT varjiSi zustad iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva situacia, romelic stresis dasaZlevad
moiTxovs Tqvengan kognitur Sefasebas. ecadeT
dagegmoT cxovreba ise, rom varjiSi ganixilebodes,
rogorc jansaRi garToba. Tqven, aseve, unda icodeT,
rom Tqveni kolejis bevr students aqvs `Cavardnebi~
rogorc kvebis, ise, varjiSis TvalsazrisiT: _ rodesac
akademiuri stresis periodebi gaivlis, isini cudi kvebidan
da minimualuri varjiSidan jansaR qcevas ubrundebian
(Griffin et al.,1993). rogor unda CamoayaliboT Tqveni
azrebi ise, rom Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns? scadeT
daexmaroT programas _ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~_
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.

www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~-is veb-gverdis
misamarTia; Tqven SegiZliaT gaecnoT programis 467
konkretul mizans.
mkurnaloba
 1114

mkurnaloba fokusirebulia avadmyofobis daregulirebasa da

gamojanmrTelebaSi adamianis daxmarebaze. Cven ganvixilavT
mkurnalobis sam aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis rols
pacientTa mxardaWeraSi, daemorCilon jandacvis specialistis daniSnul
reJims; Semdeg ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven
adamianebs, zustad gamoiyenon fsiqologiuri teqnikebi sxeulis reaqciebis
gasakontroleblad dabolos ganvixilavT magaliTebs, romlebSic gonebas
SeuZlia mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana sxeulis gankurnebaSi.

pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva

pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba
moicavdes samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi reJimis
periodebs da varjiSebs; aseve, iseT damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa
ganmeorebiTi Semowmeba, sareabilitacio trenini da qimioTerapia.
mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis
dacvis sferoSi (Clark&Becker, 1998). pacientTa daumorCileblobis
xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba aWarbebdes
50%-s. Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im individualuri
gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac zogierTi individi mihyavs
mkurnalobis reJimis morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan viciT
 1115

pacientTa damyoloba hemodializisadmi

mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, ra kavSiri aqvs yuradRebis

makontrolebel stils pacientis damyolobasTan.
avadmyofobisas, zogierTi adamiani gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas aqcevs avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT
individebs uwodeben Zlier makontroleblebs,
romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makontroleblebi
naklebad axdenen yuradRebis fokusirebas
avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa, saSiSad ar
mogeCvenoT _ iyo Zlier makontrolebeli, Tumca,
yuradRebis fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari avadmyofobis
gazviadebulad Sefasebis tendencia. amis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasakmarisi
kontrolis gancda aqvT, ramac mkvlevrebis azriT,
SeiZleba gaarTulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi
damyoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen
pacientebs rogorc yuradRebis makontrolebeli stilis, ise
maT mier aRqmuli kontrolisa da mkurnalobis
reJimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis Sedegebi
Seesabameboda mkvlevarTa mier warmodgenil paterns.
sust makontroleblebTan SedarebiT,
Zlieri makontroleblebi arasakmaris kontrols ganicdidnen sakuTar
avadmyofobaze da, aseve, naklebad eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier
daniSnul mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen et al., 1997).
am kvlevis wakiTxvamde SeiZleba fiqrobdiT, rom is, vinc Zalian
koncentrirebulia sakuTar avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs.
nacvlad amisa, miRebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom avadmyofobaze
 1116

Zalian Zlieri fokusirebiT adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba moeCvenos

ufro uaresad, vidre is sinamdvileSi aris da, amdenad, mkurnalobis
uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas
arTmevs.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis specialistebs SeuZliaT
zomebis miReba pacientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis
gasaumjobeseblad. pacientebi ufro kmayofilebi arian sakuTari
janmrTelobis dacviT, roca sjeraT, rom mkurnalobis efeqturoba
aRemateba maT safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom individi mihyveba
mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali eqimi mas informacias gasagebad
awvdis; rwmundeba, rom pacientma gaigo misi naTqvami, moqmedebs
Tavazianad, avlens mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras. garda amisa,
janmrTelobis specialistebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da socialuri
normebis roli mkurnalobis procesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
CarTon masSi ojaxis wevrebi da megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi, romelic
kritikulad afasebs sakuTari profesiis moZvelebul damokidebulebas
biosamedicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda aswavlon
samedicino daxmarebis gaweva mkurnalobis mizniT (Siegel, 1988).
fsiqologiur kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, pacientis damyolobis ganviTarebis
strategiebi, aseve, gamoiyeneba eqimi-pacientis TanamSromlobis
deficitis
 1117

dasaZlevad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo&Leippe, 1991).

gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi sul ufro xSirad, mkurnaloba,
romelsac unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi, fsiqologiur komponentebs
moicavs. axla ukve bevr mkvlevars miaCnia, rom fsiqologiur strategiebs
SeuZliaT janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba. magaliTad, bevri adamiani stresze
daZabulobiT reagirebs, rac kunTebis daZabvasa da sisxlis wnevis
momatebas iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba datvirTvaze
SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsacia
da bioukukavSiri.
meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi fesvebi aqvs msoflios
mraval kulturaSi. aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze
mimarTavdnen gonebis damSvidebisa da sxeulis daZabulobis moxsnis
xerxebs. dResdReobiT iaponiidan da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis
disciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc
filosofiuri moZRvreba, an saswavlo disciplina) da iogas varjiSebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils warmoadgenen bevri adamianisaTvis
rogorc am qveynebSi, ise, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTSi. sruli relaqsacia
Zliermoqmed antistresul reaqcias warmoadgens. organizmis relaqsaciuri
reaqcia aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis daZabuloba,
Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis
wneva, neldeba sunTqva (Benson&Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996),
 1118

iklebs eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi da mcirdeba garemomcveli samyarodan

centralur nervul sistemaSi Semavali stimulebis raodenoba. agznebadobis
amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba stresidan gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis
Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: _ (1) wynari garemo, (2) daxuWuli
Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli poza da (4) ganmeorebiTi gonebrivi xerxi,
rogoricaa mokle frazis mravaljeradi monotonuri gameoreba. pirveli sami
mdgomareoba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval signals, xolo meoTxe
_ asustebs mis Sinagan stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri aris TviTregulaciis teqnika, romelic gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT, magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontroli, Sublis
kunTebis relaqsacia (wneviT gamowveuli Tavis tkivilisas) da Zlieri
gawiTlebis Semcirebac ki. am teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog nil mileris
(Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, bioukukavSiri aris procedura, romliTac
adamiani igebs, Cveulebriv, sust, an Sinagan reaqciebs mkafio garegani
signalebis mowodebiT. pacients SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~
sakuTari sxeulis reaqciebi, romelTa monitoringi da gaZliereba saTanado
xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva
intensivobis sinaTlis an bgeriT signalebad gardaqmnian; amis Semdeg
pacientis amocanas warmoadgens garegani signalebis donis kontroli.
ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris gamoyenebis erT-erTi magaliTi. odesme
SegimCneviaT, rom, rodesac modunebuli xarT, xelebi Tbili gaqvT, xolo
 1119

rodesac SfoTavT, xelebi gicivdebaT? faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura

imis niSania, rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis qveS aris. bioukukavSiris
sesiaze kvlevis monawileebs eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis mtevnisa da
TiTebis temperaturis Sesaxeb da sTxoven, scadon misi gazrda.
magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi monawileebs SeeZloT, daenaxaT TavianTi
TiTebis temperaturis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris kursis
Semdeg maT SeeZloT

TiTis saSualo temperaturis gazrda 79,8°F -dan 87.4°F-mde

(Roberts&McGrady, 1996). ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom kanis
gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris trenings SeuZlia ganapirobos
sisxlis wnevis uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996). mkvlevrebi zustad
ver gansazRvraven im fiziologiur meqanizms, romlis saSualebiTac kanis
temperaturis bioukukavSiris treningi amcirebs sisxlis wnevas. isini,
aseve, ganagrZoben imis kvlevas, Tu ratom moqmedebs treningi zogierT
individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998; Roberts&McGrady, 1996).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu maRali wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur
mkurnalobasTan erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac SegiZliaT.

relaqsaciuri reaqcia aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis

daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba (cortical activity), guliscema da
sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
 1120

bioukukavSiri aris TviTregulaciis teqnika, romlis drosac individi

aracnobieri biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols axorcielebs.

fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena janmrTelobaze (Health outcomes)

ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs _ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _

seriozul daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTelobis
fsiqologiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven.
ganvixiloT klasikuri kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad SeuZlia
fsiqologiur procesebs kibos mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi daavadebul
adamianTa sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metastazebis mqone 86
pacients tradiciuli mkurnaloba utardeboda, xolo 50
aseTive avadmyofisagan Semdgari eqsperimentuli
qvejgufi, tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad, erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi monawileobda yovelkvireul
mxardamWer Terapiul jgufSi. es pacientebi
ikribebodnen sakuTar gamocdilebaze samsjelad kibos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis daZlevasTan dakavSirebiT da
hqondaT SesaZlebloba keTilganwyobil garemoSi
daufaravad gamoemJRavnebinaT sakuTari SiSebi da
sxva Zlieri emociebi.
marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi Sexvedrisas, mTeli
SerCevidan mxolod sami iyo cocxali, mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
dadasturda sicocxlis xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT im pacientebs Soris,
romlebic damatebiT gadiodnen fsiqologiur mkurnalobas da romlebic
 1121

mxolod samedicino daxmarebas iRebdnen. jgufur TerapiaSi monawile

pacientTa sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve iyo, sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebisaTvis ki _ 18.9 Tve. kargad kontrolirebuli kvlevis es Sedegebi
gviCvenebs, rom fsiqologiurma mkurnalobam SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos daavadebis mimdinareobasa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze
(Spiegel et al., 1989).

am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxardamWeri jgufebis

garemos kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba
SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999). mniSvnelovani dakvirveba am
SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom mkurnalobis fsiqologiuri da biologiuri
midgomebi erTad unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia, rom samedicino mkurnaloba, tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad,
fsiqologiur daxmarebasac unda gulisxmobdes.
dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT
Tu ara odesme imdenad samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis
gagimxeliaT? Tu es asea, Turme am saidumloze saubars SeuZlia
sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesos Tqveni janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris
daskvna janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims penebakeris (James Pennebaker,
1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxovani kvlevebidan. penebakerma
aCvena, rom pirovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da samarcxvino,
 1122

an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvev gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli

gandevnili azrebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs adamianis
fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze. amgvari Sekaveba fsiqologiurad
mZime gadasamuSavebelia da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs sxeulis
Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios avadmyofobas. sxva
adamianebisadmi ndoba aneitralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts. Tavis
nebaze miSvebis dancdas Tan sdevs fizikuri da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis
gaumjobeseba kvirebis da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri
gantvirTvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone adamianTa
mdgomareobaze.

saidan viciT
emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi gavlena janmrTelobaze
kvlevaSi monawileobda revmatiuli arTritiT daavadebuli 72 adamiani. es
daavadeba iwvevs periferiuli saxsrebis qronikul anTebas, romelsac Tan
axlavs tkivili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom
emociuri gantvirTvis (emotional disclosure) seansebs SeiZleba xeli
Seewyo am daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis SemcirebisTvis da,
aqedan gamomdinare, yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi problemis
SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis naxevari miakuTvnes gantvirTvis jgufs
(disclosure group); isini yoveldRe oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi 15 wT.
magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar, stresul movlenebTan dakavSirebul
 1123

yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo jgufi zustad igive dros andomebda

neitraluri davalebis Sesrulebas _ mravalferovani peizaJis aRweras. erTi
SexedviT, gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebi odnav uaresad grZnobdnen Tavs
_ davalebam mravali uaryofiTi emocia aRZra. Tumca, mkurnalobidan
sami Tvis Semdeg, gantvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad, ufro nakleb
fizikur disfunqcias ganicdidnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad siarulSi
da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).
gantvirTvis jgufis (disclosure group) pacientebisaTvis SedarebiT
martivma moqmedebam grZnobebis gamosamJRavneblad, ganmartoebiT,
magnitofonTan, odnav gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.

`profesiuli gamofitva~ da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema janmrTelobis

fsiqologiis bolo amocanas warmoadgens rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba,
romlebic exeba janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas. mkvlevrebma,
magaliTad Seiswavles janmrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebuli stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze energiul
TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli,
fizikuri da socialuri problemebis mqone uamrav adamianTan intensiurad
muSaobis Sedegad. emociuri stresis gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac
ganicdian janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis muSakebi, kristina maslaxma
 1124

(Christina Maslach), am farTod gavrcelebuli problemis wamyvanma

mkvlevarma, uwoda gamofitva. profesiuli gamofitva warmoadgens
sindroms, romelic gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da
pirovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, rasac xSirad ganicdian im profesiis
warmomadgenlebi, romelTac moeTxovebaT Zalze intensiuri urTierToba
pacientebTan, klientebTan, an sazogadoebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi
TandaTanobiT kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da
TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT SeiZleba sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer,
arahumanuradac ki moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs cudad grZnoben da
ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva ukavSirdeba samsaxuris
xSir gacdenasa da kadrebis denadobas, samuSaos Sesrulebis gauaresebas,
cud urTierTobebs TanamSromlebTan, problemebs ojaxSi da
janmrTelobis cud mdgomareobas (Leiter&Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982;
Maslach&Hlorian, 1988; Schaufeli et al., 1993). dRes muSa-
mosamsaxureTa Soris `gamofitvis~ sindromma arnaxul dones
miaRwia, rac organizaciuli Semcirebis, samuSaos restruqturizaciisa da
fuladi mogebisadmi, da ara TanamSromelTa motivaciisa da
erTgulebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli dainteresebis Sedegia. amdenad,
`gamofitva~ mxolod muSa-mosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze
mzrunvelTa problema ar aris, is, aseve, miuTiTebs organizaciul
gaumarTavobaze, rac organizaciuli miznebis, Rirebulebebis, samuSaos
 1125

moculobis da waxalisebis struqturis gadasinjvas moiTxovs

(Leiter&Maslach, 2000; Maslach&Leiter, 1997).
profesiuli gamofitva _ sindromi, gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas,
depersonalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad
ganicdian isini, romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamofitvis gamovlenasa da
xarisxze
moqmedebs mTeli rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa, romlebic
arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac
(Leiter&Maslach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqim-pacientis
urTierTobis xarisxze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul
pacientTa raodenoba; rac ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba, miT metia
kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze
moqmedi kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan uSualo kontaqtis odenoba.
pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo kontaqtSi muSaobis xangrZlivoba
dakavSirebulia gamofitvis siZlieresTan. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da damTrgunvelia, mag., kontaqti
momakvdav pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxangrZlivebuli
kontaqtebiT gamowveuli emociuri daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi
saSualebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu, eqimebs SeuZliaT, ise Secvalon
TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom droebiT ganeridon amgvar stresul
situaciebs. maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri daxmareba
arCion; SeuZliaT yvela Sansis gamoyeneba, gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis
pozitiuri ukukavSiris misaRebad.
fsiqologia Cqvens cxovrebaSi
axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze
 1126

SegxvedriaT warmatebaze orientirebuli adamiani, romelic arafrad

agdebs dabrkolebebs? misi klaselebis umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom gulis
Seteva mas 20 wlamde daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirovnebas? rogorc
iciT, zogi adamiani savse cxovrebiT cxovrobs, sxvebi ufro dune temps
irCeven. SeiZleba dagainteresoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebs
individualuri gansxvavebebi janmrTelobaze.
erTmniSvnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi am kiTxvaze dadebiTia.
ganvixiloT ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier fridmani (Meyer Friedman) da rei rouzmeni
(Ray Rosenman) miuTiTebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi jer kidev
antikuri xanidan varaudobdnen: _ arsebobs kavSiri pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis erTobliobasa da avad gaxdomis
SesaZleblobas, gansakuTrebiT, gulis koronarul daavadebebs Soris
(Friedman&Rosenman, 1974). am mkvlevrebma daadgines ori qceviTi
paterni, romlebsac tipi A da tipi B uwodes.
A tipis qceviTi paterni aris qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
gulisxmobs ukidures metoqeobas, agresiulobas, mouTmenlobas,
sulswrafobasa da mtrul ganwyobas. A tipis adamianebi xSirad
ukmayofiloni arian sakuTari cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxareebiT, arian
uaRresad konkurenciulni da ambiciurni da, ZiriTadad, martoxelebi; B
tipis qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi is, rac ar aris A tipi, anu am tipis
individebi arian naklebad mtrulad ganwyobilni, ar uyvarT konkurencia da
a.S. fridmani da rosenmani amtkicebdnen, rom adamianebs, romlebic
 1127

amJRavneben A tipis qceviT paterns, sxvebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro

xSirad awuxebT gulis daavadebebi (Friedman&Rosenman, 1974;
Jenkins,1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba individebs, romlebic
xasiaTdebian A tipis qceviTi paterniT. gamokvlevebis mixedviT
aRmoCnda, rom A tipis qceva gulis daavadebebTan erTad bevr sxva
Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa dakavSirebuli
(Suls&Marco,1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad kvlevebi A tipis
qceviTi paternis im specifikuri elementebis gamovlenazea fokusirebuli,
romlebic yvelaze xSirad ayeneben adamianebs safrTxis winaSe. pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebidan yvelaze meti `toqsikurobiT~ gamoirCeva mtruli
ganwyoba (hostility)(Carmelli&Swan,
1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000; Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam
SeiZleba janmrTelobaze zemoqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc fiziologiurad _
iwvevs ra sxeulis stresuli reaqciebis qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise
fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra mtrulad ganwyobil adamianebSi janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gauaresebas da socialuri mxrdaWerisagan Tavis aridebas.
sasixaruloa is faqti, rom bihevioraluri Terapia A tipis qceviTi paternis
Sesasusteblad, umravles SemTxvevaSi
 1128

warmatebuli iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen&Powell,1992). Tu

sakuTar TavSi mtrul ganwyobas aRmoaCenT, sakuTari janmrTelobis
dasacavad am tipis Carevas unda mimarToT.
zemoaRniSnuli tipi A da misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B mkvlevrebma
Seqmnes qcevasa da gulis koronarul daavadebebs Soris kavSiris
asaxsnelad. cota xnis win mkvlevrebma miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C tipis
qcevaTa paterni, saSualebas mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel
individebs aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan ufro
swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba
(Eysenck,1994; Temoshok&Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi gulisxmobs iseTi
Tvisebebis arsebobas, rogorebicaa: _ gulisxmiereba, simtkice, an
sakuTari Tavis msxverplad gaReba, TanamSromloba da sxvaTa gulis
mogeba, moridebuloba, moTmineba, avtoritetebisadmi morCileba da
uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT, sibrazis, argamomJRavneba
(Temoshok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT paterns ar Seesatyviseba
`mebrZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos kibos, an sxva
romelime seriozuli avadmyofobis mimdinareobis Senelebas. `mebrZoli
sulis~ zemoqmedeba mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines SidsiT daavadebul
pacientebTan (Reed et al., 1994). individebi, romlebic sakuTari sikvdilis
 1129

gardauvalobas ar eguebodnen, ufro met xans cocxlobdnen, vidre isini,

vinc beds Seegua.
zogadad, C tipis individebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pasiuri miReba~
avadmyofobisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar aris. davubrundeT optimizmis
cnebas, romelic me-12 TavSi ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom optimistebi
warumateblobas miaweren garegan mizezebs da arastabilur cvalebad
movlenebs (Seligman, 1991). daZlevis (coping) es stili Zlier gavlenas
axdens optimistTa keTildReobaze.
mkvlevrebma daamtkices optimizmis gavlena imunuri sistemis
moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist adamianebs avadmyofobis naklebi
fizikuri simptomebi aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben garkveuli
avadmyofobebisagan gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad ufro janmrTelebi arian
da ufro metxans
cxovroben (Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi samomavlo perspeqtivebi (a
positive outlook) dagexmarebaT sxeulze qronikuli stresis zemoqmedebis
SemcirebaSi da gazrdis sasargeblo qcevebis ganxorcialebis albaTobas.
rCevebi janmrTelobisaTvis dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad
stresis, an avadmyofobis molodinisa da Semdeg masze reagirebisa,
dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT cxovreba ise, rom janmrTelobisaTvis
mtkice safuZveli SeqmnaT. cxra safexuri meti bednierebisa da ukeTesi
fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad marToT
sakuTari cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqologiuri garemo rogorc
TqvenTvis, ise sxvebisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT, rogorc
wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli programa:
 1130

• A tipis qceviTi paterni _ qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic

moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs, agresias, mouTmenlobasa
da mtrul damokidebulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis koronarul
daavadebaTa risks.

• B tipis qceviTi paterni _AA tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT,

qcevisa da emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad agresiuli da
naklebad mtruli paterni.

• C tipis qceviTi paterni _ qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs aqvT kiboTi
daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es
avadmyofoba. es qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da
TavSewirvas.

1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis

mizezebi iseT faqtorebSi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia momavali
moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan da sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod
konstruqciuli kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes gansxvavebulad sxva dros
sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
2. SeadareT sakuTari reaqciebi, azrebi da grZnobebi Tqveni
megobrebis, TanamSromlebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT
 1131

sakuTari adeqvaturoba da pasuxebis relevanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri

normebis mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac gauziarebT sakuTar
grZnobebs, sixaruls da mwuxarebas. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris
qselTa SenarCunebasa da gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT balansirebuli droiTi gancda, rac gagiadvilebT moqnilad
moaxdinoT koncentracia moTxovnebze, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba,
situacia da sakuTari Tavi. iyaviT orientirebuli momavalze, rodesac
raRacis gakeTebaa saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli awmyoze, rodesac mizani
miRweulia da siamovnebis miRebis droa da warsulze orientirebuli
imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT Tqvens fesvebs;
5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da warmatebebisTvis (da
gauziareT Tqveni dadebiTi grZnobebi sxvebs). aRricxuli gqondeT yvela
is Tviseba, romelic erTaderTad da ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic
SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. magaliTad, morcxvma adamianma
SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri gauwios molaparakes, Tu misi yuradRebiani
msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT Tqveni pirovnuli siZlieris
wyaro da Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSualebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols kargavT, ganerideT
situacias fizikuri wasvliT; sakuTari Tavi sxvis adgilas warmoidgineT
konfliqtur situaciaSi. amJamad gadaulaxavi problemebis gadaWris gzebis
 1132

aRmosaCenad warmosaxva momavlisaken mimarTeT, an esaubreT

gulisxmier mosaubres. mieciT
Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT, zogjer warumatebloba da imedgacrueba gicavT kidec
siyalbisagan. SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi sazianoa
TqvenTvis, an SeiZleba dagifaron momavali dacemisagan. iswavleT
Secdomebze. miiReT warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi Secdoma~
da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an
imedis gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis, Secvlis mSvenieri
SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar Tavs, an sxvas sulier
tanjvasTan gamklavebaSi, mimarTeT kvalificiuri specialistis rCevas.
zogjer fsiqologiurad miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba fizikuri
iyos da piriqiT;
9. danergeT jansaRi gasarTobebi. gamoyaviT dro dasvenebisaTvis,
meditaciisaTvis, masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis, hobis iseTi
aqtivobebisaTvis, romlebic SegiZliaT akeToT martom da romelTa
saSualebiTac SegiZliaT ukeT CawvdeT da daafasoT sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul stresorebs cud gunebaze
dayeneba SeuZliaT, imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gadafasebis
gamoyenebas maTi zemoqmedebis Semcirebis mizniT. Tu avad xarT,
 1133

imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT fsiqikis unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis

daCqarebis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT am gansxvavebul
`grZnobaTa~ Zala, raTa akontroloT sakuTari cxovreba. gamoiyeneT es
Zala.
Sejameba aradasavlur kulturebSi gonebaze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
gamoyenebis xangrZlivi tradicia arsebobs. janmrTelobis biofsiqosocialur
modelSi asaxulia samive komponentis _ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da
socialuris _ wvlili janmrTelobaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi iseTi
fsiqologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs
daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon arajansaR qcevebs, magaliTad, Tambaqos
mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve, ganaviTares SidsTan brZolis qceviTi
cvlilebebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi janmrTelobis
fsiqologiis midgoma gulisxmobs imis analizs, Tu ratom
eqvemdebarebian, an ar eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis
reJims. kvlevebiT, aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi, romliTac
SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba sxeulze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad.
janmrTelobis dacvis samsaxuri (health care situations) iseTi unda iyos,
rom eqimebma SeZlon, Tavi aaridon `gamofitvas~ da darCnen sakuTari
saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi emocia

 1134

• emocia aris cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni, romelic moicavs fiziologiur

agznebas, kognitur Sefasebas da qceviT da eqspresiul reaqciebs.
• rogorc evoluciis Sedegi, bazisuri emociuri reaqciebi yvela
adamianisTvis saerToa.
• sxvadasxva kulturebs emociebis gamoxatvis marTebulobis
gansxvavebuli standartebi aqvT.
• klasikuri Teoriebi emociuri pasuxis iseT aspeqtze amaxvileben
yuradRebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, periferiuli sxeulebrivi reaqciebi, an
centraluri nervuli sistemis procesebi.
• SedarebiT Tanamedrove Teoriebi xazs usvamen agznebis Sefasebas.
• emociebi asruleben motivaciur, socialur da kognitur funqciebs.
cxovrebiseuli stresi
• stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma
movlenebma. stresTa umravlesobis safuZvelia cvlileba da garemos
biologiur, fizikur da socialur moTxovnebTan adaptaciis saWiroeba.
• fiziologiuri reaqciebi stresze regulirdeba hipoTalamusis,
hormonaluri da nervuli sistemebis rTuli urTierTqmedebiT.
• stresoris tipisa da droSi misi moqmedebis mixedviT, stresma,
SesaZloa, gamoiwvios msubuqi aSliloba, an seriozuli problemebi
Seuqmnas janmrTelobas.
 1135

• kognituri Sefaseba stresis ZiriTadi moderatori (Semasustebeli)

cvladia.
• daZlevis strategiebi an problemaze fokusirdebian (uSualo
moqmedebebiT) an emociis daregulirebas cdiloben (arapidapiri gziT, an
Tavis aridebiT).
• stresTan gasamklaveblad SeiZleba kognituri gadafasebisa da
gadastruqturebis gamoyeneba.
• socialuri mxardaWera, aseve, stresis mniSvnelovani Semasustebelia
manam, sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
• janmrTelobis fsiqologia avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa da prevencias
eZRvneba.
• janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis biofsiqosocialuri modeli adgens
kavSirebs avadmyofobis fizikur, emociur da garemo faqtorebs Soris.
• avadmyofobis prevencia XXI saukuneSi mimarTulia cxovrebis
wesis ganmsazRvrel iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: _ moweva, kveba,
varjiSi da Sidsis Seyris safrTxe.
• avadmyofobis fsiqosocialuri mkurnaloba pacientis mkurnalobas sxva
ganzomilebas amatebs.
 1136

• individebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian, rogorc tipi A, tipi B da tipi C,

optimisturi qceviTi paterniT avadmyofobis albaTobas gansxvavebulad
ganicdian.
• janmrTelobis dacvis TanamSromlebi gamofitvis riskis qveS
imyofebian, rac SeiZleba Semcirdes maT mxardamWer garemoSi
saTanado situaciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebiT.

suraTebi
gv.405
samsaxurSi Tu TamaSis dros, individebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
ZiriTadad stresul garemos awydebian. Tqveni cxovrebis ra situaciebi
migaCniaT yvelaze ufro stresulad?
gv.408 ra aris qronikuli stresis fiziologiuri Sedegebi?
gv.413
detroitis moqalaqeebi, romlebic safosto dawesebulebisagan xmaurianad
iTxoven samuSao ganacxadebis darigebas, savaraudod, unda ganicdidnen
stress, romelic qronikuli umuSevrobiT da arasruli dasaqmebiT aris
gamowveuli. ra Sedegebs unda velodeT maTi fizikuri da sulieri
janmrTelobisaTvis.

gv. 416
 1137

rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom im pirTan pirdapiri saubari, romelic

problemis mizezia da gancxadeba, Tu risi gakeTebaa saWiro mis
gadasaWrelad, stresis Semcirebis efeqturi saSualeba iyos?

ZiriTadi cnebebi mind -goneba

Traditional health practices-janmrTelobis tradiciuli praqtika.
Communal health-sazogadoebis janmrTeloba
Communal healing- sazogadoebis mxridan Catarebuli mkurnaloba
Health psychologist - janmrTelobis fsiqologi biomedical model-
biosamedicino modeli health behavior- janmrTelobaze mimarTuli
qceva
Health promotion - janmrTelobis xelSewyoba
Public health-sazogadoebrivi jandacva
Precontemlation stage-gansjis, ganxilvis wina periodi
Contemplation stage-gansja, ganxilva
"Cool"-"uncool"-sakaifo/magari-arasakaifo
Healthy action- janmrTelobisken warmarTuli moqmedeba, janmrTeli
qmedeba
Psychological needs- fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi Drug behavior-
wamlebis moxmarebis qceva
health care profesional- janmrTelobis dacvis specialisti
patient adherence- pacientis daqvemdebareba
 1138

Well -being- kargad yofna Tension response- daZabuli reaqcia

biofeedback-bioukukavSiri
Relaxation response-relaqsaciuri reaqcia
Cortical activity- Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba
Mental device- gonebrivi sqema, triuki
Health outcomes - janmrTelobis Sedegebi
Emotional disclosure- emociuri gantvirTva
Disclosure group- emociuri gantvirTvis jgufi
Job burnout-samuSaoTi gamowveuli gadawva, gamofitva
Health care system- janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
Health care provider-jan.dacvis muSaki
Mental health-mentaluri janmrTeloba
Cognitive reappraisal-kognituri gadafaseba
Health care situatuations- jandacvis sferoebi Emotional response-
emociuri reaqcia peripherial bodily reactions-periferiuli sxeulebrivi
reaqciebi
Appraisal of arousal agznebis Sefaseba
Stress of living-cxovrebiseuli stresi
Psysiological stress reactions-stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebi
Cognitive reappraisal- kognituri gadafaseba
Constalation of personal traits-pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis kompleqsi
Behavior pattern- qceviTi paterni behavioral treatment-qceviTi Terapia
 1139

Coping - daZleva
Measures of distress- distresis sazomi
Stress inoculation-stresis sawinaaRmdego inokulaciis (acris) treningi
Social intecaction- socialuri interaqcia
Monitoring attentional style-yuradRebis saSualebiT avadmyofobis
monotoringis stili
High monitors/low monitors- Zlieri/susti makontroleblebi
Supportive group therapy-mxardamWeri jgufuri Terapia
Disclosure group-gantvirTvis jgufi

Tavi 14. pirovneba

• pirovnebis tipisa da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi

tipebiT kategorizacia
niSnebiT aRwera
niSnebi da memkvidreoba
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?
pirovnebis tipisa da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
• fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi: ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?
• fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidiseuli fsiqoanalizi
 1140

froidis Teoriis Sefaseba

post-froidistuli Teoriebi
• humanisturi Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebis maxasiaTeblebi
humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba
• socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqturi Teoria
banduras kognituri socialuri daswavlis Teoria
kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
• me-s (self-is) Teoriebi
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri aspeqtebi
TviTpativiscema da TviTprezentacia
me-s kulturaluri konstruqcia
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: me internetSi
• pirovnebis TeoriaTa Sedareba
• pirovnebis Sefaseba
obieqturi testebi proeqciuli testebi
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
 1141

gainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqnebiT Tu ara? Tqven rom frenologiis _

me-19-e saukunis Teoriis _ mimdevari iyoT, nebismieri, visac
SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im Teoriis mixedviT, romelsac frenologia
eyrdnoboda, tvinis Zlierad ganviTarebuli organoebi awvebian Signidan
Tavis qalas da qmnian amozneqilobebs. tvinis yovel organos
ukavSirdeboda iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa mSobluri
siyvaruli, megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoebTan asocirebuli
kopis zomis SefasebiT adamiani dauyovnebliv Seityobda sakmaod bevrs
sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT mocemulia
mSobluri siyvarulis gamovlinebis aRwera wignidan “rogor amovikiTxoT
xasiaTi: frenologiisa da fiziognomiis axali ilustrirebuli saxelmZRvanelo”,
saavtoro uflebebi daculia samuel uelsis mier, 1869 weli:

mSobluri siyvarulis anu filoprogenitivobis organo moTavsebulia

naTxemis Sua nawilis zemoT (2. naxati 23), da kefis gamozneqilobidan
daaxloebiT erTi duimiT zemoT (gv. 42).

ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis qalaze? rogoria is dedofali

viqtoriisa an a. jonsonis gamozneqilobasTan SedarebiT, romlebic
naCvenebia naxatze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis qalebTan
SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs zemoT dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze,
 1142

Tu rogori mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven, Tqveni mSobluri siyvarulis organos

zomaze dayrdnobiT:
Zalian didi – Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa da Sinauri cxovelebis
mimarT Rrmaa. rogorc mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens
STamomavlobas da, SesaZlebelia, gaaTamamoT kidec is ganebivrebiTa
da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad mbrZaneblobis uflebis
micemiT. Tu Tqven Svilebi gyavT, mudmiv SfoTvas ganicdiT maTTan
dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac isini Tqven gverdiT ar arian, xolo
erT-erTi maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma iqneboda
TqvenTvis.
didi – Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT Tqveni Svilebi, bevri
gaakeToT da gawiroT maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT
gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da, zogadad, ar igrZnobT Svilebis Tu Sinauri
cxovelebis mimarT Zalian Zlier mizidulobas.

saSualo zomis – Tqven xarT sakmaod indiferentuli Tqveni sakuTari

Svilebis mimarTac ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela sxva
adamianis mimarT; cotas atana SegiZliaT maTgan da ar gaqvT miznad
maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven ar gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi.
 1143

mcire zomis – Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT civi da indiferentuli

sakuTari Svilebis mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipaTia yvela sxvisi
Svilis mimarT. (gv.
160-161)
Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, Tu ratom unda iyos kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalas
formasa da mSobluri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexardebaT imis
gageba, rom frenologia savsebiT diskreditirebul iqna. Tumca, is impulsi,
rasac frenologia eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod Zlieria:
fsiqologebi eZeben martiv, magram efeqtur gzebs adamianTa
kategorizaciisaTvis; maT surT, rom am kategorizaciebma imis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu rogori reaqcia eqnebaT da
rogor moiqcevian es adamianebi mraval sxvadasxva situaciaSi. es aris
pirovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani – gansazRvron adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebi, rac maTi cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebebis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan Tqven, albaT, ukve Zlieri
intuicia gaqvT ganviTarebuli imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor
funqcionirebs pirovneba. rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria? gaixseneT
vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT. axla, gaixseneT vinme, visac Tqven
piradad icnobT da is TqvenTvis misabaZi magaliTia. warmoidgineT im
adamianis Tvisebebi, visTan erTadac mTeli darCenili sicocxlis gatarebas
 1144

isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac ver itanT. TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi, pirveli, rac dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, aris iseTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa patiosneba, sandooba, keTilSobileba,
agresiuloba, uxasiaToba an pesimizmi. jer kidev bavSvobaSi Tqven,
albaT, SeimuSaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar sistemas.
cdilobdiT, gangesazRvraT, vin iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu
mteri; SeimuSavebdiT mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan gamklavebis
teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi pirovnebas mravalnairad gansazRvraven, magram yvela
gansazRvrebisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi cneba: unikaloba da qcevis
maxasiaTebeli paternebi. Cven ganvsazRvravT pirovnebas, rogorc
unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic gansxvavebul
situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros gavlenas axdens individis qcevis
damaxasiaTebel paternebze. pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen
hipoTetur debulebebs individualuri pirovnebebis struqturisa da
funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. isini gvexmarebian fsiqologiis miznebidan ori
mTavari amocanis gadaWraSi: (1) pirovnebis struqturis, warmoSobisa da
pirovnebasTan kavSirSi myofi movlenebis gageba da (2) qcevisa da
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyveleba imaze dayrdnobiT, rac
viciT pirovnebis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebuli Teoriebi gansxvavebul
winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben da
rogor eguebian adamianebi konkretul pirobebs.
 1145

• pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi,

romlebic gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise
faruli) paternebis speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi da droTa
ganmavlobaSi.
sanam SevudgebodeT zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis ganxilvas,
unda davsvaT kiTxva: ratom arsebobs amdeni gansxvavebuli (xSirad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego) Teoria? pirovnebis mimarT midgomebSi
Teoretikosebi gansxvavdebian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa
wyaroebis mixedviT, aseve, imiT, Tu rogor cdiloben gansxvavebuli saxis
fenomenebis axsnas. zogi dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis
struqturiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor ganviTarda es pirovneba da rogor
gaagrZelebs igi zrdas. zogs ainteresebs, ras akeTeben adamianebi,
specifikuri qcevebisa Tu mniSvnelovani cxovrebis movlenebis mxriv
maSin, rodesac sxvebi swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi
Tavis cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT. da bolos, zogi Teoria cdilobs, axsnas
fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis pirovneba, sxvebi ki
yuradRebas amaxvileben janmrTel individebze. ase rom, yovel Teorias
SeuZlia, raime gvaswavlos pirovnebis Sesaxeb. erTad ki maT SeuZliaT,
bevri ram mogviTxron adamianis bunebaze.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT zogadi midgoma, Tu
rogor unda gesmodeT pirovnebasTan Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.
 1146

Tumca, sanam daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg kiTxvebs: Tqveni

pirovnebis rogor portrets Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom
SeeswavleT? romel adreul gamocdilebas gamoyofdnen isini, rogorc
Tqven dRevandel qcevasa da azrovnebaSi wvlilis Semtans? Tqveni
awmyo cxovrebis romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqven azrebsa
da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris,
romlebic imave situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi
dagexmarebaT am SekiTxvebze ufro zusti pasuxebis formulirebaSi.
Semdgom ramdenime TavSi Cven ganvixilavT pirovnebisadmi Teoriul
midgomebs: tipisa da niSnis, fsiqodinamikurs, humanisturs, socialuri
daswavlis, kognitursa da me-s (self-is) analizs. Tavs davasrulebT zogierTi
im Sefasebis teqnikis aRweriT, romlebsac fsiqologebi iyeneben
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRwerisaTvis.

tipisa da niSnis pirovnebis Teoriebi

ori yvelaze Zveli mcdeloba pirovnebis aRwerisa aris adamianebis
klasificireba calkeuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im xarisxis
gazomva, ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT.
rogorc Cans, adamianebs aqvT bunebrivi tendencia, miakuTvnon
sakuTari da sxvebis qceva sxvadasxva kategoriebs. modiT, ganvixiloT
formaluri Teoriebi, romlebic fsiqologebma Seqmnes tipebsa da niSnebs
Soris am gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis.
 1147

tipebis mixedviT kategorizacia

Cven yovelTvis vaxdenT adamianebis kategorizacias ganmasxvavebeli
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. esenia kolejis klasi, akademiuri specializacia,
sqesi da rasa. zogi pirovnebis Teoretikosi, aseve, ajgufebs adamianebs
gansxvavebul, araurTierTgadamfarav kategoriebad, romlebsac pirovnebis
tipebi ewodeba. pirovnebis tipebi “sul an araferi” fenomenebia da ar
gamoixateba ama Tu im xarisxiT: Tu adamiani erT tips miekuTvneba, is
SeuZlebelia miekuTvnebodes nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi. bevr
adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis gamoyeneba yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi, radgan isini gviadvileben sxva adamianebis Secnobis rTul
process.

• pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis

calkeuli paternebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis
kategoriebisadmi mikuTvnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed
Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis gansasxvaveblad
ixmareba.

erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria Cvens welTaRricxvamde

mexuTe saukunes ekuTvnis. misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi,
romelmac medicinas hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx ZiriTad siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac
 1148

TiToeuli asocirebulia garkveul temperamentTan, emociebisa da qcevis

paternTan. individis pirovneba damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli humori
Warbobs mis sxeulSi. hipokratem daawyvila sxeulis humorebi pirovnebis
temperamentebTan Semdegi sqemis mixedviT:
• sisxli. sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaruli da aqtiuri.
• flegma. flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri da modunebuli.
• Savi naRveli. melanqoliuri temperamenti: naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli.
• yviTeli naRveli. qolerikuli temperamenti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates Teoriis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sjerodaT, Sua
saukuneebis CaTvliT, Tumca, man ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis
moTxovnebs. (miuxedavad amisa, Cven vnaxavT hipokrates
temperamentebis Tanamedrove gamoZaxils hans aizenkis niSnis
TeoriaSi, ix. gv. ??)
Cven droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon, 1942) Seqmna tipis
Teoria, romelic sxeulis agebulebas ukavSirebda temperaments; Teoria,
romelic jer kidev popularulia da aisaxeba popularul sainformacio
saSualebebSi. man adamianebi dayo sam kategoriad maTi sxeulebrivi
agebulebis mixedviT: endomorfuli (msuqani, rbili, mrgvali), mezomorfuli
(kunTiani, oTxkuTxedi, Zlieri) da eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti).
Seldonis azriT, endomorfebi arian relaqsirebuli, socialurni da uyvarT
Wama. mezomorfebi arian sxeulebrivad ganviTarebuli adamianebi,
 1149

aRsavse energiiT, gambedaobiT da axasiaTebT asertiuli27 tendenciebi.

eqtomorfebi arian gonebrivad ganviTarebuli, artistuli da introverti
adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia fiqri cxovrebis Sesaxeb,
vidre cxovrebiT sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba. garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom
gadaRebul iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis msgavsi kolejebis
aTasobiT studentis SiSveli “pozis” fotoebi, raTa mkvlevarebs
SesaZlebloba hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxovrebiseul
faqtorebs Soris kavSiri. Tumca, hipokrates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis
msgavsad, Seldonis sxeulis tipebis Teoriac Zalian dabali Rirebulebis
aRmoCnda individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler,
1965).
ufro mogvianebiT, frenk saloueim (Frank Sulloway, 1996)
SemogvTavaza Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria, damyarebuli dabadebis
rigze. Tqven pirveli (an erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqven ojaxSi Tu
mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad, ramdenadac dabadebis rigis
mixedviT adamians mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba hqondes, saloueis
Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis kriteriumebs. (uCveulo ojaxuri
kombinaciebis mqone adamianebisaTvis – magaliTad, rodesac or bavSvs
Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi sxvaobaa – salouei mainc gvawvdis
individebis kategorizaciis gzebs.) dabadebis rigze damyarebul
 1150

winaswarmetyvelebebSi salouei efuZneba darvinis ideas, rom

organizmebi xdebian gansxvavebulni, raTa ipovon is niSa, romelic maT
gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis mixedviT, pirvelad
dabadebulebs ukve gamzadebuli niSa aqvT: maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdiloben am sawyisi
mocemulobis SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identifikaciisa da maTdami
damorCilebis gziT. amis sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs
sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis moZebna – iseTis, sadac isini ase
gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian Tavisi mSoblebis magaliTs. amis Sedegad,
mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs, rogorc “ajanyebisaTvis
dabadebulebs”: “isini cdiloben, warmatebas miaRwion iseT sferoebSi,
sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ar aqvT ukve mopovebuli upiratesoba. gvian
dabadebulebi tipiurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi –
gamosadeg strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs cxovrebaSi axali da
warmatebuli niSis povna.” (gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis
Sesamowmeblad, rom gvian dabadebulni siaxleebs miesalmebian, maSin
rodesac pirvelebi status-qvos amjobineben, saloueim Seiswavla
mecnieruli, istoriuli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg ki gansazRvra im
mravali istoriuli da Tanamedrove figuris dabadebis rigi,

27
assertive – dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli
 1151

vinc mxars uWerda Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1 suraTze

naCvenebia, Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23
liberalur Teorias pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli mecnierebi. rogorc
xedavT, yvela zomis ojaxis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian
dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen mxars inovaciur Teorias, vidre pirvelad
dabadebulni. gyavT Tu ara Zmebi da debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT
aseTi magaliTi Tqven sakuTar ojaxSi? suraTi 14.1. dabadebis rigi da
mecnieruli inovaciebis mxardaWera
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
dediserTebi'

pirvelad dabadebulni gvian dabadebulni

frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri mecnieruli Teoria da

gansazRvra 1218 mecnieris dabadebis rigi, romlebmac miiRes an uaryves
es Teoriebi. nebismieri zomis ojaxisaTvis, gvian dabadebulni ufro
iRebdnen inovaciur Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni.
icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvnebdiT garkveul “tips”?
moicavs Tu ara “tipi” yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis Sesaxeb?
 1152

xSirad tipis Teoriebi TiTqos ar moicaven adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro

faqiz aspeqtebs. modiT, axla gavecnoT Teoriebs, romlebic ufro meti
moqnilobis SesaZleblobas iZlevian, radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben
niSnebis da ara tipebis mixedviT.
niSnebis mixedviT aRwera
tipis Teoriebis daSvebis mixedviT, adamianebi Seesatyvisebian arsebul
calkeul, wyvetil kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad, pirvelad da
mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi
gvTavazoben uwyvet ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti an
keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic
winaswar ganawyoben individebs, rom isini Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia erT dRes Tqven
gamoamJRavnoT patiosneba dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da meore dRes
– imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis Teoriis zogierTi momxre
gansazRvravs niSnebs, rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas iwveven,
magram ufro konservatiuli mecnierebi niSnebs iyeneben mxolod rogorc
aRweriT
ganzomilebebs, romlebic ubralod ajameben dakvirvebis obieqtad arsebuli
qcevis paternebs. modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.
 1153

• niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an atributebi, romlebic

gavlenas axdenen qcevaze gansxvavebul situaciebSi.

olportis niSnis Teoria gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961,

1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc pirovnebis samSeneblo masalas da
individualobis Camoyalibebis wyaros. olportis mixedviT, niSnebi
uzrunvelyofen qcevis SeTanxmebulobas (koherentulobas), radgan isini
akavSireben da erTgvarovans xdian pirovnebis reaqciebs mravalgvarovan
stimulebze. niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc intervenciulma
cvladebma, romlebic akavSireben pirveli SexedviT erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze pasuxebis nakrebs (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma gamohyo sami saxis niSnebi: kardinaluri niSnebi, centraluri
niSnebi da meoradi niSnebi. kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa garSemoc
agebs adamiani Tavis cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri niSani
iqneboda sxvisi keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sewirva. Tumca,
yvela adamians ar uviTardeba aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri niSnebi.
samagierod, centraluri niSnebi warmoadgenen pirovnebis mTavar
maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa patiosneba an optimizmi. meoradi niSnebi aris
specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romlebic gvexmareba individis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebaSi, magram naklebad gamosadegia individis
pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu romel
 1154

sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas. olports

ainteresebda am sami tipis niSnebis unikaluri kombinaciebis aRmoCena,
rac yovel adamians ganumeorebel mTlianobad gadaaqcevs. am unikaluri
niSnebis Sesaswavlad olporti mxars uWerda calkeul/erTeul
SemTxvevaTa Seswavlis meTodis gamoyenebas.
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad olports ufro metad pirovnebis
struqtura esaxeboda, vidre garemo pirobebi. “erTi da igive cecxli adnobs
karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs” – am frazas igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad,
rom erTsa da imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs sxvadasxva
individze. mravali Tanamedrove niSnis Teoria mihyveba olportiseul
tradicias.

suraTi 14.2. morcxvoba, rogorc niSani

niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma,
romlebic akavSireben pirveli SexedviT erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel
stimulebsa da maTze pasuxebis nakrebs.
 1155
niSani
(intervenciuli
cvladi)
stimulis morcxvoba pasuxebi
situacia arideba -
sityvis ganrideba;
warmoTqma; gawiTleba;
wveulebaze mexsierebis
wasvla; deficiti;
ucxoebTan gaCumeba;
Sexvedra; ucnauri
intimuri Jestebi;
Sexvedrebi; minimaluri
nakluli mxedvelobiTi
produqtis kontaqti
dabruneba

universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis gansazRvra

1936 wels gordon olportma da misma kolegam h. s. odbertma Caatares
leqsikonis kvleva da inglisur enaSi aRmoaCines individualuri
gansxvavebebis aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli. mas Semdeg
mkvlevarebi cdiloben, gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa
maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli ganzomilebebi. isini cdiloben,
daadginon, Tu ramdeni ganzomileba arsebobs da maTgan romlebi
miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosadegi, universaluri
daxasiaTebis Seqmnis saSualebas.
 1156

reimond ketelma (Raymond Cattell, 1979) scada, daedgina niSanTa

bazisuri ganzomilebebis iseTi erToblioba, romelic amomwuravi
iqneboda. amisaTvis amosaval wertilad man olportisa da odbertis
zedsarTavi saxelebis sia gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ketelma ivarauda,
rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs 16 faqtori. ketelma am 16 faqtors
ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda, radgan, misi azriT, isini warmoadgenen
im ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze arsebuli qcevebis ukan
da romelsac Cven pirovnebad aRviqvamT. ketelis 16 faqtori moicavda
mniSvnelovan qceviT dapirispirebebs (opoziciebs), rogoricaa, magaliTad,
TavSekavebuli - komunikabeluri, mimndobi – eWviani da modunebuli –
daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi
amtkiceben, rom pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis testirebis
monacemebidan mxolod sami ZiriTadi, moculobiTi ganzomileba
gamoyo: eqstraversia (SigniT orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis
sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad stabiluri emociurad labiluris
spirispirod) da fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani agresiulisa da
antisocialuris sapirispirod). rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 14.3, aizenkma
moaxdina ori ganzomilebis – eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis kombinireba,
raTa maTi wreze demonstracia SesZleboda. misi azriT, wris TiToeuli
 1157

seqtori warmoadgens hipokrates mier dadgenili pirovnebis tipebisgan

erT-erTs. Tumca, aizenkis niSnis Teoria iZleva am kategoriebSi
individualuri varirebis saSualebas. individi SeiZleba yvelgan aRmoCndes
wreze, Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstravertirebulamde da Zalian
labiluridan (nevrotulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoTvlili niSnebi
aRweren adamianebs am ori ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT. magaliTad,
Zalian eqstravertirebuli da met-naklebad labiluri adamiani mosalodnelia,
rom impulsuri iyos.
suraTi 14.3. pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT

labiluri
cvalebadi
xasiaTis gaRizianebadi
mSfoTvare mousvenari
agresiuli
rigiduli
agznebadi keTilgonieri
pesimisturi cvalebadi
TavSekavebuli impulsuri
arasocialuri optimisturi
wynari aqtiuri

melanqolikuri qolerikuli
introvertirebuli eqstravertirebuli
flegmatikuri sangvinikuri socialuri
pasiuri
komunikabeluri
 1158

eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis ori ganzomileba gvaZlevs wriul

gamosaxulebas. aizenkma am gamosaxulebis yoveli kvadrati hipokrates
mier gansazRvruli oTxi pirovnebis tipisagan erTs daukavSira.
miuxedavad amisa, aizenkis Teoria iZleva am kategoriebis farglebSi
individualuri varirebis saSualebas.

xuTfaqtoriani modeli kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adasturebs aizenkis Teoriis

mraval aspeqts. Tumca, ukanasknel wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi,
rom pirovnebis struqturas yvelaze kargad axasiaTebs xuTi faqtori,
romlebic arasrulad emTxveva aizenkis sam ganzomilebas (Wiggins &
Pincus, 1992). miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela pirovnebis mkvlevari ar
emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995; Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994),
dResdReobiT swored isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqturis
Sesaxeb diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnas
raime struqtura niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsikonidan
olportma da odbertma (1996). niSnebi dayvanil iqna sinonimebis
daaxloebiT 200 klasteramde, romlebic gamoiyeneboda niSnebis
bipolaruli ganzomilebebis Sesaqmnelad; ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac
aqvT maRali polusi da dabali polusi, rogoricaa pasuxismgebliani da
upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT sakuTari
 1159

Tavi da sxva adamianebi bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi

eqvemdebareboda statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs imis
gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sinonimuri
klasterebi. am meTodis gamoyenebiT ramdenime damoukidebeli kvleviTi
jgufi erTsa da imave daskvnamde mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad,
romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis
aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963,
1967; Tupes & Christal, 1961).
xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi
aTavsebs bevr niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani konotacia,
magram saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad
xuTfaqtoriani modeli ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi xuTeuli (the Big
Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1.
Tqven erTxel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli ganzomileba bipolarulia _
ganzomilebis saxelwodebis mniSvnelobis tolfasi terminebi aRweren
maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego terminebi _ dabal poluss.
• xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _ yovlismomcveli aRweriTi
pirovnebis sistema, romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs, Teoriul
cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris; araformalurad ewodeba didi
xuTeuli.
 1160

cxrili 14.1. xuTfaqtoriani modeli

faqtori bipolaruli gansazRvreba
laparakis moyvaruli, energiuli da
eqstraversia asertiuli wynaris, TavSekavebulisa
da morcxvis sapirispirod,
TanxmobisaTvis TanamgrZnobi, keTili da
mzaoba mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa da
sastikis sapirispirod
organizebuli, pasuxismgebliani da
patiosneba frTxili uyuradRebos, frivolurisa da
upasuxismgeblos sapirispirod
stabiluri, mSvidi da kmayofili
neiroticizmi SfoTianis, arastabilurisa da
temperamentulis sapirispirod
gamocdilebisadmikreatuli, inteleqtualuri da
Riaoba gonebagaxsnili martivis,
zedapirulisa da ugunuris
sapirispirod
xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi warmoiSva 1960-ian wlebSi
Segrovebuli masalidan, sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis
ramdenime gansxvavebuli nakrebi, mravali gansxvavebuli SerCeva da
SefasebiTi davaleba. mas Semdeg Zalian msgavsi ganzomilebebi
aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius kiTxvarebSi da sxva
monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins &
Pincus, 1992). xuTfaqtoriani modelis universalurobis
 1161

demonstrirebisaTvis mkvlevarebi gascdnen Tavis kvlevebSi inglisur enas:

xuTfaqtoriani struqtura gameorda ramdenime enaSi, germanulis,
portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis da iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae &
Costa, 1997). xuTi faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom Seanacvlos mravali
specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac mniSvnelobis sakuTari niuansi da
elferi aqvs. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqsonomias _
klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela
Cveni nacnobi adamiani ise, rom gamovxatoT is mniSvnelovani
ganzomilebebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.
mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom xuTfaqtoriani modeli,
didwilad, aRweriTia. faqtorebi Seiqmna niSnebis terminTa klasterebis
statistikuri analizis Sedegad da ara Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic ambobda:
"es aris faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes." (Ozer & Reise, 1994).
xuTfaqtoriani modelis momxreebma daiwyes am Teoriuli dasabuTebis
Zieba. magaliTad, maT scades, daekavSirebinaT xuTi ganzomileba
interaqciaTa im Tanmimdevrul tipebTan, romlebic adamianebs hqondaT
erTmaneTTan da gare samyarosTan kacobriobis evoluciis manZilze
(Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000). evoluciuri safuZveli
dagvexmareboda, agvexsna xuTi faqtoris universaluroba gansxvavebul
kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia, movelodeT, aseve, rom
evoluciis mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis
 1162

msgavsad, niSnebi SeiZleba erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. axla

ganvixiloT es debuleba.
niSnebi da memkvidreobiToba
Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi amboben xolme aseT frazebs:
"jimi artistulia, Tavisi dedis msgavsad" an "meri Tavis babuasaviT jiutia".
an, SesaZloa, Tqven frustrirebulad gigrZvniaT Tavi, radganac Tqven da-
ZmaSi gamaRizianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis gamosworebac
sakuTar TavSi gsurT. modiT, ganvixiloT pirovnuli niSnebis
memkvidreobiTobis damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris mecniereba, romelic
Seiswvlis, Tu ra xarisxiT gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi
paternebi memkvidreobiT. pirovnebaze genetikis gavlenis gansasazRvrad
mkvlevarebi swavloben pirovnul niSnebs erTi ojaxis wevrebisa,
romlebsac msgavsi genebis gansxvavebuli proporciebi aqvT da
gaizardnen erTsa da imave an gansxvavebul garemoSi. magaliTad, Tu
pirovnuli niSani socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema, maSin socialuroba
ufro maRal korelaciaSi unda iyos identur, monozigotur tyupebSi
(romelTa genebic 100%-iT emTxveva), vidre araidentur, dizigotur
tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa genebic saSualod 50%-iT
emTxveva).
 1163

memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom TiTqmis yvela

pirovnuli niSani ganicdis genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al.,
1998). msgavs Sedegebs iZleva iseTi kvlevebic, sadac mravali
gansxvavebuli gazomvis teqnika gamoiyeneba, miuxedavad imisa,
zomaven isini ufro farTo niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da neiroticizmi,
Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkontroli an socialuroba. ganvixiloT
erTi sanimuSo kvleva:

saidan viciT
xuTi faqtoris memkvidrebiToba
Tqven axlaxans gaecaniT pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian
models. mkvlevarebma yuradReba miaqcies sakiTxs _
arsebobs Tu ara am modeliT gansazRvruli faqtorebis
genetikuri safuZveli. erT-erT kvlevaSi mecnierTa jgufma
germaniidan da poloneTidan Seagroves pirovnuli
niSnebis monacemebi 660 monozigoturi da 304
dizigoturi tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna,
rogorc TviT-angariSis (anu tyupebi avsebdnen im tipis
pirovnebis kiTxvarebs, romelTac Cven mogvianebiT
SevexebiT am TavSi) da axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu
megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore
tyupis calis Sefasebebs) meSveobiT. zogadad, adrindel
kvlevebSi mxolod TviTangariSis monacemebs
iyenebdnen. memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur da dizigotur tyupebs
SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi, rodesac isini sakuTar
 1164

Tavs adareben Tavis tyupis cals an sxva individs.

axlobelTa Sefasebebis CarTva amcirebs imis albaTobas,
rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneblebi tyupebis
TviTangariSis pirdapiri Sedegia. faqtobrivad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi monozigoturi tyupebis pirovnebebi
Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro msgavsi, vidre dizigoturi
tyupebisa. magaliTad, TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina
tyupTa Soris korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 52
(monozigoturi) da 23 (dizigoturi). rogorc

TviTangariSis, aseve, axlobelTa monacemebis gamoyenebiT, am

mkvlevarebma aCvenes mniSvnelovani memkvidreobiTi maCveneblebi
xuTfaqtoriani modeliT gansazRvruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et
al., 1997).

kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris romeli polusebia TqvenTvis

yvelaze Sesabamisi? SegiZliaT, ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqven
mSoblebs Soris?
mkvlevarebi kvlav muSaoben memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebis dizainis
gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc
wesi, erTad izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT, ramac,
SesaZloa, gamoiwvios maTi pirovnebebis korelacia. amdenad, naSvilebi
 1165

bavSvebis kvlevebi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvavebis

xarisxi bavSvebis niSnebis maTi biologiuri mSoblebis niSnebTan
korelaciasa da aRmzrdeli mSoblebis niSnebTan arsebul korelacias Soris.
naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebis monacemebidan aseve naTelia is, Tu
raoden mniSvnelovania pirovnul niSnebSi genetikuri faqtoris wvlili
(Bouchard, 1994).
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara niSnebi qcevas?
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoves, amoirCioT raime pirovnuli niSnis
aRmniSvneli termini, romelic, Tqveni rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT kargad
SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT gviTxraT, rom Zalian
keTilganwyobili xarT. ra viciT Cven axla? Tu pirovnebis Teoriebi
gvaZleven saSualebas, viwinaswarmetyveloT qceva, ra prognozi
SegviZlia gavakeToT im codniT, rom Tqven Tqvens Tavs afasebT,
rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT Tqveni
mosazrebis validuroba? modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi. erTi idea,
romelic, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT, aris, rom codna imisa, rom pirovneba
SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnas konkretuli niSniT, saSualebas mogcemT,
iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad,
Cven Tqvengan moveliT keTilganwyobil qcevas yvela situaciaSi. Tumca,
1920-ian wlebSi ramdenime mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes
niSnebTan dakavSirebul qcevaze dakvirveba gansxvavebul situaciebSi,
 1166

gancvifrebuli iyo, radgan mcire TvalsaCinoeba aRmoaCines situaciebis

mixedviT qcevis konsistenturobaze. magaliTad, skolis moswavleebSi
mxolod susti korelacia iqna aRmoCenili patiosnebis niSanTan
savaraudod dakavSirebul or qcevas Soris, rogorebicaa tyuilis Tqma da
TaRliToba gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928). msgavsi
Sedegebi miiRes sxva mkvlevarebmac, romlebic swavlobdnen kros-
situaciur Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) sxva niSnebisaTvis,
rogoricaa introversia an punqtualoba (Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris kros-situaciurad
konsistenturi anu Tu adamianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul
situaciebSi, ratom aRiqvamT Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis pirovnebebs,
rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev ufro damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis
Sefaseba im damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs erTi situaciidan icnobs,
korelaciaSia im damkvirveblis SefasebasTan, romelic icnobs mas sxva
situaciidan. im movlenas rom pirovnebis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da
gansxvavebuli damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi,
uwodeben konsistentobis paradoqss (Consistency paradox) (Mischel,
1968).
konsistentobis paradoqsis aRmoCenas kvlevaTa didi raodenoba mohyva
 1167

(mimoxilvisaTvis ixileT Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi

miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsistentoba gamovlinda,
didwilad, imis gamo, rom situaciebi arasworad iyo kategorizebuli:
paradoqsi maSinve qreba, roca mecnierebi marTebulad daaxarisxeben
situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999).
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom gsurT qceviTi konsistentobis Sefaseba imis
gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad yvela
wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalodnelia, Tqven aRmoaCinoT,
rom misi qceva mniSvnelovnad cvalebadobs, Tu Tqveni analizis done
mxolod "wveulebebia". saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli fsiqologiurad
relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi hyofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul
kategoriebad. SesaZloa, Tqveni megobari uxerxulad grZnobs Tavs iseT
situaciebSi, sadac misgan moelian ucxoebisaTvis piradi inormaciis
gaziarebas. Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac misgan piradi
informaciis gaziarebas moelian) is SeiZleba Zalian arakeTilganwyobilad
gamoiyurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas misgan ar moelian)
_ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad. amave dros, sxva situaciebma, romlebic
misgan gulaxdilobas moiTxovs, rogoricaa samsaxurSi miRebisas
interviu, SeiZleba, aseve, gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad,
konsistentoba gamoixateba imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwvevs situaciis
maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxvavebul reaqciebs.
 1168

modiT, ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic swavlobdnen mravalferovani

situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasiaTeblebs. kvlevaSi ganixileboda is
aqtivobebi, romlebsac bavSvebi axorcieleben sazafxulo banakSi.
saidan viciT
konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi
es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde bavSvebis jgufze,
romlebic gaagzavnes sazafxulo banakSi socialuri
adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis.
mkvlevarebs surdaT, enaxaT, Tu ramdenad zustad
SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa winaswarmetyveleba,
romlebSic calkeuli bavSvebi agresiul qcevas
gamoavlendnen. am winaswarmetyvelebaTa
gasakeTeblad mkvlevarebma Seagroves monacemebi
banakis sxvadasxva situaciebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb, moTxovnis im tipebis mixedviT, romlebsac isini
bavSvs uyenebdnen: kognituri (moiTxovs logikuri
azrovnebis unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris unars), TviTregulatoruli (moiTxovs frustraciis
atanis unars), fizikuri siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur
siZlieres, amtanobas) da motoruli koordinacia (moiTxovs
xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis koordinaciis unars).
 1169

magaliTad, curva moiTxovs fizikur siZlieresa da

koordinacias, magram SedarebiT mcire TviTregulacias.
amis sapirispirod, Tevzaoba motorul koordinaciasTan
erTad moiTxovs maRali donis TviTregulacias.
bavSvebs akvirdebodnen banakis aqtivobebis sruli
speqtris mixedviT da maTi mxridan verbaluri agresiis
gamovlinebebi, magaliTad, damuqreba da gajavreba,
aRiricxeboda yoveli situaciisaTvis. Tu qceviTi
konsistentoba damokidebulia situaciaTa maxasiaTeblebis
msgavsebaze, maSin rac ufro maRalia msgavsebis done
or situacias Soris, miT ufro mosalodnelia, rom bavSvebi
verbaluri agresiis imave dones gamoamJRavneben. es
winaswarmetyveleba dadasturda. (Shoda et al., 1993a).

yuradReba miaqcieT im erTeulebs, sadamdec mividnen mkvlevarebi,

raTa gamoeyvanaT situaciebis relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi. aseTi
taqsonomia maT iseTi gansxvavebebis gamovlenis saSualebas aZlevs,
rogoricaa "sonias uWirs gamklaveba situaciebTan, romlebsac maRali
kognituri moTxovna aqvT _ swored amitom xdeba is verbalurad agresiuli
aseT situaciebSi". Cven aRmovaCenT kosistentobas, rodesac gvaqvs
pirovnebis ("is ver umklavdeba kognitur moTxovnebs") da situaciis ("es
situacia Seicavs kognitur moTxovnas") swori aRwera.
 1170

debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro

zustad ganesazRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu qcevis romeli
jgufebi unda iyos dakavSirebuli pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi.
niSani SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnas gansxvavebuli qcevis meSveobiT
gansxvavebul situaciebSi da gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac
niSnis Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu ra gziT iwvevs situaciebis
fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi qceviT gamovlinebebs, es paterni logikurad
gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Zalian
keTilganyobil pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
"keTilganwyobil" qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni cxovrebis yvela
momentSi. amis magivrad, Cveni molodini iqneba, rom Tqveni
keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli iqneba sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi
maTi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven,
SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis mimarT, magram ufro oficialuri
Tqveni profesorebis mimarT.

• konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency paradox) _ movlena, romlis

drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli
damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin rodesac adamianis qcevis
Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.
 1171

• simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti da\an Sekaveba iseT

interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an
profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.

fsiqologia Cven cxovrebaSi

ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?
ukanaskneli drois kvlevebma gviCvena, rom kolejis
studentebis 50 procentze meti sakuTar Tavs "amJamad
morcxv" individad miiCnevs (Carducci & Zimbardo,
1995). maTi umetesoba ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris
arasasurveli mdgomareoba, romelsac uaryofiTi pirovnuli
da socialuri Sedegebi ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebiTi
efeqtebi. studentebis sxva jgufi ambobs, rom isini
"situaciurad morcxvebi" arian da ara "dispoziciurad
morcxvebi", rogorc studentebis zemoxsenebuli
umetesoba. isini grZnoben, rom "TiTqosda" morcxvoben
garkveul situaciebSi, romlebic axalia, ucnauri an socialur
zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situaciebia
 1172

paemani ucnobTan, martoxelebis barebi, aseve, rodesac

adamians moeTxoveba, sazogadoebis winaSe imoqmedos
momzadebis gareSe. simorcxvis mkvlevarebi gaocdnen,
rodesac zrdasrul adamianebSi aRmoaCines, rom "ara
morcxvi" adamiani iSviaTi, araCveulebrivi saxeobaa
SeerTebul StatebSi da yvela sxva gamokvleul qveyanaSi
(Zimbardo, 1991).
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc diskomforti
da/an Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situaciebSi, romlebic
xels uSlis adamianis interpersonaluri an profesiuli
miznebis miRwevas. morcxvoba SeiZleba iyos qronikuli
da dispoziciuri, anu warmoadgendes centralur niSans
adamianis TviTgansazRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos mcire
TavSekavebuloba da socialuri ucnauroba, romelic bevr
CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal situaciebSi, magram mas
SeuZlia, gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _ adamianebis
mimarT sruliad Semakavebel
SiSSi (Cven ganvixilavT socialur fobias me-15-e TavSi).
bevri morcxvi adamiani introvertirebulicaa; isini
upiratesobas aniWeben ganmartovebul, arasocialur
 1173

moqmedebebsa da garemos. arseboben "morcxvi

eqstravertebi", romlebic sazogadoebaSi komunikabelurni,
magram pirovnulad morcxvebi arian, amjobineben
socialur aqtivobebSi CarTvas, aqvT socialuri unarebi
amis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis, magram eWvi
eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad imsaxureben sxvebis
mowonebasa da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zimbardo,
1979).
maS, ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi, maSin,
rodesac sxvebi ar arian? erTi SesaZlebeli axsnaa buneba.
kvlevebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis daaxloebiT 10
procenti "ibadeba morcxvi" (Kagan, 1994). aseTi
bavSvebi dabadebidan uCveulod frTxilni da Caketilni
arian ucxo xalxTan da ucnob situaciebTan Sejaxebis
dros. Semavsebeli (komplementaruli) axsna yuradRebas
amaxvilebs aRzrdaze. bavSvobaSi zog adamians
dascinian, masxrad igdeben, an raime Secdomis gamo
isini sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis sagani xdebian; sxvebi
izrdebian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac "siyvarulis damsaxureba"
damokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs Tu ara bavSvi
 1174

warmatebas garegnobisa da kargi qcevis SejibrSi.

mesame axsna efuZneba kulturas.
Seswavlili cxra qveynidan simorcxve yvelaze maRalia
zog aziur qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT iaponiasa da
taivanSi da yvelaze dabalia israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991). es
gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad, miewereba imas, rom am
aziur qveynebSi kultura ganapirobebs avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebas da sircxvilis gancdas, Tu
 1175

adamianma socialuri Secdoma dauSva. xolo israelSi ki,

amis sapirispirod, Tu adamiani riskze midis, es kulturulad
waxalisebulia da danaSaulis gancda eqsternalizirebulia.
(Pines & Zimbardo, 1978). meoTxe axsna, nawilobriv,
exmaureba bolo dros SeerTebul StatebSi simorcxvis
prevalentobis zrdas: axalgazrdebi intensiurad arian
CarTulni eleqtronul teqnologiebTan muSaobaSi. mravali
saaTis gatareba, rogorc wesi, simartoveSi, televizoris
yurebaSi, videoTamaSebis TamaSSi, internetis
TvalierebaSi da eleqtronuli fostis gzavnaSi socialur
izolacias iwvevs da amcirebs yoveldRiur pirispir
kontaqts. internetis intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs
potenciali, adamianebs Tavi agrZnobinos martoxelad,
izolirebulad da ufro morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie &
Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul ufro Zlierdeba, is adamianis
cxovrebis axal da axal aspeqtebSi SeiWreba, amcirebs
socialur siamovnebebs da maqsimumade mihyavs
socialuri diskomforti da izolacia. arsebobs ramdenime
martivi koncefcia da taqtika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiqrsa da
 1176

romelTa gamoyenebis cdasac vTavazobT morcxv

studentebs (ixileT Zimbardo, 1991):
o gaacnobiereT, rom marto Tqven ar xarT
morcxvi; yvela sxva adamiani Tavisi morcxvobiT
ufro Tqveni msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan
gansxvavebuli. o simorcxve SeiZleba Seicvalos,
maSinac ki, rodesac masSi aris genetikuri
komponenti, magram es moiTxovs Tavdadebasa da
Secvlis ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc nebismieri
xangrZlivad arsebuli Cveva, romlis Secvlac gsurT. o
ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis
damyarebaSi
adamianebTan umravlesobasTan, visac xvdebiT.
o ilaparakeT laRad; ilaparakeT xmamaRali da
mkafio xmiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Tqvens
saxels eubnebiT vinmes an informaciis miReba
gsurT.
o iyaviT pirveli, vinc SekiTxvas dasvams an
komentars gaakeTebs axal socialur situaciaSi.
saTqmelad momzadebuli gqondeT raime saintereso
 1177

da TqviT es pirvelma; yvela afasebs adamians, vinc

"yinuls gaalRvobs" da aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven
morcxvi xarT.
o nu daimdablebT Tavs. amis nacvlad, ifiqreT
imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba
 1178

gaakeToT SemdegSi, rom miiRoT TqvenTvis

sasurveli Sedegi.
o yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, rom sxvebs
Tavi komfortulad agrZnobinoT. gansakuTrebiT
swored is sxva morcxvi adamianebi moZebneT. es
Seamcirebs Tqvens TviTcnobirebas, rogorc morcxvi
pirovnebis.
o gaivarjiSeT meditaciaSi, relaqsaciaSi da
idealuri scenaris gonebriv vizualizaciaSi, sanam
aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi, romelic, Cveulebriv,
aZlierebs Tqvens simorcxves.
Tu Tqven morcxvi xarT, vimedovnebT, rom
gaiziarebT am rCevebs. sxva studentebi, romlebmac
gaiTvaliswines es rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen morcxvobis
tyveobidan da axali TavisuflebebiT savse cxovrebaSi
Seabijes. es aris martivi fsiqologiis cxovrebaSi
gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki Tqven morcxvi
ar xarT, SegiZliaT, waaxalisoT Tqveni morcxvi
megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi, rom maT am gziT
Secvalon Tavisi cxovreba (Henderson & Zimbardo,
1998).
tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
 1179

Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi mkvlevarebs

SesaZleblobas aZlevs, mogvcen gansxvavebuli adamianebis pirovnebebis
lakonuri aRwera. Tumca, es Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan isini
zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba qceva an rogor
viTardeba pirovneba. isini mxolod gansazRvraven da aRweren
maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan. miuxedavad imisa,
rom Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am
sakiTxebs, niSnis Teoriebi, rogor wesi, aRweren amJamad arsebuli
pirovnebis struqturis statikur, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, stabilizebul
xats. amis sapirispirod, pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac
Cven axla ganvixilavT, xazs usvamen individis SigniT arsebul konfliqtur
Zalebs, romlebic iwveven adamianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas.
Sejameba tipis Teoriebi hyofen adamianebs aragadamfarav kategoriebad
(rogoricaa pirvelad dabadebulni da Semdeg dabadebulni), raTa gakeTdes
winaswarmetyveleba maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb. amis sapirispirod,
niSnis Teoriebi axdenen pirovnebis konceptualizacias uwyveti
ganzomilebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis azriT, arsebobs
xuTi universaluri faqtori, romelic kros-kulturalurad asaxaven pirovnebis
ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba,
patiosneba, neiroticizmi da gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis
kvlevis mixedviT, pirovnuli niSnebi maRali xarisxis memkvidreobiTobiT
 1180

xasiaTdeba. dResdReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis

konsistetobis kvleva moiTxovs rogorc pirovnebis, aseve situaciis
fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis zust aRweras.

fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri TeoriisaTvis saerToa daSveba, rom
Zlieri Sinagani Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da axdenen qcevis
motivirebas. zigmund froids (Sigmund Freud), fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi biografi ernest jonsi "fsiqikis darvins"
uwodebs (1953). froidis pirovnebis Teoria gabedulad cdilobs, axsnas
pirovnebis ganviTarebis sawyisi wyaroebi da mimarTuleba, fsiqikis
buneba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meSveobiT pirovnebis Secvlis
gzebi. aq Cven yuradRebas mxolod normalur pirovnebaze
gavamaxvilebT; froidis Sexedulebebi fsiqopaTologiasa da mkurnalobaze
ganxiluli iqneba me-15-e da me-16-e TavebSi. froidis mosazrebebis
ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT misi Teoriebis kritikasa da gadamuSavebis
mcdelobebs.

• pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psychodynamic personality

theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi, romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom
pirovnebis formireba da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebis mier.
 1181

froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebis birTvs qmnis adamianis
fsiqikaSi arsebuli movlenebi (intrafsiqikuri movlenebi), romlebic qcevis
motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs;
Tumca, zogi motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am midgomis
fsiqodinamikuri buneba momdinareobs misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida
wyaroebze, iseve, rogorc am Sida Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze. froidisaTvis
yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi. qcevas ar iwvevs SemTxveviTi
movlenebi; yvela moqmedeba gansazRvrulia motivebiT. nebismier
adamianur moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani, romelic SeiZleba
aRmoCenil iqnas azrebis asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da
Sinagan vnebebze metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis analizis Sedegad.
pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis hipoTezebis pirveladi monacemebi miRebul
iqna Terapiis procesSi myof individualur pacientebze warmoebuli
klinikuri dakvirvebebidan da SemTxvevebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis intensiuri Seswavlis Sedegad
man ganaviTara normaluri pirovnebis Teoria. modiT, ganvixiloT froidis
Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
 1182

ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTareba nevrologiaSi samedicino

praqtikam miiyvana froidi Teoriul daSvebamde, rom im qcevebs,
romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda, saerTo biologiuri safuZveli
hqondaT. adamianuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man miiCnia
yvela individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia. man dauSva, rom yvela
adamians unda hqonoda Tandayolili instinqtebi anu ltolvebi, romlebic
warmoadgenda sxeulSi arsebuli organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis
sistemebs. aqtivaciis dros es energiis wyaroebi SeiZleba gamovlindes
mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltolvis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi
azriT, dakavSirebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovnilebebTan,
rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili). meores man uwoda erosi, Zala
dakavSirebuli seqsualur impulsebTan da saxeobis SenarCunebasTan. am
ori ltolvidan froids ufro metad seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man
Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri survilebis cneba da aq CarTo ara
marto seqsualuri kavSiris survili, aramed, yvela sxva siamovnebis
miRebis an sxvebTan fizikuri kontaqtis damyarebis mcdelobac.
seqsualuri impulsebis energiis wyaros gansasazRvrad igi iyenebda
termins libido. libido aris fsiqikuri energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela
saxis SegrZnebiTi (sensualuri) siamovnebisaken. seqsualuri impulsebi
dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri
 1183

moqmedebebis Tu fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapirdapiri

saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva,
ar Cndeba moulodnelad pubertatis (sqesobrivi momwifebis) dros, aramed
moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinoa im
siamovnebaSi, romelsac Cvilebi iReben genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare
areebis anu erogenuli zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT. froidis fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis xuTi safexuri mocemulia cxrilSi 14.2. is Tvlida, rom
seqsualuri siamovnebis fizikuri wyaro icvleba am mowesrigebuli
progresiiT. fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari
winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis, aRmocendeba
falosur stadiaze. aq 4 an 5 wlis bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis
kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri personaJis, oidiposis
saxelwodeba misca, romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da
colad SeirTo sakuTari deda. froidis azriT, yvela patara biWs aqvs
Tandayolili impulsi, ganixilos mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe dedis
yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla,
oidiposis kompleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac bavSvi axdens
identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan. (froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo patara
gogonebis gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi.) cxrili 14.2. fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT
 1184

stadia asak erogenuli mTavari am stadiaze

i zonebi ganviTarebiTi fiqsirebuli
bavSvebis
mizani
zogierTi
(konfliqtis maxasiaTebeli
potenciuri zrdasrulobaSi
wyaro)
oraluri 0_1 piri, ZuZuTi kvebis oraluri qceva,
tuCebi, ena rogoricaa
Sewyveta moweva, zedmeti
kveba,
inertuloba da
miamitoba
analuri 2_3 anusi tualetis akuratuloba (meToduroba),
varjiSi/ qoTanze Zunwoba, jiutoba,
an miCveva sapirispiro
falosur 4_5 genitalieb oidiposis pativmoyvareoba,
i i kompleqsi ugunuroba, an
sapirispiro
latentu 6_12 ar dacviTi arcerTi: Cveulebriv,
ri arsebobs meqanizmebisfiqsacia am
ganviTareba safexurze ar xdeba
specifikur
i are
genitalu 13_18 mowifuli zrdasrulebma, vinc
genitalieb seqsualuri normalurad
ri i moaxdina
urTierToba adreuli stadiebis
 1185

integrireba, unda ganaviTaron sxvebis

mimarT gulwrfeli interesi da mowifuli
seqsualoba

froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajildoveba, ise zedmeti frustracia

fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis romelime adreul stadiaze iwvevs fiqsacias,
ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze normalurad gadasvlis uunarobas.
rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.2, sxvadasxva stadiebze fiqsaciam SeiZleba
warmoqmnas zrdasrulobaSi mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.
fiqsaciis cneba xsnis imas, Tu ratom aniWebda froidi adreul
gamocdilebebs aseT mniSvnelobas pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida,
rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze miRebul
gamocdilebas udidesi gavlena hqonda pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze da
zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.
• libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, mimarTavs individs yvela tipis
SegrZnebiTi, gansakuTrebiT ki seqsualuri siamovnebisaken.

fsiqikuri determinizmi fiqsaciis cneba pirvel warmodgenas gviqmnis

froidis mosazrebaze, rom adreuli konfliqtebi Semdgomi qcevis
gansazRvras uwyobs xels. fsiqikuri determinizmi warmoadgens
daSvebas, rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia (simptomi)
 1186

gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdilebiT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar aris

SemTxveviTi movlenebi. piriqiT, simptomebi mniSvnelovnad aris
dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebTan.
fsiqikuri determinizmis rwmenam miiyvana froidi iqamde, rom man
gansakuTrebiT gamohyo aracnobieri _ sacavi informaciisa, romelic
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis. sxva avtorebs hqondaT ganxiluli
aracnobieris konstruqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis, grZnobebis
da moqmedebebis aracnobieri determinantis cneba adamianis cxovrebis
centrSi moaTavsa. froidis mixedviT, qceva SeiZleba motivirebul iqnas
ltolvebiT, romelTa Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba
moqmedebdeT mizezis codnis gareSe an Tqveni moqmedebebis
WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis SesaZleblobis gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni
qcevis manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras akeTebT da ras
aRiqvamT _ romlis Sesaxebac Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram
arsebobs faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic. nevrotuli (SfoTviT gamowveuli)
simptomebis, sizmrebis, werilobiTi da metyvelebiTi mcdari qmedebebis
mniSvneloba unda veZioT azrovnebisa da informaciis gadamuSavebis
aracnobier doneze. dRes bevri fsiqologi aracnobieris am cnebas froidis
yvelaze mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiCnevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi.
agreTve, Tanamedrove literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri nimuSi ikvlevs
aracnobieri procesebis gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.
 1187

• fiqsacia (FIxation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani mijaWvuli rCeba

iseT obieqtebsa Tu moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis adreul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
• fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _ daSveba, rom fsiqikuri
da qceviTi reaqciebi gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
• aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero, sadac inaxeba cnobierebidan
gandevnili, represirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi.
• idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri nawili, romelic iracionalurad
funqcionirebs da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis misaRwevad.
• superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic warmoadgens
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis, standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.

froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impulsebi, romlebic CvenTvis

miuRebelia, mainc cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli mcdari
qmedeba xdeba, rodesac Cveni saubari an qceva gascems aracnobier
survils. magaliTad, am wignis erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo, samadlobelo
baraTi daewera, Tumca, is ar iyo didad kmayofili megobris saxlSi
gatarebuli SabaT-kviriT. igi apirebda, daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi
magari dro gavatareT erTad"26. miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod usiamovno
satelefono saubris dros megobarma Seatyobina, rom sinamdvileSi mas

26
“I’m glad we got to spend a junk of time together” nacvlad “ I’m glad we got to spend a chunk of time together”.
 1188

daewera: "mixaria, rom aseTi nagavi dro gavatareT erTad"*. xedavT,

rogor SeuZlia "magari"-s "nagavi"-T Secvlas aracnobieri survili
gamoxatos? aracnobieri motivaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs
pirovnebas, ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqcionirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT,
Tu ra wvlili SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.

pirovnebis struqtura froidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gansxvavebebi

warmoiqmneba im gansxvavebuli gzebidan, romlebiTac adamianebi
umklavdebian Tavis ZiriTad ltolvebs. am gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad
froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola pirovnebis or antagonistur nawils
_ idsa da superegos Soris _ romelsac aSualebs me-s mesame aspeqti, ego.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvixilavT am sam aspeqts TiTqmis ise,
TiTqos isini gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom froidisTvis
isini mxolod gansxvavebul fsiqikur procesebs warmoadgendnen.
magaliTad, igi ar gansazRvravda gansakuTrebul mdebareobebs tvinSi
idisaTvis, egosaTvis da superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs
impulsurad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyovnebeli
siamovnebisaken imis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas
 1189

surs, realurad SesaZlebeli, socialurad sasurveli anda moralurad misaRebi.

ids marTavs siamovnebis
principi, umarTavi Zieba siamovnebisa, gansakuTrebiT seqsualuri,
fizikuri da emociuri siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq da
amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego warmoadgens individis mier sazogadoebisagan naswavli
Rirebulebebis sacavs, moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. superego
uxeSad
Seesabameba sindisis zogad cnebas. is viTardeba, rodesac bavSvi
sakuTar Rirebulebebad iRebs mSoblebis da sxva ufrosebis akrZalvebs
socialurad arasasurvel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s da ar
unda-s Sinagani xma. superego, aseve, Seicavs egos ideals, individis
warmodgenas iseT pirovnebaze, rogoradac Camoyalibebas igi unda
cdilobdes. amdenad, superego xSirad konfliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis
gakeTeba, rac siamovnebas mianiWebs, maSin rodesac superego
daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti, romelic gansjis, agvarebs
konfliqtebs idis impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris. ego
warmoadgens individis pirad Sexedulebebs fizikur da socialur realobaze,
mis cnobier warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze. egos
saqmianobis nawilia iseTi moqmedebebis arCeva, romlebic
 1190

daakmayofilebs idis impulsebs arasasurveli samomavlo Sedegebis

gamowvevis gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, romelic racionalur
arCevans siamovnebis miRebis moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad,
ego Seakavebs gamocdaze motyuebis impulss, am tyuilSi gamoWeris
SemTxvevaSi samomavlo Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da Caanacvlebs am
impulss SemdegSi ufro kargad swavlis, an maswavleblis simpaTiis
gamowvevis gadawyvetilebiT. rodesac idi da superego konfliqtSi
imyofebian, ego poulobs iseT kompromiss, romelic nawilobriv
daakmayofilebs orives. Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba optimaluri kompromisebis
gamoZebna.

gandevna da egos dacva xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi

idis gegmebis srul CaSlas gulisxmobs. ukiduresi, eqstremaluri survilebi
ganidevnebian cnobieridan aracnobierSi. represia anu gandevna aris
fsiqologiuri procesi, romelic icavs individs imisagan, rom is
gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an saxifaTo impulsebis, ideebisa Tu
mogonebebis gamo ganicdides ukiduresi SfoTvasa an danaSaulis
gancdas. egom araferi icis rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve im
procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac gandevna inaxavs informacias cnobieris
farglebs gareT. gandevna ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad im
 1191

mravalTa Soris, romlebiTac ego icavs Tavs muqaris Semcveli

impulsebisa da ideebis mozRvavebisagan.

• ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawileobs TviTdacvaSi da

mimarTavs instinqtur ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
• represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi dacvis meqanizmi,
romliTac mtkivneuli an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi,
grZnobebi an mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
• egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defense mechalisms) _ fsiqikuri
strategiebi (cnobieri an aracnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis
normaluri mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.
• SfoTva (Anxiety) – intensiuri emociuri reaqcia, gamowveuli
winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom gandevnili konfliqti apirebs
cnobierebaSi amosvlas.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri strategiebi, romlebsac ego
iyenebs idis gamoxatvis maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am
impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris arsebuli yoveldRiuri
konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad (ixileT cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur
TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT
individis fsiqologiur gamklavebaSi Zlier Sinagan konfliqtebTan. maTi
gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia SeinarCunos sakuTari me-s
sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli xati da, aseve, misaRebi socialuri xati.
 1192

magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT,

romelic, Tu gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna
moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios mas. Semdgomi es mtruli impulsi
cnobierad aRar iTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki ar aris
aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi ar Cans da misi xmac
ar ismis, is ar gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols pirovnebis
funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma
SeiZleba aimaRlos TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros aracnobieri
SiSi, rom masSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen.

cxrili 14.3. egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmebi

realobis me-s dacva arasasiamovno realobisagan mis aRqmaze uaris

uaryofa TqmiT

Canacvleba Sekavebuli grZnobebis, rogoricaa,

Cveulebriv, mtruloba, gadatana imaze
nakleb saxifaTo obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan
gamoiwvia emocia
fantazia frustrirebuli survilebis dakmayofileba
warmosaxul miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli
formaa "ocneba")
 1193

identifikacia TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva,

xSirad ganTqmul,
adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan identifikaciiT
izolacia saziano situaciidan emociuri muxtis moSoreba an
SeuTavsebeli damokidebulebis danawevreba logikurad
dakavSirebul nawilebad (SeCereba konfliqturi
damokidebulebebisa, romlebic arasodes warmogvidgeboda,
rogorc erTdrouli an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli) aseve
uwodeben danawevrebas
proeqcia sakuTari sirTuleebisaTvis bralis sxvebze gadatana an
sakuTari "akrZaluli" survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba
racionalizacia imis damtkicebis mcdeloba, rom sakuTari qceva
"racionaluria" da gamarTlebadi, da amdenad sakuTarsa da
sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs
reaqciis saxifaTo survilebis gamoxatvis SeCereba sawinaaRmdego
formacia damokidebulebisa da qcevis tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi
rogorc "barierebis" gamoyenebiT
regresia ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro
bavSvur pasuxebsa da, rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal
dones
represia mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi
 1194

aracnobierSi Senaxva; es iTvleba yvelaze Zireul dacvis

meqanizmad
sublimacia frustrirebuli seqsualuri survilebis dakmayofileba an
maTgan ganTavisufleba kulturaSi socialurad miRebuli
CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT

froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin,

rodesac gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis
niSania: gandevna ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti dacva!
droa, amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, erTi an meti egos dacvis
meqanizmi, romlebic Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian
arasasiamovno impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi. magaliTad, dedam,
romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar surs masze zrunva, SeiZleba
gamoiyenos reaqciis formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: "me ar mZuls Cemi bavSvi" gaxdeba "me
miyvars Cemi bavSvi. xedavT, rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?" aseTi
dacvis xerxebi SfoTvis SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet, gamklavebis
funqcias asrulebs.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicavs SfoTvisagan, ratom aris, maT mainc
SeiZleba uaryofiTi Sedegebi mogvitanos? ramdenad gamosadegic ar
unda iyvnen isini, egos dacvis meqanizmebi imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa.
 1195

maTi gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met

problemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad arajansaRia didi
droisa da fsiqikuri energis xarjva miuRebeli impulsebis lavirebaSi,
dafarvasa da sxva arxisaken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis Semcirebis mizniT.
aseTi qmedeba cota energias tovebs produqtiuli cxovrebisaTvis da
damakmayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis. zogierTi fsiqikuri
daavadeba SfoTvis SemcirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis Sedegia, rogorc vnaxavT qvemoT, fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi.

froidis Teoriis Sefaseba

Cven didi adgili davuTmeT fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis aRweras, radgan
froidis ideebs uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras fiqrobs mravali
fsiqologi pirovnebis normaluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb.
Tumca, albaT, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi hyavs fsiqologTa Soris,
vidre momxre. ras efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel rigSi, fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebi bundovania da ar aris
operacionalisturad gansazRvruli; amdenad, rTulia Teoriis didi nawilis
mecnierulad Sefaseba. radganac principSic ki SeuZlebelia zogi misi
centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa, froidis Teoria saeWvo rCeba. rogor unda
 1196

iyos pirdapiri gziT Seswavlili cnebebi libido, pirovnebis struqtura da

infantiluri seqsualuri impulsebis represia?
meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika isaa, rom froidis Teoria
warmoadgens karg monaTxrobs, magram cud mecnierebas. is sandod ver
winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retrospeqtiulad gamoiyeneba mas
Semdeg, rac movlenebi moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, moicavs istoriul rekonstruqcias da ara
_ SesaZlebeli moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis
mecnierul konstruqcias. garda amisa, mimdinare qcevis istoriuli
warmoSobis gadaWarbebuli xazgasmiT es Teoria ar uTmobs yuradRebas
amJamindel stimulebs, romlebic SeiZleba iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen
qcevas.
arsebobs froidis Teoriis kidev sami mTavari kritika. pirveli, is
ganviTarebis Teoriaa, magram arasodes moicavda bavSvebze
dakvirvebebsa da kvlevebs. meore, travmatuli gamocdilebis (rogoricaa
bavSvebis Seuracxyofa) Sesaxeb mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da
maTTvis fantaziebis darqmeviT (rac efuZneba bavSvis mSobelTan
seqsualuri kontaqtis survils) mas minimumamde dahyavs am
gamocdilebis mniSvneloba. mesame, am Teorias androcentruli
(mamakacze centrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad kacis models
 1197

iyenebs da arc ki cdilobs, gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvavdeba SeiZleba

arsebobdes qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
Tumca, froidis Teoriis zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdenadac
isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad.
magaliTad, me-6-e TavSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi
sistematurad ikvleven aracnobieris cnebas (Baars & McGovern, 1996;
Westen, 1998). es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri
gamocdilebis didi nawils Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi
ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis zogad koncefcias, magram
asustebs kavSirs aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias Soris:
aracnobieri codna sulac ar gamoiwvevs SfoTvas an tanjvas. aseve,
mkvlevarebma daadastures fsiqikis zogi Cvevis arseboba, romlebsac
froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda
(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).
saidan viciT
individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis meqanizmebis
gamoyenebaSi
zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia, individebma
gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi maSin, rodesac isini
SfoTvas ganicdian. mkvlevarebma es hipoTeza
mravalferovani meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi
mkvlevari swavlobda im xarisxs, romliTac axalgazrda
zrdasruli (23 wlis) adamianebis jgufma miaRwia
 1198

zrdasrulobis stabilur identobas. (gaixseneT me-11-e

Tavidan, rom erik eriksonis mixedviT, identobis
gansazRvra aris "krizisi", romelic adamianebma
mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda gadalaxon.) am jgufis
zogierT individs miRweuli hqonda identuroba, zogi ki jer
kidev krizisis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. Tu es krizisi
SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini unda yofiliyo, rom

krizisSi myofi jgufi ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqanizmebs. am

hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT
moTxrobebi Tematuri apercefciis testis baraTebze dayrdnobiT (ixileT
Tavi 12, gv. ??). cdis pirTa monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis
meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa uaryofa da proeqcia (ixileT cxrili
14.3). analizma daadastura hipoTeza: im individebis SemTxvevaSi, visac
jer miRweuli ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo meti midrekileba dacvis
meqanizmebis gamoyenebisaken (Cramer, 1997).

me-13-e TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zogierTi stili xvdeba dacvis

meqanizmebis zogad kategoriaSi. Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT, magaliTad,
rom pirovnul travmebTan an danaSaulis an sircxvilis gamocdilebasTan
dakavSirebuli azrebisa da grZnobebis Sekavebam SeiZleba
gamanadgurebeli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur da fizikur
janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi
 1199

exmaureba froidis mosazrebebs, rom represirebul fsiqikur masalas

SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis Teoria normaluri da paTologiuri pirovnebis funqcionirebis
Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli xedvaa
maSinac ki, rodesac misi winaswarmetyvelebebi mcdaria. Tumca, yvela
sxva Teoriis msgavsad, froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc
Teorias, romelic unda dadasturdes, an ar dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli
elementebis mixedviT. froidi inarCunebs gavlenas Tanamedrove
fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea farTodaa miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil
iqna. froidis Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia misi studentebis wreSi
daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor cdilobdnen isini froidis mosazrebebis
Sesworebas.

post-froidistuli Teoriebi zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg

movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna pirovnebis miseuli xedva, rogorc
brZolis velisa, romelzec aracnobieri sawyisi impulsebi ebrZvian socialur
Rirebulebebs. Tumca, froidis inteleqtualuri STamomavlebidan bevrma
Seitana koreqtivebi pirovnebis fsiqoanalitikur xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-
froidianelebma Semdegi cvlilebebi Semoitanes:
 1200

o maT meti aqcenti gaakeTes egos funqciebze, egos dacvebis, me-s

ganviTarebis, cnobieri azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis
Zalauflebis CaTvliT.
o maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kultura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro did
rols TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
o isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seqsualuri impulsebis anu
libidos energiis mniSvnelobaze.
o maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze gaavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis
sakvanZo debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo erosisa da siamovnebis
principis mniSvneloba. adleris azriT, umweo, sxvebze damokidebuli
patara bavSvis msgavsad, yvela adamiani ganicdis inferiorobis (anu
arasrulfasovnebis) grZnobas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi
dominirebs am grZnobis daZlevis gzebis Zieba. adamianebi axdenen am
grZnobis kompensacias adekvaturobis grZnobis miRweviT an, ufro
xSirad, gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu Warbi
TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT. pirovneba struqturirebulia am
miswrafebis irgvliv; adamianebi cxovrebis stils aviTareben inferiorobis
bazisuri, yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZlevis konkretul gzebze
 1201

dayrdnobiT. pirovnebis konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri garemoebebis

zewolasa da adeqvaturobisaken internalur miswrafebas Soris
SeuTavseblobis gamo da ara adamianis SigniT SejibrSi myofi impulsebis
gamo.
karen horni (Karen Horney) aRizarda fsiqoanalitikur skolaSi, magram
ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganudga orTodoqsul froidistul Teorias. igi
daupirispirda froidis falocentristul aqcents penisis mniSvnelobaze da
Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis, dedobis,
mkerdisa da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris
dinamikur Zalas warmoadgens. am "saSvilosnos Surs" mihyavs
mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da kreatul muSaobaze mimarTuli
aracnobieri impulsebiT gadaWarbebuli kompensaciisaken. hornim, aseve,
froidze metad gausva xazi kulturul faqtorebs da yuradReba gaamaxvila
amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara infantilur seqsualobaze (Horney,
1937, 1939). radganac hornimac moaxdina gavlena humanisturi Teoriebis
ganviTarebaze, Cven davubrundebiT mis ideebs Semdeg qveTavSi.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova aracnobieris cneba.
misTvis aracnobieri ar iyo SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsavse iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri
WeSmaritebebiT, romelsac mTeli adamianuri rasa iziarebs, koleqtiuri
aracnobieriT. koleqtiuri aracnobieri xsnis Tqvens mier primitiuli miTebis,
 1202

xelovnebis formebisa da simboloebis intuitur gagebas, romlebic yofis

universalur arqetipebs warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli
gamocdilebis an obieqtis primitiuli simboluri warmodgena, reprezentacia.
yoveli arqetipi asocirebulia mis Sesaxeb grZnobisa da fiqris, an misi
gansakuTrebuli gziT gancdis instinqtur tendenciasTan. iungma mravali
arqetipi moiyvana istoriidan da miTologiidan: mze RmerTi, gmiri, deda
miwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqetipi, maSin rodesac anima _
mdedrobiTi arqetipi da yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive arqetips
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala anu jadosnuri wre; is
simbolurad asaxavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas (Jung, 1973).

• koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious) _ individis aracnobieris

nawili, romelic Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli da saerToa
saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
• arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa Tu obieqtis
universaluri, Tandayolili, primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.

iungs janmrTeli, integrirebuli pirovneba warmoedgina, rogorc iseTi

urTierTsawinaaRmdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa maskulinuri
agresia da femininuri mgrZnobiaroba. pirovnebis, rogorc dinamikur
balansSi myofi kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelaciis, xedvas
ewoda analitikuri fsiqologia. garda amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi
 1203

mniSvneloba, romelic esoden centraluri iyo froidis TeoriisaTvis. iungma

daamata ori Tanabrad Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatulobis
moTxovnileba da koherentul, mTlian individad Camoyalibebis
moTxovnileba. Semdeg qveTavSi humanisturi
Teoriebis Sesaxeb Cven vnaxavT am meore moTxovnilebis paralels
TviTaqtualizaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom
yvela qceva motivirebulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze
operirebs. libido warmoadgens motivaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros.
pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad seqsualuri energia gamoixateba
erogenuli zonebis TanmimdevrobiT. im pacientebis SeswavliT, romelTa
simptomebi asaxavdnen adreuli cxovrebis movlenebs, froidma
Camoayaliba fsiqikuri determinizmis Teoria. froidis Teoriis mixedviT,
superegos moraluri winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi cdiloben,
Seamciron idis Seupovari miswrafeba seqsualuri, emociuri da fizikuri
siamovnebisaken. egos dacvis meqanizmebi SesaZleblobas aZleven
pirovnebas, daZlios Zlieri Sinagani konfliqtebiT gamowveuli SfoTva.
miuxedavad imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma ver gauZlo
kritikas, aracnobierisa da dacvis meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma
aRiareba hpova mraval fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma, rogorebic
 1204

arian adleri, horni da iungi, misi Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da

damateba SemogvTavazes.

humanisturi Teoriebi
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaTdeba individis piradi da
cnobieri gamocdilebis integraciisa da zrdis potencialis mimarT interesiT.
yvela humanisturi Teoriis ZiriTadi niSania yuradRebis gamaxvileba
TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze. TviTaqtualizacia aris mudmivi swrafva
sakuTari arsebuli potencialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis srulad
ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi Tqven naxavT, Tu rogor Camoayalibes
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra damatebiTi niSnebi gamohyofen
humanistur Teoriebs pirovnebis Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.

humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis

mimdevrebis azriT, rogorebic arian karl rojersi, abraham maslou da karen
horni, qcevis motivacia momdinareobs pirovnebis unikaluri, rogorc
Tandayolili, ise SeZenili tendenciebidan, ganviTardes da Seicvalos
TviTaqtualizaciis miznisaken mimavali dadebiTi mimarTulebebiT.
gaixseneT me-12-e Tavidan, rom masloum TviTaqtualizacia moaTavsa
Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis kenweroSi. TviTganxorcielebisaken
 1205

swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa, romelic mimarTavs yovel

adamians zogadad dadebiTi qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken.
• analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic psychology) _ fsiqologiis mimarTuleba,
romelic pirovnebas ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
• TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis fsiqologiis cneba,
romelic exeba adamianis mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis
realizaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis ganviTarebisaken.
• upirobo dadebiTi pativiscema (Unconditional positive regard) _ individis
sruli siyvaruli da mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad bavSvisa
mSoblis mier, yvelanairi pirobis gareSe.

TviTaqtualizaciisken swrafva xandaxan konfliqtSi modis sakuTari da

sxvebis mowonebis moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT rodesac adamiani
grZnobs, rom mowonebis damsaxurebisTvis unda akmayofilebdes
garkveul movaleobebsa Tu pirobebs. magaliTad, karl rojersi (Carl
Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams upirobo dadebiTi ganwyobis
mniSvnelobas bavSvebis aRzrdis dros. igi gulisxmobda, rom bavSvebma
unda igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da moewonebaT,
miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT
Tavisi mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi rekomendaciiT, rodesac
 1206

bavSvi cudad iqceva, mSoblebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar
moswonT, da ara TviTon bavSvi. upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba
mniSvnelovania zrdasrul asakSic, radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb,
movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis TviTaqtualizacias. rogorc mozrdil
adamians, Tqven gWirdebaT, gasceT da miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi
ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos xarT. rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, saWiroa, grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im sisusteebisa, romelTa
Secvlas SeiZleba cdilobT.
Tumca, mas xSirad ar miageben saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev
erTi centraluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac ganapiroba humanisturi
fsiqologiis dafuZneba (Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom
adamianebs aqvT "namdvili me", romelic aqtualizaciisaTvis
xelisSemwyob garemo pirobebs moiTxovs, rogoricaa siTbos atmosfero,
sxvebis keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli bavSvis, rogorc
"konkretuli individis" mimarT (Horney, 1945, 1950). rodesac ar arsebobs
aseTi xelisSemwyobi aRzrdis pirobebi, bavSvi aviTarebs bazisur
SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis gamoxatvis spontanurobas
da xels uSlis sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri SfoTvis
daZlevisaTvis individebi mimarTaven interpersonalur an intrafsiqikur
dacvebs. interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZraobas sxvebisaken
 1207

(rac gamoixateba gadaWarbebuli TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da

TviTSekavebiTi moqmedebebis meSveobiT), sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac
gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani an narcisistuli gadawyvetilebebiT) an
sxvebisagan (rac gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT).
intrafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoayalibon ararealuri
idealizirebuli me-s xati, romelsac Sedegad mosdevs "didebis Zieba" am
xatis gasamrTleblad da siamayis sistema, romelic eqvemdebareba qcevis
rigidul wesebs, raTa Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefasebas.
aseTi adamianebi xSirad "unda-s tiraniis" qveS cxovroben, sakuTari
Tavis mimarT wayenebuli movaleobebis mixedviT, rogoricaa "me unda
viyo srulyofili, keTilSobili, mimzidveli, mamaci" da ase Semdeg. hornis
azriT, humanisturi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda individs
TviTrealizaciis miRwevaSi da xeli Seewyo adamianis bunebaSi
Tandayolili konstruqciuli ZalebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian
TviTganxorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacias anu namdvili me-s mimarTulebiT progresis
aqcentireba warmoadgens maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis
mniSvnelovan aspeqts. garda amisa, humanisturi Teoriebi aRweril iqna,
rogorc holisturi, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri. vnaxoT,
ra aris amis mizezi. humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, radgan adamianebis
calkeul qmedebebs xsnis mTliani pirovnebebis terminebiT; adamianebi ar
 1208

ganixileba, rogorc jami calkeuli niSnebisa, romlebic saTiTaod axdenen

sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas qcevaze. maslous azriT, adamianebi arsebiTad
motivirebulni arian moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis ufro maRali doneebisaken
(rac ganxilul iqna me-12-e TavSi), Tu ufro dabal doneze aRmocenebulma
defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi Teoriebi dispoziciuria, radgan fokusirdeba adamianis
Tandayolil Tvisebebze, romlebsac mTavari gavlenas axdenen qcevis
mimarTulebaze. situaciuri faqtorebi ganixileba, rogorc sirTuleebi da
barierebi (rogorc Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buStebs).
rodesac aqtualizaciis tendencia gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri
pirobebisagan, man unda aqtiurad warmarTos adamianebi sasargeblo,
dadebiTad moqmedi situaciebis arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi
Teoriebi ar aris dispoziciuri im gagebiT, rogorc niSnis anda
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi. am ukanaskneli Sexedulebebis mixedviT,
pirovnuli dispoziciebi aris qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav warmoCinebuli
ganmeorebadi Temebi. humanisturi dispoziciebi specifikurad mimarTulia
kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel jerze, rodesac xorcieldeba humanisturi
dispozicia, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom, dispozicia arasodes
gamoixateba orjer erTi da imave saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi humanistur
dispoziciebs mihyavT individi TviTaqtualizaciisaken, am motivebis
yvelaze wminda gamoxatvisaken.
 1209

humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan isini xazs usvams

individis Tvalsazriss da realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveblisa
Tu Terapevtis obieqtur mosazrebas. ase rom, humanisturi fsiqologi
yovelTvis cdilobs, dainaxos yoveli adamianis unikaluri Sexeduleba. es
xedva awmyoze orientirebuli xedvacaa; warsuli gavlenebi
mniSvnelovania mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT moiyvanes adamiani
dRevandel situaciamde, xolo momavali warmoadgens misaRwev
miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT,
humanisturi Teoriebi ar Tvlis, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas
aracnobierad warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
da bolos, iseTi mecnierebis azriT, rogoricaa rolo mei (Rollo May,
1975), humanistur Teoriebs aqvs egzistencialuri aspeqti. isini yuradRebas
amaxvilebs maRal fsiqikur procesebze, romlebic xsnian mimdinare
gamocdilebas da saSualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes an
daTrgunul iqnas yofierebis yoveldRiuri problemebiT. es egzistencialuri
perspeqtiva momdinareobs rogorc literaturuli, aseve filosofiuri
tradiciebidan, romlebic mas farTo mimzidvelobas aniWeben mravali
Tanamedrove mecnierisa da klinicistisTvis
(Schneider & May, 1995).
pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva sasiamovno siaxle iyo
mravali fsiqologisaTvis, romlebic aRizardnen froidiseuli medicinis
 1210

"momwaro dietaze". humanisturi midgomebi fokusirdeba

gaumjobesebaze, an imaze, rom cxovreba ufro advilad mosanelebeli,
misaRebi gaxdes, da ara mtkivneuli mogonebebis gamoqeqvaze, romlebic
xandaxan umjobesia, gandevnili darCes. humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs
usvams yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos Tavisi sruli
potencialis realizacia.

humanisturi Teoriebis Sefaseba

froidis Teorias xSirad akritikebdnen zedmetad pesimisturi
SexedulebisaTvis, rom adamianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan,
travmebidan da SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi gaCnda jansaRi
pirovnebis gansadideblad, romelic miiltvis bednierebisaken da
TviTaqtualizaciisaken. Znelia, gaakritiko Teoriebi, romlebic
waaxaliseben da afaseben adamianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis gamo.
da mainc, kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi bundovania da
Znelad misawvdomi kvlevisaTvis. isini sxvamen kiTxvebs: "dazustebiT
ra aris
TviTaqtualizacia?" "Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu kulturuli konteqstiT aris
Seqmnili?" aseve, humanisturi Teoriebi tradiciulad ar amaxvileben
yuradRebas individebis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze. isini ufro metad
warmoadgenen Teoriebs adamianis bunebis da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb,
romlebic yvela adamianisTvis saerToa, vidre Teoriebs individualuri
 1211

pirovnebis Sesaxeb, an adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis

Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqologebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc gamocdilebisa
da qmedebis wyaros, rolis xazgasmiT humanisturi Teoriebi uaryofen
mniSvnelovan garemos cvladebs, romlebic aseve axdenen qcevaze
gavlenas.
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, humanisturi tradiciidan, nawilobriv,
momdinareobs Tanamedrove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod
koncentrirdeba individualur moTxrobebze anu cxovrebis istoriebze
(Baumeister, 1994; McAdams, 1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992).
fsiqobiografiis Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis detalebis gagebaSi
fsiqologiuri Teoriis gamoyenebis tradiciis sawyiss SeiZleba mivakvlioT
froidis mier leonardo da vinCis analizSi (Freud, 1910/957; ixileT Elms,
1988, froidis naSromis kritikisaTvis). fsiqobiografia ganisazRvreba,
rogorc "fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis sistematuri
gamoyeneba cxovrebis Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad
gardaqmnisaTvis" (McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris
pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli informaci:. pikasom bavSvobaSi
ramdenime travma ganicada, seriozuli miwisZvrisa da umcrosi dis
sikvdilis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba scados, axsnas pikasos
udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli nawili, rogorc am adreul
travmebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner, 1993).
 1212

• fsiqobiofrafia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT

pirovnebis) Teoriis gamoyeneba individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebis
aRwerisa da axsnisaTvis.

rodesac ganTqmuli an istoriuli figura fsiqobiografiis sagani xdeba,

mkvlevarma SeiZleba mimarTos gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da
werilebs, rogorc sando monacemebis wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi
individebis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevarebma SeiZleba pirdapir
gamohkiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, monawiles
SeiZleba mosTxovon, isaubros ukanaskneli Zlieri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb:
"ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am epizods mogviTxros imis
Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an rogor
ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?" (McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992,
gv. 1010). damaxasiaTebeli Temebi, romlebic mJRavndeba TxrobiTi
angariSebis seriebSi, mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis mier
wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da fenomenologiur versiebs:
adamianebi ageben Tavis identobas calkeuli moTxrobebis cxovrebis
ambad gaerTianebis gziT. piradi angariSebi fanjaraa, romlidanac
SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari
Tavisa da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Harvey et al., 1990;
Shotter, 1984). humanisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi aqcents akeTebdnen
 1213

yoveli individis swrafvaze TviTaqtualizaciisaken. Tumca, es jgufi

aRiarebda, rom adamianebis warmateba am miznis miRwevaSi,
nawilobriv, gansazRvrulia maTi garemos realiebiT. axla Cven
ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic exebian uSualod imas, Tu rogor
yalibdeba individebis qceva maTi garemos gavleniT. Sejameba
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic arian maslou, rojersi da horni,
Tvlidnen, rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebis bazisuri surviliT, rac gulisxmobs moZraobas
TviTaqtualizaciisaken. pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia,
dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT,
humanisturi Teoriebis zogi centraluri cneba cudad aris gansazRvruli da es
Teoriebi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianebis cxovrebaze garemos gavlenas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben humanistur tradicias im xerxebze
fokusirebiT, romlebiTac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul mTlian suraTs
Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.

socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebi

Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela TeoriisaTvis saerToa aqcenti
hipoTetur Sinagan meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulsebze,
TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze, romlebic biZgs aZlevs qcevas da
warmoqmnis funqcionirebadi pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac
 1214

aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, es aris myari kavSiri pirovnebasa da

konkretul qcevas Soris. magaliTad, fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi
Teoriebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis Sesaxeb, magram ar
winaswarmetyveleben specifikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis kidev
erTi mimarTuleba warmoiSva imis safuZvelze, rom gamaxvilda
yuradReba qcevaSi individualur gansxvavebebze. gaixseneT me-7-e
Tavidan, rom adamianis qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba
viwinaswarmetyveloT garemos pirobebze dayrdnobiT. daswavlis Teoriis
mimdevari fsiqologebi miuTiTeben garemos pirobebze, romlebic
akontroleben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc Ria da faruli
reaqciebis jami, romlebic didi albaTobiT gamowveulia individis
moqmedebaTa ganmtkicebebis istoriiT. daswavlis Teoriis midgomis
mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian, radgan maT gansxvavebuli
ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.
ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli koncefcia, romelic Seqmna ieilis
universitetis fsiqologebis gundma jon dolardisa da nil mileris meTaurobiT
(John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950). dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi
cnebebi, rogorebicaa daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis Sekaveba da
daswavlili qcevis paternebi. froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves
daZabulobis da daZabulobis Semcirebis ganmamtkicebeli (siamovnebis
momgvreli) Sedegebis motivaciuri Zalebis rols. organizmebi
 1215

moqmedeben, raTa Seamciron daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebiT

gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic warmatebiT amcirebs aseT
daZabulobebs, meordeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi daswavlil Cvevad
gadaiqceva, romelic ganmtkicebulia ganmeorebiTi daZabulobis
SemcirebiT. dolardma da milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma
SeiZleba iswavlos socialuri
imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom
sapasuxo qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis aucilebloba ar iqmneba.
warmoidgineT, patara biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das aZleven kanfets,
rodesac is mirbis saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma
Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis ganxorcieleba daiwyos. imitaciis ideam
gaafarTova is gzebi, romlebiTac, fsiqologebis warmodgeniT, daiswavleba
efeqturi an destruqciuli qceva. pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am
daswavlili qcevebis jami.
Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebi xSirad
iziareben dolardisa da mileris mosazrebas, rom qcevaze gavlenas axdens
garemos pirobebi. Tumca, es Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs
usvamen kognituri, iseve rogorc bihevioraluri procesebis, mniSvnelobas,
riTic moqmed sxeuls moazrovne gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc
pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebi Seqmna, aRniSnaven, rom arsebobs
mniSvnelovani individualuri gansxvavebebi imaSi, Tu rogor fiqroben da
 1216

gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur (garegan) situacias.

kognituri Teoriebi yuradRebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis SegrZnebebs da aRqmebs
realobis Sesaxeb organizebul STabeWdilebad gardaqmnian. humanisturi
Teoriebis msgavsad, kognituri Teoriebi xazs usvamen, rom Tqven
monawileobT sakuTari pirovnebis SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven,
ZiriTadad, aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara mxolod pasiurad
reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alternativebs da irCevT iseT garemos,
romelSic moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT
situaciebs, romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli
iqneba da cdilobT, Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayofileben da
bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven xSirad arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im
restoranSi, sadac adre kargi saWmeli miirTviT da yovelTvis ar cdilobT
axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro konkretuli magaliTebi.
Cven
ganvixilavT uolter miSelis, albert banduras da nensi kentoris Teoriebs.
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi pirovnebis Teoria uolter miSelma (Walter
Mischel) ganaviTara pirovnebis kognituri bazisis gavlenis Teoria. miSeli
aRniSnavs, rom adamianebi aqtiurad monawileoben garemosTan Tavisi
interaqciebis kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs usvams,
 1217

ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis gageba, Tu rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc

adamianebsa da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia (Mischel & Shoda,
1995, 1999). ganvixiloT magaliTi:
jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi,
rom is yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia, rodesac vinmes pirvelad
xvdeba da, aseve, imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is gaxdes sakmaod uxeSi da
arakeTilganwyobili, rodesac am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs.
meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da
mSvidia im adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs, magram Zalian
komunikabeluri xdeba, rogorc ki kargad gaicnobs am adamians
(Shoda et al., 1993a, gv. 1023).
Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilganwyobis jamuri
gasaSualoeba, albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am
niSnis mixedviT, magram am SemTxvevaSi ver daviWerdiT
mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas maT qcevaSi. miSelis mixedviT (1973;
Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasuxobT garemos specifikur
movlenaze, damokidebulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul cvladebze. xedavT,
ra gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoTvlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT
imoqmedebda adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT
magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze. scadeT, warmoidginoT situacia, romelSic
cxrilSi moyvanili personaJebisgan gansxvavebulad moiqceodiT, radgan
 1218

Tqven maTgan erTi konkretuli cvladis mixedviT gansxvavdebiT.

SeiZleba gainteresebT, ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis bunebas konkretuli
individisTvis. miSelis azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis
dakvirvebebis, aseve misi sxva adamianebTan da fizikuri garemos usulo
aspeqtebTan interaqciebis istoriis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).
cxrili 14.4. pirovnebis cvladebi miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqtur
TeoriaSi
cvladi gansazRvreba magaliTi

kodirebebi is gza, romliTac axdenT rogorc ki bobi

vinmes Tqveni Tavis, sxva adamianebis,
Sexvdeba, is cdilobs, movlenebis da
situaciebis daadginos, ramdenad mdidaria
Sesaxeb informaciis es adamiani.
kategorizacias.
molodinebi Tqveni rwmenebi socialuri gregi patiJebs
megobrebs samyaros Sesaxeb da konkretul
da
kinoSi, magram arasodes elis, situaciebSi
rwmenebi mocemuli rom isini "ki"-s ityvian.

qmedebebis mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni

Sexeduleba imaze, Tu ramdenad gaqvT raime Sedegebis
miRebis unari.
afeqtebi Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi, sindi Zalian advilad
fiziologiuri pasuxebis wiTldeba.
 1219

CaTvliT.
miznebi da Sedegebi da afeqturi piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi Rirebulebebi
mdgomareobebi, romlebic klasis prezidenti iyos. TqvenTvis Rirebulia an
ar aris Rirebuli; Tqveni miznebi da cxovrebis gegmebi.
kompetenciebi qcevebi, romelTa Sesruleba iani laparakobs inglisurad, da
Tqven SegiZliaT da gegmebi frangulad, rusulad da
TviTregulato kognituri da qceviTi iaponurad da varaudobs, rom ruli
Sedegebis misaRebad. gaeroSi imuSavebs. gegmebi

miSelma da misma kolegebma gvaCvenes qcevis paternebis

mniSvneloba
sazafxulo banakSi bavSvebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT.
saidan viciT
qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva adre aRvwereT, rodesac qcevis
konsistentobas
vixilavdiT. kidev erTi kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis
reaqciebs gansxvavebul fsiqologiur situaciebze. es
situaciebia: (1) sxva bavSvis mier dadebiTi socialuri
kontaqtis wamowyeba an (2) ufrosis mier gafrTxileba
raime moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis
reaqciebi kodirebul iqna kategoriebad, rogoricaa
"prosocialurad laparakobda" an "daemorCila an
dauTmo". garda amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis
 1220

konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexasiTebinaT, rogorc

"agresiuli", "Caketili" an "keTilganwyobili". ra
informacia gamoiyenes maT am Sefasebebis
gasakeTeblad? magaliTad, ganvixiloT damorCilebis an

daTmobis qceva. bavSvebi, vinc banakidan wamosvlisas daaxasiaTes,

rogorc keTilganwyobili, morCilebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT
ufrosi aZlevda gafrTxilebas. xolo bavSvebi, vinc banakidan wamosvlisas
daaxasiaTes, rogorc Caketili, morCilebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac
maT Tanatolebi aRizianebdnen an dascinodnen (Shoda et al., 1993b).

am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis saSualo

maCveneblebis codna bevrs verafers gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb.
Tqven unda icodeT, ra situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imisaTvis, rom
gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da
meorem _ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom Cveni
warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnebuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb
modis ara saSualos aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
ganxsvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas (Shoda & Mischel, 1993).
 1221

banduras kognituri socialuri daswavlis Teoria pirovnebisadmi socialuri

daswavlis midgomis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert bandura (Albert
Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSromebiTa da bavSvebisa da
zrdasrulebis farTo kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7-e Tavidan bavSvebis
agresiuli qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi gaerTianebulia daswavlis
principebi da socialur garemoSi adamianur interaqciebze aqcenti.
socialuri daswavlis kuTxiT adamianebs ar marTavs Sinagani Zalebi,
magram, amave dros, isini arc garemos gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri
marionetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma xazs usvams kognitur
procesebs, romlebic CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tvisebebis SeZenasa da
maTi SebarCunebis procesSi.

• reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _ albert banduras

socialuri daswavlis Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom
individs, mis qcevas da garemos stimulebs Soris arsebobs rTuli
reciprokuli urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am komponentebidan
moqmedebs sxvebze.

banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos

stimulebis rTul urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze
zemoqmedeba an maTi Secvla, da cvlilebis mimarTuleba iSviaTad aris
 1222

calmxrivi _ is reciprokulia. Tqvens qcevaze gavlena SeiZleba hqondes

Tqvens damokidebulebebs (atitudebs), rwmenebs, Sexedulebebs an
ganmtkicebebis winamorbed istorias, iseve, rogorc garemoSi arsebul
stimulebs. imas, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba gavlena hqondes
garemoze, xolo garemom da Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma
ukukavSirma SeiZleba imoqmedos Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan
aspeqtebze. es mniSvnelovani cneba, reciprokuli determinizmi,
gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda gamoikvlioT yvela komponenti, Tu gsurT
mTlianad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socialuri ekologia
(Bandura, 1999; ixileT suraTi 14.4). amgvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven
Warbi wona gaqvT, SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba,
magram, Tu sacurao auzis maxloblad cxovrobT, SeiZleba curva arCioT.
Tu komunikabeluri xarT, gaesaubrebiT auzTan myof adamianebs da
amiT ufro socialur atmosferos SeqmniT, rac, Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro
sasiamovnos gaxdis. es erTi magaliTia adamians, adgilsa da qcevas Soris
reciprokuli determinizmisa.
suraTi 14.4. reciprokuli determinizmi reciprokuli determinizmis
mixedviT individi, misi qceva da garemo erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebs,
raTa gavlena moaxdinos da Secvalos sxva komponentebi.
 1223

adamiani

me-7- e Tavidan
garemo qceva
SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom banduras socialuri
daswavlis Teoria xazs usvams dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process,
romliTac adamiani cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze
dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT bavSvebi da
zrdasrulebi Tavisi socialuri garemos Sesaxeb informaciis udides speqtrs
iZenen. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT Tqven swavlobT, Tu ra aris
Sesabamisi, adekvaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba dasja an
ignorireba. radgan Tqven SegiZliaT mexsierebis gamoyeneba da ifiqroT
garegan movlenebze, Tqven SegiZliaT, iwinaswarmetyveloT Tqveni
qmedebebis SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad ganxorcielebis gareSe.
Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZinoT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi
ubralod imis dakvirvebiT, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi da ra Sedegebi
mohyveba amas.
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi (1997) misi erT-erTi
centraluri cneba TviTefeqturoba29 gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena
imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia adeqvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
Tqveni TviTefeqturobis SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas Tqvens
aRqmebze, motivaciaze da qcevaze. Tqven arc ki cdilobT raimes
 1224

gakeTebas an SesaZleblobis gamoyenebas, rodesac elodebiT, rom

araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs, rodesac Tavs adekvaturad
ar grZnobT. maSinac ki, rodesac, realobaSi gaqvT unari _ da survilic _
SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT davalebis
warmatebiT Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT is, rac
amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi Sesrulebebis miRma TviTefeqturobis SefasebisaTvis arsebobs
informaciis kidev sami wyaro:
o sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba sxvebis moqmedebaze; o
darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT raimes gakeTeba, an Tqven SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi
daarwmunoT amaSi;
o Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi, rodesac fiqrobT davalebis
Sesaxeb an rodesac iwyebT mis Sesrulebas; magaliTad, SfoTva
migvaniSnebs efeqturobis dabal molodinze; Relva migvaniSnebs
warmatebis molodinze.
TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas
xarjavT da ramden xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis farTo speqtrSi sirTuleebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997;
Cervone, 2000; Schwarzer, 1992). magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad energiulad
da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs, SeiZleba ufro metad damokidebuli iyos
 1225

Tqveni TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur unarze (Zimmerman et al.,

1992). warmatebis an warumateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba imoqmedos
ganxorcielebuli qcevis efeqturobis Sesaxeb mowodebulma ukukavSirma,
magram am molodinebs, aseve, SeuZliaT winaswargansazRvruli
ukukavSiris Seqmna da amdenad TviTSesrulebad winaswarmetyvelebad
iqcnen. modiT, es aRmoCena akademiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.

saidan viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ikvlies 11-dan
14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis maxloblad ganlagebuli
dasaxlebuli punqtidan. am kvlevis mizani iyo,
eCvenebina rogorc bavSvebis, aseve maTi mSoblebis
TviTefeqturobis donis gavlena bavSvebis akademiur
miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasazomad bavSvebic da
mSoblebic aRniSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa
seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis debulebebi exeboda maT
mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan gamklavebis
sakuTari unarebis Sesaxeb; aseve maT mosazrebebs, Tu
ramdenad aqvT unari, moaxdinon TavianTi garemos
struqturireba swavlis gasaadvileblad: magaliTad,
"ramdenad kargad gamogdiT, rom daixmaroT
maswavleblebi, rodesac saskolo samuSaos Sesruleba
giZneldebaT?" zrdasrulebisaTvis debulebebi
 1226

ukavSirdeboda maT unarebs, moexdinaT Tavis

bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi interesisa da misi
Sesrulebis motivacia: magaliTad, "ra SegiZliaT
gaakeToT, raTa daexmaroT Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo
samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?" bavSvebis
maswavleblebma miawodes mkvlevarebs maTi
akademiuri miRwevebis Sefaseba. Sedegebma aCvena
rogorc mSoblebis, aseve bavSvebis TviTefeqturobis
rwmenebis mniSvnelovani gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod,
mSoblebis rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs mimarTuleba, wvlili Sehqonda bavSvebis
rwmenaSi, rom maT didi miRwevebi eqnebodaT. Tavis
mxriv, bavSvebis rwmenebi zusti aRmoCnda:
TviTefeqturobis Zlieri rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo
faqtobriv maRal miRwevebTan.
am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, gvjerodes, rom
SegviZlia warmatebis miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT
mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT Svilebi, unda ifiqroT, imaze, Tu rogor
ganaviTaroT Tqven SvilebSi gancda, rom maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT
sakuTar swavlaze.

29
self-efficacy
banduras TviTefeqturobis Teoria, aseve, aRiarebs garemos
mniSvnelobas. warumateblobis Tu warmatebis molodinebi da Sesatyvisi
gadawyvetilebebi mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu Seupovrad gagrZelebis
 1227

Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZnebodes imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _

xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve, sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu
araadekvaturobis aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze
dafuZnebul molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
eTanxmeba erTmaneTs banduras Teoriis nawilebi. qceviTi Sedegebi
damokidebulia adamianebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve
garemos aRqmas.

• TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosazrebebis) erToblioba,

rom adamians SeuZlia adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.

suraTi 14.5. banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli

am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi moTavsebulia
adamiansa da mis qcevas Soris; Sedegis molodinebi moTavsebulia
qcevasa da mis mosalodnel Sedegebs Soris.

adamiani qceva Sedegi

efeqturobis Sedegis
molodinebi molodinebi

kentoris socialuri inteleqtis Teoria winamorbed kognitur da socialur

Teoriebze dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma

 1228

(Nancy Cantor) da misma kolegebma Camoayalibes pirovnebis socialuri

inteleqtis
Teoria (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri
inteleqti exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT
cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs
individualuri gansxvavebebis sam tips:
o cxovrebiseuli miznebis arCevani. adamianebi gasxvavdebian
imisda mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia
maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, kolejis studentebi
xSirad Relaven "kargi niSnebis miRebis" an "megobrebis SeZenis da
SenarCunebis" Sesaxeb. aris Tu ara am miznebidan erT-erTi
TqvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore? adamianebis miznebi
drois ganmavlobaSic SeiZleba Seicvalos. Tqveni aTi wlis winandeli
miznebi, albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, aseve momavali
miznebisagan.
o socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi codna. adamianebi
gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT
socialuri da pirovnuli problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi.
o miznebis ganxorcielebis strategiebi. adamianebs aqvT
problemebis
gadawyvetis gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.
 1229

• socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis Teoria, romelic

exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi.

xedavT, rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami ganzomileba, raTa

warmoiqmnas qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven
aRiqvamT, rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven SeiZleba icnobT or adamians,
romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxovrebis mizani aqvT _ SeiZleba orivesTvis
kargi niSnebis miReba warmoadgens Rirebulebas, magram imis
mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba,
maTi myisieri gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian
gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans. SesaZloa, swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri)
strategiebi aswavles, meore ki Zlivs axerxebs amas specialuri daxmarebis
gareSe. socialuri inteleqtis Teoria axal xedvas gvawvdis imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor gansazRvravs winaswar pirovneba konsistentobas: drois mocemul
periodSi konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adamianebis miznebSi,
codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT, ganvixiloT konkretuli garemoebebi, romlebSic adamianebis
gansxvavebuli miznebi iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: mkvlevarebma
aCvenes, rom
siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT urTierTobebisgan miRebul
dakmayofilebaze.
 1230

saidan viciT
siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi
rodesac zogierTi adamiani sasiyvarulo urTierTobas
iwyebs, misi umTavresi mizania siaxlovis Seqmna: maT
surT, aRmoCndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben
urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlenas da TviTgaxsnas. sxva adamianebi
aseve dainteresebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTierTobebi, magram
maTTvis es urTierTobebi warmoadgens gzas ufro metad sasurveli
moqmedebebisken (magaliTad, wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi
urTierTobebisken), vidre siaxlovisken. siaxlovis miznis siZliereSi am
gansxvavebebis Sesafaseblad mkvlevarebma sTxoves 60 students,
epasuxaT iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa "sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi
vcdilob Cemi yvelaze siRrmiseuli azrebisa da grZnobebis gaziarebas"
(Sanderson & Cantor, 1997). studentebma iseTi faqtebic aRniSnes,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, dro, romelsac isini realurad atarebdnen Tavis
partniorebTan gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve rogorc sakuTari
dakmayofileba urTierTobebiT. monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im
adamianebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisgan, romlebsac ufro Zlieri
siaxlovis miznebi hqondaT, naklebad iyo damokidebuli im drois
xangrZlivobaze, romlis gatarebac maT realurad SeeZloT Tavis
partniorebTan; maTi Sefaseba urTierTobebisgan miRebuli
dakmayofilebisa SedarebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr dros
 1231

atarebdnen isini erTad Tu cotas. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis

miznebis mqone individebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT
dabali iyo, rodesac isini cota dros atarebdnen partniorebTan.

xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni individis miznebisagan? ufro

Zlieri siaxlovis miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivirebulni arian,
rom rac SeiZleba meti miiRon im droisgan, romlis gatarebac SeuZliaT
Tavis partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis miznebis
mqoneT, SesaZloa, ar SeeZloT sakmarisi koncentracia, raTa
damakmayofilebeli urTierToba SeinarCunon uxvi interaqciebis gareSe.
am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven SegiZliaT amoicnoT pirovneba im
konsistenturobiT, romliTac adamianebi iqcevian axlo urTierTobebSi.
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba socialuri
daswavlisa da kognituri Teoriebis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli kritikis erT-
erTi Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebelyofen emociebs, rogorc
pirovnebis mniSvnelovan komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben. socialuri daswavlisa da
kognitur TeoriebSi emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa da
qcevis Tanmdevi produqti an ubralod gaerTianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan,
imis nacvlad, rom maT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba mieweros. maTTvis,
visi azriTac emociebi centraluria pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi, es seriozuli
 1232

naklia. kognitur Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben, rom isini srulad ar

aRiareben aracnobieri motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi fokusirebulia pirovnuli konstruqtebis da
kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis axsnebis bundovanebaze. kognituri Teoriis
mimdevrebs xSirad bevri araferi hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis
ganviTarebiTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti individis mier
qcevis awmyo garemoebebis aRqmaze Crdilavs individis istorias. es
kritika kerZod kelis (Kelly) Teoriazea mimarTuli, romelic aRweril iqna
ufro rogorc konceftualuri sistema, vidre rogorc Teoria, radgan is
fokusirebulia struqturaze da procesebze da TiTqmis arafers ambobs
pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.
am kritikis miuxedavad, pirovnebis kognituri Teoriebs mTavari wvlili
ekuTvniT Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi. kelis Teoriam gavlena iqonia
kognituri Terapevtebis did ricxvze. miSelis mier situaciis
maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebam moitana ori komponentis interaqciis
ukeTesi gageba: imisa, Tu ra Semoaqvs adamians qceviT garemoSi,
imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi qceviTi garemo. banduras ideebma
gamoiwvia maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba
da daexmara maT axal mkurnalobasTan erTad warmatebisaTvis
mieRwiaT janmrTelobis, biznesis da sportis sferoSi. da bolos, kentoris
 1233

Teoriam pirovnebis konsistentobis Zieba gadaiyvana cxovrebiseuli

miznebisa da socialuri strategiebis doneze.
mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma Teoriebma axali ideebi
Tqveni sakuTari pirovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela naxavT,
Tu rogor daiwyebT sakuTari Tavis gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan
interaqciebze dayrdnobiT. axla SevudgebiT Teoriebs, romlebic kidev ufro
Sors wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis gansazRvraSi.

Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom
adamianebis moqmedebebze gavlenas axdens garemos SemTxveviTi
maxasiaTeblebi. uolter miSelis azriT, garemos specifikur movlenebs
adamianebi pasuxoben sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da
Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da Rirebulebebze, da unarebsa da
TviTmaregulirebel gegmebze dayrdnobiT. albert banduram warmoadgina
adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli urTierTqmedebis Teoria;
TviTefeqturoba udides rols TamaSobs adamianebis mier ganxorcielebuli
qcevebis gansazRvraSi. nensi kentoris Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi
gansxvavdebian cxovrebis miznebis arCevis mxriv, Tavisi codnis mxriv
da im strategiebis mxriv, romlebsac iyeneben Tavisi miznebis
misaRwevad.
 1234

me-s (SELF) Teoriebi

axla mivadeqiT pirovnebis Teoriebs, romlebic yvelaze metad uSualod
pirovnulia: isini pirdapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeul
individi mis me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia? ras fiqrobT,
Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara
Tqveni megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis konsistenturi, myari me-s
warmoCinebas? ra zemoqmedeba aqvs dadebiT da uaryofiT
gamocdilebas imaze, Tu ras fiqrobT sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb? am
kiTxvebis ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT daviwyebT.
me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcvelia uiliam jemsi (William
James, 1890). jemsma me-gamocdilebis sami komponenti gamohyo:
materialuri me (sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri sagnebis
msgavsad), socialuri me (Tqveni codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gxedaven
sxvebi), da sulieri me (me, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs pirad azrebsa da
grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda, rom yvelaferi, rasac adamiani ukavSirebs
Tavis identobas, garkveuli azriT, misi me-s nawili xdeba. amiT aixsneba,
Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac akritikeben maT
megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs. me-s koncefcia,
aseve, centraluri iyo fsiqodinamikuri TeoriebisaTvis. me-insaiti
fsiqoanalitikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo froidis TeoriaSi,
iungi ki xazs usvamda imas, rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis
 1235

adamianma unda miiRos da integracia moaxdinos misi cnobieri da

aracnobieri cxovrebis yvela aspeqtisa.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi? Cven jer aRvwerT me-
s kognitur aspeqtebs: me-s koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs. Semdeg
ganvixilavT, Tu ra gzebiT warudgenen adamianebi samyaros Tavis me-s.
da bolos, SevexebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba me-
ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis mixedviT.
me-s koncefciebis dinamikuri aspeqtebi me-s koncefcia warmoadgens
dinamikur fsiqikur struqturas, romelic axdens intrapersonaluri da
interpersonaluri qcevebisa da procesebis motivirebas, interpretirebas,
organizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia mraval komponents
moicavs. maT Sorisaa Tqveni mogonebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb;
mosazrebebi Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebulebebis da
unarebis Sesaxeb; idealuri me, rogoric yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT;
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomas SesaZleblad ganixilavT; Tqveni
Tavis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefasebebi (TviTSefaseba) da warmodgenebi
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown, 1009; McGuire &
McGuire, 1988). me-8-e TavSi Cven ganvixileT sqemebi, rogorc "codnis
paketebi", romlebic ganasaxiereben kompleqsur ganzogadebebs garemos
struqturis Sesaxeb. Tqveni me-s koncefcia Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb
 1236

_ me-sqemebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb

informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT, iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi gaZleven
saSualebas, marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi (Markus, 1977).
Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor
gadaamuSavebT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva
gviCvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac xSirad iyenebT sakuTari qcevis
interpretaciisaTvis, gavlenas axdens imazec, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
informacias sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb (Cantor & Kihlstrom, 1987;
Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva adamianebis moqmedebebis
interpretacias Tqven imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic gjeraT
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.

• me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da atributebis

Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri modeli.
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti SeiZleba
iyos sxva
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqven adarebT Tqvens amJamindel me-s
koncefcias. hezel markusma (Hazel Markus) da misma kolegebma
SesaZlebeli me-ebi gansazRvres, rogorc "idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic
Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi, rogorebic SegviZlia, rom
gavxdeT da me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia"
 1237

(Markus & Nurius, 1986, p. 954). SesaZlebeli me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT

qcevis motivirebaSi
_ isini biZgs aZleven moqmedebas da, amave dros, iZlevian imis
ganxilvis SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia aiRos Tqvenma
me-m _ ukeTesi Tu uaresi.
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSoblobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
• SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri me-ebi, rogoric
adamians surs, gaxdes, me-ebi, rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da
me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s kognituri aRqmis
komponentebi.
• TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzogadebuli SefasebiTi
damokidebuleba, romelic gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-
ganwyobilebaze, aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.

saidan viciT
 1238

SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli

mkvlevarebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis instrumenti,
romelic gamiznuli iyo im xarisxis gazomvisaTvis,
romliTac axalgazrda zrdasrul adamianebs SeeZloT
sakuTari Tavis warmodgena mSoblad (Bloom, et al.,
1999). kvlevaSi monawile kolejis 683-ma studentma
gasca pasuxi “srulebiT ar Semesabameba _ Zalian
Semesabameba” skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs,
rogoricaa "momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav Tavs,
romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes, magram ar moisurvebs
Svilebis yolas". im mizniT, rom studentebi ver
mimxvdariyvnen kvlevis mizans, mSoblobis relevanturi
debulebebi gabneuli iyo ufro grZel kiTxvarSi. kiTxvaris
Sevsebis Semdeg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis
SesaZlebeli me-s qula
(parent possible-self score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da
mamakacebi ar gasxvavdebodnen am qulebis mixedviT.
Tumca, mkvlevarebma gamohyves rogorc qalebis, aseve
mamakacebis qvejgufebi, romlebmac gansakuTrebiT
maRali da gansakuTrebiT dabali qulebi miiRes. am
qvejgufebis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bavSvebis
videoCanawerebs, sadac bavSvebis qceva icvleboda
bednieridan nerviulamde. maRali PPS-is mqone
 1239

studentebma, Sesabamisad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases

bavSvebi, vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.

SegiZliaT, gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc adamianis unars,

warmoidginos Tavisi Tavi mSoblad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am
adamianis mier bavSvis qcevis interpretaciaze?
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezentacia
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians uaryofiTi me-s
koncefcia aqvs, romelic SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali
TviTSefaseba. adamianis TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s generalizebul
Sefasebas. TviTSefasebas SeuZlia
Zlieri gavlenis moxdena azrebze, guneba-ganwyobilebaze da qcevaze.
dabali TviTSefaseba SeiZleba, nawilobriv, daxasiaTdes, rogorc me-s
Sesaxeb naklebi darwmunebuloba. rodesac maRali da dabali
 1240

TviTSefasebis mqone individebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi

ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT (rogorebicaa logikuri,
inteleqtualuri da mimzidveli), rogorc mosalodnelia, dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTlianobaSi ufro dabali
Sefasebebi misces (Baumgardner, 1990). Tumca, rodesac maT, aseve,
sTxoves, Tavisi Sefasebebis zeda da qveda sazRvrebis Camoyalibeba,
dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebma ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes:
maT me-s naklebad zusti gancda hqondaT, vidre maRali TviTSefasebis
mqone monawileebs. ase rom, dabali TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili
SesaZlebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s
Sesaxeb. me-s Sesaxeb codnis nakleboba aZnelebs imis
winaswarmetyvelebas, miaRwevs Tu ara adamiani warmatebas
cxovrebiseul miswrafebebSi.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba Zalian cdilobs
TviTSefasebis da me-s koncefciis integrirebulobis SenarCunebas (Steele,
1988). adamianebi TviTgaumjobesebis mraval formas mimarTaven
(Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven eWvi geparebaT
davalebis Sesrulebis sakuTar unarSi,
SesaZlebelia, TviTuunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT.
Tqven Segnebulad uwevT sabotaJs sakuTar qmedebas! am strategiis
mizania, warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio
 1241

mizezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris naklebobas (Higgins et al., 1990;

Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu geSiniaT imis gageba, gaqvT Tu ara
is, rac saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis, SeiZleba
megobrebTan dro gaataroT mecadineobis magivrad. am gziT, Tu Tqven
warmatebas ar miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis gadabraleba mcire
Zalisxmevaze, imis gamorkvevis gareSe, gqondaT Tu ara sinamdvileSi
warmatebis miRwevis unari.

• TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis molodinis

SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi reaqciebisa da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis
procesi, romlebic minimumde daiyvans unarebis deficits, rogorc
warumateblobis SesaZlebel mizezs.

saidan viciT
 1242

TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi

orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis studentebs,
daefiqsirebinaT Tavisi pozicia (“veTanxmebi/ar
veTanxmebi”) TviTuunarobis gamzomav debulebebTan
mimarTebaSi: "bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets
vecdebodi"; "mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs
daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxvebis
umetesoba"; "vcdilob, saqmeebi ukanasknel wuTamde
gadavdo". maTi pirveli gamocdis win, studentebs
hkiTxes, Tu ra niSani iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli.
gamocdis Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi Seatyobines,
TiTqos maTi niSani naxevari quliT ufro dabali iyo, vidre
"sasurveli" (magaliTad, Tu maT "4" isurves, maT uTxres,
rom maT "4-" miiRes). am momentSi mkvlevarebma
Seafases studentebis TviTSefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba
icavs TviTSefasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom
maRali TviTuunarobis mqone adamianebis TviTSefaseba
nakleb zians ganicdida, rodesac maT
aradamakmayofilebeli niSnebi miiRes. es aris zustad is
paterni, romelic gamoavlines kvlevis mamrobiTi sqesis
minawileebma: maRali TviTuunaroba dakavSirebuli iyo
maRal TviTSefasebasTan. Tumca, qal studentebSi ar
gamovlinda raime korelacia TviTuunarobasa da
TviTSefasebas Soris. mkvlevarebis mosazrebiT,
mamakacebs me-s xifaTisagan dacvis ufro Zlieri
tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).
 1243

ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqven sakuTar qcevasTan

mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT Tu ara TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas
(gansakuTrebiT Tu mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens
niSnebze! (sxvaTa Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva dasrulda, mkvlevarebi
dawvrilebiT gaesaubren monawileebs, rac moicavda motyuebis miznis
axsnas da namdvili niSnebis miwodebas.)
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs, rom TviTSefasebis
mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi dakavSirebulia TviTprezentaciasTan.
TviTuunaroba ufro metad aris mosalodneli maSin, rodesac adamianebma
ician, rom Sedegebi sajarod xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu
ise, rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad Tqvens Sesaxeb, rodesac
winaaRmdegoba, romelic SegxvdaT, esoden TvalsaCinoa?
TviTprezentaciis msgavsi sakiTxebi gvexmareba, avxsnaT maRali da
dabali
TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi gansxvavebebi
(Baumeister et al., 1989). maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebi samyaros
sakuTar Tavs warudgenen, rogorc ambiciur, agresiul, riskze wamsvlel
adamians. dabali TviTSefasebis adamianebi sakuTar Tavs waradgenen,
rogorc frTxils da windaxeduls. aq mniSvnelovania, rom es pozicia
 1244

gankuTvnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis anu misi e.w. “momxmarebeli”

sazogadoeba unda iyos.
saidan viciT
TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebs miecaT
TamaSSi gavarjiSebis SesaZlebloba imdeni xnis
ganmavlobaSi, ramdenic maT surdaT. amis Semdeg maT
ori wuTis ganmavlobaSi unda eTamaSaT. monawileebis
nawili varjiSobda eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS;
meore nawili _ damkvirveblis gareSe. orive
SemTxvevaSi gaizoma dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi
gaatares (gazomva moxda
Riad, eqsperimentatoris daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da
SeumCnevlad, misi aryofnis
SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.5.
sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefasebis
individebi daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varjiSobdnen,
rasac dabali TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebi.
damkvirveblis gareSe varjiSis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi
Sebrunebuli iyo; isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen, vidre
dabali TviTSefasebis individebi (Tice & Baumeister,
1990).
cxrili 14.5. varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis
 1245

TviTSefaseba sajarod damkvirveblis

gareSe
maRali 123 448
dabali 257 387
-134 +61
SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.
es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis TvalsazrisiT. maRali
TviTSefasebis adamianebs SeiZleba surdeT, ise gamoCndnen, rom
TiTqos warmatebas aRweven Zalian mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki
("Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!") da Tuki isini warmatebas ver
miaRweven, maT SeiZleba kvlav mimarTon TviTuunarobas ("Tqven
xom naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!").
me-s kulturuli konstruqcia aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur
konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa TviTSefaseba da SesaZlebeli me-ebi,
romlebic sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba adamianebSi. Tumca, me-s
mkvlevarebma daiwyes imis Seswavlac, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens me-s
koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli kulturuli zewola. Tu
Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT, Cvens mier aqamde ganxiluli kvleva
ar SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi da konstruqtebi Seesabameba
imas, Tu rogor moiazreben dasavluri kulturebi me-s. Tumca, im tipis
kultura, saidanac aRmocendeba dasavluri me _ individualisturi kultura _
umciresobas warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
 1246

romlis daaxloebiT 70% koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individualisturi

kulturebi xazs usvamen individis moTxovnilebebs, maSin, rodesac
koleqtivisturi kulturebi _ jgufis moTxovnilebebs (Triandis, 1994, 1995).
es yovlismomcveli aqcenti mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs imaze, Tu rogor
moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri Tavis me-s: hezel markusi da
Sinobu kitaiama (1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997)
amtkicebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul gagebas
(construals) aZlevs safuZvels:
o individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren damoukidebeli me-s
gagebas _ "damoukideblobis kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs
sakuTari Tavis ganmartebas, rogorc individisa, romlis qceva
organizebulia da mniSvnelovneba eniWeba, ZiriTadad, adamianis
sakuTar azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi da
ara sxvebis azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi"
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991, p. 226).
o koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren urTierTdamokidebuli
me-s gagebas _ "urTierTdamokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari
Tavis danaxvas, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa
da imis aRiarebas, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia,
damokidebulia da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams
 1247

moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad"

(Markus & Kitayama, 1991, p. 227).
mkvlevarebma mravalgzis daadastures am gansxvavebebis realuroba da
Sedegebi.
• damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals of self) _ me-s
konceptualizacia, rogorc individisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa,
organizebulia adamianis sakuTar azrebTan, grZnobebTan da
qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi, da ara sxvebis azrebTan, grZnobebTan da
qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
• urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdependent construals of self) _
me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis
nawilisa; imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia,
damokidebulia da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams
moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad.

me-s erT-erT kros-kulturul kvlevaSi gamoiyenes gazomvis instrumenti

saxelwodebiT oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST) (Kuhn &
McPartland,
1954). am testis Catarebisas monawileebs sTxoven, 20 gansxvavebuli
pasuxi gascen SekiTxvas "vin var me?". rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6,
am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi, rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad
iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia kvlevis Sedegebi, sadac TST-s
 1248

Sesrulebas sTxovdnen daaxloebiT 300 students SeerTebuli Statebidan da

indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi gansxvavebaa cxrilSi im
raodenobis mixedviT, romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac Seesabameba maTi me-s
damoukidebel gancdas. indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro
naklebi me-Sefasebebi da, Tavisi urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gancdis
Sesabamisad, airCies ramdenadme ufro meti debulebebi socialuri
identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs
Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad
mniSvnelovania. Tqven SeiZleba dafiqrdeT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
koleqtivisturi kulturebis me-s koncefciebze dasavluri kulturis Semotana.
erT kvlevaSi Sedarebulia TST-s pasuxebi kenielebisa, romlebic
praqtikulad ar ganicdian dasavluri kulturis gavlenas _ samburus da
maasais mwyemsebis tomebis warmomadgenlebisa _ im kenielebis
pasuxebTan, vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis dedaqalaq nairobiSi. tomebis
wevrebis daaxloebiT 82% pasuxebi TST-ze warmoadgenda socialur
pasuxebs; nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis mxolod 58% iyo socialuri
pasuxebi, xolo nairobis universitetis studentebis pasuxebSi mxolod 17
procenti iyo socialuri (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). am paternidan
gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Semoaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man
SeiZleba aseve Semoitanos me-s dasavluri gageba.
 1249

cxrili 14.6. oci debulebis testis (TST) pasuxebis kros-kulturuli Sedareba -

pasuxebis procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi
indielebi amerikelebi
kategori a magaliTebi
mamrob mdedrob mamrobi mdedrob
iTi iTi Ti iTi
socialu ri me var 34 28 26 26
identoba studenti.
me var Svili.
ideolog me mjera, 2 2 2 1
iuri rom yvela
rwmenebi adamiani
kargia. me
mwams
RmerTis.
interese bi me miyvars 7 16 6 5
fortepianoze
dakvra me
siamovnebas
maniWebs
axali
axali
adgilebis
monaxuleba.
 1250

ambiciebi me minda 11 15 2 2
gavxde eqimi.
me minda, meti
viswavlo
fsiqologiaSi.
me- me patiosani da 35 33 64 65
Sefasebe
Sromismoyvare var bi
me maRali
adamiani var.
me vRelav
momavlis
Taobaze.
sxva me xmauriani 11 6 1 0
megobrebi
myavs. me
myavs ZaRli.
es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi, romlebsac adamianebi
miekuTvnebian, did gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT Tavisi
me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am gagebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT
moyvanil TavebSi. magaliTad, me-11-e TavSi Tqven gaigeT, rom kultura
gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller & Bersoff, 1992); da me-
13-e TavSi ki _ rom kultura zemoqmedebas axdens emociur
 1251

gamoxatulebebze (Stephan et al., 1996). Tqven kvlav SexvdebiT am

gansxvavebas mogvianebiT am saxelmZRvaneloSi, rodesac, magaliTad,
SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs Tu ara me-s gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb
ideebze (ixileT me-17-e Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas, romelic
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.

saidan viciT
kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da TviTkritika
zemoT Cven movitaneT magaliTi, rom adamianebi
dasavlur kulturebSi cdiloben TviTgaumjobesebas _
TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebis Setanas. Tumca es,
rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlis dRis wesrigSi. amis magivrad,
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebis arseboba SeiZleba
dakavSirebuli iyos TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs
koleqtivis gaumjobesebas sakuTari individualuri
miRwevebis mimarT kritikuli damokidebulebiT. am
ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevarebis jgufma sTxova
iaponel studentebs _ koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebs da amerikel studentebs _
individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebs, aReweraT
rac SeiZleba meti situacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba
gaizarda an Semcirda. warmatebis situaciebi iyo
debulebebi, rogoricaa "rodesac gamocdaSi an sadiplomo
naSromis dacvaSi saukeTeso Sefaseba miviRe";
warumateblobis situaciebs aRwerdnen debulebebi,
rogoricaa "rodesac Cems sayvarel beisbolis gunds an
 1252

msaxiobs sajarod akritikeben". momdevno fazaSi

studentebis sam axal jgufs _ 63 iaponel students
kiotodan, iaponia; 88 iaponel students, romlebic droebiT
swavloben oregonis universitetSi, iujinSi, oregoni da 102
TeTrkanian students oregonis universitetidan _ sTxoves,
waekiTxaT situaciebis aRwerebi da ecadaT, sakuTari
Tavis warmodgena am situaciebSi. maT sTxoves,
mieTiTebinaT, imoqmedebda Tu ara situacia maT
TviTSefasebaze da, Tu ki, ra mimarTulebiT (anu
Semcirdeboda Tu gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es
moqmedebis xarisxi unda

SeefasebinaT oTxsafexurian skalaze (1=+"sustad", - 4=+"Zlier").

eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi,
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom iaponeli studentebi _ rogorc iaponiaSi, iseve
amerikaSi _ ufro metad aRniSnavdnen TviTSefasebis Semcirebas. es
aRmoCena Seesatyviseba im gansxvavebas, romelic Cven gavakeTeT
damoukidebeli me-s da urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris.
meore, efeqti ufro didia _ rogorc TviTkritikisa iaponel studentebSi, aseve
TviTgaumjobesebisa amerikel studentebSi _ maSin, rodesac situacia
warmoiqmneba anu, rogorc mkvlevarebi amboben, situacia
 1253

"damzadebulia" maT mSobliur qveyanaSi. es niSnavs, rom proeqtis

pirvel fazaSi amerikeli studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi yvelaze
kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad,
iaponeli studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi yvelaze kargad uwyobda
xels iaponelebis TviTkritikas. da bolos, SeerTebul StatebSi macxovrebeli
iaponeli studentebi ramdenadme nakleb TviTkritikulni iyvnen, vidre
maTi iaponiaSi macxovrebeli Tanamemamuleebi. aq SeiZleba
aisaxebodes amerikuli kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi amerikaSi
yofnis dros an im studentebis TviTSerCeva, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom
SesabamisobaSi movidodnen amerikis kulturasTan a.S.S.-Si yofnis dros
(Kitayama et al., 1997).

suraTi 14.6. kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da TviTkritika proeqtis pirvel

fazaSi, amerikelma da iaponelma studentebma aRweres warmatebis da
warumateblobis situaciebi. TiTeul kulturaSi warmoSobil situaciebs
uwodes "amerikaSi damzadebuli" da "iaponiaSi damzadebuli" situaciebi.
meore fazaSi studentebma orive kulturidan, iseve, rogorc studentebma
iaponiidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu rogor
imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi moxvedra. saSualod,
iaponeli studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTkritikaze,
TviTSefasebaSi uaryofiTi cvlilebebiT, maSin, rodesac amerikeli
studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTgaumjobesebaze,
 1254

TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebiT. Sedegebi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo,

rodesac situaciebi Sesabamis qveyanaSi warmoiSveboda. svetebSi
moyvanili ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis procents, romlebmac
dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad, iaponeli studentebis
86%-ma gamoavlina TviTkritika, rodesac pasuxobda “iaponiaSi
damzadebul" situaciebs, maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma
gamoavlina TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac "amerikaSi damzadebul"
situaciebs pasuxobda).

0,6
87 % 0,4
0,2 0
75 %
-0,2
- 55 % 0,4
- 0,6
62 %
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi
75 % gaizardeT, SeiZleba es
86%
Sedegebi TqvenTvis Znelad
gasagebi iyos. ratom unda
iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari TviTSefasebis gakritikeba ufro
 1255

bunebrivi, vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, aris, rom me am

TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniSvneblobis: koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me
koleqtivs. momdevno ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT, SeecadoT
ganicadoT me-s orive gageba, Tu daakvirdebiT imas, rogor moqmedebs
Tqvens garSemo mimdinare movlenebi Tqvens me-ze, rogorc individze
da Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri
struqturis wevrze.
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba me-s Teoriebi warmatebiT afiqsireben
adamianebis koncefciebs sakuTari pirovnebis Sesaxeb da imas, Tu rogor
surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen aRqmuli. ufro metic, me-s kros-kulturul
gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze, Tu rogor afaseben
fsiqologebi Tavisi Teoriebis universalurobas. miuxedavad amisa, is, vinc
akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas, gmobs imas, rom am
midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs. ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s
koncefciis relevanturi, yovelTvis ar aris naTeli, romeli faqtorebia yvelaze
mniSvnelovani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda amisa, me-s
xazgasma, rogorc socialuri konstruqtisa, srulad ar Seesabameba im faqts,
rom pirovnebis zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba memkvidreobiT gadaeces.
iseve, rogorc Cvens mier aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren
mxolod zogierT rames, magram ara yvelafers iqidan, rac Tqven
 1256

pirovnebad gesaxebaT. Sejameba me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens

mexsierebis stuqturebs, romlebic moicaven sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb da
marTaven imas, Tu rogor gadaamuSaveben adamianebi informacias
sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, adamianebs
TviTSemowmeba urCevniaT, maSinac ki, rodesac Semowmebuli me-s
koncefcia uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa
Seadaron, rogorebi arian axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen momavalSi.
TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s zogad Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad
imoqmedos azrebze, gunebaze da qcevaze. adamianebi mimarTaven
TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad. kros-kulturulma kvlevam
yuradReba gaamaxvila imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individualisturi da
koleqtivisturi kulturebi me-s gansxvavebuli gagebis warmoqmnas.
individualisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axasiaTebT damoukidebeli
me-s gageba; xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs _
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi moqmedeben imaze, Tu
rogor afaseben Tavis Tavs adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis
TviTSefasebas. me-s Teoriebis kritikosebis azriT, isini yovelTvis ar
iZlevian qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar
aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

 1257

me internetSi
yvelaze rTuli SekiTxva, romelsac adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs usvamen internetSi Sesvlis win, Semdegia: vin unda
viyo me dRes? internetSi cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze
kargad dokumentirebuli aspeqtia is, rom adaminebi
TavisTvis axal identobebs igoneben (McKenna & Bargh,
2000; Reid, 1998). rodesac adamiani CeTis oTaxSi Sedis,
man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom urCevnia kaci iyos,
vidre qali, Savkaniani, vidre TeTri, 40 wlis, vidre 18-is,
an warmatebuli aRmasrulebeli struqturis muSaki, vidre
kolejis meorekurseli studenti. bevri adamianis cxovrebaSi
internets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs SesaZlebeli me-ebis
koncefcia. modiT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT am
internetis me-ebis zogierT dadebiT Sedegze. mravali
adamiani Tvlis, rom "realur" cxovrebaSi sakmaod viwrod
aris
 1258

gansazRvruli: ganmeorebadi interaqciebi ojaxTan,

megobrebTan, ufrosebTan da TanamSromlebTan
moiTxovs misgan, konsistenturi iyos, rac SeiZleba ar
Seesabamebodes im pirovnebas, romelic mas surs, rom
iyos. adamianebisaTvis sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis
axal sferoebSi gadasvla, maTi yoveldRiuri socialuri
konteqstis zewolis gaTvaliswinebiT. interneti asustebs
am socialur konteqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000).
adamianebs SeuZliaT internetis anonimurobis
gamoyeneba, raTa gamoxaton axali interesebi an
gamoikvlion axali ideebi im SiSis gareSe, romelic realuri
samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SedegebiT aris
gamowveuli. radikaluri cvlilebebis gareSe (magaliTad,
imis gancxadebis gareSe, rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci)
adamians SeuZlia, gamoscados SesaZlebeli me-ebi,
romlebic SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos mis idealur me-sTan.
metic, internetis anonimuroba SesaZleblobas aZlevs
adamianebs, ufro meti gamoamJRavnon sakuTari me-s
Sesaxeb, vidre isini amas moisurvebdnen sxva pirobebSi.
gaixseneT me-13-e Tavidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT
 1259

Sedegebs iReben janmrTelobis mxriv, rodesac isini

emociurad ixsnebian (Pennebaker, 1990). interneti aseTi
gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.
adamianebs SeuZliaT ipovon specializebuli CeTis
oTaxebi an jgufebi, romlebic Riad marTaven forumebs,
sadac Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli sakuTari Tavis
nebismierad warmoCineba. garda amisa, aq SesaZlebelia
socialur mxardaWeris miRebac.
mkvlevarebma faqtobrivad moaxdines imis
dadastureba, rom adamianebis unars, gamoxaton
sakuTari Tavis faruli aspeqtebi, SeuZlia gamoiwvios
TviTmimReblobis gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies
informacia adamianebisgan, vinc monawileobda
internetis iseT jgufebSi, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
marginalizebuli seqsualuri identobis pirebisaTvis,
rogorebic arian homoseqsualebi. mkvlevarebma
moaxerxes anonimuri monacemebis Segroveba am
jgufebis aqtiuri monawileebisagan (McKenna & Bargh,
1998). monacemebidan gamomdinare, am jgufebSi
monawileobam gazarda TviTmimRebloba. faqtobrivad,
 1260

respondentebis 37%-ma jgufSi monawileobis Sedegad

sxvebs gauziares marginalizebuli identobis saidumloeba.
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebdiT internetis dadebiT
aspeqtebze: adamianebis unarze, gaaRrmavon me-s
gaazreba da CaerTon TviTgaxsnaSi, rasac mohyveba
janmrTelobasTan da TviTmimReblobasTan
dakavSirebuli Sedegebi. magram, ra

Tqma unda, arsebobs garkveuli saSiSroebebic. anonimurobam SeiZleba

miiyvanos adamianebi sakuTari cxovrebis iseT fragmentaciamde, romelic
gamoiwvevs disadaptaciis qcevas (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec aRvniSneT,
rom zogi mkvlevari morcxvobis prevalentobis zrdas internetis
 1261

xelmisawvdomobas miawers. da mainc, imedia, rom adamianebis

umetesoba sargebels naxavs im SesaZleblobebisgan, romlebsac,
gazviadebis gareSe, iZleva interneti TviTgamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.

pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba

ar arsebobs pirovnebis erTiani, unificirebuli Teoria, romelsac
fsiqologebis umetesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis
ganxilvisas araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris ramdenime gansxvaveba,
rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda,
Segvejamebina xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba pirovnebis
Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs yovel
am daSvebas:
1. memkvidreoba Tu garemo. rogorc naxeT qveTavSi fsiqologia
da cxovreba, am gansxvavebas uwodeben, aseve, buneba Tu aRzrda.
ra ufro mniSvnelovania pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis: genetikuri da
biologiuri faqtorebi Tu garemos gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis
Teoriebi iyofoda am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; froidis Teoria Zlier
aris damokidebuli memkvidreobiTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri
daswavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi xazs usvamen garemos, rogorc
 1262

qcevis determinants, an garemosTan urTierTqmedebas, rogorc

pirovnebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris gansxvavebebis
wyaros.
2. daswavlis procesebi Tu qcevis Tandayolili wesebi. romel
mosazrebas unda mieniWos upiratesoba: rom pirovneba icvleba
daswavlis gziT Tu rom pirovnebis ganviTareba mihyveba Sinagan
gegmas? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs emxroba
am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. froidis Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani
determinaciis Tvalsazriss; maSin rodesac humanistebi ayalibeben
optimistur azrs, rom gamocdileba cvlis adamianebs. socialuri
daswavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi, aSkarad, mxars uWeren im
Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da pirovneba icvleba daswavlili gamocdilebis
Sedegad.
3. aqcenti warsulze, awmyoze Tu momavalze. pirovnebis niSnis
Teoriebi xazs usvamen warsul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils;
froidis Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul
movlenebze; socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusirebulia warsul
ganmtkicebebze da awmyo SemTxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi
mniSvnelobas aniWebs awmyo realobas an momavlis miznebs; xolo
kognituri da me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da
momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis dadgena).
 1263

4. cnobiereba Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria mniSvnelobas

aniWebs aracnobier procesebs; humanisturi, socialuri dawavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi ki _ cnobier procesebs. pirovnebis niSnis Teoria
mcire yuradRebas uTmobs am gansxvavebas; me-s Teoriebs am
mxriv ar aqvT gamokveTili pozicia.
5. Sinagani dispozicia Tu garemos situacia. socialuri daswavlis
Teoriebi xazs usvams situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win
wamoswevs dispoziciur faqtorebs; xolo sxvebi uSveben interaqcias
pirovnebiseul da situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis Teoriis yovel tips gansxvavebuli wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis
SemecnebaSi. niSnis Teoriebi gvawvdian nusxas, romelic aRwers
pirovnebis nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi amateben
Zlier Zravas da sawvavs, raTa es manqana amuSavdes. humanisturi
Teoriebi adamians mZRolis adgilze aTavseben. socialuri daswavlis
Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen saWes, mimarTulebis signalebs da sxva
saregulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi amateben Sexsenebebs,
rom fsiqikuri ruka, romelsac mZRoli irCevs mogzaurobisaTvis, gavlenas
axdens imaze, Tu rogor aris dagegmili, organizebuli da damaxsovrebuli
mogzauroba. da bolos, me-s Teoriebi axseneben mZRols, rom
gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romlesac misi manqanis tarebis unari
axdens mis mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
 1264

imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb mimoxilva, axla

ganvixiloT, Tu rogor xdeba pirovnebis Sefaseba. Cven aRvwerT zogierT
gzas, romliTac fsiqologebi iZieben informacias pirovnebis
maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb, rac yovel individs unikalobas
aniWebs. Sejameba pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze garemosTan SedarebiT;
daswavlis procesebze qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze; cnobierebaze
aracnobierTan SedarebiT da dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT.
yoveli Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis Secnobis mxriv.

pirovnebis Sefaseba
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac gansxvavdebiT Tqveni
saukeTeso megobrebisagan. fsiqologebs ainteresebT gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs erT individs, ansxvavebs erT adamians
sxvebisagan, an ansxvavebs erT jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis
wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians Tamamisagan anda
paranoiduls _ normalurisagan). pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris am
mcdelobebs safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli, rom arsebobs
individebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic maT qcevas
koherentulobas aniWebs da, meore, rom es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba
 1265

Sefasdes an gaizomos. es daSvebebi xorcSesxmulia pirovnebis testebSi,

romlebic SeiZleba davyoT obieqtur da
subieqtur testebad.
obieqturi testebi
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da
gamoyeneba SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs
emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki
kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba. saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi,
erTniSna cifria, romelic Tavsdeba erTaderTi ganzomilebis gaswvriv
(rogoricaa adaptacia _ disadaptacia), an sxvadasxva niSnebis qulaTa
erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebuleba an
eqstraversia). es monacemebi SedarebaSi mohyavT normatiuli SerCevis
monacemebTan.

pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) _ TviTanagariSis meTodika,

romelic gamoiyeneba pirovnebis Sesafaseblad da moicavs debulebaTa
CamonaTvals

pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.

TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi testi, romelSic individebi
pasuxoben kiTxvaTa seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi pirveli TviTangariSis kiTxvari,
 1266

vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis furceli _ Woodworth Personal Data

Sheet (Seqmnili 1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs: "RamiT
xSirad geSiniaT xolme?" (DuBois, 1970). dResdReobiT adamiani,
romelic avsebs pirovnebis kiTxvars, kiTxulobs debulebebs da aRniSnavs,
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba an ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia misTvis
TiToeuli maTgani.
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotis multifazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory _ MMPI (Dahlstrom et al.,
1975). is mraval klinikur dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneba pacientebis
diagnozis damxmare instrumentad da maTi mkurnalobis mimarTulebis
misacemad. am kiTxvaris maxasiaTeblebisa da misi gamoyenebis
ganxilvis Semdeg mokled SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO
Personality Inventory _ NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoiyeneba
Cveulebriv, praqtikulad janmrTel mosaxleobasTan muSaobisas.

MMPI
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930-ian wlebSi fsiqologis
starke heTeueisa da fsiqiatris j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway &
McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi ZiriTadi mizania individebis diagnostireba
fsiqiatriuli kategoriebis mixedviT. pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan
Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen, rogorc maTTvis
marTebuls an mcdars, an pasuxobdnen "ar SemiZlia pasuxis gacema". am
 1267

debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi, romlebic fsiqiatriul

dawesebulebebSi pacientebis mier gamovlenili problemebis saxeobebs
Seesabameboda.
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirovnebis testebs, radganac
isini SemuSavda empiriuli strategiis gamoyenebiT da ara intuitiuri,
Teoriuli midgomiT, romelic im dros dominirebda. (gaixseneT Cveni
adrindeli diskusia testis Teoriuli da empiriuli konstruqciis Sesaxeb.)
debulebebi Sedioda skalaze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini aSkarad
ganasxvavebdnen or jgufs - magaliTad, Sizofreniul pacientebs da
normalur sakontrolo jgufs. TiToeul debulebas unda eCvenebina misi
validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis wevrebi erTnairad
upasuxebdnen, xolo ori jgufis wevrebi ki - gansxvavebulad. amgvarad,
debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, Tu rogor
mniSvnelobas atarebdnen isini eqspertebisTvis), aramed empiriul
safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen Tu ara isini or jgufs).
MMPI-s aqvs 10 klinikuri skala, TiToeuli Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom
gansakuTrebuli klinikuri jgufebi (rogoricaa individebi SizofreniiT)
ganvasxvavoT normaluri sakontrolo jgufisagan. testi aseve Seicavs
validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa
aSkara sicrue, uyuradReboba, Tavdacva anda aragulwrfeloba. rodesac
xdeba MMPI-s interpretacia, is, vinc tests atarebs, pirvel rigSi amowmebs
 1268

validurobis skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testi validuria da Semdeg

uyurebs danarCen maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni - romelia
yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba isini erTmaneTisgan - qmnis
"MMPI-s profils". individualuri profilebi dardeba konkretuli
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel profilebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
kriminalebi da azartuli moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes da axla mas MMPI-2
ewodeba (Butcher et al., 1989; Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991).
MMPI-2-s axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena, misi Sinaarsi ukeTesad asaxavs
Tanamedrove problemebs da monacemebi normebisaTvis Segrovda axal
populaciebSi. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia 15 axali
Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoiyvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis
gamoyenebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan (rogoricaa SfoTva an
ojaxuri problemebi) TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZvelze
dayrdnobiT: iyo Tu ara isini Teoriulad dakavSirebuli TemasTan da
qmnidnen Tu ara statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac niSnavda, rom
TiToeuli skala zomavs erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is
klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi mocemulia cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8.
Tqven SeamCnevT, rom klinikuri skalebis umetesoba zomavs ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarsobrivi skalebis saxelwodebebi
martivia da naTeli.
 1269

MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis simartive da ekonomiuroba

da misi vargisianoba fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher & Rouse,
1996). garda amisa, debulebaTa erToblioba mravali mizniT SeiZleba
iqnas gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT kreatulobis
skala individebis kreatuli da arakreatuli jgufebis moZebniTa da MMPI-
dan im debulebebis gansazRvriT, romlebsac maT gansxvavebulad
upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi fsiqologebma am gziT asobiT specialuri
daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres maTi validuroba.
mkvlevarebisaTvis MMPI-is erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli
maxasiaTebelia misi profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli 50-ze meti
wlis manZilze. radganac yvela es adamiani standartizebulad iqna
Semowmebuli erTsa da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba SevadaroT
rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri skalebis mixedviT, aseve specialuri
daniSnulebis skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali "kreatulobis" skalis
msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevarebs saSualebas aZlevs,
Seamowmon hipoTezebi MMPI-ze, romelic mravali wliT adre iyo
Catarebuli, SesaZloa, bevrad adre, vidre gaCndeboda warmodgena
gasazomi konstruqtis Sesaxeb.

cxrili 14.7. MMPI-2 klinikuri skalebi

• ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb
 1270

• depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da azrovnebis

Seneleba
• konversiuli isteria (Hy): mentaluri problemebis aracnobieri
gamoyeneba konfliqtebisa Tu pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT
• asocialuri fsiqopaTiis skala (Pd): socialuri normebis ignorireba;
zedapiruli emociebi; gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris ar qona
• maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
gansxvavebebi
• paranoidaluroba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis mania
• fsiqasTenia (Pt): obsesiebi; kompulsiebi; SiSebi; danaSaulis gancda;
gadauwyveteloba
• Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva; sakuTar TavSi
Caketva;
• halucinaciebi; iluziebi
• hipomania (Ma): emociuri agznebuloba; ideebis araTanmimdevruloba;
moWarbebuli aqtivoba
• socialuri introversia (Si): morcxvoba; sxvebis mimarT interesis

ararseboba; arasaimedooba cxrili 14.8. MMPI-2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi

SfoTva antisocialuri qmedebebi

SiSebi tipi A (adamiani, romelic uzomod

bevrs muSaobs)
 1271

obsesiuroba dabali
TviTSefaseba/TviTpativiscema
depresia socialuri diskomforti
janmrTelobasTan ojaxuri problemebi
dakavSirebuli sazrunavebi
ucnauri azrebi muSaobis dros winaaRmdegobebi
gabrazeba /risxva mkurnalobis uaryofiTi indikatorebi
(uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
eqimebisa da mkurnalobis mimarT)
cinizmi antisocialuri qmedebebi
Tumca, MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad, misi klinikuri
skalebi gaakritikes maTi heterogenurobis gamo (isini zomaven
erTdroulad ramdenime rames). aseve, mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom
cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan
SedarebiT, ar aris sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis winsvlis asaxvisaTvis;
testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empiriul warmoSobasTan (Helmes &
Reddon, 1993). SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, radgan adamianebi mravali mizniT cdiloben mis
gamoyenebas. MMPI-2-is zogierTi skala, rogoricaa depresiis skala,
aRwevs validurobis misaReb dones (Boone,
1994). amis sapirispirod, wamaldamokidebulebis (substance abuse)
winaswarmetyvelebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi validuri, rogorc
ufro specifikuri Sefasebis instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc
 1272

nebismieri Sefasebis instrumentis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevarebma didi

sifrTxiliT unda Seafason MMPI-is da MMPI-2-is gamoyenebis sandooba
da validuroba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi (Greene et al., 1997).
es pirovnebis kiTxvarebi Seqmnili iyo klinikuri problemebis mqone
individebis SefasebisaTvis. momdevno or qveTavSi Cven aRvwerT
zogadad pirovnebis, ara pacientebis, SefasebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis
instrumentebs.
NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inventory - NEO PI) aseve
Seiqmna pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikur
zrdasrulebis populaciaSi. is zomavs pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian models,
romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT. Tu Tqven CagitardaT NEO PI, Tqven
miiRebdiT profilis furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT
Tqvens standartizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCevasTan
SedarebiT xuTi
ZiriTadi ganzomilebidan TiToeulze: neiroticizmi, eqstraversia, Riaoba,
TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba (Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO
PI-s Sesworebuli versia afasebs 30 calkeul niSans, romelic organizebulia
xuTi ZiriTadi faqtoris mixedviT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad,
neiroticizmis ganzomileba dayofilia eqvs elementarul skalad: SfoTva,
mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba, impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma
 1273

kvlevam aCvena, rom NEO PI-s ganzomilebebi homogenuria,

axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruqtuli da kriteriumis
mixedviT validoba (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO
PI gamoiyeneba pirovnebis stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad
cxovrebis manZilze, iseve rogorc pirovnuli maxasiaTebelebis
damokidebulebis sakvlevad fizikur janmrTelobasTan da mravalferovan
cxovrebiseul movlenebTan, rogoricaa warmateba karieris mxriv anda
adreuli gasvla pensiaze.
xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari
_ Big Five Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxvavebul
kulturebs Soris validuroba yofiliyo. skala SeimuSaves italiaSi, magram
mas aqvs msgavsi fsiqometruli maCveneblebi amerikuli da espanuri
populaciebisaTvis da Sesabamisi normebis dadgena xdeba franguli,
germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli da polonuri TargmanebisaTvis (Barbaranelli et
al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad imisa, rom BFQ maRal
korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan, is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba misgan.
faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc "energia" an "aqtivoba" da ara
"eqstraversia" (damTmobobis socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis
Sesamcireblad). BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeblad, xom ar
ixreba respondentis pasuxebi socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO
PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod ori elementaruli skala aqvs TiToeuli
 1274

faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad, "energia" Sedgeba "dinamizmisa"' da

"dominantobis" skalebisagan. pirveli intrapersonaluria, meore ki _
interpersonaluri. ramdenadac fsiqologia sul ufro globaluri xdeba, aseTi
Sefasebis instrumentebi, romlebic erTnairad kargad muSaoben enobrivi
da erovnuli barierebis miuxedavad, arsebiTia mniSvnelovani kros-
kulturuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis pirovnebisa da socialur fsiqologiaSi.

• proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis Sefasebis meTodi,

romelSic individs uCveneben orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis
erTobliobas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpretacias; iTvleba,
rom individis pasuxebi avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da
konfliqtebs.

proeqciuli testebi
rodisme Tu SegixedavT RrublisaTvis da daginaxavT saxe an cxovelis
konturi? Tu Tqvens megobrebs sTxovdiT, SeexedaT, maT SeiZleba
daenaxaT dayrdnobili SiSveli figura an drakoni. msgavs fenomens
eyrdnobian fsiqologebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli testebis
gamoyenebisas.
rogorc axlaxans vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini
an sTavazoben respondentebs debulebebis seriebs da sTxoven maT,
martivi pasuxi gascen (rogoricaa "WeSmaritia", "mcdaria" an "ar
 1275

SemiZlia pasuxis gacema") an sTxoven respondentebs, sakuTari Tavis

Sefasebas garkveuli ganzomilebebis mixedviT (rogoricaa
"mSfoTvare/mSvidi"). amgvarad, respondenti iZulebulia, airCios
winaswargansazRvruli pasuxebidan erT-erTi. sapirispirod, proeqciuli
testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargansazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul
testSi pirovnebas warudgenen stimulebis seriebs, romlebic ganzrax
bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, magaliTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi,
dausrulebeli suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac mravalnairad
aris SesaZlebeli. adamians SeiZleba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi,
daasrulos suraTebi an mohyves istoriebi naxatebis Sesaxeb. pirvelad
proeqciuli testebi gamoiyenes fsiqoanalitikosebma, romlebic
imedovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi gamoavlendnen maTi pacientebis
aracnobier pirovnul dinamikas. radganac stimulebi
bundovania/orazrovania, maTze gacemuli pasuxebi nawilobriv
gansazRvrulia imiT, rac adamians Semoaqvs situaciaSi - saxeldobr,
Sinagani grZnobebi, piradi motivebi da konfliqtebi cxovrebis
gamocdilebidan. es pirovnuli, idiosinkratuli (damaxasiaTebeli,
ganmasxvavebeli) aspeqtebi, romlebic proecirebulia stimulebze, nebas
aZlevs pirovnebis Semfasebels, gaakeTos mravalferovani interpretacia.
proeqciuli testebi Sedis im Sefasebis instrumentebSi, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikosi fsiqologebis mier (Butcher & Rouse,
 1276

1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985). aseve isini ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holandiaSi,
hong kongSi da iaponiaSi, vidre MMPI-s msgavsi obieqturi testebi
(Piotrowski et al., 1993). xSirad ver xerxdeba obieqturi testebis
adeqvaturi Targmani da adeqvaturi standartizeba araamerikul
populaciebze. proeqciuli testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi
cvlilebebis mimarT. Tumca, radganac proeqciuli testebi ase
gavrcelebulia, kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben, rom isini aravalidurad
gamoiyeneba. ori yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli testis - rorSaxis testisa
(Rorschach test) da Tematuri apercefciis testis - Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT) ganxilvisas Cven SevexebiT validurobis am sakiTxebs.
rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels SeimuSava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma
herman rorSaxma (Hermann Rorschach) bundovani stimulebi
warmodgenilia simetriuli melnis laqebis saxiT (Rorschach, 1942). zogi
maTgani Sav-TeTria da zogi _ feradi (ixileT suraTi 14.7). testis
msvlelobisas respondents uCveneben laqas da ekiTxebian "ra SeiZleba es
iyos?". respondentebs arwmuneben, rom ar arsebobs swori an mcdari
pasuxebi (Exner, 1974). mkvlevarebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben, ras
amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT pasuxis gasacemad,
mTlianad ra dro exarjeba respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravT
 1277

baraTi. Semdeg, meore fazaSi, romelsac gamokiTxva ewodeba,

respondents axseneben wina pasuxebs da sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos
isini.
pasuxebi fasdeba sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT: (1) lokacia,
anu pasuxSi aRniSnuli baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba respondenti
Tu mis nawils da aRniSnuli detalebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _
danaxuli obieqtis da moqmedebebis buneba; da (3) determinantebi _
baraTis romelma aspeqtebma (rogoricaa feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi
pasuxs. Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba aRniSnon, rogori iyo pasuxebi:
originaluri da unikaluri Tu popularuli da konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis bundovani laqebi biZgs
miscemen iseTi pasuxebis mravalferovnebas, romlebic intepretacias ar
eqvemdebarebian. sinamdvileSi, mkvlevarebma Seqmnes rorSaxis
pasuxebis yovlismomcveli Sefasebis sistema, romelic gansxvavebul testis
Camtareblebs Soris mniSvnelovani
Sedarebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993; Exner &
Weiner, 1994). es Sefasebis sistema azustebs, magaliTad, Sinaarsobrivi
pasuxebis zogad kategoriebs, rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi
moicavs an gulisxmobs adamianis figuris formas) da sisxli (pasuxi
moicavs an adamianis, an cxovelis sisxls). pasuxebis nimuSebi
warmatebiT daukavSires rogorc normaluri pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebs,
 1278

ise _ fsiqopaTologias. da mainc, Sefasebis sistemasTan da rorSaxis

testTan dakavSirebiT mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner,
1996;
Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b).
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) – Tematuri apercepciis testi
henri miureis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels Seqmnil Tematuri
apercefciis testSi respondentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs
da sTxoven, Seqmnan am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi, romelic aRwers, Tu
ra adamianebi moqmedeben da fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia
TiToeuli movlena da rogor dasruldeba yoveli situacia (ixileT suraTo
14.8). pirovneba, romelic atarebs TAT-s, afasebs rogorc istoriebis
struqturasa da Sinaarss, aseve, ambis momyoli individis qcevas, raTa
aRmoaCinos respondentis zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, eqsperimetatorma SesaZloa
Seafasos pirovneba, rogorc patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi
aRwerilia adamianebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen movaleobebis mixedviT da
Tu ambebi moyolil iqna seriozulad da dalagebulad. gaixseneT me-12-e
Tavidan, rom TAT-i xSirad gamoiyeneboda individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamosavlenad iseT dominantur moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zalauflebis,
afiliaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba (McClelland, 1961). kvlevis
 1279

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi TAT-i damkvidrda, rogorc miRwevis

moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime daskvniT SeniSvnas pirovnebis
Sefasebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. dainaxeT Tu ara kavSiri am
pirovnebis Sefasebis instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul pirovnebis
Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo, rom Teoriebis yoveli tipi saukeTesod
aSuqebda adamianuri gamocdilebis gansxvavebul aspeqtebs. pirovnebis
testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi daskvnis gamotana SegviZlia: yovel maTgans
aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pirovnebaSi unikaluri Cawvdomis
SesaZlebloba. klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze xSirad testebis
kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba
komplementarulad ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al.,
1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985). xSirad pirobebi iseTia, rom profilebi,
romlebic miiReba obieqtur, kompiuterul analizze dayrdnobiTac ki,
saSualebas iZleva, gakeTdes specifikuri Sedegebis zusti
winaswarmetyveleba. sxva pirobebSi klinikurma eqspertizam da
daxelovnebulma intuiciam unda Seavson obieqturi normebi. praqtikaSi,
saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba xdeba, rodesac kombinirebulia yoveli
midgomis Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis dasawyisSi vTqviT, rom pirovnebas ver gavzomavT mis Tavze
gamoburculobebis SegrZnebiT. Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT
 1280

garkveul sakiTxebze: Tu fsiqologebi Tqven Segiswavlidnen, Tqveni

pirovnebis rogor portrets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamocdilebebs
gamoyofdnen isini, rogorc Tqvens qcevaze da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones?
ra pirobebs zemoqmedebs Zlierad Tqvens azrebsa da qcevaze Tqvens
amJamindel cxovrebaSi? ra gangasxvavebT Tqven sxva individebisagan,
romlebic mraval Tqvens msgavs situaciaSi funqcionireben? Tqven axla
xvdebiT, rom pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli tipi iZleva zogad CarCos,
romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba.
dauSviT, rom axla marTlac dadga is dro, rodesac Tqveni fsiqologiuri
portreti unda daxatoT. saidan daiwyebdiT?
Sejameba pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven Catarebisa da
Sefasebis SedarebiT standartizirebul da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s
axasiaTebs Tanamedrove ena da Sinaarsi, romelic asaxavs klinikuri
Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas. NEO-PI da BFQ zomaven normaluri
pirovnebis funqcionirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli testebi individebs
warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa gamoavlinon Sinagani gancdebi,
motivebi da konfliqtebi. mkvlevarebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis melnis
laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismomcveli sistema. TAT-i
warmoadgens miRwevis moTxovnilebis validur sazoms.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
 1281

pirovnebis tipis da pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi

zogierTi mecnieri axdens adamianebis kategorizacias “sul an araferi”
tipebis mixedviT, romlebic daSvebulia, rom ukavSirdeba konkretul
damaxasiaTebel qcevas.
sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis Semadgenel agurebad miiCneven pirovnul
niSnebs - uwyveti ganzomilebebis gaswvriv arsebul maxasiaTeblebs.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli warmoadgens pirovnebis aRweriT sistemas,
romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogadi pirovnuli niSnebis sityvebs,
Teoriul koncepciebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris.
tyupebisa da naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi naTelhyofen, rom pirovnuli
niSnebi nawilobriv memkvidreobiTia.
adamianebi amJRavneben qceviT konsistentobas, rodesac situaciebi
ganisazRvreba
relevanturi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidis fsiqodinamikuri Teoria adamianuri motivaciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiCnevs.
froidis Teoriis bazisuri cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur energias, rogorc qcevis
mabiZgebels da warmmarTvels, adreul gamocdilebebs, rogorc
pirovnebis mTavar msazRvrelebs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, fsiqikur
determinizms da Zlier aracnobier procesebs.
 1282

pirovnebis struqtura Sedgeba idisagan, superegosagan da Semarigebeli

egosagan.
miuRebeli impulsebi represirdeba da viTardeba egos dacvis
meqanizmebi SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da TviTSefasebis
SesanarCuneblad.
postfroidistebma, rogorebic arian adleri, horni da iungi, ufro metad
gaamaxviles yuradReba egos funqcionirebaze da socialur cvladebze da
naklebad - seqsualur ltolvebze. maT pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare procesad miaCniaT.

humanisturi Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi fokusirebulia TviTaqtualizaciaze - individis
potencialis zrdaze.
es Teoriebi holisturia, dispozociuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencialuri.
humanisturi tradiciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi fokusirebulia individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.

socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi

socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mimdevrebi qcevaSi da pirovnebebs Soris
individualur gansxvavebebs ganixilaven, rogorc gansxvavebuli
ganmtkicebebis gamocdilebis Sedegs.
kognituri Teoriis mimdevrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa da garemos
subieqtur interpretaciaSi individualur gansxvavebebs.
 1283

uolter miSelma ikvlia qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc adamianebsa da

situaciebs Soris urTierTobebi.
albert banduram aRwera reciprokuli determinizmi adamianebs, garemos
da qcevas Soris.
nensi kentoris Teoriam xazi gausva miznebis, codnis da strategiebis
gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.

me-s (self-is) Teoriebi

me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia me-s koncefciis mniSvnelobaze pirovnebis
sruli SecnobisaTvis.
me-s koncefcia aris dinamikuri mentaluri struqtura, romelic axdens
pirovnuli da interpersonaluri qcevisa da procesebis motivacias,
interpretacias, organizebas, mediacias da regulacias.
mravali individualuri gansxvaveba aisaxeba Cveul xerxebSi, romlebiTac
adamianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar Tavs socialur situaciebSi.
kros-kulturuli kvlevidan gamomdinare, individualisturi kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s gagebas, xolo koleqtivisturi kulturebi ki -
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas.
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs davupirispiroT im mxriv, Tu
rogor aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze garemosTan
 1284

SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan

SedarebiT; warsul mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze;
cnobierebze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da dispoziciebze situaciebTan
SedarebiT.
TiToeul Teorias gansxvavebuli wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SecnobaSi.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebi fasdeba rogorc obieqturi, aseve proeqciuli
testebiT.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli obieqturi testi, MMPI-2, gamoiyeneba klinikuri
problemebis diagnostikisaTvis.
NEO-PI da BFQ pirovnebis ufro axali obieqturi testebia, romlebic
zomaven pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad ganzomilebas.
pirovnebis proeqciul testebSi adamianebs sTxoven, upasuxon bundovan
stimulebs. ori mniSvnelovani proeqciuli testia rorSaxis testi da TAT-i.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. analitikuri fsiqologia

2. SfoTva
3. arqetipi

4. koleqtiuri aracnobieri

5. konsistentobis paradoqsi

6. ego

7. egos dacvis meqanizmebi

 1285

8. xuTfaqtoriani modeli
9. fiqsacia

10. idi

11. damoukidebeli me-s gageba

12. urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba
13. libido
14. pirovneba
15. pirovnebis kiTxvari
16. pirovnebis tipebi
17. SesaZlebeli me-ebi
18. proeqciuli testi
19. fsiqikuri determinizmi
20. fsiqobiografia
21. pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
22. reciprokuli determinizmi
23. represia
24. TviTaqtualizacia
25.me -s koncefcia
26. TviTefeqturoba

27. TviTpativiscema

28. TviTmavnebloba
29. morcxvoba
30. socialuri inteleqti
31. superego
 1286

32. niSnebi
33. upirobo dadebiTi pativiscema
34. aracnobieri
sasurveli suraTebis da fotoebis sia
1. suraTi 11. gv. 431
2. suraTi 14.7 - rorSaxis erT-erTi laqa

3. suraTi 14.8 - TAT-is erT-erTi suraTi

Tavi 15. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

• ra aris paTologiuri
• obieqturobis problema
• istoriuli perspeqtivebi
• fsiqopaTologiis etiologia fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis

klasifikacia

• klasifikaciis miznebi
•DSM-IV-TR
fsiqologia Cven cxovrebaSi: marTla gvicavs Seuracxadoba?

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: tipebi

 1287

• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: mizezebi

• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: tipebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi
• depresia: sqesTa Soris gansxvavebani
• suicidi
• pirovnuli aSlilobebi
• disociaciuri aSlilobebi fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: marTla

arsebobs Tu ara „internetomania“?

Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
• Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
• Sizofreniis mizezebi fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi (stigma)

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

• ZiriTadi cnebebi

minda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cven droSi funqcionalur Sizofrenikad

yofna
 1288

da rasTan uxdebaT Sejaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone

adamianebs. me 30 wlis var, vcxovrob marto da vmuSaob naxevar
ganakveTze, radganac Tan kolejSi vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis
gamo, ar maqvs meddad muSaobis ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
kolejSi vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac maqvs. kolejSi
momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecializdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis
mogvarebaSi davexmaro, radganac rodesac pirvelad gavxdi avad, Zalian
cudad viyavi da amitomac kargad vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.
sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad
var avad, sanam me TviTon ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac
(ara tyupiscali) ukve 12 weliwadia avad aris da uars ambobs wamlebis
miRebaze, radgan uaryofs, rom es daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var.
avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac vkiTxulobdi wigns „arasodes
Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars“, davrwmundi, rom marTlac avad viyavi.
Semdeg gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wyalobiT. Cemi
azriT, pacientsac da sazogadoebasac ganaTleba sWirdeba fsiqikur
daavadebebSi, radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad
gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi.
aseve reagireben ojaxi, meuRle, megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi
Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev ucnob Taviseburebebze.
zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi kargad moqmedebs.
 1289

SemiZlia mogiyveT im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, romelic arsebobs Cemi

avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me
vkiTxulobdi amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi. viyeneb saRi azris
wess. Zalian vcdilob, rom davimaxsovro, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi
da rogoria samyaro realurad, sinamdvileSi. avadmyofoba amokrefs
xolme Zalze sulelur da momabezrebel absurdebs, wamlebi Zlierad
moqmedebs Cemze da Cem organizmze, amitom ar maqvs ise bevri
Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri simptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absurdebi nebismier sferos
SeiZleboda miswvdomoda da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis
moqmedebis dawyebamde vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel tvins eufleboda da
vyvirodi, vtirodi da mindoda Cemi gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers, visac cxovrebaSi raimes miRweva surs, sakuTari Tavis
damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda,
me pirovnebac var.
ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan? Tu
Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas hgavs, maSin es misi mdgomareobiT
gamowveuli sevdis, fsiqikuri daavadebiT gamowveul mraval
problemasTan gamklavebis misi dabejiTebuli surviliT aRtacebis, risxvis,
vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan
 1290

gansxvavebul qcevas axorcielebs, da mdgomareobis gasaumjobesebeli

medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT gamowveuli imedis narevi
iqneboda. es mxolod mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic
euflebaT klinikaSi da kvlevebiT dakavebul fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs,
rodesac isini fsiqikuri aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da mkurnalobas
cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis bunebasa da mizezebs
Seexeba: ras warmoadgens fsiqologiuri aSliloba, ratom viTardeba da
rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi
agebulia am codnaze da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi, romelic
gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa da Suaxnis moqalaqeTa
50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniSneba fsiqologiuri
aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali Tqvengani, vinc
waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis
Sesaxeb, Tumca, calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli zegavlenis
aRwera, romelsac fsiqologiuri aSliloba individebisa da ojaxebis
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze axdens. mocemul TavSi, ganvixilavT ra
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis kategoriebs, SevecdebiT im realuri adamianebis
aRweras, romelTac yoveldRe uwevT am aSlilobiT cxovreba; gagiziarebT
 1291

maT sityvebsa da gamocdilebas, rogorc gavakeTeT es Tavis dasawyisSi.

daviwyoT paTologiis27 cnebis ganxilviT.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

rodisme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli
yovelgvari realuri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis, ris
Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT icodiT, rom ar iyo saSiSi? gifiqriaT
TviTmkvlelobaze? migimarTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis
problemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad? TiTqmis yvela Cvengani erT-erT
kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT pasuxs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom
TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia fsiqologiuri aSlilobis simptomebi.
winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqologiuri funqcionirebis im diapazons,
romelic ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli an paTologiuri da romelsac
xSirad fsiqopaTologias an fsiqologiur aSlilobas uwodeben.
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba moicavs emociuri, qceviTi an
azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs, rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi an
rac blokavs/aferxebs mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobas.
paTofsiqologia28 fsiqologiuri kvlevebis is sferoa, romelic yvelaze uSualod
Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa da qcevis individualuri paTologiebis
bunebis Secnobas.

27
abnormality.
28
Abnormal Psychology – iTargmna, rogorc “paTofsiqologia”, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
 1292

am qveTavs „paTologiuri“-s gansazRvrebis ufro detaluri ganxilviT

daviwyebT, Semdeg ki obieqturobis problemas SevexebiT. bolos ki Tvals
gavadevnebT, Tu rogor viTardeboda es gansazRvreba kacobriobis istoriis
aswleulebis manZilze. ra aris paTologiuri ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT,
rom mocemuli pirovneba paTologiuria anu itanjeba fsiqologiuri
aSlilobisgan? rogor wyveten fsiqologebi da klinikaSi momuSave sxva
praqtikosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovelTvis naTeli, Tu rodis/ra
momentSi gadainacvlebs qceva normaluris kategoriidan paTologiuris
kategoriaSi? mocemuli individis fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb daskvna,
Cveulebisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba am daskvnas
garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi
akeTeben. am fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi, rogoricaa
fsiqikuri aSliloba, fsiqikuri daavadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia
konkretul Tvalsazrisze, Semfaseblis codnasa da mis kulturul
gamocdilebaze, situaciaze da im pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac
keTdeba daskvna.
• fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological functioning) _
darRvevebi emociur, qceviT an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs
pirovnuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis miRwevis SesaZleblobebis
blokireba.
 1293

• paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqologiuri kvlevis sfero,

romelic fokusirdeba gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis
individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.
ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qcevisaTvis „paTologiuris“ statusis
misaniWeblad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan &
Seligman, 1989).
1. distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis pirovnul distress an
axorcielebs usargeblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an fsiqologiuri
gauaresebis riski, an qcevis Tavisuflad, nebismierad ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis dakargva. magaliTad, mamakacs, romelic ver gadis
saxlidan oflis mosvlis gareSe, ar
SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRweva;
2. araadekveturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs miznis miRwevas, ar
emsaxureba pirovnul keTildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miznebsa
da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs. individi, romelic imdenad svams, rom
ar SeuZlia samuSaos SenarCuneba, an romelic safrTxis winaSe ayenebs
sxvebs Tavisi problemiT, araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;
3. araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba. individi moqmedebs an laparakobs
sxvebisTvis gaugebrad an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic pasuxobs
obieqtur realobaSi ararsebul xmebs, araracionalurad/iracionalurad iqceva;
 1294

4. araprognozirebadoba. individi araprognozirebadad an

araTanmimdevrulad iqceva situaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli
ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi, romelic yovelgvari TvalsaCino mizezis
gareSe muSts urtyams fanjaras, araprognozirebad qcevas axorcielebs;
5. araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba. individis mier
ganxorcielebuli qceva statistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da arRvevs
misaRebi an sasurveli qcevis socialur standartebs. Tumca, mxolod
statistikur uCveulobas ar mivyavarT paTologiuris fsiqologiur
daskvnamde. magaliTad, geniosebis inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia,
magram es sasurveladac aris miCneuli. meore mxriv, ukiduresad dabali
inteleqti, aseve, iSviaTobaa, magram es arasasurvelad iTvleba; amitom
xSirad mas paTologiuris kategorias miakuTvneben;
6. damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi diskomforts uqmnis sxvebs
imiT, rom garkveulad afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua quCaSi
mimavali, sakuTar TavTan xmamaRal kamaTSi CarTuli qali
damkvirveblis diskomforts iwvevs mZRolSi, romelic misTvis gverdis
avlas cdilobs;
7. zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva. individi arRvevs molodins
imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda moiqces socialuri normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am kriteriumis mixedviT, adamianebs SeiZleba
paTologiuri vuwodoT, Tu maT ar surT muSaoba anda ar swamT
 1295

RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi relevanturia samarTlebriv

situaciebSic. am Temas eZRvneba CanarTi „fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi“.
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ratom ar aris paTologiuris es kriteriumebi
myisierad aSkara yvela damkvirveblisTvis? ganvixiloT, mxolod bolo
kriteriumi. xarT fsiqikurad avad, Tu ar gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki,
rodesac es paTologiurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT? an
ganvixiloT ufro seriozuli simptomi. Cvens kulturaSi „cudia“, Tu
halucinaciebi gvaqvs, radganac isini fsiqikuri darRvevebis niSnebad
aRiqmeba, magram es „kargia“ im kulturebSi, sadac halucinaciebi
interpretirdeba, rogorc spiritualuri Zalebdan momdinare mistikuri xilvebi.
sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos ganvixilavT zogierT
uaryofiT Sedegsa da safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs
ukavSirdeba.
Cven ufro meti darwmunebulobiT mivakuTvnebT qcevas paTologiuris
kategorias, rodesac gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori. rac
ufro ukiduresad da mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli indikatorebi, miT ufro
metad darwmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTologiur
mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben. arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris
aucilebeli piroba, romelic saerTo iqneboda paTologiuris yvela
 1296

SemTxvevisaTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas, romelic Seexeboda

stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis studentis mier Cadenil mkvlelobas,
aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da arc sindisis qenjna; am
studentma ki CaquCiT mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi
kabinetis karze gaakeTa warwera: _ „dRes ar aris miRebis saaTebi“.
pirovnuli tanjvis ararsebobisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT,
rodesac am ukidures qcevas paTologiuris kategoriaSi movaTavsebT. isic
marTalia, rom arc erTi calke aRebuli kriteriumi TavisTavad ar aris
sakmarisi piroba imisaTvis, rom paTologiuri qcevis yvela SemTxveva
ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi arsebuli qcevis variaciebisgan.
normalursa da paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris imdenad qcevis or
damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli gansvla (gansxvaveba), ramdenadac is
xarisxi, ra xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba paTologiuris
SeTanxmebul kriteriumTa erTobliobas. umjobesia, fsiqikuri aSliloba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur
daavadebas Soris, rogorc naCvenebia 15.1 suraTze.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi?
miuxedavad imisa, rom kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiod aris
gamokveTili, fsiqologebs mainc afiqrebT obieqturobis problema.
sur. 15.1 fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi vinaidan normasa da
paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre absoluturi,
 1297

sasargebloa fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, rogorc kontiniumis ganxilva. erT

boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic gansazRvravs optimalur fsiqikur
janmrTelobas; meore boloSi ki _ qcevebi, romlebic minimalur fsiqikur
janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi
araadapturi qcevebi.
optimaluri
fsiqikuri
individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTad efeqturad
janmrTeloba
muSaobs da uzrunvelyofs:
• subieqtur kargad yofnas;
• optimalur ganviTarebas da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebas;
• marTlmsajulebasTan Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;
fundamenturi Tanasworobis mdgomareobebs.
•

minimaluri individualuri, jgufuri da garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan

fsiqikuri
konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:
janmrTeloba
subieqtur distress;
•

• gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gauaresebas an arasakmaris

ganviTarebas;
• warumateblobas miznis miRwevaSi;
• destruqciul qcevas;
• usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.

obieqturobis problema gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul

individs fsiqologiurad aSlili an paTologiuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis
 1298

Sesaxeb msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali mkvlevris mizania am

msjelobebisTvis obieqturobis miniWeba, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe.
zogierTi fsiqologiuri aSlilobisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, depresia an
Sizofrenia, diagnozi xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis standartebs. sxva
SemTxvevebi ufro metad problemuria. rogorc vnaxeT fsiqologiis
Seswavlisas, qcevis mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi
SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive moqmedeba sxvadasxva
garemoSi sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis matarebelia. vTqvaT,
mamakaci kocnis mamakacs. es SeiZleba iyos homoseqsualistTa
urTierTobis maniSnebeli aSS-Si, misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi an mafiis
„sasikvdilo kocna“ siciliaze. qcevis mniSvneloba yovelTvis
damokidebulia konteqstze.
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. istoria
savsea iseTi situaciebis magaliTebiT, romelSic paTologiuris Sesaxeb
daskvna individTa moraluri an politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas
emsaxureboda. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedicino
JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia „negroiduli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri
Taviseburebebi“. doqtori samuel qarTraiTi (Dr. Samuel Cartwright)
luizianas samedicino asociaciis mier iyo daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis
amerikeli monebis „ucnauri“ praqtikis kvlevis komitetis Tavmjdomared.
kvlevis Sedegad dagrovil iqna monobis praqtikis gasamarTlebeli „utyuari
 1299

mecnieruli mtkicebulebani“. aRmoCenil iqna zogierTi „daavadeba“,

romelic manamde ucnobi iyo TeTrkanianTa rasisaTvis. erT-erTi
aRmoCena is iyo, rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda daavadebulni iyvnen
sensoruli daavadebiT, rac maT „dasjisas tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida“
(amitom ar unda daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina
daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania) anu Tavisuflebis Ziebis mania _
fsiqikuri aSliloba, romelic batonisgan gaqcevas aiZulebda zogierT monas.
saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera, raTa saTanadod emkurnalaT
daavadebisaTvis (Chorever, 1891)!
SedarebiT axlo warsulSi sabWoTa kavSiris liderebs wesad hqondaT
politikuri disidentebis maTi miuRebeli devianturi ideologiis gamo
fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba da maTi gagzavna moSorebul fsiqiatriul
saavadmyofoebSi xangrZlivi periodiT.
Tu individs erTxel miawebeben „paTologiuris“ iarliys, adamianebs
aqvT tendencia, rom SemdgomSi mis mier ganxorcielebul qcevasac am
daskvnis Sesabamisi interpretacia miscen. devid rozenhanma (David
Rozenhan) da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli iyos
„Seracxadad“ yofna „Seuracxad adgilze“.
saidan viciT

Seracxadad darCena „Seuracxad“ adgilze

 1300

rozenhanma da Svidma Seracxadma adamianma sxvadasxva fsiqiatriul

saavadmyofoSi moaxerxes pacientis statusiT moxvedra erTi simptomis _
halucinaciebis _ simulirebiT. rvave fsevdopacients miRebisas dausves
paranoiduli Sizofreniis an maniakalur-depresiuli aSlilobis diagnozi.
miRebis Semdeg isini sruliad normalurad iqceodnen, Tumca, rozenhanis
dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi adamiani Seuracxad adgilze
xvdeba, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxadad miiCnion; misi
nebismieri qcevis xelaxali interpretireba konteqstis Sesabamisad xdeba.
fsevdopacientebi racionalurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos
TanamSromlebs TavianT situacias, maT „inteleqtualuri“ dacvis
gamoyenebas miawerdnen, dakvirvebebis Canawerebis warmoebas ki
„Caweris sindromad“ miiCnevdnen. fsevdopacientebma TiTqmis sami
kvira gaatares palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavadmyofos
TanamSromlebs Seracxadad. rodesac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi
(mxolod meuRleebisa da kolegebis daxmarebiT), saavadmyofodan
gawerisas maTi diagnozi isev „Sizofrenia“ iyo, Tumca, „remisiis
periodSi“; amrigad, maTi simptomebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.
rozenhanis kvlevebma aCvena, Tu rogor aris damokidebuli
paTologiebis Sesaxeb mosazreba Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul
faqtorebze.
 1301

fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) TvalsazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba

arc ki arsebobs _ es „miTia“ (1961, 1977, 1995). szaszi amtkicebs, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis arsebobis damadastureblad gamoyenebuli
simptomebi mxolod da mxolod samedicino iarliyebia, romelic socialur
problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan gadaxrili) adamianebis mier
socialuri normebis darRvevaSi _ profesiuli Carevis sanqcias iZleva.
erTxel daasvamen ra daRs, am adamianebs maTi „gansxvavebulobis“
problemis gamo an rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da sastikad,
arsebuli „status-qvos“ darRvevis safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors, ZiriTadad imitom, rom
kvlevaTa da mkurnalobaTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa da
Semsubuqebaze fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi aRweril aSlilobaTa
umetesobis SemTxvevaSi individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad an
garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad miiCneven. amgvarad, am msjelobas
mivyavarT mosazrebamde, rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes paTologiuris
sruliad obieqturi Sefaseba. fsiqologiuri aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas
unda SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom sjeraT klinicistebs, rom
simptomTa erToblioba, romliTac warmodgenilia qceviTi paterni,
individisTvis ufro seriozuli movlenaa, vidre ubralod socialuri normebis
darRveva.
 1302

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad

axla paTologiuris cnebisa da paTologiuri qcevis mkurnalobis zogierT
istoriul moments SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki mivubrundebiT im zogad
mizezobriv faqtorebs, romelTac mkvlevrebi Abnormality-is gamomwvev
Zalebad miiCneven.

istoriuli perspeqtivebi istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan eSmaks ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis
gamo isini agresiulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs da gadamwyvet zomebs
iRebdnen yvela im qcevis aRmosafxvrelad, romelsac ucnaurad an
paTologiurad miiCnevdnen. adamianebi, romlebic aseT qcevebs
axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da ganwirulni iyvnen
radikaluri samedicino mkurnalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da
eSmaks Soris kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi iseTive Zvelia,
rogorc kacobriobis istoria. arqeologebs aRmoCenili aqvT preistoriuli
gaxvretili Tavis qalebi. es aRmoCenebi, SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens
winaprebSi arsebul rwmenaze, rom aseTi naxvretebi individSi Casaxlebul
demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas aZlevda.
Semdgom, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Selocvebi mowodebuli iyo isteriis
Sesamsubuqeblad, romlis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi,
Tavbrusxvevebi, koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom
 1303

isteriiT mxolod qalebi avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis

kontrolis/zegavlenis qveS moqceuli moxetiale saSvilosno warmoadgenda
(Veith, 1965). miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor Cans qvemoT warmodgenil
SelocvaSi rwmena fsiqologiur aSlilobebSi demonuri Zalebis rolis
Sesaxeb.
o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov,
msuqano saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov, gaberilo saSov, o,
demonuro... mogiwodeb Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT
dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac arc unda daiZra da arc waxvide... da
dabrunde risxvis gareSe im adgilze, sadac Tavdapirvelad dagafuZna
maRalma RmerTma. (Zilboorg and Henry, 1941, citirebulia Nietzel et
al.-Si, 1991, p.19).
1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mraval axalgazrda qals
aReniSneboda konvulsiebi, pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen
SeboWilobis, Cxvletisa da dakbenilobis SegrZnebebs. mravali maTgani
droebiT dabrmavda an dayruvda; zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa da
SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma simptomebma axsnis
farTomasStabian Ziebas STaberes suli. mravali adamiani Tvlida, rom
simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgenda, rasac is
miwieri grZneulebis ZalisxmeviT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze
 1304

zemoqmedebiT aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis panika da grZneulebad

wodebuli 20-ze meti qalis egzekucia mohyva.
XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi fsiqikurad daavadebul
adamianebs ugono qmnilebebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba
mxolod jaWvebiTa da fizikuri discipliniT iyo SesaZlebeli.
saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad maT damnaSaveebTan erTad
amyofebdnen sapyrobileebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo Secvla am
mdgomareobam.

samedicino modelis warmoqmna

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi paTologiuri qcevis mimarT axali
damokidebuleba gaCnda _ adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone
individTa avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanjulebad ufro daiwyes aRqma,
vidre Sepyrobilebad an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT
SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili pirobebis Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi
reformebi ganxorcielda. filip pineli
(Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erT-erTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am
ideebis gamoyenebiT fsiqologiuri sirTuleebis klasifikaciis sistemis
ganviTarebis mcdeloba ganaxorciela da sayrdenad aiRo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis aSlilobebi
bevrad hgavs fizikur, organul daavadebebs. aseTi sistemis mixedviT,
 1305

TiToeul daavadebas gaaCnia damaxasiaTebel simptomTa erToblioba,

romelic ganasxvavebs mas sxva aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli
funqcionirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia dakvirvebadi simptomebis
paternebis, darRvevis dasawyisisTvis arsebuli pirobebis, aSlilobis
bunebrivi mimdinareobisa da mkurnalobisadmi daqvemdebarebulobis
mixedviT. aseTma saklasifikacio sistemebma, bunebismetyvelTa mier
gamoyenebuli biologiuri saklasifikacio sistemebis Seqmnis Semdeg,
modelireba ganicada da mowodebuli iyo klinicistebisTvis gavrcelebuli
aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi daxmarebis gasawevad.

• etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis mizezebi an masTan

dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil krepelinma (Emil Kraepelin,
1855-1926) Seqmna fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwuravi
klasifikaca. vinaidan swamda, rom fsiqologiur problemebs fizikuri
safuZveli hqonda, man samedicino diagnozis suliskveTebiT aRwera
fsiqologiuri diagnostirebisa da klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT,
romelic dResdReobiTac arsebobs
(Rosenhan & Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad da
swrafad damkvidrda fsiqiatrebis terminologiaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur
daavadebaze da fsiqikurad daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalobaze maTi
 1306

daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis imediT. fsiqologiuri modelebis

warmoqmna

samedicino midgomis alternatiuli mimdinareoba paTologiuri qcevis

fsiqologiur mizezebsa da mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es mosazreba kargad
gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc
mesmeris
(Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815) STambeWdavma Sromebma. mesmers
miaCnda, rom mraval aSlilobas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur
magnetizmad wodebuli idumalebiT moculi Zalis nakadSi gaCenili
darRvevebi iwvevda. man aRmoaCina cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis
ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi TandaTanobiT cnobili
gaxda, rogorc hipnotizmi, rac, Tavdapirvelad, mesmerizmad
moixsenieboda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton, 1968; Pattie,
1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria cxoveluri
magnetizmis Sesaxeb diskreditirebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika
mravalma mkvlevarma gadaiRo da aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo cnobili frangi
nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean Charcot, 18251893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom
isteriis zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kidurebis
paralizeba, SesaZlebelia, rodesac pacienti hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS
imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi isteriis simptomebis
 1307

gamowvevac ki SeuZlia, riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis

rols im problemebis warmoqmnaSi, romelTac mxolod fizikuri safuZvlis
mqoned miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos erT-erTma studentma, zigmund froidma ganagrZo hipnoziT
eqsperimentireba. igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis
Sesaxeb Tavisi fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis SemuSavebisTvis iyenebda,
romelic, aseve, axdens zegavlenas fsiqopaTologiis bunebisa da mizezebis
Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriebze. (man SemdgomSi Sewyvita praqtikaSi
hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba da xeli mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazrebebi, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikuri daavadebebis samedicino da fsiqologiuri
modelebis aspeqtTa kombinirebul variants warmoadgens. qvemoT
swored paTologiuris mizezebis axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.

fsiqopaTologiis etiologia etiologia exeba fsiqologiuri da samedicino

problemebis ganviTarebis mizezebsa da xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT,
ratom Cndeba aSliloba, saidan momdinareobs is da ra zegavlenas axdens
azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT procesebze, SesaZlebeli xdeba
mkurnalobis da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi prevenciis axali gzebis
povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba
 1308

mizezebis analizi. qvemoT mizezobrivi faqtorebis or did kategoriaze _

biologiursa da fsiqologiurze _ visaubrebT.
biologiuri midgomebi samedicino modelis tradiciebze Camoyalibebuli
Tanamedrove biologiuri midgomis daSvebis Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri
darRvevebi gamowveulia bazisuri biologiuri faqtorebiT. biologi
mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad ikvleven Tavis tvinis struqturul
anomaliebs, biologiur procesebsa da genetikur zegavlenebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis urTierTdakavSirebuli elementebi
myife balansSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi _
neirogadamtanebSi an mis qsovilSi momxdar mcireoden cvlilebasac ki
SeiZleba mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi mravali
ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri faqtorebi, Tavis tvinis dazianeba
da infeqcia. wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove teqnologia fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis profesionalebs, qirurgiuli Carevis gareSe, cocxali
individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da specifikuri bioqimiuri procesebis
dakvirvebis saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT biologiurad
orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur aSlilobebsa
da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris. amasTanave, qceviTi
genetikis sferoSi mimdinare miRwevebma gaaumjobesa specifikur
genebsa da fsiqologiuri aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenis
SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT ra paTologiuris sxvadasxva formebis bunebis
 1309

Secnobas, winamdebare TavSi mimovixilavT biologiuri axsnis

sxvadasxva tips.
fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqopaTologiis
ganviTarebaSi fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqtorebis rolze fokusirdeba. am
midgomebSi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis safuZvlad pirovnul gamocdilebas,
travmebs, konfliqtebsa da garemos faqtorebs miiCneven. Cven
ganvixilavT paTologiis sam ZiriTad fsiqologiur models: fsiqodinamikurs,
bihevioralursa da kogniturs.
• fsiqodinamikuri modeli. biologiuri midgomis msgavsad,
fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT, fsiqopaTologiis mizezebi pirovnebis
SigniT aris lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am modelis avtoris)
mixedviT, Sinagani faqtorebi fsiqologiuri ufroa, vidre biologiuri. rogorc
wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, froids miaCnda, rom mravali fsiqologiuri
aSliloba yvela adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri konfliqtebisa da
egos dacviTi reaqciebis „normaluri“ procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis gamocdileba orives
ayalibebs _ normalur da paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva motivirebulia xSir
SemTxvevebSi gaucnobierebeli ltolvebiTa da survilebiT. fsiqopaTologiis
simptomebi gaucnobierebeli konfliqtebidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves.
 1310

Tu aracnobieri konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea

daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva da sxva aSlilobebi Seawuxebs. am
fsiqikur konfliqtTa umravlesoba idis araracionaluri, siamovnebis
maZiebeli impulsebisa da super-egodan momdinare internalizebuli
socialuri iZulebebis urTierTdapirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis rols ego asrulebs,
Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTologiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis
mier am funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba. erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi
myofi motivebisTvis da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi dacvis
iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT cdiloben, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
gandevna an uaryofa. dacvis meqanizmebis moWarbebulad gamoyenebas
Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba an TviT-damangreveli qcevebi.
individma SeiZleba imdenad didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad, rom mcireodeni energiaRa Tu
darCeba nayofieri da komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.
• bihevioraluri modeli. xazs usvamen ra dakvirvebad reaqciebs,
bihevioristebi naklebad saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur procesebze.
maT miaCniaT, rom paTologiuri qcevis SeZena janmrTeli qcevis
msgavsad xdeba _ daswavlisa da ganmtkicebis meSveobiT. isini
yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur fenomenebsa da adreuli
bavSvobis gamocdilebas, Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare qcevasa da
 1311

mimdinare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs, romlebic

inarCuneben qcevas. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebi individebis mier
TviTdamangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba. nebismieri arasasurveli, paTologiuri qcevis garemoSi
arsebuli SemTxveviTi ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlevrebs an
klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze mimarTuli mkurnalobis gzebis
dasaxva da arasasurveli qcevis Caqroba. araadapturi qceviT gamowveuli
procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebis
modelebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
• kognituri modeli. fsiqopaTologiisadmi kognitur midgomas xSirad
bihevioralur TvalsazrisTan erTad iyeneben. kognituri midgomis
mixedviT, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saTaveebs yovelTvis ver
aRmovaCenT obieqturad arsebuli garemos stimulebSi,
ganmamtkiceblebsa da TvalsaCino reaqciebSi. mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da garemos da ras
fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba
sworad an arasworad warmarTon adapturi qceva, aris pirovnebis mier
mniSvnelovani ganmamtkiceblebis gakontrolebis xarisxis subieqturi
aRqma, safrTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZleblobis
pirovnuli rwmena da movlenebis interpretacia situaciuri Tu pirovnuli
faqtorebis terminebiT. kognituri midgomis mixedviT, fsiqologiuri
 1312

problemebi realuri situaciis aRqmis damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis an

problemis gadawyvetis uSedego mcdelobebis Sedegia.
• sociokulturuli midgoma. fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb sociokulturuli
mosazreba xazs usvams kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazRvrasa da
etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnostirebaze kulturis zegavlenas,
rodesac obieqturobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT, rom
sxvadasxva kulturaSi erTsa da imave qcevas sxvadasxva interpretacia
SeiZleba hqondes: zRurbli, romelzec garkveuli qcevis tipi individisTvis
adaptaciaSi problemebis Semqmneli gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul
konteqstzea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba etiologias, gansakuTrebuli
kulturuli garemo pirobebi, sadac cxovroben adamianebi, SeiZleba
gansazRvravdes im pirobebs, romlebic xels uwyoben fsiqopaTologiis
calkeuli tipebis an qvetipebis gamoyofas. Cven mogvianebiT,
klasifikaciis Sesaxeb qveTavSi, visaubrebT aseT, kulturasTan SeWidul
sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im ZiriTad midgomebze,
romlebsac mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb
gvTavazoben. unda aRiniSnos, rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopaTologia mTeli
rigi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegad,
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da ufro metad ikaveben interaqcionistul
 1313

pozicias. ase magaliTad, genetikurma predispoziciam neirogadamtanebis

an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba mowyvladi gaxados
pirovneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis srulad
ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socialuri stresi an daswavlili qceva iyos
saWiro.
Semdeg nawilSi im mcdelobebze gveqneba saubari, romelic
ganxorcielda aSlilobebis sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da
aRwerisaTvis.

Sejameba paTologia ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi kriteriumebis

gaTvaliswinebiT: _ distresi an uunaroba, araadapturoba,
araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba, araSablonuroba da statistikuri
iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti da zneobrivi da idealuri
standartebis rRveva. arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli da
sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis gansazRvrisaTvis. mkvlevrebis
upirvelesi mizania fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi obieqturi mosazrebebis
Camoyalibeba; es mizani rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb
daskvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze. kacobriobis TiTqmis
mTeli istoriis manZilze fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad
epyrobodnen an sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen. mas Semdeg ganviTarda
maTdami midgomis SedarebiT adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma
 1314

adamianebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da krepelini, am

aSlilobebis daavadebebad ganxilva daiwyes.es daavadebebi
kategorizaciasa da mkurnalobas eqvemdebarebodnen. fsiqikuri
daavadebis etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi,
Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul models
mimarTaven xolme.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia

ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikaciis sistemis
arseboba? ra upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi Sefasebis
gziT misi sxvadasxva tipebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna? fsiqologiuri
diagnozi aris paTologiurisTvis dakvirvebadi qcevis paternis
klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba gacilebiT ufro
rTulia, vidre samedicino diagnozis. samedicino konteqstSi
diagnostirebisas eqims iseT fizikur monacemebze SeuZlia dayrdnoba,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, rentgenis suraTi, sisxlis analizi da biofsia.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi diagnozisTvis saWiro monacemebs
individis moqmedebis interpretaciidan viRebT. klinikosTa maqsimaluri
SeTanxmebulobisa (konsistenturobis) da maT diagnostikur Sefasebebs
 1315

Soris Tanmimdevrulobis misaRwevad, fsiqologebma diagnostirebisa da

klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares, romelic uzrunvelyofs simptomebis
detalur, zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva kriteriumebi
exmareba praqtikosebs imis gadawyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva
garkveuli aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
• fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis) _ fsiqologiuri
paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da
kategorizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri sistemis
farglebSi.
• DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis amJamad momqmedi
diagnostikuri
da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia, ganmartebulia
da aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSlilobebi.

klasifikaciis miznebi imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo iyos,

diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg

sam sargebels unda iZleodes:

saerTo stenografiuli ena. klinikosTa da fsiqopaTologiis sferoSi
momuSave mklvlevarTa Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis
praqtikosebi sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniSvnelobebis mqone
terminebs eZeben. diagnostikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi
 1316

raodenobis kompleqsur informacias aerTianebs, romlSic Sedis

damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi da aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur
garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da saavadmyofoebi, diagnostikuri
sistema fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs ufro efeqturi
komunikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis Sesaxeb, visac
exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an
mkurnalobis programebis Sefasebisas mkvlevrebi unda SeTanxmdnen
dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.
etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli aSlilobis
diagnozma naTeli unda mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
samwuxarod, mravali fsiqologiuri aSlilobis etiologiis Sesaxeb arsebiTi
uTanxmoebis an sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia am
miznis miRweva.
mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve, unda gvikarnaxos, Tu
mkurnalobis ra tipebi unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli aSlilobisaTvis.
mkvlevrebma da klinikosebma aRmoaCines, rom garkveuli mkurnaloba
an Terapia ufro efeqturad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur
aSlilobebze. magaliTad, Sizofreniis dros sakmaod efeqtiani
medikamentebi sruliad usargebloa da zogjer ufro amZimebs kidec
mdgomareobas depresiis SemTxvevaSi. mkurnalobebis efeqturobisa da
 1317

specifikurobis Sesaxeb codnis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da

ufro sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac metad mniSvnelovania.

DSM-IV-TR amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze farTod miRebuli

saklasifikacio sqema amerikis fsiqiatriul asociacias ekuTvnis. mas
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri saxelmZRvanelo
ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSMIV, 1994) „teqsturi gadasinjva“ 2000
wels gamoqveynda da mas klinikosebi da mkvlevrebi DSM-IV-TR-is
saxeliT icnoben. masSi klasificirebulia, gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-
ze meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi midgomebis mravalferovnebiT
gamowveuli diagnostikuri sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si
yuradReba simptomTa paternebis aRwerasa da aSlilobebis
mimdinareobebze ufro metad aris gamaxvilebuli, vidre etiologiur
Teoriebsa da mkurnalobis strategiebze. wmindad aRweriTi xasiaTis
terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs problemebis aRsawerad
sayovelTao, saerTo enis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlad datovon Sexvedrebi da ikvlion, Tu romeli
Teoriuli modeli ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.
DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels gamoCnda (DSM-I),
ramdenime aTeul fsiqikur daavadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli,
 1318

gadasinjuli DSM-II ufro metad Seesatyviseboda meore popularul

sistemas _ msoflio janmrTelobis organizaciis daavadebaTa
internacionalur klasifikacias (ICD _ International
Classification of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV, 1994)
komitetebisa da mecnierebis ramdenime wliani intensiuri muSaobis
Semdeg gamovida. cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels gamosul
DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrilebiT ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi
dagrovili gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da, aseve, Seamowmes,
Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi realur klinikur
pirobebSi. DSM-IV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe
gamocemas. DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqsturi gadasinjvaSi,
axali kvlevebis Sedegebic aris mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili
DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis struqtura.
fsiqologiur aSlilobasTan SesaZlo kavSirSi myofi fsiqologiuri, socialuri
da fizikuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasaxmareblad
DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs anu RerZebs iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia
informacia yvela am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).

cxrili 15.1. DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi

RerZebi informaciis klasi aRwera
 1319

RerZi I klinikuri es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi

aSlilobebi warmoadgens qceviTi an
fsiqologiuri problemebis
simptomebs an paternebs,
romelic, rogorc wesi,
mtkivneulia da auaresebs
funqcionirebas romelime
sferoSi. aq Setanilia aSlilobebi,
romlebic Tavs iCens Cvilobis,
bavSvobis an Wabukobis
periodSi.
RerZi II (a) pirovnuli samyaros aRqmisa da masze
aSlilobebi reagirebis disfunqcionaluri
paternebi.
(b) gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba
RerZi zogadi samedicino am RerZze warmodgenilia
III mdgomareobebi fizikuri problemebi, romelic
ukavSirdeba I da II RerZebze
aRwerili fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
gagebas an mkurnalobas.
RerZi fsiqosocialuri da am RerZze warmodgenilia is
IV garemos fsiqosocialuri da garemos
problemebi stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba
zegavlena moaxdinos aSlilobis
diagnostirebasa da
mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.
 1320

RerZi V funqcionirebis am RerZze warmodgenilia

mTlianobiTi fsiqologiur, socialur da
Sefaseba profesionalur sferoebSi
individis mimdinare funqcionirebis erTiani
done.

ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq

Sedis yvela aSliloba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic
bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs. II RerZze mocemulia rogorc gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba, aseve, pirovnuli aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan
sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi moicavs informacias zogadi
samedicino mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa, magaliTad, diabeti, rac
SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze ganTavsebuli aSlilobis gagebisas
an mkurnalobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs damatebiT informacias,
romelic SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos konkretuli individisTvis mkurnalobis
kursis dagegmvisas an prognozis Sefasebisas (momavali cvlilebebis
winaswar ganWvretisas). IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan
momdinare problemebs, romlebmac SeiZleba axsnas pacientis stresuli
reaqciebi an stresTan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze klinikosebi
afaseben individis funqcionirebis saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is
sistemis sruli diagnozi TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas unda moicavdes.
 1321

diagnostikuri kategoriebis ganviTareba diagnostikuri kategoriebi da

maTi organizebisa da warmodgenisTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi DSM-is
yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es cvlilebebi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
eqspertebis umravlesobis mosazrebaTa cvlilebebs asaxavs imis Taobaze,
Tu konkretulad risgan Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba da sad unda gaiaros
zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris. aseve, maTSi asaxulia
sazogadoebaSi paTologiuris Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebis cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi gamoiricxa zogierTi
diagnostikuri kategoria, zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad,
DSM-III-is (1980w.) SesavalSi amoRebulia nevrotul da fsiqotur
aSlilobebs Soris gansxvavebis tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSlilobebi
anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad

• nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romlis

drosac pirovnebas ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar avlens
moWarbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul iracionalur azrovnebas an ar arRvevs
qcevis ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur distress. es kategoria
gadmotanilia DSM-IIIdan.
• fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave fsiqikuri aSliloba,
rodesac uaresdeba individis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba
 1322

azrovnebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil sirTuleebSi; aRar

gamoiyeneba, rogorc diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
gaigeboda, rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri problemebi, romlis
drosac pirovnebas ar aReniSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad
araracionaluri azrovneba da ar arRvevda ZiriTad normebs, Tumca,
ganicdida subieqtur distress an xasiaTdeboda TviT-damangreveli an
daZlevis araadekvaturi strategiebiT. fsiqoturi aSlilobebi anu fsiqozebi
nevrotuli problemebisgan gansxvavebulad moiazreboda rogorc xarisxis,
ise _ simwvavis mixedviT. miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi qceva
mniSvnelovanwilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan da mas Tan
axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis
procesebSi arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsultacio
komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom terminebi nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi
aSlilobebi Zalze ganzogadda Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT da usargeblo gaxda,
rogorc diagnostikuri kategoria (Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiatri da
fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis darRvevebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli diagnozebic erTveboda da
akldeboda CamonaTvals. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia
homoseqsualoba. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT XII Tavidan, rom 1973 wels
amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
 1323

nusxidan homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde homoseqsualoba

DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadeba.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: marTla gvicavs

„Seuracxadoba“?
1981 wlis 30 marts msoflio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis _
ronald reiganis mkvlelobis TiTqmis warmatebulma
mcdelobam, romelic jon hiklim ganaxorciela. 1982 wlis
ivnisSi, Sokma yvela zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac
naficma msajulebma hinkli „udanaSaulod cnes
Seuracxadobis gamo“. ramdenad misaRebi iyo es? ras
niSnavs, rom viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris ganmartebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar
arsebobs misi sayovelTao klinikuri gansazRvreba. metic,
Seuracxadoba popularuli kulturisa da samarTlebrivi
sistemis cnebaa. samarTalSi Seuracxadobis
gaTvaliswinebis praqtika 1843 wlidan iRebs saTaves,
rodesac inglisSi deniel maknaTeni (Daniel M`Naghten)
mkvlelobaSi udanaSaulod cnes Seuracxadobis mizeziT.
misi savaraudo msxverpli britaneTis premier ministri iyo
_ maknaTens swamda, rom mas RmerTma Caagona
mkvleloba (man SemTxveviT premier ministris nacvlad
misi mdivani mokla). bodvebis gamo igi cixis nacvlad
fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moaTavses. am verdiqtis
 1324

Tanmdevma risxvam biZgi misca lordTa palatas, rom

gamoekveTa
 1325

mimarTuleba, e.w. maknaTenis wesi, romelic

gansazRvravda Seuracxadobis farglebs. am wesis
mixedviT, damnaSave ver unda „xvdebodes mis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis xasiaTsa da kategorias; anda
Tu xvdeba, ar unda icodes, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris
swori.“ aris ki maknaTenis wesi damnaSaveobis an
udanaSaulobis samarTliani sazomi? fsiqikuri
daavadebebis gagebaSi winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlevrebma
ufro meti ician im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romelSic
damnaSave SesaZloa ansxvavebdes swors mcdarisgan _
damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes, rom mis mier
ganxorcielebuli qmedeba arasamarTlebrivi an
arazneobrivi iyo, magram mainc ver SeZlos moqmedebis
daTrgunva da misgan Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am
tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi aSlilobebis ganxilvisas
visaubrebT). xSirad, magaliTad, fobiebis mqone
adamianebma ician, rom oboba maT arafers dauSavebs,
magram ar xelewifebaT misi danaxvisas panikuri
qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba. fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb
aseTi mosazreba samarTlebriv standartebSic iqna
 1326

CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda hinklis SemTxvevaSi. mis

nafic msajulebs miaCndaT, rom hinkli ar akontrolebda
Tavis qcevas, romelic msaxiob judi fosteris akviatebidan
momdinareobda. gaanTavisufles Tu ara hinkli? araviTar
SemTxvevaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis wm. elizabetis
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001 wlamde iq
imyofeboda. faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis, rogorc dacvis,
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi araswori gageba
mkvlelebs Tavisuflad darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994). Seuracxadobis
sarCeliT udanaSaulod miCneul individTa daaxloebiT
90% fsiqiatriul klinikebSi xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi individebs sazogadoebaSi mxolod
mas Semdeg uSveben, rac eqspertebi daadgenen, rom
isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapatimrebisgan gansxvavebiT,
xSirad winaswar ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra vadiT
aTavseben individs fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi. rogor
fiqrobT, hinklis SemTxvevaSi ramdenad darwmunebulni
unda yofiliyvnen fsiqiatrebi da fsiqologebi, rom hinklis
gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba ganecxadebinaT?
 1327

hinklis SemTxvevis Sedegad mravalma sasamarTlom

Secvala Seuracxadobis dacvis arsebuli standartebi:
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo „Seuracxadobis gamo
udanaSaulod cnobis“ verdiqtis miRebis garTuleba
(Appelbaum, 1994). iyo Tu ara es cvlilebebi aucilebeli?
praqtikuli motivebidan gamomdinare, pasuxi TiTqmis

ueWvelad aris „ara”. miuxedavad im didi yuradRebisa, romelsac

sainformacio saSualebebSi uTmoben Seuracxadobis moTxovnebs da,
Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis kargad informirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb, aseTi
sarCelebi sakmaod iSviaTia (Blau et al., 1993; Lymburner & Roesch,
 1328

1999). magaliTad, erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom baltimorSi,

merilendSi 60 432 sabraldebo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma damcvelma
(0.31%) Seitana Seuracxadobis sarCeli da mxolod 8 maTgani (4.2%)
iqna dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al., 1996). amgvarad, mcirea albaToba
imisa, rom Tqven odesme mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom dajdeT nafic
msajulTa skamze da gansajoT, meore adamiani Seuracxadia Tu ara,
magram warmoidgineT, rom es moxda. magaliTad, Tqven msajuli iyaviT
jefri dameris saqmis ganxilvisas, romelic kanibaluri ritualebiT iyo
dakavebuli da romelic Seracxadad scnes. (msajulebma uaryves
Seuracxadobis dacva). rogor imoqmeda am TavSi miRebulma
informaciam Tqvens mosazrebebze?
fsiqiatri eqspertebis mosazrebebis Secvla kvlevebis Sedegebma
gamoiwvia, romelmac aCvena homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli
qalebis, zogadad, fsiqikuri janmrTeloba. dResdReobiT homoseqsualobas
ubralod seqsualuri TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad miiCneven. is
mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IVTR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs
aReniSneba „mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi seqsualur orientaciasTan
dakavSirebiT“ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.582). diagnostikuri kriteriumi,
cxadia, gamoiyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs es
problema.
 1329

dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kritikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti,

rom fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis miRma rCeboda
kulturuli variaciebi. DSM-IV-TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera
moicavs informacias

• Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara klinikuri) aRniSvna im

mdgomareobisa, romlis drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuridiulad
Seuracxadi an araqmediTi, arakompetenturi.
„specifikuri kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis“ Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi
aRwerilia daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli sindromi:
„ganmeorebiTi, normidan gadaxrili qcevis adgilobrivad specifikuri
paternebi da Semawuxebeli gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IV-is garkveul diagnostikur
kategorias“ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000, p.898). qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime
magaliTi:
Boufee delirante. „aJitirebuli da agresiuli qcevis moulodneli
amofrqveva, SesamCnevi dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba“ (p.899);
aRniSnulia dasavleT afrikaSi, taitze;
Koro. „moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an,
qalebis SemTxvevaSi, sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba
 1330

sxeuls, ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios“ (p.900); aRniSnulia

samxreT da aRmosavleT aziaSi;
Taijin Kyofusho. „individis intensiuri SiSi imis Taobaze, rom individis
sxeuli, sxeulis nawilebi an funqciebi arasasiamovno, samarcxvino an
Seuracxmyofelia sxva adamianebisaTvis Tavisi garegnobiT, suniT,
saxis gamometyvelebiT an moZraobiT“ (p.903); aRniSnulia iaponiaSi;
aRvwerT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobis TiToeul ZiriTad formas,
mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura ar
miiCnevs erTnairad normalurad an paTologiurad.

Sejameba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasificirebis mizania rogorc

sxvadasxva aSlilobebis aRwerisa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli
stenografiuli enis uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etiologiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis
dadgena. DSM-IV-TR warmoadgens yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad
saklasifikacio sistemas; mTeli informacia xuT RerZzea mocemuli.
diagnostikuri kategoriebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, raTa sistema
ufro Tanmimdevruli da gamosadegi gamxdariyo.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi
farglebi, mivadeqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis mizezebsa da Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da
 1331

Sizofrenia. TiToeuli kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer aRvwerT, ras ganicdian

Tavad daavadebuli individebi da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvirveblebi,
Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian etiologiisadmi biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri midgomebi am aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva kategoriebi, romelTa
ganxilvasac ver davuTmobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris
yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa Sesaxeb mokle, Semajamebeli informacia.
nivTierebebis gamoyenebis aSlilobebi moicavs alkoholsa da qimiur
nivTierebebze damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas.
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb mravali sakiTxi
cnobierebis mdgomareobebis uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi
VI).
somatoformul aSlilobebSi Sedis fizikuri (somaturi) simptomebi,
rogoricaa kidurebis paralizeba an tkivilebi, fizikuri mizezis gareSe. es
kategoria moicavs isteriad wodebul simptomebs. seqsualuri aSlilobebi
seqsualuri Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa
da deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.
aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba, Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi,
bavSvobaSi
an WabukobaSi xdeba, moicavs gonebriv CamorCenilobas,
komunikaciur aSlilobebs, rogoricaa: _ enabluoba da autizmi.
 1332

kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa anoreqsia da bulimia, XII TavSia

ganxiluli.
winamdebare TavSi SevafasebT im sixSires, ra sixSiriTac aReniSnebaT
individebs calkeuli fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi. monacemebi miRebulia
kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti adamiani monawileobda da,
Sesabamisad, fsiqikuri janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis didi
SerCevebidan aris miRebuli. diagramebSi asaxulia sxvadasxva
aSlilobebis gavrceleba erTi Tvis, erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis periodSi
(Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b). citirebuli diagramebi
da cxrilebi aRebulia National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS), romelSic
15-dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda (Kessler et al., 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas „mozrdilebad“ movixseniebT, unda
aRvniSnoT, rom masSi monawileobdnen mozardebi da ar
monawileobdnen ufrosi asakis mozrdilebi. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir
SemTxvevaSi erTsa da imave individebs cxovrebis garkveul etapze
erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniSnebodaT. es fenomeni
komorbidulobis saxeliT aris cnobili (morbidulobas daavadebis arsebobas
uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavadebaTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si
dadginda, rom individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT erTi aSliloba,
realurad erTdroeulad ori an meti aSliloba aReniSneboda. mkvlevrebma
 1333

sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbidulobis paternebis intensiuri

Seswavla daiwyes.
gaecnobiT ra sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri
• komorbidi (Comorbidity) _
erTdroulad erTze meti darRvevebisaTvis tipur simptomebsa da
aSliloba. gamocdilebebs,
gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel
SemTxvevaSi xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul romelime
Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs. Cvens mier aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc
ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba, amitom gasakviri iqneba, Tu isini sruliad ucxod
mogeCvenebaT. bevrs axasiaTebs adamianuri sisusteebi, romelTac
konkretuli fsiqologiuri aSlilobis kriteriumTa nusxaSi SexvdebiT. am
msgavsebebis gacnobiereba xels Seuwyobs paTofsiqologiis gagebas,
magram unda gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi mTel rig
kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil
profesionalebs saWiroebs. gTxovT, winaaRmdegoba gauwioT cdunebas
da ar gamoiyenoT axlad SeZenili codna megobrebisTvis da ojaxis
wevrebisTvis paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad. Tumca, Tu
winamdebare Tavi fsiqikuri sakiTxebis gamo SfoTvas dagitovebT,
gaxsovdeT, rom studentebisaTvis kolejTa da universitetTa umravlesobaSi
funqcionirebs aseT sakiTxebze momuSave sakonsultacio centrebi.
 1334

Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da depresias da SedarebiT

mokled visaubrebT pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSlilobebze.

SfoTviTi aSlilobebi garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiToeul

Cvengan ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi. Tumca, zogierTi adamianisTvis
SfoTva imdenad problemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad funqcionirebasa da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis xels. dadgenilia, rom mozrdili
mosaxleobis TiTqmis 25%-s drodadro aReniSneba sxvadasxva
SfoTviTi aSlilobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi (Kessler et al.,
1994). TiToeul am aSlilobaSi SfoTva gadamwyvet rols asrulebs, Tumca,
isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian SfoTvis gancdis xarisxiT, SfoTvis
simwvaviT/siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven
mimovixilavT ZiriTad kategoriebs, esenia: generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSliloba, panikuri aSliloba, fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba
da post travmatuli stresis aSliloba.

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba rodesac pirovneba drois umetes

nawils, sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze, SfoTvaSi an nerviulobaSi atarebs,
klinikosebi mas generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobis diagnozs usvamen.
xSirad SfoTva specifikur cxovrebiseul situaciazea fokusirebuli, rogoricaa:
_ ararealuri SfoTva finansebis an sayvareli adamianis kargad yofnis
Taobaze. SfoTvis gamoxatvis gzebi _ specifikuri simptomebi _ varirebs
 1335

pirovnebidan pirovnebamde, magram generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis

dasmisaTvis pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva simptomic unda
aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: _ kunTebis daZabuloba, gadaRliloba,
mousvenroba, susti koncentracia, gaRizianebadoba an Zilis problemebi.
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, romelic
xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da TvalsaCino
mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabulobiT.
• generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Generalized anxiety disorder) _
SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs
specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis momatni obieqtis ar arsebobis pirobebSi,
sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
• panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac individi
ganicdis moulodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri
daZabulobis, SiSisa an saSinelebis grZnobiT iwyeba.
• agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi
yofnis ukiduresi SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli an samarcxvino
iyos.

generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs,

radganac SeuZlebelia pirovnebis nerviulobis gakontroleba an gverdze
gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar
 1336

uTmobs sakmaris yuradRebas socialur Tu samsaxureobriv valdebulebebs.

am sirTuleebs aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic erTvis
Tan.
panikuri aSliloba
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis
qronikulad arsebobisgan gansxvavebiT, panikuri aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis Setevebs, romelic
mxolod ramdenime wuTi SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri
daZabulobis, SiSis an saSinelebis grZnobebiT iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan
axlavs SfoTvis fizikuri simptomebi, maT Soris TviTregulirebadi
hiperaqtiuroba(rogoricaa aCqarebuli guliscema), Tavbrusxveva, gonebis
dakargva da xuTvis an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi moulodnelia im
TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gakeTebuli komentari
dagexmarebaT imis SefasebaSi, Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis
mqone es pirovneba panikis Setevebs:
o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin damexmareba, veravin SeZlebs
am grZnobis gagebas. es hgavs grZnobas, romelic Txemidan fexis
TiTebamde gagirbens sxeulSi da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze
SeSinebuli var... TiTqos vkvdebi an raRac msgavsi. (Muskin & Fyer,
1981, p.81).
 1337

panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin xdeba, rodesac individs

aReniSneba panikis ganmeorebiTi moulodneli Setevebi da, amasTanave,
intensiurad nerviulobs Semdgomi Setevebis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobaze.
DSM-IV-TR-is mixedviT, panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba unda moxdes
agorafobiis Tanmxlebi arsebobis an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
agorafobia aris iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis
ukiduresi SiSi, saidanac gaqceva rTuli an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos.
agorafobiis mqone individebs, rogorc wesi, aSinebT iseTi adgilebi,
rogoricaa: _ xalxmravali oTaxebi, saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi da
avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom, Tu saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT
garkveuli sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba Sardis buStze
kontrolis dakargvis gamo an panikis Setevis simptomebi,
SeuZlebeli iqneba daxmarebis miReba an samarcxvino situaciaSi
aRmoCndebian. es SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuflebas, ukidures
SemTxvevebSi ki, sakuTari saxlebis patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli agorafobia panikur
aSlilobasTan? panikis Setevebis mqone zogierTi (magram ara yvela)
adamianisTvis momavali Setevis saSiSroeba _ umweobis grZnoba misi
dawyebisas _ SeiZleba sakmarisi gaxdes CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis
 1338

mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis usafrTxo garemo, magram

TiTqmis yovelTvis ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.

fobiebi
SiSi aris racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad identificirebul garegan
safrTxeze (rogoricaa xanZari an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac SeiZleba
aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
amis sapirispirod, fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri
obieqtis, moqmedebis an situaciis mdgradi da araracionaluri SiSi, romelic
moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba da realobas safrTxis
momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi an gvelebi (an mravalarCevniani
testebic ki). es msubuqi SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur
saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi zegavlenas axdens adaptaciaze, iwvevs
mniSvnelovan distress da aferxebs miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebel
moqmedebebs. Zalze speficikurma, aSkarad SezRudulma fobiamac ki
SeiZleba udidesi gavlena moaxdinos konkretuli individis cxovrebaze.
DSM-IV-TR-Si fobiebis ori kategoriaa aRwerili: socialuri fobiebi da
specifikuri fobiebi (ix. cxrili 15.2).

cxrili 15.2. gavrcelebuli fobiebi

sqesobrivi
 1339

ZiriTadi tipebi gamovlenis tipuri asaki

gansxvaveba

socialuri fobiebi (raime umravlesoba qalia mozardobis damamcireblis

keTebis dros periodi dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis
SiSi)
specifikuri fobiebi
cxovelebis tipi TiTqmis yvela bavSvoba
katebi (ailurofobia) qalia
ZaRlebi (kinofobia) mwerebi (inseqtofobia) obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia) mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)
bunebrivi garemos tipi umravlesoba an bavSvoba
Stormebi (brontofobia) TiTqmis yvela
simaRleebi (akrofobia) qalia
sisxlis-infeqciis- umravlesoba nebismieri
dazianebis tipi sisxli qalia asaki
(hematofobia) nemsebi
(belonofobia)
bavSvoba an
situaciuri tipi daxuruli TiTqmis yvela 20-iani wlebis
sivrceebi qalia Sua periodi
(klaustrofobia) rkinigza (saidrodromofobia)
 1340

socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba

iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodgenisas, romelSic
individi SeiZleba sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis
mqone adamians samarcxvino qcevis ganxorcielebis eSinia. pirovneba
acnobierebs, rom SiSi moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram
SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi aaridos iseT situaciebs, sadac
arsebobs sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqtad gaxdomis SesaZlebloba. socialuri
fobia xSirad TviT-damakmayofilebel winaswar ganWvretas gulisxmobs.
individs SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnisa
da uaryofis, rom warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis realurad
gasauareseblad. maSinac ki, rodesac socialuri fobiis mqone adamianebi
warmatebulni arian socialur garemoSi, isini ar uSveben, rom warmateba
dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace & Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa
13.3%-s aReniSneba socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
• SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad identificirebul garegan
safrTxeze, ramac SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an gadavides
Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
• fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis an situaciis mdgradi
da iracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba; romelic realobas safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs
adamians.
 1341

• socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,

romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar
warmodgenisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis obieqti SeiZleba
gaxdes.
• specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi, romlebic Tavs
iCenen specifikuri tipis obieqtebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.

specifikuri fobiebi Tavs iCenen zogierT sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebze an

situaciebze reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi, specifikuri
fobiebi dayofilia ramdenime qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis
specifikuri fobiis mqone individs SeiZleba obobebze hqondes fobiuri
reaqciebi. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis
realurad arsebobisas an warmodgenisas warmoiqmneba. kvlevis
mixedviT, amerikel mozrdilTa 11.3%-s aReniSneba specifikuri fobia
(Magee et al., 1996).

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi adamiani iketeba azrebisa da
qcevebis specifikur paternebSi.
mxolod raRac erTi wlis win 17 wlis jimi mravalmxrivi niWiT
dajildoebuli da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri Wabuki iyo. Semdeg,
TiTqmis erTbaSad, fsiqologiuri uunarobis gamo, martosul gariyulad,
 1342

socialuri cxovrebidan gamoTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis

akviateba (obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udidesi nawilis
gatareba warmosaxviTi WuWyis CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad
dabanvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReebsa da saRamoebs ikavebda,
magram male am qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro, rom skolis
mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic obsesiur-kompulsuri
aSlilobis saxeliT aris cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD),
romelic, monacenebis mixedviT, amerikel mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba
cxovrebis romelime etapze (DSMIV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi) aris
azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric iyo jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom
WuWyiani iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda miuxedavad mainc
meordeba an narCundeba. obsesiebi ganicdeba, rogorc arasasurveli
SeWra cnobierebaSi, isini suleluri an autanelia da miuRebelia im
pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli
tipis msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa wvrilmani safiqralebis
akviatebebi, vTqvaT, _ „nadvilad Cavkete kari?“ an „gamovrTe Tu ara
gazqura?“ obsesiurkompulsuri aSlilobis mqone adamianTa obsesiuri
azrebi gacilebiT metad iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba
imoqmedos socialur da profesiul saqmianobaze.
 1343

kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebia

(rogoric iyo jimis banaoba), romelic obsesiebze sapasuxod xorcieldeba
garkveuli wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis
momgvrel raime situaciasTan dakavSirebuli diskomfortis Sesamcireblad
an aRsakveTad xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia an _ aSkarad
moWarbebuli. tipuri kompulsiebi moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas,
sinaTlis an sxva xelsawyoebis gamorTulobis gadamowmebas da
sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
• obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compulsive disorder –
OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT anu
akviatebuli, ganmeorebadi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT an impulsebiT,
romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba gandevnis mcdelobebs da
kompulsiebiT anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT,
romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT xorcieldeba.
• posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic stress disorder –
PTSD) SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis
ganmeorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi
mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri
xatebiT/fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).
 1344

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone individebi, sawyis periodSi mainc,

ewinaaRmdegebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi ar vlindeba
kompulsiebis arseboba, Tumca, SfoTvis gaCenisTanave, dauZleveli
xdeba daZabulobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri kompulsuri qcevis
Zala. tkivilis nawili, romelsac am fsiqikuri problemis mqone adamianebi
ganicdian, obsesiebis iracionalurobis an moWarbebulobis da maTi
Semcirebis unaris arqonis gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustraciidan
momdinareobs.

posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba

XIII TavSi warmogidgineT daskusia or qalbatons Soris, romlebic jer
kidev ebrZodnen gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori qalbatonis
mimdinare SfoTvas. erTi ambobda, rom „SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi
periodi“ gaiara da esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen Tavs saerTo
saZineblis win, megobrebi ki idgnen, uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen
dasaxmareblad misvlas. meores, romelic sirbilis (varjiSis) dros
gaaupatiures, isev eSinoda sirbilis ganaxlebis: „yovelTvis, roca sarbenad
mivdivar, mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto
aRar davdivar sarbenad, magram SiSi jer isev rCeba.“ am qalbatonebs
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _ PTSD)
aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis
 1345

ganmeorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis gamomwvevi

mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT anu
e.w. fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks). individebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT
gaupatiurebaze, sicocxlisaTvis safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul
movlenebze an Zlier dazianebaze, travmaze anda stiqiur ubedurebaze
reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991; Kairbank et al.,
1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994). adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba
ganuviTardeT, rodesac Tavad arian travmis msxverplni an rodesac
xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom PTSD-s
mqone adamianebs amavdroulad sxva fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT,
rogoricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis
problemebi da seqsualuri disfunqciebi.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis
manZilze erTxel mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000).
mTlianobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT sami meoTxedi ganicdis
movlenas, romelic SeiZleba travmatulad miviCnioT, rogoricaa seriozuli
ubeduri SemTxveva, stiqiuri ubedureba an fizikuri Zaladoba (Green,
1994). kolejis studentTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi
hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena, daaxloebiT erTma
mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana
& Lauterbach, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi da qalebi
 1346

Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian travmatul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia

PTSD-s ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre mamakacebSi (Breslau et al.,
1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan gansakuTrebiT didia
albaToba imisa, rom bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganviTardes
PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis
gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian arRvevs individis cxovrebas.
rogor umklavdebian mkvlevrebi PTSD-sa da sxva SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
wyaroebis aRmoCenis rTul amocanas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena
fsiqologiuri distresis Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.

SfoTviTi aSlilobebi: mizezebi rogor xsnian fsiqologebi SfoTviTi

aSlilobebis ganviTarebas? qvemoT ganxilul TiToeul etiologiur
midgomaSi (biologiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri)
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu
rogor Seaqvs TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.
biologiuri sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas biologiuri

safuZvlebi aqvs. erT-

erTi Teoria cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli fobiebi, vTqvaT,

obobebis an simaRleebis SiSi, ufro metad gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva
 1347

safrTxeebis, magaliTad, eleqtroobis, SiSebi. vinaidan mravali SiSi

saerToa sxvadasxva kulturisTvis, SemoTavazebul iqna mosazreba, rom
evoluciuri warsulis garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi zrdida Cveni
winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs. SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi
adamianebs Tandayolili hqondaT seriozuli safrTxis gamomwvevi
nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi
mocemulia erTxel SemaSinebelad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da
„daufiqreblad“ reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia (Ohman, 1986; Seligman,
1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar xsnis im obieqtebze an situaciebze reaqciis
saxiT ganviTarebul fobiebs, romelTac evoluciuri istoriis manZilze ar
hqoniaT gadarCenisTvis mniSvneloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, nemsebis,
manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamentebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT,
gamowvevis
SesaZlebloba SfoTviT aSlilobebSi biologiuri faqtoris rolis
damadasturebel monacemebs iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al.,
1994). magaliTad, gavixsenoT III Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi GABA
neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis Semcirebisas adamianebi xSirad ganicdian
SfoTvas. rogorc XVI TavSi vnaxavT, GABA-s Semcvelobaze moqmedi
nivTierebebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis tvinSi
 1348

arsebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas (Malizia, 1999).

magaliTad, PET skanirebam gamoavlina gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis
mqone da sakontrolo jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis funqcionirebas
Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis
warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI teqnikis saSualebiT OCD-s
mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi gamovlenil iqna Zalze farTod gavrcelebuli
paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli boWkoebis gacilebiT
naklebi raodenoba, vidre normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996).
mkvlevrebi dResdReobiTac cdiloben OCD-s simptomebsa da Tavis tvinis
paTologiebs Soris damokidebulebis gagebas.
dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis
xuTi kategoriidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZvels iZleva
(Skre et al., 1993). magaliTad, identuri tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri
aSlilobis ganviTarebis albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis araidentur
tyupebTan ganviTarebis albaTobasTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
erTaderT tips, romelsac ar gaaCnia genetikuri faqtoris wvlilis
damadasturebeli monacemebi, fobiebi warmoadgens, sadac garemos
faqtorebi ufro metad aris CarTuli.
fsiqodinamikuri fsiqodinamikuri modeli amodis daSvebidan, rom
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis simptomebi warsulis fsiqikuri konfliqtebidan an
SiSebidan momdinareobs. simptomebi fsiqologiuri tkivilisgan individis
 1349

dacvis mcdelobebs warmoadgens. amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi

aracnobieri konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis saxlis rTuli garemodan
gaqcevis survils. Semdgom cxovrebaSi obieqtma an situaciam, romelic
simbolizebuli saxiT gamoxatavs konfliqts, SeiZleba fobiis gaaqtiureba
moaxdinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis simbolizacia iyos, romelic
man unda gaiaros saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad. amitom
xidis danaxvam aracnobieri konfliqti SeiZleba cnobierSi amoitanos, rasac
fobiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba Tan. xidebisTvis
Tavis arideba iqneba bavSvobaSi saxlSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan
dakavSirebuli SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis simboluri mcdeloba.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi, obsesiuri qceva
ganixileba, rogorc masTan dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis an
konfliqtebis mier warmoqmnili SfoTvis gadanacvlebis mcdeloba.
obsesiis, romelic simbolurad akrZalul impulss gamoxatavs, CanacvlebiT
pirovneba garkveul Semsubuqebas aRwevs. magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili
jimis mier gancdili WuWyis akviatebuli (obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba
seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da sakuTari reputaciis
„gaWuWyianebis“ SiSs Soris warmoqmnili konfliqtidan
momdinareobdes. kompulsuri saqmianoba, romelic mcire ritualuri
moqmedebebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri
 1350

konfliqtidan momdinare sawyisi TemisTvis Tavis aridebis saSualebas

warmoadgens.

bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor xdeba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis simptomebis gamomuSaveba da ganmtkiceba.
mkvlevrebi ar eZeben safuZvelSi myof aracnobier konfliqtebs an adreuli
bavSvobis gamocdilebebs, radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis
pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc VII TavSi vnaxeT, bihevioristuli Teoriebi
xSirad xsnian fobiebis ganviTarebas, romelTac klasikurad ganpirobebul
SiSebad miiCneven: gavixsenoT patara alberti, romelsac jon vatsonma da
rozali reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares (ix. gverdi X _ aq
Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdis nomeri VII Tavidan). bihebioraluri axsnis
Tanaxmad, manamde neitraluri obieqti an situacia SemaSinebel
gamocdilebasTan Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis stimulad gadaiqceva.
magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis
niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis fobia Camouyalibdes. am gamocdilebis
Semdeg gvelebze fiqrmac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios SiSis talRa. fobias
inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia, rasac adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli
situaciisTvis Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
 1351

obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis bihevioraluri analizi aCvenebs, rom

kompulsur qcevas SeuZlia akviatebul (obsesiur) azrebTan dakavSirebuli
SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba.
magaliTad, Tu qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis (kontaminaciis)
eSinia, xelebis dabana Seamcirebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad,
ganmamtkicebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad, obsesiur-kompulsuri
aSlilobebis SenarCuneba SfoTvis Semcirebis/reduqciis saSualebiT xdeba,
rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.

kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im
perceptul procesebsa da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos
pirovnebis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis miseuli Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an
gadaafasos safrTxis xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver Seafasos
safrTxisadmi efeqturad gamklavebis sakuTari SesaZleblobebi.
magaliTad, socialuri fobiis mqone adamianma farTo auditoriis winaSe
sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos SfoTvas:
ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi
mTeli am xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avnerviuldebi da
gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad
gamovCndebi. rodesac ar unda mnaxon am adamianebma am wuTidan,
 1352

maT vemaxsovrebi, rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic sityviT gamosvlas

cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs TavianTi distresi xSirad
gardauvali ubedurebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam
SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras: pirovnebas eSinia ubedurebis, romelic
SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs; es ki, Tavis mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis
SegrZnebas da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck &
Emery, 1985).
es kognituri axsna fsiqologebma SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis gazomviT
Seamowmes: individebs sjeraT, rom iseT sxeulebriv simptomebs,
rogoricaa zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva an gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba
damRupveli Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZnobelobis
mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT daTanxmebis tendencia iseT
debulebebze, rogoricaa _ „rodesac vamCnev, rom guliscema mixSirdeba,
vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemarTos.“ erTerT kvlevaSi
mkvlevrebi afasebdnen im studentTa jgufis mgrZnobelobas SfoTvisadmi,
romelic aSS-is sahaero akademiis kadetTa ZiriTadi wvrTnis stresul kurss
gadioda. am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac SfoTvisadmi
mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze maRali maCvenebeli daudginda,
xuTkviriani kursis ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva, mTliani
jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%sgan gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es
 1353

monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT individs imis gamo SeiZleba

daemarTos panikis Seteva, rom igi sakuTar sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis
mniSvnelobis mqoned miiCnevs.
saidan viciT
SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis gadamuSaveba da
panikuri aSliloba
kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
mqone adamianebi momatebul mgrZnobelobas unda
avlendnen safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze.
panikuri aSlilobis mqone individebisTvis am cnebebSi panikis Setevis
fiziologiuri, sxeulTan dakavSirebuli simptomebi Sedis, magaliTad,
Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri
aSlilobis mqone individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi warudgenda sityvebis
rogorc am kategoriis, ise _ sakontrolo CamonaTvals (magaliTad,
delikaturi, neli da megobruli) Zalze xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis
1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili
sityvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirTa Sedegebi
udardeboda sakontrolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kognituri Teoriis
hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro
metis cnobas, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri
aSlilobis mqone pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli kategoriidan 2.6-ze
 1354

meti sityva icnes maSin, roca janmrTelma sakontrolo jgufma _ mxolod

0.7 sityva (Pauli et al., 1997).

kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebi xels

uwyoben SfoTvis SenarCunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina
planze swevs da metad gamokveTils xdis SemaSinebel stimuls. es
Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa,
yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris tendencia axasiaTebT, rac
gansakuTrebiT zrdis SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis 1/100-s grZeldeba.
TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSlilobebisadmi etiologiuri
mozaikis mxolod nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdinare
gamokvlevebi naTels gaxdis mizezebs da, Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken
mimaval gzas. axla, rodesac ukve gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris sami didi kategoriidan
Semdegis ganxilvaze, romelsac, aseve, detalurad ganvixilavT. es aris
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.

• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba
(Mood disorder) _ guneba-
 1355

ganwyobilebis darRveva, guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi

rogoricaa Rrma depresia an aucileblad geqnebodaT cxovrebaSi
maniasTan adgilmonacvle
depresia. periodebi, rodesac Tavs saSinlad
daTrgunulad an warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca, zogierTi
adamianis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobilebis ukiduresi gamovlinebebi arRvevs
maTi cxovrebis normalur ritms. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba
warmoadgens emociur darRvevas, rogoricaa Rrma depresia an depresia,
romelic maniasTan monacvleobiT iCens Tavs.
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom
mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi (Kessler et al., 1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias:
klinikur depresiul aSlilobasa da bipolarul aSlilobas.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba depresias fsiqopaTologiaSi surdos analogad
miiCneven, radganac Zalze xSirad emarTebaT adamianebs da cxovrebis
garkveul periodSi TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSlilobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im periodSi nebismier Cvengans
udardia da uglovia sayvareli adamianis dakargva an sevdiani da
ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miRwevaSi warumateblobis gamo.
es sevdiani grZnobebi mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris,
romelsac ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix.
cxrili 15.3).
 1356

cxrili 15.3 klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis maxasiaTeblebi

maxasiaTebeli magaliTi

disforiuli sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba;

ganwyobileba TiTqmis yvela Cveuli saqmianobisadmi
interesis an maTgan siamovnebis
miRebis unaris dakargva.
mada umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.
Zili insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an
moWarbebuli
Zilianoba)
motoruli aqtivobaSesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli
CamorCena) an agznebuloba.
usargeblobis gancda; TviT-
danaSaulis gancda
gankicxva/TviTgvema
azrovnebisa da koncentrirebis
koncentracia Semcirebuli unari;
gulmaviwyoba.
suicidi akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi
an mcdelobebi.

depresiis diagnozis mqone individebi erTmaneTisgan arsebuli

simptomebis siRrmiTa da xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebian. Tu mravali
maTgani cxovrebis garkveuli etapis mxolod ramdenime kviris manZilze
ebrZvis klinikur depresias, arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizodur an
qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis ganmavlobaSi. guneba-ganwyobilebis
 1357

aSlilobebis gavrcelebis statistikis mixedviT, qalTa 21%-sa da

mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi erTxel mainc aReniSneba
klinikuri depresia (Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia uzarmazar fasad ujdeba Tavad daavadebuls, mis ojaxsa da
sazogadoebas. evropaSi Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi gamovlinda,
rom rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi mTeli TavianTi mozrdili
cxovrebis mexuTeds klinikebSi atareben, xolo maTi 20% simptomebis
gamo sruliad araqmediTunariania da veRar axerxebs samuSaoze
dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSS-is fsiqiatriul klinikebSi yvela
diagnostirebul daavadebaTa umravlesobas depresia warmoadgens,
magram jer isev miCniaT, rom es ar aris diagnostirebisa da mkurnalobis
sruli suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqone individTa naxevarze
naklebi Tu iRebs raime saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).

bipolaruli aSliloba bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma depresiuli

periodebis maniakalur epizodebTan monacvleobiT. maniakalur epizodSi
pirovneba, rogorc wesi, uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad iqceva da
aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan individis wamyvani ganwyobileba
gaRizianebadoba ufroa, vidre aweuli gunebaganwyobileba da
enTuziazmi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca igi raimenairad
winaaRmdegobas grZnobs. maniakalur periodSi individi xSirad ganicdis
 1358

moWarbebul TviT-pativiscemas an ararealur rwmenas imisa, rom igi

gansakuTrebul SesaZleblobebsa da Zalas flobs. individs SeiZleba
aReniSnebodes Zilis moTxovnilebis mkveTri Semcireba da SeiZleba
Warbad iyos dakavebuli samsaxureobrivi Tu sxva socialuri an
siamovnebis momtani saqmianobiT. Sepyrobilia ra maniakaluri
ganwyobilebiT, individi avlens usafuZvlo optimizms, midis usargeblo
riskze, iZleva nebismier dapirebas da SeuZlia yvelafris darigeba-
gaCuqeba.
• klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive disorder) _ guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili
daTrgunulobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli depresiis maniakaluri fazis
gareSe.
• bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
• maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipolaruli aSlilobis komponenti,
romelic xasiaTdeba ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usazRvro eiforiis
periodebiT, grandiozulobis grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis
da realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac maniakaluri epizodis

simptomebi
aReniSneba:
 1359

bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad grZnobda. mas imdeni energia

hqonda, rom TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da igi sruliad
darwmunebuli iyo, rom skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas
anerviulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela iqceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi
monologebis brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis xelewifeboda misi tempiT
cxovreba. sems hqonda finansebTan dakavSirebuli aRmafrTovanebeli
ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar cdilobdnen misi megobrebi mis
gegmebSi CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi adamianebi maT mier
dauokeblobis periodSi Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis
gamosworebas cdiloben. amgvarad, maniakaluri epizodi TiTqmis
yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyobilebis darRvevebis
xangrZlivoba da sixSire varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde. zogierT
maTgans normaluri funqcionirebis xangrZlivi periodebi aqvT, romelTac
drodadro xanmokle maniakaluri an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets, Tumca
arsebobs adamianTa mcire raodenoba, romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar
gaumarTlaT da romelTa cxovrebaSi maniakalur epizodebs pirdapir
klinikuri depresia cvlis, Semdeg isev maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase
uwyvetad viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli, romelic angrevs da anadgurebs
Tavad am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs, maT ojaxebs, megobrebsa da
 1360

TanamSromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba waagon mTeli

danazogi an ucnobebs guluxvi saCuqrebi daurigon, rac gaamZafrebs
danaSaulis grZnobas Semdgom depresiul fazaze. bipolaruli aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdilTa
1.6%Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba mamakacebsa da qalebs
Soris (Kessler et al.,
1994).
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi: mizezebi ra faqtorebi moqmedebs
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobis ganviTarebaze? am kiTxvas biologiuri,
fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri midgomebis poziciebidan
davsvamT. unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba, misi
gavrcelebulobis gamo, bipolarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili da es
garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.
biologiuri garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Sedegebi guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebSi biologiur faqtorze migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, is faqti, rom
sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia maniakaluri da depresiuli
simptomebis Semsubuqeba, imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis or
ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis tvinis gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba udevs
safuZvlad. ori qimiuri agentis, serotoninisa da norepinefrinis,
Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukavSirdeba, momateba ki _ manias,
 1361

Tumca, jerjerobiT ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis

zusti bioqimiuri meqanizmi (Duman et al., 1997). mkvlevrebi PET
skanirebas iyeneben maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi
cerebraluri glukozis (saqaridis saxeoba, romelic energiis
gamosanTavisufleblad gamoiyeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad
(ix. suraTi 15.2), magram aseTi gansxvavebebi ganwyobilebis ori
mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba iyos, vidre mizezi.

sur. 15. 2. bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba

PET skanireba maniakaluri fazis dros, depresiulTan SedarebiT,
cerebraluri glukozis metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda da
qveda rigze depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _
maniakalur fazaSi myofis.
matulobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobaze genetikuri faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen,
1997). tyupebis Seswavlam aCvena, rom Tu identuri tyupebidan erT-erTi
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobiT avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi, rom
meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod
20%-s udris araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar aqvT identuri genetikuri
masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello, 1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben ra
mosazrebas guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb,
mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde am daavadebis gadacemaze
 1362

pasuxismgebeli genetikuri masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis adgilis

dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa erT-erT seria pensilvaniaSi emiSebis Temis
warmomadgenelTa bipolaruli aSlilobis paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland
et al., 1987). emiSebi aseTi kvlevebisTvis idealuri monawileebi arian
maTi didi ojaxebis, detaluri genealogiuri Canawerebis warmoebis,
genetikurad izolirebulobisa da maT Soris iseTi qceviTi faqtorebis
iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa alkoholizmi da Zaladoba, (romelic
zegavlenas moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis yvela 15 000
wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis
STamomavalia. aris tendencia, rom bipolaruli depresia Taobebis
manZilze gamovlindes zogierT, magram ara yvela ojaxSi. es
kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs aSlilobis mqone da misgan Tavisufali
individebis genetikuri masalis uSualod Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom naadrevi aRmoCnda „bipolaruli genis“
identificirebaSi warmatebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsenebebi (Kelsoe et al.,
1989), mkvlevrebi ar kargaven optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi
moitans im codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997; Ginns et al.,
1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis
TvalSisacemi magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan modis.
 1363

zogierT adamians regularulad eufleba depresia zamTris TveebSi,

gansakuTrebiT grZeli skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe
xanmoklea (ix. suraTi 15.3). gunebaganwyobilebis am darRvevas
samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri afeqturi darRveva (anu SAD _ seasonal
affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli teqnika, romelic
sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs SAD-s: _ pacientebs sistematurad
waredginebodaT mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar & Rosental,
1989). mkvlevrebi amtkicenen, rom sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena
moaxdinos neirogadamtan serotoninze, romelic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
depresiis gamomwvev faqtorad aris miCneuli.

sur. 15.3. sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba

sezonuri afeqturi aSlilobis mqone individebs depresiis simptomebi

xanmokledRian sezonebze aReniSnebaT. diagramaze mocemulia maRali
ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis
sinaTlis xangrZlivobas (nawili B) Soris.

saidan viciT
serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba (saa)
saa-s mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos, sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis
_ mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is
 1364

pacientebi (14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvlevis meore etapSi,

romelTac sinaTlis
Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomareoba. am etapze
mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis
Semcvelobaze. eqsperimentuli jgufis pacientebi Tavis tvinSi serotoninis
Semcvelobis Semcirebaze mimarTul dietaze dasves; sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebs ki serotoninis Semcvelobis SesananCunebeli dieta daeniSnaT.
eqsperimentuli jgufis pacientebs saa-s simptomebis recidivi aReniSnaT,
sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom sinaTlis
Terapia Tavdapirvelad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis Semcvelobis
aRdgenaze, ramac pacientebs aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba
misca anu Tavidan aacila depresiuli simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al.,
1997).

Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma wamlebi unda miiRon

Tavis tvinSi neirogadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
(zogierT maTganze XVI TavSi visaubrebT), Tumca, es kvleva aCvenebs,
rom sinaTlis Terapias iseTive efeqti SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc zogierT
fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis orive saxeoba _ medikamenturi an
sinaTlis Terapia _ ganamtkicebs mosazrebas aSlilobis etiologiaSi
biologiuri wonasworobis darRvevis rolis Sesaxeb. amave dros, Tu SAD-
 1365

is aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT sakuTar Tavsa da am

problemaSi.
axla vnaxoT, damatebiT ras gacnobebT guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.
fsiqodinamikuri fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depresiis
ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols aracnobieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan
momdinare mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs. froids depresiul adamianebTan
TviTkritikasa da danaSaulis grZnobasTan uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas
miaCnda, rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar Tavze
mimarTuli risxva warmoadgenda am TviTgankicxvis wyaros. es risxva
bavSvobis gansakuTrebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas
ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mSoblisa da Svilis urTierToba, sadac
ar xdeba pirovnebis moTxovnilebebisa da molodinebis dakmayofildeba.
mozrdilobaSi gancdili danakargi, realuri iqneba es Tu simboluri,
aaqtiurebs mtrul grZnobebs, romelic axla ukve pirovnebis egoze
miemarTeba da Sedegad depresiisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas
iwvevs.
bihevioraluri depresiis fesvebis aracnobierSi Ziebis nacvlad,
bihevioraluri midgoma pirovnebis mier miRebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
ganmtkicebis raodenobis efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas (Lewinsohn,
 1366

1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, depresiuli

grZnobebi maSin viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan arasakmaris
dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels iRebs danakargis an raime sxva
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. sakmarisi dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani da gulCaTxrobili xdeba.
sevdianobis mdgomareobas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli
yuradReba da TanagrZnoba ganamtkicebs (Biglan, 1991), Tumca,
Cveulebisamebr, Tavidan TanagrZnobiT ganmsWvalul megobrebs Rlis
depresiuli pirovnebis uaryofiTi gunebaganwyobileba da
damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs aarideben. es reaqcia spobs dadebiTi
ganmtkicebis erT-erT wyaros da pirovneba ufro metad iZireba
depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul adamianebs dadebiTi
ukukavSiris verSefasebisa da uaryofiTi ukukavSiris gadafasebis
tendencia axasiaTebs

(Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson & Craighead, 1977).

kognituri kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis Sesaxeb ori Teoria
arsebobs. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas
uaryofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri sqema (ix. Tavi V) ganapirobebs _
adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazrebebi SeeqmnaT maT cxovrebaSi
mimdinare im movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZnoben.
 1367

meore, axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom depresias iwvevs individis

rwmena imisa, rom igi sakmaod an saerTod ver akontrolebs sakuTari
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebs. TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis
depresiuli gamocdilebis zogierTi aspeqts. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), depresiis wamyvanma
mkvlevarma, ganaviTara kognituri sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT,
depresiuli adamianebi sami tipis uaryofiTi kogniciiT gamoirCevian, rasac
igi depresiul kognitur triadas uwodebs, esaa uaryofiTi
Tvalsazrisi/Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze, mimdinare movlenebsa da
momavalze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT tendencia imisa, rom
sakuTari Tavi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad an naklovanad
aRiqvan, mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uaryofiTi axsna da sjerodeT
mtanjveli da sirTuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi azrovnebis paterni
Crdilavs yvela gancdas da depresiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels qmnis.
individi, romelic yovelTvis uaryofiT Sedegs moelis, ver iqneba
motivirebuli raime miznis miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis
gamokveTili maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis paralizeba.
 1368

• daswavlili umweoba (Learned axsnis stilis Teoriis mixedviT, romelic

helplessness) _ zianis momtani martin seligmens (Martin Seligman) (ix.
stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi
Tavi XII) ekuTvnis, individebs sjeraT,
reaqciis ar qonis zogadi paterni,
romelic xSirad Tan erTvis sworad an mcdarad, rom ar SeuZliaT
mdgomareobas, rodesac individi
maTTvis mniSvnelovani momavlis
ganicdis araSemTxveviTi,
gardauvali uaryofiTi stimulis gakontroleba. seligmenis
zemoqmedebas. Teoria ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo depresiismagvari simptomebi ZaRlebSi (mogvianebiT ki,
sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri (1967) ZaRlebze mtkivneuli da
gardauvali eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda eqnaT ZaRlebs,
Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili umweoba. daswavlili
umweoba sami tipis deficitiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficiti _ ZaRlebi
ar Cqarobdnen cnobili moqmedebebis dawyebas; emociuri deficitiT _
isini rigidulni, gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni Candnen; kognituri
deficitiT _ isini cudad iTvisebdnen axal situaciebs. iseT situaciaSic ki,
sadac eZleodaT
SokisTvis Tavis aridebis SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT
qcevas (Maier
& Seligman, 1976).
 1369

seligmens miaCnda, rom depresiuli adamianebic daswavlili umweobis

mdgomareobaSi imyofebian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon,
yvelaferi uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978; Peterson & Seligman,
1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad
aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi mis cxovrebaSi
mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc XII TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis stilis
sami ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internaluri-eqsternaluri), zogadi-
konkretuli (globaluri-specifikuri) da ucvleli-cvalebadi
(stabiluriarastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba
miiReT. Tqven gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors miawerT („me
Steri var“), rac ufro dagasevdianebT, vidre garegani faqtori („gamocda
namdvilad Zneli iyo“), ramac SeiZleba gangarisxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad
Tqven SegeZloT inteleqtze metad cvalebadi Sinagani mdgomareoba
agerCiaT. nacvlad imisa, rom is Sinagani, ucvleli faqtorisTvis (siStere)
migeweraT, romelic zogad anu Sors mimaval gavlenas axdens, Tqven
SemofargleT fsiqologiis gamocdasTan an kursTan dakavSirebuli axsna
(„me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis“). axsnis stilis Teoriis
Tanaxmad, individebi, romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian depresiisadmi. es prognozi
mravalgzis dadasturda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
 1370

depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis misaRebia mosazrebas imis

Sesaxeb, rom is stili, romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven sakuTar
Tavsa da maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs, amyofebs maT
depresiul mdgomareobaSi. magaliTad, adamianebs, zogadad, axasiaTebT
TviT-dadasturebis anu maTi mekoncefciis Sesatyvisi informaciis
moZiebis tendencia (Swann, 1990, 1997). am tendencias uaryofiTi
Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli adamianebisaTvis.
saidan viciT
TviTdadastureba da depresia
mkvlevrebma erTmaneTisgan ganarCies individTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufi
depresiuli iyo, meore jgufi _ aradepresiuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali
TviT-pativiscemiT da mesame jgufi, romelic, aseve, aradepresiuli iyo,
xasiaTdeboda maRali TviT-pativiscemiT. TiToeuli jgufis cdis pirebma
interviusTvis mosamzadebel etapze mTel rig kiTxvarebze gasces pasuxi.
interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres, rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca
pasuxi da TiToeulze daiwera „pirovnebis daxasiaTeba“, rasac win
uZRvoda sruli pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs miawodes erTi da
igive daxasiaTeba _ erTi dadebiTi („es pirovneba kargad damkvidrebuli,
TviTdarwmunebuli da bednieria“ da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi („es
pirovneba ubeduria, daurwmunebelia, arakomfortulad grZnobs Tavs
sxvebTan“ da a.S.). cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT, amoerCiaT, Tu romel
 1371

srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen. Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia mocemuli. rogorc

xedavT, depresiuli cdis pirebi araTanabrad iyvnen dainteresebulni
uaryofiTi Sesafebis wakiTxviT, dabali TviT-pativiscemis mqone
individebTanac gamovlinda uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken
midrekileba maSin, roca maRali TviT-Sefasebis mqone individebi
aSkarad dadebiT ukukavSirs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili 15.4
imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad miaCndaT TiToeul jgufs
daxasiaTebebis dadebiToba da uaryofiToba. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
mxolod depresiul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryofiTi daxasiaTeba ufro
zusti iyo (Giesler et al., 1996).

Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli adamianebi „sakuTari Tavis

amowevas“ Seecdebodnen dadebiTi ukukavSiris moZiebiT. es
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom, piriqiT, isini TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis
informacias eZeben, romelic TiTqmis ueWvelad xels uwyobs depresiis
SenarCunebas.
XVI TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri Teoriebidan miRebulma
codnam biZgi misca Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad
depresiis Seswavlis ori sxva mniSvnelovani aspeqti arsebobs: didi
gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da qalebSi depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri
 1372

depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas) Soris. cxrili 15.4 TviTangariSi da

depresia
dabali TviT- maRali
depresiuli pativiscema TviT-
pativiscema
negatiuri Sefasebis
82 64 25
amorCevis procenti
arCeuli
daxasiaTebis 5.67 6.60 9.70
7.89 6.48 2.45
sizuste* dadebiTi
-2.22 0.12 7.25
daxasiaTeba
uaryofiTi
daxasiaTeba
Sereuli
*sizustis reitingi 11 qulian skalaze gakeTda misi saerTod ararsebobidan
(1) maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.

depresia: sqesTa Soris gansxvavebani depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi

centraluri sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT

qalebs depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan nolen-hoeqsemas

(Susan Nolen-
Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999) gonebamaxviluri
SemoTavazeba Seexeba reaqciis stils, romliTac mamakacebi da qalebi
 1373

arian uaryofiT gunebaganwyobilebaze. am mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac

qalebi ganicdian sevdas, maT axasiaTebT TavianTi grZnobebis SesaZlo
mizezebze fiqrisken midrekileba; mamakacebi ki, piriqiT, aqtiurad
cdiloben depresiuli grZnobebis Tavidan moSorebas sxva rameze
yuradRebis gadataniT an fizikuri saqmianobebis wamowyebiT, romlis
drosac aRar fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am modelis
Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi
(ruminative) reaqciis stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad fiqris
tendencia zrdis maT mowyvladobas depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-
Hoeksema, 1994). kognituri midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT
ganwyobilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs fiqrs uaryofiTi
movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, zrdis uaryofiTi grZnobebis
raodenobasa da/an intensiurobas. kvleviT dasturdeba, rom individebSi,
romlebic zogadad msjeloben, fiqroben depresiaze, ufro mosalodnelia
mwvave depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Alloy, 1997;
NolenHoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis
mixedviT arsebuli gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi depresiis
ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (Nolen-
Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis iniciativiT depresiisas sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebis kvlevis gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski
 1374

qalebSi SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod, rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri,

socialuri, ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi
(McGrath et al., 1990). mraval kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad
yofnis gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba, raSic moiazreba qalebze fizikuri da
seqsualuri Zaladobis an siRaribeSi cxovrebisa da bavSvebisa da
asakovani mSoblebis momvlelis funqciebis Semsruleblis ufro meti
albaToba. aseTi gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom depresiis mizezi SeiZleba
faqtorTa rTuli kombinacia iyos da rom „normaluri“ qcevidan
depresiisken mravali gza midis.
suicidi
„gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili damsxvreuli da
ganadgurebulia... dgeba dro, rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas,
rodesac ikargeba imedis sxivi.“ (Shneidman, 1987, p.57). suicidaluri
axalgazrda mamakacis am sevdian gamonaTqvamSi asaxulia nebismieri
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _ suicidi (TviTmkvleloba).
miuxedavad imisa, rom depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba ar iklavs Tavs,
analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianad ganxorcielebul TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-
80% depresiul adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze modis
(Shneidman, 1985). mTlianad aSS-s mosaxleobaSi oficialurad
TviTmkvlelobad miCneul sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s
 1375

Seadgens. miaweren ra mraval TviTmkvlelobas ubedur SemTxvevebs an

sxva mizezebs, realuri raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom TviTmkvleloba aSS-is yvela asakis mosaxleobaSi sikvdilianobis
merve wamyvani mizezia,
SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde adamianebze modis
(Murphy, 2000). TiToeul ganxorcielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20
suicidaluri mcdeloba modis. kolejis 594 pirvelkurselTa gamokvlevam
aCvena, rom 26%-s nafiqri hqonda TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis
manZilze, 2%-ma realurad scada Tavis mokvla amave periodSi, 10%-s ki
cxovrebis garkveul periodSi ganxorcielebuli hqonda Tavis mokvlis
mcdeloba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qalebSi ufro xSirad
vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri, rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro xSirad
cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis mier ganxorcielebuli
mcdeloba ufro xSirad aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is faqti,
rom mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki
mimarTaven naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
saZile abebi (Berman &
Jobes, 1991).
bolo aTwleulebis erT-erTi sagangaSo socialur problemas mozardTa
suicidi warmoadgens. yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs Tavis
mokvlas da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000
 1376

mozardis mier Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs mizans. 1960

wlidan amerikel mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis sixSire 200-dan 300%-mde
gaizarda (Garland & Zigler, 1993). Tavgamodebuli mcdelobebisda
miuxedavad, mozard vaJebSi oTxjer metia warmatebuli suicidis
SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994).
sainteresoa, rom afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis
mozardebSi gacilebiT naklebia TviTmkvlelobis sixSire,
TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am
monacemebis zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994; Murphy, 2000). es
rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.
monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam
aCvena, rom TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe TeTrkaniani
mowifuli mamakacebi dganan, yvelaze mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli
warmoSobis amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs TviTmkvlelobis
mcdelobisken? orive sqesisTvis winmswreb travmatul movlenas axlo
urTierTobis rRveva warmoadgens (Gould et al., 1996). sxva
mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, romelic sircxvilisa da danaSaulis
grZnobas iwvevs, SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli ego da mozardma
TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba ganaxorcielos. aseT movlenaTa ricxvSi Sedis,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba an dapatimreba. metic,
 1377

homoseqsuali da lesboseli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,

vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi, 1999).
suicidis aseTi maRali sixSire ueWvelad asaxavs homoseqsualuri
orientaciisadmi SedarebiT nakleb socialur mxardaWeras. TviTmkvleloba
ukiduresi reaqciaa, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac
mozards ar SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis daxmarebis Txovna.
mozardTa suicidi aris ara imwuTieri zegavlenis Sedegad, impulsurad
ganxorcielebuli aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areulobisa da
garegani usiamovnebebis periodis finaluri stadia. suicidis axalgazrda
msxverplTa umravlesoba acnobebs sxvebs an wers Tavisi ganzraxvis
Sesaxeb. amrigad, TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad
unda iqnes miRebuli (Marttunen et al., 1998). suiciduri azrovnebisa da
gancdebis amocnoba, ramac SeiZleba warmoqmnas an gaaZlieros aseTi
destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia prevenciis mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi
edvin Sneidmeni (Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40 weliwadi
miuZRvna suiciduri tendenciebis mqone adamianebis Seswavlasa da
mkurnalobas, askvnis, rom „suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli gonebis
mier autaneli da dausrulebeli tkivilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli
Tavganwirvis aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis daameba,
uaryofili moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da suicidur azrovnebamde
Seviwroebulobis Semcireba“ (1987, p.58). suiciduri ganzraxvebis
 1378

niSnebisadmi mgrZnobiaroba da sakmarisi Carevis uzrunvelyofa

arsebiTia rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis sicocxlis
gadasarCenad, romelTac sruli TviTganadgurebis garda ver ipoves
sirTuleebisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis
sixSire, zogadad, araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkanianebTan
SedarebiT, arsebobs erTi gansacvifrebeli gamonaklisi: adgilobriv
amerikel mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis sixSire xuTjer aRemateba mTeli
mosaxleobis mozardebis Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi
TviTganadgurebaze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi formaa da aSS-is
adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli destruqciuli qcevis nawils
warmoadgens (Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsiqologi tereza
lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise), romelic ikvlevda am problemas da
ganaviTara profilaqtikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi, Tavis tomSi
mozardTa suicidis socialur mizezebze saubrobs. farTod gavrcelebul
siRatakesa da umuSevrobasTan erTad, suicidis sixSires ganapirobebs
„ojaxebis ngreva, sayovelTao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi
(es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili, ojaxidan wasvla an ganqorwineba),
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyeneba, ojaxebis momatebuli aramdgradoba
da mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba“ (LaFromboise,
 1379

1988, p.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv amerikelebs sjeraT, rom sulier

samyaroSi myof TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba
gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili arc ise saSiSia.
Cven ukve mimovixileT fsiqopaTologiis ori ZiriTadi klasi: SfoTviTi
aSlilobebi da guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi. sanam Sizofreniaze
visaubrebdeT, mokled ganvixiloT pirovnuli aSlilobebi da disociaciuri
aSlilobebi.

pirovnuli aSlilobebi pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis,

azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv (qronikul), xist, araadaptur paterns,
romelic seriozulad auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas
socialur da sxva garemoSi da SeuZlia mniSvnelovani distresis
gamowveva. misi amocnoba, Cveulebriv, siWabukis an adreuli
mowifulobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli aSlilobis mravali
saxeoba arsebobs (DSM-IV-TR-Si mocemulia 10 sxvadasxva tipis
pirovnuli aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: paranoidul,
Teatralur, narcisistul da antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas.

• pirovnuli aSliloba _ Personality disorder _ aRqmis, azrovnebisa da

qcevis qronikuli, xisti, araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad auaresebs
individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.
 1380

paranoiduli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT maTTan

kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis
mdgradi paterni. isini eWvoben, rom sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis
miyenebasa da motyuebas cdiloben. maT SeuZliaT sruliad uwyinar
situaciebs faruli usiamovno mniSvneloba mouZebnon; moelian, rom
maTi megobrebi, meuRle an mSoblebi uRalateben maT.
Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbebuli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis
ZiebiT xasiaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yovelTvis
yuradRebis centrSi surT yofna da Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis
misapyrobad raime araadekvaturis gakeTeba SeuZliaT. isini didi
TeatralurobiT ayeneben TavianT moTxovnebs, Tumca, naklebad
interesdebian ukukavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec
moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.
narcisuli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis
moWarbebuli grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis siWarbiTa da
mudmivi aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am
adamianebs xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom sxvebTan ormxrivi
pasuxismgeblobis gareSe gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis, uflebebis
mqoned igrZnon Tavi da sxva adamianebi sakuTari miznebisaTvis
 1381

gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da

Tanagancda.
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoirCeva upasuxismgeblo an ukanono
qcevebis xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socialur normebs. Cveul
qcevaTa rigSi Sedis sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri pirovnuli
aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis
qenjna maT mier Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo. socialuri
normebis darRveva cxovrebis adreuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos
klasSi areulobebis gamowveva, CxubebSi CarTva da saxlidan gaqceva. es
moqmedebebi sxvaTa uflebebisadmi gulgrilobiT gamoirCeva.
antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas xSirad sxva paTologiebic axlavs Tan.
magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT 25%-s, romelic
akmayofilebda opiumis borotad gamoyenebis kriteriums, antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi ufro naklebad aris
Seswavlili, vidre sxva tipis aSlilobebi, aris monacemebi, romelic am
aSlilobebSi genetikuri komponentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et
al., 1993; Nigg & Goldsmith, 1994). Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb msjelobas gavixsenebT me-14 Tavidan (ix. gv. X
_ aq Caiwereba Sesabamisi gverdi), ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom am
maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tandayolilia. arsebobs pirovnuli
 1382

aSlilobebis gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic (Norden

et al., 1995; Paris, 1997). ganvixiloT genetikisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebebi, romlebic antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.

saidan viciT
genetika, garemo da antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba
mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva, sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da
102 qali, romlebic Svilad aiyvanes dabadebidan ramdenime dReSi.
Sesabamis uwyebebSi daculi monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZleoda
maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb, amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT
daedginaT, romel cdis pirTa mSoblebs aReniSnebodaT antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSliloba. es monacemebi aSlilobaSi genetikuri faqtoris wvlilis
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi ojaxebis cxovrebis
pirobebis, garemoebebis Sesaxebac moipoves informacia: interviuirebis
saSualebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis pirebi gaizardnen mimReb
mSoblebTan araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis hqonda qorwinebis,
iuridiuli, nivTierebebze an alkoholze damokidebulebis problemebi. es
monacemebi antisocialur pirovnul aSlilobaSi garemos wvlilis Sefasebis
SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sedegebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo
orive tipis zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biologiuri mSoblebis SvilebTan an
araxelsayrel garemoSi gazrdil cdispirebTan, saSualod, ufro meti iyo
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret et al., 1995).
 1383

am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri pirovnuli aSlilobis

ganviTarebis riskis winaSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam,
genetikurma an garemos faqtorebma daayenos. amave dros, es aSliloba ar
unviTardeboda im adamians, romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT
pirovnuli aSlilobebi an romelic rTul garemo pirobebSi izrdeboda.
mkvlevrebs kvlav surT imis garkveva, Tu ra ganapirobebs zogierTi
adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqnilobas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi disociaciuri aSliloba aris identurobis,
mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis darRveva. adamianebisTvis
mniSvnelovania, rom akontrolebdnen TavianT qcevas anu emociebs,
azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aRqmisTvis arsebiTia
individualurobis SegrZneba _ me-s (self) sxvadasxva aspeqtebis
SeTanxmebuloba (konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba drosa da
sivrceSi. fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom disociaciur mdgomareobaSi
individebi gaurbian sakuTar konfliqtebs SeTanxmebulobisa da
uwyvetobis daTmobis gziT da uaryofen sakuTari Tavis nawilebs.
yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri
faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic mniSvnelovani pirovnuli
gamocdilebis daviwyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur amnezias
uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magaliTia. fsiqologebma daiwyes
 1384

monacemebis Segroveba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxiT SeiZleba axldes

Tan mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia) bavSvobaSi seqsualuri
da fizikuri
Zaladobis SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma
travmis sxva tipebi, rogoricaa 1991 wels oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis
Stati) momxdari xanZari, romelmac Seiwira 25 sicocxle da moitana
milion dolarze meti zarali, aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs
(Koopmen et al., 1996).
• disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _ pirovnuli aSliloba,
romelsac axasiaTebs identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis
darRveva.
• disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _ mniSvnelovani
pirovnuli gamocdilebis gaxsenebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia
fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
• disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissociative identity disorder –
DID) _ disociaciuri fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba; warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili
(multiple) pirovnuli aSliloba.

disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissociative Identity Disorder _

DID), warsulSi cnobili Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple personality
 1385

disorder), aris disociaciuri fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi

arsebobs ori an meti calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul momentSi erT-
erTi maTgani dominanturia da warmarTavs individis qcevas. disociaciuri
identobis aSliloba popularul enaze gaxleCili pirovnebis saxeliT aris
cnobili da xandaxan mas SecdomiT Sizofreniasac (aSliloba, romelsac
Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT da vnaxavT, rom am dros pirovneba xSirad
uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben xolme. dia-is
SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqmnili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani
niSniT originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris gansvlas eqneba
adgili, Tu pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWilia, Tu sawyisi pirovneba sustia da
seqsualurad mimzidveli, Tu meore mfrTxali da seqsualurad gulubryviloa.
TiToeul pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli identoba, saxeli da
qceviTi repertuari aqvs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa, romelic pirovnebas rTul cxovrebiseul
situaciasTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-
is mqone qalis „wamyvani“ pirovnebis angariSidan
(Mason, 1997, p.44):
rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,
sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, modis da midis miqcevasaviT
da miedineba zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared. bavSvi aferadebs
flomasterebiT. igi gverdze iweva da adgils administrators uTmobs,
 1386

romelic bankis angariSs aTanxmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili

iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze. igi droebiT ase rCeba, magram
aravis swydeba guli _ es misi droa. cocxali Cvili xoxavs da Cerdeba
mtverSi amogangluli. mzareuli sami dRis saWmels amzadebs da
TiToeuls calke paketSi alagebs _ Cven yvelas sxvadasxva
midrekilebebi, miswrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSinebuli „me“
xmamaRla yviris, daWrili _ kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams.
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis adgilze da warmoidginoT,
rogori iqneba amdeni „pirovnebebis“ _ bavSvis, mkvdari Cvilis, cocxali
Cvilis, mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi moTavseba?
zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disociaciuri aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis
Semadgenili pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT funqcias
emsaxureba. diais msxverpli SeiZleba ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT an
mietovebinaT im adamianebs, visac, savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT,
viszec imdenad iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar SeeZloT maTTan
SebrZoleba, maTgan wasvla da maTi SeZulebac ki. fsiqodinamikuri
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, es msxverplebi danawevrebis (disociaciis)
saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro Zlieri
Sinagani xasiaTebis SeqmniT maT daicves TavianTi ego arsebuli
travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen
qalebi, romlebic bavSvobaSi, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi fizikurad
 1387

an seqsualurad iqnen Zalze Seuracxyofilni mSoblebis, naTesavebis an

axlo megobrebis mier. erT kvlevaSi kiTxvaris saSualebiT mopovebul
iqna 448 klinikosis monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
disociaciuri identobis aSlilobisa da klinikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda
Sesadareblad) SemTxvevebze muSaoba. rogorc 15.5 cxrilSia naCvenebi,
dia-is 355 SemTxvevaSi wamyvani maxasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic
TiTqmis yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac adgili aqvs 3 wlis asakidan da
aT welze met xans grZeldeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 235 depresiul
pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri SemTxvevebi, es
maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire iyo dia-is mqone individTa
gamocdilebasTan
SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa, rom es monacemebi
da zemoT moyvanili pirovnuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi
mainc skeptikurad uyurebs dia-is diagnozs (Lilienfeld et al., 1999;
Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis
Sesaxeb (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi xSirad gamoTqvamen
masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac „swamT“ dia-s arsebobis, SeuZliaT
misi Seqmna _ es Terapevtebi Tavian pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs aZleven
Semadgenili pirovnebebis „warmoqmnas“. sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT,
rom sakmarisi monacemebi arsebobs dia-is diagnozis sasargeblod,
 1388

romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod gulmodgine Terapevtebis mier

Seqmnili produqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna Semdegi
SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone adamanTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva
namdvilia, WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva
Terapevtisgan aris gaCenili. cxrili 15.5. Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi: disociaciuri
identobis aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis Sedareba
kiTxvaris debuleba DID (%) depresia (%)
Seuracxyofis SemTxveva 98 54
tipebi 24
fizikuri seqsualuri 82 25
86 42
fsiqologiuri uaryofa
86 21
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili
54 6
erTad fizikuri da seqsualuri
47 14
74 N=235)
(N=355) (
Sejameba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi xuT kategoriad iyofa: generalizebuli SfoTviTi
aSliloba, panikuri aSliloba, fobiebi, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba da
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba. generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba qronikuli
SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas
 1389

ukavSirdeba. fobiebs axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi, rom

isini gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obsesiebi arakontrolirebadi,
damangreveli azrebia, kompulsiebi ki, aseve, arakontrolirebadi qcevebi.
travmatulma movlenebma, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an Rrma dazianeba,
SeiZleba posttravmatuli stresis aSlilobis ganviTareba gamoiwvios.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aSlilobebsa, genetikur faqtorebsa da
Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am aSlilobaTa
fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da kognituri
tendenciuroba moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _
fsiqopaTologiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da bipolaruli aSliloba.
depresia iwvevs guneba-ganwyobilebis, Semecnebisa da motivaciis
cvlilebebs. bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi ganicdian depresiisa da
maniis periodebis monacvleobas. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobis genetikuri komponenti iseve ukavSirdeba
depresiasa da manias, rogorc cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqcionirebaSi.
depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amaxvileben yuradRebas kognitur
interpretaciaze, romelsac adamianebi aZleven TavianT cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas. seriozuli depresiis maRali sixSire qalebSi, SesaZloa,
dakavSirebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier depresiaze reagirebis
 1390

gansxvavebul gzebTan. depresiuli individebi sakmaod xSirad fiqroben

TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini
SeiZleba imdenad Rrma iyos, rom ziani miayenos normalur
funqcionirebas socialur da profesiul garemoSi. disociaciuri aSlilobebi
identobis mTlianobis darRvevebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevrebi
disociaciuri identobis aSlilobis mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur
Seuracxyofas miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrcelebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: marTla arsebobs Tu ara „internetomania“?

SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met dros atarebT internetSi, vidre „unda“
atarebdeT? megobrebTan internetis saSualebiT saubari girCevniaT
maTTan piradad urTierTobas? internetze xarjavT dros, romelsac sxva
mniSvnelovan saqmianobas unda uTmobdeT, rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis
mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Tqven damokidebuli (addicted)
xarT internetze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis manZilze „internetomaniis“ sakiTxs didi
adgili eTmoba popularul presaSi: es axali istoriebi qmnian (xSir
SemTxvevebSi) mozardi vaJis xats, romelic realuri samyaros
adamianebTan kontaqtze uars ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da MUD-is
kiber-samyaroSi uCinardeba. zogierT mkvlevars
 1391

aRmoCenili aqvs realuri SemTxvevebi, romelic Tanxvdeba sainformacio

saSualebebSi Seqmnil aseT xats. maT „internetomaniis“ diagnozi
miusadages
(magaliTad, Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi ufro skeptikurni rCebian am
diagnozis, rogorc fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipis, mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom:
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqopaTologiis TiToeuli tipisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri tipis araadaptur qcevebs axorcielebdes,
rogorc aRniSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca, internetze damokidebulobis,
„internetomaniis“, SemoTavazebuli diagnozis SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria,
Tu konkretulad romeli qcevaa araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris, romelsac
individi qselSi yofnis dros axorcielebs. erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT, _
„Tu zogierTi adamiani mijaWvulia internetze, mainc razea igi
mijaWvuli?“ (Griffiths, 1998, p.72).
gadavxedoT im miznebs, romelsac emsaxureba individebis mier
internetis gamoyeneba da mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, romliTac isini
dakavebulni arian xazze yofnisas. magaliTad, adamianebi qselSi Sedian
informaciis mosaZieblad, saTamaSod da romantikuli an seqsualuri
partniorebis sapovnelad. SeuZliaT ki adamianebs, damokidebulni
gaxdnen miznebisa da aqtivobebis erTobliobaze, romelTac
 1392

„internatomaniis“ diagnozs usadageben? Tu arsebobs internetis

gamoyenebis ufro specifikuri aspeqtebi, romelic fsiqologiuri Seguebis
problemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanaskneli mosazreba sworia, maSin
arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom mocemul individs aRmoaCndeba fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis profesionalebis mier ukve dadgenili ufro specifikuri
diagnozi. magaliTad, rogorc vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazRvrulia
socialuri fobiis kategoria. ufro miwanSewonili iqneboda, rom
individisTvis, romelic zRudavs sxva adamianebTan urTierTobas internet-
urTierTobis sasargeblod, socialuri fobiis diagnozi dagvesva da ara _
„internetomaniis“. adamianebis mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis gzebi SeiZleba warmoadgendes cnobili aSlilobebis
simptomebs, Tumca, TavisTavad internetis Warbad moxmareba ver
kvalificirdeba, rogorc aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven ar uarvyofT im faqtis arsebobas, rom
adamianTa mcire procenti internets pirovnuli, socialuri da profesiuli
cxovrebisTvis saziano gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad, kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom adamianebi, romlebic intensiurad iyeneben internets, izolirebulad da
martosulad grZnoben Tavs
 1393

(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi frTxilad
SemoTavazeba da gaazrebac gvsurs, aris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
arsebobs internetis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi, romelic iwvevs
fsiqopaTologiis specifikur formas da am fsiqopaTologias samarTlianad
uwodeben internetze damokidebulebas _
„internetomanias“.

Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresiuloba an SfoTvis gancda
maSinac ki, rodesac umravlesobas ar gangvicdia es grZnobebi
aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Sizofrenia ki aris aSliloba,
romelic normaluri funqcionirebisgan Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul
mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. Sizofreniuli aSliloba fsiqopaTologiis
mwvave formaa, romlis drosac dezintegrirebulia pirovneba, darRveulia
azrovneba da aRqma, gasadavebulia emociebi. Sizofreniuli aSlilobis
mqone pirovneba swored iseTebi arian, rogorsac yvelaze xSirad
warmovidgenT xolme sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamianisTvis avadmyofoba
cxovrebiseuli ganaCenia ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, romelsac
isini ganmartoebulni da izolirebulni zidaven da iZulebulni arian
 1394

yvelasgan moSorebiT icxovron. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sizofrenia

SedarebiT iSviaTia _ aSS-is mozrdili mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s
aReniSneba cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al., 1994) _ es
monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori milioni adamiani itanjeba am
yvelaze saidumloebiT moculi da tragikuli fsiqikuri aSlilobiT. fsiqiatriuli
klinikebis adgilTa naxevari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT,
radganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis upetes nawils saavadmyofoSi
atarebs, „normalur“ cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25
wlisac ar
iyo, rodesac Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. „samoTxis eqspres“-Si
(Eden Express, 1975) igi sakuTari gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs
realobisgan gansvlisa da saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb. erTxel,
xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam damaxinjeba daiwyo:
damainteresa, tkivils xom ar vayenebdi xeebs da mobodiSeba
daviwye. TiToeulma maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damainteresa,
romelimes movwondi Tu ara. mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis
Tvalierebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom isini yovelTvis imdenad
msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom rbili, Signidan momdinare sinaTlis naTeba
totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saidanRac warmoudgenlad danaoWebuli,
gardamavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan mxolod ganusazRvrel
 1395

manZilze myof patara wertilad moCanda, igi win moiwevda da bolos

uzarmazari gaxda. mis garda veRarafers vxedavdi. guli gamiCerda. dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSoreba vcade, magram man
damcina... misTvis TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere, rom
fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975, p.96). vonegutis aRwera garkveul
warmodgenas SegiqmniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis samyaroSi azrovneba aralogikuri xdeba; ideaTa Soris
asociaciebi Soreuli da yovelgvar sqemas moklebulia. xSirad aRiniSneba
halucinaciebi, romelic warmosaxviT sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs
an, yvelze xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da romelTac
pacientebi realurad miiCneven. pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma,
romelic uwyvet komentars ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis
saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.
metyveleba SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli gaxdes _ erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebeli an gamogonili sityvebis „sityvier salaTas“ daemsgavsos,
an individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba axasiaTebs, qreba
maTi garegani gamoxatuleba an SeiZleba situaciis Seusabamo iyos.
fsiqomotoruli qceva SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (grimasebi, ucnauri
manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia profesiuli funqcionirebisa da
 1396

pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis gauareseba, radganac pacienti socialurad

gariyuli an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.
fsiqologebi simptomebs dadebiT da uaryofiT kategoriebSi aTavseben.
Sizofreniis mwvave anu aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi
simptomebi _ halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmimdevruloba da
dezorganizebuli qceva, sxva dros ki uaryofiTi simptomebi _ socialuri
gariyuloba da gasadavebuli emociebi. zogierT individs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, mark voneguti, Sizofreniis mxolod erTi an ori mwvave faza
aReniSneba da Semdeg normalur, Cveul cxovrebas ubrundeba. sxvebs,
romelTac xSirad qronikul avadmyofebad miiCneven, axasiaTebT
ganmeorebadi
• Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder) _ fsiqopaTologiis
mwvave forma, romelic xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcionirebis
rRveviT, realobidan gansvliT, emociuri gaukuRmarTebebiTa da
azrovnebis darRveviT. • halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru aRqma,
romelsac adgili aqvs obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
• bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili
aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.

mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle periodebiT an calkeuli

mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yvelaze
 1397

metad darRveuli individebic ki ar imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT

mdgomareobaSi.
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
SizofreniisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebis mravalferovnebis gamo,
mkvlevrebi mas calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da ara _ erTeul
aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi mocemulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi. cxrili 15.6 Sizofreniuli aSlilobebis tipebi
Sizofreniis tipebi ZiriTadi simptomebi
araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi qceva
dezorganizebuli da emociebi; araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba.
katatoniuri gayinuli, rigiduli an iolad agznebadi
qceva.
paranoiduli grandiozulobis an devnis mania.
simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi
aradiferencirebuli azrovnebis aSlilobebiTa da sxva
tipis maxasiaTeblebiT.
ar aris warmodgenili ZiriTadi
simptomebi, Tumca, aRiniSneba
rezidualuri
aSlilobis ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani simptomebi.
dezorganizebuli tipi
Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs araTanmimdevruli
azrovneba da moWarbebulad ucnauri da dezorganizebuli qceva
axasiaTebs. emociebi gasadavebuli an situaciis Seusabamoa. xSirad
 1398

pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs

yovelvgari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba SeiZleba imdenad
araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityvebiTa da daumTavrebeli
winadadebebiT aRsavse gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan
komunikacia. Tu adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs, isini ar Seexeba
gasageb Temas. mister F.B. 30 wels mitanebuli hospitalizebuli fsiqikuri
pacienti iyo. rodesac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom cdilobda mis
daviwyebas, radganac yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis gagoneba.
Semdeg igi ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda.
rodesac raime seriozulisa da sevdianis Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister F.B-m
xiTxiTi da sicili daiwyo. rodesac hkiTxes mniSvneloba andazisa “When
the cat’s away, the mice will play” (qarTulad es daaxloebiT ase JRers:
„rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben“), man upasuxa: _ „nakleb
adgils ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi da Tagvma ar icis, ras
akeTebs kata. kata ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre Tagvi.
dumbo kargi biWi iyo. man dainaxa, rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi
katasTan daayena, amrigad, xalxi aRar Sexedavda maT, rogorc
komediantebs” (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1957).
mister F.B-is maneruloba, depersonalizebuli, araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba da
bodvebi am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
katatoniuri tipi
 1399

Sizofreniis katatonikuri tipis wamyvani maxasiaTebelia motoruli

aqtivobis darRveva. xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stuporSi
arian gayinulni. individebi umoZraod, xSirad ucnaur pozebSi, rCebian
xangrZlivi periodis manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben garemoSi
mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli
aqtivobiT xasiaTdebian, romelic aSkarad umiznod da garegani
gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis gareSe xorcieldeba. katatonikur tips
ukiduresi negativizmic axasiaTebs, romelic aSkarad aramotivirebulad
ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.

paranoiduli tipi
Sizofreniis am tipis mqone adamianebs rTuli da sistematuri bodvebi
axasiaTebT, romlebic garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:
devnis bodva. individebi grZnoben, rom maT mudmivad
uTvalTvaleben, SeTqmulebas uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe
emuqreba.
grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sjeraT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da
amaRlebuli arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgoneblebi an
religiuri figurebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ieso qriste. devnis bodvas
SeiZleba grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi didi pirovnebaa,
magram mas mudmivad ewinaaRmdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.
 1400

eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari mizezis gareSe

darwmunebulia, rom megobrebi Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi
Teoriis Sesatyvis monacemebs da „adastureben“ bodvis simarTles.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebTan simptomebis gamovlena,
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT, cxovrebis
ufro gviandel periodSi iwyeba. paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi
iSviaTad axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul qcevas, Tumca, maTi
qceva daZabuli da sruliad formaluria.

aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers pirovnebas, romelsac
aReniSneba gamokveTili bodvebi, halucinaciebi, araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba an Zalze dezorganizebuli qceva, rac erTze meti tipis
kriteriumebs an gaurkvevel, bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis mier
gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli
reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan gamodiferencireba.

rezidualuri tipi rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone individebs,

Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis ZiriTadi ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca,
amasTanave, Tavisufalni arian iseTi ZiriTadi dadebiTi simptomebisgan,
rogoricaa halucinaciebi an bodvebi. aSlilobis arseboba Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani dadebiTi an gasadavebuli afeqtis msgavsi uaryofiTi
 1401

simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri tipis diagnozi SeiZleba miuTiTebdes

imaze, rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi Sedis anu faruli
xdeba.
Sizofreniis mizezebi sxvadasxva etiologiuri midgoma Sizofreniis Zalze
gansxvavebul sawyis mizezebze, misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzebsa da
mkurnalobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxedoT
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva
midgomebis mier Setanil wvlils.
genetikuri midgomebi didi xania cnobilia, rom Sifozrenias ojaxebSi
gavrcelebis tendencia axasiaTebs (Bleuler, 1978; Kallmann, 1946).
kvlevis sami damoukidebeli mimarTuleba _ ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis
kvleva da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa da imave
daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamovlenis albaToba im individebTan
ufro metia, visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis mqone
adamianTan, vidre maTTan, visac ar aqvs aseTi naTesauri kavSiri
(Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang, 2000). 15.4 suraTze mocemulia
sxvadasxva tipis naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis xarisxis
maCveneblebi. es monacemebi Sizofreniis mkvlevarma irving
gotesmanma (Irving Gottesman, 1991) dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987
wlebSi Caratebuli TiTqmis 40 sando kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebiT
 1402

miiRo da maqsimalurad viwro kategoriebSi moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT,

monacemebi genetikuri naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT aris dalagebuli, rac
maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xarisxTan. magaliTad, rodesac orive
mSobeli daavadebulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSlilobis gamovlenis
riski 46%-s udris, mTeli populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac mxolod
erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski mkveTrad mcirdeba
13%mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives
aRmoaCndeba Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer aRemateba araidentur
tyupebSi am aSlilobis gamovlenis albaTobas.
suraTi 15.4 Sizofreniis ganviTarebis genetikuri riski
grafikze naCvenebia Sizofreniis ganviTarebis riskis saSualo
maCveneblebi. monacemebi mogrovda ojaxebisa da tyupebis kvlevebiT,
romelic evropis mosaxleobaSi ganxorcielda 1920-1987 wlebSi;
gamovlinda maRali korelacia riskis xarisxsa da genetikuri naTesaobis
xarisxs Soris.
mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavlasac mimarTaven imis
saCveneblad, rom genetikuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
Sizofreniis etiologiaze (Kety et al., 1994). ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic
fasdeboda Sizofreniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
naTesavebSi azrovnebis aSlilobebis SemTxvevebis sixSire.
 1403

saidan viciT
azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
naTesavebSi
am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi pacientebi aarCies, romelTac
aSliloba gaSvilebis Semdeg ganuviTardaT. sakontrolo SerCeva
Sezofreniis mqoneTa SerCevas Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis
mixedviT; sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval cdis pirebs ar hqondaT
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdileba. Caweres eqsperimentuli da
sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da maTi biologiuri naTesavebis
metyveleba, genetikis mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad, da maTi mimRebi
naTesavebis, metyveleba, garemos mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad,. am
verbalur masalaze dayrdnobiT, TiToeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da
naTesavebs) mieniWa azrovnebis aSlilobis maCvenebeli, risTvisac
gamoyenebul iqna azrovnebis aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought Dosirder Index
_ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7 cxrilSi _ TDI-s yvelaze maRali
maCvenebeli metad darRveul azrovnebaze miuTiTebs. Sedegebi
aCvenebs, rom Sizofreniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis pirebis
biologiurma naTesavebma azrovnebis aSlilobis ufro maRali
maCvenebeli miiRes, vidre sakontrolo SerCevis naSvilebi cdis pirebis
biologiurma naTesavebma. Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvilebTa
naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan azrovnebis aSlilobis
 1404

mixedviT. monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom genetikuri faqtori garemos

faqtorze metad miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba azrovnebis
aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).

TiTqmis yvela naSvilebi individi dabadebidan mcire xnis Semdeg

daaSores TavianT biologiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda
gamoewvia Sizofreniis mqone gaSvilebul individebSi azrovnebis
aSlilobis Zalian maRali xarisxi da SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT
biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas garemos faqtorTa rigs.

cxrili 15.7 azrovnebis darRvevis maCveneblebi Sizofreniis mqone

naSvileb individebSi, sakontrolo SerCevis naSvileb individebsa da
maT naTesavebSi
azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi
Sizofreniis mqone
sakontrolo SerCevis
naSvilebi gansxvaveba
naSvilebi individebi
individebi
Tavad naSvilebi
4.82 1.15 3.67
individebi
maTi biologiuri
1.37 0.99 0.38
naTesavebi
 1405

maTi biologiuri
dedmamiSvilebi da 1.44 0.82 0.62
naxevrad
dedmamiSvilebi
maTi mimRebi 1.11 1.31 -0.20
naTesavebi
es sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da yalibdeba Semdegi
daskvnis saxiT: zogierTi individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
genetikuri masalis matarebelia, romelic mas Sizofreniis riskis winaSe
ayenebs. mkvlevrebi, romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri masalis
gamocalkeveba, emiSebis populaciaSi bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri
wyaroebis kvlevis ganxilvisas aRwerili midgomis msgavs pozicias
ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im wilis dadgena, romelic aSlilobis
mqone individebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan ganasxvavebs.
mkvlevrebi progress aRweven genTa im kombinaciebis aRmoCenaSi,
romelic adamianebs Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz et al.,
2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom genetikur msgavsebasa da Sizofreniis risks
Soris ueWvelad maRali korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis
 1406

jgufebSic ki, risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia (ix. suraTi 15.5). es imaze

metyvelebs, rom genebis rolis garda, garemos pirobebic aucilebelia
aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sizofreniis mizezis Sesaxeb farTod
gavrcelebuli hipoTeza midrekilebastresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress
hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, genetikuri
faqtorebi riskis winaSe ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos stresis
faqtorebic unda daerTos, raTa potenciurma riskma gamovlenili
(manifestirebuli) Sizofreniuli aSlilobis saxe miiRos. ganvixileT ra
Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla am aSlilobis warmoqmnis
damaCqarebeli garemos stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.

sur. 15.6 Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski

Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-
dan 10%-s aqvs Sizofreniis ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura.
amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s ki Semdgom
cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa 40% ar daavadda
SizofreniiT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da biologiuri maniSneblebi arsebobs
Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis mqone
individTa Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris dakavebuli. am
mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvlevaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis
 1407

gamosaxvis teqnikebs eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi III), romelic Sizofreniis mqone

da sakontrolo SerCevis normaluri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da
funqcionirebis uSulod
Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997;
Vita et al., 2000). magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis procedura imis
saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze
mets gadidebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis tvinis struqturebi, romelSic
miedineba cerebrospinaluri siTxe (Degreef et al., 1992). bavSvobaSi
gamovlenili Sizofreniis mqone individebTan mozardobis periodSi
aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progresuli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997).
garda amisa, gamosaxvis teqnikebiT dadgenilia, rom Sizofreniis mqone
individebs sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxvavebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
paternebi SeiZleba axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi Seswavlil
iqna identuri tyupebis SemTxvevebi, rodesac erT-erTi an orive tyupiscali
SizofreniiT iyo daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod im individebs
aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis Sublis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan
SedarebiT, romelTac realurad hqondaT Sizofrenia. kvlevis aseTi sqemiT
„genetika“ konstantad iqceva, rac am aSlilobis kidev erTi biologiuri
aspeqtis ganovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
 1408

mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biologiuri maniSneblebis

CamonaTvalis Sevsebas. biologiuri maniSnebeli „daavadebis gazomvadi
indikatoria, romelic
SeiZleba iyos, an arc iyos, mizezobrivi“ (Szymaski et al., p.99). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli SeiZleba korelirebdes
daavadebasTan, Tumca, ar iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar
aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli, romelic zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda
Sizofrenias, magram maniSneblebs didi potenciuri Rirebuleba aqvT
diagnostirebisa da kvlevisaTvis. magaliTad, Sizofreniis mqone
pirovnebebTan ufro metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis Tvalierebisas
Tvalebis moZraobis disfunqciis gamovlena, vidre Cveulebriv
adamianebTan. SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis raodenobrivi
Sefaseba da es Sefaseba ojaxebSi Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba
(Clementz & Sweeney, 1990; Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben
kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifikuri elementebis aRmoCenis
mimarTulebiT, romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs Sizofreniis
mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan
(Katsanis et al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniSneblebis
zusti codna mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis
gamovlenaSi daexmareba.
 1409

• midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress hypothesis) _ hipoTeza

zogierTi aSlilobis mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis
mixedviTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi qmnian garkveuli
aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas, magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare
stresulma faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am potencias, raTa gamovlindes.

Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar

gikvirT biologiuri darRvevebis Sesabamisi diapazonis arseboba, romelic
SeiZleba Sizofreniis mizezs an Sedegs warmoadgendes. rogor uwyobs
xels garemos maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval adamianebs daavadebis
ganviTarebaSi?

ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom

Zalze specifikuri biologiuri faqtori Sizofreniis sakmarisi mizezia, aseve,
ver vityviT gadaWriT, rom fsiqologiuri faqtori aucilebelia pirobaa
amisaTvis. sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da fsiqologebi ikvleven
ojaxSi roluri urTierTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis gavlenas Sizofreniis
ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania garemos im pirobebis dadgena,
romelic zrdis Sizofreniis albaTobas da risk-jgufSi Semavali individebis
dacva am pirobebisgan.
 1410

mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs

usvams mSoblebis urTierTobaSi gadaxrebis (deviaciebis) zegavlenas
Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994; Wearden et al., 2000). am
gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi saerTo yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba;
mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis
an gasagebi da zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom im
ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac Sizofreniis mqone wevri cxovrobs,
naklebi gulisxmierebiTa da naklebi interpersonaluri mgrZnobelobiT
xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi ojaxebis.
gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi: _ devianturi ojaxis struqtura Sizofreniis
mizezia, Sizofreniis simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic aris
da meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
mkvlevrebi prospeqtul (momavalze orientirebul) kvlevebs axorcieleben:
isini zomaven ojaxis funqcionirebas, raTa naxon, Tu romeli paterni
uZRvis win Sizofreniis ganviTarebas an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi.
magaliTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda pacientTa naTesavebis empaTiis
unars, rac maT mier pacientebis gunebaganwyobilebis mdgomareobis
wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateboda
(Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro
meti iyo Sizofreniis simptomTa gameorebis albaToba, romelTa
naTesavebsac empaTiis dabali done aReniSnebodaT. am kvlevis
 1411

Sedegebi Tanxvdeba sxva kvlevebiT miRebul monacemebs, romlis

Tanaxmadac, ojaxis faqtori mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis
funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis Semdeg.

saidan viciT
emociis gamoxatva da simptomis gameoreba
Sizofreniis dros ojaxuri komunikaciis rolis Sesaswavlad, mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emociis gamoxatvis maRali
xarisxis mqoned miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis mimarT mravlad
gamoiTqmeboda kritikuli komentarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad
iyvnen CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi (vTqvaT, iyvnen zedmetad
mzrunvelni da momabezrebelni) da Tu maT zogadad arakeTilganwyobili
damokidebuleba hqondaT pacientisadmi. erT kvlevaSi Segrovda
monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic
SedarebiT stabilur periodebSi saxlSi cxovrobdnen. TiToeuli ojaxi
fasdeboda emociis gamoxatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra Tvis
Semdeg Seafases pacientTa mdgomareoba, emociis gamoxatvis maRali
xarisxis mqone ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s aReniSneboda
ganmeorebiTi simptomatika maSin, roca analogiuri mdgomareoba
emociis gamoxatvis dabali xarisxis mqone ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa
mxolod 17%-Tan dafiqsirda. TumcaRa, emociis gamoxatvis zogierTi
aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi, romelTa
 1412

ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg

socialurad ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT, rigiduli ojaxuri garemo
arTulebs saavadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King & Dixon,
1996).

es kvleva imeorebs zogad models: Svilebis mimarT mSoblebis kritikis,

mtruli damokidebulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan erTad,
Sesabamisad, mcirdeba mwvave Sizofreniuli simptomebis gameorebis
sixSire da ganmeorebiTi hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et al.,
2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba mimarTul unda iqnes mTel ojaxze,
rogorc sistemaze, raTa Seicvalos daavadebuli Svilisadmi
damokidebulebis stili.
Sizofreniis Cvens mier ganxiluli mTeli rigi interpretaciebis da
mniSvnelovani kvlevebis miuxedavad Riad darCenili kiTxvebi
gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am mZlavri
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb. garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni, albaT, ukeTesia ganvixiloT, rogorc
aSlilobaTa jgufi, TiToeuli SesaZlo calkeuli mizezebiT. genetikuri
midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare problemebi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi
_ TiToeuli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile, sul mcire, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im elementTa
 1413

kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde

mivyavarT.

Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri azrovneba, halucinaciebi,
bodvebi, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba, gasadavebuli emociebi da
dezorganizebuli fsiqomotoruli qceva. arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi tipi:
dezorganizebuli, katatonikuri, paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli da
rezidualuri. arsebobs Sizofreniis genetikurad gadacemis utyuari
dasabuTeba. garda amisa, mkvlevrebma am aSlilobasTan SeWiduli
Tavis tvinis anomaliebi da sxva biologiuri maniSneblebic aRmoaCines.
ojaxuri urTierTobebis garkveulma paternebma, maT Soris emociis
gamoxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli aSlilobis warmoqmnas,
mimdinareobas an gameorebas. fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi (stigma)
winamdebare Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanas fsiqikuri
daavadebis, rogorc gasaidumloebulisa da mistikuris, Sesaxeb
warmodgenis gabaTileba warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT, gaigoT, rom
paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli
movlenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad devianturis
(normidan gadaxrilis) iarliys awebeben; sazogadoeba Zvir sazRaurs
moiTxovs maTgan, vinc scildeba misi normis farglebs (ix. suraTi 15.7).
Tumca, devianturis iarliyi ar Seesatyviseba arsebul realobas: rodesac aSS-
 1414

s axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis 50%-s cxovrebis manZilze erTxel

mainc aReniSneba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994).
fsiqopaTologia, statistikurad mainc, SedarebiT normis farglebSi
Tavsdeba.
• daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis uaryofiTi reaqcia
garkveuli savaraudo arasrulfasovnebis an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.

„normalur cxovrebaSi“ fsiqopaTologiis SeWris sixSiris dadgenisda

miuxedavad, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT
daRs asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad daavadebulTa
SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma) aris samarcxvino niSani; fsiqologiur
konteqstSi es aris pirovnebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebebis
erToblioba, romelic mijnavs mas, rogorc miuRebels (clausen, 1981).
gavixsenoT Tavis dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: _ „pacientsa da
sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri daavadebis Sesaxeb,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer
arasworadac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi“. sxva
gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _ „CemTvis fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
iseTive damangreveli iyo, rogorc Tavad saavadmyofoSi yofna“. igi
cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:
 1415

fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT saavadmyofoSi moxvedramde SesaSuri

cxovrebiT vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jildoebiT, premiebiTa da
mosawvevebiT... fsiqikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeTqebasaviT iyo
Cems cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi, rac manamde vicodi da siamovnebas
maniWebda, moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri bunebrivi ukuprocesis
msgavsad _ mSvenieri peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawilobriv arCeulis,
nawilobriv _ Tavsmoxveuli Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba,
SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uaryofam, Cems irgvliv arsebuli
sxvebis mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskomfortma da
TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTeleba da misi Sedegebi brZolas
moicavda _ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxeulisa, romelic
energiisgan daclilad da amtanobas moklebulad gamoiyureboda, da
sazogadoebisa, romelic uxalisod miRebda (Houghtin 1980, pp.7-8).
fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamianebisadmi uaryofiT
damokidebulebas mravali wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
fsiqiatriul pacientebs Zaladobis Semcveli danaSaulisken midrekilebas
miaweren; miRebulia xumroba fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze;
ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi
terminologia xazs usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda amisa, adamianebi
 1416

Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT, rom malaven arsebul

fsiqologiur sirTuleebs an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa, romliTac fsiqikuri
daavadebis
daRi uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina et al.,
1996; Wright et al.,
2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84
mamakacisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavadmyofoSi
moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s uari uTxres binis an oTaxis
daqiravebaze; 37%-s sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45% aRniSnavda, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis misayeneblad
iyenebdnen. mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi (Link et al.,
1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac
maTi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba mohyva,
Tumca, wlis bolos ar aRiniSneboda cvlilebebi maT mier daRis aRqmaSi:
miuxedavad maTi funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs ukve aRar
hqondaT garemosgan keTilad mopyrobis molodini. am tipis kvlevam
aCvena, rom mraval adamians ambivalenturi, gaorebuli damokidebuleba
aqvs fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi: daxmarebisken swrafva da aSlilobis
mqone adamianTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis daSveba. aseT
damokidebulebas Semsubuqebac moaqvs da daRic; mkurnaloba
 1417

aumjobesebs cxovrebis xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas

(Rosenfield, 1997). damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom fsiqikuri
daavadebis mqone adamianebi xSirad axdenen uaryofis molodinebis
internalizacias (gaSinagnebas)∗, ramac,
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uaryofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et
al., 1997). ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri eqsperimenti.

saidan viciT
uaryofis molodini
ocdacxra mamakacma, romlebic manamde fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT
iyvnen klinikaSi moTavsebulni, sakuTari surviliT miiRes monawileoba
winamdebare kvlevaSi. maT icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul
pacientebTan samuSaos povnasTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs exeboda.
cdis pirebs acnobes, rom maT saqmiani dawesebulebidan mowveul
kadrebis momzadebis specialistTan, trenerTan mouwevdaT urTierToba.
cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres, rom trenerma icoda maTi statusis (yofili
fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb; meore naxevars ki uTxres, rom treners
isini saavadmyofoSi myof samedicino an qirurgiul pacientebad miaCnda.
realurad, „treneri“ eqsperimentatoris mokavSire iyo, romelmac araferi
icoda imaze, Tu ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis Sesaxeb. amgvarad,
man ar icoda, Tu romeli cdis piri fiqrobda, rom mas hqonda informacia
 1418

maTi eqs-pacientobis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, nebismieri gansxvaveba

urTierTobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic erTad unda gaetarebinaT
cdis pirebsa da eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda cdis pirTa
molodinebisTvis migvewera. aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac
sjerodaT, rom eqs-fsiqiatriuli pacientebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs
laparakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da efeqturad warmoadgines Tavi
erToblivi amocanis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis cdis pirebs asistentma
ufro „daZabuli da mSfoTvare“ uwoda imis codnis gareSe, Tu romel jgufs
miekuTvnebodnen isini (Farina et al., 1971).

aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma, romelTac sjeraT, rom

sxvebma maT „fsiqikuri daavadebis“ iarliyi miawebes, SeiZleba
imgvarad Secvalon urTierTqmedeba, rom WeSmariti diskomforti
SeeqmnaT: uaryofis molodinma

∗
internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba, radgan gaTaviseba
niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis
arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias, xolo gaSinagneba
gulisxmobs iracionlauri komponentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis
miRma, avtomaturad Semodis.
SeiZleba warmoSvas uaryofa; fsiqikuri daavadeba kidev erT samwuxaro
TviTganxorcielebad winaswarmatyvelebas SeiZleba iqces.
 1419

bolo SeniSnva daRis Sesaxeb: kvlevam aCvena, rom im adamianTa

damokidebulebebi, visac warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone adamianTan, naklebad ganicdis daRis moqmedebas. magaliTad,
studentebi, romlebmac waikiTxes Sizofreniisgan gankurnebuli jimis
Sesaxeb, ufro optimisturad uyurebdnen mis momavals im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac maT ukve hqondaT fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan
urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999). aseve, studentebis mier
Sizofreniis mqone pacientebisgan momdinare safrTxis Sefaseba
SedarebiT naklebi iyo, Tu maT gamocdilebaSi hqondaT maTTan
urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare da
Semdeg TavTan gacnoba dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras
niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad da ras niSnavs iyo „gankurnebuli“)
modifikaciasa da fsiqikurad daavadebuli individebis mimarT
tolerantulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
fsiqopaTologiasTan gacnobisas Tqven SegeZloT SegeTvisebinaT
normis, realobisa da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis Secnobis, mkurnalobisa da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
profilaqtikis gzebis Ziebisas mkvlevrebi ara marto exmarebian maT, vinc
itanjeba am aSlilobebisgan da cxovrebiseuli sixarulis miRma rCeba,
aramed afarToeben adamianis bunebis fundamentur gagebas. rogor
axdenen fsiqologebi da fsiqiatrebi araswori fsiqikuri procesebis sworad
 1420

warmarTvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas Terapevtebisadmi

miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.

Sejameba fsiqikurad daavadebulad wodebuli mravali adamiani itanjeba

stigmisgan. stigmam pirovnebaTSorisi da sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis
sxvadasxva forma SeiZleba warmoqmnas. pacientebi mkurnalobis
Sedegad fsiqikuri daavadebis Semsubuqebis SemTxvevaSic ki ganicdian
stigmis zemoqmedebas. metic, Tavad pacientebis molodinebma maTze
sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Taobaze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi
reaqciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba paTologiebis Sesaxeb daskvna
keTdeba im xarisxis mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac pirovnebis moqmedeba
Tanxvdeba indikatorTa erTobliobas, romelSic Sedis distresi,
araadekveturoba, araracionaluroba, araprognozirebadoba,
araSablonuroba, damkvirveblis diskomforti da socialuri normebis
standartebis darRveva.
adreul periodSi fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs xSirad
epyrobodnen, rogorc demonebiT Sepyrobilebs an arasrulfasovan,
adamianze dabla mdgom arsebebs.
 1421

fsiqikuri daavadebisadmi Tanamedrove midgomebis warmoqmna

daiwyo imis gacnobierebiT, rom fsiqikuri aSlilobebi avadmyofobaa,
romelic mkurnalobas saWiroebs.
arsebobs mTeli rigi midgomebisa, romelic ikvlevs fsiqopaTologiis
etiologias.
biologiuri midgoma Tavis tvinis paTologiebze, bioqomiur procesebsa
da genetikur zegavlenaze fokusirdeba.
fsiqologiur midgomebSi moiazreba fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri,
kognituri da sociokulturuli modelebi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
klasifikacia fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saklasifikacio sistema unda
uzrunvelyofdes fsiqopaTologiisa da specifikuri SemTxvevebis zogadi
tipebis Sesaxeb komunikaciis saerTo, sayovelTaod miRebul

parametrebs (common shorthand).

yvelaze farTod miRebul sadiagnostiko da saklasifikacio sistemas

DSM-IV-TR warmoadgens.
DSM-IV-TR xuTRerZian mravalganzomilebian sistemas iyenebs, rac
exmareba fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionalebs im fsiqologiuri, fizikuri
da socialuri faqtorebis ganxilvisas, romelic SesaZloa romelime
konkretul aSlilobas Seesabamebodes.

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

 1422

SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:

generalizebuli, panikuri, fobiuri, obsesiur-kompulsuri da posttravmaturi
stresis aSliloba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi moiazreba emociis darRvevebi.
yvelaze gavrcelebul afeqtur aSlilobas klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
warmoadgens maSin, roca bipolaruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia.
suicidi yvelaze xSiria depresiis mqone adamianebSi. biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri axsna SfoTviTi da guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts ganixilavs.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi warmoadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis
xangrZliv da xist paternebs, romelic auaresebs individis
funqcionirebas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi gulisxmobs pirovnuli identobis, mexsierebisa da
cnobierebis integralurad funqcionirebis darRvevas.
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
Sizofrenia fsiqopaTologiis mwvave formaa, romelic xasiaTdeba
aRqmis, emociebis, qcevisa da metyvelebis ukiduresi darRveviT.
arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi qvetipi, esenia: dezorganizebuli, katatoniuri,
paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli da rezidualuri.
 1423

Sizofreniis savaraudo mizezebi damamtkicebeli sabuTebi aRmoCenilia

sxvadasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis
paTologiebi da ojaxuri procesebi.

fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi fsiqologiuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebs

xSirad iseT iarliyebs awebeben, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fizikurad
daavadebuli adamianebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobas dadebiT
cvlilebebamde mivyavarT, fsiqikur daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli daRi
cxovrebis xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
• agorafobia
• bipolaruli aSliloba
• bodva
• generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
• guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba
• daswavlili umweoba
• disociaciuri amnezia
• disociaciuri aSliloba
• disociaciuri identobis aSliloba
• DSM-IV-TR
• etiologia
• klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
 1424

• komorbidi
• maniakaluri epizodi
• midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza
• nevrotuli aSliloba
• obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba
• paTofsiqologia
• panikuri aSliloba
• pirovnuli aSliloba
• posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba
• stigma (daRi)
• fsiqoturi aSliloba
• fsiqologiuri diagnozi
• fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba
• fobia
• Seuracxadoba
• Sizofreniuli aSliloba
• SiSi
• SfoTviTi aSliloba
• socialuri fobia
• specifikuri fobiebi
• halucinaciebi

Tavi 16. pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

 1425

• Terapiuli konteqsti
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo
istoriuli da kulturuli konteqsti
• fsiqodinamikuri Teoria
froidis fsiqoanalizi
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi
adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze?
• bihevioraluri Terapia
kontrganpirobeba
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
generalizaciis teqnikebi
• kognituri Terapiebi
kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi
• egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
klientze centrirebuli Terapia
geStalt-Terapia
 1426

• jgufuri Terapiebi
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
• biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
farmakoTerapia
• ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?
Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba
mkurnalobis Sefasebebi
prevenciis strategiebi
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiTiTadi cnebebi avtobiografiaSi “mxeci” treisi tomsoni (1995)
aRwers 25 wlian brZolas depresiasTan. am nawyvetSi tomsoni aRwers
Tavis adreul urTierTobas qalTan, romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa
daxmarebisTvis.
“is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda meihiud movixsenieb. Cven
erTad unda gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis umetesi nawili.
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri, gemovnebiT Cacmuli,
gawonasworebuli qali. misi kilo, romelic Cem gamocdil smenas ar
gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul
 1427

daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi atlantis feSenebelur nawilSi,

baqhedSi mdebareobda.
pirvel Sexvedraze SevTanxmdiT, rom Semxvdeboda kviraSi erTxel,
oTxSabaTobiT, saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safasurad.
amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac SeeZlo
CemTvis daxmarebis gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia ar
iqneboda advili da oridan xuT wlamde intensiuri muSaoba
dagvWirdeboda. ori-xuTi weli CemTvis patimrobis tolfasi iyo.
dasawyisSi, 1977 wlis zamTarSi, masTan yovelkvireuli seansebi Cemi
stabilurobis saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cem qaotur azrebs
mousmendnen da seriozulad aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma
depresiam nel-nela iklo. gazafxulisTvis Tavs vgrZnobdi ukeTesad – ara
bednierad, magram TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli fiqrebi aRar
mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom Terapia realurad amuSavda.
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gadaiara, seansebi deda-Svilis
xangrZliv brZolas daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis amaRleba,
rasac ver vaxerxebdi dedasTan. saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze;
dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda simSvide da usafrTxoeba, rom
mozardisTvis Cveuli gasarTobebi _ lawiraki biWebi, Cum-Cumad
kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anadgurebda mas, dedaCemi
amandam Caanacvla... amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls, rom
 1428

CemTvis gaeZlo. es Taviseburad SesaniSnavi sistema iyo _ erTTgvari

pasiur-agresiuli janyi” (gv. 6265).
am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvlilebebis Terapiis mravali
TvalsaCino maxasiaTebeli. umniSvnelovanesia, rom, tomsonis TqmiT,
man fsiqoTerapiuli kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo
myisieri Sedegi. tomsonis depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom mas
uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda. aseve, monaTxrobidan Cans, rom
Terapiuli urTierTobebi pirovnuli urTierTobebia. amandas,
fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi, romlebic dasawyisSi
dadebiTad moqmedebda tomsonis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze, magram
Terapiis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tomsonis dedis
“Semcvlelad” aqcia. winamdebare TavSi SevexebiT TiToeul dasaxelebul
Temas. ganvixilavT Terapiis tipebs, romlebic pirovnuli kontrolis
aRdgenaSi exmareba mTeli rigi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs.
davsvamT mravalismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas axdens istoriuli,
kulturuli da socialuri Zalebi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobaze? rogor
urTierTmoqmedebs erTmaneTTan Teoria, kvleva da praqtika, rodesac
mkvlevarebi qmnian da amowmeben mkurnalobis meTodebs? rogor
vimoqmedoT racionalurobas moklebul gonebaze, rogor SevcvaloT
arakontrolirebadi qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis
anomaliebi?
 1429

winamdebare TavSi ganixilulia Terapiis ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac

iyeneben janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove
profesionalebi. esenia fsiqoanalizi, qcevis modifikacia, kognituri
cvlilebebi, humanisturi Terapia da farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixilavT am
meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda amisa, SevafasebT, Tu
ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb
mticebulebebi.

Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mravalgvari Terapia arsebobs.
mravali mizezis gamo iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis
miuxedavad, ar iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvadasxvagvaria Terapiis
miznebi, is garemo, sadac Terapia xorcieldeba da Tavad Terapevtebic,
Tumca, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi nebismieri aseTi Careva mowodebulia
misi funqcionirebis garkveuli mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad. miznebi da
ZiriTadi Terapiebi

Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx ZiriTad Temas an mizans:

1. problemuri momentebis diagnostireba, arsebuli problemisTvis,
savaraudod, saTanado fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis
gansazRvra da aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba – aSlilobis SesaZlo mizezebis
da simptomTa funqciebis identificireba.
 1430

3. problemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozireba anu Sefaseba

mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi da mkurnalobis gareSe.
4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva da ganxorcieleba,
romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba
an gaqroba da, Tu moxerxda, maTi mizezebis mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri
problemebi Tavs iCens an hardwere-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic
aprogramebs mis funqcionirebas. fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis ori
ZiriTadi tipi mimarTulia an erTze, an _ meoreze.

• biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _ fsiqologiuri

aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, romelic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri an
fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medikamentebiT mkurnaloba, qirurgia
an eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia.

• fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgufidan nebismieri, romelic

gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia
konkretul aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis,
aRqmebisa da emociebis Secvlaze.

biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hardware-is anu im meqanizmebis

Secvlaze, romelic safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis
moqmedebas. mas farTod iyeneben fsiqiatrebi da eqimebi, rodesac
 1431

cdiloben tvinis funqcionirebis Secvlas qimiuri an fizikuri intervenciebiT;

aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki da medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod
zemoqmedebs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad fsiqoTerapias uwodeben,
software-is Secvlazea orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier
mcdarad daswavlili sityvebi, azrebi, interpretaciebi da ukukavSiri,
romelic ganapirobebs yoveldRiuri cxovrebis strategiebs. am Terapiebs
axorcieleben rogorc klinikuri fsiqologebi, ise _ fsiqiatrebi. arsebobs
fsiqoTerapiis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri,
kognituri da egzistencialurhumanisturi.
fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis
an konfliqtis garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebi
fsiqikur aSlilobebs “ganmakurnebeli saubriT” mkurnaloben, romlis
drosac Terapevti exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos kavSiri
TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT SesaZlo gamomwvev gadauWrel
dafarul konfliqtebs Soris.
bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurnalobs, rogorc darRvevas,
romelic unda Seicvalos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc daswavlili qceviTi
paternebi da ara, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba
Seicvalos sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, sasurveli da arasasurveli
 1432

reaqciebis ganmamtkiceblebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis

CaqrobiT da problemis efeqtianad gadaWris modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.
kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrovnebis nakadis
restruqturizacias, rasac problemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier
Seqmnili, xSirad damangreveli TviT-damarwmunebeli debulebebis
SecvliT aRwevs. restruqturirebuli kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis
pirovnebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da axsnisadmi, rac xSirad
problemebis daZlevis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
egzistencialur-humanistur tradiciebze aRmocenebuli Terapiebi pacientis
faseulobebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken, fsiqologiuri zrdisaken, ufro Sinaarsiani
pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaken. isini arsebiTad
janmrTeli adamianebis funqcionirebis gaumjobesebaze ufro
fokusirdebian, vidre seriozuli darRvevebis mqone individTa simptomebis
koregirebaze. Terapevtebi da Terapiuli garemo rodesac fsiqologiuri
problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi eZebs
araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi
megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli,
xelmZRvaneloba an sabWo. religiuri orientaciis adamianisTvis es
SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri. sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da
esaubrebian barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa da nebismiers,
 1433

vinc mousmens maT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli araformaluri Terapevtebis

mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis. rodesac problemaTa
diapazoni SemosazRvrulia, araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT adamianebi ufro xSirad
mimarTaven Terapias, vidre adre, isini, Cveulebriv, mxolod maSin
akiTxaven fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebs, rodesac fsiqologiuri
problemebi mwvavdeba an droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT
sxvadasxva saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqolog-konsultanti, Cveulebriv, iseT sferoebSi uwevs adamianebs
megzurobas, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, skolis problemebi, narkotikebix
moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti. xSirad, es konsultantebi muSaoben
konkretul problemebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sferoSi,
skolebSi, cixeebSi, samxedroTa momsaxurebis centrebSi an raionul
klinikebSi. isini iyeneben intervius, testebs da iZlevian rCevebs, raTa
daexmaron adamianebs konkretuli problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli
sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistia, romelsac
amzadebs socialuri muSaobis skola da mowodebulia fsiqiatrebTan da
klinikur fsiqologebTan TanamSromlobisTvis. mravali fsiqiatrisa da
fsiqologisgan gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs naswavli aqvT adamianTa
problemebis socialuri konteqstis gaTvaliswineba da amitom SeuZliaT
 1434

Terapiis procesSi ojaxis wevrebis CarTva an, sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu
samuSao garemosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgufis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi specializirdeba. xSirad es konsultantebi
sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.
klinikuri fsiqologi aris specialisti, romelic universitetSi specializirdeba
fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi; klinikis pirobebSi,
superviziis CaTvliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da unda hqondes
filosofiur an fsiqologiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris29 akademiuri xarisxi. am
fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa da
kvlevaSi, vidre fsiqiatrebs.
fsiqiatri aris specialisti, romelsac miRebuli unda hqondes medicinis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino ganaTleba da,
aseve, doqtoranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili unda hqondes
specializacia fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.
fsiqoanalitikosi aris medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mqone Terapevti, romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.

29
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _ filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba nebismieri profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado
kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _ xarisxi, romelic eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians, romelic aris Tavisi saqmis profesionali
da akmayofilebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis mecnierebaTa doqtori. (mTargmnelis SeniSnvna)
 1435

CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva garemoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba

iyos saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. humanisturi
orientaciis zogierTi Terapevti, ufro bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT,
sakuTar saxlSi amjobinebs jgufuri seansebis Catarebas. TerapiebisTvis,
romelic klientis garemocvis CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi,
SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa calke Sesasvlelis mqone
oTaxebi an samlocvelo saxlebi. da bolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic
klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul problemebTan
asocirebul garemoSi amjobineben muSaobas. magaliTad, klientebTan,
romelTac frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, sociofobiis mqone
klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval savaWro centrebSi.
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi, klients an pacients uwodeben.
termins pacienti is specialistebi iyeneben, romlebic fsiqologiuri
problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti
ki _ isini, vinc fsiqologiur aSlilobebs “cxovrebiseul problemebad”
miiCneven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis
ganxilvisas misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins gamoviyenebT: pacients
biosamedicino da fsiqoanalituri TerapiebisTvis da
klients _ sxva danarCenisTvis.
vidre Tanamedrove Terapiebsa da Terapevtebze ufro dawvrilebiT
SevCerdebodeT, jer ganvixiloT fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mkurnalobis
 1436

ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gavafarTovoT dasavluri

kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xedvis kuTxe da sxva kulturebSi miRebul
mkurnalobis praqtikasac gavecnoT.

• fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist) _ fsiqologi, romelic

specializirdeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, saskolo
problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.
• klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker) – specialuri
programiT momzadebuli fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic
adamianTa problemebs socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs.

• RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) – religiuri fenis

warmomadgeneli, romelic specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas problemaTa praqtikul
gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.

• klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) – pirovneba, romelsac

miRebuli aqvs doqtoris xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba
fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi.

• fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) – pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis doqtoris

xarisxi da doqtoranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod
fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.
 1437

• fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba, romelsac aqvs medicinis

an filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.

• pacienti (Patient) – termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad,

romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkuralobas
biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian.

• klienti (Client) – termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis aRsaniSnad,

romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiur aSlilobebs “cxovrebiseul
problemebad” miiCneven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.

istoriuli da kulturuli konteqsti

rogor gimkurnalebdnen gasul saukuneebSi, Tu fsiqologiuri problemebi
SegeqmnebodaT? Tu evropasa an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad mosalodneli
iqneboda, rom mkurnaloba uSedego yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT
rames. sxva kulturebSi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba,
Cveulebisamebr, religiur da socialur faseulobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi
ganixileboda da ufro adamianur mopyrobasac imsaxurebda.
 1438

dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria

XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis zrdam da migraciam
umuSevroba da socialuri gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv,
siRaribe, danaSauli da fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva. maleve gaixsna
specialuri dawesebulebebi, sadac sazogadoebis sami axali “usargeblo”
kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa da fsiqikurad daavadebulTa _
warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen.
1403 wels londonis beTlemis wminda mariamis hospitalma fsiqologiuri
problemebis mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300 wlis manZilze
sulierad daavadebul pacientebs jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da
garkveuli sazRauris fasad xalxs gasarTobadac uCvenebdnen. droTa
ganmavlobaSi beTlemis transformirebuli dasaxeleba “bedlemi”30 qaosis
sinonimad iqca, hospitalSi gamefebuli saSineli uwesrigobisa da
pacientebisadmi araadamianuri mopyrobis
gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri problemebisadmi, rogorc fsiqikuri daavadebebisadmi,
damokidebuleba evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis gaCnda.
1801 wels frangi eqimi filip pineli (Philippe Pinel) werda: “fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da ar
imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi arian, romelTa samwuxaro

30
badlam – inglisurad “bad”_ ”cudi”.
 1439

mdgomareoba imsaxurebs yvelanair zrunvasa da yuradRebas, romelic

nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis. unda vecadoT, rom maT
umartivesi saSualebebiT davubrunoT saRi goneba.” (Zilboorg & Henry,
1941, pp. 233-324).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone
adamianebs, maTive da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi
amyofebdnen, Tumca, ar mkurnalobdnen. XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi,
rodesac fsiqologiam, rogorc mecnierebis dargma, garkveuli ndoba da
pativiscema moipova, qveyanaSi “mkurnalobis kulti” gaCnda. im
periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan momdinare stresis Sedegad
miiCnevdnen, rasac axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes socialur problemad
aRiqvamdnen, romelsac iseve esaWiroeboda “fsiqikuri higieniT” (Mental
Hygiene) mkurnaloba, rogorc gadamdeb fizikur daavadebas _ fizikuri
higieniT.
1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers) dasabami misca
fsiqikuri higienis moZraobas. droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul
pacientTa SezRudvas axali sareabilitacio mizani gamouCnda. suliT
avadmyofTa TavSesafrebi am socialur-politikuri moZraobis ZiriTad
elementad iqca. maT aTavsebdnen soflad, qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan
moSorebiT mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi ara marto dacvis, aramed
 1440

mkurnalobis mizniTac (Rothman, 1971). samwuxarod, mravali aseTi

TavSesafari maleve gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis humanuri mizani ucnauri
adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi moTavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari
fsiqiatriuli dawesebulebebi, arasakmarisi odenobis momsaxure
personaliT, mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda darRvevebis mqone
individebisTvis gankuTvnili konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani
wlebidan reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis winaaRmdeg daiwyes
gamosvla, sul mcire, im fsiqiatriuli pacientebis deinstitucionalizaciis
sasargeblod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da saTanado
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi normalurad SeeZloT
funqcionireba. samwuxarod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu fsiqiatriuli
klinikidan gawerili pacienti ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis
sacxovrebel adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom seriozuli
fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone 438 individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et
al., 2000).

kulturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis rituali

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva
dasavluri mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda, romelic xazs
usvams individis unikalurobas, damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu
warumateblobaze pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demonologia da
daavadebis modeli igive aqcents akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs,
 1441

rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare process da individis marcxs. mravali

sxva kultura ar iziarebs am mosazrebas (Triandis, 1995).
anTropologebma gaaanalizes fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis axsnebi da
mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979;
Evans-Pritchard, 1937; Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad,
afrikul msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti keTdeba TanamSromlobaze,
urTierTdamokidebulebaze, tomis gadarCenaze, bunebasTan erTianobasa
da jgufur pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad daavadebuli
adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSorebiT mkurnaloba
ewinaaRmdegeba mravali araevropuli kulturis azrovnebas. mraval afrikul
kulturaSi gankurneba socialur konteqstSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia
daavadebulis rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli garemo. Terapiis
procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris gamoyenebis afrikuli praqtika daixvewa da
”qselur Terapiad” wodebul procedurad Camoyalibda, sadac
mkurnalobaSi CarTulia pacientis mTliani garemocva _ naTesavebis,
TanamSromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).
bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daavadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa
da jadoqrobas ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, romelTac
Samanebs uwodeben, gansakuTrebul mistikur Zalas floben TavianTi
daavadebuli TanamoZmeebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi
uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa, romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis
 1442

manZilze gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi tanjvasa da avadmyofobas

uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven. kulturuli rwmenis es sistema bedisweris
an iRbalis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias axdens, romelic
zemoqmedebs individis cxovrebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi
personalizacia borot Zalebze uSualo zemoqmedebis da savaraudo
saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva
(Middleton, 1967). xSirad paTologiuri mdgomareoba, romelsac
daavadebuli adamianis Sepryrobilobis Sedegad miiCneven, icvleba
mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT. Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da
cnobierebis mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad gamoiyeneba dolebze dakvra,
Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi, rac axali codnisa da Zalis Ziebisken
mimarTavs individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba
simboloebs, miTebsa da ritualebs (Levi-Strauss, 1963). ritualuri
gankurnebis ceremonia gankurnebis process gansakuTrebul emociur
intensiobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens. is aZlierebs pacientis
STagonebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSlilobis
dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan akavSirebs daavadebul adamians,
Samansa da Tems (Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, romelsac
gankurnebis mraval ceremoniaSi iyeneben, cnobierebis disociacia
ewodeba. am dros daavadebuli adamiani an morwmune mkurnali
 1443

cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis. dasavluri TvalsazrisiT,

disociacia TavisTavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis simptomi, romelic
prevencias an gamosworebas saWiroebs. sxva kulturebSi ki cnobierebis
Secvlil mdgomareobaSi keTili sulebi esaubreba adamians da boroti
ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli
“espiritistas” (Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiyeneba. maT
gankurnebis ceremoniaSi Sedis adamianis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan
urTierToba (Garrison,
1977).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva mkurnalebi gansakuTrebul
rols asruleben gankurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad scildeba
erT konkretul mkurnals da gacilebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba
(Katz, 1982, 1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis meTodebis aRwerisas
fsiqologi riCard kaci (Richard Katz) wers: “sulebTan kavSiri im
Zalebisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs, romelic scildeba erT konkretul
mkurnals da gankurnebaSi mkurnalis wvlilis Tavmdablur Sefasebas
moiazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom Tavad flobs manas (Temis
winaprebisgan miRebul sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel moqmedebas ar
aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad (gv. 327-328). kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs
TvalsaCino sxvaobas aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris: “dasavlel
eqims ki, piriqiT, pretenzia aqvs mkurnalobisa da gankurnebis kontrolze.
 1444

kompetenturobas anu imis codnas, Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli, an, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvneloba
eniWeba, vidre adamianis bunebriv mowyvladobas daavadebisadmi” (gv.
28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis
praqtikaSi (Katz, 1982, 1983). amis naTeli magaliTebia im uaxles
Terapiul midgomebSi socialur garemosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis
gavlena da ojaxur
garemosa da mxardamWer garemocvaze mimarTuloba, romlebic xazs
usvamen sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri Terapiis
mniSvnelovnebas. sxva dasavleli praqtikosebi SamanebTan erTad
muSaoben, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes dasavluri fsiqoTerapiisa (romelSic
TviT-analizi moiazreba) da koleqtivisturi sazogadoebebis Terapiebis
(romelic individs arsebul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi moazrebs)
integrireba. es mcdeloba Terapias, kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro
farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs

(Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli tendenciebisa da zogierTi kulturuli variaciis mokle mimoxilvis
Semdeg, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Tanamedrove praqtikaSi
gamoyebuli Terapiebi.
 1445

Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri daavadebis mizezebis
gansazRvra da mkurnalobis dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bevrgan muSaoben da
sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul meTodebs iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad, sazogadoebisgan
izolirebulad amyofebdnen. fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gankurnebadi
avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro adamianuri mkurnalobis
meTodebis Seqmna mohyva. mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams
farTo sazogadoebriv da spiritualur konteqsts, sadac viTardeba da
ikurneba fsiqikuri daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva kulturebidan
TandaTanobiT iTviseben sazogadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.
• Samanizmi (Shamanizm) – spiritualuri tradicia, romelic moiazrebs
mkurnalobas da sulier samyarosTan kontaqts.
• ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) – ceremonia, romelic mkurnalobis
process gansakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uSveben, rom pacientis
problemebs aracnobier impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan
 1446

momdinare SezRudvebs Soris warmoqmnili daZabuloba warmoSobs,

aSlilobis birTvsa da saTaveebs ki Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi
eZieben.
froidis fsiqoanalizi fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoric Seqmna zigmund
froidma (Sigmund Freud), warmoadgens intensiur da droSi
gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul teqnikas, romelic ikvlevs nevrotuli da
mSfoTvare pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da konfliqtebs. rogorc wina
TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebi im
Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris ar qonas
warmoadgens, romelic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur
impulsebsa da superegos internalizirebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur
moTxovnebs Soris. fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmoniis
damyareba, rac idis Zalebis metad gacnobierebas, superegos
moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis
gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.
TerapevtisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, gaarkvios, rogor iyenebs pacienti
represiis anu gandevnis process konfliqtebTan gamklavebisas. simptomi
ganixileba, rogorc aracnobieridan wamosuli Setyobineba imis Sesaxeb,
rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanaa, daexmaros
 1447

pacients gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi amotanaSi da aRmoaCeninos31

arsebul simptomebsa da gandevnil konfliqtebs Soris arsebuli kavSiri.
fsiqodinamikuri TvalsazrisiT, Terapia warmatebulia, pacienti ki _
gamojanmTelebuli mxolod maSin, rodesac igi adreul bavSvobaSi
ganxorcielebuli “gandevnisgan gaTavisufldeba”. vinaidan Terapevtis
ZiriTadi mizania pacientisTvis im kavSiris danaxvisken anu insaitisken
wayvana, romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas
Soris arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad insaitur Terapiasac
uwodeben.
tradiciuli fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli)
mogonebebis aRdgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeqtian
gadawyvetamde misvlis mcdelobaa. Sesabamisad, es aris droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli anu grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul mcire,
ramdenime weliwadi _ kviraSi xuT seansamde _ grZeldebodes). garda
amisa, is saWiroebs kargi metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacientebs,
romelic sakmarisad Zlierad arian motivirebulni TerapiisTvis da SeuZliaT
soliduri Tanxis gadaxda. (fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis SedarebiT gviandel
formebSi gacilebiT Semoklebulia Terapiuli procesis xangrZlioba.)
gandevnili konfliqtebis gacnobierebasa da maT mogvarebaSi

31
aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva insight, romelic “wvdomas” da “intuicias” niSnavs. es termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba
amave konteqstSi (magaliTad, “emociuri insaiti” an “inteleqtualuri insaiti”) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
 1448

pacientisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT

momuSave Terapevtebi iyeneben sxvadasxva teqnikebs; esenia:
Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobis analizi, sizmrebis analizi,
gadatanisa da kontrgadatanis analizi.
• fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) – fsiqodinamikuri Terapia, romelic
Seqmna froidma; es aris intesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare individebis aracnobieri
motivebisa da konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
• insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) – teqnika, romliTac Terapevts
pacienti mihyavs im kavSiris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu
insaitisken, romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul
gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
• Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) – Terapiuli meTodi, rodesac
pacienti uwyvetad, gaazrebis gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze,
survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.
• kaTarzisi (Catharsis) – Zlieri, magram, rogorc wesi, gandevnili
emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.

Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da kaTarzisi

ZiriTad meTods, romelic fsiqoanalizSi gamoiyeneba aracnobieris
gamokvlevisa da gandevnili masalis gamonTavisuflebisTvis, Tavisufali
 1449

asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. pacienti, romelic moxerxebulad zis

skamze an wevs taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs gonebas da
uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar azrebs, survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da
warmodgenebs. pacients sTxoven, rom aRweros TavSi mosuli nebismieri
azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovnad
eCveneba is mas.
froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpirobebulia da ar aris
SemTxveviTi. analitikosis amocanaa, Tvali gaadevnos maT da ubralo
sityvebis miRma nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvnelobebi dainaxos. pacients
eZleva Zlieri grZnobebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, romelic, rogorc wesi,
avtoritetul figurebzea mimarTuli da romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis an
samagieros mizRvis SiSiT. nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas, romelic
xdeba Terapiul garemoSi am an sxva procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi
ewodeba.
winaaRmdegoba
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs sakiTxebs,
romelTa ganxilvac ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis dros garkveul
momentSi pacienti avlens winaaRmdegobas anu mas ar surs, an ar
SeuZlia garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze saubari.
aseT winaaRmdegobas aracnobiersa da cnobiers Soris barierad
miiCneven. es masala (anu masala, romelsac barieri akavebs da ar amodis
 1450

Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros) xSirad individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq

Sedis yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs) an mSoblebisadmi mtrul,
ganawyenebul damokidebulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo jamSi, rodesac
gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti, rogorc wesi, amtkicebs,
rom is umniSvnelo, absurduli, araSesatyvisi an Zalze arasasiamovnoa
imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Terapevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs.
fsiqoanalizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da pacients misces
SesaZlebloba, Tvali gausworos am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu
gamocdilebas.

sizmris analizi fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari pacientis

aracnobieri motivebis Sesaxeb informaciis mniSvnelovan wyaros
warmoadgens. rodesac adamians sZinavs, superego SedarebiT naklebad
akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel impulsebs, amitom motivebi,
romelTa gamoxatvac ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris saxiT
gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs:
manifesturi anu xiluli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg axsovs
adamians da latenturi anu faruli Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic
gamovlenas cdiloben, Tumca, imdenad mtkivneuli da miuRebelia, rom
damaxinjebulad, simboloebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am dafaruli
motivebis gamovlenas sizmris analiziT cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi,
 1451

romelic gulisxmobs pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis garCevas da miznad

isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an damaxinjebuli motivebis, mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da survilebis simboluri mniSvnelobebis
gamovlenas.

gadatana da kontrgadatana fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis dros

pacients, rogorc wesi, Terapevtis mimarT emociuri reaqcia uyalibdeba.
xSirad xdeba Terapevtis identificireba warsulSi gadatanili emociuri
konfliqtis centralur figurasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan an seqsualur
partniorTan. am emociur reaqcias gadatana anu transferi ewodeba.
gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi tomsonisa da misi Terapevtis, amandas
urTierTobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis identificirebas dedasTan
(“dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...”). gadatanas ewodeba dadebiTi,
rodesac Terapevti siyvarulis an aRtacebis obieqti xdeba; gadatana aris
uaryofiTi, rodesac igi mtruli damokidebulebis an Suris obieqtad iqceva.
xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damokidebuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gadatanasTan gamklaveba
rTuli amocanaa analitikosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri
mowyvladobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, es aris mkurnalobis arsebiTi da
umniSvnelovani nawili. warsulis gamocdilebasa da damokidebulebebSi
 1452

realuri wyaros moZiebiTa da gacnobierebiT, Terapevti exmareba pacients

masze gadatanili grZnobebis interpretirebaSi (Henry et al., 1994).
pacientze Terapevtis reqciaSic CarTulia piradi grZnobebi.
kontrgadatana anu kontrtransferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac
Terapevts moswons an ar moswons pacienti, radgan pacienti mis
cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani figuris msgavsad aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis
damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari aracnobieri mamoZravebeli
Zalebis gacnobierebamde mivides. igi pacientis “cocxal sarked” iqceva,
pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver
axerxebs kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia SeiZleba
warumatebeli gamodges (Winarick, 1997). am saxis Terapiuli
urTierTobis emociurad datvirTulobisa da pacientis mowyvladobis gamo,
Terapevtma mkacrad unda daicvas zRvari, romelic pacientze profesiul
zrunvasa da mis problemebSi pirad CarTulobas Soris gadis. cxadia, rom
Terapiulma situaciam iolad SeiZleba daarRvios balansi, rac unda
gaacnobieros da gaiTvaliswinos
Terapevtma.
neofroidianuli Terapiebi froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi
mravali ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma principma da praqtikulma
meTodma modificieba ganicada. zogadad, neofroidistebi, froidTan
SedarebiT, ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis awmyo socialur
 1453

garemoze (da naklebad fokusirdebian warsulze); (2) cxovrebiseuli

gamocdilebis mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis
konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian biologiur
instinqtebsa da egoistur moTxovnilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis
mniSvnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis ganviTarebaze (da nakleb
yuradRebas aqceven idsa da superegos Soris konfliqts).
me-14-e TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofroidisti _ karl gustav iungi da
alfred adleri. SedarebiT Tanamedrove fsiqodinamikur neofroidianul
mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas warmodgena, gavecnoT hari stek
salivanis, melani kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis wris sxva
wevrebis Sesaxeb ix.
Ruitenbeek, 1973).
• winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) – fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas pacients ar
surs an ar SeuZlia garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu
gamocdilebaze saubari.
• sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) – sizmrebis fsiqoanalituri
interpretacia, riTac xdeba pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da
konfliqtebis wvdoma.
 1454

• gadatana (Transference) – procesi, rodesac fsiqoanalizis msvlelobisas

pacienti Terapevtze mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur, mniSvnelovan figuraze
miemarTeboda.
• kontrgadatana (Countertransference) – situacia, rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss
pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients
sakuTar cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad
aRiqvams.

hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953) miaCnia, rom froidis
Teoriasa da TerapiaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTierTobebis
roli da miRebis, pativiscemisa da siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT,
fsiqikuri aSlilobebi moicavs ara marto travmatul intrafsiqikur procesebs,
aramed _ problemur interpersonalur urTierTobebsa da Zlier socialur
zewolasac ki. patara bavSvs usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan
zrunva da siTbo esWiroeba. SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri daavadebebi
mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan sxvebTan urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebis
ararsebobidan momdinareobs. salivanis azriT, sakuTar “me”-ze
warmoadgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoTvis optimaluri donis
SesanarCuneblad. es sistema bavSvis pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis
gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da organizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv;
 1455

masSi Sedis: kargi-me (asocirebulia dedis siTbosTan), cudi-me

(asocirebulia dedis daZabulobidan, romelsac is bavSvTan urTierTobisas
avlena), ara-me
(disociaciuri “me”, romelic miuRebelia danarCeni me-sTvis).
aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZnebuli Terapia moicavs
Terapevtis
ganwyobebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas. Terapiuli interviu
ganixileba, rogorc socialuri garemo, sadac orive mxaris grZnobebi da
ganwyobebi zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze. pacienti frTxilad mihyavT
iqamde, rom gamoTqvas sakuTari varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis
Sesaxeb. garda amisa, salivanisTvis Terapiuli situacia, upirvelesad, iseTi
situaciaa, sadac Terapevti siyvaruliT swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach &
Wallach, 1983).

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

 1456

sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze?
1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi, rva
wlis suzan neisoni gauCinarda. amave wlis
dekemberSi ipoves misi gvami. oci wlis manZilze
aravin icoda, vin mokla igi. 1989 wels mxaris
gamomZieblebs suzanis megobari eilin franklin-
lipskeri daukavSirda. eileinma uTxra maT, rom
fsiqoTerapiis daxmarebiT, man aRidgina didi xnis win
gandevnili, daviwyebuli saSineli mogonebebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans. 1990 wlis
Semodgomaze eilinma daadastura, rom oci wlis win
man sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rogor gaaupatiura suzani
misma mamam, jorj franklinma da
Semdeg sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis keti. (Marcus,
1980, Workman, 1990). eilinma isic Tqva, rom mama
mokvliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uambobda nanaxis
Sesaxeb. es Cveneba sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom jorj franklini damnaSaved ecnoT damamZimebel
viTarebaSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
 1457

Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT, rogor daifara mogonebebi

20 wlis manZilze? am kiTxvaze pasuxi gandevnili
mogonebebis froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs saTaves.
rogorc aRvniSneT, froidi (1923) fiqrobda, rom
adamianis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis zogierTi
mogoneba sakmaris safrTxes uqmnis mis
keTildReobas, amitom es mogonebebi ganidevneba
cnobierebidan. klinikur fsiqologebs xSirad SeuZliaT,
rom daexmaron klients sakuTari cxovrebis
 1458

gakontrolebaSi. amisaTvis cxovrebis damangreveli

paternebi interpretirdeba, rogorc gandevnili
mogonebebis Sedegi. Terapiis mniSvnelovan mizans,
am gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimarTebaSi
kaTarzisis miRweva warmoadgens. magram
gandevnili mogonebebi yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis
kabinetSi. ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze masmediaSi
intensiurad saubroben gandevnili mogonebebis
STambeWdavi gacnobierebis SemTxvevebze. drois
xangrZlivi periodis gasvlis Semdeg individebi
moulodnelad detalurad ixseneben SemaZrwunebel
movlenebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi an bavSobaSi
gadatanili seqsualuri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia, rom es
yvelaferi marTali iyos? me-8-e TavSi ganxiluli
mowmeTa mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis safuZvels
iZleva
(Loftus, 1993; Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn &
Payne, 1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan SegviZlia
gavixsenoT, rom adamianebi WeSmarit mogonebebad
miiCnevdnen xelovnuli wyarodan miRebul
 1459

informacias. es maSinac xdeboda, rodesac maT,

rogorc mowmeebs, afrTxilebdnen, rom isini
SecdomaSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad, mogonebis
arseboba TavisTavad ar iZleva misi wyaros ueWveli
sandoobis mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad, ukanasknel wlebSi, popularul mediaSi
gandevnili mogonebebis Sesaxeb xSiri saubari
SeiZleba Tavad iqces “xelovnul wyarod”. televiziiT
nanaxi individis pirovnul mogonebad SeiZleba iqces,
Tu mas aRar axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa. amrigad,
gandevnili mogonebis mediaSi mosmenilma
daxasiaTebam zogierTi individi igive mogonebebis
“gaxsenebamde” SeiZleba miiyvanos. individma,
praqtikulad, dakarga mogonebis wyaro, magram
SeinarCuna Sinaarsi (Johnson et al., 1993).
fsiqoTerapevtebma, romelTac sjeraT gandevnili
mogonebebis, fsiqoTerapiis meqanizmebis
saSualebiT, SeiZleba isini Caunergon kidec pacients
(de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin, 1997). magaliTad,
mkvlevarebma Seiswavles qalebi, romlebmac, saboloo
jamSi, uari Tqves sakuTar braldebebze da aRiares,
rom aravis gauupatiurebia bavSvobaSi. es qalebi
mixvdnen, rom maTi “mogonebebi” gaupatiurebaze
ararealuri iyo. es gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom
Terapevtebi xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi
mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da sityvier waxalisebas
ar iSureben, rodesac “mogoneba” gamomzeurdeba (de
 1460

Rivera, 1997). aseTi SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klinicistebs, rom

Seswavlil unda iqnas Terapiis procesSi CarTuli socialuri Zalebi, raTa
gaarkvion, Tu rogor xorcieldeba Terapevtis Teoria pacientis realobaSi
(Lynn et al.,
1997).
gandevnili mogonebebis aRdgenis rwmenam SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad
Seamsubuqos fsiqoanalitikosTa pacientebis mdgomareoba. faqtobrivad,
aRdgenili mogonebebis garkveuli nawili adreuli travmatuli gamocdilebis
sando asaxvas warmoadgens (Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinteresdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsulis
gandevnil mogonebebs awmyo diskomfortis axsna, darwmunebulni unda
viyoT, rom pasiurad ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRaciseul versias. jorj
franklinis sabednierod, eWvi Seitanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil
mogonebebSi, rac sakmarisi gaxda verdiqtis uarsayofad.

melani kleini (1975) gaemijna froidis mosazrebas oidiposis konfliqtis

fsiqopaTologiis ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan froidi
oidipuri periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki) momdinare nevrotul simptomebze
fokusirdeboda, Terapiuli Carevis amocana iyo am aracnobieri seqsualuri
konfliqtebis interpretireba da saaSkaraoze gamotana. Tumca, zogierTi
Terapevti sirTuleebs awydeboda im pacientebTan muSaobisas, romelTa
 1461

konfliqtebi verbaluri mexsierebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli

periodidan iRebda saTaves, rac xSirad, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad
gamoxatuli paTologiis mizezi xdeboda. es pacientebi xSirad itanjebodnen
ararealurobis, sicarielis da cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvis grZnobebiT.
kleins miaCnda, rom superegos primitiuli formebi cxovrebis pirvelive
TveebSi Cndeba. igi amtkicebda, rom oidiposis seqsualuri konfliqtis,
rogorc fsiqikis umniSvnelovanesi maorganizebeli faqtoris, nacvlad
sqesobrivi mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas win uswrebs sikvdilis
instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis gaCenas iwvevs da romelic,
aseve, mniSvnelovania fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve,
amtkicebda, rom fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorganizebeli Zalaa agresia
da siyvaruli, agresia anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas.
samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas xdeba arasasurvelis uaryofa da
sasurvelis SenarCuneba; siyvaruli badebs erTianobasa da mTlianobas.
kleinisTvis siyvaruli mxolod erotikuli ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo,
aramed _ WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili zrunva sxvebze. Tumca, es
cnobieri siyvaruli dakavSirebulia sinanulTan sayvarel adamianebze
mimarTuli savaraudo destruqciuli siZulvilisa da potenciuri Zaladobis
gamo. amrigad, kleinma axsna “erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo, romelsac
awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZulvili _ Cveni pirovnuli
samoTxe da jojoxeTi _ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan” (Frager & Fadiman,
 1462

1998, gv. 135). kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli
gancdis “samSeneblo agurebs” siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _
Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis _
fsiqoanalituri Teoriisa da praqtikis centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqti-
urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) ewoda. kleinma, aseve,
pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli da seqsualuri ltolvebis damarwmunebeli
interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi, aniWeben ra sxvadasxva xarisxis
mniSvnelobas froidis koncefciebs, isev viTardeba. erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi axali mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove
interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans Seadgens is, Tu rogor xdeba individis
me-koncefciis anu sakuTar Tavze warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, rogor
aRiqvams, rogor ganicdis mas mocemuli pirovneba da rogorc xdeba, rom
xandaxan is sxvaTa mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad iqceva, romelsac
dacva sWirdeba. am mimarTulebis wamyvani damcveli da fsiqoanalizSi
obieqti-urTierTobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977; Siegel,
1996). misi saavtoro Terapia fokusirdeba imis garkvevaze, Tu rogor
saWiroebs me-s sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier
adamianebs da mniSvneloban sagnebs, rac nebismier adamians sWirdeba
optimaluri pirovnuli funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqologiis am
formisTvis mniSvnelovania mes gamocdileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is
 1463

gamocdileba, romelic me-s fragmentacias iwvevs. Sesabamisad,

Terapevtis amocanaa, SeZlebisdagvarad Rrmad Cawvdes sxvadasxva
fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,
gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli (klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago
Institute for Psychoanalysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Terapias miznis misaRwevad
xSirad drois xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad adamianebi
iseTi aSlilobebiT itanjebian, romelic gacilebiT swraf gankurnebas
saWiroebs. bihevioraluri Terapia, romelsac axla ganvixilavT,
simptomebisgan swafad gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

Sejameba fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi zigmund froidis aracnobieri

konfliqtisa da gandevnis Teoriidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi
pacientTan kaTarzisis miaRwevad da fsiqikuri energiis
gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben, maT Soris
Tavisufal asociaciebs, sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met mniSnelobas aniWeben
pacientis awmyo socialur garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare
gavlenas, socialuri motivaciis rols, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-
koncefciis ganviTarebas.
 1464

• obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) – fsiqoanalitikuri

Teoria, romelic momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis
Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis “samSeneblo agurebs”
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.

bihevioraluri Terapia
Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur Sinagan mizezebze
fokusirdebian, bihevioralur TerapiaTa yuradRebis sagans dakvirvebadi
garegani qceva warmoadgens. bihevioraluri orientaciis Terapevtebi
amtkiceben, rom paTologiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc
normaluris _ daswavlis procesiT, romelic ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis
ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri Terapevtebi
iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtkicebis principebs, fsiqikur
aSlilobebTan asocirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis modificirebis
mizniT.
terminebi bihevioraluri (qceviTi) Terapia da qcevis modifikacia xSirad
sinonimebad gamoiyeneba. oriveSi moiazreba daswavlis principebis
meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli
qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT. bihevioraluri Terapia muSaobs
devianturi qcevebisa da pirovnuli problemebis farTo speqtrze, sadac
 1465

Sedis fobiebi, kompulsiebi (akviatebebi), depresia, damRupveli

miswrafebebi (magaliTad, alkoholizmi an narkotikebi), agresia da
delikventuri qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia specifikur
problemebTan ukeT muSaobs, vidre zogadi xasiaTis pirovnul
problmebTan: fobiis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT efeqtiani iqneba, vidre _
zogadi, usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis Teoriidan,
romelic pragmatuli, empiriuli kvlevis tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli. yvela
cocxali organizmis umTavresi amocanaa, daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da
fizikur garemos moTxovnebTan adaptaciis xerxebi. Tu organizmma ver
daiswavla problemebis efeqtianad daZleva, misi araadapturi reaqciebis
koregireba SesaZlebelia daswavlis (an xelaxali daswavlis) principebze
dafuZnebuli TerapiiT. samizne qceva ar ganixileba raime safuZvlad
mdebare procesis simptomad. simptomi Tavad aris problema.
fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebis prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani
qcevis koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani problemis gamovlenis gareSe,
mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde mivalT anu Tavs iCens axali fizikuri
Tu fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTologiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982; Wolpe, 1986).
“piriqiT, samizne simptomebis gaqrobis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad
 1466

aRniSnavdnen, rom sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra”

(Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac
Sveba
moaqvT daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.
• qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) – ixileT qcevis modifikacia.
• qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) – daswavlis principebis
meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasruveli
qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
• kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) – Terapiuli teqnika, romliTac
xdeba gamomuSavebuli axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
• sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensitization) – bihevioraluri
Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel
stimulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis
Sewyvetas.

kontrganpirobeba
ratom SfoTavs zogierTi adamiani iseTi uwyinari gamRizianebelTan
(anu stimulTan) Sexvedrisas, rogoricaa oboba, araSxamiani gveli an
socialuri kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba
ganpirobebis martivi principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7-e da me-15-e
TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri reaqciebi, romelic “yovelgvari mizezis
 1467

gareSe” angrevs pirovnebis cxovrebas, xSirad ganpirobebulia pirovnebis

mier warsulSi SeumCnevlad daswavlili reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas
Zveli, araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT, xdeba axali reaqciis
gamomuSaveba. bihevioraluri Terapiis Sesaxeb pirvel CanawerebSi
swored aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary Cover Jones,
1924) aCvena, rom pirobiTi refleqsis gamomuSavebiT anu ganpirobebiT
SesaZlebelia SiSis gadaCveva32. (qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi SevadaroT
patara albertis magaliTs me-7-e Tavidan) misi pacienti iyo 3 wlis
biWuna, saxelad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli mizeziT eSinoda kurdRebis.
Terapia moicavda oTaxis erT mxares piteris gamokvebas, meore mxares
ki kurdReli iyo moTavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis ganmavlobaSi
kurdRels TandaTanobiT uaxlovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra da
piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRelTan.
qover jonsis Semdeg, bihevioristi Terapevtebi iyeneben
kontrganpirobebis sxvadasxva teqnikebs _ sistematur desensitizacias,
imploziur33 Terapias, situaciaSi daZirvas34 da aversiul35 Terapias.

sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva eqspoziciuri Terapiebi nervuli

sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da

32
unlearned – sityva-sityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc “gamoswavla” (“отучить”). vinaidan aseTi sityva literaturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom
iTargmna, rogorc “gadaCveva”. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
33
implosion – inglisuridan, “SigniT mimarTuli afeTqeba”, implozia.
34
flooding _ inglisuridan, “CaZirva”, “daZirva”, “siWarbe”.
35
aversion _ inglisuridan, “zizRi”, “zizRis obieqti”.
 1468

agznebulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapirispiro procesebis erTdroulad

aqtivireba. es martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli (urTierT)
Sekavebis
TeoriisTvis, romelic samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volfem
SemogvTavaza
(Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas SiSebisa da fobiebis
samkurnalod iyenebda. volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da
Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli situaciis warmosaxvas aswavlida.
isini amas TandaTanobiT anu gradualurad akeTebdnen _ Soreuli
asociaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo xatebamde. relaqsirebul
mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri Sexvedra
Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic sistematuri desensitizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili.
desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi etapisgan Sedgeba. (1) klienti
axdens SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da ierarqiulad
alagebs maT _ yvelaze sustidan yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi
6.1 mocemuli ierarqia ekuTvnis students, romelSic testireba Zlier
SfoTvas iwvevs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini
(debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad miiCnia, vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla
(debuleba 13). (2) klients aswavlian kunTebis TandaTanobiT Rrmad
modunebas. modunebis swavlebas anu relaqsaciis trenings ramdenime
seansi sWirdeba, romlis drosac klienti swavlobs daZabulobisa da
 1469

modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTisgan garCevas da SfoTvis

moxsnas, fizikuri da fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba
Tavad desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli klienti cxadad warmoidgens
SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls. Tu mas
amis gakeTeba diskomfortis gareSe SeuZlia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT
Zlier stimulze.
cxrili 16. 1. testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis mier Sedgenili SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis ierarqia (SfoTvis mzardi
TanmimdevrobiT)

1. erTi Tve gamocdamde.

2. ori kvira gamocdamde.
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde.
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde.
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde.
6. sami dRe gamocdamde.
7. ori dRe gamocdamde.
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde.
9. gamocdis wina Rame.

10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis furclebi.

11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini.

12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma.

 1470

13. uSualod testirebis procesi _ kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema.

14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.

garkveuli raodenobis seansebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba stimulTa

CamonaTvalSi pirvel adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi)
situaciis SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensitizaciis warmatebiT
gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba
adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi generalizebuli SiSebis dros,
rogoricaa scenis SiSi da impotencia (Emmelkamp,
1990; Spiegler & Guevremont, 1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva
aCvenebs, rom am tipis bihevioraluri Terapia gansakuTrebiT kargad
muSaobs fobiebis mqone pacientebTan.
imploziuri Terapia sistematuri desensitizaciisgan diametralurad
gansxvavebuli midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis nacvlad,
usafrTxo garemoSi klients dasawyisSive waredgineba yvelaze
SemaSinebeli stimuli (SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierarqiuli
CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva
 1471

SemaSinebel stimuls. Terapevti aRwers klientis SiSTan dakavSirebul

ukiduresad SemaSinebel situacias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mTel sxeulze
Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom man srulad warmoidginos,
SeZlebisdagvarad Zlierad ganicados es situacia. iTvleba, rom aseTma
warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiwvios. vinaidan es afeTqeba
Sinagania (individis SigniT xdeba), process implozias anu SigniT
mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodebac
imploziuri Terapia. rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli kargavs
Zalas da veRar axerxebs SfoTvis gamowvevas. rodesac SfoTva aRar
warmoiqneba, qreba is araadapturi qcevac, romelic misTvis Tavis
asarideblad gamoiyeneboda. am proceduris ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients
ar eZleva SfoTvis gamomwvevi situaciis uaryofis, misTvis Tavis aridebis
Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis daRwevis saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom
stimulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom am dros
klients, misi TanxmobiT, realurad aTavseben SiSis momgvrel situaciaSi.
magaliTad, klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas bnel sxvenze aTavseben,
bavSvs, romelsac wylis eSinia _ auzSi.

saidan viciT
 1472

daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis fobiis dros bils, kolejis 21 wlis

students, sahaero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda. amitom is Tavs
aridebda iseT situaciebs, sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis gaskdomis
xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs da sportul RonisZiebebs. bilma
Tanxmoba ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis Terapiis gavlaze.
Terapia Sedgeboda sami Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Terapevts
xvdeboda yovel dRe, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT
buSti gaskda. pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma subieqturi diskomfortis
maRali done aCvena _ 100 qula (100 qulian skalaze, sadac 0
aRniSnavda srul simSvides, 100 _ ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirveli
man subieqturi diskomforti mxolod 5 quliT gamoxata (imave 100
qulian skalaze); ukanaskneli 115 buSti man Tavisi xeliT gaxeTqa.
daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili aRar aridebda Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT
savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).

daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma warmosaxviT iwyeba. am

SemTxvevaSi klients SeuZlia mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori
saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze dawvrilebiT yvebian fobiis Sesatyvisi
ukiduresad SemaSinebeli situaciis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac
SeZrwuneba da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis momgvrel
situaciaSi, romelic, cxadia, aRar aris imdenad SemaZrwunebeli,
 1473

ramdenadac Tavad mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva gacilebiT

efeqturia, vidre sistematur desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT
iseT qceviT problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia. amasTan, praqtikuli
gamocdilebis mixedviT, klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi
mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979). sistematuri desensitizaciis,
imploziuri Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis _ yvelasTvis
damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _ eqspozicia anu stimulis
wardgena. warmosaxviT iqneba, realuri kontaqtiT Tu uaxlesi meTodiT _
virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients waredgineba is obieqti an
situacia, romelic mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad,
qalbatoni, romelsac akviatebuli hqonda azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu
xasiaTdeboda WuWyis obsesiiT),
iZulebiT (anu kompulsurad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da
dasisxlianebamde. igi zogjer Tavis mokvlazec ki fiqrobda, imdenad
gausaZlisi iyo aSliloba, romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxovrebis
ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis meTvalyurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir
Seejaxa im obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze metad aSinebda _ WuWysa da
nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki Seexo. man isic ki moaxerxa, rom
xuTi dRis manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
 1474

am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Terapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _

reaqciis
prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis gamomwvevi stimuli
(WuWyi da

• imploziuri Terapia (implosion therapy) – bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,

romelic miznad isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Semcirebas, rac
klientisTvis warmosaxviTi SemaSinebeli stimulis wardgeniT
xorcieldeba.
• situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) – fobiebisTvis gankuTvnili Terapia,
rodesac klients, misi TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad
SemaSinebeli stimuli.
nagavi), aramed man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis dabana),
romelic, Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma
iswavla SfoTvis Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxorcielebis gareSe.

aversiuli Terapia zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis formebi klients

uSualod realurad uwyinar stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra
unda movimoqmedoT maT dasaxmareblad, visac saziano stimulebi
izidavs? narkotikebze damokidebuleba, seqsualuri perversiebi da
umarTavi Zaladoba is problemebia, romelTa SemTxvevaSic devianturi
qcevis aRmZvrelad mimzidveli stimuli gvevlineba. aversiuli Terapiisas
 1475

iyeneben kontrganpirobebis procedurebs, raTa moxdes mocemuli stimulis

Sewyvileba mZlavr damazianebel stimulTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
eleqtruli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad, igive uaryofiT
reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba
aversiuli reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT _ ezizReba is da am
zizRiT Caanacvlebs stimulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aversiuli
Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT individebTan, romlebic TviT-damazianebel
qcevebs axorcieleben, rogoricaa Tavis mravaljeradi dartyma an mirtyma
sxva sagnebze. aseTi qcevis ganxorcielebis dros, individs msubuq eleqtrul
dartymas ayeneben. es mkurnaloba efeqtianad amcirebs TviT-
damazianebel qcevas zogierTi, magram ara yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi
(Duker & Seys, 1996).
ukiduresi formis aversiuli Terapia wamebas gavs. sainteresoa, ratom
eqvemdebarebian adamianebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras?
Cveulebriv, isini amas mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom realurad xedaven _
aseTi qcevis paternis droSi gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT
janmrTelobas, karieras an ojaxur cxovrebas. garda amisa, aseTi Terapiis
gavlis mizezi instituciuri zewolac SeiZleba gaxdes, rogorc xdeba,
magaliTad, patimrebisTvis gankuTvnil mkurnalobis zogierT programaSi.
mravali kritikosis azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi gamoyenebuli mtkivneuli
procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas aZlevs Terapevts; (2) damsjeli
 1476

RonisZiebebi ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba iseT

dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba
da maTgan aravin iRebs proceduris Catarebis nebarTvas. ukanasknel
wlebSi, instituciur sareabilitacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Terapiis
gamoyeneba eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis36 kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia,
aseTi SezRudvebis pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro iqneba,
vidre _ iZulebiTi da Zaladobrivi.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZlebelia erTi reaqciis
Canacvleba meore reaqciiT. qcevis modifikaciis sxva meTodebi efuZneba
operantuli ganpirobebis principebs, romelic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner)
mier dawyebuli kvlevebis tradiciebze Camoyalibda. pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gulisxmobs mkurnalobis zogad strategias,
romelic mimarTulia qcevis Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis gziT.
bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi
teqnika arsebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis
strategia da Caqrobis strategia. dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia rodesac
reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia,
rom es reaqcia ganmeordes da droTa ganmavlobaSi gaxSirdes. operantuli
daswavlis es ZiriTadi principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac
36
saubaria aSS-s Statebze (mTargmnelis SniSvna).
 1477

gamoiyenes sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad mas Semdeg, rac am

qcevam arasasurveli qceva Caanacvla. qcevis problemebze muSaobisas
STambeWdavi Sedegi miiRes, rodesac dadebiTi ganmtkicebis procedura
gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT me-7-e TavSi ganxiluli ori magaliTi.
Cven aRvwereT, rogor gamoiyenes qcevis formireba autisti bavSvis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. pacienti sami wlis biWuna iyo, romelsac
saTvale unda etarebina. Terapevtma pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani
saTamaSo gamoiyena, raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT mieaxlovebina
saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis ekonomikaze, rodesac
winaswar aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da
medikamentebis miReba) sasurveli qceva da momsaxure personali
samizne qcevis yoveli ganxorcielebisas individs Jetons aZlevs. es
Jetonebi mogvianebiT SeiZleba gaicvalos mTel rig waxalisebebsa da
privilegiebze (Kazdin, 1994; Martin & Pear, 1999). waxalisebis aseTi
sistemebi gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis Sesacvlelad,
rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla, wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva saarsebo
garemoSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierTqmedebebi.

• aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) – qceviTi Terapiis tipi, romelic

gamoiyeneba saziano stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
 1478

• pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency menegement) –

zogadi mkurnalobis strategia, romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas
Tanmimdevruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.

sxva midgomaSi Terapevti gamorCeulad ganamtkicebs arasasurveli

qcevis sapirispiro qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narkotikebze
damokidebuli adamianebis mkurnalobisas.
saidan viciT
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba narkotikebze
damokidebulebisas
mkvlevarebma moZebnes 70 mamakaci da qali,
romelsac kokainze damokidebulebisgan gankurneba
surda. TiToeulma monawilem gaiara sakonsultacio
seansebi, raTa gacnobodnen am damokidebulebis
gadalaxvis strategiebsa da unar-Cvevebs. garda amisa,
36 monawiles aZlevdnen specialur baraTebs yovel
jerze, rodesac analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar
Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiToeuli baraTis
Rirebuleba 25 cents Seadgenda da mis sanacvlod
SeiZleboda sabiTumo saqonlis SeZena. dasawyisSi
Sardis yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi
monawileebs 10 baraTs aZlevdnen. mas Semdeg, rac
maTi Sardis analizi isev da isev uaryofiTi iyo, yovel
Semdeg jerze baraTebis raodenoba izrdeboda.
monawileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad
iqca, romelic Seawyviles narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan.
danarCen 34 monawilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs,
 1479

Tumca, maTi ganmamtkicebeli ar iyo Sewyvilebuli

narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan: “SeuwyvilebelTa” jgufis
TiToeuli wevri mimagrebuli iyo “SewyvilebulTa”
jgufis romelime wevrze da orive erTnairi odenobiTa
da erTdroulad iRebda ganmtkicebas (baraTebs).
kvlevis aseTi sqemidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
darwmunebulni viyoT, rom baraTebis nebismieri
efeqti Sewyvilebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod
ganmtkicebis. faqtobrivad, pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblisa
(baraTebis) da sasurveli qcevis (narkotikis gareSe
yofna) Sewyvileba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis
dasasrulisTvis da kvlevidan erTi wlis Semdegac
“SewyvilebulTa” jgufis wevrebi, “SeuwyvilebelTa”
jgufis wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT, uwyveti
warmatebiT axerxebdnen narkotikisgan Tavis
Sesavebas (Higgins et al., 2000).

SeiZleba, SeamCnieT, rom aq igive principi moqmedebs, rac

arasasurveli reaqciis sasurveliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT):
adapturi qcevis albaTobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba daswavlis ZiriTadi
principebi.

Caqrobis strategia ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas, rasac

tkivili da tanjva moaqvs maSin, roca sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba
gaaCniaT? pasuxi aseTia: qcevis mraval formas mravalricxovani da
sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs _ zogierTi maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _
 1480

uaryofiTi. xSirad axerxebs SeumCneveli dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli

qcevis SenarCunebas, misi aSkarad uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad.
magaliTad, bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis, SeiZleba
ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis
erTaderTi formaa.
Caqrobis strategia gamosadegia TerapiaSi maSin, rodesac disfunqciuri
qcevebis SenarCuneba gaurkveveli ganmamtkicebeli garemoebebiT
xdeba. am ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena situaciis zedmiwevniTi
analiziT SeiZleba. Semdeg ise xdeba programis Sedgena, rom
arasasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisas SeuZlebeli gaxdes maTi gamoCena.
Tu SesaZlebelia am midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu klientis garemocvaSi
myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganamtkiceben qcevas,
TanamSromloben TerapevtTan, Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis
sixSires da droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad gaaqrobs mas.
ganvixiloT klasis magaliTi. mkvlevarebma gaarkvies, rom dawyebiTi
skolis oTxi moswavlis araadaptur qcevaze ganmamtkiceblad
moqmedebda TanaklaselTa yuradReba. mkvlevarebma miaRwies, rom
bavSvebi yuradRebas iCendnen am oTxi moswavlis misaRebi
qcevebisadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel qcevebs. amiT maT
SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard &
Northup, 1997). aramizanmimarTuli ganmtkicebiT Sizofreniuli qcevis
 1481

SenarCuneba da waxalisebac ki SeiZleba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia:

mraval fsiqiatriul klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom momsaxure personali
xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs: “rogor grZnobT Tavs?” rac socialuri
komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs xSirad arasworad esmiT es
SekiTxva da hgoniaT, rom amiT momsaxure personals diagnozisTvis
saWiro informaciis miReba surs. amitom sakuTar azrebze, grZnobebze,
ucnaur simptomebsa da halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi moaqvs; momsaxure personali mihyavs
daskvnamde, rom pacientebi sakuTar TavSi arian Caflulni da
aranormalurad iqcevian. faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom rac ufro ucnaur
simptomebs da sityvier masalas miawvdian pacientebi, miT met
yuradRebas miiReben momsaxure personalisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv,
ganamtkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamoxatvas. klasikur
gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi
Semcireba, rodesac momsaxure personals mieca martivi instruqcia _
moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da mxolod normalurad moqcevis
SemTxvevaSi mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba

(Ayllon & Michael, 1959).

socialuri daswavlis Terapia bihevioraluri Terapiebis diapazoni
gaafarToves socialuri-daswavlis Teoretikosebma, romlebic
 1482

miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi sxva adamianebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT

swavloben. axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi simboluri
saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viyenebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi,
filmebsa Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze dakvirveba.
socialuri daswavlis Terapia mowodebulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis
modificirebisTvis iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac klienti xedavs, Tu
rogor waxalisdeba modeli ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. daswavlis
aseTi gaSualebuli procesi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia fobiebis daZlevisa da
socialuri Cvevebis Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom
socialuri daswavlis es Teoria, ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert
Bandura) naSromebSi damuSavda (1977; 1986). aq misi midgomis
mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis mibaZvasa da socialuri unar-
Cvevebis SemuSavebaze.

modelis mibaZva
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT, individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis
meSveobiT daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobiebis mqone
adamianebs unda SeeZloT, rom modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion
SiSis reaqcias. magaliTad, gvelebis SiSis mkurnalobisas Terapevti jer
aCvenebs klients, rom SedarebiT usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia
gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloveba; es SeiZleba iyos galiasTan axlos misvla an
misTvis xelis Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa da waxalisebiT
 1483

exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba

miaxloebis qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli xelSi aiyvanos da
mas sxeulze Tavisuflad moZraobis saSualeba misces. klients aranairi
qcevis ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier momentSi warmoqmnili
winaaRmdegobis daZleva miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad
SemaSinebel safexurze dabrunebiT xdeba.

• socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning therapy) – mkurnalobis

forma, rodesac klienti uyurebs, Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas

sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

• modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant modeling) –
Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Terapevti uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da
klients mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier
ganxorcielebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
•qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) – procedura, romelic
mowodebulia
ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis;
rodesac CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis programaSi,
igulisxmeba, rom klienti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis
Tanmimdevrobas.
 1484

ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba,

kargad Cans kvlevaSi, romelSic es teqnika Seadares simbolur
modelirebas, desensitizaciasa da sakontrolo jgufis mdgomareobas.
simboluri modelirebiT Terapiisas pacientebi, romelTac naswavli hqondaT
relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac ramdenime modeli uSiSrad
epyroboda gvelebs. Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas iwvevda,
SeeZloT, nebismier dros gaeCerebinaT filmi da modunebuliyvnen.
sakontrolo jgufSi ar yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 suraTidan Cans,
monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba aSkarad yvelaze warmatebuli iyo
am teqnikebs Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis jgufis 12-dan
11 monawile ganikurna gvelebis SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970).

suraTi 16.1. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis Terapia

fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer models uyurebda, romelic
TandaTanobiT uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg Tavad gaimeora igive qceva.
saboloo jamSi, mas SeeZlo gvelis xelSi aReba da sakuTar sxeulze
misTvis moZraobis saSualebis micema. grafikze asaxulia cdis piris mier
ganxorcielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa raodenoba monawileobis
meSveobiT Terapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aRmoCnda) da Semdeg; es
qceva waredgina danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis da sakontrolo jgufsac.
socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba socialuri daswavlis TerapevtTa
mier Semotanil umTavres siaxles warmoadgens araadekvaturi socialuri
 1485

Cvevebis mqone adamianebisTvis ufro efeqturad funqcionirebis

swavleba. fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi mraval sirTules
awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel adamianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT
problemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben Tavs
sxvebTan urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari
poziciebis dacva. socialuri unar-Cvevebi anu urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi
reaqciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic adamianebs socialuri miznebis efeqturad
miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rodesac isini mimarTaven sxvebs an
urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan. am unarCvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1)
ra (Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul situaciaSi, raTa
gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia (Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili) vTqvaT da
moviqceT; (3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT. urTierTobis
unarCvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa
sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa Tu survilebis
gamoxatva da dacva pirdapir, gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti
&Emmons, 1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am problemis daZlebaSi
dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali Terapevti gvirCevs qcevis
repeticias _ imis TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda moviqceT
mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasuveli dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven
mier ganxorcielebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
 1486

mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win uswrebs socialuri unar-

Cvevebis nakleboba bavSvobaSi (Oden & Asher, 1977). amitom
mkvlevarTa da TerapevtTa mniSvnelovani Zalixmeva mimarTulia
Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobis ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer &
McBurnett, 1997). erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom drois xanmokle
periodSi SesaZlebeli iyo urTierTobis Cvevebis swavleba winasaskolo
asakis bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izolirebulad Tvlidnen.

saidan viciT
sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobis daswavla
skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxvda sam
sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT unda eTamaSaT Tavisive
asakis mewyvilesTan, 1-1,5 wliT umcros
mewyvilesTan da marto, mewyviles gareSe
(sakontrolo). erTi Tvis manZilze wyvilebi saTamaSod
Sekribes aTjer da TiToeuli Sexvedra mxolog 20 wuTi
grZeldeboda. iwereboda maTi qceva saklaso oTaxSi
eqsperimentamde da Semdeg. aRmoCnda, rom zemoT
aRwerilma Carevam Zlieri gavlena moaxdina. umcros
mewyvilesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga da
sxva bavSvebis
saSualo maCvenebels miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis sixSire im
bavSvebTan, romlebic Caketilebad da arakontaqturebad iTvlebodnen.
 1487

TanatolTan TamaSis gamocdilebamac gazarda bavSvebis sociabiluroba,

magram Zalze mcired. mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom erTi-erTze,
wyvilSi TamaSis situacia morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rom
socialurad usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi
iyvnen sxvasTan urTierTobisas. maT SeeZloT xelmZRvanelis rolSic
gamoecadaT Tavi mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare, usafrTxo
situaciaSi TamaSisas
(Furman et al., 1979).
sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis mqone hospitalizirebul
bavSvebs, socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis Sedegad, gauumjobesdaT
socialur situaciebSi qcevis verbaluri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson
et al., 1980). bavSvebs aswavles sxvadasxvagvar socialur situaciebSi
saTanado sityvieri pasuxebis gacema (daxmarebis gaweva an
komplimentis Tqma, TxovniT mimarTva). maT, aseve, aswavles
saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad, gaRimeba Seqebisas),
saubrisas sworad moqceva (mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis
kontaqtis damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi yureba). es
gaumjobesebuli socialuri unarCvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im
situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda saswavlo programaSi: bavSvebi
 1488

gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs palatebSic iyenebdnen. es dadebiTi

Sedegi Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.

generalizaciis teqnikebi biheviorist Terapevtebs yovelTvis ainteresebT

Semdegi sakiTxi: ramdenad ganaxorcieleben maTi klientebi Terapiul
garemoSi daswavlil qcevebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (Kazdin, 1994). es
sakiTxi yvela TerapevtisTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan mkurnalobis
efeqtianobis nebismieri sazomi unda moicavdes grZelvadian cvlilebebs,
romelic SenarCundeba mas Semdegac, rac klienti datovebs Terapevtis
taxts, klinikisa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli klientis realuri
cxovrebis mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Terapiis procesSi qcevaSi miRweuli
cvlilebebi SeiZleba daikargos droTa ganmavlobaSi, Terapiis dasrulebis
Semdeg. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan asacileblad, miRebuli
praqtikaa generalizaciis teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul
procedurebSi CarTva. es teqnikebi mowodebulia, raTa maqsimalurad
miuaxlovnon erTmaneTs Terapiuli garemos da realuri cxovrebis samizne
qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da stimulis moTxovnebi. magaliTad,
klientebs aswavlian qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul garemoSic
ganmtkicdeba, iqneba es Tavazianobis gamoCena Tu windaxeduleba.
waxaliseba eZlevaT parcialuri (nawilobrivi) ganmtkicebis ganrigiT, raTa
 1489

miRebuli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes, sadac ganmtkiceba

yovelTvis ar mosdevs qcevas. TandaTanobiT amcireben sagrZnobi
garegani gamtkicebis molodins da, amasTan, aCveven socialur miRebasa
da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs, maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi
wamaxalisebel gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad, bihevioristma Terapevtebma TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis
meTodi gamoiyenebs 7 wlis biWunasTan muSaobisas, romelic xSirad
paravda nivTebs Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen, 1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu
Semowmebis Sedegad masTan sxva bavSvebis nivTebs poulobdnen, an
“qulebiT” ajildovebdnen (romelTa gadacvlac SesaZlebeli iyo iseT
sasiamovno ganmamtkiceblebze, rogoricaa damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu
mas aseTi nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi erTxel
amowmebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemowmebaTa ricxvi
TandaTanobiT Seamcires da biWis Semowmebebs Soris intervali 2
saaTamde gazardes, sabolood ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac ki,
rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT uSualo manipulacia, biWs
aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri Terapiebis ganxilvamde, erTi wuTiT SexedeT cxrils 16.2,
dafiqrdiT da gaiazreT, ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Cvens mier ganxilul or
fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _ fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.
 1490

Sejameba
adapturi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad da araadapturi qcevis sixSiris
Sesamcireblad bihevioraluri Terapia daswavlis principebs iyenebs.
kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia
da daZirva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi nawilia eqspozicia anu
stimulis wardgena. aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli stimulisa da
arasasurveli qcevis Sewyvileba. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvisas,
samizne qcevis gasaZliereblad an Sesasusteblad, gamoiyeneba dadebiTi
ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis strategia. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis
gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa fobiebis moxsna; individebs SiSis
daZleva modelis mibaZviT SeuZliaT.
Terapevtebi socialuri daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
SemuSavebis mizniTac iyeneben.
cxrili 16.2 fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalituri da bihevioraluri midgomebis
Sedareba
sagani fsiqoanalizi bihevioraluri Terapia

adamianis biologiuri instinqtebi, sxva cxovelebis

sawyisi buneba pirvel rigSi, msgavsad,
seqsualuri adamianebi
 1491

da agresiuli, mxolod swavlis

romelTac SesaZleblobiT
ibadebian;
dauyovneblivi daswavlis procesi
gamonTavisufleba igive principebs
emorCileba
esaWiroebaT da
adamianTan,
aiZuleben romelsac yvela
adamians, rom sxva saxeobis
SemTxvevaSi.
daupirispirdes
socialur realobas.
normaluri ganviTareba xdeba adapturi qcevebi
adamianuri Tanmimdevrul daiswavleba
ganviTareba stadiebze ganmtkicebiTa da
konfliqtebis mibaZviT.
gadawyvetis
Sedegad.
identifikaciisa da
internalizaciis gziT
yalibdeba egos
mxridan
zrdasrulisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
marTvis
meqnizmebi da
xasiaTis struqturebi.
 1492

fsiqopaTologpaTologiaSi problemuri qceva

iis buneba aisaxeba konfliqtis momdinareobs
araadekvaturi araadapturi
gadawyveta da ganviTarebis qcevebis
arasworad adreul stadiebze
daswavlidan. simptomi aris
fiqsacia, amis Sedegia problema da
ar arsebobs Zalian Zlieri impulsebi
aranairi safuZvlad da/an maTi
Sesustebuli mdebare daavadeba.

kontoli. garCevasa da
Terapiis fsiqoseqsualuri aRikveTeba gaazrebaze
mizani orientacia.
simptomaturi mowifulobis miRweva,
egos qceva da Canacvldeba funqciebis
gaZliereba da adapturi qcevebiT.
aracnobieri da gandevnili impulsebis
mxridan kontrolis Sesusteba.
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli Terapia
gamokveTilimimarTulia
fsiqologiuri motivebi, grZnobebi, qcevaze da
dakvirvebad sfero fantaziebi da kogniciebi.
grZnobebsa da moqmedebebze.
drois aspeqti wasrulis konfliqtebisa da aracnobieri es aris
gandevnili grZnobebis fsiqoanalizis masalis roli
cnobierebaSi amotanaze, centraluri sakiTxi,
 1493

romelsac awmyoSi
neofroidianebeli
realurad
SedarebiT nakleb
mniSvnelobas arsebul qcevas.
aniWeben.
ar ainteresebT aracnobieri
insaitis roliinsaits centraluri
adgili ukavia; procesebi da cnobieri
Cndeba subieqturi gamocdileba.
makoregirebel
emociur
gamocdilebaSi. insaiti zedmetia da/an ar
Terapevti
moqmedebs, rogorc aris saWiro.
Terapevtis gamomZiebeli:
roli eZebs
pirvelad, sawyisi Terapevti moqmedebs,

konfliqtebisa da ainteresebT rogorc treneri: exmareba

mxolod klientis qcevis klients Zveli qcevisgan
ganmtkicebis istoria. gadaCvevasa da/an axali
ikvleven da mkurnaloben
winaaRmdegobis warmoqmnis qcevis daswavlaSi. mizezebs;
gamijnuli da mniSvnelovania neitraluri, xels uwyobs
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva; gadatanis reaqciis naklebi
mniSvneloba ganviTarebas. eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobas.

kognituri Terapiebi
 1494

kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis

Secvlas, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis
damokidebulebis SecvliT. es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg daSvebas:
paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da emociuri distresi momdinareobs
problemebidan, romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri Sinaarsi) fiqroben
da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiqroben adamianebi. kognituri Terapia
fokusirdeba sxvadasxvagvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri gadastruqturebis sxvadasxva meTodebis swavlebaze. am
midgomis zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13-e TavSi ganvixileT, rogorc
stresTan gamklavebisa da janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis saSualebebi. am
qveTavSi aRvwerT kognituri Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kognitur
bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari Tavis rwmenis anu TviT-efeqturobis
gamomuSavebis CaTvliT) da mcdari warmodgenebis sistemebis Secvlas
(depresiis kognituri Terapiisa da racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT).
Y

• kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) – fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis

forma, romliTac cdiloben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis
SecvliT.

kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia

 1495

Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar Tavs, rom unda viyoT da

vakeTebT imas, rac gvgonia, rom unda vakeToT. es aris kongitur
bihevioraluri midifikaciis sawyisi piroba. am Terapiul midgomaSi
gaerTianebulia, erTi mxriv, motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da
ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognituri aqcenti da, meore mxriv, qcevis
modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti. arasasurveli,
miuRebeli qcevis paternebi modificirdeba kognituri
gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis
SecvliR
konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.
• kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive behavior modification) _
Terapiuli midgoma, romelic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze
azrebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognitur aqcents da, meore mxriv,
qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.

mocemuli Terapiuli midgomis kritikuli nawilia fsiqoTerapevtisa da

klientis mier imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor gamoxatavs
problemas, romelic unda mogvardes Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac
Terapevti da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi ubiZgeben klients
araproduqtuli an disfunqciuri qcevisken, isini iwyeben axali,
konstruqciuli debulebebis SemuSavebas da TviT-pativiscemis
Semamcirebeli an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviTganmkicxavi debulebebis
 1496

Semcirebas (Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993). magaliTad, negatiuri

debuleba “saSinlad mosawyeni viyavi wveulebaze; aRarasodes
dampatiJeben”, Canacvldeba konstruqciuli kritikiT: ”Tu minda, rom
sainteresod gamoviyurebode, momavalSi raime damaintrigebeli frazebi
unda movifiqro saubris dasawyebad, gaviwafo kargi anegdotis moyolaSi
da cocxlad gamovexmauro maspinZlis monaTxrobs.” ganvlili situaciebis
uaryofiTi momentebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis, klients
aswavlian momavali movlenebis dadebiT aspeqtebze fokusirebas.
kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia klients qcevis warmatebulobaze
ganawyobs. Terapevtebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis
adamianebis mxridan efeqturad moqcevis albaTobas. miRwevadi
miznebis dasaxvis, maT misaRwevad realisturi strategiebis SemuSavebis
da Sedegebis realisturad
Sefasebis gziT viTardeba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena anu
TviT-efeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997). rogorc me-14-e TavSi vnaxeT,
TviT-efeqturoba mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da
qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra
Zalisxmevas gaiRebT da ramdenad didxans
SeewinaaRmdegebiT warmoqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer,
1992). qcevis modelirebis zemoT aRwerili procedura individebs
 1497

saSualebas aZlevs, rom gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis

gancda anu bihevioraluri TviTefeqturoba: isini daiswavlian, rom
xelewifebaT garkveuli saxis qcevebis ganxorcieleba. amis sapirispirod,
sakuTar azrebsa da warmodgenebSi darwmunebulobis anu kognituri
TviT-efeqturobis gamuSavebaze mimarTuli Terapia cvlis klientis
mosazrebebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT
gamokvlevaSi im studentebma, romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana,
romelic maTgan gadawyvetilebis miRebas iTxovda, gaaumjobesebda
maT SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre
maT, visac miaCnda, rom es amocana mxolod ukve arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis saSualeba iyo (Wood & Bandura, 1989). am
kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogoricaa “me SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad
gakeTeba,” realurad exmareboda studentebs amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla zogierTi kognitur bihevioraluri Terapevti,
pirvel rigSi, rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa da azrTa Cveuli paternebis
Secvlazea mimarTuli. isini amtkiceben, rom mravali fsiqologiuri
problema momdinareobs sxva adamianebTan da movlenebTan
mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araarekvaturi damokidebulebidan.
mcdar azrTa nakadi SeiZleba efuZnebodes (1) usafuZvlo, arakeTilgonier
ganwyobebs (“idealurad swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa”);
 1498

(2) mcdar winapirobebs (“Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb, rasac momTxoven,

popularuli gavxdebi”) da (3) xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur
reJimSi gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis ukve arsebuli paternebi maSinac ki
meordeba, roca realurad ukve usargebloa (“unda davemorCilo
xelmZRvanelobas”). emociur distress anu sulier tanjvas badebs araswori
warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa da sakuTari warmosaxvebis (an
molodinebis) erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris ar qona. depresiis
kognituri Terapia kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients exmareba, rom
azrovnebis damaxinjebuli, araswori paternebi Caanacvlos problemebis
gadawyvetis ufro efeqturi meTodebiT. aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1976)
warmatebiT gamoscada da moargo kognituri Terapia depresiis
mkurnalobas. mkurnalobis formula man martivad Camoayaliba:
“Terapevti exmareba pacients damaxinjebuli, mcdari azrebis
gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis formulirebis ufro realisturi
gzebis aTvisebaSi” (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs SeiZleba
sTxovon, rom daweron is uaryofiTi azrebi, romlebic sakuTari Tavis
mimarT uCndebaT; gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es TviTkritikuli
gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo da SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da
naklebad damangreveli) warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze.
 1499

bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba droSi, rom adamianebma

araferi ician im uaryofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, maTgan damoukideblad warmoiqneba; avtomaturi azrebis
magaliTebia: “verasodes viqnebi iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa”,
“rom gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis veyvarebi”, “arc ise Wkviani
var, rom rames mivaRwio skolaSi, sadac aseTi gacxarebuli brZolaa
pirvelobisTvis”. Terapevti axorcielebs oTx taqtikur svlas, romelic
mowodebulia depresiis kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck
& Rush, 1989; Beck et al., 1979).
• eWv qveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs sakuTari
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;
• afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtkicebulebebs, romlebic adastureben an
uaryofen avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;
• gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqtorebze da ar miawers mas klientis
mouxerxeblobas an arakompetenturobas.
• ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gadawyvetis alternatiul gzebs,
romelTa uSedegod gadawyveta SeiZleboda uaryofiT gamocdilebad
qceuliyo klientisTvis.
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am TerapiaSic centraluri adgili
ukavia
klientis mimdinare mdgomareobas.
 1500

depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis aucilebloba da
apaTiuroba. sakuTari uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb
akviatebuli azrebi mexsierebaSi acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki odesme cudi
momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro amwvavebs
daTrgunulobis gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros depresiis Savi
saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xedaven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas
sarkazmad aRiqvamen, rac kidev erTi “mizezia” imisTvis, rom
depresiulebi iyvnen. kognituri Terapiebi aCereben depresiis am
daRmaval spirals imiT, rom exmarebian klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros
depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985). kognituri Terapiebis
daxvewis mizniT, mkvlevarebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi
siRrmiseuli azrobrivi (insaitis) wvdomis gamoyenebas (Jacobson et al.,
1996; Teasdale et al., 1995). magaliTad, erT-erTi gamokvleviT
dasabuTda, rom Terapia yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi
maxasiaTeblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs sakuTari depresiulobis
mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis & Jacobson, 1996). am codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT, klinicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis saTanado
mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.
 1501

racionalur-emociuri Terapia kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli formaa

racionalur-emociuri Terapia
(reT), romelic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy & Ellis,
1997) ekuTvnis. racionalur-emociuri Terapia pirovnebis Secvlis
yovlismomcveli sistemaa, romelic im iracionaluri azrebis tranformacias
efuZneba, romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri muxtis mqone iseT
reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva. klientebs SeiZleba hqondeT
gamyarebuli ZiriTadi faseulobebi, romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen
warmatebulni da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom maT samarTlianad unda
moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom irgvliv yvelaferi ufro sasiamovno
unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu
rogor unda gadaastruqturos yvela “saWiroa”, “valdebuli xar” da “ase
unda iyos”, romelic mis qcevas akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari
survilisamebr cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis amocanaa, daanaxos
klients, rom emociuri reaqcia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas,
sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb klientisTvis ucnobi warmodgenebis
arsebobis Sedegia; amiT Terapevti klientis Caketil cnobierebaSi SeWras
cdilobs. magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis dros orgazmis ararseboba (movlena)
iwvevs daTrgunulobisa da TviT-gankicxvis emociur reaqcias. emociuri
 1502

reaqciis gamomwvevi warmodgenebis daaxloebiT aseTia: “ar vvargivar

seqsualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var, radgan ise ver moviqeci,
rogorc unda movqceuliyavi”. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmodgenebis
Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfrontaciiTa da momxdari movlenis iseTi
sxva mizezebis garCeviT, rogoricaa gadaRla, alkoholis zemoqmedeba,
mcdari warmodgenebi sqesobrivi aqtis msvlelobaze anda mocemul dros
an am konkretul partniorTan urTierTobis damyarebis survilis arqona.
konfrontaciis teqnikas Terapiuli zemoqmedebis sxva formebi mohyveba,
romliTac xdeba dogmaturi, iracionaluri azrovnebis Canacvleba
racionaluri, situaciurad ganpirobebuli ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia mimarTulia individisTvis sakuTari
Rirebulebisa da potencialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis realizeba
mas Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac igi Tavs daaRwevs pirovnuli zrdis
damabrkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, mas
bevri aqvs saerTo humanistur TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.

• racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-emotive therapy – RET) –

pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracionaluri
azrebis tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri
emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva.
 1503

Sejameba kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamianebis tanjvisgan

gaTavisuflebas imis SecvliT cdiloben, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben isini
cxovrebiseul movlenebze. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikaciisas icvleba
arasasurveli qcevis paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb uaryofiT
gamonaTqvamebs cvlian konsqtruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.
depresiis kognituri Terapiisas aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs, cvlian klientis
azrebis Cveul nakads da mimdinare movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul
paternebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels uwyobs klients cnobierebaSi
barierebis daZlevasa da sakuTari survilebiT cxovrebis dawyebaSi.

egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaarsiani adamianuri
urTierTobebis arqona da iseTi mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba,
romelTaTvisac Rirs brZola _ tipiuria egzistencialuri krizisebisTvis _ ase
fiqroben adamianis bunebisadmi humanisturi da egzistencialuri midgomis
momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda Terapiis ganzogadebul
saxeobaSi, romelic mimarTulia yvela adamianisTvis saerTo, yofierebis
ZiriTad problemebze.
rogorc me-14-e TavSi vnaxeT, humanisturi Teoriebis birTvs
warmoadgens mTliani pirovnebis cneba, romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da
Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemo da
 1504

memkvidreobiToba garkveul SezRudvebs awesebs, adamianebi Tavad

irCeven, rani iyvnen; amisaTvis qmnian faseulobaTa sistemebs da
sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axorcieleben maT. Tumca, arCevanis
Tavisuflebas pasuxismgeblobac axlavs Tan. vinaidan adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis yvela SesaZlo Sedegs,
SfoTva da sasowarkveTa euflebaT. maT danaSaulis gancdac stanjavT,
sakuTari potencialis srulad realizebis SesaZleblobebis xelidan gaSvebis
gamo. egzistencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuTvnili axali versia,
romelic aerTianebs mis mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs,
efuZneba mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebis damabneveli realoba
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel ori ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs
dasabams. depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi realobidan wasvlas asaxavs,
sociopaTuri da narcisistuli sindromebi ki _ am realobis eqspluatacias
(Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi, romlebic praqtikaSi iyeneben adamianis bunebis
zogadi Teoriis principebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari
Tavisufleba, ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi arsebuli, moqmedi “me”
da mimdinare momentis, imwuTieri gaelvebis simdidre da
mravalferovneba; SeZlon sakuTari individualurobis damkvidreba da
gamonaxon sakuTari potencialis srulad realizebis (TviT-aqtualizaciis)
 1505

gzebi. egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania mimdinare

cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma filosofiam, aseve, dasabami misca
moZraobas adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Camoyalibda XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos. am
moZraobaSi gaerTianda saSualo adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis
meTodebi, rac miznad isaxavda mis ufro srulad gamoyenebasa da
pirovnuli gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebasa da
gamravalferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia, romelic
Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone
adamianebisTvis, gafarTovda da gamoyenebadi gaxda fsiqikurad
janmrTeli adamianebisTvisac, romelTac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad
efeqturebi, metad produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro bednieri adamianebi.
Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur tradiciebze ganviTarebul
sam Terapiul midgomas: klientze centrirebul Terapias, jgufur Terapiasa
da ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapias.

• moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (Human-potential

movement) _ Terapiuli moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods
da praqtikul saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs saSualo adamianis
potencialis gamovlenas, misi ufro srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli
 1506

gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da gamravalferovnebis

mizniT.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

Terapia kompiuterebis saukuneSi
fsiqoTerapiisadmi miZRvnili Tavis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mizania, daganaxoT misi
qmediTunarianoba da efeqtianoba: gamokvlevebisa da
praqtikuli SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia,
dagarwmunoT, rom realurad SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri
tanjvis Semsubuqeba. 21-e saukunis dasawyisisTvis
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam da
kompiuterebis iolad xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli
gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis sferoSi
dakavebul praqtikosTa xelT arsebuli im saSualebebis
diapazonis gafarToveba, romlebic Terapiuli
cvlilebebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mraval adamians aqvs
SesaZlebloba, “saubriT gankurnebis” _ iseTi
interaqtiuli Terapiis, romelic froidma da misma
mimdevrebma ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pacientis
 1507

pirispir urTierTobis pirobebSi _ gamocdileba

eleqtronuli fostiT an internetiT miiRos (Fink,
1999; King & Moreggi, 1998). kompiuteris
gamoyenebiT ganxorcielebuli Terapiisas Terapevti da
klienti eleqtronuli fostiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs.
mkvlevarebma Tavidanve miuTiTes internetiT
Terapiis potenciur naklovanebebsa da sargebelze.
maTi azriT, aseTi Terapiis nakli isaa, rom SezRuduli
da damaxinjebuli informaciis miwodebis
SemTxvevaSi Terapevtma SeiZleba araswori diagnozi
dasvas, gadamowmebis saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba,
rogorc es SesaZlebelia pirispir situaciaSi (King &
Moreggi, 1998). garda amisa, momxmareblebs
iSviaTad SeuZliaT internet-fsiqologTa
 1508

kompetenturobis gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi

eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZleba daibralos.
miuxedavad am naklovanebebisa, eleqtronuli fostiT
ganxorcielebuli Terapia unikalur SesaZleblobebs
aZlevs Terapevtebsa da maT klientebs. magaliTad,
bevr Terapevts miaCnia, rom am formis Terapiis
fardobiTi anonimuroba klientebs yvelaze
Semawuxebeli problemebis gacilebiT swrafad da
sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs;
isini SeiZleba gacilebiT gulwrfelni iyvnen, roca ar
uwevT sakuTar monaTxrobze Terapevtis dakvirvebadi
reaqciebis gamo nerviuloba (Grohol, 1998).
kibersivrceSi Terapiis yvela uaryofiTi da dadebiTi
mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevarebma
Camoayalibes fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
saerTaSoriso internet-sazogadoeba, romelic
mowodebulia internetTerapiis praqtikuli da eTikuri
SezRudvebis Sesaswavlad.
garda amisa, Terapevtebi igoneben internetisa da
kompiuterebis gamoyenebis axal saSualebebs,
romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro viwro profilis
 1509

Terapiuli daxmarebis gaweva (magaliTad, Newman et

al., 1999; Ström et al., 2000). magaliTad, mkvlevarTa
erTma jgufma Seqmna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo panikuri aSlilobis kognitur
bihevioraluri mkurnalobisTvis (Newman et al., 1997).
eqsperimentSi Sedarda cdis pirTa ori jgufis
mkurnalobis monacemebi: erT jgufs, nawilobriv,
kompiuteris daxmarebiT umkurnales, meorem ki _
tradiciuli Terapiis srul kursi gaiara. orive
SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba moicavda bihevioralur
komponents _ SemaSinebeli situaciebis wardgenas da
relaqsacias da kognitur komponents _ kognitur
gadastruqturebas. Terapiuli programa CatvirTuli iyo
jibis portatul kompiuterebSi. amitom klientebs,
msubuqi wonis gamo, yvelgan SeeZloT maTi tareba.
kompiuteruli programa uzrunvelyofda sxvadasxva
saxis mxardaWeras; maT Soris iyo moduli, romelsac
ekranze gamohqonda gamonaTqvamebi sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb da SeTavazebebi azrovnebis
mimarTulebis Secvlis Taobaze. aseve, iyo moduli,
romelic axleburad sunTqvis Cvevas karnaxobda
klients. orive Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg orive jgufs
SenarCunebuli hqonda TerapiiT miRweuli Sedegebi.
magaliTad, orive tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg
monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniSneboda panikuri
Setevebi. aseTi gamokvlevebi
 1510

imeds gvaZlevs, rom Terapevtis Semcvleli

kompiuteruli programebiT mkurnalobis kursis gavla
klientebs nebismier dros SeeZlebaT.
rogorc winamdebare TavSi vnaxeT, arsebul
fsiqoTerapiaTa umravlesobis ganviTarebis aucilebel
pirobas Terapevtisa da pacientis Tu klientis pirispir
urTierToba Seadgenda. 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi
mkvlevarebi cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ra situaciebSia
SesaZlebeli, rom kompiuterebi da interneti am pirispir
urTierTobis sasargeblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb gverdebi:
• www.ismho.org _ fsiqikuri janmrTelobis
saerTaSoriso internetsazogadoebis veb gverdi.
• www.metanoia.org/imhs/ _ wamyvani veb gverdi,
sadac mocemulia dadasturebuli saTanado
kvalifikaciis mqone TerapevtTa CamonaTvali.
klientze centrirebuli Terapia klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic
karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951, 1977) SemogvTavaza, mniSvnelovani
gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor xedaven sxvadasxva mimarTulebis
Terapevtebi klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze centrirebuli Terapiis
upirvelesi mizania pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri zrdis waxaliseba da
xelSewyoba.
 1511

es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela adamiani xasiaTdeba TviT-

aqtualizaciis _ sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ umTavresi
tendenciiT. rojersi darwmunebuli iyo, rom “organizmi bunebrivad
iswrafvis yvela sakuTari SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa gaZlierdes da
gaumjobesdes” (1959, gv. 196). jansaR ganviTarebas abrkolebs araswori
daswavlis paternebi; amasTan, pirovneba eTanxmeba sxvebis mier mis
mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad imisa, rom mousminos da
miendos sakuTar gonebasa da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad dadebiT me-s
xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris, SfoTvasa da ubedurebis
gancdas badebs. es konfliqti anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cnobierebis
farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom adamiani Tavs ubedurad da
gaufasurebulad grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Terapiuli garemos Seqmna,
romelic klients saSualebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces
sakuTari Tavis gasaumjobeseblad da TviT-aqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan
iTvleba, rom adamiani bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa, Terapevtis
amocana, ZiriTadad, isaa, rom klients daxmareba gauwios im
dabrkolebebis gadalaxvaSi, romelic zRudavs bunebrivad dadebiTi
midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli strategiaa klientis
grZnobebis danaxva, miReba da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _ atmosferoSi xdeba.
 1512

Terapevtic Tavisuflad gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da

grZnobebs. aseTi gulwrfelad gaxnili situaciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti
cdilobs, rom
Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT. aseTi empaTiisTvis
saWiroa, rom Terapevti klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem,
qmediTunarian pirovnebas, romelic ki ar unda ganikiTxos an Seafasos,
aramed romelsac unda daexmaros sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi
(Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri stili klientis waxalisebis
saSualebaa, rom man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli konfliqtis
WeSmarit wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes gavlenisgan, romelic abrkolebs
TviT-aqtualizacias. Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva TerapiebiT muSaoben,
axdenen mosmenilis interpretacias, iZlevian pasuxebs an miTiTebebs,
Terapevti, romelic klientze centrirebuli TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri
da monawile msmenelia, romelic msjelobs da xandaxan formas ucvlis
klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqvamebsa da gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze
centrirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom
aradireqtiuli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar TavSi garkvevasa
da
sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.
 1513

• klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered therapy) –

mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis umTavresi tendenciiT.
• geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) – Terapia, romelic mimarTulia
pirovnebis gamTlianebis mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.

rojerss miaCnda, rom Tu adamianebs sxvebTan Tavisuflad

urTierTobisa da sakuTari Tavis miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT
Tavad SeeZlebaT sakuTari fsiqologiuri sijansaRis aRdgena. am
optimisturma mosazrebam da Terapevtis, rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da
klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma urTierTobam mraval praqtikos-
Terapevtze moaxdina gavlena.

geStalt-Terapia geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aRdgenis

mizniT, mimarTulia gonebisa

da sxeulis gaerTianebaze (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi geStalt-fsiqologiuri

midgoma, romelzec me-5-e TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania
sakuTari Tavis Secnoba anu TviT-Semecneba, rac Semdegnairad
miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom gamoxatos Sekavebuli grZnobebi da
aRiaros warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili daumTavrebeli
 1514

saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da

romelTa damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis gasagrZeleblad. geStalt-
Terapiis fuZemdebeli _ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da Zlieri grZnobebis
gaTamaSebas sTxovda. isini aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs,
romelTac perlzi maTi pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil nawilad
miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: “Cven
xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT sakuTari pirovnebis es
proecirebuli, danawevrebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is
dafaruli potenciali, romelic sizmarSi iCens Tavs” (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba monawileTa waxaliseba, rom
aRadginon kontaqti TavianT “WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan” (Hatcher &
Himelstein, 1996). geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil meTods
carieli skamis teqnika ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams cariel
skams. klientma unda warmoidginos, rom skamze moTavsebulia
romelime grZnoba, pirovneba, obieqti an situacia. igi “esaubreba”
skamze “mjdoms”. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba warmoidginos, rom
skamze misi deda an mama zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs grZnobebs,
romelTac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi “sxedan” skamze da maT
“gaesaubros” imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze.
 1515

es teqnika saSualebas aZlevs klients, daupirispirdes da gamoikvlios

gamoxatvis gareSe darCenili Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZloa,
gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur keTildReobaze.
Sejameba
egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis
cneba,
romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. karl
rojersma Seqmna klientze centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs
aradireqtiuli garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti SeZlebs araswori swavlis
paternebis daZlevas da sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da TviT-
realizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs
gonebisa da sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac grZnobebis gamoxatviTa da
konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs. mravali adamiani sargeblobs TviT-
daxmarebis jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.

jgufuri Terapiebi
mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli midgoma, pirvel rigSi,
iTvaliswinebda Terapevti-pacientis an Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-
erTze urTierTobas. miuxedavad amisa, dResdReobiT mravali adamiani
iRebs Terapiul daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri Terapiis
ganviTarebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs; aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri
Terapia zogjer SeiZleba ufro efeqtiani iyos, vidre individualuri Terapia
 1516

(Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba

praqtikuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire raodenobis fsiqoTerapevtebs
meti klentisTvis SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva. danarCeni upiratesobebi
jgufuri garemos Zalas anu jgufis efeqts ukavSirdeba: jgufi (1) SedarebiT
usafrTxo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc iolad eqceva sxvaTa
gavlenis qveS da Tavad ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2)
iZleva saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma gavlena moaxdinos
calkeuli monawileebis araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs
adamianebs, rom Terapiuli seansebis msvlelobisas daakvirdnen da
gaivarjiSon pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi; (4)
uzrunvelyofs pirveladi ojaxuri jgufis analogias, rac emociuri
gamocdilebis koregirebis saSualebas iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari gansxvavdeba individualuri
Terapiis
wanamZRvrebisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs: viswavloT sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT,
rom isini sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT, ramdenad
gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze moxdenili STabeWdileba imisgan,
rogori STabeWdilebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT
an imisgan, rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda amisa, jgufi
 1517

TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmunebs, rom Cveni simptomebi,

problemebi da “devianturi” qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli _
isini sakmaod xSiria da adamianTa did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan
adamianebs ar uyvarT sxvebTan TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze saubari da
sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informaciis gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da
igive problemis mqone mraval adamians egonos, rom is aris “erTaderTi,
visac es problema aqvs”. jgufur situaciaSi gamocdilebis gaziareba
exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es pluralisturi umecreba _ mravali
maTganisTvis saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur, ganumeorebel
marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis procesSi dawyebuli urTierToba da
urTierTdaxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdegac
gagrZelebs.

ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba

erTmaneTisTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic jgufSi modian droebiTi
urTierTobebis dasamyareblad, ramac SeiZleba garkveuli sargebeli misces
maT. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapiis SemTxvevaSi Terapiul
garemoSi Semodian mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli, ukve arsebuli
erTeulebi.
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Taobaze ojaxuri wyvilebis
konsultacia gulisxmobs partniorTa Soris informaciis gacvlis Cveuli
 1518

paternebis gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis xarisxis

gaumjobesebas (Napier, 2000). wyvilTan erToblivi SexvedrebiT, xSir
SemTxvevebSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis videofirze CaweriTa da Semdeg
Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts SeuZlia daexmaros maT urTierTobis im
verbaluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa da garCevaSi, romelsac isini
iyeneben erTmaneTze upiratesobis mopovebis an marTvis anda
erTmaneTis dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT. TiToeul mxares
aswavlian, Tu rogor unda ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da
yuradRebis gareSe datovos arasasurveli reaqciebi. garda amisa, isini
iTviseben aradireqtiuli mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa daexmaron
partniors grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad gamoxatvaSi. qorwinebis
problemebis mogvarebisTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT efeqturia, vidre
individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi partniorisTvis. amasTan, Sedegebi
aCvenebs, rom mcirdeba ojaxuri krizisebis raodenoba, wyvili ki
inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).
ojaxuri Terapiis klietia mTliani ojaxi, romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo
ojaxis TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis
wevri
(Schwebel & Fine, 1994). ojaxis fsiqoTerapevti muSaobs ojaxis
Sewuxebul, aforiaqebul wevrebTan da exmareba maT imis garkvevaSi,
 1519

Tu ra uqmnis erT an ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania

adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri
manZilebis da erTi mTlianis saxiT moqmedi adamianebis
pirovnebaTSorisi dinamikis Secvla, rac gansxvavdeba cakleuli
araadapturi individebis qcevis Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis
magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis mizeziT
ganxorcielda.

saidan viciT
ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier narkotikebis
moxmareba
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis
Sesamcireblad mkvlevarTa jgufma gadawyvita jgufuri
Terapiis gamoyeneba. maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo:
kvlevaSi monawile mozardebi maSin ufro
Seamcirebdnen narkotikebis moxmarebas, Tu
mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri garemo. amitom
ojaxis Terapiis samizne iyo rogorc mozardTa
moqmedebebis gamosworeba, ise _ mSoblebis mier
gamoyenebuli aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba.
eqvsTviani mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis
ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis Cveuli uaryofiTi qcevebi SvilebTan
urTierTobisas (magaliTad, uaryofiTi emociebis
gamoxatva, sityvieri agresia) _ 72% sWarbobda
dadebiT qmedebebs (magaliTad, optimizmisa da
 1520

siyvarulis gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasrulisTvis

ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis Cvevebma _ 77%
gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%. garda amisa, im
mSoblebis Svilebma, romlebmac aRzrdis stilis zogadi
gaumjobeseba aCvenebs, mniSvnelovnad Seamcires
narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).

es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelovnebis TvalsaCino magaliTia.

vinaidan mTel ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala
garemos is faqtorebi, romelmac, SesaZloa, miiyvanes kidec mozardi
narkotikebis gasinjvamde da moxmarebamde.
ojaxis Terapias SeuZlia ojaxSi arsebuli daZabulobis Semcireba da
calkeuli wevrebis funqcionirebis gaumjosebeba imiT, rom daexmaros
klientebs da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi
aspeqtebi. virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Terapiis meTodebis
avtori, aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti
mraval rols asrulebs: is aris Terapiul seansebze ganxorcielebuli
urTierTqmedebebis interpretatori da amxsneli; is aris gavlenis wyaro,
Suamavali da arbitri. ojaxis TerapiiT dakavebul praqtikosTa
 1521

umravlesobas miaCnia, rom Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli da mogvarebuli

problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da warmoadgens adamianebs Soris
warmoqmnil siZneleebs an socialuri urTierTqmedebis problemebs, da ara
_ pirovnebebis dispoziciur aspeqtebs. es siZneleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi
SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebulni xdebian
Seasrulon an
Tavis Tavze aiRon arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTarebis
procesSi _ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva, bavSvis skolaSi miyvana,
qorwineba Tu bavSvis dabadeba _ sruliad SesaZlebelia urTierTqmedebis
araefeqturi formebis Camoyalibeba. ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis
struqturis garkveva da masze moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebis SeiZleba
uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs ojaxis wevrebTan da am muSaobis
mizania “disfunqciuri” struqturuli elementebis gaqroba da axali, ufro
efeqturi struqturebis SemuSaveba da ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).

sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi fsiqoTerapiis ganviTarebaSi

amaRelvebeli periodi iyo TviT-daxmarebis jgufebisadmi interesis
gaZliereba. yovelwliurad amerikis daaxloebiT 10 milioni mozrdili
moqalaqe dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al., 1997).
mxardamWeri jgufebis Sexvedrebi, rogorc wesi, ufasoa, gansakuTrebiT
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu jgufis wamyvanebi ar arian janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas
 1522

aZlevs, Sexvdnen msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs,

romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da xandaxan wamratebebsac aRweven.
specialur jgufebSi TviT-daxmarebis idea pirvelad gamoiyena
organizaciam “anonimuri alkoholikebi” (AA), Tumca, alkoholizmis
farglebidan gaitana da ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dawyebulma
qalTa moZraobam, romelic mowodebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis
gaZlierebisTvis. dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi ZiriTadi
kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: damokidebulebis sxvadasxva
formebi, fizikuri daavadebebi da fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, cxovrebiseuli
cvlilebebi da sxva krizisebi, seriozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an
naTesavebis gamo miRebuli travmebi. ukanasknel wlebSi adamianebma
daiwyes internetis, rogorc TviTdaxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis,
gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviT-daxmarebis internet-jgufebi imave
sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni, romliTac maTi fizikuri oreulebi (Davison
et al., 2000). Tumca, interneti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan Sexvedris
adgils warmoadgens iseT mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis,
romelTac avadmyofobis _ magaliTad, qronikuli gadaRlis sindromis an
gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.
jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZlebloba aRar arTmevs
 1523

adamianebs TviT-daxmarebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis

saSualebas.
mkvlevarebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis garkvevas, Tu ra
Taviseburebebi unda hqondes TviT-daxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad
efeqturi iyos. rogorc maTi moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi jgufebi mTel rig
funqciebs asruleben TavianTi wevrebisTvis: magaliTad, adamianebs
unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT sakuTari problemebis
gakontroleba; uzrunvelyofen socialur mxardaWeras cxovrebiseuli
sirTuleebiT gatanjuli adamianebisTvis; uzrunvelyofen aSlilobebisa da
mkurnalobebis Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff &
Bargal, 2000). Tu gadawyvetT aseT jgufSi monawileobas,
gaiTvaliswineT, rom es jgufebi gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs
adamianebis mier sakuTari keTildReobis gancdaze, rodesac isini
kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal, 2000). magaliTad, erTi
gamokvlevis Sedegad cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic
gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa sazogadoebas mas
Semdeg, rac alkoholizmis mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken
miswrafebis ganaxlebis gansakuTrebiT naklebi midrekilebiT
xasiaTdebodnen. naTelia, rom am sazogadoebasTan mWidro urTierToba
 1524

individebs, alkoholizmis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari qcevis

sisworeSi darwmunebulobis ganmtkicebis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern et al., 1997).
TviT-daxmarebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana jgufuri
Terapiebis gamoyenebam ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone
adamianebTan. aseTi Terapiis mizania, daexmaros pacientebsa da maT
ojaxebs, rom avadmyofobis periodSi SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT
icxovron, realisturad Sexedon gardauval sikvdils da Seeguon ukurnebel
sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991). ganukurnebel pacientebTan aseTi
mxardamWeri jgufebis muSaobis zogadi mimarTulebaa _ aswavlon maT,
Tu rogor icxovron savse cxovrebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini ityvian
“mSvidobiT” (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri Terapiebi bolo magaliTia Cven mier ganxiluli Terapiebisa,
romlebic mxolod fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _
mkurnalobaze, romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis software-ze. axla
SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu rogor muSaoben biosamedicino
Terapiebi, gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da tvinis hardware-
is Secvlaze,
Sejameba
jgufuri Terapiebi ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze
zrunvas; amasTan, iZleva socialuri qcevebis dakvirvebisa da aTvisebis
 1525

SesaZleblobas. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapia muSaobs individis

problemebze, romlebic ukavSirdeba Seguebas da warmoadgens
urTierTobebis sistemebSi wrmoqmnili siZneleebis Sedegebs. Terapiis
mizania wyvilebsa da ojaxebSi urTierTobebis sistemebis Secvla. mravali
adamiani TviT-daxmarebis jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es
jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds, socialur mxardaWeras da informacias
rogorc fizikur, ise _ kibersivrceSi.

biosamedicino Terapiebi
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba. rodesac tvinSi rame
arasworad
xdeba, Cven vxedavT qcevis paTologiuri paternebs an ucnaur kognitur da
emociur reaqciebs. garemos, socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis qimiis da moqmedebis
Secvla. biosamedicino Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs tvinis
“hardware-is problemebad miiCneven”. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
simptomebis Semsubuqebisadmi sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas
aRvwerT: fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur Soks da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
 1526

“los anjeles Taims”-is saTauri iuwyeboda: “tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia

adamians fsiqikuri daavadebisgan kurnavs” (2/23/188). statia
mogviTxrobda 19 wlis axalgazrda mamakacis Sesaxeb, romelic obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobiT itanjeboda. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisas man
pirdapir SublSi isrola 22 kalibriani tyvia. saintereso iyo, rom is gadarCa,
ganikurna paTologiuri simptomatikisgan da uvneblad SeunarCunda
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, Tumca, problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev
arsebobda.
es SemTxveva gviCvenebs biosamedicino Terapiis erT-erTi yvelaze
pirdapiri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas: qirurgiul Carevas tvinSi. aseTi
Careva gulisxmobs tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis CaWras an mcire
nawilis amokveTas. xSirad es ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTologiebis
mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver moxerxda sxva, ara aseTi ukiduresi
Terapiuli zemoqmdebiT. fsiqoqirurgia zogadi terminia, romelic
aerTianebs tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebul qirurgiul procedurebs,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT. Sua
saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia niSnavda “sisulelis marcvlis amokveTas”
SeSlilTa tvinebidan, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli maSindel graviurebsa da
ferwerul tiloebze.
 1527

Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi Sedis: korZiani sxeulis

boWkoebis amokveTa mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad,
razec vsaubrobdiT me-3e TavSi; limburi sistemis funqcionirebis
ganmapirobebeli gzebis CaWra (amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri
lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia
_ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis wilebisa da
diencefalonis SemaerTebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT,
TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. procedura
SeimuSava egaS moniSma (Egas Moniz). man 1949 wels nobelis premia
miiRo mkurnalobis sakuTar meTodSi, romelic, rogorc Canda, cvlida
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianTa finqcionirebas.
Tavdapirvelad lobotomiis kandidatebi iyvnen agznebadi Sizofreniuli
pacientebi da kompulsiuri da SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone pacientebi.
fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo
axali pirovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emociuri agznebiT da,
Sesabamisad, arc yovlismomcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da
risxviT itanjeboda. Tumca, operacia samudamod anadgurebda adamianis
bunebis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs: pacientebi, romelTac lobotomiis
procedura hqondaT gavlili, kargavdnen sakuTar unikalur pirovnul
maxasiaTeblebs. lobotomiis Semdeg maT aRar SeeZloT momavlis
 1528

dagegmva, axasiaTebdaT gulgriloba garSemomyofTa mosazrebebisadmi,

infantilizmi, inteleqtualuri da emociuri gasadaveba; es iyvnen adamianebi
sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe. (moniSis erT-erTi pacienti
imdenad gaognebuli da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli SedegebiT,
rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.)
vinaidan fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vinaidan kargad aris
cnobili misi mZime uaryofiTi Sedegebi, dadebiTi ki _ naklebad
TvalsaCinoa, misi gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) aris Tavis tvinze eleqtruli Sokis
gamoyeneba iseTi fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis mizniT, rogoricaa
Sizofrenia, mania da, yvelaze xSirad, depresia. meTodika aseTia:
pacientis safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli nakadiT (75-dan 100
voltamde) 1/10 wamidan erT wamamde manamde, sanam ar moxdeba
konvulsia. konvulsia, Cveulebriv, 45-dan 60 wamamde grZeldeba.
pacients winaswar amzadeben aseTi mtkivneuli mkurnalobisTvis _
amSvideben xanmokle moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis
mosadunebeli pretaratebiT, rasac pacienti ugono mdgomareobaSi
gadahyavs da rac minimumamde amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur
reaqciebs (Abrams, 1992).
 1529

eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda Rrma

depresiis simptomebis SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi
Rirseba, nawilobriv, isaa, rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs. rogorc wesi,
sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis Semdeg depresiis simptomebi
Sesustebas iwyebs, gansxvavebiT farmakoTerapiisgan, romelic erTi an
ori kviris Semdeg iwyebs moqmedebas. miuxedavad amisa, TerapevtTa
umetesoba ekT-s mkurnalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad
gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkurnaloba, suicidur an
cudad nakveb depresiul pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs
antidepresantebze an ver itans maT gverdiT movelenebs.

• fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an

aRkveTis mizniT tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli procedurebi.
• prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy) _ operacia, romlis drosac
iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli
nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da hipoTalamusTan
ganlagebuli boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze
cnobili forma.
• eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electroconvulsive
therapy – ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli Sokis
gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad
samkurnalod.
 1530

Tu ekT ase kargad moqmedebs, ratom aris ase xSirad demonizirebuli?

magaliTad, 1982 wels berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma xma
misces fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalo yvela saxelmwifo
dawesebulebaSi eleqtrokonvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas
(SemdgomSi es gadawyvetileba gabaTilda iuridiul safuZvlze). ekT-s
mimarT samecniero wreebis uaryofiTi damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi
isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi. es Terapia gaCnda
pacientis dakvirvebisas, romelsac erTdroulad hqonda Sizofrenia da
epilefsia. epilefsiuri gulyrebis Semdeg mas Sizofreniis simptomebi
umsubuqdeboda. klinicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva
xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom maTi daSveba nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT
ukeTesad amsubuqebs depresias, vidre Sizofranias _ mkvlevarebs jer
kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-s SesaZlo gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT
(Breggin, 1979, 1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT
dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis mTel rig darRvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi
xSirad itanjebian amneziiT _ aRar axsovT movlenebi, romlebic win
uswrebda mkurnalobas; rac ufro xangrZlivia mkurnaloba, miT mZimea
amneziac. Tumca, gamokvlevam aCvena, rom, pacientebi rogorc wesi,
 1531

aRidgenen mexsierebis Sinaarsebs mkurnalobis dasrulebidan ramdenime

Tvis manZilze (Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac mTeli
cxovrebis manzilze eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis 100-ze meti procedura
hqondaT gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqcionirebaSi im
pacientebTan SedarebiT, romelTac arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura
(Devanand et a., 1991). dResdReobiT, tvinis muSaobis xanmokle
Seferxebebis minimizaciisTvisac ki, xSirad eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT
tvinis mxolod erTi mxaris stimulacias axdenen da isic _ mxolod
metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis Sesamcireblad. aseTi calmxrivi ekT
efeqtiani antidepresantia.
axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia fsiqopaTologiaSi
biosamedicino Carevis yvelaze polularuli forma.
• fsiqofarmakologia (Psychopharmacology) – fsiqologiis dargi, romelic
swavlobs qcevaze medikamentebis moqmedebas.

farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis istoriaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba
iyo medikamentebis aRmoCena, romelTac SeeZloT mSfoTvare
pacientebis damSvideba, autisti pacientebis kontaqtis aRdgena
realobasTan da fsiqoturi pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali
Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels, klinikebis Terapiul programebSi
 1532

trankvilizatorebis, gansakuTrebiT, qlorpromazinis, SetaniT daiwyo.

medikamentebiT mkurnalobam TiTqmis dauyovnebliv moipova aRiareba
da pacientis qcevis efeqturi Semcvlelis statusi. fsiqofarmakologia
fsiqologiis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis qcevaze medimanetebis
moqmedebas. fsiqofarmakologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevarebi
swavloben, Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT biologiur
sistemaze da rogor icvleba reaqcia am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmoCenam udidesi gavlena
moaxdina mZime aSlilobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze.
fsiqiatriuli klinikebis momsaxure personals aRar sWirdeboda mcvelebis
rolSi yofna, pacientebis izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis
damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma; personalis moraluri saxe gaumjobesda
mas Semdeg, rac fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi fsiqikurad daavadebulTa
ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT Seicvala (swazey, 1974). metic,
revoluciam, romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas mohyva,
didi gavlena iqonia aSS-s fsiqiatriuli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955
wlisTvis naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, saSualod, iq
ramdenime weliwads atarebda) cxovrobda fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi.
mkurnalobaSi qlorpromazinisa da sxva medikamentebis gamoyenebam
SeaCera da sapirispiro mimarTuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas.
 1533

1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis qveyanaSi arsebul fsiqiatriul pacientTa

naxevarze naklebi imyofeboda realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi da isic,
saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis manZilze.
dReisaTvis Terapiul programebSi sami ZiriTadi kategoriis
medikamentebi gamoiyeneba: antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da
anqsiolizuri naerTebi. rogorc dasaxelebebidan Cans, es medikamentebi
qimiuri gziT cvlian tvinis specifikur funqciebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelia
fsiqotur simptomebze, depresiasa da ukidures SfoTvaze.

antifsiqoturi preparatebi antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi

mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis, socialuri gariyulobis (Caketilobis) da
perioduli agznebadobis (aJitaciis) Sizofreniul simptomebs (Dawkins et
al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis moqmedeba zRudavs neirogadamtan
dofaminis aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa qlorpromazini
(aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _ Torazini) da haloperidoli (cnobilia, rogorc
haldoli), amcirebs an Trgunavs dofanimuri receptorebis mgrZnobelobas.
klozapini (cnobilia, rogorc klizarili), uaxlesi wamyvani antifsiqoturi
preparatia, romelic uSualod amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da zrdis
serotoninis aqtivobis dones, romelic akavebs dofaminur sistemas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es preparatebi amcireben tvinis aqtiobis zogad
dones, isini ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi. mravali pacientisTvis yvela
 1534

es preparati gacilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Semasustebeli da

damamSvidebeli. isini aqroben an amcireben Sizofreniis dadebiT
simptomebs, bodvebisa da halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod, antifsiqotur preparatebs uaryofiTi gverdiTi moqmedeba
axasiaTebs. vinaidan dofamins Tavisi roli aqvs motorul kontrolSi,
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad axlavs darRvevebi kunTebis
muSaobaSi. motoruli kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis
muSaobis _ gamorCeuli darRvevaa gviani diskinezia, romelic
antifsiqoturi preparatebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi
gverdiTi movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis, tuCebisa da enis
uneblie moZraobebi. preparati klozapini ufro SerCeviTad akavebs
dofaminur receptorebs, rac amcirebs motoruli darRvevebis ganviTarebis
albaTobas. samwuxarod, im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT
mkurnalobda, viTardeba iSviaTi daavadeba agranuklocitozi, rodesac
Zvlis tvini aRar gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.
mkvlevarebi agrZeleben preparatebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis
Sedegebis Seswavlas; aseve, swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis
Sewyvetis Sedegebs. preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis Semdeg recidivebis
sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia _ pacientTa or mesameds 18 Tvis
ganmavlobaSi axali simptomebi uviTardeba; Tumca, im pacientTa
 1535

daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac mosalodnelia recidivebi, romlebic

regulrulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad, antifsiqoturi
preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizofrenias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad mdebare
fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod kargad axerxeben
daavadebis yvelaze damangreveli simptomebis kontrols.

antidepresantebi antidepresantebi aZliereben neirogadamtanebis _

norepinefrinisa da serotoninis _ aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri
antidepresantebi, rogoricaa tofranili da elavili, amcireben sinafsuri
napralidan neirogadamtanebis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri
antidepresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas.
monoaminoqsidazas (mao) inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment
monoaminoqsidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia norepinefrinis
daSlaze (metabolizmze). rodesac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa
meti raodenoba xdeba Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT xsnian depresiis simptomebs,
Tumca, gaumjobeseba ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (Hirschfeld,
1999). (es pacientebi SeiZleba eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis kandidatebi
gaxdnen) prozaks intensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed
wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen wamlebze gacilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli
 1536

efeqti aqvs. zogierT fsiqiatrs usityvod sjera prozakis efeqtianobis. Tavis

Zalian popularul wignSi “prozakis mosmena”
(Kramer, Listening to Prozac, 1993) fsiqiatri piter krameri aRwers mTel
rig SemTxvevebs, rodesac pacientebma, romelTac prozaki hqondaT
daniSnuli, gasaocari pirovnuli cvlilebebi ganicades. magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT qalbatonis SemTxveva, romelsac krameri tezs uwodebs. tezi
Tavad gaecno kramers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli
pirobebi da depresiis istoria. prozakiT orkviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg
tezi ukve sxva adamianad iqca:
Cems win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis Cveuli stili STambeWdavad
Secvliliyo. is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgunuli da kedelze
akruli; piriqiT, pepelasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris. iq, sadac
sxvebis gulis mogebaze da keTilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli
qceva iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da mxiaruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993,
p. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STambeWdavi iyo, Tumca,
prozakisa da sxva fsiqoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven imis
gamo, rom prozaki ara marto depresias xsnis, aramed pacientebs sakuTari
individualurobisa da
SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac “aTavisuflebs” (Breggin & Breggin,
1994).
 1537

liTiumis marilebi efeqturi aRmoCnda bipolaruli aSlilobebis

mkurnalobaSi (Schou, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganicdian umarTavi
moWarbebuli agznebis periodebs, rodesac maTi energia, erTi SexedviT,
amouwuravia, qceva ki _ ucnauri da TvalSisacemi, maniakaluri siWarbis
mdgomareobidan liTiumis dozebiT gamoyavT. pacientTa 60-80%-s,
romlebic liTiumiT mkurnalobdnen, gamojanmrTelebis kargi Sansi aqvs
(Walden et al., 1998). Tumca, bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone im
adamianebisTvis, romelTa mdgomareoba xSirad irxeva maniakalur da
depresiul periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia, vidre mkurnaloba
sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, valproati _ preparati, romelic
Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.

anqsiolizuri saSualebebi antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli preparatebis

msgavsad, anqsiolizuri anu damamSvidebeli saSualebebi, Cveulebriv,
tvinSi neirogadamtanebis aqtivobis doneebis regulacias axdens.
sxvadasxva saxis SfoTviTi aSlilobis dros sxvadasxva saxis preparatia
yvelaze efeqturi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
saukeTesod ikurneba benzodiazepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT an
qsanaqsiT, romelic zrdis neirogadamtan gaem-is37 aqtiurobas. vinaidan

37
gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA- GammaAminoBatterAcid
 1538

gaem aregulirebs Semakavebel neironebs, misi aqtiurobis zrdiT mcirdeba

tvinis aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic Seesabameba generalizebul SfoTviT
reaqciebs. panikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fobiebi _ SeiZleba
ganikurnos antidepresantebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevarebma jer
ar ician, Tu ra biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZvlad. obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSliloba, romelic serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios, gansakuTrebiT kargad reagirebs iseT preparatebze,
rogoricaa prozaki, radgan is konkretulad serotoninis moqmedebaze
axdens gavlenas.

daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri preparatebisTvis

Cven mier aRweril medikamentebs, romlebic mowodebulia
sxvadasxvagvari fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad,
xSirad aZleven adamianebs daniSnulebis saxiT. vinaidan fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dacva TandaTanobiT sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
organizaciebis kompetanciis sferoSi gadadis da vinaidan miRebuli
praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcirdeba pacientTa raodenoba,
romlebic fsiqoTerapiuli daxmarebisTvis akiTxaven Terapevtebs; isini
fsiqoTerapias SedarebiT iafi saSualebiT _ medikamenturi mkurnalobiT
anacvleben. axlaxans Catarebulma gamokvlevam, romelic fsiqoaqtiuri
medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamoweris tendencias Seexeboda,
 1539

aCvena, rom aSS-Si 1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata
fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis eqimebisTvis da sxva
specialobis medikosebisTvis mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milionidan
45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998). amasTan, adamianTa
zogierTi jgufi ufro metad iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _ sxvebi. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZeldeboda, mkvlevarebi
akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi
profilis oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gadaudebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris
(umeteswilad TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs ufro meti
raodenobis antifsiqotur medikamentebs da ufro didi dozebiT
uniSnavdnen, vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca, afroamerikeli pacientebi
sulac ar iyvnen ufro saSiSni an ufro metad daavadebulni, vidre
danarCenebi (segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs, rom medikamentebi
yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.
rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT mkurnaloba?
Cven mokled mimovixileT fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis medikamenturi
mkurnalobis zogierTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad
gaaumjobesos daavadebuli adamianis cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis
 1540

nebismieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri an fsiqologiuri miCvevis

SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo seriozul gverdiT movlenebs. rogor afaseben
adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis albaTobasTan mimarTebaSi?
Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT, rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos
simptomi, magram ver gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli paTologia.
ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon
medikamentebi?
am kiTxvebs kidev ufro aqtualurs da sainteresos xdis gamokvlevebi,
romlebic aCveneben, rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs
tvinze, rogorc medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursi.

saidan viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad tvinSi momxdari
cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone monawileebs
unda aerCiaT da
gaevloT medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin
hidroqloridiT) an bihevioraluri Terapia (stimulis
wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa). emisiur pozitronuli
tomografiiT gadaiRes pacientebis tvini
mkurnalobamde da mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive
saxis Terapiis Semdeg tvinis
 1541

funqcionirebaSi erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et

al., 1992; Schwartz et al., 1996).

am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze migviTiTebs:

aramedikamentur Terapiebs SeiZleba iseTive ganmakurnebeli efeqti
hqondes tvinze, rogorc medikamentebiT mkurnalobas, Tumca,
medikamentebiT mkurnalobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi
Sedegebis gareSe.
erTi TerapiisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba meoresTan SedarebiT xSirad
daavadebis simwvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtkicebul
efeqtianobazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, ganurCevlad riskisa,
Sizofreniis mkurnaloba ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa
pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis mcireodeni SesaZlebloba mainc
hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT meTodebi, romlebsac mkvlevarebi Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben.

Sejameba
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba qirurgiuli procedurebi
tvinze fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis Sesamsubuqeblad. eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia sakmaod efeqturia Rrma depresiis Sesamsubuqeblad. Tumca,
 1542

vinaidan misdami damokidebuleba isev sakamaToa, adamianebi

eridebian am saxis mkurnalobas. antifsiqoturi, antidepresiuli da
anqsiolizuri preparatebi, rogorc wesi, Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben;
isini tvinSi neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen gavlenas.
medikamenturi mkurnalobis, gansakuTrebiT, antidepresantebis,
daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?

davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT problema da migaCniaT, rom
misi daZleva mxolod profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT aris
SesaZlebeli. Cven mravali saxis Terapiaze visaubreT. rogor unda
gavarkvioT, romeli maTgani imoqmedebs saukeTesod da
SegimsubuqebT problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom romelime
maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi ganvixilavT
gamokvlevebs, romlebic miznad isaxavs calkeuli Terapiebis Sedegianobis
Semowmebas da sxvadasxva Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas. am kvlevebis
zogadi mizania adamianebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqtiani
saSualebis gamovlena. Cven, aseve, mokled mimovixilavT prevenciis
sakiTxs: ra da rogor unda gaakeTon fsiqologebma winaswar, rom
Tavidan iqnas acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?

Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefaseba

 1543

britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1952) furori

gamoiwvia: man ganacxada, rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs!
man mimoixila xelT arsebuli yvela publikacia, sadac saubari iyo
sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis Sedegianobaze da aRmoaCina, rom im
pacientebis mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar iRebdnen,
iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, rogorc im pacientebisa, romlebic
fsiqoanalitur an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadiodnen. man
ganacxada, rom nevrotuli problemebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori
mesamedi TavisTavad gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis gaCenidan ori
wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevarebma Terapiis Sedegianobis
Sefasebis ufro zusti meTodologiebi SeimuSaves. aizenkis kritikulma
gamonaTqvamebma naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevarebs saTanado
sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa
garkveuli procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac esaWiroveba fsiqoTerapia,
marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe. spontanuri
remisiis efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda Sefasdes Terapiebis
Sedegianoba. martivad rom vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis keTeba
gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva, vidre _ arafris
keTeba.
 1544

aseve, mkvlevarebi cdiloben, dagvanaxon, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli

mkurnaloba ufro mets akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis
molodinis gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT Cven mier adre ganxiluli
placebo efeqtebi: bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu fizikuri
janmrTeloba mxolod imitom umjobesdeba, rom isini moelian
gaumjobesebas. Terapiuli situacia xels uwyobs am rwmenis
ganmtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis specifikur socialur rolSi
ayenebs (Frank & Frank, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo
efeqti Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawilia, mkvlevarebs,
Cveulebriv, surT imis Cveneba, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis
specifikuri forma ufro Sedegiania, vidre placebo Terapia (neitraluri
Terapia, romelic mxolod qmnis gankurnebis molodins) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevarebi Terapiul Sedegianobas statistikuri
meTodis _ meta-analizis _ gamoyenebiT afaseben. meta-analizi
mkvlevarebs formaluri meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs, romelic mowodebulia
mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis
gamosavlenad. bevr fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas:
“gamovlinda Tu ara eqsperimentis monawileTa umravlesobaSi Cems
mier nawinaswarmetyvelebeli movlena?” metaanalizis cdis pirebs
eqsperimentebi warmoadgenen. Terapiis SedegianobasTan mimarTebaSi
 1545

mkvlevari svams kiTxvas: “gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa

umravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi?” am kiTxvaze pasuxia Zalze
damajerebeli
“diax” (Lipsey & Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans,
Terapiuli kursebis umravlesobas sul mciredi dadebiTi efeqti mainc aqvs,
romelic scildeba SesaZlo “mkurnalobis gareSe” an “placebo” efeqtebis
farglebs.
aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevarebs naklebad afiqrebT,
moqmedebs Tu ara fsiqoTerapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni iseTi
sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara
romelime konkretuli mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli
problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis pacientebisTvis (Drozd & Goldfried,
1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda aRiniSnos, rom yovelTvis ar aris ioli
im kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva Terapiebis Sesaxeb
iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa
gamocdilebebs Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba, pirveladi
diagnozis sizuste, aSlilobis tipi, pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da
tipebs Soris gansxvavebebi, Sedegebis gazomvis meTodebi, pacientis
molodinebisa da SeTavazebuli Terapiis urTierTTanxvedra da
mkurnalobis dasrulebis Semdeg pacientze dakvirvebis xangrZlioba _ da
 1546

es mxolod mcire nawilia parametrTa im grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic

gaiTvaliswinebul unda iqnas. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevarebi jer
kidev cdiloben am problemebis daZlevas da fokusirdebian depresiis
mkurnalobis sxvadasxva tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze.

• spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remission effect) _ fsiqikuri

problemebis mqone zogierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac
esaWiroveba fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobesdeba yovelgvari
profesiuli Carevis gareSe; bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes
Terapiebis Sedegianoba.
• placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri specifikuri klinikuri
procedurisgan damoukidebeli Terapia, romelic iwvevs klienti
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
• meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli statiskituri
meTodi, romelic iZleva formaluri meqanizms mravali sxvadasxvagvari
eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.

mkurnalobis Sefaseba depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare (ix.

Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva, sadac sxvadasxva tipis Terapiebis
urTierTSedarebas axdenen, depresiuli adamianebis jgufebze tardeba. erTi
gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti daafinansa da koordinireba gauwia
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma, aSS
 1547

(National Institute os Mental Health – NIMH). am kvlevis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1) xanmokle fsiqoTerapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis
_ tricikluri medikamenturi mkurnalobis da placebo kontrolis _
Sedegianobis Sedareba; (2) 28 profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli
mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da standartizacia; amasTan, TiToeuli
Terapevti specializirdeboda Terapiis oTxi tipidan erT-erTSi da TiToeuli
tipis mkurnaloba tardeboda sxvadasxva qalaqis sam sxvadasxva
dawesebulebaSi; (3) SemTxveviT SeirCa 240 ambulatoriuli pacienti,
romelic akmayofilebda klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis standartul
kriteriumebs; (4) Sefasebis standartizirebuli procedurebi Terapiis
procesisa (magaliTad, Terapiuli seansebis videoCanawerebis) da saboloo
Sedegebis gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis monitoringisTvis
mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16 kviriani Terapiuli procesis ganmavlobaSi,
mkurnalobis dasasrulisTvis da dasrulebidan 18 Tvis Semdeg; (5)
Sedegebis damoukidebeli Sefaseba romelime dawesebulebaSi, romelic ar
monawilebda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin et al., 1989).
afasebdnen ori saxis fsiqoTerapias, romelic specialurad Seiqmna an
modificirda arasaavadmyofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es ori
xanmokle Terapia iyo kognitur bihevioraluri Terapia da interpersonaluri
fsiqoTerapia _ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia, romelic fokusirdeboda
 1548

pacientebis mimdinare cxovrebasa da pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze.

ormag brma proceduraSi (anu eqsperimentatorebma ar icodnen, romeli
pacienti romel preparats iRebda) gamoiyenes tricikluri antidepresanti
imipramini da placebo kontrolis preparati. rogorc medikamentebis, ise _
placebos SemTxvevaSi TiToeul pacients kviraSi erTxel naxulobda
fsiqiatri, romelic minimalur mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis monacemebis erTi nawili
mocemulia suraTze 16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli
pacientebis mkurnalobis TiToeuli forma ufro Sedegiani iyo, vidre
placebo; amasTan, antidepresiuli medikamenti yvelaze Sedegiani
aRmoCnda, fsiqodinamikurma da kongitur bihevioralurma Terapiebma,
Sedegianobis mixedviT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba moipoves (Klein &
Ross, 1993). Semdgom proeqtebSi mkvlevarebi afasebdnen da
erTmaneTs adarebdnen marto fsiqoTerapiis Sedegianobasa da
kombinirebul fsiqoTerapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi kombinirebuli Terapia yvelaze warmatebuli aRmoCnda
(Keller et al., 2000). 519 monawilidan, romelmac gaiara mkurnalobis
kursi, simptomebis Semsubuqebis kvlevaSi dadgenil kriteriumebs
akmayofilebda im monawileTa 55%-is mdgomareoba, vin mxolod
medikamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa 52%is
 1549

mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT mkurnalobda, xolo im

pacientebidan, vinc iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da
medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s

tricikluri
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis igive
preparati

fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia
maCvenebeli hqonda.
kognituri
Terapia suraTi 16.2. depresiis Terapiebi
placebo abebi
0

mkurnalobis
5 1
0
15 2
0
2
5
3
0 depresiis simptomebi yvelaze metad
mimdinare
statusi
medikamenturi mkurnalobis Sedegad
pirveladi
Semcirda, Tumca, simptomebi, aseve,
klinikuri kvleva
dakvirveba Teoriuli
modeli
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda

gamocda
fsiqodinamikuri da
kontrolis sawyisi
gareSe klinikis
kontongentze
gamokvlevebi
laboratoriaSi kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.

axali Terapi a
suraTi 16.3. ufro Sedegiani
Terapiis Seqmna fsiqikuri/fizikuri
moklevadiani daavadebebis mkurnalobis
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
ganviTarebis
grZelvadiani
Tu safexurebi
klinikuri
kvlevebi
kontroliT
depresiis mkurnalobis
Sesafaseblad Catarebuli kvlevebi
praqtikaSi
efeqtianobis
Sefaseba
aCvenebs, rom orive _ biologiur da
1550

fsiqologiur _ mkurnalobas
mniSvnelovani wvilili Seaqvs fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis gaumjobesebaSi. garda
amisa, es kvlevebi naTel warmodgenas
gviqmnis im meTodebze, romelTa
gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
romeli Terapia iqneba saukeTeso
TiToeuli tipis aSlilobisTvis. suraTze 16.3
mocemulia ganzogadebuli ierarqiuli
sqema imisa, Tu ra rols asrulebs Teoria,
klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirveba da
mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis (rogorc
fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri daavadebebis)
nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da
SefasebaSi. is gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis
sistematuri kvlevaa saWiro, rom
klinicistebma ufro iolad gasazRvron,
Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis
Sesabamisad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara
maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis
1551

erT mxares xedavT klinikaSi warmoebuli

dakvirvebis Sedegebs _ klinicistis
sakuTar gamocdilebas axali procedurebis
gamoyenebisas. Cveulebisamebr,
mkurnalobis axali meTodebi
dasawyisisTvis praqtikaSi, mkacri
eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe
gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares
xedavT Teoriis ganviTarebas. Teoria
winaswarmetyvelebs im meTodebis
Sesaxeb, romelmac unda gaamarTlos da
imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba
dadasturdes laboratoriuli gamokvlevebiT.
es ori saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da
eqsperimentuli _ erTiandeba da iZleva
axal Terapias (Goldfried & Wolfe, 1996;
Seligman, 1996). winamdebare Tavis
daskvniT qveTavSi SevexebiT cxovrebis
mniSvnelovan princips: rogori
Sedegianic ar unda iyos mkurnaloba,
 1552

xSirad ukeTesia daavadebis prevencia,

vidre misi mkurnaloba.
prevenciis strategiebi ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda. uecrad,
mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta
mdinareSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg megobrebma ganagrZes
seirnoba. moulodnelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas. pirveli
bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana
samSvidobos mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyalwaRebulic
gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs
dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma gasZaxa: “ei, sad midixar?”
mSralma megomarma upasuxa: “vcdilob, im naZiralas mivagno, vinc am
bavSvebs wyalSi yris.” (Wolman, 1975, p. 3)
am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis prevencia anu Tavidan acileba
saukeTeso gadawyvetaa. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela tradiciuli Terapia
mimarTulia iseTi adamianis Secvlaze, romelsac ukve aqvs problema an
romelic araqmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSaobas, rac
Tavs iCens problemuri qceva da es gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im
droisaTvis, rodesac adamiani gadawyvets mkurnalobas an iZulebuli
gaxdeba, rom imkurnalos, fsiqikuri aSliloba ukve kargad aris
“mokalaTebuli” da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis yoveldRiur
 1553

funqcionirebaze, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze, samsaxursa Tu profesiul

zrdaze.
fsiqologiuri problemebis prevencia ramdenime doneze SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes (Rabins, 1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia
mimarTulia mdgomareobis Tavidan acilebaze daavadebis
ganviTarebamde. am mizniT, magaliTad, SeiZleba gadaidgas nabijebi
imisaTvis, rom davaswavloT individebs gamklavebis unar-Cvevebi,
romliTac isini garemos uaryofiTi aspeqtebisadmi, romelmac SeiZleba
SfoTva an depresia gamoiwvion, metad adaptirebadni gaxdebian, an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla (Durlak & Wells, 1997;
Kaplan, 2000). meoradi prevencia cdilobs ukve ganviTarebuli aSlilobis
simwvavis an xangrZliobis Semcirebas. es keTdeba programebiT,
romelic aSlilobis dasawyisSive gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis dawyebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. mesameuli prevencia cdilobs, ar dauSvas
recidivebi da amiT zRudavs fsiqologiuri aSlilobis xangrZliv
zemoqmedebas. mesameuli prevenciuli zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom ukve
cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili iyos aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli tipebis prevenciis ganxorcieleba im msxvilmasStabian
cvlilebebze mianiSnebda, romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis zogadma
mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma ganicada. umniSnelovanesi
 1554

sistemuri cvlilebebia: (1) mkurnalobisTvis prevenciis damateba; (2)

daavadebebis mkurnalobis viwro samedicino modelidan sazogadoebrivi
janmrTelobis ufro farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da garemo
pirobebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe
ayenebs da mijnavs maT “riskjgufSi myofi adamianebisgan”; (4) meti
interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos situaciebisadmi, romelic xels
uwyobs daavadebis ganviTarebas da naklebi _ predispoziciuri
maxasiaTebelebis Ziebisadmi Tavad adamianebSi (Ammerman &
Hersen,
1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli adamianebis
mkurnalobisTvis; sazogadoebrivi jandacvis modeli gulisxmobs
daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis
gamovlenasa da aRkveTas. am midgomiT, daavadebuli individi
ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli an matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis
saboloo Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo pirobebis
Secvla, romelic ganapirobebs daavadebis ganviTarebas, mogvianebiT
aRar gaxdeba saWiro adamianebis Secvla ZviradRirebuli, eqstensiuri
mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba,
rogoricaa tuberkuliozi, yvavili da malaria, am midgomis wyalobiT gaxda
SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba fsiqopaTologias, am SemTxvevaSic
 1555

SesaZlebelia stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqtivobis

organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze mimarTuli programis Seqmna
da amiT im adamianTa ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis
samizne gaxdeba. klinikuri ekologiis sfero afarTovebs biosamedicino
Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi
aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es
SeiZleba iyos qimiuri gamxsnelebi, xmauri, sezonuri cvlilebebi da
radiacia (Bell, 1982). vinaidan wvlili Seaqvs fsiqopaTologiaSi,
zogierTma Terapevtma gaafarTova garemos cneba da masSi CarTo
garegani garemos38 yvela is maxasiaTebeli, romelic zemoqmedebs
normalur adaptaciaze yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann,
1993). aq Sedis kvebis zemoqmdeba, fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi, terorizmi,
bunebrivi ubedurebebi da socialuri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.

• klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) – fsiqologiis dargi, romelic iseT

aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul
gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs

fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mravalmxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi

moiazreba ara marto relevanturi mizezobrivi faqtorebis gageba, aramed
individualur, dawesebulebebis da samTavrobo doneebze warmoqmnili
38
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa
Sinagani garemo anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
 1556

winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval gzaze. aucilebelia

seriozuli samecniero kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis
xangrZlivi sargeblis demonstrirebisTvis da fsiqopaTologiisadmi
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis modelis gamoyeneba, raTa gamarTleba
moeZebnos amisaTvis gaRebul xarjebs sxva problemebis winaSe,
romelic, aseve, dauyovnebel gadawyvetas saWiroebs. prevenciuli
programebis saboloo mizania sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa.
Sejameba
fsiqoTerapiiT dakavebuli mkvlevarebi cdiloben, gansazRvron,
Terapiuli Carevis romeli formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso Sedegs. didi
raodenobis gamokvlevebis analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianobaSi
fsiqoTerapia Sedegiania. farTomasStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis
mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri
institutis, aSS, koordinaciiT ganxorcielda), miznad isaxavs calkeuli
aSlilobebisTvis maqsimalurad Sedegiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis
gamovlenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis Seqmnis porcesi aerTianebs
laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa da klinikuri gamocdilebis
Sedegebs. prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicistebs, rom Seecadon
individebisTvis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos
 1557

Secvlas ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes aSlilobis ganviTareba da misi

Sedegebis minimizacia.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
• Terapia moiTxovs diagnozis dasmas da mkurnalobis kursis daniSvnas.
• Terapia SeiZleba iyos samedicino an fsiqologiuri.
• arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi: fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialur-humanisturi.
• mravali sxvadasxva profesionali dakavebulia fsiqoTerapiiT.
• warsulSi fsiqikuri aSilobebis mkurnaloba uxeSi da araadaminuri iyo.
• fsiqikuri aSlilobis daavadebad miCnevas pacientTa ufro humanuri
meTodebiT mkurnaloba mohyva.
• kulturuli antropologia gviCvenebs, rom mraval kulturaSi arsebobs
fsiqikuri alsilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobis meToebi, rac
mniSvnelovani gakveTili SeiZleba iyos dasavluri Terapiuli
praqtikisTvis.
fsiqodinamiuri Terapiebi
• fsiqodinamiuri Terapiebi Seiqmna zigmund froidis fsiqoanalitikuri
Teoriis safuZvelze.
• froidi xazs usvamda aracnobieri konfqlitebis rols fsiqopaTologiis
etiologiaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis mizania am konfliqtebis gadaWra.
 1558

am Terapiis mniSvnelovani mdgenelebia: Tavisufali asociaciebi,

winaaRmdegobisadmi yuradReba, sizmrebis analizi, gadatana da
kontrgadatana.
• neofroidianelebi met aqcents akeTeben pacientis awmyo, mimdinare
socialur situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze da me-
koncefciaze.

bihevioraluri Terapiebi
• bihevioraluri Terapia iyenebs daswavlis da ganmtkicebis principebs
problemuri qcevis modificirebisas an aRkveTisas.
• kontrganpirobebis meTodebiT xdeba uaryofiTi qcevebis, rogoricaa,
fobiuri reaqciebi, Canacvleba ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
• fobiebis modifikaciis yvela teqnikisTvis damaxasiatebeli elementia
stimulis wardgena.
• pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gamoiyeneba pirobiTi
ganpirobebuloba qcevis modificirebis mizniT; upiratesad iyeneben
dadebiT ganmkticebasa da reaqciis Caqrobas.
 1559

• socialur-daswavlis TerapiaSi gamoiyeneba qcevis modelireba da

socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSeba, raTa individebs sakuTar
SesaZleblobebSi darwmunebaSi daexmaron. kognituri Terapiebi
• kognituri Terapia mimarTulia uaryofiTi an iracionaluri azrebis
paternebis Secvlaze, romelic individs sakuTari Tavisa da socialuri
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.
• kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia klientisgan moiTxovs problemis
Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa ufro metad konstruqciuli paternebis daswavlas
da axali teqnikebis sxva, Terapiulisgan gansxvavebul situaciebSi
gamoyenebas.
• kognituri Terapia warmatebiT gamoiyeneba depresiis
mkurnalobisTvis.
• racionalur-emocionaluri Terapia exmareba klientebs gaacnobieron
sakuTari iracionaluri mosazrebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, romlebic
xels uSlis warmatebul cxovrebas.

egzistencialur-humanisturi Terapia
 1560

egzistencialur-humanistur Terapiebi individebs TviT-aqtualizaciaSi

exmareba.
• Terapevtebi cdiloben aradireqtiulni iyvnen, rodesac klients
exmarebian sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi warmodgenis SeqmnaSi,
romelsac SeuZlia garemodan momdinare kritikasTan gamklaveba.
• geStalt-Terapia mimarTulia erTian pirovnebaze _ sxeulze, fsiqikaze
da sacxovrebeli garemo. jgufuri Terapiebi
• jgufuri Terapia saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, daakvirdnen da
CaerTon socialur urTierTobebSi, rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqologiur
problemebs.
• ojaxis da ojqxuri wyvilebis Terapia muSaobs wyvilis an ojaxis
situaciur siZneleebsa da pirovnebaTSoris dinamikaze; aq wyvili an
ojaxi ganixileba, rogorc sistema, romelic gaumjobesebas saWiroebs.
• sazogadoebrivi da internetis TviT-daxmarebis jgufebi SesaZleblobas
aZlevs individebs, miiRon informacia da socialuri mxardaWeris
pirobebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuloba igrZnos.
 1561

biosamedicino Terapiebi
• biosamedicino Terapiebi fsiqikuri daavadebis fiziologiuri aspeqtebis
cvlilebaze orientirdebian.
• radikaluri da Seuqcevadi moqmedebis gamo fsiqoqirurgia iSviaTad
gamoiyeneba.
• eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze efeqtiania depresiul pacientebTan,
magram is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba.
• farmakoTerapiaSi Sedis antifsiqoturi medikamentebi SizofreniisTvis,
antidepresantebi da anqsiolizuri saSualebebi.
• tradiciulma fsiqoTerapiebma da medikamenturma mkurnalobam
SeiZleba tvinSi zogierTi erTnairi cvlileba gamoiwvios.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia?

• kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZleva, vidre
drois tyuilad xarjva an placebo Terapia.
 1562

Sefasebis proeqtebi, rogoricaa depresiis Terapiebis NIMH-is mier

warmoebuli kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis
Terapiis efeqtianobas.
• prevenciis strategiebi aucilebelia fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
ganviTarebis SesaCereblad da ukve warmoqmnili aSlilobebis
Sedegebis minimizaciisTvis.

ZiriTadi cnebebi
1. aversiuli Terapia (p. 514)
2. qcevis repeticia (p. 516)
3. qcevis modifikacia (p. 512)
4. bihevioraluri Terapia (p. 512)
5. biosamedicino Terapia (p. 504)
6. kaTarzisi (p. 508)
7. klienti (p. 505)
8. klientze centrirebuli Terapia (p. 522)
9. klinikuri ekologia (p. 532)
10. klinikuri fsiqologi (p. 505)
 1563

11. klinikuri socialuri muSaki (p. 505)

12. kognitur bihevioraluri modifikacia (p. 518)
13. kognituri Terapia (p. 517)
14. pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (p. 514)
15. fsiqolog-konsultanti (p. 505)
16. kontrganpirobeba (p. 512)
17. kontrgadatana (p. 509)
18. sizmris analizi (p. 509)
19. eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ECR) (p. 525)
20. daZirva (p. 513)
21. Tavisuafali asociacia (p. 508)
22. geStalt-Terapia (p. 522)
23. moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis (p. 521)
24. imploziuri Terapia (p. 513)
 1564

25. insaituri Terapia (p. 508)

26. meta-analizi (p. 529)
27. obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia (p. 511)
28. monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba (p. 516)
29. RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (p. 505)
30. pacienti (p. 505)
31. placebo Terapia (p. 529)
32. prefrontaluri lobotomia (p. 525)
33. fsiqiatri (p. 505)
34. fsiqoanalitikosi (p. 505)
35. fsiqofarmakologia (p. 526)
36. fsiqoqirurgia (p. 525)
37. fsiqoTerapia (p. 504)
38. racionalur-emociuri Terapia (per) (p. 520)
39. winaaRmdegoba (p. 509)
40. ritualuri mkurnaloba (p. 507)
41. Samanizmi (p. 507)
42. socialuri daswavlis Terapia (p. 516)
43. spontanuri remisiis efeqti (p. 529)
 1565

44. sistemuri desensitizacia (p. 512)

45. gadatana (p. 509)
Tavi 17. socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

• situaciis Zala
– rolebi da wesebi

– socialuri normebi
– konformuloba
– situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT
• fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi: rogor gavlenas axdenen jgufebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?

• socialuri realobis konstruireba – atribuciis Teoriis sawyisebi

– atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma
– sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
– molodinebi da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
– qcevebi, romlebic amarTleben molodinebs
• damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba
– damokidebulebebi da qceva
 1566

– darwmunebis procesebi
– darwmuneba sakuTari aqtivobis saSualebiT
– daTanxmeba
• socialuri urTierTobebi
– mowoneba

– siyvaruli
• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: urTierTobebi da interneti
– sakvanZo sakiTxebi

– ZiriTadi cnebebi
 1567

Cems siciliel papa salvatores Zalian uyvarda opera, magram

metismetad Raribi iyo, rom rodesme wasuliyo operis TeatrSi, Tavis axal
samSobloSi – amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. amis sanacvlod, is yovel
SabaTs usmenda saopero gadacemebs metropoliten operidan patara
radioTi, romelic Tavis fexsacmelebis SesakeTebel saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi
hqonda. is mTel xmaze rTavda radios, xolo
Tu opera italiuri iyo, tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan erTad
TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda imis aucileblobas, rom
gaenaTlebina
“es amerikelebi” da isini saopero xelovnebis saswaulisTvis eziarebina.
amitom, Tavisi saxelosnos karebsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs
grialiT mosdeboda. erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi
biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic mas sawyeni epiTetebiT amkobdnen:
“turtliano, saidanac mosulxar, iq waeTrie” da uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam veRar SesZlo Tavisi
sayvareli operis, “traviatas” mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT,
magram pasuxad ufro daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad agdebas iRebda.
 1568

garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi wavidnen, magram papas operis

dasasrulis mosmeniT aranairi siamovneba aRar miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev movidnen yviriliTa da
lanZRviT. amjerad papa salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: “me
saTanadod ver Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT, modiT gaagrZeleT
yvirili, rac SegiZliaT ufro xmamaRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans,
warmodgenisaTvis, 25 cents gadagixdiT”. biWebmac yvirili daiwyes da
sirenebiviT naxevar saaTs mainc gahyvirodnen gauCereblad. papa
salvatorem maT safasuri gadauxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi da
bednierebi gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamocxaddnen, papa salvatore
gareT gamovida da auwya biWebs, Tu rogor moswonda maTi Rriali,
Tanac ufro xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezoblad momuSave sanagve
manqanebis xmaa, magram, amasTan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali
mewaRe iyo da imis saSualeba ar hqonda, rom maTTvis ise gadaexada,
romorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRevandeli SousTvis mxolod 10 centis
gaRebas SeZlebda.
 1569

“Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT bebruxanav? sulac ar

vapirebT, Sou mogiwyoT, iafad. Seitene Seni fuli”. am sityvebiT isini
moSordnen iqaurobas da, Tumca, isev ilanZRebodnen, magram ufro
dabal xmaze.
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari Tqves, elanZRaT
beberi italieli mewaRe, romelsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla
arxeinad SeeZlo, yovel SabaTs esmina Tavisi operebisaTvis, CaerTo ise
xmamaRla, rogorc moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT,
rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda an Seawuxebda uxeSi, crurwmenebiT
savse jeelebis banda.
Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa salvatores saqcielma, hkiTxeT
Tqvens Tavs, ratom iyo is ase efeqtiani? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma
safasurma – 25 centma ase Secvala situacia? ratom moxda, rom sawyisi
safasuris 10 centamde dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar
gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis operebs. rogorc ki Tqven
SeecdebiT am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas, moeqceviT socialuri
fsiqologiis samyaroSi – fsiqologiis im dargisa, romelic swavlobs im
 1570

saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi qmnian da marTaven

socialur situaciebs.
socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis is dargia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa
Soris urTierTobebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis gavlenas maT
azrebze, grZnobebze, aRqmebze, motivebsa da qcevebze.

• socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) - fsiqologiis dargi, romelic

Seiswavlis socialuri cvladebis gavlenas individis qcevebze,
damokidebulebebze (attitudes), aRqmebsa da motivebze; is, agreTve,
Seiswavlis jgufebs da jgufTaSoris fenomenebs.
socialuri fsiqologebi cdiloben Cawvdnen qcevis arss misi socialuri
konteqstis farglebSi. socialuri konteqsti is cocsali, moZravi qselia da
romelzec aisaxeba socialuri cxovelis moZraobebi, Zalisxmeva Tu
mowyvladi adgilebi. ufro farTod Tu ganvmartavT, socialuri konteqsti
Tavis TavSi moicavs sxvebis realur, wamosaxul an simbolur arsebobas;
aqtivobebs da urTierTqmedebebs, romlebsac adamianebs Soris aqvT
adgili; im socialuri garemocvis maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic xorcieldeba
 1571

qceva, aseve, im molodinebsa da normebs, romlebic warmarTaven qcevas

mocemul garemoSi (Sherif,1981).
am da momdevno TavSi Cven ganvixilavT socialuri fsiqologiuri
kvlevebis ramdenime ZiriTad Temas. am Tavis pirvel nawilSi Cven
visaubrebT im socialuri situaciebis Zalaze, romelic akontrolebs adamianis
qcevas. MmimovixilavT mravali kvlevis masalebs, romlebiTac
dasturdeba, rom socialuri situaciis umniSvnelo maxasiaTeblebsac ki
mniSvnelovani gavlenis moaxdena SeuZliaT imaze, Tu ras fiqrobT an
rogor moqmedebT. Semdeg Cven davubrundebiT im xerxebs, romliTac
xdeba socialuri realobis konstruireba, yalibdeba da icvleba socialuri
damokidebulebebi. Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT mowonebisa da siyvarulis
urTierTobebs. Aam TavSi Cven movaxdenT imis ilustrirebas, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens fsiqologiuri kvlevebi Tqvens cxovrebaze. rogorc
SemdgomSi, me-18-e TavSi, naxavT, Cven gavafarToebT Cvens analizs
pirovnulidan sazogadoebrivamde. orive TavSi abstraqtuli Teoria
Semowmebuli iqneba praqtikiT da SevecdebiT, vupasuxoT kiTxvas:
 1572

asrulebs Tu ara fsiqologiuri codna raime rols adamianebisa da

sazogadoebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?

situaciis Zala
fsiqologia da cxovrebis wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom fsiqologebi,
romlebic cdiloben qcevis mizezebis axsnas, pasuxebs Zalze gansxvavebul
sferoebSi eZebdnen. zogierTi maTgani genetikur faqtorebs swavlobs,
sxvebi _ bioqimiur faqtorebs da tvinSi mimdinare procesebs maSin,
rodesac mesameni yuradRebas garemos zemoqmedebaze amaxvileben.
socialur fsiqologebs ki sjeraT, rom qcevis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli
mizezebi im socialuri situaciis maxasiaTeblebia, romelSic is xorcieldeba.
isini amtkiceben, rom socialuri situacia imdenad Zlierad akontrolebs
individis qcevas, rom xSirad prevalirebs pirovnebasa da mis warsul
gamocdilebaze, faseulobebsa da Sexedulebebze. rogorc papa salvatores
zemoT moyvanili magaliTidanac Cans, socialuri situaciis zegavlena
imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom amas Cven, SesaZloa, verc ki
vacnobierebdeT. am qveTavSi, Cven ganvixilavT im klasikur kvlevebsa
da uaxles eqsperimentebs, romlebic xsnian adamianis qcevaze Znelad
 1573

SesamCnev, magram Zlieri zegavlenis mqone situaciuri cvladebis

moqmedebas.

rolebi da wesebi romeli socialuri rolebia TqvenTvis misaRebi? socialuri

roli aris socialurad gansazRvruli qcevis paterni, romlis ganxorcielebasac
moelian pirovnebisgan mocemul situaciaSi an jgufSi gunqcionirebisas.
gansxvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. rodesac Tqven saxlSi xarT, SesaZloa, morgebuli gqondeT
“bavSvis” an “dis” an “Zmis” roli. rodesac saklaso oTaxSi xarT, Tqven
iRebT “studentis” rols. sxva SemTxvevaSi Tqven, SesaZloa, iyoT
“saukeTeso megobari” an “Seyvarebuli”. SegiZliaT, Tvali miadevnoT, es
gansxvavebuli rolebi rogor swrafad qmnian gansxvavebuli tipis qcevebs,
TqvenTvis met-naklebad Sesatyvissa da xelmisawvdoms?
situaciebi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom adamianebi emorCilebian
qcevebis warmarTvel wesebs, anu iTvaliswineben specifiur moTxovnebs.
zogierTi wesi eqspliciturad, garegnuli-? niSnebiTaa gamoxatuli ("nu
moswevT", "ar WamoT klasSi"), an eqspliciturad daiswavleba bavSvobis
asakSi (pativi eciT ufrosebs", "ucxos ar gamoarTva kanfeti"). sxva
 1574

wesebi aris implicituri. isini daiswavleba garkveul situciebSi sxva

adamianebTan urTierTobebisas. ramdenad xmamaRla SeiZleba daukra
Seni magnitofoni, ramdeniad SeiZleba sxva adamianTan miaxloeba, rodis
SeiZleba mimarTo maswavlebels an ufross saxeliT, an rogoria sasurveli
reaqcia komplimentze an saCuqarze – yvela es aqtivoba damokidebulia
situaciaze. magaliTad, iaponeli saCuqars ar gaxsnis mCuqnelis
TandaswrebiT imis SiSiT, rom, SesaZloa, saTanadod ver gamoxatos
madliereba, xolo ucxoelma, romelmac ar icis am dauwereli wesis
Sesaxeb, SesaZloa, arasworad gaigos misi saqcieli da CaTvalos is uxeSad
da aragulisxmierad. SemdgomSi, rodesac liftSi moxvdebiT, scadeT,
gansazRvroT ra wesebs icnobT am situaciasTan dakavSirebiT. ratom
aris, rom aq adamianebi, Cveulebriv, xmadabla laparakoben an sulac
Cumad arian?
• socialuri rolebi (Social roles) – qcevis socialurad gansazRvruli
paternebi, romlebsac moelian pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul
garemoSi an jgufSi funqcionirebs.
 1575

• wesebi (Rules) – garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli saxiT moqcevis

moTxovnebi.
Cveulebriv, Tqven, SesaZloa, arc ki icodeT wesebisa da rolebis
zegavlenis
Sesaxeb, magram erTma klasikurma socialur-fsiqologiurma
eqsperimentma, e.w. stanfordis cixis eqsperimentma, gamoavlina am
Zalebis ganmacvifrebeli zemoqmedeba. (Haney & Zimbardo,1977;
Zimbardo, 1975; gameorebuli iqna avstriaSi
Lovibond et al.,1979). saidan viciT

socialuri rolebi fiqtiur cixeSi

 1576

kaliforniaSi, zafxulis erT kvira dilas, sirenis xmam

daarRvia kolejis student tomi viTlous myudroeba.
policiis manqanam mkveTrad daamuxruWaAmisi
saxlis win. sul ramodenime wuTSi toms wauyenes
braldeba danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi, misces
ganmarteba misi konstituciuri uflebebis Sesaxeb,
gaCxrikes da daades borkilebi. amis Semdeg igi
registrirebul iqna, aiRes misi TiTis anabeWdebi da
Tvalebaxveuli gadaiyvanes stanfordis sagrafos
cixeSi. aq igi gaaSiSvles, Cautares dezinfeqcia da
Caacves kombinizonis msgavsi uniforma
saidentifikacio nomriT 647 mkerdsa da zurgze.
kolejis sxva 8 studentic, aseve, iqna dakavebuli da
danomrili.
tomi da misi Tanamesakneebi moxaliseebi iyvnen,
romlebic gamoexmaurnen gazeTSi gamoqveynebul
gancxadebas da Tanxmoba ganacxades, monawileoba
 1577

mieRoT orkvirian eqsperimentSi, romelic

iTvaliswinebda cixeSi yofnas. monetis alalbedze
agdebiT, moxaliseTa nawils daekisra patimris roli,
nawils ki – zedamxedvelis.
eqsperimentis yvela monawile amorCeuli iqna
moxalise studentTa didi raodenobidan, romlebic
vrceli fsiqologiuri testirebisa da gamokiTxvebis
safuZvelze miCneul iqnen, kanonmorCil, emociurad
stabilur, fizikurad janmrTel da saSualo, normalur
adamianebad. patimrebi, eqsperimentis
mimdinareobis periodSi cixeSi imyofebodnen,
zedamxedvelebi ki standartulad 8 saaTs
muSaobdnen.
ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac studentebma gaiTavises
maTze dakisrebuli rolebi? zedamxedvelebi - is
studentebi, romlebic pacifistebi da "kargi biWebi"
iyvnen, iqceodnen agresiulad, zogjer sadisturadac ki.
isini mkacrad moiTxovdnen, rom patimrebi usityvod,
yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe damorCilebodnen
 1578

wesebs. damorCilebaze uaris Tqmas mohyveboda

privilegiebis dakargva. Tavdapirvelad privilegiebSi
Sedioda kiTxvis, weris da TanasaknelebTan saubris
ufleba. mogvianebiT, patimrebis mxridan mcire
protestic ki iwvevda iseTi “privilegiebis” dakargvas,
rogoric iyo – Wama, Zili da dabana. wesebisadmi
daumorCileblobas, aseve, mohyveboda iseTi
damamcirebeli da uazro samuSaoebis Sesruleba,
rogoric iyo tualetis xeliT recxva, azidvebi zurgze
zedamxedvelis fexiT da karcerSi Casma.
zedamxedvelebi mudmivad cdilobdnen
moefiqrebinaT iseTi
 1579

axali sasjelebi, rom patimrebs Tavi ufro metad damcirebulebad

egrZnoT.
patimris rolSi myofma, manmade fsiqologiurad stabilurma
studentebma sul male gamoamJRavnes paTologiuri qcevebi, pasiur
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen damcirebas da Seeguen beds. 36 saaTic ar
iyo gasuli, rom patimarma 8412-ma, diliT CaxSobili buntis erT – erTma
liderma, daiwyo TavSeukavebeli yvirili. mas aReniSneboda
mZvinvarebis Setevebi, asrovnebis dezorganizacia da Rrma depresia.
Mmomdevno dReebSi kidev sam patimars ganuviTarda stresuli
simptomebi. MmexuTe patimars ki gauCnda fsiqosomaturi warmoSobis
gamonayari mTel sxeulze mas Semdeg, rac uaryofili iqna misi Txovna
Sewyalebais Sesaxeb.

Aam dramatuli da moulodnelad Rrma emociuri da qceviTi efeqtebis

gamo es xuTi patimari, romelmac stresuli reaqciebi gamoavlines, droze
adre iqnen ganTavisuflebuli am uCveulo cixidan da fsiqologebi
iZulebulni gaxdnen, maTze dakvirvebis or kviriani vada eqvs dReze
daeyvanaT. miuxedavad imisa, tomi viTloum ganacxada, rom is aRar
 1580

isurvebda, xelaxla mieRo monawileoba msgavs eqsperimentSi, afasebs

miRebul gamocdilebas, radgan bevri ram Seityo sakuTari Tavisa da,
saerTod, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. sabednierod, is da sxva studentebic,
ZiriTadad, janmrTelni iyvnen da advilad gamovidnen am mZime
situaciidan. Mmomdevno periodSic maTze mravalwlianma
dakvirvebebma ar gamoavlina raime xangrZlivi negatiuri efeqti.
monawileebma xeli Seuwyes Zalze mniSvnelovani daskvnebis
gaakeTebas: fiqtiur cixeSi Seqmnili situaciis Zalam patimrebisa da
zedamxedvelebis gonebaSi Seqmna axali socialuri realoba – namdvili
cixis realoba.
stanfordis cixis eqsperimentis Sedegebis mixedviT, "patimrebisa" da
"zedamxedvelebis" qcevebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeboda
praqtikulad yvela dakvirvebad situaciaSi (ix. suraTi 17.1). Tumca rolebi,
agdebuli monetis saSualebiT, alalbedze ganawilda, nakisrma rolebma
Seqmnes gansxvavebebi eqsperimentSi monawile studentebis statusebsa
da uflebebs Soris, rasac Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda sapatimros
situaciaSi. monawileTaTvis aravis uswavlebia Tu rogor unda
 1581

moqceuliyvnen da isini arc realuri cixis situaciaSi yofilan odesme,

miuxedavad amisa, yovelma maTganma daiswavla gansxvaveba
Zalauflebis qonasa da arqonas Soris (Banuazizi & Movahedi 1975).
• socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi, romlebic jgufs
gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis
sasurvelobasTan da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
zedamxedvelis tipi aris is, vinc zRudavs patimris Tavisuflebas,
marTavs maT qcevas da aiZulebs maT, moiqcnen misi moTxovnebis
Sesabamisad. es davaleba warimarTeboda iZulebiTi wesebiT (coercive
rules), rac Tavis TavSi gulisxmobda daumorCileblobisaTvis dasjis
gamoyenebas. patimrebs SeeZloT, mxolod reagireba moexdinaT socialur
struqturaze, romelic Zalismierad qmnida sapatimros garemos. ajanyeba
an damorCileba patimrebis erTaderTi arCevania. pirvelis Sedegi aris
dasja, meorisa ki _ damoukideblobisa da Rirsebis dakargva.
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs msgavsi gansxvavebuli situaciuri
Zalebis zegavlena ukve gamocdili hqondaT TavianT adreul socialur
urTierTobebSi: mSobeli-Svili, maswavlebeli-moswavle, eqimi-pacienti,
 1582

ufrosi-muSa, kaci-qali. maT ubralod daxvewes da ganaviTares TavianTi

adreuli qcevis paternebi am axal konkretul situaciaSi. nebismier students
nebismieri roli SeiZleba Sexvedroda. zedamxedvelebis rolis Semsrulebeli
studentebi gancvifrebulebi miuTiTebdnen, Tu ramdenad advilad Seiferes
sxva adamianebis makontrolebis roli. uniformis Cacmac ki sakmarisi
aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kolejis pasiuri studentebi cixis agresiul
zedamxedvelebad gadaqceuliyvnen. ra tipis adamianad iqceviT, rodesac
ama Tu im rols aiRebT? sad mTavrdeba Tqveni pirovnuli “me” da sad
iwyeba Tqveni socialuri identuroba?

socialuri normebi imis garda, rom jgufs Tavisi wevrebis roluri qcevebis
mimarT aqvs garkveuli molodinebi, mas aqvs, agreTve, molodinebi
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen jgufis wevrebi. jgufis
wevrebis mimarT socialurad misaRebi ganwyobebisa da qcevebis
specifikur moTxovnebs, romlebic jgufis mier Camoyalibebuli
manifestirebuli an faruli saxiT arseboben, ewodebaT socialuri normebi.
socialuri normebi, SesaZloa, exebodes qcevebis Zalze farTo wres. Tu
 1583

Tqven xarT demokratiuli partiis wevri, mosalodnelia, rom Tqven

gaiziaroT liberaluri politikuri Sexedulebebi, xolo Tu Tqven xarT
axalgazrda respublikeli, maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tqven ufro
konservatiul Sexedulebebs dauWerT mxars. socialuri normebi, agreTve,
qcevis garkveul standartebsis daacvasac gulisxmoben. magaliTad, Tu
Tqven mimtani xarT, maSin Tqven momxmarebels Tavazianad unda
moeqceT, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad arasasiamovno da momTxovnia
is Tqvens mimarT.
romelime jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, Cveulebriv, niSnavs mTeli rigi
iseTi normebis dacvas, romlebic aregulireben jgufis SigniT sasurveli
qcevebis ganxorcielebas. es ori gziT xdeba: Tqven amCnevT jgufis yvela
wevris an maTi umravlesobis qcevebis erTgvarobas, an akvirdebiT im
negatiur Sedegebs, romlebsac imsaxureben jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic
ugulebelyofen socialur normebs.
normebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan funqcias asruleben. mocemul jgufur
situaciaSi moqmedi normebi emsaxureba wevrebis orientirebas da axdens
maT Soris socialuri interaqciebis regulirebas. urTierTobis TiToeul
 1584

monawiles SeuZlia iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu rogor Semova meore

monawile mocemul situaciaSi, rogor Caicvams, ras ityvis da, aseve, isic,
Tu rogori qcevebia maTgan mosalodneli, raTa daimsaxuron jgufis sxva
wevrebis mowoneba. Tqven xSirad Tavs uxerxulad grZnobT axal
situaciaSi swored imitom, rom, xSirad, ar iciT
Tu rogor unda moiqceT. normidan gadaxris SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli
Semwynarebloba, aseve, normis nawilia – is zogjer sakmaod farToa,
zogjer ki
Zalze viwro. magaliTad, mokle Sarvali da maisuri Zalze Seuferebeli
Cacmuloba iqneboda religiuri ceremoniisaTvis. aseve, socialuri
normebidan uxeSi gadaxra iqneboda msgavs ceremoniaze sacurao
kostumiT gamoCena.
jgufis wevrebs, yovel konkretul situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT,
gansazRvron, is Tu ramdenad SeiZleba socialuri normebidan gadaxra,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT SesaZloa iwvnion jgufuri iZulebis sami
iseTi mtkivneuli Zala, rogoricaa: dacinva, uaryofa da xelaxali aRzrda.

konformuloba rodesac Tqven iRebT socialur rols an emorCilebiT

socialur normas, maSin Tqven, garkveulwilad, iCenT konformulobas
 1585

socialuri molodinebis mimarT. konformuloba aris adamianebis tendencia,

daeTanxmon jgufis wevrebis qcevebsa da Sexedulebebs. ratom xarT
konformulebi? arsebobs pirobebi, romelTa gavleniTac Tqven axdenT
socialuri moTxovnebis ignorirebas da iqceviT damoukideblad? socialuri
fsiqologebi ganixilaven ori tipis Zalas, romelsac konformulobamde
mivyavarT.
informaciuli gavlenis procesebi _ moTxovnileba, mocemul situaciaSi,
viyoT koreqtulebi da moviqceT swored.
normatiuli gavlenis procesebi – gareSemyofTagan mowonebis,
aRiarebis da
miRebis moTxovnileba.
qvemoT aRvwerT klasikur eqsperimentebs, romlebic gavlenis orive tipis
sailustraciod gamodgeba.
informaciuli gavlena: m.Serifis avtokinetikuri efeqti mravali
cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelSic Tqven qcevebTan dakavSirebuli
gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, sakmaod gaaurkvevelia.
MmagaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom adamianebis did jgufTan erTad
sadilobT elegantur restoranSi. magida TvalismomWreli sizustiT
 1586

gawyobilia vercxlis dana-CangliT. saidan iciT, romeli Cangali unda

ixmaroT, rodesac pirvel Tav saWmels Semoitanen? Cveulebriv, Tqven,
albaT, SexedavT wveulebis sxva wevrebs, raTa saTanado arCevani
gaakeToT. es aris informaciuli zegavlena. muzafer Serifis (Muzafer
Sherif, 1935) klasikuri eqsperimenti naTlad aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia
informaciul zegavlenas normis kristalizacia anu misi formireba da
gamyareba.

saidan viciT
informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs normebs
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sinaTlis wertilis moZraobis odenoba,
romelic realurad ar moZraobda, magram moZravad
aRiqmeboda sruliad bnel oTaxSi, vinaidan ar Canda
aTvlis sxva wertilebi. es aris aRqmis iluzia, romelic
cnobilia avtokinetikuri efeqtis saxeliT. individebis mier
mocemuli Sefasebebi Zalian gansxvavebuli iyo.
rodesac cdis pirebi erT jgufad SeaerTes, romelTa
Sorisac iyvnen ucnobebic, romlebic xmamaRla
msjelobdnen, Sefasebebi TandaTan erTmaneTs
emTxveoda,
 1587

anu individebis Sefasebebi sinaTlis wertilis moZraobis

mimarTulebasa da odenobasTan dakavSirebiT
erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo. yvelaze saintereso ki is iyo,
rom rodesac igive monawileni marto darCnen da kvlav
sTxoves Sefasebebis gakeTeba, maTi iseTive
Sefasebebi moaxdines, rogoric jgufur Sefasebebis
pirobebSi.
Tu ki jgufSi normebi erTxel Camoyalibda, maT gaaCniaT ganmeorebis
tendencia. mogvianebiT Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom avtokinetikuri
efeqtis es normebi droSi mdgradi iyo erTi wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac
monawilis gverdiT aRar iyvnen Zveli jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic
xmamaRla gamoTqvamdnen TavianT
Sefasebebs (Rohrer et al., 1954). Nnormebi gadaecema jgufis wevrebis
erTi Taobidan meores da adamianebis qcevaze gavlenas axdenen
maSinac ki, rodesac ukve aRar arsebobs jgufi, romelmac is SeimuSava
(Insco et al., 1980). saidan viciT, rom normebs SeiZleba (gaaCndeT)
aseTi transgeneraciuli zegavlena hqondeT? avtokinetikuri efeqtis
 1588

Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi jgufis wevrebs TandaTanobiT cvlidnen axali

wevrebiT, manam, sanam ar moxdeboda maTi sruli ganaxleba. magram
Sefasebis norma igive rCeboda, maSinac ki, rodesac jgufis Semadgenloba
mTlianad Secvlili iyo, e.i. norma gadaecemoda axal Taobas (Jacobs&
Campbell, 1961). atyobT, am eqsperimentis Sedegebi ramdenad
emsgavseba realur cxovrebaSi momaval Taobaze normebis gadacenis
process?
• konformuloba (Conformity) – adamianebis tendencia, miiRon
referentuli jgufis sxva wevrebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
• informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) – jgufis efeqti,
romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori
da icodes, rogor unda moiqces mocemul situaciaSi.
• normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) - jgufis efeqti, romelic
warmoiSoba individis survilis safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli,
miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
• normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) – jgufis wevrebis
molodinebis Tanxvedra, erToblivi msjelobis an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
 1589

normatuli gavlena: s. aSis efeqti rogor SeiZleba imis saukeTesod

demonstrireba, rom zogjer adamianebi konformulebi arian normatuli
gavlenis gamo – maTi survilis gamo, iyvnen mowonebulni, miRebulni an
aRiarebulni sxvebisgan? socialuri fsiqologiis erTerTma pirvelma Zalze
mniSvnelovanma warmomadgenelma solomon aSma (Solomon Asch
1940, 1956) Seqmna situacia, romelSic eqsperimentis monawileebi
daskvnas akeTebdnen absoluturad gansazRvruli, naTeli fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebis mqone pirobebSi, Tumca, jgufis wevrebis umetesoba
aRniSnavda, rom realobas gansxvavebulad xedavda. kolejis studenti
vaJebsi daarwmunes, rom isini monawileobas iRebdnen martivi vizualuri
aRqmis kvlevaSi. maT aCvenes muyaos baraTebi, romlebzec gamosaxuli
iyo sami gansxvavebuli sigrZis xazi da sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT, am
samidan romeli xazi iyo standartuli xazis sigrZis (ix. nax.17.2). xazebis
sigrZe sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan, ase rom, Secdomebs
naklebad hqonda adgili, amasTan, maTi SefardebiTi zoma yoveli axali
seansis dros icvleboda.

sur. 17.2 konformuloba s.aSis eqsperimentebSi

 1590

aSis eqsperimentis amsaxvel am fotoze Cans, rom gulubryvilo

monawile #6
gaocebulia umravlesobis mier gakeTebuli mcdari SefasebiT.
eqsperinentSi gamoyenebuli tipiuri stimulebis wyeba mocemulia
marcxena naxazze. xolo marjvena naxazze mocemuli mrudebi
gamoxatavs konformulobas 12 kritikuli cdis ganmavlobaSi, saidanac
Cans martoxela monawileebis Sedegebis Sedareba winaswar
SeTanxmebuli monawileebis Sedegebis SedegebTan, iseve rogorc maTi
damoukidebloba winaswar SeTanxmebul monawileebTan SedarebiT.
swori Sefasebebis dabali procenti gamoxatavs jgufis mcdari Sefasebebis
mimarT individis konformulobis maRal xarisxs.
saidan viciT
 1591

xazebis sigrZis iluzoruli aRqma?

eqsperimentis monawileni dasves naxevarwred,
eqvsidan rvamde sxva
adamianTan erTad. monawileTaTvis es sruliad
ucnobi adamianebi eqsperimentis Tanamonawileebi
iyvnen da moqmedebdnen eqsperimentatoris mier
winaswar SemuSavebuli scenaris Sesabamisad.
eqsperimentis pirveli sami cdis ganmavlobaSi wreSi
msxdomTagan yvela eTanxmeboda TiToeul
gamoTqmul swor Sedarebas. SemdegSi, meoTxe
seansis dros ki pirvelma Tanamonawilem ori xazi
erTmaneTis tolad gamoacxada, Tumca, sruliad cxadi
iyo maT Soris gansxvaveba. aseve moiqca jgufis
yvela sxva wevric cdis piris garda. am students unda
gadaewyvita, daTanxmeboda jgufis danarCeni
wevrebis azrs da yofiliyo konformuli, Tu darCeniliyo
damoukidebeli da mtkiced daecva is, rasac xedavda.
18 cdidan 12 cdaSi es gulubryvilo studenti aseTi
 1592

dilemis winaSe idga. cdis pirebi gamoxatavdnen

undoblobis niSnebsa da aSkara diskomforts, rodesac
upirispirdebodnen umravlesobas, romelic ase
gansxvavebulad aRiqvamda samyaros. ra unda
eqnaT?
monawileTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi darCa sruliad
damoukidebeli – maT
arasdros ar gamoumJRavnebiaT konformizmi.
MmonawileTa 50-80% (kvlevis programis
sxvadasxva stadiebze) erTxel mainc daeTanxma
umravlesobis yalb Sefasebebs maSin, rodesac
monawileTa mesamedi umravlesobis araswor
Sefasebebs daeTanxma kritikul cdaTa naxevar an
met SemTxvevaSi.
 1593

s. aSi im monawileebs, romlebic umetes SemTxvevebSi

eTanxmebodnen umravlesobas, uwodebs “dezorientirebulebs” da “eWviT
marTulebs”. is gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianTa es kategoria
“ganicdida Zalze mZlavr impulss, rom ar gamoCeniliyo umravlesobisgan
gansxvavebulad” (1952, gv. 396). isini vinc daTmobaze wavidnen, xazs
usvamdnen socialur zewolas da TavianT konformulobas, zogierTebi ki
imasac amtkicebdnen, rom xazebis sigrZeSi gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
maT tolebad aRiqvamdnen.

sxva kvlevebSi aSi axdenda Semdegi sami faqtoris varirebas: ucnobi

umravlesobis sidide, iseTi monawileebis daswreba, romelic ar
eTanxmebodnen umravlesobas da fizikuri stimulebis Sedarebasa da
umravlesobis pozicias Soris gansvlis sidide. man aRmoaCina, rom
mdgradi konformulobis efeqti miiRweva maSin, rodesac ucnobi
umravlesoba Sedgeba mxolod 3-5 adamianisagan. MmaSin ki, rodesac
gulubryvilo cdis pirs misces erTi mokavSire, romelic win aRudga
umravlesobis Tvalsazriss, konformulobis efeqti mkveTrad Semcirda,
rogorc es Cans 17.2 suraTidan. TanamoazresTan erTad gulubryvilo cdis
 1594

pirs, rogorc wesi, Seswevda unari, winaaRmdegoba gaewia zewolisTvis

da ar dahyoloda umravlesobas. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, umravlesobisgan
damoukidebloba izrdeboda im SemTxvevaSic, rac ufro didi iyo
winaaRmdegoba jgufis romelime erT wevrsa da jgufis sxva wevrebs
Soris. sagulisxmoa, rom individebis garkveuli raodenoba agrZelebs
jgufisadmi damorCilebas maSinac ki, rodesac xazebis sigrZeebs Soris
sxvaoba maqsimalurad izrdeboda. (Ash, 1955,1956).
rogor unda gavigoT es Sedegebi? s. aSi Tavadac gakvirvebuli darCa im
xarisxiT, romliTac adamianebi ar iCendnen konformulobas (Friend et al.,
1990). is Tavis kvlevebs ganixilavda, rogorc “damoukideblobis”
kvlevebs. faqtobrivad, monawileTa pasuxebis ori mesamedi swori da
arakonformuli iyo. Tumca, s.aSis eqsperimentebis aRwerebis
umravlesobaSi xazzgasma swored konformul erT mesamedze keTdeba.
am eqsperimentebis garSemo gakeTebul angariSebi xSirad mcdaria da ar
eweva angariSi im faqts, rom eqsperimentis monawileebi gansxvavebulni
iyvnen. im adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic arasdros iqceodnen
konformulad, daaxloebiT 25%, toli iyo im adamianebis raodenobisa,
 1595

romlebic yovelTvis an TiTqmis yovelTvis axorcielebdnen konformul

qcevas.
amdenad, s.aSis eqspetebi gvaZlevs or damatebiT gakveTils: erTis
mxriv, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebi mTlianad ar eqcevian normatiuli
gavlenis qveS da umravles SemTxvevaSi icaven TavianT
damoukideblobas (zogierTebi ki _ yovelTvis). Mmeore mxriv, Cven
vnaxeT, rom adamianebi zogjer konformulebic arian, umravles
SemTxvevaSi araorazrovan situaciebSic ki. konformulobis SesaZlebloba
aris adamianis bunebis mniSvnelovani elementi.

konformuloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

konformulobis mravali SemTxveva asaxavs normatuli da informaciuli
zegavlenis kombinaciebs: miRebis, mowonebisa da aRiarebis survili
ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom saTanado ganwyobebisa da swori qcevis
Sesaxeb informaciis mosaZieb;ad mimarTon konkretul referentul jgufs.
ganvixiloT erTi eqsperimentuli magaliTi.
saidan viciT
 1596

konformulobis mcdeloba texasis

A&M universitetis studentebs miewodaT informacia im
damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb, rasac amJRavnebda maTi Tanatolebis
umravlesoba. magaliTad, maT uTxres, rom studentebi sruliad ar
eTamxmebian debulebas: "ar gavamarTlebdi megobars, romelmac
aralegaluri wamlebi miiRo" (sinamdvileSi, studentebis umravlesoba
sruliad eTanxmeboda am debulebas). eqsperimentSi monawile studentTa
umravlesobas sTxoves am debulebis interpretireba. ras niSnavda “me ar
gavamarTlebdi”. es niSnavda, rom “isini ar Seurigdebian narkotikis
gamoyenebas” Tu imas, rom “isini Sewyveten masTan megobrobas”?
amis Semdeg eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT
TavianTi damokidebuleba debulebis mimarT. studentebis pasuxebis
paternebi, umeteswilad, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlierad
aigivebdnen isini Tavs xsenebuli universitetis studentobasTan. “Zlieri
identifikaciis” jgufis wevrebma scades am debulebisTvis iseTi
interpretacia gaekeTebinaT, romelic maT saSualebas miscemda, ar
eRalataT universitetis studentTa normebisaTvis. anu maTi interpretacia
 1597

iyo “megobrobis Sewyvetis” mimarTulebiT da gamoxates TavianTi

mkacri damokidebulebebi. im studentebma ki, romlebic amJRavnebdnen
A&M-is studentebTan dabal identifikacias, ar gamoamJRavnes aseTi
dramatuli damokidebuleba im mosazrebis mimarT, romelsac maTi azriT
iziarebda A&M-is yoveli saSualo studenti (Wood et al.,1996).

am situaciaSi studentebs, romlebisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo, rom

yofiliyvnen
sxva studentebis msgavsni, miiRes informacia, romelic maT
amxanagebTan winaaRmdegobaSi ar moiyvanda. normatiulma
procesebma ubiZga maT sakiTxis interpretaciis imgvarad
rekonstruqciisken, rom mocemuli informacia maTi mxoflmxedvelobis
Sesatyvisic yofiliyo. am kvlevidan Cans, rom Cven im SemTxvevaSi
ganvicdiT ufro Zlier informaciul zemoqmedebas, rodesac informaciis
wyaro CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania.

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?
 1598

Tu Tqven odesme gicdiaT gadawyvetileba migeRoT,

rogorc jgufis wevrs, maSin gecodinebaT, rom es
sakmaod sawvalebeli saqmea. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven axlaxan megibrebTan
erTad naxeT filmi. Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tqven is mogewonaT, garCevis Semdeg aRmoaCineT,
rom azri SegecvalaT da daeTanxmeT azrs, rom filmi
aris “warmoudgenlad susti”. tipiuria Tu ara azris aseTi
cvlileba jgufuri garCevis Semdeg? nuTu jgufis
Sefasebebi yovelTvis gansxvavebulia individebis
Sefasebebisagan? socialurma fsiqologebma aCvenes,
rom arsebobs ori Zala, romelic moqmedebs MmaSin,
rodesac jgufi iRebs gadawyvetilebas; esenia: jgufuri
polarizacia da jgufuri azrovneba.
zemoT aRwerili SemTxveva aris jgufuri polarizaciis
magaliTi: jgufma gamoavlina iseTi gadawyvetilebis
miRebis tendencia, romelic ufro metad ukiduresia,
 1599

vidre iqneboda jgufis wevrebis mier cal-calke,

erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi. davuSvaT, jgufis TiToeul wevrs
sTxoveT filmisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis
gamoTqma. amis Semdeg, jgufis msgavsad, Tqvenc
eTanxmebiT erTaderT misaReb Sefasebas, romelic
asaxavs mTeli jgufis damokidebulebas. Tu jgufis
Sefaseba ufro ukiduresia, vidre calkeuli wevrebis
Sefasebebis saSualo, maSin es iqneba polarizaciis
SemTxveva. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria jgufis
wevrebis sawyisi tendencia - gamoTqvan frTxili an
riskiani Sefasebebi – jgufuri polarizaciis procesi maT
waiyvans meti sifrTxilis an meti riskis demonstrirebis
mimarTulebiT. mkvlevarebma gamoTqves mosazreba,
rom jgufuri polarizacias safuZvlad udevs ori tipis
procesi: informacia-gavlenis modeli da socialuri
Sedarebis modeli (Liu & Lataane 1998). informacia-
 1600

gavlenis modelis mixedviT, jgufis wevrebs sxvadasxva

informacia SeaqvT gadawyvetilebaSi. Tu Tqven da
Tqvens megobrebs mcire, magram gansxvavebuli
mizezebi gagaCniaT, rom daiwunoT filmi, maSin am
mizezebis erTad Tavmoyra gamoiwvevs imas, rom
saboloo jamSi yvelani erTad Zalian daiwunebT mas.
socialuri Sedarebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom jgufis
wevrebi cdiloben,
miizidon Tanatolebi imiT, rom jgufis idealebs
warmoadgenen ufro eqstremalurad, vidre es
realuradaa. amgvarad, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom es filmi
aravis moewona, SegiZliaT SeecadoT, Tavi
warmoadginoT
 1601

gansakuTrebiT gamWriax pirovnebad da gamoTqvaT

ukiduresad uaryofiTi Sexeduleba. Tu jgufis yvela
wevri Seecdeba am gziT daafiqsiros jgufis saerTo
Sefaseba, Sedegad aucileblad miviRebT polarizacias.
jgufis polarizacia warmoadgens azrovnebis zogadi
paternis _ jgufuri
azrovnebis _ erT-erT Sedegs,. irvin jenisma (Irving
Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri azrovneba gansazRvra,
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi myofi jgufisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tendencia, konsensusis misaRwevad
arasasurveli informaciis gacxrilvisa, gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is Tanxvdeba lideris
mosazrebas.
i. jenisis jgufuri azrovnebis Teoria aRmocenda
maSin, rodesac is
cdilobda gaeanalizebina iseTi istoriuli movlena,
rogoric iyo amerikis SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960 wels.
am SeWraze Tanxmoba prezidentma kenedim misca
mas Semdeg, rac man Caatara kabinetis sxdoma,
 1602

romelzec SeWris momxre mrCevelebma

minimumamde daiyvanes da daTrgunes
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. am movlenis analizidan
jenisma gamokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis mTeli rigi
maxasiaTeblebisa, romelmac, misi azriT, ganapiroba
jgufis wevrebis damorCileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi.
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom, magaliTad, jgufebi,
romlebic Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasiaTdebian, emijnebian
ra eqspertebs da operireben lideris uSualo
miTiTebebiT, miiReben jguguri azrovnebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel gadawyvetilebebs. sxva
mkvlevarebma jenisis ideebis Semowmeba scades
rogorc Semdgomi istoriuli movlenebis analizis, aseve
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis saSualebiT (Esser,1998).
am kvlevebma aCvena, rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT
mowyvladni arian jgufuri azris mimarT maSin, rodesac
axdenen koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli jgufisTavis
misaRebi dadebiTi mosazrebis SenarCunebis _
realizebas (Turner & Praatkanis, 1998). jgufis
wevrebs unda esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSirad
aumjobesebs jgufur gadawyvetilebas, Tumca, is,
SesaZloa amcirebdes jgufis pozitiur TviTSefaseba.
maSinac ki, rodesac is, erTi SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis
pozitiuri grZnobisgan. SemdgomSi, rodesac
 1603

CaerTvebiT jgufur RonisZiebaSi, yuradReba

gaamaxvileT, raTa SeZloT aRniSnuli procesebis
SemCneva.
 1604

• jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) – jgufis tendencia, miiRos

iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is
gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke miiRebdnen igive jgufis wevrebi.
• jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) – gadawyvetilebis mimRebi jgufis
tendencia, gafiltros arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweuli iqnas
konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is Seesabameba lideris Tvalsazriss.

umciresobis gavlena da nonkonformizmi vinaidan umravlesobas

miniWebuli aqvs resursebisa da informaciis kontrolis SesaZlebloba,
gasakviri araa, rom adamianebi regularulad konformulebi arian maT
mimarT. amasTan, isic cnobilia, rom zogjer adamianebi mtkiced icaven
sakuTar Sexedulebebs. rogor xdeba es? rogor xdeba, rom adamianebi
Tavs aRweven jgufis gavlenas da, saerTod, rogor aris SesaZlebeli raime
siaxle (aranormatiuli)? arsebobs raime pirobebi, sadac umciresobs
SeuZlia, Semoabrunos umravlesoba da Seqmnas axali normebi? rodesac
amerikeli mkvlevarebi koncentrirebulni iyvnen konformulobis kvlevebze,
 1605

nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom konformizmi dakavSirebulia demokratiul

procesebTan, zogierTi evropeli socialuri fsiqologi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobda umciresobis mier umravlesobis Secvlis unars.
frangi mkvlevari serJ moskoviCi (Serge Mosscovici) pirveli iyo imaT
Soris, vinc umciresobis gavlenebis kvlevebi daiwyo.

saidan viciT
umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena
erT-erT eqsperimentSi, romelSic monawileebs
daurigdaT feradi
baraTebi TxovniT, mieTiTebinaT feri, umetesobam
sworad gansazRvra is. Tumca eqsperimentatoris ori
Tanamonawile mwvaneze miuTiTebda, rogorc
cisferze. uryevi umciresobis poziciam Tavidan
zegavlena ar moaxdina umravlesobaze, magram
SemdgomSi, eqsperimentis zogierTi monawile
mwvane feris Sefasebisas TandaTan cisfriken
gadainacvla (Moscovici, 1976; Mosciovici &
Faucheux,1972).
 1606

amdenad, umciresobis uryevma Sexedulebebma, bolos da bolos,

SesaZloa safuZveli gamoacalos umravlesobis siZlieres (Moscovici, 1980,
1985).
es efeqtebi SegiZliaT, gaiazroT normatiul da informaciul zegavlenas
Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelzec ukve
mogaxseneT. (Wood et al.,1994). umciresobis jgufebs SedarebiT naklebi
normatiuli gavlena aqvT, radgan umravlesobis wevrebs, Cveulebriv,
naklebad awuxebT, iqnebian Tu ara mowonebulni an miRebulni
umciresobis wevrebis mier. meore mxriv, umciresobis jgufebs mainc
gaaCniaT informaciuli zegavlena umravlesobaze. kerZod, maT ZaluZT,
ubiZgon umravlesobas sadao sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganxilvisken
(Peterson& Nemeth, 1996). samwuxarod, informaciuli zegavlenis es
unari umciresobas iSviaTad aZlevs SesaZleblobas, daZlios umravlesobis
warmomadgenelTa survili ar gaiTvaliswinon normisagan gadaxrili da
SeuTanxmebeli Sexedulebebi (Wood, 2000).
sazogadoebaSi, adamianebis umravlesoba cdilobs, warmoCindes, rogorc
status
 1607

quo-s damcveli. Cveulebriv, siaxleebis da cvlilebebis moTxovna modis

umciresobis wevrebisa da im pirebisagan, romlebsac imedi gaucruvdaT
arsebul sistemis mimarT an unari SeswevT axleburad gaiazron sakiTxi da
moiazron mimdinare problemis gaadaWris alternatiuli gzebi. konfliqti
myarad dafuZnebuli umravlesobis Sexedulebebsa da disidenturi
umciresobis perspeqtivebs Soris: umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa im
inovaciebisaTvis, romlebsac dadebiTi socialuri Zvrebi mohyveba.

situaciis Zala: mxilebani faruli kameriT socialurma fsiqologebma

scades socialuri normebisa da socialuri situaciebis Zalis demonstrireba
iseTi eqsperimentebiT, romlebic aaSkaraveben, Tu ramdenad iolad
SeiZleba sazriani, damoukidebeli, racionaluri da sasiamovno adamianebis
iseTi qcevis ganxorcielebamde miyvana, romelic Zalian Sors iqneba
optimalurisagan. Cven ukve vnaxeT socialuri situaciis gavlenis iseTi
saxe, rogoricaa socialuri roli, rogor aqcevs is Cveulebriv students cixis
agresiul zedamxedvelad. igive principis demonstrireba SeiZleba ubrali
xumrobis saSualebiTac. faruli kameris scenarebiT, romelic kargi intuiciis
mqone socialurma fsiqologma alan fantma Seqmna da ukve TiTqmis 50
 1608

welia, rac gamoiyeneba. fantma aCvena, Tu rogor zustad misdevs

adamianis buneba socialur scenars. misi gadacemebis milionobiT
telemayurebeli gulianad icinis, rodesac uyurebs, rom adamiani, romelic
hamburgers miirTmevs, rogor wyvets Wamas, rogorc ki ainTeba abra
warweriT "ar WamoT"; rogor Cerdebian adamianebi SuqniSnis wiTel
ferze, romelic inTeba fexiT mosiaruleTaTvis gankuTvnil quCaze;
rodesac avtomagistralze moZraobisas mZRolebi abruneben manqanebs
sagzao niSnis “delaveri daketilia” danaxvisas da rodesac momxmareblebi
mxolod TeTr filebze dadian administraciis gancxadebis Sesabamisad,
romlis Tanaxmadac, Sav filebze siaruli akrZalulia. faruli kameris efeqtis
erT-erT saukeTeso ilustraciad iTvleba situaciuri qcevis makontrolirebeli
Zalze daxvewili wesi, e.w. “oinebi liftSi”. rodesac adamiani mgzavrobs
liftiT, is Tavdapirvelad emorCileba im dauwerel kanons, rom idges saxiT
karisaken, magram rodesac danarCeni mgzavrebi dgebian karisken
zurgiT, sacodavi msxverplic mihyveba axlad aRmocenebul normas da
isic zurgs aqcevs Semosasvlels.
 1609

cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, minimaluri socialuri pirobebic ki sakmarisia,

raTa gamoavlindes Cveulebrivi adamianebis uCveulo qcevebi. Tqven
iciT, gageRimaT imaze Tu Tqvenive msgavsi adamianebi maTTvis
Cveuli situaciebis mcire modifikaciis SemTxvevaSic ki ramdenad
sulelurad iqcevian. Tqven impliciturad emijnebiT maT, varaudobT ra,
rom Tqven ase ar moiqceodiT. magram, am saxis socialur fsiqologiuri
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom savaraudod, analogiur SemTxvevebSi, Tqvenc
iseve moiqceodiT, rogorc sxvebi. poeti jon doni werda: “aravin aris
kunZuli, yoveli adamiani erTi mTliani kontinentis nawilia”. adamianebi
urTierTdakavSirebulni arian saziaro situaciebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT.
SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor moiqceodiT iseT situaciaSi, sadac adamianebi
iqcevian borotad/cudad, sulelurad an iracionalurad, brZnuli pasuxi, albaT,
iqneba: “ar vici, es damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieri
iqneba situacia”.
Cven mivediT seriozul daskvnamde, rom situaciebi arsebiT rols
asruleben adaminis qcevis determinaciaSi. albaT, Tqvenc SegiZliaT,
gaixsenoT cxovrebiseuli situaciebi, romelSic gaacnobiereT, rom Tqven
 1610

da Tqveni megobari ar eTanxmebiT erTmaneTs imis Taobaze, Tu rasTan

gqondaT saqme. momdevno TavSi Cven ganvixilavT mosazrebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva adamianebi erTi da imave situaciis
interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen.

Sejameba
socialur situaciebi xSirad eqceva socialuri fsiqologebis yuradRebis
centrSi, rogorc qcevis mniSvnelovan determinantebs. stanfordis cixis
eqsperimentma aCvena. Tu rogori dramatuli zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia
socialur rolebs adamianis qcevaze. socialuri normebi gansazRvravs
sasurvel damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs. jgufuri gavlenis ori tipi aiZulebs
adamianebs, iyvnen konformulebi: informaciuli gavlena da normatuli
gavlena. rogorc Cans umciresoba umravlesobis Sexedulebebze gavlenas
ufro informaciuli gavlenis gziT axdens.

socialuri realobis konstruireba

warmoidgineT, rom unda gadakveToT studenturi qalaqis teritoria
megobarTan erTad, romelic ar icnobs fsiqologiis Sesaval kurss. Tqven
xvdebiT policiels, romelic uyviris students. Tqveni megobari ambobs: “es
 1611

policieli ar unda iyos aseTi uxeSi”, magram Tqven ki TqvenTvis fiqrobT:

“amgvarad moqcevas mas aiZulebs misi roli”. amrigad, Tqven da Tqveni
megobari erTi da igive movlenas uyurebT, magram mas sruliad
sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias aZlevT. ai, swored amas vuwodebT
socialuri realobis konstruirebas. Tqven gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna da
gamocdileba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT mogexdinaT situaciis ganmarteba.
Tqven aageT socialuri realoba imiT, rom moaxdineT movlenis
kogniturad da emociurad reprezentireba.
modiT, moviSvelioT socialuri fsiqologiis klasikuri magaliTi, romelSic
Sexedlebebi ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom erTi da igive situacia
sxvadassxva momgebiani poziciidan dainaxon da urTierTsapirispiro
daskvnebi gaakeTon imis Taobaze, Tu “ra moxda sinamdvileSi”. kvleva
exeboda ramdenime wlis win Catarebul amerikuli fexburTis matCs ligis
or gunds Soris. prinstonis daumarcxebeli gundi sezonis ukanasknel matCs
eTamaSeboda dartmuTis gunds. TamaSi, romelSic prinstonis gundma
gaimarjva, ormxrivad uxeSi iyo, mravali sajarimoebiTa da seriozuli
 1612

travmebiT. TamaSis Semdeg orive skolis gazeTma mkiTxvels SesTavaza

Zalze gansxvavebuli versiebi imisa, Tu ra moxda TamaSis dros.

saidan viciT
SegviZlia ki rodesme vTqvaT, “ra moxda sinamdvileSi”?
socialuri fsiqologebis jgufma, romelic dainteresda im SefasebebiT,
romlebic studentur gazeTebSi iyo mocemuli, studentebs aCvena matCis
Canaweri da sTxova SeefasebinaT orive gundis mier ganxorcielebuli
darRvevebis raodenoba. TiTqmis yvela prinstonelma, TamaSi Seafasa,
rogorc “uxeSi da binZuri”. aravis Seufasebia is "sufTa da patiosan”
TamaSad da umetesoba darwmunebuli iyo, rom es dartmuteli
moTamaSeebis brali iyo. amis sapirispirod, dartmuTeli studentebis
umravlesobam CaTvala, rom uxeS TamaSSi orive mxare Tanabrad iyo
damnaSave da rom TamaSi iyo "uxeSi, sufTa da lamazi". metic,
Canaweris naxvisas prinstonelma studentebma “dainaxes”, rom
mowinaaRmdegem orjer meti jarima miiRo, vidre maTma gundma,
xolo dartmuTelma studentebma igive
 1613

Canaweris naxvisas “dainaxes”, rom jarimebis raodenoba Tanabari iyo

(Hastorf &Cantril, 1954).

gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom SeuZlebelia fexburTis matCisnairi rTuli

socialuri movlenis obieqturad da moukerZoeblad ganxilva. socialuri
situaciebi mniSvnelovnebas iZenen maSin, rodesac mayurebeli
seleqciurad
aRiqvams imas, Tu ra moxda, imis Sesabamisad Tu ris danaxvas elodda
an undoda.. fexburTis matCis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi erTi da igive
aqtivobas uyurebdnen, magram xedavdnen or gansxvavebul TamaSs.
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor mividnen prinstoneli da dartmuTeli
gulSematkivrebi esoden gansxvavebul interpretaciebamde, mivubrundeT
aRqmis sakiTxs. gavixsenoT me_5-e Tavi, sadac Tqven xSir
SemTxvevaSi unda migemarTaT codnisTvis, rom SemdegSi mogexdinaT
gaurkveveli perceptuli obieqtebis interpretacia. igive principi moqmedebs
fexburTis matCis ganxilvis drosac: adamianebi iyeneben warsulSi
SeZenil codnas mimdinare movlenebis interpretirebisaTvis, magram
perceptuli procesebis obieqtad adamianebi da situaciebi gvevlinebian.
 1614

socialuri percepcia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi sxvTa qcevebis

gagebasa da kategorizebas axdenen. am paragrafSi farTod mimovixilavT
socialuri percepciis or sakiTxs. pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT, Tu rogor
afaseben adamianebi im Zalebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen sxva
adamianebis qcevebze, maT kauzalur atribuciebs. Semdeg ki
ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom zogjer, socialuri percepcia emTxveva
Cvens molodinebs.
atribuciis Teoriis warmoSoba socialuri aRqmisas, yoveli adamianis
winaSe mdgomi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocana aris socialuri
movlenebis mizezebis dadgena. Tqven gsurT icodeT cxovrebiseuli
movlenebis mizezebi. ratom Sewyvita Cemma megobarma gogonam
CemTan urTierToba? ratom miiRo samuSao man da ver miviRe me?
ratom gaiyarnen Cemi mSoblebi mravalwliani erTad cxovrebis Semdeg?
yovel aseT kiTxvas mivyavarT garkveuli moqmedebis, movlenisa Tu
Sedegis SesaZlo mizezobrivi determinantebis analizamde. atribuciis
Teoria aris zogadi midgoma, romelic aRwers informaciis gamoyenebis
gzebs, romelsac iyenebs socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
 1615

atribuciis Teoria dasabams iRebs fric haideris (Fritz Heider)

Sromebidan (1958).
f. haideri amtkicebda, rom adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi garkvevis
mcdelobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawili aris is, rom isini ganuwyvetliv
axdenen socialuri movlenebis mizezobriv analizs. is Tvlida, rom yoveli
adamiani intuituri fsiqologia, romlic cdilobs, gaerkves adamianis
bunebaSi, sakuTari qcevebis mizezebSi, iseve, rogorc amas profesionali
fsiqologi akeTebs. haideri Tvlida, rom atribuciuli analizis ZiriTadi
sakiTxi aris is rom gaarkvios Tu ra iwvevs qcevas, sad aris misi mizezebi,
pirovnebaSi (Sinagani anu dispoziciuri kauzaloba) Tu situaciaSi
(garegani anu situaciuri kauzaloba) da vin aris mis Sedegebze
pasuxismgebeli. rogor axdenen adamianebi aseT Sefasebebs?
harold kelim (Harold Kelley 1967) moaxdina haideris mosazrebebis
formalizeba _ gamoyo cvladebi, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben
atribuciuli daskvnebis gakeTebisas. kelis ekuTvnis mniSvnelovani
dakvirveba, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi
axdenen kauzalur atribucias. Tqven iSviaTad gaqvT sakmarisi informacia
imis Taobaze, Tu ratom moiqca adamiani ase da ara sxvanairad. keli
 1616

fiqrobda, rom adamianebi winaaRmdegobas uweven gaurkvevlobas imiT,

rom agroveben informacias sxvadasxva movlenebidan da iyeneben
kovariaciis
princips. kelis azriT, adamianebi gaurkvevlobas mravali movlenidan
informaciis dagrovebiTa da kovariaciis principis gamoyenebiT
ewinaaRmdegebian. kovariaciis principis Tanaxmad, adamianebi
garkveuli mizezobrivi faqtoris dakavSirebas axdendnen qcevasTan, Tu es
faqtori yovelTvis arsebobda qcevasTan erTad, magram arasdros ar
arsebobda maSin, rodesac adgili ar hqonda qcevas. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom seirnobT quCaSi da xedavT megobars, romelic
yviriliT migiTiTebT cxenze. ris safuZvelze daaskvnidiT, rom is an
gagiJda (dispoziciuri atribucia) an rom xifaTi realuria (situaciuri
atribucia)?
h.keli gvTavazobs mosazrebas, rom adamianebi aseT daskvnebebs
akeTeben kovariaciis Sefasebebis safuZvelze informaciis sami
ganzomilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic Seexeba im adamians, romlis
qcevis axsnasac isini cdiloben. es ganzomilebebia: garkveuloba
 1617

(distinctiveness, ganmasxvavebeli Zala), konsistenturoba (consistency) da

konsensusi (consensus).

• garkveuloba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia qceva

mocemuli situaciisaTvis – Tqveni megobari yovelTvis yviris cxenebis
danaxvaze?

• konsistenturoba exeba imas, Tu ramdenad xSirad meordeba qceva

mocemuli situaciaSi - adrec uyviria Tu ara Tqvens megobars cxenis
danaxvaze?

• konsensusi miuTiTebs imaze Tu sxva adamianebic analogiurad

iqcevian igive situaciaSi Tu ara _ yvela adamiani cxenis danaxvaze xels
iSvers misken da yvirils iwyebs?

informaciis es samive ganzomileba garkveul rols asrulebs im

dakvnebSi, romlebsac Tqven akeTebT. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom
Tqveni megobari erTaderTi iyo, vinc yviroda. savaraudod rogori
atribuciuli daskvnas gaakeTebdiT, dispoziciurs Tu situaciurs?
 1618

f. haiderisa da h. kelis soliduri fundamenturi kvlevebis daxvewisa da

gavrcobis mizniT aTasobiT kvleva Catarda (Fiske &Taylor 1991). am
kvlevebis umravlesoba exeba im pirobebis Seswavlas, romelSic atribucia
gamomdinareobs, Sesabamis informaciis Ziebidan. Cven SegviZlia
aRvweroT im SemTxvevebis oTxi tipi, romelsic Tqvens atribuciul
daskvnaSi SesaZloa mikerZoeba Seiparos.

atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma davuSvaT, Tqven megobars 7

saaTze Sexvedraze SeuTanxmdiT. axla rvis

naxevaria da Tqveni megobari jer ar mosula. rogor axsnidiT am faqts?

• me darwmunebuli var, rom moxda raRac Zalian mniSvnelovani, ris
gamoc man ver SesZlo droze mosvla.
ra nelia. ar SeuZlia cota auCqaros?
•

Cven kvlav warmogidgineT arCevani dispoziciur da situaciur

atribuciebs Soris. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianebi, saSualod,
ufro meore tipis - dispoziciuri atribuciisken - arian midrekilni (Ross &
 1619

Nisbett, 1991). es tendencia, faqtobrivad, imdenad Zlieria, rom

socialurma fsiqologma li rosma (Lee Ross, 1977) mas atribuciis
fundamenturi Secdoma uwoda.
• socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception) – procesebi, romelTa
safuZvelzec adamianebi igeben an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis
pirovnul atributebs.
• atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) – socialur-kognituri Teoria,
romelic aRwers informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs
socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
• kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) – Teoria, romelic
amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa da misi mizezis dakavSirebas
axdenen principiT: Tu arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac da,
piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi ar iarsebebs qcevac.

atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (afS), warmoadgens adamianebSi

arsebul ormxriv tendencias, konkretuli qcevis an misi Sedegis mizezis
Ziebisas, gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebi (dadanaSauleba an ndoba) da
saTanadod ar Seafason situaciuri faqtorebi (garemo faqtorebis
 1620

dadanaSauleba an ndoba). ganvixiloT afS-s laboratoriuli kvlevis

magaliTi. l. rossma da misma kolegebma (1977) Seqmnes saxumaro
TamaSis “Collage Bowl”-is eqsperimentuli versia, romelSic
eqsperimentis monawileni, monetis agdebis safuZvelze, iyofodnen
Sejibris monawileebad da kiTxvebis damsmelebad.

sur. 17.3.

saidan viciT
monetis agdeba “qmnis” codnis unarianobas
kiTxvis damsmels instruqcia eZleoda, daesva
gamomwvevi kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxic man
winaswar icoda. Sejibris monawile konkurenti
cdilobda, pasuxi gaeca SekiTxvebze, Tumca, xSirad
uSedegod. TamaSis bolos kiTxvis damsmelebma,
Sejibris monawileebma da damkvirveblebma (sxva
monawileebi, romlebic uyurebdnen TamaSs)
Seafases TamaSis monawileTa orive mxaris codna.
kvlevis Sedegebi asaxulia 17.3 suraTze. rogorc
xedavT, kiTxvis damsmelebs eCvenebaT, rom maT
da Sejibris monawileebma, codnis saSualo done
gamoavlines maSin, roca Sejibris monawileebma da
damkvirveblebma kiTxvebis damsmelebis codna
 1621

saSualoze metad Seafases, vidre Sejibris

monawileebisa. TviT monawileni sakuTar codnas
xSirad saSualoze ufro naklebadac ki afasebdnen.

rogor mogwonT? TavisTavad naTelia, rom situacia kiTxvis damsmels

upiratesobas aniWebda (gana Tqvenc ar isurvebdiT kiTxvebis damsmeli
yofiliyaviT?). da xels uwyobda maT, gonebamaxvilad gamoCeniliyvnen,
rasac ugulebelyofdnen Sejibris monawileni da damkvirveblebi TavianT
SefasebebSi. swored es aris atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma.

• atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental attribution error)

- damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia, daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli
da gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli adamianis qcevaSi.

SesaZloa, Tqven TviTon ipovoT afS-s magaliTebi, magram es

yovelTvis ara aris advili. es yovelTvis moiTxovs garkveeul “mokvlevas”
 1622

imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT qcevis situaciuri safuZvlebsi. situaciuri

Zalebis gavlena qcevaze xSirad SeumCenelia. MmagaliTad, Tqven ver
xedavT situaciur normebs. Tqven xedavT mxolod qcevebs, romelTac es
normebi ganapirobebs. risi gakeTeba SeiZleba, rom
Deleted: K
Tavidan aiciloT afS? kerZod, im situaciaSi, rodesac aketebT negatiur
dispoziciur atribucias, (“ra nelia”), Tqven unda daixioT ukan da hkiTxoT
sakuTar Tavs, xom ar arsebobda xelisSemSleli situaciuri faqtorebi,
romlebic gamoiwvevda am qcevas? Tqven SegiZliaT aseT varjiSs,
pirobiTad, uwodoT “atribuciuli qvelmoqmedeba”. xom xvdebiT ratomac?
es rCeva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos imaTTvis, vinc
dasavluri tipis sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, radganac monacemebi
adasturebs, rom afS-s, nawilobriv, kulturuli wyaroebic aqvs (Miller,
1984). gaixseneT me-14-e TavSi ganxiluli diskusia “me"-s (Self)
konstruirebaSi kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rogorc
iq avxseniT, dasavlur kulturaTa umetesoba moicavs iseT
maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic ayalibeben damoukidebeli “me”-s,
 1623

aRmosavluri kulturebis umravlesoba ki moicavs iseT maxasiaTeblebs,

romlebic ayalibeben
_ urTierTdamokidebulebis “me”-s. (Markus & Kitaiama, 1991).
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom rogorc Sedegi urTierTdamokidebulebebis
kulturisa, aradasavluri kulturebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad
fokusirdebian situaciaSi momqmed pirovnebze. modiT, vnaxoT, ra
gavlenas axdens es kulturuli gansxvavebebi axali ambebis mowodebaze.

saidan viciT
atribuciebi finansuri skandalis Sesaxeb
mkvlevarebma SearCies statiebi amerikuli (The
New York Times) da iaponuri (Asahi Shimbun)
gazeTebidan, sadac iuwyebodnen 1995 wlis iseT
finansur skandalze, rogoric iyo inglisis uZvelesi
bankis _ beringsis gakotreba. mkvlevaris asistentma,
romelmac ar icoda kvlevis mizani, waikiTxa yvela
statia da SearCia iseTebi, sadac mocemuli iyo
momxdaris mizezobrivi axsna. amis Semdeg saqmeSi
Cauxedav or asistents sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT
daskvna TiToeuli statiaze, Tu ra tipis iyos axsna –
dispoziciuri anu iseTi, sadac brali pirovnebebs
 1624

edebodaT, Tu situaciuri anu iseTi, sadac brali

organizacias edeboda. am ori gazeTSi
gamoqveynebul statiebSi, sakiTxisadmi midgoma
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. amerikeli
korespondenti cdilobda, gaekeTebina mkacrad
dispoziciuri atribucia, maSin, rodesac iaponeli
korespondenti xazs usvamda situaciur atribucias
(Menon et all., 1999).

am cdis STambeWdavi maxasiaTebeli iyo is, rom dafiqsirda kulturuli

atribuciis gansxvavebuli stilebi, romlebic aisaxeboda sagazeTo statiebis
Seqmnis dros. am kvleviT dadasturda isic, rom atribuciis kulturuli stilebi
gadaecema da SenarCundeba yvelaSi, vinc eqceva Sesabamisi kulturis
mediis
gavlenis qveS.
mikerZoeba sakuTari Tavisadmi
monetis agdebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli eqsperimentis erT-erTi
yvelaze
ganmacvifrebeli Sedegi iyo konkurentTa mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
 1625

uaryofiTi Sefaseba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom adamianebi afS-s sakuTari

Tavis
xarjzec ki uSveben (faqtobrivad, Tqven unda gaixsenoT me-15-e TavSi
aRwerili erTi Teoria depresiis wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac,
depresiuli
adamianebi, sakuTari Tavis mimarT, zomaze ufro metad axdenen
uaryofiT
atribucias, vidre situaciuri faqtorebis mimarT). Tumca, umravales
SemTxvevaSi,
adamianebi piriqiT iqcevian da mikerZoebas sakuTari Tavis mimarT
iCenen. sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba aiZulebs maT, yovelgvari warmateba sakuTar
Tavs miaweron da aicilon pasuxismgebloba warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi. Mumetes SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi midrekilni arian,
warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dispoziciuri atribucia
moaxdinon, xolo warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi - situaciuri
(Gilovich,1991): “jildo Cemi unarebis gamo miviRe”; “Sejibri cudi
msajobis gamo wavage”.
 1626

sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebis SemTxvevebi Tqven sxva

cxovrebiseul
situaciebSic SegiZliaT naxoT, rodesac msjelobT sakuTari qcevebis
Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor msjelobT swavlasTan
dakavSirebiT. ras ityodiT
maRali Sefasebis miiRebisas da rogor imsjelebdiT dabali Sefasebis
miRebisas? gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom studentebs gaaCniaT tendencia,
sakuTar Zalisxmevas miaweron maRali Sefaseba, xolo gareSe faqtorebs
_ dabali Sefaseba
(McAllister,1996). faqtobrivad, igive models iyeneben maswavleblebic:
studentis warmatebas isini sakuTar Tavs miaweren, warumateblobas ki _
ara. kidev erTxel
SexedeT, ra gavlenas SeiZleba axdendes atribuciis es paternebi
Tqvens miRwevebze? Tu warmatebebisas Tqven ar ifiqrebT garegan
mizezebze (magaliTad,
“pirveli gamocda advili iyo”), SesaZloa, SecdeT da naklebi sibejiTe
gamoiCiniT
 1627

Semdeg jerze; Tu warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi ugulebelyofT

dispoziciuri mizezebis rols (magaliTad, “amden xans ar unda
davrCeniliyavi wveulebaze”),
SesaZloa, aseve, naklebi sibejiTe gamoiCinoT sxva dros. zemoT Cven,
aseve, xazi gavusviT rom, Tqven unda ecadoT Tavidan aiciloT afS
maSin, rodesac sxvebis
qcevebis mizezebze fiqrobT. aseve, Tqven SegiZliaT SeamowmoT
xolme Tqvens mier gakeTebuli atribuciebi da ecadoT, Tavidan aiciloT
yovelgvari mikerZoeba
sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
adamianebi, aseTive mikerZoebulobas iCenen jgufis wevrobis
SemTxvevaSic. isini, ufro xSirad, cdiloben jgufis warmatebebi sakuTar
Tavze miiweren, xolo
warumateblobebi jgufis sxva wevreb daabralon. albaT, kmayofili
darCebiT,
rodesac gaigebT, rom am efeqts zRvars megobroba udebs.
saidan viciTM
 1628

megobroba da sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba

eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves,
kreatulobis gasazom cdaSi
CarTuliyvnen megobarTan an ucnobTan erTad.
davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
TiToeul monawiles miawodes misi jgufisa da didi
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebis Sesaxeb
SedarebiTi informacia. miuxedavad maTi realuri
Sedegebisa, monawileTa naxevars miawodes
warmatebis Sesaxeb informacia
(rom maTi Sesruleba 93-e procentili iyo), meore
naxevars ki miawodes warumateblobis Sesaxeb
informacia (rom maTi Sesruleba 31-e procentili iyo).
amis Semdeg TiToeul monawiles sTxovdnen,
Seefasebina davalebis
Sesrulebis Sedegze misi da jgufis meore wevris
pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi
 1629

10 safexurian skalaze. romlis erT ukiduresi pozicia 1

(gamoxatavda partnioris ukidures pasuxismgeblobas),
meore ki 10, (sakuTar ukidures
pasuxiamgeblobas). rogorc 17.4 suraTidan Cans,
eqsperimentis is monawileni, romlebic ucxo pirTan
erTad monawileobdnen cdaSi, warmatebas ufro
metad miawerdnen sakuTar Tavs, vidre _
warumateblobas (Campbell et al.,2000). monawileTa
atribuciebi rogorc warmatebis, ise _ warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi, ufro adekvaturi iyo, rodesac isini
cdaSi megobrebTan erTad
monawileobdnen.
momavalSi, rodesac jgufTan erTad raime saqmianobaSi CaerTvebiT,
SeecadeT, naxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba am eqsperimentis Sedegebi
Tqvens mier, jgufis
sxvadasxva wevrebis pasuxismgeblobebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebul
atribuciebs. ratom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba Tqvens mier gakeTebul
 1630

atribucias? gaixseneT paemanze dagvianebuli megobari gogonas

magaliTi. davuSvaT, imis gamo,
rom Tqven ar moiZieT situaciasTan dakavSirebuli informacia,
daaskveniT, rom is
aRar aris dainteresebuli TqvenTan megobrobiT. SeuZlia Tu ara am
arasworma mosazrebam marTlac ubiZgos mas, rom momavalSi
aramegobruli iyos Tqvens mimarT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
Cven gadavdivarT im rolis ganxilvaze, romelic socialuri realobis
konstruirebaSi, gaaCniaT Sexedulebsa (Beleifs) da

molodinebs (expectations).
• sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias) _ atribuciul
mikerZoebaTa klasi, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsaxurebad
CaTvalon warmateba da xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba
sxvebs gadaabralon.
N
sur. 17.4. megobrebisa da ucxoebis mimarT atribuciis modelebi
 1631

eqsperimentis monawileebs hkiTxes, moexdinaT ranJireba, vin iyo

pasuxismgebeli maTi jgufis warmatebaSi, an warumateblobaSi.
ucxoebTan erTad yofnisas,
eqsperimentis mnawileebma, gamoavlines sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba: jgufis warmatebaSi TavianT rols ufro mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevdnen, xolo warumateblobas partniors abralebdnen. ranJireba
ufro zusti iyo rodesac
partniori maTi megobari iyo.
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Sexedulebebma da molodinebma
gansazRvros is uSuaalo gamocdileba, romelic socialur realobaSi CarTvis
Sedegad geqmnebaT? mravali kvleva gvarwmunebs, rom situaciis
buneba SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad
Seicvalos im rwmenebisa da molodinebis, zemoqmedebiT, romlebis
adamianebs gaaCniaT am situaciebis mimarT. TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfillling prophercies - Merton,1957) aris
zogierT SesaZlo qcevebTan da movlenebTan
 1632

dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli winaswarmetyvelebebi, romlebic ise cvlian

qceviT
urTierTobebs, rom isini iseT saxes iReben, rogorsac adamianebi
erTmaneTisgan elodnen. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven wveulebaze
midixarT da karg drostarebas
eliT. imave saRamoze, Tqveni megobari ki mxolod mowyenilobas elis.
SegiZliaTF warmoidginoT, rom Tqven orma, sxva da sxvanairad
unda imoqmedoT, am
molodinebidan gamomdinare? qcevis es gansxvavebuli formebi, Tavis
mxriv,
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis Sesabamisadac, Tu rogor mogeqcevian sxvebi.
AaseT SemTxvevaSi, romeli Tqvengani ufro karg dros
gaatarebs?

• TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling prophecy) -

zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis Sesaxeb winaswarmetyveleba,
romelic

dRevandel urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad cvlis.

 1633

TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTi

nasesxebia bernard Sous piesidan “pigmalioni” (popularoba moipova
muziklis saxiT – Cemi mSvenieri ledi), sadac quCis gogona maRali
sazogadoebis warmomadgenel
qalbatonad iqca profesor hari higinsis xelmZRvanelobiT varjiSis
Sedegad.
socialuri molodinebis, anu pigmalionis efeqti iqna gamoyenebuli
fsiqolog
robert rozentalis (Robert Rossenthal) klasikur eqsperimentSic, romelic
skolis direqtor leonora jeikobsTan (Leonore Jacobson) erTad
Catarda.

saidan viciT
 1634

molodinebma SeiZleba Secvalos IQ

bostonis dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebs
mkvlevarebma miawodes
informacia, rom rogorc testirebebma aCvena, maTi
zogierTi moswavle
“akademiuri moswrebis” mxriv warmatebulia.
maswavleblebi daarwmunes, rom es moswavleebi
saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlaSi
gansakuTrebul
Sedegebs “miaRwevdnen”. sinamdvileSi aseTi
prognozisaTvis realuri safuZveli ar arsebobda da
studentebis gvarebic SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli.
miuxedavad amisa, saswavlo wlis bolos im
bavSvebis 30%-ma, romlebic
momavali varskvlavebis siaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni,
saSualod 22 erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi IQ
maCvenebeli! TiTqmis yvelam ki, sul mcire, 10
erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi maCvenebeli.
inteleqtis standartuli
 1635

testiT gazomili inteleqtualuri zrdis es maCveneblebi

mniSvnelovnad ufro maRali iyo, vidre imave skolis
sxva moswavleebisa, romlebic sakontrolo jgufs
Seadgendnen da kvlevis dasawyisisaTvis, IQ-s
standartuli saSualo maCvenebeli gaaCndaT
(Rossenthal & Jacobson,1968).

rogor moxda, rom maswavleblebis mcdarma molodinebma “gavlena

iqonies maTi moswavleebis Sedegebis gaumjobesebze? rozentali
(1974), sul cota, oTx
procesze miuTiTebs, romelic maswavleblebis molodinma gaaaqtiura (ix.
agreTve,
.Jussim,1986).Ppirveli, maswavleblebi ufro Tbilad da megobrulad
eqceodnen
“momaval varskvlavebs”, maTTvis qmnidnen socialuri aRiarebisa da
miRebis klimats. Mmeore, isini ufro mets iTxovdnen, Sesaswavli
masalis sirTulisa da
 1636

masalis xarisxis CaTvliT, maTgan, viszec esoden did imedebs

amyarebdnen. mesame, isini ufro swraf da konkretul reaqciebs
iZleodnen (rogorc Seqebis, aseve kritikis TvalsazrisiT) gamorCeuli
moswavleebis saqmianobaze. da bolos, maswavleblebi gamorCeul
moswavleebs met SesaZleblobebs uqmnidnen Tavi
gamoeCinaT da epasuxaT, riTac maT sakuTari TavSi rwmena
umtkicdebodaT, da Tvlidnen rom isini marTla iseTi “magrebi” iyvnen,
rogorc amas maswavleblebi Tvlidnen.
cxadia, am situaciaSi uCveulo iyo, rom maswavleblebs
mizanmimarTulad
Seuqmnes mcdari molodinebi. am meTodologiam rozentalsa da
jeikobsons saSualeba misca, eCvenebinaT TviTqmnadobis (Self-
fulfilling) sruli potenciali. Tumca, realuri cxovrebaSi, mraval situaciaSi,
molodinebi efuZneba zust socialur aRqmebs (Jussim, 1991).
maswavleblebi, magaliTad, zogierTi moswavlisgan maRal akademiur
moswrebas imitom elian, rom isini skolaSi ukeT momzadebulebi
movidnen da, rogorc wesi, es moswavleebi ukeTes Sedegebsac
aCveneben.. gamokvleva, faqtobrivad, gvafiqrebinebs, rom TviTqmnad
 1637

winaswarmetyvelebas gansakuTrebiT didi efeqti aqvs dabali akademiuri

miRwevebis mqone moswavleebis cxovrebaze
(Madon et al.,1997). rodesac maswavleblebi maTgan dabal
maCveneblebs moelian, isini ufro sustad swavloben, xolo rodesac
maswavleblebi maTgan ukeTes maCveneblebs moelian, isinic
marTlac aumjobeseben maT.
skolebSi maswavleblebs, gamocdebisa da moswavleTa weriTi
samuSaoebis
Sefasebis gziT moswavleTa miRwevebis Sefasebis saSualeba aqvT.
TviTqmnad winaswarmetyvelebas ki ufro didi efeqti aqvs maSin, rodesac
situacia Sefasebis
gakeTebisTvis saWiro nakleb relevantur informacias iZleva. modiT, es
mosazreba
sqesobrivi stereotipebis konteqstSi SevamowmoT.
saidan viciT
rodis aqvT mniSvneloba stereotipebs?
eqsperimentatorma socialuri fsiqologiis studentTa jgufSi miiyvana 9
 1638

Tvis bavSvi. damswre studentebis naxevari daarwmunes, rom bavSvs

erqva keiti, meore naxevari ki daarwmunes, rom bavSvs kareni erqva.
studentebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT bavSvis fizikuri: maxasiaTeblebi,
klasSi
ganxorcielebuli qceva da pirovneba. “keitis” da “karenis” jgufis mier, ar
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan, rodesac isini bavSvis fizikuri
monacemebis da qcevebis Sefasebebs efuZnebodnen, vinaidan situacia
iZleida naTlad aRqmad maxasiaTeblebs, magram gansxvavebebi
mniSvnelovani iyo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es maxasiaTeblebi ar iyo
naTeli da Sefasebebi efuZneboda sqesobriv stereotipebs. “keiti”
daxasiaTebul iqna rogorc ufro aTleturi, xmauriani, aqtiuri da uxeSi,
vidre “kareni” (Jusssim, 1993).

rodesac garemo Tavad iZleoda konkretul monacemebs,

molodinebma
Sefasebebze ar imoqmedes, studentebs ubralod SeeZloT daenaxaT
rogori iyo bavSvi da rogor iqceoda is. mxolod maSin, rodesac aseTi
pirdapiri
 1639

maxasiaTeblebi aRar arsebobda _ pirovnuli Taviseburebebis Sefasebis

dros –
stereotipebma gavlena moaxdina Sefasebebze. amrigad, molodinebis
gavlena ufro
Zlieria da savaraudoa, rom ufro metad eqneba adgili sakuTari Tavis
mimarT mikerZoebas, rodesac individs ar gaaCnia pirdapiri dakvirvebis
da am safuZvelze
Sefasebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. ra Tqma unda, socialuri
urTierTobebis dros, “Sefasebebi” xSirad gansazRvravs Sesabamis
qcevebs. Eexla, modiT vnaxoT adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva
rogor gavlenas axdens socialuri
realobis konstruirebaze.
qcevebi, romlebic adastureben molodinebs
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT bostonis skolis magaliTi. Cven ukve
aRvniSneT, rom
maswavleblebma ganaxorcieles qcevaTa mTeli rigi, romelmac maT
SesaZlebloba
 1640

misca drois xangrZlivi drois manZilze daedasturebinaT TavianTi

molodinebi. mark snaiderma (Mark Snyder 1984) Semoitana termini
qceviTi dadastureba im
procesis aRsaniSnad, romlis meSveobiTac/romliTac erTi pirovnebis
molodinebi meoris mimarT realurad zemoqmedebs am ukanasknelis
qcevaze imgvarad, rom dasturdeba misi sawyisi hipoTeza.
MmagaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven
viRacisgan iRebT intervius, romelzec giTxres, rom is morcxvia an
introvertia.
am kiTxvebidan romels SearCevdiT interviusTvis (Snyder &Swann,
1978)?
• ras moimoqmedebdiT imisaTvis, rom gamogecocxlebinaT
wveuleba?
• rogor situaciaSi ufro isurvebdiT warmatebas?
• ra faqtorebi giSliT xels, rom realurad gaixsnaT sxva
adamianebis mimarT?
• rogor situaciaSi xarT ufro metad molaparake?
davuSvaT, Tqven SearCieT meore SekiTxva, rogorc amas umetesoba
akeTebs,
 1641

rodesac maT sjeraT, rom introverts esaubrebian. gana ufro metad

albaTuri ar aris, rom am SekiTxvaze Zalze eqstraverti pirovnebac ki
saTanado pasuxs
gagcemT? amgvarad, molodini “me unda vesaubro viRacas, vinc
introvertia”,
ganapirobebs qceviT arCevans “me unda davsva kiTxvebi, romlebsac,
Cveulebisamebr, introvert adamianebs usvamen”, romelsac mivyavarT
molodinis potenciur dadasturebamde: “Tu is mipasuxebs am
SekiTxvaze, me mivxvdebi, rom is marTlac
introverti yofila”.
• qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) – procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian sxvebis specifiurad
mosalodneli reaqciebis Sesabamisad da Semdeg, am reaqciebs
iyeneben TavianTi Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
Deleted: P
ramdenad mZlavria qceviTi dadasturebis Zalebi? pasuxi analogiuria
imisa,
 1642

rac Cven gavakeTeT TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis SemTxvevaSi. es

damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad xelmisawvdomia garSemo
arsebuli swori informacia.

saidan viciT
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebiM
mkvlevarebma Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac studenti
gogonebis erT jgufs,
“aRmqmelebs” Seuqmnes yalbi molodinebi
gogonaTa meore jgufis,
“samizneebis” eqstravertuloba–introvertulobasTan
dakavSirebiT. faqtobrivad, “samizneebis” yoveli
wevri uzrunvelyofil iqna reitingiT,
 1643

romelic eqsperimentatorebs mis eqstravertad an

introvertad aRqmis saSualebas aZlevda. Tumca,
TviT am gogonebis TviTSefasebebi, am
ganzomilebebze, gansxvavebuli iyo. ra moxda,
rodesac “aRmqmelebma”,
“samizneebTan” urTierToba daamyares? rodesac
“samizneebs” ar hqondaT myari TviTSefaseba,
adgili hqonda qceviT dadasturebas. “aRmqmelebi”
aRwevdnen imas, rom “samizneebs” iseTi qcevebi
ganxorcielebinaT, romlebic
daadasturebdnen maT molodinebs. Tumca, rodesac
“samizneebs” SedarebiT myari da zusti me-
koncefcia hqondaT, isini “aRmqmelebis”
molodinebis
sawinaaRmdego qcevebs avlendnen (Swann & Fly,
1984).
kidev erTxel SegiZliaT naxoT, rom molodinebi yvelaze efeqtiania
maSin,
 1644

rodesac garemos aqtualuri mdgomareoba – samiznis “realuroba” -

orazrovani an ganusazRvrelia. am pirobebSi Yyvelaze ufro mosalodnelia,
rom adamiani daeyrdnoba ara “Mmonacemebs”, aramed daskvnebi
gakeTdeba Sinagani faqtorebidan
gamomdinare.
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi, agreTve, damokidebulia samiznis,
interaqciasTan dakavSirebul motivaciaze. sxva gamokvlevaSi mamakaci
-
aRmqmelebis - erT jgufs aCvenes fotoebi da daarwmunes, rom maTTan
telefonze mosaubre qalebi - samizneebi - normaluri wonisani iyvnen,
meore jgufis wevrebi
ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom qalbi Warbi wonisani iyvnen. zog
SemTxvevaSi qalebs
(romelTa faqtiuri wona ar Seesabameboda fotoze gamosaxuls)
sTxoves, monawileoba mieRoT satelefono saubarSi da amoecnoT
maTTan mosaubre mamakacis pirovnuli Taviseburebebi. sxva
SemTxvevaSi ki qalebis mizani iyo mSvidi da
 1645

sasiamovno saubris gabma partnior mamakacebTan. zogadad, es meore

situacia
qmnida qceviT dadasturebas: samizneebis qceva mamakacebis mier
fasdeboda, rogorc
simsuqnis damadasturebeli (magaliTad, qalebi fasdebodnen, rogorc
naklebad gulRiebi da ubedurebi). Tumca, rodesac samizneebi
cdilobdnen nformaciis moZiebas, qceviT dadasturebas aRar hqonda
adgili (Snyder & Haugen,1995). es
eqsperimenti gvafiqrebinebs, rom normaluri socialuri interaqciis impulsi
adamianebs ufro met SesaZleblobas aZlevs, samyaro gaiazron da
SesabamisobaSi moiyvanon TavianT qcevebTan da
damokidebulebebTan (attitudes), stereotipebis CaTvliT.
am paragrafSi aRweril eqsperimentebs, bunebrivad mivyavarT
kiTxvamde, Tu
rogor warmoiqmneba damokidebulebebi da molodinebi? Cvens mier
ganxilul
eqsperimentebSi monawileebs xelovnurad uqmnidnen molodinebs,
magram ra xdeba
realur cxovrebaSi, rodesac Tqveni sakuTari molodinebis Sesabamisad
moqmedebT?
 1646

Semdeg paragrafSi Cven ganvixilavT damokidebulebebs, maT

Camoyalibebasa da Secvlas da vnaxavT Tu ra kavSiria Sexedulebebs
(beliefs), damokidebulebebs
(attitudes), da aqtivobebs (actions) –s Soris.
• damokidebuleba (Attitude) – adamianebis, sagnebisa da movlenebis
mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.

Sejameba
socialuri realobis konstruirebis koncefciis mixedviT, adamiani situaciis
interpretaciisas iyenebs da eyrdnoba sakuTar codnasa da
gamocdilebas.
Aatribuciis Teoria cdilobs, axsnas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi
aqtivobebis, movlenebisa da qcevebis Sedegebis mizezebs.
Aadamianebi xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben qcevis situaciur mizezebs
da axdenen dispoziciuri faqtorebis
gadafasebas, rac cnobilia atribuciis fundamenturi Secdomis saxeliT.
kvlevebi mowmobs, rom araindividualisturi kulturebis
 1647

warmomadgenlebs naklebad axasiaTebT aseT Secdoma. adamianebi

sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebas
eqvemdebarebian, rodesac warmatebebs dispoziciur faqtorebs miaweren,
xolo
warumateblobebs _ situaciur faqtorebs. TviTqmnad
winaswarmetyvelebebs maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac molodinebi
emTxveva cvlilebebs realur samyaroSi.
amisMmsgavsad, qceviT dadasturebas adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac
adamianebis
molodinebi realurad cvlis sxva adamianebis qcevas. es orive efeqti
mcirdeba
garemoSi arsebuli da adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi obieqturi
informaciiT.
damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba
dRes ukve gqondaT SesaZlebloba, gamogexataT Tqveni
damokidebuleba? vinmem ukve gkiTxaT: “ras fiqrob Cem maisurze”
an “mogewonaT Tu ara saWmeli”?
damokidebuleba (Attitude) aris adamianebis, obieqtebis an ideebis
dadebiTi an
 1648

uaryofiTi Sefaseba. Tqven, SesaZloa, dadebiTi damokidebulebebi

gqondeT muSebis, sportuli manqanebis an sagadasaxado ganakveTis
mimarT, xolo uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba _ telemarketebis, Tanamedrove xelovnebis an
astrologiis
mimarT. aseTi gansazRvreba uSvebs, rom Tqveni damokidebulebis
umravlesoba ar aris aSkara. Tqven, SesaZloa, verc ki
acnobierebdeT, rom garkveuli
damokidebulebebis matarebeli xarT. damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovania,
radganac
isini gavlenas axdenen Tqvens qcevasa da imaze, Tu rogor axdens
socialuri realobis konstruirebas. GgaixseneT prinston-dartmuTis
matCi. adamianebi,
romlebic prinstonis gunds gulSematkivrobdnen, TamaSs dartmuTis
gundis
gulSematkivrebisagan gansxvavebulad “xedavdnen”; atribuciebi
movlenebis Sesaxeb damokidebulebebis Sesabamisad keTdeboda. ra
 1649

aris Tqveni damokidebulebebis safuZvlebiebi da ra gavlenas axdenen

isini Tqven qcevebze?

damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
Cven damokidebulebebi, ganvsazRvreT, rogorc pozitiuri an
negatiuri
Sefasebebi. am paragrafSi SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, TviTon gaakeToT
aseTi Sefaseba.
ramdenad eTanxmebiT debulebas? (SemoxazeT nomeri)
momwons filmebi jim keris monawileobiT.
1----------2----------3----------4----------5----------6----------7-----
-----8----------9
Zalian veTanxmebi neitraluri Zalian ar veTanxmebi

davuSvaT, rom Tqven SemoxazeT “3”, e.i. garkveulad ar

eTanxmebiT aRniSnul
debulebas. ram gamoiwvia es Sefaseba? Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT
informaciis sam
tipze, romelic safuZvlad udevs Tqvens damokidebulebas.
• kognituri. ra azrebi giCndebaT jim keris saxelis gagonebisas?
 1650

• afeqturi. ra grZnobebs aRZravs TqvenSi jim keris saxelis

xseneba?
• qceviTi. rogor iqceviT, rodesac, davuSvaT, SesaZlebloba
gaqvT, naxoT erT-erTi filmi misi monawileobiT?
safiqrebelia, rom am sami tipis informaciis kombinaciam gibiZgaT
rom
SemoxazeT “3” (an nebismieri sxva cifri). Tqveni damokidebulebebi,
aseve, moicaven am sami kategoriis Sesabamis reaqciebs Tu Tqven
damokidebuleba jim keris mimarT uaryofiTia, es niSnavs, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT TqvaT “misi iumori vulgarulia”
(kognituri), “me ar momwons misi saxis yureba” (afeqturi) an “ar vapireb
fuli
gadavixado imis yurebaSi, rogor vardeba viRac” (qceviTi).
damokidebulebis gazomva ki ar aris rTuli, aramed imis dadgna,
damokidebulebebi yovelTvis zustad aisaxebian qcevaSi Tu ara. sakuTari
gamocdilebidanac iciT, rom es yovelTvis ase ar aris. Aadamianebma,
SesaZloa ganacxadon, rom ar uyvarT jim keri, magram mainc didi fuli
 1651

daxarjon misi filmebis sanaxavad. Aamave dros xSirad adamianebis

qcevebi Seesabameba maT
damokidebulebebs. isini amboben, rom fuls ar daxarjaven jim keris
filmebis sanaxavad da asec iqcevian. rogor SeiZleba gavarkvioT, rodis
gansazRvravs damokidebuleba qcevas da rodis ara? mkvlevarebma Zalze
bevri imuSaves am sakiTxze, kerZod im pirobebis dasadgenad, rodesac
kavSiri adamianebis damokidebulebebsa da maT qcevebs Soris aris
yvelaze Zlieri (Ajzen & Sexton,1999;
Fazio & Towles-Schwen, 1999).
damokidebulebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs aris gamWvirvaloba (accessibility) –
damokidebulebis obieqtsa da adamianis mier am obieqtis Sefasebas Soris
kavSiris siZliere (Fazio, 1995). rodesac Cven jim keris Sesaxeb gisvamT
kiTxvas, Tqven gonebaSi eZebT pasuxs Tu is uceb mogdiT TavSi?
Kkvlevebma aCvenes, rom qcevebi miT ufro Seesabamebian

damokidebulebebs, rac ufro metad, es ukanasknelni, gamWvirvaleni

arian.
 1652

saidan viciT
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis safuZvelze
saarCevno qcevis winaswarmetyveleba
mkvlevarebma, torontos raionSi (ontario,
kanada) 1990 wlis
adgilobrivi arCevnebis win da Semdeg, Caatares
satelefono gamokiTxva.
arCevnebis win maT amomrCevlebs dausves kiTxva:
“rogor fiqrobT, romel
partias miscemT xmas?” da “SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom
Tqveni arCevani sabolooa
Tu fiqrobT, rom kidev SeiZleba SeicvaloT
azri?”.AarCevnebis Semdeg maT sTxovdnen,
daesaxelebinaT maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani.
winasaarCevno
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis sazomad
gamoyenebuli iyo pasuxis gacemis siswrafe
kiTxvaze “vis miscemT xmas?”. PpasuxebisTvis
 1653

saWiro drois gamosaTvlelad gamoyenebuli iyo

kompiuteri (koreqtireba xdeboda
respodentis metyvelebis individualuri
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
rogori iyo mimarTeba damokidebulebis
gamWvirvalobasa da qcevas Soris?
is individebi, romelTac gamoavlines gamWvirvale
damokidebulebebi, e.i.
iZleodnen SedarebiT swraf pasuxebs, ufro metad
axorcielebdnen im saarCevno qcevas, romelic
gamokvlevisas gamoxates (Bassili, 1995).
am Sedegis mniSvnelovani nawilia is, rom rogorc “maRali
gamWvirvalobis”,
ise “dabali gamWvirvalobis” respodentebi, arCevnebamde,
aRniSnavdnen, rom ar
Seicvlidnen azrs. amdenad, qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis
damokidebulebis gamWvirvalobis maCvenebeli ufro sando
maCvenebeli aRmoCnda, vidre TviT
amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebi!
rogor iqceva damokidebuleba maRali gamWvirvalovis Tvisebis
mqoned?
 1654

(Fazio,1995)Kkvlevebma aCvena, rom damokidebulebebi ufro

gamWvirvalea, rodesac isini uSualo gamocdilebas efuZnebian. Tqven
jim keris filmebisadmi ufro
gamWvirvale damokidebuleba geqnebaT, Tu Tqven misi
monawileobiT ramdenime
filmi naxeT, manam sanam mis Sesaxeb raimes moismendiT an
waikiTxavdiT. Aaseve, damokidebulebebi ufro gamWvirvalea maSin,
rodesac isini sakmaod xSirad meordebian, anu rac ufro xSirad
gixdebaT maTi verbaluri formulireba.
damokidebulebebiT ukeT xdeba qcevebis winaswarmetyveleba,
rodesac maT specifikurobis erTi da igive doneze vzomavT.
ganvixiloT cxrilSi 17.1 warmodgenili monacemebi. am kvlevaSi
mkvlevarebi cdilobdnen,
ewinaswarmetyvelaT 18-38 wlis 270 qalisgan Semdgari SerCevis mier
Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. cxrilSi SegiZliaT
naxoT, rom rac ufro specifikuri iyo dasmuli kiTxva abebis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro
 1655

maRali iyo korelacia maT mier realurad ganxorcielebul specifikur

qcevasTan
(Davidson & Jaccard 1979). (gaixseneT, rom korelaciis koeficienti rac
ufro axlosaa
1-Tan an –1-Tan, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri). termini, specifikuri, exeba,
agreTve, im specifikur egzemplarebs, romlebic gvaxsendeba maSin,
rodesac gvTxoven maT mimarT damokidebulebis gamoTqmas (Sia et
al,. 1997). magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom
gekiTxebian, eTanxmebiT Tu ara debulebas: “me vendobi politikosebs”.
Tqveni
Sefaseba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu romeli politikosi
gagaxsendebaT am dros: jorj voSingtoni, uinston CerCili, bil klintoni Tu
jorjGbuSi umcrosi.
Tu Cven igive kiTxva erTi kviris Semdeg rom dagisvamT, Tqveni
Sefaseba – rac
Tqvens zogad damokidebulebas gamoxatavs - SesaZloa Seicvalos,
vinaidan im
momentSi, SesaZloa, sxva politikosebi gagaxsendeT.
rodesac Tqveni damokidebulebebi efuZneba informaciis sxvadasxva
qvejgufebs,
 1656

isini SeiZleba radikalurad Seicvalos droTa ganmavlobaSi. rodesac Tqven

gamoTqvamT damokidebulebas jim kerisadmi, misi filmebidan romelze
fiqrobT? mxolod maSin, rodesac Tqvens damokidebulebasTan
dakavSirebuli “faqtebi” stabiluri gaxdeba, SesaZloa veloddeT myar
urTierTmimarTebebs Tqvens Sefasebebsa (Ggoneba) da qcevebs
(aqtivoba) Soris.
cxrili 17.1
specifiuroba aumjobesebs damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris
korelacias
korelacia Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
gazomili atitudebi
abebis gamoyenebasTan
damokidebuleba Sobadobis kontrolis
.08
mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
.32
abebis mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
.52
 1657

abebis gamoyenebis mimarT.

damikidebuleba Semdegi ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego .57 abebis gamoyenebis
mimarT

SeniSvna: mkvlevarebma scades ewinaswarmetyvelaT qalebis mier

ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis
albaToba. rac ufro specifikur kiTxvebs usvamdnen qalebs, miT ufro
maRali iyo damokidebulebebis
aqtualur qcevasTan korelacia.

darwmunebis procesi
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom Sesabamis pirobebSi damokidebulebebs
ZaluZT gansazRvron qceva. es kargi siaxlea maTTvis, vinc drosa da fuls
xarjavs Tqvens damokidebulebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad. magram
sakmaod xSirad sxvebs ar ZaluZT damokidebulebebze gavlenis
moxdena, Tumca, es Zalianac undaT. Tqven waramara ver SeicvliT
kbilis pastas, rogorc ki, elvare kbilebian msaxiobs dainaxavT
 1658

televizorSi, romelic axali pastis reklamirebas axdens. Tqven YyovelTvis

ver SeicvliT politikur Sexedulebebs, rogorc ki morigi kandidati, kameris
win, mTeli gulwrfelobiT ganacxadebs, rom arCevnebSi swored mas
unda dauWiroT
mxari. Tqvens garSemo mravali adamiani Tavs uflebas aZlevs, ecados
raRacaSi dagarwmunoT anu winaswarganzraxulad cdilobs
SegacvlevinoT damokidebulebebi. imisaTvis, rom darwmuneba moxdes,
saWiroa garkveuli pirobebis Tanxvedra. GganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
Tavdapirvelad warmogidgenT e.w. SesaZlo gaazrebis models
(elaboraion likelihood model) _ darwmunebis Teorias, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad dasaSvebia mosazreba, rom adamianebi
TavianTi kognituri SesaZleblobebis fokusirebas axdenen, raTa gaiazron
miRebuli damarwmunebeli Setyobineba (message) (Petty &
Cacioppo, 1986; Petty & Wegener, 1999). es modeli kritikul
gansxvavebas axdens darwmunebis centralur da periferiul procesebs
Soris. centraluri procesebs
 1659

adgili aqvT im pirobebSi, rodesac adamianebi guldasmiT fiqroben

damarwmunebel
komunikaciaze. amdenad, maTi damokidebulebebis Secvla
argumentebis simyariTaa
gansazRvruli. rodesac vinme cdilobs, migiyvanoT im azramde, rom
galoni benzinis fasi SeiZleba 5 dolari gaxdes, Tqven am informacias,
albaT, yuradRebiT moekidebiT. periferiuli procesebi ki iseT pirobebs
gulisxmobs, rodesac adamianebi seriozulad ar ekidebian Setyobinebas
da reagireben
situaciis zedapirul maniSneblebze. rodesac seqsualuri modeli raime
produqtis win dgas, romlis SeZenasac gTavazobT gamyidveli, amiT is
imedovnebs, rom Tqven bevr fiqrs ar daiwyebT am produqtis
avkargianobis Taobaze. centraluri da periferiuli procesebi, romlebsac
adamianebi iyeneben, mniSvnelovbad aris determinirebuli maTi
motivaciiT, damarwmunebeli Setyobinebis Rrmad gaazreba surT Tu
ara.
Tu kargad daukvirdebiT Tqvens irgvliv arsebul Setyobinebebs,
swrafad daaskvniT, rom reklamis specialistebs xSirad, swored imis imedi
 1660

aqvT, rom Tqven zedapirulad miudgebiT reklamas. ratom uxdian cnobil

adamianebs did fuls
reklamis specialistebi, maTi produqtis gayidvisaTvis? Tqven marTla
gjeraT, rom holivudis varskvlavebs Zalian adardebT is, rom
saqalaqTaSoriso
satelefono kavSiri gaiafdeba Tu ara? savaraudoa, reklamis specialistebi
imedovneben, rom Tqven Rrmaad ar gaaanalizebT argumentebs da
gasaqans miscemT
Tqvens gulTbil grZnobebs msaxiobis mimarT, romelic xotbas asxams
produqcias.

• darwmuneba (Persuasion) – damokidebulebebis

Secvlis mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.
• gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modeli (Elaboration
likelihood model) – darwmunebis Teoria, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom
adamianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis
 1661

fokusirebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad da,

Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis centralur an
periferiul procesebs. stili dasalagebelia

axla, sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: rodis xarT motivirebulni gamoiyenoT

darwmunebis centraluri procesebi? pasuxi mniSvnelovania rogorc
maTTvis, vinc isurvebda, rom Tqven ase moiqceT (vinaidan isini
fiqroben, rom Zlieri
argumentebi gaaCniaT), aseve, maTTvis, visac es ar surs (radganac
imedovneben
Tqvens darwmunebas zedapiruli maniSneblebiT). MmoviyvanoT
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis magaliTi, romelic gibiZgebT airCioT
misi gaazrebis centraluri
procesebi da ufro gulmodgined SeafasoT argumentebi, vinaidan mas,
TqvenTvis, pirovnuli mniSvneloba aqvs da Tqvenc, iZulebuli xarT,
ufro gulmodgined
 1662

ganixiloT argumentebi (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). warmoidgineT, Tqven

TanmimdevrobiT moismineT ori moxseneba. Ppirveli momxsenebeli
asabuTebda, rom holivudma ufro meti 3-D filmebi unda awarmoos.

meore ki amtkicebda, rom kolejSi swavlis safasuri 50%-iT unda

gaizardos. romeli gamosvla ufro metad gamoiwvevs gaazrebis centralur
procesebs? axla ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelSic ganxilulia pirovnuli
relevanturobis mniSvnelovneba gamogonil, fiqciur
samyaroTa gancdaSi.
saidan viciT
 1663

saTauri Sesacvlelia. sityvebi sworad aris

naTargmni, Tumca, tesqti mTlianad Tavidan
aris dasalagebeli stilisturad da gramatikulad.
pirveli ori winadadeba perifrazirebulia.
pirovnuli Sesabamisoba warmosaxul samyaroSi
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis damajerebeli is
informaciebi, romlebsac
xvdebiT xelovnur samyaroebSi, iseTSi rogoricaa
mxatvruli literatura,
romelsac kiTxulobT, an filmebi, romlebsac uyurebT?
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma ivarauda, rom am saxis
informacia Tqvenze damajereblad
imoqmedebs im xarisxiT, ra zomiTac mocemuli
nawarmoebi Seesabameba Tqvens pirovnebas.
kvlevaSi monawileobdnen ielisa da prinstonis
universitetebis studentebi. orive universitetis
studentebisagan Semdgar erT jgufs
 1664

waukiTxes moTxroba, romlis moqmedebac

prinstonSi viTardebida. igive
moTxroba waukiTxes meore jgufsac, magram am
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ielSi
viTardeboda. moTxrobis gmirebi saubrobdnen realur
Temebze, sasargebloa
Tu ara mzis sxivebi kanisaTvis, gadamdebia Tu ara
fsiqiuri daavadebebi da sxva. Mmkvlevarebma
ivaraudes, rom eqsperimentis monawileni ufro
Sesatyvisad CaTvlidnen teqsts, romelic maT sakuTar
saswavlebels
Seexeboda. magaliTad, prinstoneli studentebi,
romlebic kiTxulobdnen teqsts prinstonis Sesaxeb,
ufro motivirebulni unda yofiliyvnen, guldasmiT
waekiTxaT es teqsti da Rrmad Caswvdomodnen
gmirebis
argumentebs. rogorc 17.5 suraTidan Cans,
Sedegebma daadastura es hipoTeza.
 1665

studentebma gamoavlines damokidebulebebis

cvlileba im argumentebis mimarT, romlebic
gadmocemuli iyo sxva skolasTan dakavSirebul
moTxrobaSi (magaliTad, prinstonis versia ielis
studentebisaTvis). es niSnavs, rom rodesac
informacia ar iyo pirovnulad relevanturi,
studentebma ar gamoiyenes informaciis gaazrebis
centraluri procesebi, raTa Caswvdomodnen
argumentebis sisustes da moeqcnen maTi zegavlenis

qveS (Prentice et al,. 1997).

Nnaxati 17.5.
Ddarwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba studentebi kiTxulobdnen
moTxrobebs, romlebSic moqmedeba xdeboda an maT
 1666

“mSobliur” saswavlebelSi da, amdenad, pirovnulad Sesabamisi iyo, an

“sxva” saswavlebelSi. ivaraudeboda, rom pirovnuli Sesabamisoba
gamoiwvevda
informaciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da, amdenad,
darwmunebas
naklebad eqneboda adgili. faqtobrivad, darwmunebis process adgili
hqonda
mxolod maSin, rodesac studentebi kiTxulobdnen “sxva” saswavlebelTan
dakavSirebul moTxrobas (magaliTad, ielis universitetis studentebi
kiTxulobdnen prinstonis versias). Sedegebi amtkiceben varauds,
pirovnulad
Sesabamisi “mSobliuri” saswavleblis versia studentebSi iwvevda
gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli
argumentebis
uaryofas. MmaSin, rodesac pirovnulad Seusabamo, “sxva” saswavleblis
versia iwvevda gaazrebis periferiul procesebs da moTxrobaSi mocemuli
argumentebisadmi daTanxmebas.
 1667

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moTxrobis orive versia identuri iyo da

mxolod moqmedebis adgili iyo gansxvavebuli. Aamrigad, informaciis
damarwmunebloba
ganpirobebulia imiT da im zomiT, ra zomiTac, studentebs gaaCniaT
motivacia, airCion gaazrebis centraluri procesebi da guldasmiT
Seafason informacia
(Prentice & Gerrig, 1999). momavalSi, rodesac axali Sous sanaxavad,
televizors miujdebiT, Tqven SesZlebT, gaarkvioT, ra saxis
damarwmunebelma informaciam
SeiZleba gaiaros periferiuli procesebis gziT, Tu gadacemis Sinaarsi,
Tavisi wyobiT, monawileebiT da a.S. - ar aris Tqveni pirovnebis
Sesabamisi.
sxva faqtori, romelic, aseve, axdens gavlenas Tqvens mier
informaciis
gaazrebis procesis tipis arCevaze, aris mimarTeba Tqveni
damokidebulebis tipsa da argumentis tips Soris (Ajzen & Sexton,
1999). Aadre aRvniSneT, rom
 1668

damokidebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc kignituri, ise _ emociuri

gamocdileba. mkvlevarebma aCvenes, rom damokidebulebebi (Attitudes)
ufro icvleba maSin, rodesac reeklamis avtori kognituri safuZvlis mqone
arguments ukavSireebs kognituri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas, xolo
emociuri safuZvlis mqone arguments ki,

emociuri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas.

saidan viciT
 1669

mimarTeba reklamasa da damokidebulebas Soris

ra ganapirobebs Tqvens damokidebulebas
yavis markis mimarT?
savaraudod, Tqveni Sefaseba efuZneba mis
gemosTan da fasTan dakavSirebul
kognitur mosazrebebs. axla gavixsenoT misaloci
baraTebi. savaraudoa, rom maT mimarT Tqvens
damokidebulebas ufro afeqturi reaqciebi
gansazRvravs. ramdenad iwveven isini Rimils?
miuTiTeben TqvenTvis
sasurvel urTierTobebze? erT-erT eqsperimentSi
monawileebs aCvenes sxvadasxva produqtis kognitur
da emociur safuZvelze damyarebuli
reklamebi, yavisa da misaloci baraTebis CaTvliT.
kognitur safuZvelze
Seqmnili reklamebi ase ikiTxeboda: “namdvili yavis
saucxoo Zlieri gemo da surneleba, romelic
damzadebulia umaRlesi xarisxis marcvlebisagan”.
 1670

emociur safuZvelze Seqmnili reklamidan ki SeiZleba

SeityoT, rom “yava,
romelsac Tqven svamT, mianiSnebs, Tu rogori
pirovneba xarT. mas SeuZlia uCveulo,
gansxvavebuli gemo gagrZnobinoT”. mas Semdeg,
rac cdis
monawileebma waikiTxes reklamis TiToeuli seria,
maT sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT TavianTi mosazrebebi, Tu rogor
ganewyvnen am produqtebis mimarT. rogorc 17.6
suraTidan SegiZliaT naxoT, arsebobda zemoT
aRniSnuli Zlieri kavSiri. monawileni ufro met
dadebiT arCevanebs
gamoxatavdnen, maSin rodesac Setyobinebis tipebi
(magaliTad, kognituri
safuZvlis mqoneni) Seesabamebodnen
damokidebulebebis tipebs (magaliTad,
kognituri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebebs)
(Shavitt, 1990).
 1671

Tu Tqven cdilobT, vinmes SeucvaloT damokidebulebebi, unda

gaiTvaliswinoT es Sedegebic. rogori safuZveli sWarbobs
damokidebulebaSi - Zlieri kognituri
Tu Zlieri emociuri? mis Sesabamisad, rogor unda SesZinoT, Tqvens mier
mofiqrebul Setyobinebas meti damajerebloba?

sur. 17.6. produqtebi da Eemociur da kognitur safuZvelze agebuli

reklama da produqtebi
rodesac reklamis tipi (emociuri an kognituri safuZvlis mqone)
dakavSirebulia im ganzomilebasTan, romelic gamoxatavs produqtis
arss: emociuri _ misaloci baraTebis an kognituri _ yavis mimarT,
adamianebi ufro keTilganwyobiT reagireben produqtis mimarT (skalaze,
sasurveloba izomeba –3
dan +3 mde).
sakuTari aqtivobiT gamowveuli darwmuneba
bolos TavSi Cven aRvwerT im faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas axdens
adamianebis
 1672

unarze, Secvalon sxvebis damokidebulebebi. Tumca, moqmedeben

iseTi Zalebic,
romlebic, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, imis mizezic xdebian, rom
adamianma sakuTari damokidebulebebic Secvalos. warmoidgineT,
Tqven daificeT, rom ar miiRebdiT zedmet kaloriebs. Tqven midixarT
samsaxurSi da iq Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis
dResTan dakavSirebiT gxvdebaT namcxvari. Tqven erT naWers
miirTmevT. gatexeT amiT Tqveni fici Tu ara? niSnavs es imas, Tqven
uaryofiTi mokidebuleba unda gqondeT sakuTari qcevisadmi? xom ar
fiqrobT, rom mainc swored moiqeciT?
ratom? Cven aRvwerT TviTdarwmunebis or models, disonansis
Teorias da TviTaRqmis Teorias. disonansis Teoria
damokidebulebebis kvlevisas erT-erTi fundamenturi daSveba aris is,
rom
adamianebs sjeraT rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi, maTi damokidebulebebi
ucvleli rCeba (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). konsistenturobis es tendencia
gamoyenebul iqna
 1673

socialur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod, leon festinjeris (Leon Festinger, 1957)

mier
Camoyalibebul kognituri disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi aris
konfliqtis mdgomareoba, romelsac adamiani ganicdis gadawyvetilebis
miRebis, qcevis ganxorcielebis an misi Sexedulebebis, grZnobebis da
Rirebulebebis
sawinaaRmdego informacis miRebis Semdeg. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven megobris rCevis sawinaaRdegod,
SearCieT manqanis garkveuli tipi, romlis
yidvasac apirebT. ratom unda gagiCndeT eWvi Tqveni arCevanis
sisworesTan
dakavSirebiT? daSvebulia, rom rodesac adamianis codna mis
damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa, is,
Tanmimdevrulad ar misdevs romelime
maTgans, aramed Cndeba winaaRmdegobrivi mdgomareoba da
adamiani motivirebulia, moaxdinos misi reduqcia. disonansis
reducirebis tendencia aqtivirdeba am mdgomareobis usiamovnebis
gancdiT. Tqveni manqanis SemTxvevaSi, TavdacviTi
 1674

pozicia – anu Tqveni arCevanisaTvis gadaWarbebuli Rirebulebis

miniWeba _
saSualebas gaZlevT, airidoT es usiamovno gancda da Tavi ufro
Tavdajerebulad
igrZnoT (disonansma, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT, rom megobarzec cudadad ki
ifiqroT).

• kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) – Teoria, romlis

mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri elementebis mier Seqmnili
daZabulobis gamomwvevi efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgebs, rom
moaxdinon aseTi daZabulobis Semcireba.

disonans motivaciuri Zala gaaCnia. is gibiZgebT usiamovno

grZnobis
Semcirebaze mimarTuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisken (Wood, 2000).
disonansis reducirebis motivacia izrdeba kognituri SeusabamobiT
Seqmnili disonansis
zomis Sesabamisad. sxva sityvebiT, rac ufro Zlieria disonansi, miT ufro
didia misi reducirebis motivacia. disonansis klasikur eqsperimentSi
kolejis
 1675

studentebma moatyues sxva studentebi da SemdegSi, TviTonve daijeres

sakuTari tyuili da gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac jildos am qcevisaTvis
mcire ufro
eTqmoda, vidre _ didi.
saidan viciT
disonansi tyuils simarTled aqcevs
stanfordis universitetis studentebma
monawileoba miiRes Zalze
mosawyeni davalebis SesrulebaSi. amis Semdeg
eqsperimentatorma (misi
pativiscemis niSnad) maT sTxova, eTqvaT tyuili da
sxva monawileebisTvis davaleba saxalisod da
sainteresod daexasiaTebinaT. amis safasurad
monawileTa nawils 20 dolari gadauxades, meore
nawils ki _ 1. 20 dolari sakamarisi aRmoCnda tyuilis
gasamarTleblad, magram 1 dolari
gamarTlebis araadekvaturi iyo. maT gamoavlines
kognituri disonansi.
 1676

“davaleba mosawyeni iyo”, “me varCevdi tyuili

yovelgvari safasuris gareSe
meTqva,” _ ambobdnen isini.
imisaTvis, rom disonansis Sesamcireblad
erTdolarianma monawileebma
Secvales davalebis maTeuli Sefaseba. mogvianebiT
maT aRniSnes, rom
“davaleba marTlac saintereso iyo da me kidev erTxel
siamovnebiT
Sevasrulebdi mas”. SedarebisaTvis, im monawileebs,
romlebmac 20 dolari miiRes tyuilis TqmaSi, ar
SeucvliaT TavianTi Sefasebebi. maTTvis
davaleba Zalze mosawyeni iyo. maT mxolod “fulis gamo” Tqves tyuili
(Festinger &Cdarlsmith, 1959).
rogorc am eqsperimentma aCvena, maRali disonansis pirobebSi,
momxdari faqtis
Semdeg individi moqmedebs sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebis
mimarTulebiT da iwyebs
TviTdarwmunebas. es analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom
damokidebulebebis Secvlis erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi, aris qcevis
Secvla. bibliuri drois brZenebma
 1677

icodnen es principi. isini rabinebs avalebdnen, adamianebisgan ar

moeTxovaT
rwmenis dadastureba, sanam ar ilocebdnen. aseve, gavixsenoT papa
salvatore am
Tavis dasawyisidan. SeamCnieT, rogor ostaturad Seuqmna man
disonansi Tavxed biWebs? MmaT upasuxes konfliqturi kogniciiT:
“Cven yvirilSi 25 centi unda migveRo” da Semdeg _ “is ki CvenTvis
mxolod 10 centis gadaxdas apirebs” - Secvales ra Tavisi qceva da uari
Tqves yvirilze.
asobiT eqsperimentma da realurma dakvirvebebma aCvena kognituri
disonansis
Zala: mas SeuZlia Secvalos damokidebulebebi da qcevebi (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993;
Wicklund & Brehm 1976). Tumca, bolo dros mkvlevarebi dainteresdnen
imis garkveviT,
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba disonansis efeqtebis ganzogadeba sxva
kulturebze. kidev erTxel gaixseneT, rom cneba “me” (Self)
gansxvavebulad esmiT sxvadasxva
kulturebSi. rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, Crdilo–amerikelebi, Cveulebriv,
 1678

damoukideblad aRiqvamen Tavs da es niSnavs socialuri garemosgan

damoukideblobas. aziuri kulturebis wevrebi, Cveulebriv, aseve
damoukideblebad Tvlian Tavs, magram socialur garemosTan
fundamenturad arian dakavSirebulni. “me”-s gagebis aseTi kulturuli
gansxvavebebi, axdenen gavlenas kognitur
disonansze?
saidan viciT
kultura da kognituri disonansiE
eqsperimentis kanadel da iaponel monawileebs
sTxoves, 40
SesaZlebelidan aerCiaT 10 CD, romlis qonac
yvelaze metad undodaT.
Semdeg maT Txoves, arCeuli 10 kompakt-diski
daelagebinaT Zalian sasurvelidan nakleb
sasurvelamde da SeefasebinaT isini skalaze
(“srulebiT ar momwons”-dan, “Zalian momwons”-
mde). Semdeg
eqsperimentatorma maT SesTavaza, erTi maTgani
aerCiaT saxlSi wasaRebad,
 1679

rogorc eqsperimentSo mpnawileobis safasuri. amave

dros, maTi arCevani SezRudes rigis Sua nawiliT.
monawileebs SeeZloT, aerCiaT mexuTe an meeqvse
kompakt-diski. am arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg
maT kvlav sTxoves,
moexdinaT aTive diskis xelaxali ranJireba. rogor
Seicvala ranJireba meore SemTxvevaSi, pirvelTan
SedarebiT? disonansis Teoriis mixedviT,
rodesac Tqven akeTebT gaazrebul arCevans –
vTqvaT, mexuTesa da meeqvses
Soris – Tqven damokidebulebebi unda SeuTavsoT
arCevanis Sedegs, raTa ar gagiCndeT usiamovnebis
gancda: “me janet jeqsonis diski (#5) avirCie,
vinaidan is marTla ufro momwons, vidre R.E.M.-i
(#6)”. faqtobrivad, kanadelma monawileebma
gamoavlines cvlilebebi damokidebulebebSi: arCeuli
diskebis Sefasebebi umjobesdeboda danarCenebTan
 1680

SedarebiT. amis sawinaaRmdegod, iaponelma

monawileebma ar gamoavlines disonansis efeqti
_ maTi arCevani ar cvlida mTlian ranJirebas
(Heine & Lehman, 1997).

es kvleva aCvenebs, rom adamianebi kognitur disonanss ganicdian anu

cdiloben miaRwion Sinagan, “me”-s wonasworobas, mxolod maSin,
rodesac isini Tavs
socialuri garemosgan damoukideblad Tvlian. Tu Tqven aRmoCndebiT
situaciaSi, sadac sxva kulturebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad unda
miiRoT gadawyvetileba, unda gaxsovdeT im gavlenis Sesaxeb, romelic
kulturas gaaCnia gadawyvetilebis Semdgom azrebsa da qcevebze.
TviT-aRqmis Teoria
disonansis Teoria, aRwers erT gzas, romliTac adamianebi, sul
mcire,
 1681

dasavlur kulturebSi, TavianTi qcevebiT (“me avirCie es diski”) gavlenas

axdenen TavianT damokidebulebebze (“me es unda momwondes ufro
metad, vidre sxva”). deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972) mier ganviTarebuli
TviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) adgens sxva pirobebs,
sadac qcevebi gavlenas axdenen damokidebulebebze. TviT-aRqmis
Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven, Tqvens aqtualur an MmomavalSi SesaZlo
Sinagan mdgomareobas (Sexedulebebi, daamokidebulebebi, motivebi da
grZnobebi) aRiqvamT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iqceviT amJamad an
rogor iqceodiT warsulSi msgavs situaciebSi. Tqven sakuTari Tavis
Sesaxeb codnas iyenebT imisaTvis, rom gansazRvroT Tqveni qcevis
SesaZlo mizezebi. magaliTad, kiTxvaze “mogwonT
fsiqologia?” adamiani reagirebs pasuxebiT “ra Tqma unda, me vswavlob
ZiriTad kurss, Tumca, es ar momeTxoveba, yvelafers vkiTxulob
fsiqologiasTan dakavSirebiT, vismen leqciebs da kargi niSnebic
meqneba”. sxva sityvebiT rom
 1682

vTqvaT, Tqvens pirad mowonebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvaze

pasuxobT Sesabamis qcevebsa da situaciur faqtorebze miTiTebiT,
imis magivrad, rom sakuTar
grZnobebsa da azrebSi gaerkveT.
TviT-aRqmis Teorias aklia disonansis Teoriis motivaciuri
komponentebi. vinaidan TviT-aRqma avsebs Tqvens damokidebulebebs
– Tqven akvirdebiT Tqvens
qcevebs da swavlobT imas, Tu ras unda grZnobdeT Sesabamis
situaciaSi - TviT-
aRqmasTan saqme gvaqvs umTavresad maSin, rodesac gaurkvevel
situaciaSi xarT da ucnob movlenebTan giwevT gamklaveba
(Fazio,1987). am situaciebSi Tqven gWirdebaT, gaerkveT ra grZnobebi
da damokidebulebebi unda gagaCndeT am axali obieqtis
mimarT. magaliTad, Tu Tqveen gagaxsendebaT, rom icinodiT im
filmze, romelSic
jim keri monawileobda, savaraudoa, rom am dadebiT damokidebulebas
mis mimarTac gadaitanT. TviT-aRqmis gziT sakuTar Tavze codnis
mopovebis erT-erTi nakli
 1683

aris is, rom adamianebi ver ganicdian imas, Tu ra zomiT zemoqmedeben

situaciuri
Zalebi maT qcevebze. amas naTlad davinaxavT, Tu gavixsenebT
monetis agdebis zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis finalur nawils.
gaixseneT, rom “Sejibris
monawile”, warumatebeli cdis pirebi, TavianT codnas zogadad ufro
dabla
afasebdnen. warmoidgineT, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen isini. Tqven
sul ufro da
ufro metad xarT iZulebuli, dasmul kiTxvaze gasceT pasuxi - “ar vici”,
Deleted:

rogor TviT-Sefasebamde migiyvandaT aseTi TviT-aRqmis

procesi?
axla davubrundeT im SemTxvevas, rodesac Tqven miirTviT
namcxvris naWeri Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis dRis aRsaniSnav
wveulebaze da amis gamo, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba SegeqmnaT
sakuTari Tavis mimarT. disonansis Teoriis mixedviT,
 1684

Tqven cnobierebaSi Seiqmna winaaRmdegoba Tqvens mier dadebul

pirobasa (“me ar minda zedmeti kaloriebis miReba”) da Tqvens qcevas
(namcxvris naWeris SeWma)
Soris. arsebobs mravali gza, romliTac Tqven SegiZliaT moiciloT es
usiamovno gancda. Tqven SegiZliaT imsjeloT ase: “me ver
vawyeninebdi Cems ufross
namcxvarze uaris TqmiT”. amis msgavsad, TviT-aRqmis Teoriis
Tanaxmad, sakuTari
qcevis aRqmiT, Tqven aucileblad ar unda SegcvlodaT damokidebuleba
sakuTari
Tavis mimarT, vinaidan SegeZloT ase gemsjelaT: “radganac me
SevWame namcxvris naWeri, Cemi ufrosis dabadebis dRe CemTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo,” riTac, aseve, aicilebdiT uaryofiT
TviTSefasebas. TviT-darwmuneba xandaxan
sasargebloc SeiZleba iyos!
daTanxmeba
am TavSi Cven vmsjelobT damokidebulebebze da maTi Secvlis
SesaZleblobebze.
 1685

Tumca, TqvenTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom xSirad, mravali adamiani

cdilobs
SegacvlevinoT qceva. adamianebi cdiloben dagiTanxmon (compliance) –
miaRwion
Tqveni qcevebis iseT Secvlas, rom isini Seesabamebodnen maT
moTxovnebs. rodesac reklamis damkveTi uamrav fuls xarjavs
telvizorebis gamyidvelevze maT mxolod is ki ar undaT, rom Tqven
kargad ifiqroT maT nawarmze, aramed maT surT, rom
Tqven maRaziaSi Segiyvanon da gayidinon is. amis msgavsad, eqimebs
surT, rom Tqven misdioT mis samedicino rCevebs. socialuri fsiqologebi
intensiurad swavloben im pirobebs, romlebSic adamianebi gamoxataven
Tanxmobas garemos moTxovnebis
mimarT (Gialdini, 2001). Cven aRvwerT zogierT meTods da Tqven
SeafaseT, Tu ramdenad xSirad axorcielebT iseT qcevebs, romlebsac
sxva SemTxvevebSi ar
ganaxorcielebdiT.
• TviT-aRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) - mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon
 1686

TavianTi qcevebis mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar

Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian
mocemul situaciaSi.
• daTanxmeba (Compliance) - komunikaciis wyaros pirdapiri
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis Secvla.

migeba
erTi wesi, romelic dominirebs adamianis cxovrebaSi, aris is, rom
rodesac
vinme rames gikeTebs, Senc, aseve, rame unda gaukeTo mas. am wess
ewodeba migebis norma (Reciprocity norm). laboratoriulma kvlevam
cxadyo, rom adamianis mxridan
sul mcire sikeTis gakeTebasac ki, xSirad sapasuxod mohyveba ufro didi
sikeTis migeba (Regan, 1971). movaWreebis mier Tqvens mimarT
migebis gamoyeneba sakmaod Tavazian xasiaTs atarebs: “ras getyviT
iciT, fasTan SedarebiT, me 5 dolariT naklebs gamogarTmevT” an
“ufasod inebeT es nimuSi, Cveni dRevandeli saubris
 1687

aRsaniSnad”. es strategia Tqven fsiqologiuri distresis mdgomareobaSi

gayenebT, Tu ar gamoiCenT sapasuxo Tavazianobas da ar
SeiZenT rames. daTanxmebis kidev erTi meTods, romelic, aseve,
migebis normidan
gamomdinareobs, xSirad karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTods
uwodeben: rodesac adamianebi “ara”-s amboben did Txovnaze, isini
xSirad Tanxmdebian ufro zomieri Txovnis Sesrulebaze.

saidan viciT
karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi
erT eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs
sTxoves, ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi, kviraSi ori saaTi, rogorc
konsultantebs, daeTmoT
arasrulwlovani damnaSaveebisaTvis. Yyvela
studentma uari ganacxada. Aamis Semdeg maT
sTxoves, zooparkSi mainc gaeseirnebinaT isini. didi
daTmobis saxiT studentebis 50%-ma Tanxmoba
ganacxada am SedarebiT mcire Txovnis
 1688

Sesrulebaze. rodesac studentebis sxva jgufs sTxoves

igive, ise rom maTTvis “didi” TxovniT ar
miumarTavT, aRmoCnda, rom maTgan, mxolod 17%
daTanxmda am Txovnis Sesrulebas (Cialdini
at al,.1975).

rogor axdens daTanxmebis es meTodi migebis normis

amoqmedebas? rodesac
adamianebi didi Txovnidan zomierze gadadian, isini amiT TqvenTvis
raRacas
akeTeben: sanacvlod Tqvenc unda gadadgaT sapasuxo nabiji da
daeTanxmoT, an ara
da daarRvevT migebis normas. Dda Tqvenc TanxmdebiT!
valdebuleba
karebis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi gulisxmobs dididan mcire
Txovnaze
gadasvlas. movaWreebma, aseve, ician, rom Tqveni raimeTi
davaldebulebiT,
SesaZlebelia mcire daTmobis Semdeg ufro didi daTmobac
gagaakeTebinon.
 1689

EeqsperimentebSi adamianebi, romlebic Tanxmdebodnen mcire

valdebulebis aRebaze
(magaliTad, peticiaze, Txovnaze xelis mowera), Sesabamisad, ufro
ganwyobilni iyvnene daTanxmebodnen ufro did valdebulebasac
(magaliTad, saxlis win
daedgaT didi dafa mowodebiT). Aam xerxs xSirad uwodeben karSi
fexis Cadgmis meTods. EerTxel Tu Semodges fexi Tqvens karSi, mere
gamoiyeneben ra Tqvens
valdebulebis grZnobas, metsac moiTxoven. movaWreebi Tqvens
winaaRmdeg am meTods iyeneben imiT, rom gaiZuleben miiRoT
gadawyvetileba, Semdeg ki gicvlian sagans da geubnebian: ”me vici, rom
Tqven am manqanis yidva gindaT, magram Cemi ufrosi mxolod 200
dolaris daklebaze Tanxmdeba” an “me vici, rom Tqven is adamiani xarT,
romelic mxolod xarisxian saqonels yidulobs, amitom darwmulebuli var,
cota metsac gadaixdiT”. am situaciaSi Tqven Tavs araTanmimdevrulad,
an sulelad igrZnobT, Tu ar SeiZenT SemoTavazebul saqonels.
 1690

• migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) - molodini, rom gaweuli

samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani meores raimes ukeTebs,
meoremac raime unda gaukeTos sapasuxod.

deficiti
adamianebs ar uyvarT imis SegrZneba, rom maT ar aqvT raime (an sxva
kuTxiT Tu
mivudgebiT, moswonT hqondeT is, rac ar aqvT sxvebs). MmagaliTad,
eqsperimentis
monawileebi maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen im Sokoladis gemos, romelic
qilaSi ori cali iyo, vidre im Sokolads, romelic imave qilaSi aTi cali iyo
(Worchel et al.,
1975). rogor muSaobs deficitis principi bazarze? movaWreebma ician,
rom maT
SeuZliaT meti fuli dagaxarjvinon, Tu mogaCveneben, rom esa Tu is
nivTi deficituria: “esRa aris rac damrCa, ase, rom jobs exlave iyidoT”,
“me ukve myavs myidveli, romelic unda mobrundes da iyidos”. es
strategia gagrZnobinebT, rom Tqven xelidan gauSvebT sasurvel
moments, Tu exlave ar SeiZenT nivTs.
 1691

modelireba
daTanxmebisaTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebis bolo magaliTis
saCveneblad, Cven davubrundebiT konformulobis ideas. rodesac
adamianebi avlenen
konformulobas, isini iReben referentuli jgufis qcevas. amgvarad, erT-
erTi gza imisa, rom gaxado adamianebi konformulebi aris is, rom
Seqmna informaciuli zegavlenis pirobebi. maSin adamianebi sakuTar
qcevas Secvlian sasurveli qcevis
modelis Sesabamisad.
saidan viciT
wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba
kaliforniis Statis qalaq santa-kruzis universitetis
administracias surda, rom sauniversiteto qalaqSi
mcxovreb studentebs ufro
ekonimiurad exarjaT energia da wyali. vinaidan
studentebi amtkicebdenen, rom bunebis damcvelebi
iyvnen, administraciam es daijera da saSxapeebSi
 1692

gamoakra dabanis procedurasTan dakavSirebuli

instruqcia, romliTac
varaudobda, rom miaRwevda qcevis Secvlas da
wylis xarjis mniSvnelovan
Semcirebas. mamakacTa saSxapeSi gamokruli
instruqcia mimarTuli iyo
iqiTken, rom gasapnis periodSi studentebs wyali gadaeketaT. kerZod,
mas aseTi saxe hqonda: “(1.) dasveldi, (2.) gadakete wyali, (3.)
gaisapne, (4.) gaevle”. xuTi dRis Semdeg studentTa mxolod 6%-ma
Secvala qceva
instruqciis Sesabamisad. rodesac instruqcias adgili Seucvales ufro
gamosaCen adgilze, aRmoCnda, rom mas studentTa 19%
daemorCila.
miuxedaval amisa, aRmoCnda, rom saerTo efeqturoba Zalze dabali
iyo, vinaidan zogierTi studenti Zalze did xans iRebda Sxaps.
bolos yvela instruqcia Camoxsnes da erTma studentma Seqmna
SxapiT
Comment
[liza1]: interpret. sargeblobis Sesaferisi nimuSi. kerZod,
administraciis ndobiT aRWurvili
 1693

Sevida saSxapeSi, rodesac iq aravin ar iyo, daeloda sxvebis Semosvlas

da mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo dabana instruqciis Sesabamisad. am
gziT
miRweulma daTanxmebam 49%-s miaRwia. rodesac igive meTodi
erTdroulad orma “modelma” gamoiyena, efeqturoba ukve 67% iyo. es
uzarmazari naxtomi
iyo daTanxmebaSi (Aronson,1990).
maSinac ki, rodesac uSualo modeli warmodgenili ar aris situaciaSi,
movaWreebi xSirad cdiloben Tqvenze moaxdinon normatuli da
informaciuli zegavlena imiT, rom gacnobeben, Tu ramdenma
adamianma im wridan, romelsac
gsurT, rom ekuTvnodeT, SeiZina es produqti: “es manqana mxolod
gamWriax da sando xalxs mivyide”, “es modeli kargad iyideba,.
imaTTvis aris, visac saukeTeso
stereo sistema sWirdeba”
 1694

.Cven ganvixileT daTanxmebis ramdenime meTodi, romelic,

SesaZloa, Tqvenc gamoiyenoT. SesaZloa Tqvenc dauTmoT dro keTil
miznebs, an Tqveni wvlili
SeitanoT bunebrivi resursebis dazogvaSi. asea Tu ise, Tqven naxeT,
rom drois did nawils adamianebi uTmoben imas, rom cdiloben
erTmaneTis qcevebis Secvlas, aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT
gaiZulon Tqven gaakeToT is, risi gakeTebasac, ar isurvebdiT. rogor
unda davicvaT Tavi am eSmaki movaWreebis xrikebisagan?
Tqven SegiZliaT isini, maTive meTodebis saSualebiT gamoiWiroT da
amiT win aRudgeT maT mcdelobebs. EecadeT, umniSvnelo
Tavazianobebs yuradReba ar
miaqcioT, nu gamoiCenT sulelur simtkices. ecadeT, gamoavlinoT yalbi
deficiti. Mmoqmedebis dawyebamde, yovelTvis daitoveT dro –
mofiqrebisaTvis. socialuri fsiqologiis codnam, SesaZloa, Tqven
yovelmxriv gonier momxmareblad gaqcioT. am TavSi xSirad gTxovdiT
warmogedginaT megobrebi, da CagerToT isini
 1695

warmosaxul situaciebSi. Mmagram rogor da ratom xdeba zogierTi

adamiani Tqveni
megobari? Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom socialuri fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani sferoa, socialuri urTierTobebis Seswavla –
urTierTobebi adamianebsa da adamianTa jgufebs Soris. axla ki vnaxoT
pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis is Zalebi, romlebic adamianebs
erTmaneTTan axlovebs.

Sejameba
damokidebuleba warmoadgens obieqtebis, movlenebis an ideebis
dadebiT an
uarYofiT Sefasebas. damokidebulebebi rac ufro, aSkarad gamoxatulia,
an
specifiuria, miT ufro myaria maTi kavSiri Sesabamis qcevebTan.
gaazrebis
SesaZleblobis modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis procesis efeqturoba
damokidebulis imaze, adamianebi informaciis gadamuSavebis
centralur, Tu
periferiul gzebs gamoiyeneben. centraluri gza gamoiyeneba maSin,
rodesac adamianebi motivirebulebi arian, gulmodgined Seafason
 1696

argumentebi. damokidebulebis safuZvelsa da argumentis tips Soris

kavSiri, aseve, iwvevs
argumentis efeqturobis zrdas. disonansisa da TviT-aRqmis Teoriebi
migviTiTeben,
rom adamianebi xSirad icvlianNTavianT damokidebulebebs, TavianTi
qcevebidan gamomdinare. migeba, davaldebuleba, deficiti da
modelireba aris is Zalebi,
romelTac mivyavarT daTanxmebamde.

socialuri urTierTobebi
rogor irCevT maT, visTan erTadac mTel cxovrebas gaatarebT? ratom
eltviT
megobrebis kompanias? ratom aRmoCndebian xolme iseTi adamianebi,
romelTa mimarT
Tqveni grZnobebic scildeba megobrobis sazRvrebs da romantiul
siyvarulSi gadadis? socialur fsiqologebs socialur mizidulobasTan
(Social attraction)
dakavSirebul am kiTxvebze mTeli rigi pasuxebi gaaCniaT (magram nu
swuxxarT,
siyvarulis saidumlio srulad jer aravis amouxsnia!).
 1697

mowoneba
rodesme gicdiaT garkveuliyaviT, Tu rogor da ratom SeiZineT esa Tu
is
megobari? am SekiTxvaze pirveli uSualo pasuxi aseTia: adamianebi
midrekilni arian, miizidon isini, visTanac isini met teritoriul siaxloveSi
(Proximity)
imyofebian – Tqven imitom xedavT da xvdebiT maT, rom isini
cxovroben an
muSaoben Tqvens gverdiT. es faqtori, albaT, mcire ganmartebas
saWiroebs, magram ukeTesi iqneboda, aRgveniSna, rom es aris
adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi tendencia – moswondeT
adamianebi da sagnebi ubralod maTTan xangrZlivi

urTierTobebis (mere exposure) gamo. rac ufro xSirad xarT raimesTan an

vinmesTan erTad, miT ufro giyvarT is (Zaionc,1968). xangrZlivi
urTierTobebis es efeqti niSnavs, rom mTlianobaSi Tqven sul ufro da
ufro metad mogewonebaT is
adamianebi, romlebic Tqvens irgvliv arian. magram, rogorc Cven amas
Semdeg
 1698

davinaxavT, komputerebis epoqa axal mniSvnelobas aniWebs siaxlovis

ideas. dRes mravali adamiani inarCunebs urTierTobas komputeruli
qselis meSveobiT.
SesaZloa, isini geografiulad erTmaneTisagan Zalze Sors iyvnen, magram
ekranze gamoCenili yoveldRiuri Setyobinebebi fsiqologiurad Zalze
aaxlovebs maT.
axla ki yuradReba sxva faqtorebsac mivapyroT, romlebsac ZaluZT
gamoiwvion
mowoneba da mizidva. fizikuri mimzidveloba

kargia Tu ara, fizikuri mimzidveloba xSirad aRvivebs megobrobas.

dasavlur
kulturaSi arsebobs Zlieri stereotipi, rom fizikurad mimzidveli adamiani
yvelaferSi kargi iqneba. 70-ze meti gamokvlevis mimoxilva
adasturebs, rom fizikuri mimzidvelobis stereotipi udides zegavlenas
axdens adamianis socialur kompetenturobis Sesaxeb msjelobaze.
adamianebs sjeraT, rom
 1699

mimzidveli adamianebi ufro metad sociabilurebi da eqstravertulebi

arian, vidre naklebad mimzidvelni (Eagly et al., 1991). miuxedavad
amisa, fizikuri
mimzidveloba gacilebiT nakleb efeqts axdens gonierebasTan an karieraSi
warmatebasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebze. stereotipebis socialur
safuZvelze msjelobisas TqvenTvis, albaT, ar unda iyos gasakviri,
rom fizikur
mimzidvelobas Tavisi roli aqvs mowonebaSi.
saidan viciT
fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis kval da kval
erT klasikur gamokvlevaSi mkvlevarebma minesotis universitetis
axlad
miRebul, SemTxveviT SerCeul studentebs sTxoves, erTmaneTisTvis
sacekvaod paemnebi daeniSnaT _ am studentebze mkvlevarebma
farTo
informacia Seagroves, dawyebuli maTi zomebidan da inteleqtiTa da
pirovnuli TaviseburebebiT damTavrebuli. cekvis saRamos da
Semdegac studentebs sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT SemTxveviT
 1700

SerCeuli partniorebi da mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo mosalodneli

maTi ganmeorebiTi Sexvedra. Sedegebi iyo naTeli da Zalze msgavsi,
qalebisaTvisac da kacebisaTvisac. silamaze Sefasda ufro
mniSvnelovan faqtorad, vidre inteleqtis
koeficientis sidide, kargi socialuri Cvevebi an dadebiTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi. mxolod maT gamoTqves urTierTobis gagrZelebis survili,
vinc
silamazis mixedviT moaxdina sefaseba (Walxster et al., 1966).
fizikuri mimzidveloba sxva kulturebSic ganapirobebs mowonebas.
magaliTad, Cineli me-10-12-e klaseli moswavleebi adasturebdnen, rom
fizikurad mimzidvel
Tanaklaselebs ufro maRali statusi hqondaT (Dong et al., 1996). Tumca,
rogorc Cven me-12-e TavSi aRvniSneT, kulturebi gansxvavdebian
fizikuri silamazis standartebis mixedviT. magaliTad, afro-amerikelebs
naklebad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT Warb wonasTan, vidre anglo-
amerikelebs (Helb & Heatherton,
1998; Jackson & McGill, 1996).
 1701

msgavseba msgavsebis Sesaxeb cnobili andaza amtkicebs: “feri fersao,

madli RmerTsao”. marTalia es? kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr
SemTxvevaSi pasuxi aris “diax”. msgavseba iseTi parametrebis
mixedviT, rogoricaa Sexedulebebi, damokidebulebebi, faseulobebi, xels
uwyobs damegobrebas. ratom unda xdebodes ase? adamianebs, romlebic
Tqveni msgavsni arian, SeuZliaT Tqveni pirovnuli TviTdamkvidrebis
SegrZnebis uzrunvelyofa, radganac Tqveni msgavsi pirovneba
gagrZnobinebT, rom, magaliTad, Tqveni damokidebulebebi, faqtobrivad,
swori damokidebulebebia (Byrne & Clore, 1970). metic, msgavsebis
ararsebobas mivyavarT Zlier antipaTiamde (Rosenbaum, 1980). rodesac
Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom viRacis Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeba Tqveni
Sexedulebebisagan, Tqven, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT warsulSi, sxva
adamianebTan konfliqtis magaliTebi. aman, SesaZloa, gibiZgaT iqiTken,
rom daSordeT am adamianebs, da samegobrod ki mxolod mzgavsi
adamianebi dagrCaT.
Tu kolejSi swavlis periodSi saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, SegiZliaT
irgvliv mimoixedoT da naxoT, rogor “muSaobs” msgavseba. msgavsebi
 1702

arian is adamianebi, romlebic erT oTaxSi cxovroben? kargi

urTierTobebis mqone TanaoTaxelebi msgavsebi arian? mkvlevarebma es
sakiTxi sxvadasxva parametris mixedviT Seiswavles. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi fasdeboda TanaoTaxelTa wyvilebis komunikaciuri unarebi.
ramdenadDmsgavsi iyo maTi komunikacia iseTi parametris mixedviT,
rogoricaa survili (willingness)? aRmoCnda, rom is wyvilebi, romlebic
msgavsni iyvnen, am parametris mixedviT, ufro megobrulebi iyvnen,
vidre sawinaaRmdego maxasiaTeblebis mqone wyvilebi (Martin &
Andersen, 1995). Tu Tqven saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, es modeli
praqtikulad SegiZliaT SeamowmoT. ormxrivoba da bolos, Tqven
gagaCniaT tendencia mogwondeT is adamianebi, visac Tqven
moswonxarT. gaxsovT Cveni saubari movaWreebze, romlebic
iyenebdnen migebas? wess, romlis mixedviTac miRebulis sanacvlod
raRac unda gasce, am SemTxvevaSic aqtualuria. adamianebi
“mowonebiT” pasuxoben imaT, visac, maTi azriT, isini
 1703

“moswonT” (Backman & Secord 1959; Kenny & La Voie 1982). metic,
rwmenam, rom Tqven vinmes moswonxarT an ar moswonxarT,
SesaZloa, ise imoqmedos Tqvens qcevaze, rom Tqven
Tavadac xeli SeuwyoT msgavsi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas (Curtis &
Miller, 1986). Tqven SegiZliaT winaswar TqvaT, rogor moeqceviT mas,
visac, Tqveni azriT, moswonxarT? visac ar moswonxarT? warmoidgineT,
rom mtrulad eqceviT mas, visac, Tqveni azriT, ar moswonxarT. atyobT
Tqvens grZnobebSi, rogor SeiZleba Caerios sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba? rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT Cvens irgvliv arsebul socialur
samyaros, aRmovaCenT, rom is urTierTobebi, romlebsac SeiZleba
vuwodoT “mowoneba”, mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli
ormxrivobasTan. amitom, Tu Cven viciT, rom pirovneba A-s
gansakuTrebiT moswons pirovneba B, Cven vaskvniT, rom pirovneba B-
sac igive grZnobebi eqneba pirovneba A-s mimarT. (Kenny at al., 1996).
es faqti, romelic axla mimovixileT, saSualebas gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom
Tqveni megobrebis umravlesoba is xalxi iqneba, romlebsac Tqven ufro
xSirad xvdebiT da visTanac dakavSirebulni xarT msgavsebiT da
 1704

ormxrivi urTierTobebiT. magram, risi Tqma SeuZliaT mkvelevarebs iseT

ufro intensiur urTierTobebze, rogoric aris “Seyvareba? Seyvareba igive
Zalebi, romlebsac adamianebi mihyavT mowonebamde, Semdeg
ubiZgeben maT siyvarulisaken. Uumetes SemTxvevaSi Tqven jer
grZnobT mowonebas da Semdeg siyvaruls (Tumca, aris SemTxvevebi,
rodesac adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom maT uyvarT zogierTi naTesavi,
Tumca, ar moswonT isini). ra specifikur faqtorebze laparakoben socialuri
fsiqologebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT? siyvarulis gancda
ras niSnavs, ganicado siyvaruli? Tqven unda gamonaxoT dro, raTa
ifiqroT am mniSvnelovan cnebaze. rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni gansazRvreba
Seesabameba Tqveni megobrebis gansazRvrebebs? mkvlevarebi
Seecadnen, am kiTxvebze pasuxi sxvadasxva gziT gaecaT da raRac
saerTo midgomac gamoinaxa. adamianebis mier siyvarulis gaazreba sam
jgufad SeiZleba daiyos (Aron & Westbay, 1996):
• vneba (Passion) – seqsualuri ltolva da survili;
• intimuroba – gulwrfeloba da urTierTgageba;
• ndoba – erTguleba da Tavganwirva
 1705

SegiZliaT, Tqveni sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi samive am niSniT

daaxasiaToT?
Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT: ”ara, “ara yvela maTgani”. faqtia, rom vinmes
siyvaruli
(loving) unda ganvasxvavoT vinmesTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebisagan
(being in love), (Miers & Bersheid 1997). adamianebis umravlesoba
aRniSnavs, rom siyvarulis kategoria moicavs ufro farTo odenobas
adamianebisa, vidre amas gulisxmobs sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi. visTvis
ar utkenia guli sityvebs – “me Sen miyvarxar, magram me ver
davamyareb SenTan sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs”. sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi gulisxmobs raRac ufro intensiurs da specialurs – am tipis
urTierTobebi moicavs seqsualur ltolvas
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi, SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes zogadi niSnebiT.
samyaros Sesaxeb, Tqvenma codnam SesaZloa migiyvanaT iqamde, rom
daaskvnaT, adamianebi gansxvavebulad ganicdian siyvaruls.
Mmkvlevarebi, gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulni arian drois xangrZliv
periodSi, sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis SenarCunebaSi individualuri
gansxvavebebis SeswavliaT. ukanasknel wlebSi yuradReba
 1706

gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilda zrdasrulTa mijaWvulobis stilis kvlevebze

(Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). gaixseneT me-11-e
Tavidan, ramxela mniSvneloba Hhqonda bavSvis swori socialuri
ganviTarebisaTvis, mSoblebTan mibmulobas. Mmkvlevarebma daiwyes
imis garkveva, Tu ramxela mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, Semdgom
cxovrebaSi, mibmulobis am adreul gamocdilebas, rodesac bavSvebi
izrdebian da uCndebaT sakuTari valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi da
sakuTari Svilebi (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985).
ra aris mijaWvulobis stili? cxrili 17.2 iZleva debulebebs axlo
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994).
gamoZebneT dro da miuTiTeT, romel debulebas eTanxmebiT. rodesac
igive kiTxviT mimarTes sxva adamianebs, Tu romeli debuleba ukeT
aRwerda maT, umravlesobam (55%) airCia pirveli debuleba. es aris
daculobis mijaWvulobis stili. sagrZnobma umciresobam airCia meore
debuleba (25% - dacviTi stili), xolo mesme ki _ 20%-ma (SfoTviTi-
ambivalenturi stili). aRmoCnda, rom SeTavsebulobis es stilebi
 1707

zustad gansazRvraven urTierTobebis xarisxs (Feeney & Noller, 19990;

Tidwell et al., 1996). im adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac
meore da mesame stilebi airCies, daculobis stilis mibmulobis mqone
adamianebs aRmoaCndaT xangrZlivi da romantiuli urTierTobebi
(Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick, 1997). magaliTad adamianebi, romlebsac
gaaCndaT SfoTviTi stili, ufro xSirad da intensiurad eWvianoben, vidre
dacviTi stilis adamianebi.

cxrili 17.2. axlo urTierTobebisas zrdasrulTa/mozrdilTa mijaWvulobis

stilebi debuleba 1:

SedarebiT advilad vuaxlovdebi sxvebs da Tavs komfortulad vgrZnob,

rodesac maTze var damokidebuli. me xSirad ar vwuxvar imaze, rom
vinmesgan mitovebuli var, an vinmeze zedmetad damokidebuli.
debuleba 2:
garkveulwilad arakomfortulad vgrZnob Tavs, rodesac sxvebTan axlo
urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs maTze srulad mindoba, miWirs isic,
rom sakuTar Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me
 1708

vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan. xSirad partniori

ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre es CemTvis aris misaRebi.
debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar sur, CemTan ise axlos iyvnen/yofna, rogorc es me
momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob, ganvicdi, rom partniors ar
vuyvarvar, an ar surs CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems
partniorTan Zalian axlos viyo da es xSirad afrTxobT adamianebs.
modiT, erTi saboloo gansxvaveba movaxdinoT. xSir SemTxvevaSi
sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebi Zlieri ltolviTa da gatacebis periodiT iwyeba, romelsac
vnebiTi
siyvaruli (passionate love) SeiZleba vuwodoT. droTa ganmavlobaSi
Cndeba tendencia imisa, rom ltolvis intensivoba klebulobs, magram
matulobs intimuroba. amas megobruli siyvaruli (companionate love)
SegviZlia vuwodoT, (Berscheid &Walster, 1978). rodesac Seyvarebuli
iqnebiT, Tqven TviTon SeamCnevT aseT cvlilebas; ase rom, ar ifiqroT,
rom “siyvaruls kargavT”, es bunebrivi procesiaDda Tundac ase ar iyos,
vnebiTi siyvarulidan gamosvla arc ise dramatulia, rogorc es erTi
 1709

SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. mkvlevarebma am saxis siyvaruli 30 wlis

asakiT SemosazRvres (Aron & Aron, 1994). rodesac Tqven sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebs amyarebT, SesaZloa, imedi gqondeT, rom es mudmivad
gagrZeldeba, magram ase ar xdeba, Semdeg sxva moTxovnilebebic
Cndeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom siyvarulis gancdac ganicdis kulturis gavlenas. am
Tavis erT adgilas, Cven aRvniSneT, rom arsebobs damoukideblobisa da
urTierTdamokidebulebis ganzomileba kulturebs Soris. kulturebi,
romlebic pirovnebis “me”-s maxasiaTeblebs koleqtiur maxasiaTeblebze
ufro maRla ayenebs, da urTierTdamokidebulebebis kulturebi, romlebic
gaziarebul kulturul Rirebulebebs ufro maRla ayeneben, vidre adamianis
individualobas. rogor gavlenas moaxdens es Tqvens sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebze? Tu Tqven partniors Tqvens pirad grZnobebze
dayrdnobiT irCevT, maSin Tqven upiratesobas Tqvens pirad
Sexedulebebs aniWebT. xolo Tu Tqven partniors imis mixedviT irCevT,
Tu rogor gamoCndebiT sxvebis TvalSi da ras ifiqreben isini Tqvens
ojaxze, Tqven ufro koleqtivistur Sexedulebebze yofilxarT damokidebuli.
 1710

kros-kulturuli gamokvlevebi mowmobs, rom arsebobs myari safuZveli

vifiqroT, rom damoukideblobaze orientirebuli kulturebi ufro met
mniSvnelobas aniWeben
siyvaruls (Dion & Dion, 1993; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995; Levine at al.,
1995). ganvixiloT erTi sakiTxi: “Tu qals (kacs) gaaCnia yvela is Tviseba,
romelic Tqven mogwonT, SeirTavdiT Tu ara mas, miuxedavad imisa,
rom is Tqven ar giyvarT”? am kiTxvaze amerikeli studentebis mxolod
3.5%-ma upasuxa “diax”, xolo indoeli studentebis _ 49%-ma (Levine,
1995). urTierTdamokideulebebze orientirebuli kulturebis
warmomadgenlebi ufro momTxovnebi arian partniorebis mimarT. es
imitom xdeba, rom am kulturebSi ufro Zlieria idea urTierTobebiT
pirovnuli winsvlisa da isini meuRlisagan ufro mets moelian.
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas?
albaT, naTelia, rom yvelas, vinc am wigns kiTxulobs da imasac, vinc
dawera is, hqonia iseTi urTierTobebi, romlebic didxans ar gagrZelebula
da Sewyvetila. ra moxda? igive kiTxva ufro pozitiurad rom davsvaT, risi
Tqma SeuZliaT mkvlevarebs im situaciebze da adamianebze am
 1711

situaciebSi, romlebsac xangrZliv sasiyvarulo urTierTobebamde

mivyavarT?
erTi Teoria sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs gaiazrebs, rogorc “sxvis”
CarTvas
Cvens sakuTar “me”-Si (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994).
ganvixiloT 17.7 suraTze mocemuli diagramebi. TiToeuli maTgani
asaxavs, Tu rogor SeiZleba axlo urTierTobebis gaazreba. Tu Tqven
gaqvT romantikuli urTierToba, SegiZliaT, TqvaT, romeli daigrama
gamoxatavs ukeT Tqvensa da Tqvens partniors Soris urTierTobas?
kvlevam aCvena, rom is adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi urTierTobebis
gamosaxatad irCeven im diagramas, romelzec “me”-s da “sxvis” yvelaze
meti gadafarvaa, is adamianebi arian, romlebic sxvas ganixilaven
sakuTar “me”-Si CarTulad da TiTqmis yovelTvis grZnoben did
valdebulebas, rom iqonion
xangrZlivi urTierTobebi (Aron et al., 1992; Aron & Fraley, 1999).

sur. 17.7. sxvebis me-Si CarTulobis skala (IOS – Inclusion of Others

in the Self)
 1712

Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli sasiyvarulo urTierToba, romeli daigrama

gamoxatavs ukeT Tqveni da Tqveni partnioris urTierTdamokidebulebas?
skaliT Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adamianebi, romlebic
sxvas sakuTar me-Si CarTulad ganicdian, ufro met valdebulebas
ganicdian urTierTobebis xangrZliobasTan dakavSirebiT. kidev romeli
faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas? damokidebulebis
modeli (Dependence model) varaudobs, rom valdebulebebi dafuZnebulia
Sefasebebis seriebze (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992, p.65):
• zogierTi moTxovnilebis mniSvnelovnebis xarisxi individis
urTierTobaSi. mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebia: intimuroba, seqsi,
emociuri CarTuloba, megobruli damokidebuleba da inteleqtualuri
CarTuloba.
• ra xarisxiT kmayofildeba TiToeuli es moTxovnileba mocemul
urTierTobaSi.
• TiToeuli moTxovnilebisTvis, arsebuli/mimdinare partnioris garda,
arsebobs Tu ara vinme, visTanac pirovnebas mniSvnelovani
urTierToba aqvs.
 1713

•am moTxovnilebebis alternatuli urTierTobiT dakmayofilebis done.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, es modeli amtkicebs, rom adamianebi miT ufro
metad inarCuneben myar sasiyvarulo urTierTobas, rac ufro metad
ikmayofileben im mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs, romlebsac sxva
veravin daakmayofilebs. amdenad, Tu megobruli urTierTobebi
TqvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania – giyvarT Tavisufali drois gatareba
sxva adamianebTan erTad – da amave dros arsebobs viRac, vinc Tqvens
mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs, maSin savaraudoa, rom
Tqven am urTierTobebis mimarT met valdebulebas igrZnobT. es
marTebulia maSinac, Tu Tqveni partniori ar aris Tqveni pirveli arCevani.
damokidebulebis modeli iTxovs dazustebas, raTa gavarkvioT, ratom
inarCuneben adamianebi urTierTobebs, Tumca fizikurad ukve
SeuTavseblebi arian (Choice & Lamke, 1999). nacem qalTa TavSesafris
100 qalidan, isini, vinc Tvlidnen, rom garkveuli Sansi hqonda –
ZiriTadad ekonomikur safuZvelze _ Tavs valdebulad Tvlidnen,
dabrunebodnen Zvel urTierTobebs (Russbult & Martz, 1995).
 1714

Aamgvarad, adamianebi, SesaZloa, Zalze ubedurebi iyvnen col-qmrul

urTierTobebSi, magram mainc urTierTdamokidebulni iyvnen.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

urTierTobebi da interneti
iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is faqti, rom internetis
gamoCenam udidesi impulsi misca adamianebis
urTierTobas da maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT 13
wlis biWi, saxelad denieli, niu-iorkidan, romlis “axali
megobari gogona”, aseve, 13 wlis reiCeli samxreT
karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar SeeZloT suraTebis
gacvla internetiT. rodesac dedam dens urCia, suraTi
aSS-is fostiT gaegzavna, man upasuxa: “de, is ar
apirebs CemTvis Tavisi misamarTis
mocemas”(Gardner, 2000, p. 40). Mcxadia, me-20-e
saukunis bolo wlebamde biWebis umravlesobas
azradac ki ar mouvidodaT, “axal megobar
gogonebTan” am gziT urTierTobis damyareba.
 1715

modiT, vnaxoT, ra wvlili Seitana internetma

urTierTobebSi.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom internetis momxmarebelTa
yvelaze aqtiur
 1716

saqmianobas socialuri urTierTobebi warmoadgens.

internetis daaxloebiT 4100 momxmareblis
gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom maTi 90% internets
eleqtronuli fostisTvis iyenebda, 24% ki e.w. “CatSi”
monawileobs (Nie & Erbing, 2000). sxva kvleva
aCvenebs, rom urTierTobaTa didma raodenobam
kibersivrcidan fizikur sivrceSi gadainacvla.
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic 568 individi
monawileobda (59% qali da 41% kaci). maT
sTxoves, rom erTmaneTisTvis internetiT axali
ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena et al., 2001). am jgufis
wevrebis 63% internetiT gacnobis Semdeg satelefono
urTierTobebze gadavida. 54% ki internetiT gacnobil
pirovnebas Sexvda. ori wlis Semdeg Catarebulma
gamokiTxvam ki aCvena, rom internetiT
damyarebuli urTierTobebi isev myari iyo.
 1717

faqtobrivad, SerCevis 15% daniSnuli iyo, 10% ki _

ukve daqorwinebuli internet-partniorze.
adre aRvniSneT, rom siaxlove mowonebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mdgenelia. aucilebelia, rom adamians
SexvdeT, vidre Tqvens Soris mowoneba an
romantiuli urTierTobebi Camoyalibdeba. zemoT
ganxiluli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom geografiuli
daSorebulobis miuxedavad, interneti fsiqologiuri
daaxloebis karg saSualebas iZleva. faqtobrivad,
arsebobs monacemebi, rom internetis saSualebiT
urTierTobebi ukeT iwyeba, vidre pirispir (Bargh et
al., 2001). erT gamokvlevaSi, romelSic kolejis
studentebi monawileobdnen, monawileebma, or
gansxvavebul pirobebSi, urTierToba gaabes erTi da
igive partniorTan. Oorive interaqciisas wyvilebis
naxevars pirispir urTierTobebis SesaZlebloba mieca,
meore naxevars ki pirispir Sexvedramde internetiT
 1718

urTierTobis saSualeba hqondaT. urTierTobis meore

etapis Semdeg partniorebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT
erTmaneTi 15 safexurian skalaze -7-dan (Zalian ar
momwons), +7-mde (Zalian momwons). im
monawileebma, romelTac pirispir Sexvedramde
internetiT urTierTobis SesaZlebloba hqondaT,
bevrad meti urTierTsimpatiebi gamoavlines
(saSualod 4.70), vidre im monawileebma, romelTac
aseTi SesaZlebloba ar HhqondaT (saSualod 2.45).
ratom unda momxdariyo ase? mkvlevarebi fiqroben,
rom internetiT dawyebuli urTierToba monawileebs
saSualebas aZlevs, naklebad moeqcnen garegnobis
gavlenis qveS. ufro metic, internetis droebiTi
anonimuroba, rogorc Cans, amxnevebs adamianebs,
ufro
 1719

metad gaxsnis SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT, rac ufro metad aZlierebs

mowonebas.
mecnierTa yuradReba miipyro im adamianebis cxovrebam, romelTa
mier internetis gamoyenebis sixSire amcirebs maT aqtivobas realur
cxovrebaSi
(Kraut et al., 1998; Nie & Erbing, 2000). Tumca, zemoT mocemuli
magaliTebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom interneti, SesaZloa, adamianTa didi
nawilis socialur da romantikul cxovrebaSi dadebiT mamoZravebel
Zalad CaiTvalos.
SesaZloa, male danielmac miiRos Tavisi megobari gogonas misamarTi.
am TavSi Cven vnaxeT, Tu rogor moqmedeben socialuri Zalebi
adamianebze. magaliTad, vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens situacia
qcevaze, rogor yalibdeba Tqveni damokidebulebebi socialur
urTierTobebSi. Cven girCevT, SeiswavloT Tqveni qcevebi, raTa
dainaxoT is gzebi, romliTac socialuri garemocva gexmarebaT Tqveni
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis axsnaSi. momdevno
TavSi Cven vnaxavT, Tu rogor warmarTaven igive Zalebi socialur
 1720

qcevas pirovnul doneze _ iwveven agresias da altruizms da kulturul

doneze _ omsa da mSvidobas. Sejameba adamianebis umetesobas uyvars
is adamianebi, vinc maTTan fizikurad axlos imyofeba, fizikurad
mimzidvelia, misi msgavsia da visganac iRebs igive impulsebs.
adamianebi TavianT sasiyvarulo gamocdilebas axasiaTeben, rogorc
vnebas, intimurobas da valdebulebas. siyvarulSi individualuri
gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, nawinaswarmetyvelebi iqnas, mijaWvulobis
stilisa da kulturuli molodinebis safuZvelze. sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi miT
ufro myaria, rac ufro metadaa CarTuli partniori Cvens “me”-Si.
damokidebulebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi ufro metad
inarCuneben urTierTobas, rac ufro metad akmayofilebs es urTierToba
iseT specifikur moTxovnilebebs, romlebsac sxva veravin
daakmayofilebs.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
• adamianis azrebi da aqtivobebi ganicdis situaciis zemoqmedebas.
 1721

• individebi TavianTi rwmenebis, faseulobebisa da midrekilebebis

sawinaRmdegid iqcevian, Tu maT evalebaT garkveuli socialuri rolis
Sesruleba, Tundac xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi.
• socialuri normebi ayalibebs jgufis wevrebis damokidebulebebsa da
qcevebs.
• Serifisa da aSis klasikuri gamokvlevebi warmoaCens im informaciul
da normatiul Zalebs, romlebic iwveven konformizms.
• umciresobis zegavlena, SesaZloa, aRiZras informaciuli zegavlenis
Sedegad.
socialuri realobis konstruireba
• yoveli adamiani TviTon agebs Tavis socialur realobas.
• socialuri percefcia determinirebulia SexedulebebiTa da
molodinebiT.
• atribuciis Teoria aRwers im Sefasebebs, romlebsac adamianebi
akeTeben qcevebis mizezebis Taobaze.
• zogirTi gadaxra, rogoricaa, magaliTad, atribuciis fundamenturi
Secdoma, sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba da TviTqmnadi
 1722

winaswarmetyveleba, SesaZloa, CaerTos atribuciaSi, sxva Sefasebebsa

da qcevebSi.
• magram mainc, molodinebis gavlena Semofarglulia im informaciis
sizustiT, romelic Tqven gare samyaros Sesaxeb gagaCniaT.
damokidebulebebi, damokidebulebebis Secvla da aqtivoba
• damokidebulebebi aris obieqtebis, movlenebis an ideebis pozitiuri an
negatiuri Sefaseba.
• yvela damokidebuleba ar iZleva qcevis zustad winaswarmetyvelebis
SesaZleblobas; is Zalze xelmisawvdomi an Zalze specifikuri uda iyos.
• gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis centraluri
procesebi gulisxmobs argumrentebis gulmodgine analizs, maSin roca
periferiuli procesebi exeba darwmunebis procesis garegnul mxareebs.
• damokidebulebebis safuZvlebsa da argumentis tips Soris kavSiri,
aseve, axdens gavlenas argumentis efeqturobaze.
• disonansisa da TviT-aRqmis Teoriebi exeba damokidebulebebis
Camoyalibebasa da Secvlas, rac mohyveba qcevis ganxorcielebas.
 1723

• daTanxmebisaTvis adamianebma, SesaZloa, mimarTon migebis,

davaldebulebis, deficitis Seqmnis da modelirebis meTodebs.
socialuri urTierTobebi
• interpersonaluri mimzidveloba determinirebulia, nawilobriv, fizikuri
siaxloviT, fizikuri mimzidvelobiT, msgavsebiTa da ormxrivobiT.
• sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi ganisazRvreba ltolvis, intimurobis da
valdebulebis parametrebiT.
• mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis stili gavlenas axdens urTierTobebis
xarisxze.
• adamianis valdebulebebi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dros
dakavSirebulia siaxlovisa da damokidebulebis doneze. ZiriTadi cnebebi
damokidebuleba atribuciis Teoria qceviTi dadastureba kognituri
disonansi daTanxmeba konformuloba kovariaciis principi gaazrebis
SesaQleblobis modeli atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma jgufis polarizacia
jgufuri azrovneba informaciuli gavlena normatiuli gavlena normebis
kristalizacia darwmuneba migebis norma wesebi
 1724

TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba TviT-aRqmis Teoria sakuTari

Tavisadmi mikerZoeba socialuri norma socialuri aRqma socialuri
fsiqologia socialuri roli

Tavi 18. socialuri fsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

• altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

– altruizmis fesvebi
– prosocialuri qcevis motivebi
– situaciis gavlenebi prosocialur qcevaze
• agresia
– evoluciuri midgoma
– individualuri gansxvavebebi
– situaciuri gavlenebi
– kulturuli zemoqmedebebi
• crurwmenebi
– crurwmenebis safuZvlebi
– stereotipebis efeqtebi
– crurwmenebis daZleva
 1725

• fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi: samyaro pataravdeba

• konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia – avtoritetisadmi
daqvemdebareba
– genocidisa da omis fsiqologia
– mSvidobis fsiqologia
• fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ratom eziarebian adamianebi kults?
• avtoris bolosityvaoba
• sakvanZo sakiTxebi
– ZiriTadi cnebebi

1963 wels filosofosma hana arendtma (Hannah Arendt) gamoaqveyna

wigni “aihmani ierusalimSi”, romelSic ganxiluli iyo nacist adolf aihmanis
danaSaulebebe, riTac man xeli Seuwyo milionobiT ebraelis mkvlelobas.
aihmani iseTive Tavis qmedebebs rogorc sxva nacistebi:
 1726

[aihmans] kargad axsovda, rom cud xasiaTze iyo xolme, Tu ki ar

SeeZlo imis gakeTeba, rac misi mowodeba iyo – milionobiT kacis, qalisa
da bavSvis mkvleloba, didi gulmodginebiTa da pedanturobiT (gv.25)
miuxedavad amisa, ramdenad gasaocaric ar unda iyos, arendti aihmans
axasiaTebs, rogorc absoluturad Cveulebrivi adamiani:
fsiqiatrebi axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc “normalurs”: - “ufro normaluri
iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi ufro metad, vidre me viyavi misi gamokvlevis
Semdeg,” _ ganacxada erT-erTma maTganma. meorem ki aRmoaCina,
rom misi saerTo fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba, damokidebuleba meuRlisa
da Svilebis, mSoblebis, Zmebis, debisa da megobrebis mimarT iyo “ara
mxolod normaluri, aramed Zalze sasurvelic”.. (gv.
25-26).
aihmanis pirovnebisAanalizis gziT arendti midis cnobil
daskvnamde:
aihmanis ubedureba iyo is, rom uamravi adamiani hgavda mas, isini arc
gaukuRmarTebulebi iyvnen da arc sadistebi, isini iyvnen da jerac arian
SemaSfoTeblad normalurebi. Cveni samarTlebrivi instituciebis da
Sefasebis moraluri standartebis TvalsazrisiT, es normaluroba ufro
 1727

SemaSfoTebelia, vidre yvela simxece erTad aRebuli, im daSvebis gamo,

rom danaSaulis es axali saxe mis danaSaulebebs aqcevs iseTi
garemoebebis gavlenis qveS, rom misTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba sakuTari
qcevis aramarTebulobis gageba an SegrZneba (gv.276). rogorc Cans,
[aihmanis cxovrebis] ukanasknel wuTebSi man Seajama is gakveTilebi,
romlebsac iZleva adamianis codvilobis mTeli nairferovneba – saSiSi
gakveTilebi, romlebsac SeiZleba vuwodoT codvis banaluroba (gv. 252).
hana arendtis fraza “codvis banaluroba”, exmaureba XXIOsaukunis
movlenebsac. nacisturi holokostidan 60 wlis Semdegac ki terorizmis
talRebma moicva msoflio. dResac ki, roca Cven vwerT am sityvebs –
2000 wlis bolos – axlo aRmosavleTi isev moicva Zaladobam, rac
gamoixateba israelisa da palestinelebis SejaxebiT mdinare iordanes
dasavleT sanapiroze. iugoslaviaSi, xalxis ajanyebas moyva daundobeli
diqtatoris – slobodan miloSeviCis _ damxoba, magram, rogorc Cans, is
da misi reJimis sxva wevrebi gadaurCebian samxedro
danaSaulebebisaTvis pasuximgeblobas. nigeriaSi, hausas da iorubas
tomebis wevrebs Soris konfliqtis Sedegad gasul wels aTasobiT adamiani
 1728

daiRupa da aTobiT mxolod gasul dReebSi. Cndeba cduneba, rom es

movlenebi ganvixiloT, rogorc sigiJis gamovlena, yvelaferi mivaweroT
uazrobas da codvil xasiaTs, rogorc, vTqvaT, adolf hitleris
SemTxveveaSi. magram, arendtis analizi uaryofs amas. is gvaCvenebs,
Tu ramdenad advilad, SeuZliaT socialur Zalebs, aiZulon normaluri
adamiani, Caidinos sazareli saqcieli.
“fsiqologia da cxovreba” – Si Cven mivadeqiT im adgils, sadac unda
ganvixiloT adamianis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis zemoqmedebis yvelaze
ukiduresi SemTxvevebi. am Tavis zogierTi nawili sakmaod
SemaSfoTebeli iqneba, vinaidan naTelyofs adamianSi destruqciuli da
arahumanuri aqtebis ganxorcielebis potencials. Cven ganvixilavT agresiul
qcevas, crurwmenebs da im pirobebs, romlebmac, SesaZloa, genocidis
aqtebamde migviyvanos. amave dros, Cven aRvwerT adamianuri arsebis
Tandayolil ltolvas iyos prosocialuri – ganaxorcielos didsulovani
altruistuli aqtebi, yovelgvari jildos molodinis gareSe. dabolos, Cven
imedi gvaqvs, es Tavi mkiTxvelSi aRZravs optimistur azrs, rom socialuri
 1729

mecnierebebis aRmoCenebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron msoflioSi

mSvidobis damyarebaSi.
xSirad, am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs studentebi provokaciulad da
saCoTirod Tvlian. imedi gvaqvs, rom SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, isini,
maswavlebelTan erTad, srulad ganixiloT da debatebic moawyoT. Tqven
am Tavis Seswavla unda daamTavroT imis gagebiT, Tu rogor
moqmedeben socialur fsiqologiuri Zalebi calkeul individebze, rogor
erTiandebian individebi jgufebSi da rogor gavlenas axdenen isini msoflio
istoriis yvelaze SemaSfoTebel momentebze.

altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

TiTqmis yvela tragediis Semdeg Tqven xedavT suraTs, rom
adamianebi TavianTi sicocxlis riskis fasad cdiloben, daicvan sxva
adamianebis sicocxle. magaliTad, gavixsenoT oklahoma sitis dabombviT
gamowveuli saSineleba. alfred a. murahis dangreuli saxli da mTeli
qveynidan Camosuli adamianebis gaweuli gaerTianebuli Zalisxmeva im
imediT, rom aRmoaCendnen da daexmarebodnen gadarCenil
adamianebs. aseTi tragediebi aSkaras xdis adamianis, rogorc saxeobis,
 1730

potencials, ganaxorcielos prosocialuri qcevebi, iseTi qcevebi, romlis

mizania sxva adamianebis daxmareba. metic, es tragediebi xSirad
aaSkaraveben altruizms – iseT prosocialur qcevebs, romlebsac
adamianebi axorcieleben TavianTi sakuTari usafrTxoebisa da interesebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. imaSi, rasac Cven
kulturas an sazogadoebas vuwodebT, mniSvnelovani aris adamianebis
mondomeba, daexmaron erTmaneTs. rogorc kulturis an sazogadoebis
wevrebi, adamianebi kooperireben da msxverpladac ki ewirebian sxvebis
keTildReobas. am Tavs daviwyebT imis ganxilviT, Tu ratom avlenen
adamianebi altruistuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis nebas.

altruizmis fesvebi daviwyoT amerikul yoveldRiur gazeTSi

gamoqveynebuli altruizmis konkretuli magaliTiT (Porstner, 1997):

sanapiro dacvis TanamSromelma, samSabaTs, samxreTis saxelmwifo

gzatkecilze, lindenharstSi, Tavisi manqana win Cauyena da amiT
gadaarCina koneqtikuteli kaci, romlis manqanamac gzidan gadauxvia.
“me win Cavudeqi da specialurad davajaxebine manqana, raTa amiT
 1731

SemeCerebina is” ganacxada 25 wlis mZRolma, “es iyo erTaderTi

saSualeba, riTac me misi SeCereba SemeZlo”.
ra reaqcia gagiCndaT am monaTxrobze? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT
Tqveni
sicocxlis an, Tundac, Tqveni manqanis gariskva imisTvis, rom daicvaT
vinmes sicocxle, ragorc am SemTxvevaSia aRwerili? ras fiqrobda
sakuTar Tavze sanapiro dacvis mZRoli? gjeraT, rom qcevis
ganxorcielebamde man gamoTvala
mogeba da wageba?
• prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) - qcevebi, romlebic
sruldeba sxva adamianebis daxmarebis mizniT.
• altruizmi (Altruizm) – prosocialuri qcevebi, romlebsac adamiani
asrulebs Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe.
• ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal altruizm) – idea,
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom,
rom sxvebis mxridanac moelian maT mimarTac altruistuli qcevebis
 1732

ganxorcielebas.

rodesac naxavT am mamaci mZRolis msgavs magaliTebs, metad

bunebrivia, daaskvnaT, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis Bbazisuri,
wminda adamianuri motivacia. faqtobrivad, altruizmis arseboba zogjer
winaaRmdegobrivia. raTa gavigoT ratom, Tqven unda daubrundeT im
diskusiaze fiqrs, romelic warmodgenili iyo me-3-e da me-12-e TavebSi
da exeboda evolociur Zalebs. evoluciuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
sicocxlis mTavari mizania sakuTari Tavis reproduqcia ise, rom sxvas
gadasce sakuTari genebi. am konteqstSi, aqvs ki altruizms azri? sxvebis
daxmarebis gamo ratom unda daayeno Seni sicocxle riskis qveS? am
kiTxvaze ori pasuxi arsebobs imis SesabamisadmixedviT, Tu ras
vigulisxmebT “sxvebSi” _ ojaxis wevrebs Tu ucnobebs.
ojaxis wevrebisTvis altruistul qcevas garkveuli azri aqvs, vinaidan,
maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis sakuTari sicocxle safrTxis qveS dgeba, is
miznad isaxavs sakuTari, zogadi genetikuri memkvidreobis gadarCenas.
faqtobrivad, rodesac dgeba sakiTxi - sikvdili Tu sicocxle – adamianebi
 1733

avlenen SedarebiT mgrZnobelobas TavianTi genetikuri memkvidreobis

mimarT.

saidan viciT
altruizmi naTesavebis mimarT
aSS-s da iaponiis kolejebis studentebs sTxoves,
ganexilaT is SesaZlo scenarebi, romlebSic
gariskavdnen sicocxles, raTa gadaerCinaT samidan
erTi individi. magaliTad, erT-erT scenarSi am sam
individs eZina saxlSi, romelic swrafad iwvoda. yvela
scenarSi es sami individi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeboda studentebisadmi maTi warmosaxuli
naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT. zogierTi Zalian axlo
naTesavi iyo, rogoricaa Zma (0.5- iani genetikuri
gadafarva), sxvebi SedarebiT Soreuli naTesavebi
iyvnen, rogoricaa biZaSvili (0.125 gadafarva).
studentebs ekiTxebodnen, am samidan romlis
gadarCenas isurvebdnen yvelaze metad. suraTi 18.1
gviCvenebs, rom rac ufro axloa naTesaoba, miT ufro
metad gamoxataven adamianebi maTi “gadarCenis”
survils. suraTi, agreTve, asaxavs Sedarebas im
situaciasTan, rodesac ar idga sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi:
studentebs ekiTxebodnen, rogor moiqceodnen
 1734

SedarebiT yoveldRiuri gadawyvetilebebis

SemTxvevaSi,

magaliTad, rodesac saWiroa vinmes davalebis Sesruleba. Sedegebma

aqac aCvena naTesaobis efeqti, magram damokidebuleba ar iyo iseTive
Zlieri, rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi. ”sikvdil-sicocxlis” scenaris
SemTxvevaSi naTesaobis Sefaseba aris ufro mkacri, vidre “yoveldRiuri”
scenaris SemTxvevaSi. erTnairi Sedegebi miiRes rogorc iaponeli, ise _
amerikeli studentebis SemTxvevaSi. (Burnstein et al.,1994).
 1735

am gamokvlevaSi studentebs ar moeTxovebodaT cecxlmokidebuli

saxlidan vinmes gadarCena, magram, miuxedavad amisa, Tqven
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, ra gavlenas axdenda naTesaoba maT arCevanze.
Tumca, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom romelime maTgani eqpliciturad
fiqrobda “me unda davicva genetikuri memkvidreoba”, magram Tu
adamianebi misdeven im models, romelic pirvel suraTzea warmodgenili,
es niSnavs, rom genetikuri memkvidreobis dacva arsebobs.
magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme ar gvaqvs naTesaobasTan?
magaliTad, ratom riskavs mZRoli sicocxles, sxva adamianebis genebis
gadasarCenad? altruizmis asaxsnelad sxva nacnobebisa Tu ucnobebis
mimarT, Teoretikosebi iyeneben ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmis cnebas
(Trivers, 1971). es cneba miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi altruistul qcevebs
axorcieleben imitom, rom garkveuli azriT, sxva adamianebis mxridanac
moelian, rom isinic maT mimarT, aseve, ganaxorcieleben altruistul
qcevebs. Tuki Sen ixrCobi, me gadagarCen, im imediT, rom Senc igives
gaakeTeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me damemuqreba daxrCobis saSiSroeba.
amdenad, ormxrivoba altruizms sasicocxlo Rirebulebas aniWebs. am
 1736

cnebas, sxva formiT Tqven ukve SexvdiT adre. Mme-17-e TavSi,

magaliTad, Cven SemovitaneT migebis (reciprokulobis) normis cneba,
raTa agvexsna is gza, romliTac adamianebi midian Tanxmobamde.
rodesac vinme Tqvens mimarT avlens keTilganwobas, Tqven fsiqologiuri
disstresSi iqnebiT manam, sanam ar SegeZlebaT sapasuxo
keTilganwyobis gamovlena. naTelia, rom aseT disstress evoluciuri
safuZvlebi aqvs, vinaidan is zrdis Seguebis SesaZleblobas. am evoluciuri
safuZvlis gamo, altruizmi ar aris adamianuri arsebis unikaluri niSani.
antropologebma ormxrivi altruizmis nimuSebis identificireba mraval
saxeobaSi moaxdines, rogorebicaa vampiri Ramurebi da Simpanzeebi,
romlebic jgufur cxovrebas ewevian (Nielsen, 1994).
unda aRiniSnos, rom ormxrivi altruizmis cneba ver xsnis socialur
cxovelebSi kooperaciis yvela aspeqts. mkvlevarebma moipoves
monacemebi, romlebic mowmoben, rom mraval situaciaSi, adamianebic
da cxovelebic reciprokulobis molodinis gareSe axdenen kooperirebas da
resursebis
 1737

ganawilebas (Matheson & Bernstein, 2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000;

Widdig et al., 2000). magaliTad, kangis tomis (Kung people)
warmatebuli monadireebi, romlebic CrdilodasavleT bocvanaSi da
namibiis mosazRvre raionebSi cxovroben, nanadirevis xorcs TavianTi
tomis sxva, nadirobis naklebi Cvevebis mqone wevrebs unawileben,
Tumca, SeuZlebelia, rom sapasuxod saTanado resursebs elodnen
(Hawkes, 1993). am tipis dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, mkvlevarebi
cdiloben, altruizmis asaxsnelad ufro farTo Teoriuli safuZveli ipovon.
Tu davuSvebT, rom, rogorc Cans, altruizms evoluciuri safuZveli aqvs,
MmaSin dgeba sakiTxi: altruizmSi individualur gansxvavebebs SeuZlia
Tu ara
Tanamedrove adamianis memkvidreobazec moaxdinos gavlena?
gavixsenoT, rom me-12 TavSi ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic
evoluciuri fsiqologiis specialistebis Tanaxmad, warmarTavs adamianebis
mier wyvilis SerCevis process. altruizmis Cveneuli ganxilva saSualebas
gvaZlevs, faqtorebis am sias davamatoT kidev erTi.

saidan viciT
 1738

qalebs altruisti mamakacebi ufro moswonT

student gogonebs aCvenebdnen eqsperimentatoris
da cdis minawile mamakacis saubris videoCanawers,
sadac es ukanaskneli avlenda altruistuli qcevebis
mimarT Tavis damokidebulebas. maRal-altruistul
situaciaSi is laparakobda sxvebisTvis daxmarebis
gawevaze da Semdeg gamoTqvamda mzadyofnas _
sxvebze ufro metad gaeriskaT. dabali
altruizmis pirobebSi is laparakobda Tavis sakuTar
interesebze da gadawyvetda, mosawyeni davalebis
Sesruleba sxvisTvis daeTmo. am saubrebis
Canaweris naxvis Semdeg student gogonebs
sTxovdnen, videoCanawerSi nanaxi mamakaci
SeefasebinaT sxvadasxva parametrebis mixedviT,
fizikuri da seqsualuri mimzidvelobis, socialuri
misaRebobis da paemanze Sexvedris sasurvelobis
CaTvliT. Tumca, orive saxis CanawerSi Zalze
 1739

msgavsi mamakacebi figurirebdnen, qalebi ufro

mimzidvelad da sasurvelad miiCnvdnen im
mamakacs, romelic altruistuli qcevebis
ganxorcielebaze
Tanxmobas gamoxatavda (Jensen-Campbell et
al.,1995).

evoluciuri Teoriis terminebiT, am kvlevis Sedegebi mowmobs, rom

qalebi upiratesobas aniWeben iseT mamakacebs, romlebsac TavianTi
resursebis STamomavlobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis aqtiurad
gamoyeneba SeuZliaT. Aam TvalsazrisiT, Cven gvaqvs axali safuZveli,
raTa altruizmi CavTvaloT adamianis memkvidreobis faqtorad. kerZod,
qalebi Tvlian, rom kacebi, romlebic axorcieleben altruistul qcevebs,
ukeTesi mamebi iqnebian.

prosocialuri qcevis motivebi wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom altruizms –

sxvebisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivs _ aqvs Sinagani safuZveli. axla,
 1740

altruizms prosocialuri qcevis sxva motivebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT.

mkvlevari deniel batsoni (Daniel Batson, 1994) miuTiTebs, rom
arsebobs oTxi Zala, romelic ubiZgebs adamians, gaakeTos
sazogadoebrivad sasikeTo saqme:
• altruizmi. sxvebisaTvis sargeblobis motanis motivis safuZvelze
moqmedeba, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, mZRolis moqmedeba,
romelmac gadaarCina sxva adamianis sicocxle.
• egoizmi. prosocialuri qcevebis ganxorcieleba mxolod sakuTari
interesebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, vinmem ganaxorcielos
daxmarebis qceva (Helping behavior), magram mxolod im mizniT,
rom Sesabamisi ram an saCuqari (vTqvaT fuli an prizi) miiRos
sapasuxod (magaliTad, Txovnis Sesruleba) .
• koleqtivizmi. Pprosocialuri qcevebis ganxorcieleba garkveuli
jgufis warmatebebis misaRwevad. adamianebma, SesaZlo,a
ganaxorcielon prosocialuri qcevebi, raTa gaaumjobeson TavianTi
ojaxis, saZmos an politikuri partiis saarsebo pirobebi da a.S.
 1741

• principlizmi. Pprosocialuri qcevis ganxorcieleba moraluri

principebidan gamomdinare. SesaZloa, vinme prosocialur qcevebs
axorcielebdes religiuri an sazogadoebrivi principebidan
gamomdinare.
Tqven SegiZliaT naxoT, rogor moqmedeben es motivebi gansxvavebul
situaciebSi.
Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli motivebidan yvela SeiZleba safuZvlad
daedos sxva adamianebis momsaxurebis qcevas. isini zogjer, SesaZloa,
winaaRmdegobaSic movidnen erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT,
rom unda gadawyvitoT, rogor gaunawiloT raime deficituri resursi
ramdenime adamians. /Tqveni msjeloba SesaZloa iyos aseTi/Tqven
SeiZleba ase imsjeloT: “me yovel individs Tanabari raodenoba unda
mivce”, vinaidan, samarTlianobis principis Tanaxmad, yovel adamians
Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes es. axla warmoidgineT, rom saqmeSi
CaerTo sxva motivebi da Tqven romelime individs upiratesobas aniWebT
sxvebTan SedarebiT.

saidan viciT
 1742

empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba migviyvanos

eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen, latariis
bileTebi gaenawilebinaT mTeli jgufisaTvis an jgufis
ramdenime wevrisaTvis. Tu bileTebi daurigdeboda
mTel jgufs, TiToeul wevrs bileTebis Tanabari
raodenoba unda mieRo – samarTliani gadawyveta.
eqsperimentis erT-erT variantSi monawileebi
kiTxulobdnen avtobiografias, romelic, rogorc maT
egonaT, ekuTvnoda jgufis erT-erT wevrs.
avtobiografiaSi aRwerili iyo, rom misi avtori
xangrZlivi
romantikuli urTierTobebis Semdeg miatova partniorma. ra gavlenas
moaxdenda es informacia bileTebis ganawilebaze? rodesac
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, warmoedginaT, Tu ras ganicdida
es adamiani, maT damatebiTi bileTebi misces mitovebul individs.
empaTia – adamianTan emociuri identifikacia – dadga samarTlianobis
principze maRla.
deniel batsonma da misma kolegebma uzrunvelyves kidev ramdenime
cdis Catareba, raTa moexdinaT empaTia – altruizmis hipoTezis
 1743

demonstrireba: rodesac Tqven TanaugrZnobT sxva adamians, es grZnoba

aRviZebs altruistul motivs da gibiZgebT misi daxmarebisaken. axlaxans
aRweril eqsperimentSi, uaxloesi altruistuli motivi ufro damajerebeli
aRmoCnda, vidre abstraqtuli samarTlianoba. amgvarad, empaTiam,
SesaZloa, aRZras iseTi altruistuli qcevebi, romlebmac individis
keTildReoba jgufis keTildReobaze maRla daayenos (Batson et al.,1995).
Tqven SegiZliaT, dainaxoT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rom
yoveli/TiToeuli qceva ganvixiloT mTliani situaciis konteqstSi: is, rac
erTi SexedviT, antisocialur qcevas gavs, magaliTad, samarTlianobis
principis darRveva, sxva, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare,
SesaZloa, prosocialuri qceva aRmoCndes. Mme–17-e TavSi gavlili
socialuri fsiqologiis gakveTilebidan, Cven viciT, Tu ramdenad Zlierad
aris determinirebuli2-adamianebis qcevebi situaciuri faqtorebiT. iq Cven
mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT prosocialuri qcevis iZulebiT xasiaTs. axla
aRvwerT kvlevis klasikur programas, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad aris damokidebuli adamianebis mzadyofna daxmarebisaTvis –
maTi unari ,imoqmedon prosocialuri qcevis motivebis Sesabamisad –
 1744

arsebuli situaciis maxasiaTeblebze. prosocialur qcevaze situaciis

gavlenebi kvlevis es programa tragediiT daiwyo. qvinsSi, niu-iorkSi,
sakuTari binebis fanjrebidan, usafrTxod myofi 38 respeqtabeluri da
kanonmorCili moqalaqe naxevar saaTze meti xnis ganmawlobaSi
Tvalyurs adevnebda mkvlels, romelic quCaSi samjer daesxa Tavs qals da
sasikvdilo Wrilobebi miayena mas. pirvelad mkvleli xmaurma da binebSi
uecrad anTebulma sinaTlem daafrTxo, magram, amis miuxedavad, igi
mainc dabrunda da ganagrZo msxverplisTvis Wrilobebis miyeneba. am
Tavdasxmis ganmavlobaSiAarc erT adamians ar daurekavs policiaSi da
mxolod erTma dareka mas Semdeg, rac qali ukve mkvdari iyo da
yvelaferi damTavrda (Rosenthal, 1964). kiti jenovezes mkvlelobis
sagazeTo cnobam SeaZrwuna mTeli eri, romelsac ar surda daejerebina,
rom adamianebma msgavsi apaTia da gulqvaoba gamoiCines.
magram iqneba ki samarTliani, rom am adamianebs apaTiurebi da
gulqvebi vuwodoT? iqneb, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi qcevis axsna situaciuri
Zalebis zemoqmedebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad bib leiteinma
da jon darleim (Bibb
 1745

Latane and John Darley. 1970) Caatares klasikuri kvlevebis seria.

MmaTi mizani iyo eCvenebinaT, rom TviTmxilvelTa Careva _
adamianTa mzadyofna, daexmaron sxvas gaWirvebis dros –
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad sensitiurebi arian isini situaciis
maxasiaTeblebis mimarT. maT laboratoriulad Seqmnes TviTmxilvelTa
Carevis situaciis eqsperimentuli analogi.

saidan viciT
rodis exmarebian adamianebi sxvebs? EeqsperimentSi
monawileobdnen kolejis studenti vaJebi. TiToeuli maTgani moaTavses
satelefono kavSiriT aRWurvil sacdel oTaxSi DA daarwmunes, rom is
telefoniT elaparakeboda mezobel oTaxSi myof sxva studentebs (erTs an
mets. Ppirad problemebze saubris ganmavlobaSi/dros cdis pirebs
telefonSi esmodaT xmauri, romelic miuTiTebda imaze, rom partniors
daewyo epilefsiis Seteva da moguduli xmiT iTxovda Svelas. Aam
“Setevis” dros cdis piri moklebuli iyo sxva studentebTan dalaparaakebis
SesaZleblobas da ar SeeZlo, gaego, Tu ra xdeboda da Tu keTdeboda
rame daxmarebis aRmosaCenad am sagangebo mdgomareobaSi.
 1746

eqsperimentis damokidebuli cvladi iyo is dro, romelic dasWirdeboda

cdis pirs eqsperimentatorisTvis sagangebo situaciis Sesaxeb
SetyobinebisTvis.
aRmoCnda, rom Carevis albaToba damokidebuli iyo TviTmxilvelTa
im nagulisxmev odenobaze, romlebmac, cdis pirebis azriT, gaiges
Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti adamianis CarTulobas
varaudobda cdis piri, miT ufro gvian atyobinebda eqsperimentators, an
sulac gaCumebas arCevda. rogorc 18.2 suraTze SegiZliaT naxoT, yovel
or kacian situaciaSi, Careva xorcieldeboda saSualod 160 wamis
ganmavlobaSi, magram 40% imaTgan, visac sjeroda, rom
warmoadgenda didi jgufis nawils, Tavi ar Seiwuxa, raTa
Seetyobinebina eqsperimentatorisTvis Seqmnili situaciis

Sesaxeb (Darley & Latane, 1968).

 1747

es aris pasuxismgeblobis difuziis Sedegi. rodesac erTze met adamians

SeuZlia sagangebo mdgomareobaSi myofi pirisTvis daxmarebis gaweva,
adamianebi xSirad varaudoben, rom sxva daexmareba, an unda
daexmaros da TviTon ganze dgebian da ar erTvebian situaciaSi.

2 monawiliani jgufebiD
3 monawiliani jgufebi
6 monawiliani jgufebi daxmarebis aRmoCenis
procenti sagangebo situaciis dawyebidan gasuli wamebi

sur. 18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul situaciaSi, miT naklebia
SesaZlebloba, rom romelime
maTgani Caereva masSi. Yyvelaze swrafad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben or
monawilian jgufebSi.
TviTmxilvelma unda gaacnobieros situaciis sagangebooba zemoT
aRweril eqsperimentSi, situacia iseTi iyo, rom cdis pirebs ar gaaCndaT
informacia mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, mraval cxovrebiseul
 1748

situaciaSi, rodesac adamianebi TavianTi yoveldRiuri saqmeebiT arian

dakavebulni – midian samsaxurSi an Sexvedraze – SesaZloa, verc ki
amCnevdnen, rom maT winaSe iseTi situaciaa, romelSic maT
sxvebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZliaT.
• TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) – mzadyofna,
daexmaro adamians, romelsac daxmareba sWirdeba.
• pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsibility) _ sagangebo
pirobebSi, rac ufro didia TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia
TiToeuli maTganis pasuxismgebloba, daxmarebis aRmoCenis
TvalsazrisiT.
erT dramatul eqsperimentSi, prinstonis Teologiuri seminariis studentebi
darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom Seafasebdnen maT qadagebas,, romlis erT-
erTi Tema iyo keTili samaritelis igavi axali aRTqmis erT-erT personaJze,
romelmac gamonaxa dro da daexmara gzaze dagdebul daWril adamians.

saidan viciT
 1749

vin amCnevs sagangebo situacias?

seminaristebs qadagebani unda waekiTxaT
sxvadasxva SenobebSi, romelTagan erT-erTSi maT
mokle instuqtaJi CautardaT. yovelgvari SerCevis
gareSe, seminaristebis erT jgufs, momzadebisTvis,
faqtobrivad, araviTari dro ar hqondaT da metic, maT
unda eCqaraT kidec, rom ar daegvianaT dawyeba.
meore jgufs zustad sakmao dro hqondaT
momzadebisTvis. mesame jgufis wevrebma ki
davaleba bevrad adre miiRes. rodesac TiToeuli
maTgani midioda daniSnulebis adgilisaken, xeivanSi,
or Senobas Soris isini awydebodnen mamakacs,
romelic maT Tval win, mowyvewtiT, xvelebiTa da
kvnesiT ecemoda miwaze. amrigad, seminaristebs,
eZleodaT Sansi, realurad ganexorcielebinaT is, ris
Sesaxebac qadageba unda waekiTxaT. aRasrules ki
maT es? imaTgan, vinc Cqarobda, mxolod 10%ma
 1750

aRmouCina daxmareba dacemuls, visac zustad

sakmao dro hqonda _ 45%-ma, xolo imaTgan, visac
saWiroze bevrad meti dro hqonda _ 63%-ma
ganaxorciela keTili samaritelis qcevis analogiuri
qceva (Darley & Batson,
1973).

rogor SeiZleba, SevafasoT “dagvianebuli” seminaristebi? SesaZloa,

isini ise iyvnen sakuTari sazrunaviT dakavebulni, rom verc ki SeZles
sagangebo situaciis SemCneva. SesaZloa, SeamCnies kidec, magram ver
SeZles misi sagangeboobis Sefaseba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
xedavT, rom daxmarebis qcevis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia im droze,
romelic gaqvT situaciis Sesafaseblad.
TviTmxilvelebma movlenebi unda Seafason, rogorc sagangebo
cxovrebaSi mravali situacia sakmaod bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven
 1751

sulac ar gindaT, rom Tavi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi CaigdoT da xelovnuri

sunTqva – “piridan-pirSi” – CautaroT adamians, romelsac ubralod
sZinavs. imis gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara esa Tu is situacia sagangebo,
Tqven, Cveulebriv, uyurebT sxva adamianebs da imas, Tu rogor
reagireben isini (Latane & Darley, 1970). amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tqven,
aseve, SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT msjeloba informaciuli zegavlenis Sesaxeb,
razec me-17-e TavSi iyo laparaki. CaufiqrdiT TviTmxilvelis mier moyolil
ambavs, romelic aRwers, Tu rogor eswreboda igi leqcias, romelzec
oratori waqcevis piras iyo misuli:

oratori aRelvebuli iyo da misi metyveleba aSkarad neldeboda. es misi

sityvis finalis gamokveTaa, Tu igi Zalas kargavs? SesaZloa, mas dajdoma
sWirdeba, magram rogor SevTavazo es ise, rom sityva ar Sevawyvetino?
vai, Tu me situacias arasworad vafaseb, da mere yvelam sulelad
CamTvalos? magram, iqneb me marTavli var, is grZnobas kargavs da
sityvis damTavrebamde scenidan Camovardes? parteris skamebze
dacemisas is aucileblad daimtvreva. vicodi, rom es unda ameridebina,
magram me es ver SevZeli.
 1752

Tqven xedavT, Tu ramdenad Znelia, imisTvisac ki, vinc mtkiced

flobs fsiqologiur codnas, aiZulos sakuTari Tavi, imoqmedos iseT
situaciaSi, romelsac, rogorc Cans, sxva aravin afasebs sagangebo
situaciad. da ai, rogor
damTavrda es ambavi:
me videqi oratoris win da xelebi misken mqonda gawvdili. is sruliad
gaognebuli zemodan damcqeroda. me warmovidgine, ras fiqrobdnen
Cemi studentebi da kolegebi, romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Cems
eqscentrul qcevas, imis molodinSi, Tu rogor SemovaWdobdi mklavebs,
pativcemul stumars, vidre is leqcias daamTavrebda. swored am dros
oratori sabolood modunda da grZnobadakarguli me dameca. Cven
xmauriT davcvivdiT pirveli rigis skamebze. rogorc xedavT,
gadawyvetileba Carevis Sesaxeb garkveul windaxedulebas
moiTxovs. asea Tu ise, am mokle ambidanac naTlad Cans, Tu
ramdenad Znelia erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba da gansazRvra
imisa, rom situacia
sagangeboa.
TviTmxilveli pasuxismgeblobas unda grZnobdes
 1753

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Caurevlobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

faqtors warmoadgens pasuxismgeblobis difuzia. Tu Tqven
daxmarebas saWiroebT,
yvelanairad unda ecadoT, garSemomyofebs gadaalaxvinoT es Zala da
sakuTar
Tavze aaRebinoT pasuxismgebloba. Tqven SegiZliaT pirdapir miuTiToT
vinmeze da
TqvaT, “me Tqveni daxmareba mWirdeba”. ganvixiloT ori kvleva,
romelic mkafiod gamoxatul danaSaulebs exeba. pirvel kvlevaSi niu-
iorkelebi swrafi kvebis
restoranSi, uyurebdnen, rogor gamostaca mZarcvelma qals CanTa,
rodesac is magididan dgeboda. meore kvlevaSi plaJze myofi xalxi
uyurebda qurds, romelmac pirsaxocze dadebuli portatuli radio moipara,
rogorc ki patronma
ramdenime wamiT yuradReba moaduna.
saidan viciT
 1754

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRZvra

TiToeul am eqsperimentSi “msxverpli”
(eqsperimentatoris TanamSromeli) danaSaulis
TviTmxilvelebs ekiTxeboda: “dro xom ar gaqvT?” an
“Tu SeiZleba, Cems dabrunebamde, cota xniT
yuradReba miaqcieT Cems CanTas (radios)”.
Ppirveli interaqcia ar gulisxmobs personalur
pasuxismgeblobas da TviTmxilvelebic uazrod
Sehyureben danaSauls. xolo isini, vinc daTanxmda
“msxverplis” qonebisTvis yuradRebis miqcevas,
TiTqmis yvela CaerTo situaciaSi. isini iTxovdnen
Svelas, zogierTma gaqceuli qurdic ki daiWira
(Moriarty, 1975).
es eqsperimentebi migviTiTeben, rom daxmarebis Txovnis aqti
exmianeba adamianebis grZnobebs, rac sxva adamianebsac rTavs
situaciaSi da safuZvlianad cvlis maT. xolo sul sxva movlenaa – da
Secdoma iqneboda es apaTiurobad CagveTvala _ is, rom adamianebi xels
ver uSlian qurdobas. Mmcire davalebac ki _ “xom ver mixedavdiT amas”
- socialur fsiqologiuri Zalebis gavleniT, maT rTavs situaciaSi da aqcevs
adamianad, romelsac uSualod moeTxovena daxmarebis aRmoCena.
 1755

am paragrafSi Cven vsaubrobdiT prosocialur qcevaze _ im

garemoebebze, romlebSic adamianebi erTmaneTs exmarebian. Cven
vvaraudobT, rom daxmarebis motivacia, SesaZloa, adamianis genetikuri
memkvidreobis nawilia. asea Tu ise, adamianis buneba warmoadgens
prosocialuri da antisocialuri impulsebis nazavs. momdevno paragrafSi
Cven SevexebiT qcevis gansxvavebul saxes _ agresias _ rac, SesaZloa,
rom aseve aris adamianis genomaSi kodirebuli.

Sejameba adamianebi axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, raTa sxva

adamianebs daxmareba aRmouCinon. isini altruistul qcevebs
axorcieleben maSinac ki, rodesac es maT pirad interesebs ar
Seesabameba. evoluciuri Tvalsazrisi uSvebs, rom adamianebi ojaxis
wevrebis mimarT altruistulad iqcevian imitom, rom SeinarCunon
genofondi. altruizmi sxvaTa mimarT ki aixsneba im daSvebiT, rom mis
safuZvlad Zevs ormxrivobis molodini. prosocialuri qcevebis sxva
motivebia: egoizmi, koleqtivizmi da principuloba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
am motivebs Soris, SesaZloa, arsebobdes konfliqti. ramodenime
situaciuri Zala moqmedebs maSin, rodesac adamiani prosocialur qcevas
 1756

gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi axorcielebs. adamianebi maSin ufro

exmarebian sxvebs, rodesac ar ganicdian pasuxismgeblobis difuzias,
amCneven sagangebo situaciis arsebobas, gansazRvraven mas, rogorc
aseTs da grZnoben am situaciaSi sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas.

agresia
altruizmis cnebis Semotanis dros, Cven citatebi movitaneT sagazeTo
statiebidan, romlebic sxvadasxva gmirul aqtebs Seexeboda. samwuxarod,
gazeTebi, albaT, ufro met informacias gvaqvdian agresiis gamovlinebebis
Sesaxeb; adamianebis iseTi qcevebis Sesaxeb, romelTac sxva
adamianebisadmi fizikuri an fsiqologiuri zianis miyeneba sdevs Tan. ai,
mxolod ramdenime saTauri “New York Times”-is 2000 wlis 13
oqtombris nomridan:
• iemenSi afeTqebam amerikeli mezRvaurebi imsxverpla
• brbos mier israelis ori jariskaci iqna mokluli: vertmfrenebi
Camogdebulia
• CeCneTis dedaqalaqSi 12-ze meti adamiani yumbaram
imsxverpla
 1757

• kolumbielma ajanyebulebma xelSi Caigdes navTob

gadamamuSavebeli qarxnis aTi ucxoeli TanamSromeli
am mokle nimuSebidanac ki kargad Cans, Tu ramdenad
mravalferovania adamianebis mier erTmaneTis mimarT gamovlenili
agresia. amdenad, TqvenTvis isic gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom aqvs
mniSvneloba fsiqologebisaTvis agresiis mizezebis gagebas. saboloo
mizans ki, ra sakvirvelia, warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi agresiis
gamovlinebebis Semcireba.

evoluciuri midgoma prosocialuri qcevisadmi miZRvnil paragrafSi Cven

warmovaCineT evoluciis erT-erTi Tavsatexi: ratom xdeba, rom
adamianebi Tavs swiraven sxva adamianebis keTildreobisaTvis? agresiuli
qcevis arseboba ki, ra Tqma unda, aseT kiTxvas ar aRZravs. evoluciis
Teoriis mixedviT, cxovelebi agresiul qcevebs axorcieleben, raTa sakuTari
Tavi uzrunvelyon sawinaaRmdego sqesis partnioriT da moipovon da
daicvan is bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic maTi da maTi STamomavlobis
sicocxlis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs. karl lorencis (Karl Lorenz, 1966)
klasikur naSromSi “agresiis Sesaxeb”, dokumenturad aris naCvenebi
 1758

cxovelTa samyaroSi arsebuli agresiuli qcevebis mTeli mravalferovneba.

lorenci, aseve, dokumenturad aRwers im meqanizmebs, romlebic
amcireben agresias: “erT yorans niskartis erTi dartymiT SeuZlia Tvali
amougdos meores; mgels erTi kbeniT SeuZlia meores sauRle venebi
gadauRrRnas, magram aRar iarsebebda arc erTi yorani da arc erTi mgeli,
rom ar arsebobdes saimedo muxruWebi aseTi qcevebis asarideblad”
(gv.240). lorencis TvalsazrisiT, swored es niSania, rac adamians
gamasxvavebs mTeli danarCeni cocxali samyarosagan. igi amtkicebs,
rom adamians msgavsi meqanizmebi saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli.
lorenci fiqrobs, rom adamianSi aseTi amridebeli meqanizmebi imitom ar
ganviTarda, rom adamianebs, erTmaneTisTvis didi zainis miyeneba ar
SeeZloT xelovnuri iaraRis gamoyenebamde. Mmas Semdeg, rac
gamoCnda iaraRi, lorencis mixedviT, adamiani, rogorc saxeoba, iseT
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda “rogorc mtredi, romelsac, bunebis ironiiT,
yoranis niskarti gamoeba” (gv.241).
• agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva individis fizikur an
fsiqologiur dazianebas iwvevs.
 1759

agresiis Taobaze lorencis mosazrebebis sapasuxod Catarebuli kvlevebi

maT ori TvalsazrisiT ewinaaRmdegeba (Lore & Schultz, 1993). jer erTi,
cxovelebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis bunebriv pirobebSi warmoebuli
kvlevebi cxadyofen, rom bevri maTgani iseTive saxiT axorcielebs
agresias, rogorc adamiani. magaliTad, iseTi, erTi SexedviT, uwyinari
cxovelebic ki, rogorebic Simpanzeebi arian, brbos msgavsad ikvrebian da
ise klaven Tvistoms (Goodall, 1986). agresiis sxva biologiur saxeobebSi
gamovlenac ver aris sanugeSo adamianisaTvis – Cven ubralod
gveCveneba, rom ukeTesebi varT – sinamdvileSi ki evoluciuri wyvetebis
arsebobaze Zalze cota ram Tu miuTiTebs. meorec, gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom adamians sakuTari agresiis Semakavebeli ufro meti
meqanizmebi gaaCnia, vidre amas lorenci varaudobda. faqtobrivad,
adamiani, Tavisi socialuri garemoTi ganpirobebulobiT, agresiis
gamovlenisas arCevans akeTebs. rogorc am paragrafSi mogvianebiT
davinaxavT, kulturebSi, calkec ki aris gamoyofili is garemoebebi
romlebSic agresia ara Tu dasaSvebia, aramed zogjer aucilebelic ki. Cven
vityodiT, rom es kulturebi Tavad asruleben kritikul rols imis
 1760

gansazRvraSi, Tu ra zomiT unda gamoavlinos adamianma agresiis

“Sekavebis” unari.
evoluciuri analizi adasturebs, rom gadarCenis tendencia saxeobebis
umravlesobSi Zaladobisadmi Tandayolil tendenciaSi gamovlindeba.
Tumca, adamianisTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis, ar aqvs mniSvneloba,
ramdenad metad Tu naklebad avlenen sxva saxeobebi agresiis tendencias.
SemdegSi Cven ganvixilavT agresiis gamovlenaSi individualur
gansxvavebebs.

individualuri gansxvavebebi ratom aris zogierTi individi ufro agresiuli,

vidre sxvebi? lorencis debulebaTa konteqstSi, TqvenTvis gasagebi xdeba,
Tu ratom aviTareben mkvlevarebi HhipoTezas, romlis Tanaxmadac,
agresiis individualur gamovlenaSi mniSvnelovan rols genetikuri
komponenti asrulebs. cxadia, Tqvenc SegimCneviaT, rom zogierTi
adamiani naklebad agresiuli Cans, vidre sxvebi. Cveulebriv,
gavrcelebulia azri, rom agresiuloba Tu Zaladobisaken midrekileba,
ojaxidan iwyeba. Tumca, verafers vityviT imis Taobaze, agresia genetikis
 1761

Tu garemos Sedegia, sanam specialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebs ar

ganvixilavT.
saidan viciT
genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis roli agresiaSi
mravali im meTodis gamoyenebiT, romelic wina
TavebSi avRwereT, mkvlevarebma miagnes pasuxs
agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis rolis Taobaze.
magaliTad, maT Seadares identuri (monozigoturi) da
fraternaluri (dizigoturi) tyupebis pirovnebebis
agresiulobisadmi midrekileba; sxva SemTxvevaSi,
maT Seafases bunebrivi da aRzrdis faqtorebis roli
ayvanil bavSvebSi. erT kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iqna
statistikuri meTodi, romelsac meta-analizi ewodeba,
raTa moexdinaT yvela im bunebrivi Tu aRzrdis
faqtoris rolis Sefaseba, romelic
Seswavlili iqna adre Catarebul 24 gamokvlevaSi
(Miles & Carey, 1997). (metaanalizi ufro srulad
Cven me-16-e TavSi aRvwereT). meta-analizma
gamoavlina agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis mdgradi
 1762

da mniSvnelovani gadafarva, rogorc tyupebs, aseve,

ayvanil bavSvebsa da maT biologiur mSoblebs
Soris. magaliTad, monozigoturi tyupebi myarad
aCveneben maRal korelacias agresiulobasTan,
dizigotur tyupebTan SedarebiT. Ggaremo ki
agresiaze, Cveulebriv, axdens mcire, magram
gazomvad gavlenas.

Mmeta-analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sxvebTan

SedarebiT, zogierT individs agresiisadmi ufro meti midrekileba aqvs. M
mkvlevarebma, aseve, gaamaxviles yuradReba tvinsa da hormonalur
gansxvavebebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, aseve, qmnidnen agresiuli
qcevebisadmi garkveul predispoziciebs. rogorc me-13-e TavSi vnaxeT,
tvinis garkveuli struqturebi, rogoricaa amigdala da qerqis garkveuli
ubnebi, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs emociebis gamoxatvasa da
regulirebaSi. rac Seexeba agresias, aq mniSvnelovania, rom tvinis
gamtari gzebi efeqtianad funqcionirebdnen, raTa individs negatiuri
 1763

emociebis gamoxatvaze kontrolis saSualebas aZlevdnen. Tu ki,

magaliTad, adamianebi saTanado doneze ver axdenen amigdalas
aqtivacias, maT, SesaZloa, ver aicilon negatiuri emociebi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, maT agresiul qcevebamde miiyvans (Davidson et al., 2000).
yuradReba gamaxvilda, agreTve, neirogadamcem seroteninze;
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom serotenonis arasaTanado donem, SesaZloa,
gaauaresos tvinis SesaZleblobebi, negatiuri emociebis gamoxatvisa da
impulsuri qcevis regulirebaSi (Enserink, 2000). Ddabolos, kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom agresiaSi zogierTi individualuri gansxvaveba, SesaZloa,
asaxavdes farul stresul reaqciebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi proeqti exeboda 7
dan 12 wlamde bavSvebSi agresiuli qcevebisa da stresul hormons _
kortisols Soris kavSiris dadgenas: yvelaze agresiul biWebs hqondaT
yvelaze metad faruli stresuli reaqciebi (McBurnett et al., 2000). Ees
Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom zogirTi individi, SesaZloa, ar ganicdides
fiziologiur stresul reaqciebs, rac adamianebis umravlesobas icavs
dramatuli agresiuli qcevebis ganxorcielebisagan: maTi sxeuli, ubralod, ar
reagirebs negatiuri qcevebisa da emociebis Sedegebze.
 1764

agresiis pirovnebis fsiqologiurma kvlevebma miuTiTa agresiuli

qcevebis kategoriebis diferenciaciis mniSvnelobaze: gansxvavebuli
pirovnuli profilis mqone adamianebi agresiis gansxvavebul saxeebs
avlenen. erTi mniSvnelovani midgoma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
impulsur agresias da instrumentul agresias
(Berkowitz,1993; Caprara et al., 1996). impulsuri agresia waremoadgens
reaqcias situaciaze da aRiZvreba emociiT: adamianebi agresiuli aqtebiT
reagireben gamwvavebul momentze. Tu Tqven xedavT xelCarTul
brZolas avtokatastrofis Semdeg, es gaxlavT impulsuri agresiis magaliTi.
instrumentuli agresia mizanmimarTuli (warmoadgens instruments
garkveuli miznis misaRwevad) da kogniturad gaazrebulia. AaseT
SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi gegmaven da fiqroben masze, raTa miaRwion
garkveul mizans. Tu xedavT, rom viRaca asakovan qals Tavs daesxa
safulis wasarTmevad, es ukve instrumentuli agresiaa. gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom agresiis am ori tipis adamianebs pirovnuli Taviseburebebis
gansxvavebuli klasterebi Seesabameba (Caprara et al.,1996). magaliTad,
pirebi, romlebsac daudasturdaT midrekileba impulsuri agresiis mimarT,
 1765

zogadad, SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc maRali emociuri mgrZnobelobis

mqoneni. es niSnavs, rom isini Zlier emociur reaqciebs iZlevian mTel rig
situaciebSi. amis sawinaaRmdegod, pirebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT
midrekileba instrumentuli agresiisken, SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc
pirebi, romelTac maRali Sefasebebi aqvT Zaladobis pozitiurad Sefasebis
faqtoris mixedviT. Aam individebs sjeraT, rom Zaladobis mravali forma
gamarTlebulia da ar ganicdian moralur pasuxismgeblobas agresiuli
qcevebis gamo. am analizidan SegiZliaT iswavloT, rom yvela tipis
agresia ar aRiZvreba mis safuZvlad mdebare msgavsi pirovnuli
faqtorebiT.
adamianebis umravlesoba ar avlens midrekilebas agresiis erTi romelime
tipis mimarT: isini ar icvlebian mcire darRvevebis an Zaladobis
mizandasaxuli aqtebis Semdeg. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT situaciaSi
Zalze damTmobma adamianebmac ki SeiZleba ganaxorcielon agresiuli
aqtebi. Eaxla ganvixilavT situaciis im tipebs, romlebic xSirad qmnian
agresiis aRmZvrel pirobebs.

situaciuri gavlenebi
 1766

SeecadeT, gamoZebnoT dro da gaixsenoT, bolos rodis ganaxorcieleT

agresiuli qceva. SesaZloa, es ar iyo fizikuri agresia: Tqven, SesaZloa,
ubralod sityvierad SeuracxyaviT vinme imisTvis, rom masSi fsiqologiuri
distresi gamogewviaT. rogor SegiZliaT axsnaT, ratom gamoiwvia Tqveni
agresia saxeldobr am situaciam? Tqvens konfliqts am pirovnebasTan didi
xnis istoria aqvs, Tu es erTjeradi urTierToba iyo? Tqven Zalian
agresiulad iyaviT ganwyobili raime konkretuli mizezis gamo, Tu ubralod
im momentSi iyaviT gaRizianebuli? es kiTxvebi mxolod zogierTia im
kiTxvebidan, romlebsac svamen mkvlevarebi agresiasa da situacias Soris
kavSiris kvlevisas. rodesac Cvens studentebs SevekiTxeT, Tu ras
fiqrobdnen isini sakuTar agresiul qcevebze, maT mravalgvari pasuxebi
mogvawodes, romelTac qvemoT gaecnobiT.
• impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT gamowveuli
agresia, warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
• instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _ kogniturad
dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba
winaswar mofiqrebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
 1767

frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza
“namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo registracia unda gamevlo
kursze. verc veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac meaTased
miTxres; “Tqven sxva kancelarias unda mimarToT”-o, ise gavgiJdi, rom
faqtobrivad kari gavamtvrie” es ambavi erTi kerZo magaliTia imisa,
rasac frustracia-agresiis hipoTezas uwodeben (Dollard etal., 1939). am
hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac adamianebs
xeli eSlebaT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi. frustraciis zrdis pirobebSi ki
Zalze didia agresiis gamovlenis albaToba. kavSiri frustraciasa da agresias
Soris mravali empiriuli cdiT aris dadasturebuli (Berkovitz., 1993,1998).
magaliTad, bavSvebma, romelTa imedic ar gamarTlda da ar miecaT
gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli saTamaSoebiT TamaSis ufleba, agresia
gamoavlines am saTamaSoebis mimarT, rogorc ki maTi xelSi Cagdebis
SesaZlebloba miecaT (Barker et al., 1941). mecnierebma es hipoTeza
gamoiyenes agresiis asaxsnelad, rogorc pirovnul, ise _ socialur doneze.

saidan viciT
 1768

agresia da ekonomika
Tqven, albaT, icnobT am istorias. kaci daiTxoves
samsaxuridan da is brundeba ufrosis, romelmac
daiTxova da kidev ramdenime TanamSromlis
mosaklavad. samsaxuridan daTxovna ratom unda
CaiTvalos mafrustrirebel garemoebad (arsebobis
wyaros dakargvasTan dakavSirebuli imedgacrueba),
romelic agresiuli qcevis ganxorcielebamde
migviyvans? Aam kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad,
mecnierTa jgufma Seiswavla urTierTmimarTeba
sanfranciskos umuSevrebsa da im adamianebs Soris,
romlebic fasdebodnen, rogorc “sxvebisaTvis
saSiSni”. analizma mkvlevarebs saSualeba misca,
gaeerTianebinaT maCveneblebi da ganesazRvraT, ra
kavSiria umuSevrobis maCveneblis zrdasa da
Zaladobis zrdis maCvenebels Soris. aRmoCnda, rom
Zaladobis ricxvi izrdeboda umuSevrobis zrdis
 1769

Sesabamisad, magram mxolod garkveul donemde.

Zaladobis raodenoba matulobs maSin, rodesac
umuSevrobis maCvenebeli Zalze maRal zRvars
aRwevs. ratom unda xdebodes aseTi ram? mecnierebi
Tvlian, rom umuSevrad darCenis SiSi adamianebSi
xels uwyobs Zaladobis, frustraciiT determinirebuli
tendenciis
warmoqmnas (Catalano et al., 1997).

es gamokvleva miuTiTebs, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben individualuri da

socialuri Zalebi, ris Sedegadac viRebT Zaladobis jamur dones . Cven
SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebul
frustraciaze dafuZnebuli agrsesiis garkveuli done. Tumca, rodesac
adamianebi acnobiereben, rom maT mier gamoxatulma agresiam,
SesaZloa, avnos maT Semdgom dasaqmebas, Zaladoba maSinaTve
muxruWdeba. es Tqven, albaT, gamocdilic gaqvT yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. albaT, Zalze bevri situaciaa, romelSic Tqven Tavs sakmaod
 1770

frustrirebulad grZnobT, raTa gamoxatoT agresia, magram Tavs ikavebT,

vinaidan acnobierebT, rim es xels SegiSliT samomavlo gegmebis
ganxorcielebaSi.
• frustracia – agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration – aggression hipothesis)
– am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic,
adamianebs saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs;
frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs agresiis ganxorcielebis
albaTobis zrdas.

frustracias yovelTvis ar mohyveba agresia. magaliTad, rodesac

frustracia SemTxveviT aris gamowveuli – vTqvaT, bavSvma dedas
kabaze SemTxveviT wveni gadaasxa – adamianebi naklebad avlenen
agresias, vidre maSin, rodesac frustraciis gamomwvevi raime
moqmedeba winaswar iyo ganzraxuli (Burnstein & Worchel, 1962).
amave dros, situaciebi, romlebic ar iwveven frustracias, SesaZloa, iseT
negatiur emociebs iwvevdnen, rom safuZvlad daedon agresul qcevas.
aseTi situacia asaxulia qvemoT motanil studentur ambavSi.

temperatura da agresia
 1771

“cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im

biWma gza gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vcdilobdi gamesrisa”.
arsebobs kavSiri temperaturasa da agresias Soris? ganvixiloT 18.3
suraTze asaxuli monacemebi. es monacemebi asaxavs im eqsperimentis
Sedegebs, romelSic nakvlevi iyo temperaturis gavlena bolo ori wlis
manZilze mineapolisSi (minesotis Stati) momxdar Tavdasxmebze, adgili
Hqonda. diagramas safuZvlad udevs 36617 aRricxuli Tavdasxma (Cohn
& Rotton, 1997). rogorc xedavT, arsebobs Zlieri urTierTdamokidebuleba
temperaturasa da Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas Soris. faqtobrivad, grafiki
yvelafers ar asaxavs praqtikulad ufro maRalia gvian saRamosa da adre
diliT (saRamos 9 saaTidan dilis 3 saaTamde).
riT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli es garemoeba? am monacemebis axsna
Zevs, rogorc socialur, ise _ fsiqologiur ZalebSi. socialur doneze, Tqven
ukve mixvdiT, axsna efuZneba im faqts, rom Tavdasxmebi ufro metad
xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi saxlis gareT arian. Tbil amindSi
adamianebi ufro metad arian gareT da, Sesabamisad, ufro xSiradac
xdebian Tavdasxmis msxverplni. mniSvnelovania isic, rom saRamos 9-
 1772

dan dilis 3 saaTamde adamianebi naklebad arian datvirTulni samuSaoTi

Tu sxva sapasuxismgeblo saqmeebiT. da ufro metic, am periodSi maT,
SesaZloa, miiRon sasmeli an raime sxva saSualeba, rac
Seasustebs TavdamsxmelisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars (Ito et
al., 1996).
sur. 18.3
temperatura da agresia
suraTidan Cans Tavdasxmebis saSualo raodenoba (sami saaTis
ganmavlobaSi), rogorc temperaturis Sedegi drois imave periodSi
(temperatura mocemulia farengeitis skalaze). agresia mniSvnelovnad
izrdeba 75 gradusidan. (24°C) aseTi socialuri axsnebis Semdeg, aris ki
saWiro, rom fsiqologiac CavrToT saqmeSi? pasuxi dadebiTia. meore,
Zalze mniSvnelovani komponenti, romelsac SeuZlia axsnas 18.3 suraTze
gamosaxuli monacemebi, imis garkvevaa, Tu rogor axerxeben
adamianebi sicxis daZlevas da rogor axdenen sicxiT gamowveuli
diskomfortis interpretirebas. GgaixseneT me-13-e TavSi mocemuli
msjeloba Sefasebebisa da emociebis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom
farengeitiT 75 gradusian
 1773

(24°C) sicxeSi Tqven viRacas esaubrebiT da grZnobT, rom gcxelaT da

diskomforts ganicdiT. vis an ras daukavSirebdiT Tqvens diskomforts,
sicxes Tu Tanamosaubres? zustad im xarisxiT gamoxatavT mis mimarT
agresias,, ra xarisxiTac gaakeTebT mcdar daskvnas da diskomforts
Tanamosaubres daukavSirebT, (Tqven, agreTve, SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
me-17-e TavSi ganxiluli msjeloba atribuciis fundamentaluri Secdomis
Taobaze). ratom unda hqondes mniSvneloba sicxes swored gvian
saRamos da adre diliT? dRis bolos, albaT, Znelad Tu gavixsenebT, rom
“ase cudad imitom sicxis gamo vgrZnobdi Tavs” da ar davaskvniT, rom
“imitom viyavi cudad, rom im tipma lamis SemSala”. da Tu es Cveni
msjeloba marTalia, ratom aCvenebs 18.3 suraTi TavdasxmaTa raodeniois
Semcirebas maSin, rodesac temperatura Zalian maRalia? mkvlevarebi
fiqroben, rom Zalian maRali temperaturis dros adamianebi imdenad
diskomfortulad grZnoben Tavs, rom ufro metad cdiloben ganeridon
saCoTiro situaciebs, vidre CxubSi CaerTon (Cohn & Rotton, 1997).
qvemoT aRwerili mesame studenturi ambavi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
 1774

mJRavndeba mtruli ganwyobileba da rogor Zlierdeba is. pirdapiri

provokacia da eskalacia
“biblioTekaSi vijeqi da vcdilobdi, rame mainc gamekeTebina. viRac ori
qali Zalze xmamaRla saubrobda, riTac garSemomyofebs awuxebdnen.
me vTxove maT, rom cota xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT yuradReba
ar momaqcies. 5 wuTis Semdeg isev vTxove maT, rom xmadabla
esaubraT, magram maT xmas ufro auwies! maSin vuTxari, rom isini
tutucebi da gonebaClungebi arian da Tu isini axlave ar moketaven,
movisvri biblioTekidan. aman imoqmeda”.
TqvenTvis aRmoCena ar iqneba, rom pirdapiri provokacia iwvevs
agresiasAanu rodesac vinmes qceva gabrazebT an wonasworobas
gakargvinebT da Tanac, Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom es ganzrax xdeba,
mosalodnelia, rom mas Tqven fizikuri an verbaluri agresiiT upasuxebT
(Johnson & Rule, 1986). pirdapiri provikaciis efeqti Seesabameba zogad
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom situaciebs, romlebic uaryofiT Sedegebs
iwveven, SeuZliaT agresiis gamovlenamde migviyvanon. aq
winaswarganzraxulobas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan
 1775

adamianebi naklebad arian midrekilni, ganzraxvis gareSe Sesrulebuli

moqmedebebis uaryofiTad Sefasebisken. (gaixseneT, Cven igive daskvna
gavakeTeT frustraciis Sesaxebac, rom is naklebad iwvevs agresias, Tu ar
aris winaswar ganzraxuli qmedebis Sedegi).
Aam ambis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSani, garda provokaciisa, aris
eskalacia: vinaidan provokaciaze reaqciam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, studentis
Semdgomi reaqciac ufro agresiuli gaxda.

saidan viciT
eskalacia daJinebuli gaRizianebis sapasuxod
erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs unda
gaenawilebinaT eqsperimentatoris mier gamoyofili,
davalebis SesrulebisTvis saWiro saxsrebi, magram
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom erTma jgufma, romelic
eqsperimentatorTan winaswar iyo SeTanxmebuli,
faqtobrivad, uari Tqva TanamSromlobaze.
eqsperimentatorma Caiwera namdvil cdis pirTa
mcdelobebi, mieRwiaT SeTanxmebisaTvis
 1776

(molaparakeba ori oTaxis damakavSirebeli

satelefono xazis meSveobiT mimdinareobda).
Mmcdeloba daiwyo sityvieri gancxadebiT (Cven es
gvWirdeba!), Semdeg gadaizarda gabrazebul
moTxovnaSi (Zalian maRizianebT!), Tan mTel
saubars gasdevda salanZRavi mimarTvebi
(magaliTad, gonebaClungebi xarT, biWebo).
praqtikulad, jgufis winaaRmdegobis Sesabamisad,
xdebida agresiis eskalacia. eqsperimentatorebi
Tvlian, rom adamianebma daiswavles eskalaciis
scenari. mexsierebis struqturSi aisaxeba
provokaciis gagrZelebasTan dakavSirebuli
kulturaSi kodirebuli normebSi, romelTa
Sesabamisadac
adamianebi agresiulad reagireben provokaciis gagrZelebaze (Mikolic et
al., 1997).

amCnevT, rom eskalaciis scenari, frustraciasa da agresias Soris

urTierTmimarTebebsac exeba? situaciis Secvlis uSedego sawyis
 1777

mcdelobas, rogorc Cans, mivyavarT frustraciis SegrZnebamde, rac kidev

ufro zrdis intensiuri agresiis albaTobas.
axla ki ganvixiloT sxva situaciuri Zalebi, romlebmac, aseve, SeiZleba
migviyvanos fizikuri da verbaluri agresiis gamovlenamde. sayuradReboa
is garemoeba, rom yvela Cven mier moyvanili magaliTi, ufro metad
exeba impulsur da ara instrumentul agresias. rogorc zemoT ukve
ganvmarteT, es ukanaskneli iseT garemoebebs ufro exeba, rodesac
adamianebi agresias dasaxuli miznebis miRwevisTvis iyeneben.
magaliTad, rodesac mZarcvelebi fizikur Zalas iyeneben danaSaulis
Casadenad. am tipis agresia ganxilul unda iqnas, rogorc farTo
kriminologiuri Teoriis komponenti.
Cven, metwilad, SevexeT im garemoebebs, romlebSic Cveulebrivi
individebi, sakuTari TavisTvis moulodnelad, axorcieleben impulsur
agresiul aqtebs. momdevno paragrafSi davinaxavT, rom kulturuli
gansxvavebebi zRudaven, rogorc individualur, ise _ kriminalur agresias.

kulturuli SezRudvebi
 1778

Cven ukve vilaparakeT imis Taobaze, rom agresiuli qceva

warmoadgens adamianis evoluciuri memkvidreobis nawils da rom
garkveul situaciur faqtorebs SeuZliaT am agresiuli midrekilebebis
aRZvra. aseT viTarebaSic ki, sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi mowmobs,
rom individis mxridan agresiulobis gamovlenis SesaZleblobebi
SezRudulia kulturuli normebiTa da faseulobebiT (Segal et al., 1997). am
mosazrebis dasadastureblad, Cven Sors wasvla ar dagvWirdeba, vinaidan
ubralod SevadarebT SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi Cadenil
mkvlelobis faqtebs. amerikaSi 7dan - 10mde meti mkvleloba xdeba, vidre
evropis umetes qveyanebSi (Lore & Schultz, 1993). ra faqtorebi
ganapirobebs aseT did gansxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobebs Soris?
Tu Tqven amerikis moqalaqe xarT, namdvilad unda gainteresebdeT am
kiTxvaze pasuxi.

“me”-s konstruqtebi da agresiuli qceva

vidre agresiasa da kulturas Soris urTierTmimarTebebs SevexebodeT,
ganvixiloT pirovnebis “me”-s kulturuli konstruqtebis nairsaxeobebi, rac
ase farTod iqna ganxiluli “fsiqologia da cxovrebis” furclebze. rogorc
 1779

adrec iyo ganmartebuli, dasavluri kulturebis umetesoba asaxavs “me”-s

damoukidebel konstruqtebs maSin, roca aRmosavluri kulturebis
umravlesoba asaxavs “me”-s urTierTdamokidebul (erTmaneTze
damokidebul) konstruqtebs (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). ra Sedegebi
aqvs am gansxvavebebs agresiul qcevebTan mimarTebiT?
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom Tu adamiani Tavs sakuTari kulturis sxva
wevrebTan fundamenturad dakavSirebulad Tvlis, misgan naklebad aris
mosalodneli agresiuli reaqciebi – bolos da bolos, es xom sakuTari “me”-s
winaaRmdeg iqneba mimarTuli.

saidan viciT
agresia iaponel da amerikel bavSvebSi
kulturis zegavlenis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTi
iqneba is, Tu rogor swavloben erTi da igive
situaciebze reagirebas sxvadasxva kulturis
warmomadgeneli bavSvebi. iaponel da amerikel
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebs (saSualod 4.5 wlis)
gaacnes mokle moTxrobebi, romlebic Seicavda
konfliqtur dilemebs da Semdeg sTxoves, TojinebiT
gaeTamaSebinaT situaciebi da eCvenebinaT, rogor
damTavrdeboda es moTxrobebi. magaliTad,
 1780

bavSvebs unda eCvenebinaT, ra xdeba mas Semdeg,

rac ori bavSvi iwyebda kamaTs da xels hkravdnen
erTmaneTs. amerikelma bavSvebma agresiulobis
ufro maRali xarisxi aCvenes orive arsebuli sazomis
mixedviT – rogorc verbalur agresiulobaSi _ isini ufro
xSirad ambobdnen: “me Sen mZulxar”, ise _ agresiul
qcevebSic, rac gamoixateboda Tojinebis mier
erTmaneTis xelis kvraSi da cemaSi (Zahn-Wacsler et
al., 1996).

am eqsperimentma daadastura, rom iaponel bavSvebs ukve

gaSinagnebuli hqondaT interdamokidebulebis (erTmaneTze
damokidebuli) kulturuli normebi: maT ukve gaSinagnebuli hqondaT is
sanqciebi, romelic sxva adamianebisaTvis zianis miyenebas mohyveba.
amis sapirispirod, amerikeli bavSvebis qcevam daadastura maTSi
damoukidebeli “me”-s arseboba, romelic daculi unda iqnas sxvebis
Tavdasxmisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvsazRvreT mTavari kulturuli
gansxvaveba damoukideblobasa da interdamokidebulebas Soris, am
sferoSi SesaZlebelia gamoiZebnos ufro daxvewili gansxvavebebic.
 1781

magaliTad, riCard nisbetma (Nisbett & Cohes, 1996) da misma

kolegebma farTod Seiswavles agresiasTan dakavSirebuli
damokidebulebebi (Attitudes) da qcevebi SeerTebuli Statebis sxvadasxva
regionebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, romelic aRmoCenili
iqna am kvlevebis Sedegad, aris is, rom samxreTelebis qceva
regulirdeboda e.w. Rirsebis kulturiT (colture of honor), romelSic
“umciresi kamaTic ki reputaciisa da socialuri statusis gamocdad iqceva”
(Cohen et aal., 1996, p.945). Rirsebis kultura ar axdens yvela saxis
agresiis sanqcionirebas, daSvebulia agresiis mxolod is saxeebi, romlebic
sakuTrebis an pirovnuli Rirsebis xelyofisagan dacvasTan
arian dakavSirebulni (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).
saidan viciT
 1782

CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa reaqciebi

Seuracxyofaze
kolejis student biWebs – Crdiloelebs da
samxreTelebs – Cautares cda zomieri Seuracxyofis
amtanobaze. vidre cdis piri derefanSi midioda, mas
eqsperimentatoris ndobiT aRWurvili piri ejaxeboda
da Tan “virisTavs” uwodeba. mkvlevarebma
iwinaswarmetyveles rom mxris gakvrasa da sityvier
Seuracxyofaze samxreTelebs ufro dramatuli
reaqciebi unda hqonodaT, vidre Crdiloelebs. erT-
erTi sazomi, romelic mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes, iyo
TamaSi “yvinCilebi”, romlis arsic isaa, rom ori
adamiani pirdapir uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, sanam
erT-erTi ar gadauxvevs gzidan. am SemTxvevaSi
ndobiT aRWurvili piri jiqur midioda cdis pirze da
gazomil iqna is manZilebi, rodesac es ukanasknelni
uxvevdnen gzidan. rogorc es 18.4 suraTidanac Cans,
 1783

zomierma Seuracxyofam marTlac dramatuli

zegavlena moaxdina samxreTelTa qcevaze.
Seuracxyofis gareSe isini, praqtikulad, ufro
Tavazianebi iyvnen, vidre Crdiloelebi da Tavazianad
uTmobdnen gzas, magram rodesac maT mxars
gahkravdnen,
gacilebiT gvian gadadiodnen gzidan (Cohen et al.,
1996).

mravali adamiani aSS-Si iziarebs azrs, rom samxreTuli kultura ufro

Tavaziania, vidre CrdiloeTis – riCmondels ufro Tavisuflad hkiTxavT
gzas, vidre niu iorkels. am eqsperimentis Sedegebic aseTi Sexedulebebis
gamoZaxilia, im azriT, rom Seuracxyofis gareSe (sakontrolo jgufi)
samxreTelebi ufro adre uTmobdnen gzas, vidre Crdiloelebi, magram
Tavazianoba gaqra Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi da saqmeSi CaerTo
Rirsebis grZnoba. ase rom, damoukidebeli “me”-s iseT dasavlur
kulturaSic ki, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, samxreTeli
 1784

mamakacebi ufro mwvaved reagireben, rodesac saqme Rirsebas exeba,

vidre Crdiloelebi (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996).
manZili, rodesac c.p-ebi gzas uTmobdnen. samxreTeli strudentebi
Crdiloeli
studentebi
kontroli Seuracxyofa eqsperimentuli piroba
sur. 18.4. Seuracxyofis efeqti Crdiloelebsa da samxreTelebSi
eqsperimentuli jgufis Crdiloeli da samxreTeli studentebi moaqcies
mcire Seuracxyofis situaciaSi. Tumca, Seuracxyofis gareSe samxreTelebi
ufro Tavazianebi iyvnen, Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi ki _ ufro naklebad
uTmobdnen gzas “yvinCilebis” TamaSSi.

agresiuli qcevis normebi aqamde migvaCnda, rom kulturebi, romlebic

xasiaTdebian damoukidebeli “me”-s konstruqtebiT, ufro metad uwyoben
xels agresiul qcevas. magram es dakvirveba mainc ar xsnis im
gamsxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobaSi, razec adre gvqonda saubari.
evropuli kulturebi, romlebSic mkvlelobebis raodenobebi bevrad ufro
naklebia, vidre aSS-Si, aseve, Sedian damoukidebeli “me”-s mqone
 1785

kulturebis gafarToebul wreSi. maS, ra damatebiTi kulturuli faqtorebi

erTveba am procesSi?
erT-erTi faqtori, romelic aSS-sTvis SeiZleba dadgindes, garemoSi
arsebuli agresiuli qcevebis modelebis xelmisawvdomobaa. me-7-e TavSi
visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi Zalze swrafad iTviseben agresiul
qcevebs ufrosebisagan. magaliTad, rodesac bavSvebi xedavdnen
ufrosebis mier saTamaSo plastikuri Tojinebis cemis, xelis kvris da fexiT
Sedgomis magaliTebs, SemdgomSi, Zalze didi sixSiriT, TviTonac
imeorebdnen maT, vidre bavSvebi sakontrolo jgufebidan, romlebic ar
eswrebodnen ufrosebis aseT agresiul gamovlinebebs (Bandura et al.,
1963). imave TavSi Cven, aseve, mivuTiTeT, rom aSS-s televizia
uzarmazari odenobiT awvdis bavSvebs agresiuli qcevis modelebs pirdapir
saxlSi, riTac xels uwyobs Zaladobis imitacias (Comestock & Sharrer,
1999). SesaZloa, swored aSS-Sia yvelaze TvalSi sacemi satelevizio
Zaladoba. erTerTma eqsperimentma daadastura, rom amerikeli bavSvebi
gansakuTrebiT “proteleviziurebi” an “televiziaze damokidebulni” arian,
vidre germaneli bavSvebi
 1786

(Smith & Schutte, 1982). amdenad, aSS-Si agresiis Semcirebis erT-erT

gzad gvesaxeba bavSvebis mkacri SezRudva da maTTvis agresiis am
modelebis – rogorc televizaSi, ise _ kinoSi – xelmiuwvdomloba.
ra Tqma unda, mravali bavSvisTvis agresiis modeli yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi arsebobs. bavSvebi, SesaZloa, agresiul qcevebs TavianT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xedavdnen. me-7-e TavSi, aRvniSneT, rom
bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad isjebian fizikurad, TviTonac xSirad iyeneben
agresias, sxvebis qcevebis kontrolis mizniT. bavSvebi, aseve, SesaZloa,
xSirad xedavdnen agresiul qcevebs sakuTar socialur wreSic. magaliTad,
erT-erTi eqsperimentis mizani iyo, Seeswavla im bavSvebis monaTxrobi
ambebi, romlebic Seeswrnen los-anJelesis amboxebas, romelic rodnei
kingis pirvel gasamarTlebas mohyva, 1992 wels (Farver & frosch, 1996).
es bavSvebi (gansxvavebiT imaTgan, romlebic ar Seswrebian aRniSnul
movlenebs) Txrobisas iyenebdnen personaJebis ufro mtrul aRwerebs,
ufro agresiul sityvebs, fizikurad gamoxatul agresiul xasiaTebs da met
moqmed pirebs, romlebic situaciis samarTavad agresias iyenebdnen.
 1787

aucilebelia, avRniSnoT, rom bavSvebi sasiamovno eqsperimentatorebis

garemocvaSi ubralod TamaSobdnen saTamaSoebiT: amboxebasTan
dakavSirebuli agresiuli xatebi ki maT warmosaxvaSi arsebobda. los-
anJelesis amboxebas Zaladobis niSnebi hqonda, magram is droSi
SemosazRvruli iyo. samwuxarod, SeerTebul StatebSi mravali bavSvi
izrdeba iseT qalaqur garemoSi,
romlisTvisac Zaladoba yoveldRiuri da qronikulia (Osofsky, 1997;
Schwartz & Proctor, 2000). mkvlevarebi jer mxolod iwyeben im
Sedegebis garkvevas bavSvebis fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da agresiuli
qcevebis gamovlenaze rac maTTvis moaqvs Zaladobis scenebis
Cvenebas.
agresiuli qcevis kulturuli determinaciisadmi miZRvnil am paragrafs
davamTavrebT SeniSvniT, rom kulturuli normebi aris Zalze adgilobrivi
da stabiluri. ganvixiloT meqsikis oaxakas Statis ori mimdebare soflis
magaliTi (Scott, 1992). erTi sofeli Zaladobrivia, meore ki _
araZaladobrivi: pirvelSi mkvlelobebis raodenoba meoreze xuTjer metia.
soflebi erTmaneTisgan 1500 metriT arian daSorebulni da Zalze gvanan
 1788

erTmaneTs religiurobisa da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ZaladobaSi

gansxvavebis erTaderTi dasaSvebi axsna isaa, rom gansxvavebulia maTi
kulturebis stabilurobis maxasiaTeblebi. ama Tu im gziT orive kulturam
miaRwia Zaladobis garkveul dones da is stabiluri rCeba drois garkveul
periodSi. Ees aris me-17-e TavSi aRwerili normebis transmisiis
(gadatanis) da prezervaciis (dacvis) realur cxovrebaSi asaxuli magaliTi.
analogiurad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tavisi sakomunikacio
saSualebebiT, erT Zalian did soflad iqca, romelic icavs agresiuli qcevis
normebs.
am paragrafSi aRvwereT agresiis gamomwvevi Zalebi – dawyebuli
genetikuridan da kulturuliT damTavrebuli. magram rCeba kidev erTi
mosazreba, romelsac jer ar SevxebivarT da romlis Tanaxmadac, rom
adamianebi zogjer agresiul qcevas axorcieleben winaswarSeqmnili
crurwmenebis gamo. adamianebi mxolod imitom, rom gansxvavebul
eTnikur Tu rasobriv jgufebs ekuTvnian (anu iseT jgufebs, romlebsac
uwodeben “sxvebs”), SesaZloa, gaxdnen agresiis msxverplni. axla
mivubrundebiT crurwmenebis Temas da vaCvenebT, Tu saidan iReben
 1789

isini saTaves da ra unda gakeTdes maT Sesamcireblad an

aRmosafxvrelad. Sejameba evoluciuri analizi mowmobs, rom agresiuli
qcevisadmi adamianis midrekileba aRmocendeba iseT SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac maT unda daicvan sakuTri Tavi da
sakuTari STamomavloba. eqsperimentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
agresiulobasTan
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva biologiuri da pirovnuli gansxvavebebi.
rodesac
adamianebi ganicdian frustracias sakuTar miznebTan dakavSirebiT,
Cndeba
agresiis gamovlenis meti albaToba. garemos garkveul maxasiaTeblebs,
magaliTad,
temperaturas, agreTve, SeuZlia Secvalos agresiulobis gamovlenis
albaToba. adamianebi agresiiT pasuxoben maTze mimarTul pirdapir
agresias, da maTi
agresiuloba matulobs, rac ufro nakleb efeqturia wina agresiuli qceva.
kulturaSi agresiuli qcevebis prevalireba dakavSirebulia “me”-s
damoukidebel an interdamokidebulebiT maxasiaTeblebTan. zogierTi
kultura, agreTve, iZleva
 1790

agresiulobis misaRebi formebis modelebs.

crurwmena adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela sisustidan arc erTs ar

gaaCnia iseTi damangreveli Zala, rogoric adamianis Rirsebasa da socialur
urTierTobebTan dakavSirebul winaswar Seqmnil crurwmenebs.
crurwmenis arseboba imis maniSnebelia, rom damaxinjebulia socialuri
realoba – adamianebis gonebaSi Seqmnilia situacia, romelsac SeuZlia
daamciros da gaanadguros sxva adamianebis cxovreba. crurwmena
(Prejudice) aris winaswar daswavlili damokidebuleba (attitude) samizne
obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs (armowoneba an
SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben arsebul
damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs, acilebul, kontrolirebul,
dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnan isini, vinc mocemul samizne jgufs
ganekuTvneba. magaliTad, nacisti liderebi kanonebsac ki qmnidnen, raTa
ganemtkicebinaT TavianTi crurwmenebi, rom ebraelebi dabali donis
adamianebi arian da rom isini cdiloben daRupvamde miiyvanon ariuli
kultura. mcdari Sexeduleba kvalificirdeba, rogorc crurwmena, Tu is
ewinaaRmdegeba cvlilebas, misi simcdaris naTeli mtkicebulebebis
 1791

arsebobis miuxedavad. magaliTad, adamianebi avlenen crurwmenebs,

rodesac amtkiceben, rom afro-amerikelebi yvelani zarmacebi arian,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi afro-amerikeli kolegebi dauRalavad
Sromoben. crurwmenebi asrulebs garkveuli filtris rols, romelic yovelTvis
mijnavs adamianebs sxva adamianebisagan da aTavsebs maT samizne
jgufSi erTxel ganxorcielebuli kategorizirebis Sesabamisad.
• crurwmena (Prejudice) – winaswar daswavlili damokidebuleba
(attitude) samizne obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur
grZnobebs (armowoneba an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs),
romlebic amarTleben arsebul damokidebulebebs da qceviT
ganzraxvebs, acilebul, kontrolirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul
iqnan isini, vinc mocemul samizne jgufs ganekuTvneba.

socialuri fsiqologia yovelTvis mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs

crurwmenebis Seswavlas, vinaidan cdilobs, gaigos maTi sirTule, simyaris
mizezebi da SeimuSaos maTi Secvlisa da daZlevis strategiebi
(Allport,1954; Dackitt, 1992; Jones,
 1792

1997). gaixseneT pirveli Tavi, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom uzenaesi

sasamarTlos 1954 wlis gadawyvetileba sazogado saswavlebebSi
segregaciis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic, nawilobriv,
eyrdnoboda socialuri fsiqologis kenet klarkis (Kenneth Clark), mier
sasamarTlosTvis wardgenil sakuTari kvlevebis Sedegebs, romelic
asaxavda Savkanian bavSvebze gancalkevebuli da araTanaswori
swavlebis negatiur Sedegebs (Clark & Clark, 1947). am paragrafSi
aRvwerT im progress, romelsac socialurma fsiqologebma miaRwies
crurwmenebis warmoSobisa da maTi efeqtebis gagebaSi, iseve, rogorc
maT praqtikul mcdelobebs, Secvalon isini.

crurwmenis sawyisebi erT-erTi samwuxaro WeSmariteba, romelic

gamoamzeura crurwmenebis Seswavlam, aris is siadvile, romliTac
adamianebi SeiZleba uaryofiTad ganawyo maTi “jgufisaTvis” ucxo
adamianebisadmi. socialuri kategorizacia aris procesi, romliTac
adamianebi sakuTari socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen,
miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs. kategorizaciis
yvelaze martivi da yovlismomcveli formaa individis mier imis
 1793

gansazRvra, Tu vin aris misi msgavsi da vin ara. kategorizaciis es forma

saTaves iRebs dapirispirebidan, “me ara-me-s winaaRmdeg”,
orientaciamde “Cven isini-s winaaRmdeg”. adamianebi socialur samyaros
orad yofen: Sidajgufebad – jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani sakuTari
Tavis identificirebas axdens da garejgufebad – im jgufebad, romlebTanac
adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen. am kognituri gansxvavebebis
Sedegia Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba –sakuTari jgufis gadafaseba, sxvasTan
SedarebiT (Jones, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganixilebian, rogorc
garejgufis wevrebi, ufro xSirad xdebian mtruli grZnobebisa da usamarTlo
damokidebulebis obieqtebi.
minimalurad SesamCnevi miniSnebac ki sakmarisia, rom gamoiwvios
tendenciuroba
da crurwmenis Camoyalibeba maT mimarT, vinc garejgufs
miekuTvnebian.
saidan viciT
SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs jgufis solidarobas
holandiaSi Catarebuli eqsperimentebis seriaSi cdis pirebi
SemTxveviTad dayves or jgufad: mwvaneebad da lurjebad. cdis pirebs
 1794

imis mixedviT, Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnes, dauriges mwvane an lurji

kalmebi da sTxoves, eweraT, Sesabamisad, mwvane an lurj
qaRaldebze. eqsperimentatorebi jgufebis wevrebs mimarTavdnen maTi
jgufis feris Sesabamisi terminiT/saxeliT da, Tumca, feris mixedviT
gansazRvrul kategoriebs araviTari faruli fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba ar
gaaCnda da jgufis wevrebis SerCevac sruliad SemTxveviT moxda, isini
sakuTar jgufs ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen, vidre _ meore jgufs. metic,
mxolod da mxolod ferTa gansxvavebaze dafuZnebuli es Sidajgufuri
mikerZoeba manamdec ki gamovlinda, vidre cdis pirebi eqsperimentuli
davalebis
Sesrulebas daiwyebdnen (Rabbie, 1981).
is, ramac Tavi iCina Tundac am “ferebis” eqsperimentSi, warmoadgens
socialuri
kategorizaciis swraf gamovlinebas.
• socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization) - procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari socialuri garemos organizeba
axdenene, miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs.
 1795

• Sidajgufebi (In-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani sakuTari

Tavis identificirebas axdens.
• garejgufebi (Out-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac adamianebi
identifikacias ar axdenen.
• Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) – sakuTari jgufis
gadafaseba, sxvasTan SedarebiT.

mravali eqsperimenti Catarda im Sedegebis Sesaswavlad, romelic

gaaCniaT/hqonda iseT minimalur jgufebs, rogoric “mwvaneebis” da
“lurjebis”
SemTxvevaSi iyo (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974). gansxvavebuli
jgufebis wevrebi, Zalian xSirad, urTierTobas iwyeben, rogorc ucxoebi,
magram TiTqmis maSinve avlenen gasaocar erTsulovnebas – swamT,
rom maTi Sidajgufis wevrebi yvelaze sasiamovno da kargad momuSave
xalxia. rodesac dgeba resursebis ganawilebis dro, adamianebi yvelafers
akeTeben, raTa araferi uwiladon garejgufis wevrebs. aseTi Sedegebi Tavs
iCens imis miuxedavad, rom garejgufi riskis qveS dgeba da miuxedavad
imisa, rom Sida da garejgufebis zogierT wevrs Soris, SesaZloa
 1796

,kargi urTierTobebic iyos (Park & Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).

Tu yvela am Zalas gamoviyenebT xelovnurad Seqmnil jgufebSi, Tqven
SegeZlebaT, daaikvirdeT, Tu rogor xdeba crurwmenebi ase daundobeli
realur cxovrebaSi. crurwmenebma advilad SeiZleba migviyvanos
rasizmamde – adamianis diskriminaciis formamde, romelic dafuZnebulia
kanis ferze an eTnikur warmoSobaze da seqsizmamde – adamianis
diskriminaciis formamde, romelic dafuZnebulia sqesobriv niSanze.
“Cven” da “isini”-s gansxvavebebis sawyisi tendenciebi, xSirad, maSin
Zlierdeba, rodesac Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom resursebi SezRudulia da
is, SesaZloa, mxolod erT jgufs ergos. faqtibrivad, adamiani, romelsac
axasiaTebs crurwmenebisadmi daqvemdebarebulobis maRali xarisxi, ufro
metad msjeloben imis Sesaxeb, adamianebidan vin romel kategorias
ekuTvnis.

saidan viciT
 1797

crurwmena da rasibrivi xasiaTis msjeloba

studentebis jgufs Sesavsebad misces skala, romelic
zomavda maT damokidebulebas afro-amerikelebis
mimarT. maT Sefasebebze dayrdnobiT, erTi jgufi
klasificirda, rogorc crurwmenebis mqone, meore ki _
rogorc crurwmenebis ar mqone. Semdeg orive jgufis
studentebs sTxoves, daeTvalierebinaT fotoebis seria,
romlebzec saxeebi iyo gamosaxuli da xmamaRla
daexarisxebinaT isini, rogorc “TeTri” an “Savi”.
zogierTi saxis klasificireba Zalian advili iyo maSin,
roca zogierTi saxe Zalze gaurkvevlad
gamoiyureboda. mkvlevarebs hqondaT hipoTeza,
rom crurwmenebis mqone adamianebi ufro
gulmodgined moekidebodnen “swori” rasobrivi
Sefasebebis gakeTebas. mkvlevarebma
iwinaswarmetyveles, rom crurwmenebis mqone
studentebi ufro met dros dauTmobdnen orazrovani
 1798

saxeebis klasificirebas. faqtobrivad, crurwmenebis

mqone studentebma TiToeuli orazrovani suraTis
amocnobaze erTi wamiT meti dro
daxarjes, vidre maT, visac ar gaaCnda rasobrivi
crurwmenebi (Blascovich et al., 1997).

es eqsperimenti aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania crurwmenebis

mqone adamianebisaTvis sxva adamianebis klasificireba “Cvenebad” da
“sxvebad”. bolo dros mkvlevarebma SeZles ufro zustad aRenusxaT
crurwmenebis ar qona, rac gamoixata imiT, rom aseTi adamianebi nakleb
yuradRebas aqceven adamianebs Soris gansxvavebebs (Phillips & Ziller,
1997). adamianebs, romlebsac maRali qulebi aqvT universaluri
orientaciis skalaze, axasiaTebT iseTi tipis debulebebze daTanxmebis
tendencia, rogoricaa “rodesac vinmes vxvdebi, vcdilob, ganvsazRvro
msgavseba Cemsa da mas Soris” da uaryofen iseT debulebebs, rogoricaa
 1799

“bevri ramis Tqma SemiZlia adamianze, Tu vici, ra sqesisaa is”.

amgvarad, zogierT adamians SeuZlia samyaros Sida- da garejgufebad
dayofis tendenciis daZleva.
Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad swrafad mivyavarT crurwmenebs
adamianebis “Cven” da “isini” jgufebad dayofamde. axla ki vnaxoT,
rogor erTveba stereotipebi crurwmenebis funqcionirebaSi. stereotipebis
efeqtebi
Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT socialuri kategorizaciis Zala mravali
saxis crurwmenis sawyisebis asaxsnelad. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze
crurwmenebis gavlrna, Cven unda avxsnaT mexsierebis is struqturebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad amyareben maT, kerZod, ki _ stereotipebi.
stereotipebi
warmoadgens adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan dakavSirebul
ganzogadebebs,
romelic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel jgufs. eWvi ar aris,
rom Tqven
 1800

stereotipebis farTo speqtrs icnobT. ra Sexedulebebi gaqvT kacebsa da

qalebze? ebraelebze, musulmanebsa da qristianebze? azielebze, afro-
amerikelebze, amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobaze, laTinoamerikelebze da
kavkasielebze? ra gavlenas axdenen es Sexedulebebi, am adamianebTan
Tqvens urTierTobebze? Tqveni Sexedulebebis
gamo Tavs aridebT xolme maTTan urTierTobas?
vinaidan stereotipebi ase Zlierad erTvebian molodinebSi, isini xSirad
uwyoben xels im situaciebis warmoqmnas, romlebic me-17-e TavSi
aRvwereT,
rodesac adamianebi TviTon ageben sakuTar socialur realobas.
gaiTvaliswineT,
ra rols asruleben stereotipebi im SefasebiT msjelobebSi, romlebic
socialur garemoSi raimes “arsebobas” exeba. adamianebi “monacemebis
naklebobis” sakuTari
stereotipebidan gamomdinare informaciiT Sevsebis tendenciiT
xasiaTdebian: “me
ar vapireb hiroSisTan erTad manqanaSi Cajdomas – azielebi saSineli
mZRolebi arian”. aseve, adamianebs SeuZliaT (ara aqvs mniSneloba,
ician Tu ara)
 1801

stereotipuli informaciis qceviTi dadasturebisaTvis gamoyeneba.

magaliTad, Tu
Tqven asabuTebT, rom ebraelebi cudi megobrebi arian, Tqven arasodes
miscemT maT
SesaZleblobas, rom sawinaaRmdego dagimtkicon.Eamaze uaresi arisaa,
rom gaimyareben Tu ara sakuTar mosazrebebs, adamianebi aRarafrad
agdeben sxvebis,
maTi stereotipebisTvis Seusabamo mosazrebebs.
saidan viciT
arapopularuli stereotipi – Seusabamo informacia
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac Tqven iRebT
informacias, romlis nawilic
amyarebs Tqvens Sexedulebebs, meore nawili ki
ewinaaRmdegeba mas? erT-erT
kvlevaSi eqsperimentatorebma studentebi dayves or _
homoseqsualizmis mimarT Zlieri da susti
crurwmenebis _ mqone jgufebad. amis Semdeg
TiToeuli studenti TanmimdevrobiT kiTxulobda or
mecnierul naSroms homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb. erT
naSromSi mocemuli iyo stereotipis
 1802

Sesabamisi daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi unda

Sefasdes sqesTaSoris qcevebTan (cross-gender
behaviors) mimarTebaSi, meoreSi ki – stereotipis
sawinaaRmdego daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi ar
unda iqnas Sefasebuli sqesTaSoris qcevebTan
mimarTebaSi. rodesac orive jgufis studentebi
afasebdnen orive naSromis mecnierul dones, maT
maRali Sefaseba misces im naSroms, romelic,
Sesabamisad, emTxveoda maT Sexedulebas.
magaliTad,
Zlieri crurwmenebis mqone cdis pirebma meti
mecnieruli Rirseba miaweres im naSroms, romelic
ganamtkicebda sqesTaSoris stereotips. metic, am ori
naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg, romlebic Ffaqtobrivad,
mxolod abalansebdnen erTmaneTs, studentebma
daadastures, rom maT ganumtkicdaT sakuTari azris
sisworis rwmena (Munro & Ditto, 1997).
 1803

es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu ratom ar amcirevs mxolod

informacias
crurwmenebs: adamianebs gaaCniaT midrekileba mniSvneloba ar
mianiWon im
informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maT mTavar stereotipebs
(Semdeg paragrafSi
ganvixilavT crurwmenebis Semcirebis ufro qmediT meTodebs).
neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT stereotipebis sxva efeqti, romelsac
Cven
inteleqtis testirebis ganxilvis dros SevexeT. gavixsenoT me-10-e Tavi,
sadac
msjeloba iyo inteleqtis koeficientebSi (IQ) rasobriv gansxvavebebs.
aRniSnul
TavSi Cven mimovixileT faqtebi, romlebic amtkicebs, rom stereotipul
jgufebs axasiaTebT safrTxe, romelsac klod stilma (Claude Steel) da
misma kolegebma
stereotipuli safrTxe uwodes (Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998).
stereotipuli safrTxe Cndeba MmaSin, rodesac adamianebi
 1804

aRmoCndebian iseT situaciebSi, romlebTanac dakavSirebulia

stereotipis negatiuri aspeqtebi. magaliTad, me-10-e
TavSi, Cven davadastureT, rom afro-amerikelebis mier unarebis testebis
Sesruleba uaresdeba, rogorc ki uCndebaT eWvi, rom testis Sedegebi
Seesabameba
Savkanianebis swavlis dabalunarianobis stereotipebs. es monacemebi
imitom
SegaxseneT, rom xazi gagvesva im faqtorebisTvis, romlebic aZlierebs
uaryofiT stereotipebs da im xerxebisTvis, romelic stereotipulad
ganwyobili adamianebis
cxovrebis deformacias iwvevs.
darwmunebulic rom iyoT, rom Tqven ar gagaaCniaT crurwmenebi,
mainc
savaraudoa, rom Tqvenc gaqvT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
stereotipebi.
am stereotipebis codnam, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT aracnobier doneze
maTi gamoyenebisaken (Devine & Monteith, 1999). im adamianebmac
ki, romelTa Sexedulebebic
 1805

Tavisufalia crurwmenebisgan, SesaZloa, mainc ganaxorcielon avtomaturi

aqtebi, romlebic gulisxmoben warsuli da awmyo garemocvis mravali
wyarodan miRebul gaucnobierebel crurwmenebs. SexedeT Tqven
megobrebs: isini igive eTnikur jgufs
ekuTvnian, romelsac Tqven? Tu asea, ratom?
Cven mivediT im savalalo daskvnamde, rom crurwmenis Seqmna
advilia, magram daZleva – Zneli. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri
fsiqologiis Camoyalibebis
pirveli dReebidanve mecnierebi ebrZvian MmaT.
axla mivubrundeT am mcdelobebis saukeTeso magaliTebs.

• stereotipebi (Stereotypes) - adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan

dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi, romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs
miaweren mTel jgufs.

crurwmenebis daZleva
socialur fsiqologiaSi erT-erTma klasikurma gamokvlevam aCvena,
rom “Cven”
 1806

jgufis dapirispirebam jgufTan “isini”, SesaZloa, migviyvanos seriozul

mtrobamde. 1954 wlis zafxulSi muzafer Serifma (Muzafer Sheerif)
da misma
kolegebma (1961/1988) or jgufad dayofili biWebi waiyvanes
oklahomis Statis saxelmwifo parkSi. jgufebs, pirobiTad, uwodes
“arwivebi” da “Cxakunebi”. TiToeuli jgufi TviTon uvlida Tavis Tavs.
magaliTad, biWebi daexetebodnen, curavdnen, saWmels amzadebdnen
da erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi araferi icodnen meore jgufis arsebobis
Sesaxeb. jgufebma erTmaneTi beisbolSi, fexburTsa da bagiris
gadawevaSi Sejibrebis dros gaicnes. aseT dasawyiss or jgufs Soris
gamZvinvarebuli metoqeoba mohyva. dawves erTmaneTis almebi,
daarbies da gaZarcves sacxovrebeli kabinebi da sakvebis gamo namdvili
brZola gaaCaRes. rogor unda Semcirebuliyo aseTi mtroba?

saidan viciT
 1807

erTmaneTze damokidebulebebis aucilebloba

eqsperimentatorebma scades propagandistuli
xerxi – erT jgufs
uqebdnen meores. aman ar gaWra. amis Semdeg
Seecadnen jgufebisTvis iseTi
garemo SeeqmnaT, romelic gamoricxavda Sejibrs.
arc aman imoqmeda. mtroba
maSinac grZeldeboda, rodesac jgufebi erTad
uyurebdnen films. bolos mkvlevarebma erTi ram
moifiqres. maT unda SeeqmnaT iseTi problemebi,
romelTa gadawyvetac SesaZlebeli iqneboda saerTo
miznebis dasaxviTa da
TanamSromlobiTi aqtivobiT. magaliTad,
mkvlevarebma Seqmnes iseTi situacia, rom biWebs
xramidan tvirTi unda amoeTriaT. saerTo amocanis
wyalobiT mtroba gaqra da, faqtobrivad, biWebi
saukeTeso megobrebi
gaxdnen “jgufebis sazRvrebi” darRvevis gareSe.
 1808

am eqsperimentma daadastura kontaqtis hipoTeza, rom mtrul jgufebs

Soris pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs (Allport, 1954). biWebs
erTad yofnis garda sxva aRaraferi surdaT da, piriqiT, eqsperimentma isic
aCvena, rom crurwmenebis
dasaZlevad waxalisebuli unda iqnas adamianebis erTmaneTze
damokidebuleba da
saerTo miznebi. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT, rogor SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT es
codna im
situaciebSi, romlebSic 2-xarT 1-CarTulni. magaliTad, warmoidgineT,
rom Tqven xarT dapirispirebuli TanamSromlebis xelmZRvaneli. ras
moimoqmedebdiT am
dapirispirebis aRmosafxvrelad?
mogvianebiT, socialurma fsiqologma eliot aronsonma (Elliot
Aronson) da misma kolegebma (1978) Seadgines programa, romelic
emyareboda aRwerili eqsperimentis
Sedegebs da miznad isaxavda texassa da kaliforniaSi axlad
desegrerirebul skolebSi crurwmenebis aRmofxvras. maT Seqmnes
iseTi saswavlo programebi,
 1809

romlis pirobebSi mexuTe klasis moswavleebi swavlis procesSi

erTmaneTze iyvnen
damokidebulni da naklebad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs saswavlo masalis
aTvisebaSi.
• kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) – idea, rom mtrul jgufebs Soris
pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs.

strategiaSi, romelic cnobilia “asawyobi suraTebis” meTodis (Jigsaw

technique) saxeliT, TiToeul bavSvs mosamzadeblad eZleva mTeli
masalis nawili da
SemdegSi man es masala jgufis danarCen wevrebs unda gaacnos.
warmateba fasdeba mTeli jgufis mier warmodgenili prezetaciis doneze
dayrdnobiT. amdenad, mniSvnelovani da faseulia jgufis TiToeuli
wevris wvlili.
aseTi asawyobi suraTebis meTodiT momuSave klasebSi rasuli
konfliqtebi
Semcirda, vinaidan manamde urTierTdapirispirebuli TeTri, laTinosi da
zangi studentebi erTad iyvnen saerTo miznebiT gaerTianebul jgufebSi
Aronson &
 1810

Gonzales, 1988; Gonzales, 1983). ganvixiloT erTi axalgazrda ymawvilis,

karlosis
SemTxveva. karloss ignorirebas ukeTebdnen imis gamo, rom misi
mSobliuri ena ar iyo inglisuri; mas daevala jgufSi, romelic jozef
pulitceris premiis
mopovebas cdilobda, gansakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba. gundis sxva
wevrebs unda
moefiqrebinaT, rogor miewodebinaT misTvis informacia, romlis
prezentaciac unda moexdina mas SemdgomSi. Tanagundelebis
moTminebisa da gamamxnevebeli
SeniSvnebis sapasuxod, karloss maT mimarT Tbili grZnobebi gauCnda
da isic gaarkvia, rom premiis mopovebis ambavi namdvili ar iyo. man
saTanadod Seafasa, rogorc sakuTari Tavi, ise _ Tanagundelebi. (Cven
sixaruliT unda aRvniSnoT, rom karlosma texasSi kolejis damTavrebis
Semdeg swavla gaagrZela harvardis
iuridiul skolaSi).

• asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms) – saswavlo

klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods,
 1811

romelSic yovel moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli masalis mxolod

nawili da Semdeg is gadaecema jgufis sxva wevrebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli, Cven mier

moyvanili
magaliTebis umravlesoba aSS-s farglebSia mopovebuli, faqtobrivad,
yvela sazogadoeba ganasxvavebs Sida da gare jgufebs. dabolos, am
paragrafis
sisrulisaTvis, crurwmenebis daZlevis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, Cven
ganvixilavT eqsperiments, romelic sakiTxis internacionalur
aspeqtebs exeba da
RirsSesaniSnavia Tavisi SedegebiT. Tomas petigium (Thomas
Pettigrew, 1997),
Seiswavla daaxloebiT 4000 adamianis monacemi safrangeTSi,
niderlandebSi, inglissa da yofil dasavleT germaniaSi, raTa
Seemowmebina Serifis da misi kolegebis mier aRweril kvlevaSi
miRebuli Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ kontaqtis hipoTeza, romelsac
crurwmenebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT.
saidan viciT
 1812

megobroba amcirebs crurwmenebs

yvela am qveyanaSi cdis pirebs sTxoves,
ganesazRvraT TavianTi
damokidebuleba garkveuli erovnuli umciresobebis
mimarT (magaliTad, ingliselebs ekiTxebodnen
indoelebis, xolo germanelebs _ Turqebis
Sesaxeb). maT, agreTve, sTxovdnen, miewodebinaT
informacia im adamianebTan kontaqtebis tipis
Sesaxeb, romlebic ekuTvnodnen sxva erebs, rasebs,
religiebs, kulturebs an socialur klasebs. hyavdaT Tu
ara maT Soris megobrebi, mezoblebi an
TanamSromlebi. kvlevis Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli iyo. rodesac adamianebi am garejgufebis
wevrebs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc megobrebs, isini
crurwmenebis SedarebiT dabal dones avlendnen.
kulturaTaSorisi (kros-kulturuli) monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am
kvlevidan Zalze calsaxa daskvna gamomdinareobs: garejgufis wevrTan
megobrobas crurwmenebis gaqrobamde mivyavarT. ratom aris
 1813

megobroba ase efeqturi? megobroba adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,

meti gaigon garejgufis wevrebis
Sesaxeb: isini maTTan identifikaciac ki SeiZleba moaxdinon.
megobrobam, aseve,
SesaZloa, deprovincializaciamdec migviyvanos: es niSnavs, rom rodesac
adamianebi mets igeben garejgufis normebis da Cveulebebis
Sesaxeb, isini nakleb
“provinciulebi” xdebian sakuTar SidajgufSi mimdinare procesebis
koreqtulobasTan mimarTebaSic.
socialuri fsiqologia ar Tvlis, rom crurwmenebi xelis erTi mosmiT
SeiZleba moispos, magram is Tanmimdevrulad dgams nabijebs maTi
yvelaze mZime Sedegebis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvrisaTvis, TiToeuli
mcire SemTxvevebSic ki. namdvilad Rirs, gamoZebnoT dro da
daakvirdeT, rogor SeZlebT Tqveni im
crurwmenebis gamovlinebebis daregulirebas Tqvens irgvliv, romlebsac
an Tqven axvevT Tavze sxvebs, an, piriqiT, sxvebisgan gixdebaT
amis atana.
Sejameba
 1814

crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli savalalo realoba isaa, rom Zalze

minimaluri
maniSnebelic ki sakmarisia, mavne tendenciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom socialuri kategorizacia swrafad kravs ucxo adamianebs
mWidrod
SekavSirebul jgufebad, romlebic Sidajgufebis wevrebs ufro pozitiurad
aRiqvamen, vidre _ garejgufebis wevrebs. stereotipebi zRudaven
adamianis mier
“realobis” gancdas. Serifis eqsperimentma dagvanaxa, rom crurwmenebi
SeiZleba Semcirdes im programebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben saerTo
miznebis miRwevas. asawyobi suraTebis meTodi amas saklaso oTaxebSi
akeTebs. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrTa damegobreba iwvevs crurwmenebis
Semcirebas.

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

bolo or paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom adamianis cxovrebaSi agresiasa da
crurwmenebs sakomaod didi adgili ukavia, magram yvelaze
momakvdinebeli maTi
 1815

urTierTgadakveTaa. 21-e saukuneSi jer kidev arsebobs iseTi

katastrofuli
siZulvili, romelic religiuri, rasobrivi Tu kulturuli crurwmenebis
safuZvelze Cndeba. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am siZulvilis dasaZlevad?
“fsiqologia
da cxovrebis” SesavalSi Cven fsiqologebi davaxasiaTeT, rogorc
“adamianebis sakmaod optimisturi jgufi”, vinaidan maT swamT, rom
maTi Teoriebi da
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnas adamianis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. am wignis daskvniT paragrafebSic
gvsurs am.
optimisturi ganwyobilebis SenarCuneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven
SevexebiT im
fsiqologiur Zalebs, romlebsac mosdevs damangreveli qceva, naTeli
iqneba isic, rom arseboben iseTi Zalebic, romlebsac xelewifebaT
konstruqtiuli
cvlilebebis safuZvlis Seqmna. Cveni saboloo mizania, mivideT
mSvidobis
fsiqologiis ganxilvamde. es aris mravalmxrivi cda imisa, rom socialuri
 1816

mecnierebebis mier dagrovili codna gamoyenebul iqnas msoflioSi

mSvidobis
damyarebis da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. swored es gaxlavT optimizmis is
pirveli nota, romliTac gvsurs, rom damTavrdes fsiqologiasTan Tqveni
pirveli Sexeba.

fsiqologia 21-e saukuneSi

 1817

samyaro pataravdeba
internetis zedapiruli mimoxilvac sakmarisia, rom
davrwmundeT _
samyaro dapataravda. axla ukve bevri CvenTagani
urTierTobas amyarebs
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtronuli fostisa da “Catis”
meSveobiT da aseTi
urTierTobebi kidev ufro gafarTovdeba imis
Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio qselis teqnologiebs.
magaliTad, erT-erTi arasportuli Tema, romelzec
laparaki iyo 2000 wlis msoflio
olimpiadaze, interneti iyo. olimpiuri sofeli, sadac
sportsmenebi
cxovrobdnen, kargad iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi
aparaturiT, raTa msoflios yvela kuTxidan Camosul
sportsmenebs msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi iuwyebodnen, rom
kubelma sportsmenebma,
 1818

romelTac manamde ar HhqondaT internetTan

urTierTobis gamocdileba, erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi
aamoqmedes 160-ze meti veb gverdi (Jordan, 2000).
erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac 21-e saukune namdvilad
svams fsiqologiis
winaSe, aris is, Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi
kulturebi msoflio qsels da, piriqiT, ra gavlena
moaxdena adgilobrivma kulturebma masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina internetma
kuveitis cxovrebaze
(Wheeler, 1998). rogorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi,
kuveitSic interneti
Tavdapirvelad akademiuri wreebisTvis gaxda
xelmisawvdomi, kerZod, kuveitis universitetis
TanamSromlebisTvis. Tumca, Zalian mokle droSi is
sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda. umravles
SemTxvevaSi, kuveitelebic
 1819

iseve iyeneben internets, rogorc mTel msoflioSi,

“CatisTvis”: adamianebi mas, ZiriTadad, “salaybod”
iyeneben da kuveitelebic aRniSnaven, rom aqvT
urTierTobebi da romanebi kibersivrceSi. da mainc,
kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, rac mas
sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs: “bevri daZvreba
internetSi, magram cota Tu aqveynebs raimes”.
kuveitSi
“internetiT sakuTar Tavze informaciis gavrceleba
potenciuri safrTxis
Semcveli aqti ufroaa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis
warmoCenis saSualeba. is aris iaraRi Tqveni mtris
winaaRmdeg da instrumenti, raTa SenarCunebuli
iqnas dogmebisadmi konformuloba da gaadvildes
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis marTva” (Wheeler, 1998.
pp365-366). aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis pirobebSi
 1820

Zneli warmosadgenia, rom kuveitSi interneti

sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvis
 1821

saSualebad iqces, rogorc es mraval sxva

qveyanaSi moxda. mkvlevarebma internetis
gamoyenebis sxva mravali kulturuli
gansxvavebac Seiswavles, magaliTad, veb-gverdebis
is maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebsac ama Tu im kulturebis warmomadgenlebi
aniWeben upiratesobas.
erTi da igive veb gverdi, SesaZloa, mTeli
msofliosTvis misaRebi iyos,
magram kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, mainc
arsebobdes, Tu ramdenad gasagebi an faseulia esa Tu
is veb gverdi (Sears et al., 2000). magaliTad, bevr
veb-gverdze informacia mocemulia marcxnidan
marjvniv da zevidan qveviT _ ise, rogorc kiTxuloben
inglisur enaze, magram Cinelebi an ebraelebi,
SesaZloa, sirTuleebs waawydnen, vinaidan maTi
enebi informaciis sivrciTi ganlagebis gansxvavebul
wess iyeneben (O’Donnell,1994). sazogadod,
 1822

vebgverdebis dizainerebma, SesaZloa, aRmoaCinon,

rom maT sakuTari
produqciis “internacionalizaciisaTvis” socialuri
mecnierebebis daxmareba sWirdebaT. veb gverdi,
romelic erTi jgufis mowonebas
imsaxurebs, SesaZloa, uaryofili iqnas meore jgufis
mier, vTqvaT, im moWarbebuli agresiulobis an
sirTulis gamo, rac ewinaaRmdegeba adgilobriv
normebs (Sears et al., 2000). WeSmaritad
kulturaTaSorisi
Rirebulebis mqone veb gverdebis Sesaqmnelad, veb-
dizainerebma informacia iseT wignebSi unda
moiZion, rogoricaa “fsiqologia da cxovreba”. rogorc
21-e saukunis moqalaqe, Tqven msoflios
dapataravebis mowme xarT. ra daskvnebs
gaakeTebdiT amis Taobaze? ra kiTxvebs
dausvamdiT fsiqologebs?
 1823

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven viwyebT socialur fsiqologiaSi yvelaze

klasikuri kvleviT, romelic Caatara stenli milgremma (Stanley
Milgram), raTa Rrmad Cawvdomoda meore msoflio omis
saSinelebebis safuZvlebs.

avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
ra aiZulebda aTasobiT nacists, damorCilebodnen Hhitleris
brZanebebs da
milionobiT ebraeli gaegzavnaT gazis kamerebSi? gaaCndaT maT
moraluri normebi
Tu ara? rogor unda avxsnaT sxvadasxva kultebis mimdevarTa
mzadyofna ara marto sakuTari sicocxle xelyon, aramed sxvebic Tan
gaiyolon? (Tema, romelic
Semdeg rubrikaSi “fsiqologia Tqvens cxovrebaSi” iqneba ganxiluli). da
ra
SeiZleba iTqvas piradad Tqvenze? arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa
gavleniTac
Tqven SeZlebdiT, damorCilebodiT sulier liders, mogewamlaT
adamianebi da Semdeg Tavi mogeklaT? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT
Tavi im asobiT udanaSaulo adamianis amoxocvis monawiled, rac
 1824

amerikelma jariskacebma, zemdgom pirTa brZanebiT, vietnamis sofel

mai-laiSi ganaxorcieles (Hersh,1971; Opton,1970, 1973)?
Tqveni pasuxi, Cveni pasuxis msgavsad, iqneba – “ara! Tqven me vin
ggonivarT”. am paragrafis wakiTxvis Semdeg, vimedovnebT, rom
Tqven eWvi SegeparebaT da ityviT:
“SesaZloa, danamdvilebiT ar vici”. momqmedi socialuri Zalebis
gavleniT, Tqvenc,
SesaZloa, igive gaakeToT, rasac sxva adamianebi akeTebdnen igive
situaciaSi, rac ar unda warmoudgenlad da sazarlad geCvenebodeT maTi
saqcieli Tqvenc da im adamianebsac, romlebic am garemoSi uSualod ar
ar imyofebian.
individis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis gavlenis gansakuTrebiT
damarwmunebeli
demonstrireba solomon aSis mowafem stenli milgremma ganaxorciela.
milgremis kvlevam (1965, 1974) cxadyo, rom meore msoflio omis dros
nacistebis brma
 1825

morCileba imdenad maTi dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebis (anu maTi

gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli Tvisebebis an germanelebis erovnuli xasiaTis)
moqmedebis Sedegi ar
iyo, ramdenadac iseTi situaciuri Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelsac
nebismieri adamianis STanTqma SeeZlo. rogor SeZlo man imis
Cveneba, rasac arendtma
“borotebis banaluroba” uwoda – rodesac boroti qmedebebi SeiZleba
Cveulebrivma adamianebma Cidinon, romlebic sulac ar arian
ulmobelni da ubralod gauazreblad, yovelgvari gansjis gareSe asruleben
sxvebis brZanebebs
(Arendt,1963,1971). morCilebis kvlevis milgremiseuli programa erT-
erTi yvelaze sakamaTo programaa, vinaidan masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi
arsebiTad ukavSirdeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobasa da eTikur
problemebs (Miller,1986; Ross & Nisbett, 1991).

morCilebis paradigma
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri maxasiaTeblebis
erTmaneTisgan
 1826

gamojvnis mizniT, milgremma Caatara laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis

mTeli seria
– avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 laboratoriuli eqsperimenti, romelSic
1000ze meti cdis piri monawileobda. milgremis pirveli eqsperimentebi
ielis
universitetSi tardeboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb
mamakacebze,
romlebsac anazRaureba eZleodaT eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis.
mogvianebiT
man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria universitetidan gadaitana
brijportSi, koneqtikutis StatSi, sadac sagazeTo gancxadebebis
saSualebiT agrovebda eqsperimentSi monawileobis msurvelebs,
mosaxleobis yvela fenis, orive sqesis, asakiT, saqmianobiTa da
ganaTlebis doniT gansxvavebul adamianebs. milgremis ZiriTadi
eqsperimentuli paradigma is iyo, rom cdis pirebi
CarTulni iyvnen iseT saqmianobaSi, romelic - rogorc amaSi TviT cdis
pirebi iyvnen darwmunebulebi – iTvaliswinebda sxva adamianze, sxva
 1827

da sxva diapazonis eleqtro SokiT zemoqmedebas. es, nebayoflobiT

SerCeuli xalxi darwmunebuli
iyo, rom monawileobda mexsierebisa da daswavlis procesis mecnierul
kvlevaSi.
isini daarwmunes, rom kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu
rogor
moqmedebs sasjeli mexsierebaze da rogor gaumjobesdeboda daswavlis
procesi Seqebisa da dasjis saTanado balansis gamoyenebiT. cdis
pirebs, romlebsac mieniWaT maswavleblis socialuri roli, daSvebuli
SecdomebisaTvis unda
daesajaT isini, visac moswavlis roli hqonda dakisrebuli. maT ganemartaT
ZiriTadi wesi, romliTac unda exelmZRvanelaT da romlis mixedviT
yoveli
Secdomis Semdeg eleqtro Soki unda gaeZlierebinaT, vidre ar
miaRwevdnrn dasaswavli masalis uSecdomod gadmocemas. TeTr
xalaTSi gamowyobili
eqsperimentatori sruli kanonieri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piris
msgavsad
 1828

moqmedebda; is cdis pirebs acnobda wesebs, awesrigebda rolebis

ganawilebas
(mTeli seriozulobiT atarebda kenWisyrebs) da maswavleblebs
miTiTebebs aZlevda, rom kargad SeesrulebinaT TavianTi/dakisrebuli
davaleba, rogorc ki
maT yoymans an gansxvavebuli azris gamovlenis mcdelobas amCnevda.
damokidebuli cvladis, eleqtro Sokis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli
aparatze, 450 volti iyo,
romlis miRwevac xdeboda mcire 1.5 voltiani bijebiT da romelsac
maswavlebeli umatebda moswavlis yoveli Secdomis sapasuxod, vidre is
ar Sewyvetda “avtoritetis” (e.i. eqsperimentatoris mimarT)
damorCilebas da uars ar ityoda
davalebis Sesrulebaze.
cdis situacia
eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom cdis piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina,
rom igi – asrulebda ra brZanebebs – tkivils ayenebda, stanjavda da,
SesaZloa,
 1829

moekla kidec udanaSaulo adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels, sanimuSod,

miayenes 45 voltis Zabvis eleqtro dartyma, raTa mas warmodgena
hqonoda, Tu ra intensiobis
tkivils iwvevda igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis,
gawonasworebuli manerebis mqone, ormocdaaTiode wlis mamakaci
iyo, romelic sxvaTa Soria ambobda, rom guli awuxebs, magram fulis
gamo mzad aris gaiaros es procedura. mas gverdiT oTaxSi abamdnen
“eleqtro skamze” da maswavlebelTan urTierTobda
Sida sakomunikacio qselis meSveobiT. moswavles evaleboda
dawyvilebuli sityvebis damaxsovreba da wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis
dasaxeleba, rogorc ki gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem,
winaswar dadgenili ganrigis
Sesabamisad, maleve daiwyo Secdomebis daSveba da maswavlebelmac
ar daayovna eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba. msxverplis protesti izrdeboda
eleqtroSokis
voltaJis matebasTan erTad. 75 voltze man daiwyo Civili da buzRuni.
150-ze
 1830

eqsperimentSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba

moiTxova. 180
voltze is yviroda, rom veRar gauZlebs am tkivils. 300 voltze igi
gahyviroda, rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da ganTavisuflebas iTxovda.
bolos tiriliT
laparakobda Tavis avadmyof gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli
yoymanobda, an uars acxadebda ufro maRali eleqtro Sokis miyenebaze,
eqsperimentatori mas eubneboda – “ eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom
Tqven gaagrZeloT” an “Tqven ar gaqvT
arCevani, unda gaagrZeloT”.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pirebisaTvis Zalze stresuli iyo.
umetesoba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv aRniSnavdnen,
rom maT amis
gagrZeleba aRar SeeZloT. is, rom eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam
cdis pirebSi Zlieri protesti gamoiwvia, naTlad Cans eqsperimentis
angariSebidanac:
• 180 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: “amdens ver gauZlebs! me ar
vapireb am kacis mokvlas. gesmiT, yviris? is ver gauZlebs amas.
 1831

rame rom daemarTos? . . . am kacs raime rom daemarTos, vin / agebs

pasuxs?” (eqsperimentatori Tanxmdeba pasuxismgeblobis aRebaze) –
“maS, kargi”.
• 195 voltiani Sokis Semdeg: “xom gesmiT rogor yviris? magaria
ra, ar vici” (eqsperimentatori eubneba, rom aucilebelia gagrZeleba)
“diax, me vici, ser, magram vfiqrob, eg azrze ar aris, raSi gaeba. ukve
195 voltia” (Milgram,
1965. p.67).
maSinac ki, rodesac moswavlis oTaxSi siCume isadgurebda,
maswavlebeli
brZanebebs iZleoda, ufro moematebinaT eleqtro Sokis voltaJi da
daeWiraT TiTi Rilakze, romelsac ewera: “saxifaToa. Zlieri Soki XXX
(450 volti)”.

eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara?
eqsperimentis dawyebamde milgremma 40 fsiqiatrs TxovniT
mimarTa, raTa
ewinaswarmetyvelaT cdis pirTa qceva eqsperimentis ganmavlobaSi. maT
 1832

(eqsperimentis aRweraze dayrdnobiT) iwinaswarmetyveles, rom cdis

pirebis umravlesoba ar acdeboda 150 volts, 4%-ze naklebi morCilebas
gamoxatavda 300 voltamde da mxolod 0.1% gaagrZelebda
zemoqmedebas 450 voltamde. prognozirebisas fsiqiatrebi eyrdnobodnen
mosazrebas, rom srul morCilebas
gamoavlendnen da maqsimalur eleqtro Soks gamoiyenebdnen mxolod
garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT aranormaluri, sadisti adamianebi,
romlebsac siamovnebT
sxvebisTvis tkivilis miyeneba.
fsiqiatrebi aseT Sefasebebs afuZnebdnen Sexedulebaze, rom aseTi
aranormaluri qcevebis ganmaxorcielebel adamianebs gaaCniaT
gansakuTrebuli
dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca, maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT
situaciis is gansakuTrebuli Zala, romelsac SeeZlo, gavlena moexdina
cdis pirTa
umravlesobis azrovnebasa da qcevebze, vinaidan isini “amoglejilni”
iqnen maTTvis Cveuli situaciidan. RirsSesaniSnavi da SemaSfoTebeli
 1833

daskvna ki gaxlavT is, rom es eqspertebi Secdnen: cdis pirTa

umravlesoba srulad
daemorCila avtoritets. arc erTi cdis piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb
Zabvaze. moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri
eleqtro Soki – 450 volti. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom maTi
umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda winaaRmdegobas, magram qceviT
emorCileboda avtoritets. msxverplis
TvalsazrisiT, es kritikuli sxvaobaa. marTlac, Tqven rom yofiliyaviT
msxverplis adgilze, raime mniSvneloba eqneboda imas, rom adamians
ar undoda
TqvenTvis tkivilis moyeneba da sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda
brZanebas, Tu ki is, bolos da bolos, daemorCileboda brZanebas da
mogayenebdaT eleqtro Sokis
ganmeorebad dartymebs?
milgremis eqsperimentis Sedegebi imdenad moulodneli iyo, rom
mkvlevarebs
didi Sroma dasWirdaT, raTa gamoericxaT maTi alternatiuli
interpretaciis SesaZleblobebi. erTaderTi gamosavali iyo is, rom
 1834

daeSvaT, cdis pirebma realurad ar daijeres eqsperimentis “legenda”.

SesaZloa, maT isic ki ar
daijeres, rom msxverpls namdvilad ayenebdnen tkivils. amis
gamosaricxad
Catarda iseTi eqsperimenti, romelSic damorCilebis efeqti iyo realuri,
swrafi da uSualo. kolejis studentebi Tvlidnen, rom wvrTnidnen lekvs,
romelzec yoveli Secdomis Semdeg zemoqmedebdnen eleqtroSokiT. isini
realurad xedavdnen, rogor xteboda lekvi da esmodaT misi wkmutuni
yovelTvis, rodesac Rilakze aWerdnen xels da aZlierebdnen dens cxaurSi,
romelzec lekvi idga. ramdeni adamiani isurvebda gaegrZelebina lekvze
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedeba da misi
wvaleba? am realur situaciaSic ki, studentebis samma meoTxedma
eleqtro Sokis
maqsimaluri odenoba gamoiyena (Sheridan & King, 1972).
cdis pirebis qcevis kidev erT alternatiul axsnas warmoadgens is, rom
eqsperimentis Sedegebze gavlena moaxdina misi pirobebis
moTxovniTma
 1835

maxasiaTeblebma (Demand characteristics). es moTxovniTi

maxasiaTeblebi aris
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedebdnen cdis
pirebze da
aniSnebdnen, Tu ras elian maTgan. davuSvaT, milgremis cdis pirebi
mixvdnen, rom misi eqsperimentis Sedegebi bevrad ufro saintereso
iqneboda, Tu isini ar
Sewyvetdnen eleqtro SokiT zemoqmedebas da amitomac, agrZelebdnen
TamaSs.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom avtoritetisadmi damorCileba sulac
ar ganicdis uCveulo eqsperimentuli pirobebis gavlenas. is, SesaZloa,
moxdes nebismier
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi.
saidan viciT
 1836

morCileba realur cxovrebiseul situaciaSi

mkvlevarebis jgufma, saavadmyofos
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi
damorCilebis Seswavlis mizniT, Caatara Semdegi
savele kvleva. meddas (cdis piri) telefoniT daureka
eqimma, romelsac arasodes Sexvedria. eqimma mas
davaleba misca, pacientisTvis garkveuli wamali
mieca ise, rom am wamals eqimis mosvlamde
emoqmeda. eqimma daniSna 20 mg. wamali,
romelsac ewodeboda astroteni. wamlis yuTze
gakeTebuli iyo warwera, romelic ityobineboda, rom
astrotenis Cveulebrivi doza iyo 5 mg., xolo
maqsimaluri doza _ 10 mg.
SeeZlo Tu ara meddas, pacientisTvis wamlis
gadaWarbebuli doza mieca ucnobi piris satelefono
zaris Sesabamisad maSin, roca es dadgenil
samedicino praqtikas ewinaaRmdegeboda? rodesac
es dilema aRuweres 12
 1837

meddas, 10-ma maTganma ganacxada, rom isini ar

daemorCilebodnen ucnobis
zars. xolo is, Tu rogor moiqcnen meddebi, realurad,
es sxva, axla ukve kargad cnobili ambavia. rodesac
meddebis sxva jgufi moxvda analogiur situaciaSi,
TiTqmis yvela maTgani damorCilda. 22-dan 21-ma
meddam daiwyo

pacientisTvis wamlis micema (sinamdvileSi, sruliad uvnebeli

nivTierebis), vidre mkvlevarma-eqimma ar SeaCera isini (Hofling et
al., 1966).

es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom Mmilgremis mier miRebuli Sedegi ar

SeiZleba mieweros eqsperimentis pirobebis maxasiaTeblebis
moTxovnebze cdis pirTa
reagirebas.
 1838

• moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteristics) _

eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis
pirebze da aniSneben maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.

ratom emorCilebian adamianebi avtoritets?

milgremis kvleva adasturebs, rom imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom
emorCilebian adamianebi avtoritets, saWiroa ufro detalurad
ganvixiloT garkveul
situaciebSi momqmedi fsiqologiuri Zalebi. me-17-e TavSi vnaxeT, Tu
ramdenad xSirad zRudavs qcevas situaciuri Zalebi da swored
milgremis kvlevam
warmoaCina am ZiriTadi principis naTeli magaliTi. milgremi da sxva
mkvlevarebi axdendnen eqsperimentuli situaciis mTeli rigi aspeqtebiT
manipulirebas, raTa gamoekveTaT, rom damorCilebis efeqti
ganpirobebulia ara pirovnuli, aramed
situaciuri faqtorebiT. 18.5 suraTze asaxulia morCilebis doneebi
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, morCileba sakmaod maRalia,
rodesac jer mewyvile
 1839

iZleva morCilebis magaliTs, rodesac cdis piri moqmedebs, rogorc

Sualeduri rgoli – im adamianebis damxmare, vinc uSualod
zemoqmedebs msxverplze, an
rodesac msxverpli (moswavle) fizikurad daSorebulia
maswavleblisagan. morCileba sakmaod dabalia, rodesac TviTon
Mmoswavle iTxovs masze
zemoqmedebas, rodesac ori avtoritetiT aRWurvili piri iZleva
urTierTsawinaaRmdego miTiTebebs, an TviT avtoritetia msxverpli. es
Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom qcevaze zegavlenas axdens situacia da ara
cdis pirebs Soris
individualuri gansxvavebebi.
SokiT zemoqmedeba eqsperimentuli variaciebi
 1840

1. moswavle iTxovs SokiT 8. Sexebis

SesaZlebloba. zemoqmedebas. 9. siaxlove.
2. avtoriteti, rogorc msxverpli 10. institucionaluri
konteqsti.
– miTiTebebs iZleva Cveulebrivi 11. xmovani
ukukavSiri. adamiani. 12. daSorebili msxverpli.
3. ori avtoriteti – sawinaaRmdego 13. qali cdis
pirebi.
miTiTebebi. 14. ori avtoriteti – erTi
4. cdis pirebi TviTon irCeven msxverpli.
Sokis odenobas. 15. cdis piri, rogorc mowme.
5. ori mewyvile winaaRmdegia. 16. mewyvile
akontrolebs Sokis
6. rigiTi adamiani iZleva wyaros. miTiTebebs.
7. avtoriteti daSorebulia.
sur. 18.5. damorCileba milgremis eqsperimentebSi
grafiki asaxavs sustidan Zlier damorCilebamde profilebs, milgremis
eqsperimentebis gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
 1841

ori mizezi, romlis gamoc adamianebi avlenen morCilebas, am

situaciebSi,
migviyvans normatuli da informaciuli gavlenis wyaroebamde, romelzec
saubari iyo me-17-e TavSi: adamianebs undaT, rom mowonebul iqnan
(normatuli gavlena) da iyvnen marTlebi (informaciuli zegavlena). isini
midrekilni arian, moiqcnen ise, rogorc sxvebi iqcevian, an iqceodnen ise,
rom iyvnen socialurad misaRebni da mosawonni. amasTan, gaurkvevel,
axal situaciebSi, magaliTad, am eqsperimentis
msgavs situaciebSi, adamianebi endobian sxvebis miniSnebebs imis
Taobaze, Tu ra
saxis qcevebia Sesaferisi da swori. ufro xSirad, isini endobian eqspertebs
da sando pirebs, romlebic karnaxoben maT, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen.
milgremis
paradigmis mesame faqtori isaa, rom, rogorc Cans, cdis pirebi ibneodnen,
vinaidan ar icodnen, rogor gamoexataT daumorCilebloba. arafers
ambobdnen, radgan ujerebdnen avtoritets. maT rom hqonodaT
situaciidan pirdapiri, martivi
 1842

gamosavali, magaliTad, daeWiraT xeli Rilakze “Sewyveta”, maSin,

SesaZloa, naklebad gamoevlinaT morCileba (Ross, 1988). dabolos, am
eqsperimentul
situaciaSi avtoritetisadmi damorCileba aris im gaSinagnebuli Tvisebis
nawili, rasac bavSvebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi swavloben – usityvod
daemorCilon avtoritets (Brown, 1986). es movlena maSin emsaxureba
sazogadoebas, rodesac avtoritetebi legitimuri ZalauflebiT arian
aRWurvilni da imsaxureben morCilebas. problema ki isaa, rom am
wesma sakuTari Tavi amowura. avtoritetisadmi brma morCileba niSnavs
yvelanairi avtoritetuli figurisadmi
morCilebas ubralod imitom, rom maT miewerebaT raime statusi,
miuxedavad imisa,
marTebulia Tu ara maTi moTxovnebi da brZanebebi.
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
 1843

ratom eziarebian adamianebi kults?

eWvgareSea, bolo wlebSi informaciam kultebis
Sesaxeb daipyro Cveni
cnobiereba, sakulto jgufebis wevrebis im
eqstremaluri, auxsneli
qcevebis gamo, romelTa Sesaxebac vkiTxulobT, an
romelTac vuyurebT masmediis saSualebiT.
SeerTebul StatebSi, sakuTari lideris mier
provocirebulma “heiven geits”-is 39 wevrma
ritualuri wesebis dacviT
moikla Tavi, 1997 wlis martSi. daaxloebiT oci wliT
adre, gaianas
junglebis dasaxlebaSi, 900-ze metma amerikelma
moqalaqem Caatara
masobrivi TviTmkvleloba, maTi qarizmatuli lideris
– Rirsi jim jonsis daJinebuli moTxovniT.
safrangeTSi, kanadasa da SveicariaSi, mzis taZris
 1844

ordenis wevrebma, aseve, ritualuri wesiT moiswrafes

sicocxle. iaponiaSi ki seqta “aum Sin rikios”
wevrebma tokios metroSi gazis gamoyenebiT
mowamles mgzavrebi da dagegmili hqondaT
masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva
aqciebi, maTi lideris miTiTebebis Tanaxmad. am,
WeSmaritad tragikuli, faqtebis miRma arsebobs
aTasobiT jgufi, romelic kvalificirdeba,
rogorc kulti da romlis wevrebic totalur morCilebas
ucxadeben am
jgufebs da maT liderebs. wevrebi emorCilebian
nebismier brZanebas,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, ucnob partniorze daqorwineba
masobrivi
qorwinebis ceremoniebis dros, maTxovroba,
rekrutireba, xangrZlivi Sroma anazRaurebis gareSe,
sakuTari qonebis jgufis sargeblobaSi gadacema, an
dauqorwineblobis aRTqmis dadeba.
 1845

SegiZliaT aseTi ramis gakeTebis warmodgena?

arsebobs ki iseTi
garemoebebi, romelTa zegavleniTac miuerTdebodiT
kults da iqceodiT im komformizmis, daTmobis da
totaluri morCilebis pirad, rasac kulti
Tavs axvevs jgufis wevrebs? cxadia, umravlesoba
ityvis – “ara, araviTar
 1846

SemTxvevaSi”. magram Cveni, rogorc fsiqologebis,

amocanaa gavigoT, Tu rogor axerxeben es jgufebi da
maTi liderebi aseT iZulebas da CavwvdeT im
pirobebs, romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi
mowyvladni xdebian da
ujereben maTgan miRebul damarwmunebel
informacias.
amrigad, ras warmoadgens kulti? sakulto jgufebi
mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdebian TavianTi aqtivobebiT, struqturiT,
sididiT da ideologiiT, magram praqtikulad yvela
warmoadgens aratradiciul religiur jgufs,
romelic imarTeba avtoritaruli lideris mier da romelic
aris jgufis ideologiis, doqtrinis erTad-erTi sulieri
wyaro da ZiriTadi mcveli
(Kramer & Alsted,1993; Singer, 1995; Zimbardo &
Andersen, 1993). aseTi lideri, umetes
 1847

SemTxvevaSi, qarizmatuli lideria, energiiTa da

TavdadebiTaa aRvsili da xSirad pretenziasac
acxadebs RvTaebriv yovlisSemZleobaze,
yovlismcodneobasa da ukvdavebazec ki. miuxedavad
calkeuli
kultebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
gansxvavebebisa, saerTo maT Soris
aris axlad miRebuli wevrebisadmi uxvi dapirebebi,
zemoqmedebis wesi da jgufis iZulebiTi Zala,
romelic yoveli wevrisagan iTxovs sakuTari nebisa
da kritikuli azrovnebis daTmobas (Hassan, 1988;
Langone, 1993). maS, ratom surT adamianebs
kultTan SeerTeba? upirveles yovlisa,
aravin uerTdeba kults, rogorc aseTs. adamianebi
uerTdebian saintereso jgufs, romelic maT sakuTari
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas pirdeba.
isini mxolod mogvianebiT aRiqmebian sakulto
jgufebad, mxolod maSin,
 1848

rodesac cnobierdeba, rom es aris cru, naklovani,

saSiSi gaerTianeba, an sulac is, rom is
ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis mier aRiarebul
ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs. kulti maSin xdeba mimzidveli,
adamianis individualuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis dapirebas iZleva, ramdenadac es
SeiZleba
exebodes saxeldaxelo megobrobas, identurobas an
cxovrebis mowyobas. kulti adamianebs, aseve
pirdeba kompensacias socialuri marcxis
SemTxvevaSi: izolirebulobis da marcxis SegrZnebis
acilebiT. sakulto jgufi ufrTxildeba sakuTar
samyaros, Tavis usafrTxoebas, wevrebis
janmrTelobas, maT movla-patronobas –yvelaferi
winaswar aris gaTvlili
 1849

da kontrolirebuli. sul ufro da ufro garTulebad

samyaroSi, kultis liderebi wevrebs sTavazoben
martiv gadawyvetilebebs, bednierebisken,
 1850

warmatebisaken da xsnisaken mimavali gzis

gakvalvas.
admianebi, kultis damarwmunebeli Zalis
mimarT, gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiareni arian maSin, rodesac sacxovreblad
gadadian axal qveyanaSi
an axal qalaqSi, kargaven samuSaos, amTavreben
saswavleblebs an idevnebian tradiciuli religiidan,
rogorc Seuferebelni. kulti mimzidvelia
maTTvisac, vinc Tavis samuSaos mosawyenad
miiCnevs da erTferovnad, visac gafantuli da
uSinaarso socialuri cxovreba aqvs da visac rwmena
aqvs
dakarguli sakuTari qveynis mTavrobis mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mediis mier mowodebuli
axali ambebi masobrivi mkvlelobebisa da
TviTmkvlelobebis Sesaxeb avrceleben cnobebs,
 1851

kultebis umravlesoba wynarad moqmedebs Tavisi

miznebis misaRwevad. Tuki isini TavianT
danapirebs asruleben, maT SeuZliaT Rirebuli
samsaxuri
gauwion calkeul adamianebs da SeZlon maTTvis
cxovrebiseuli vakuumis
Sevseba. magram rodesac isini moqmedeben
motyuebiT, iZulebiT, ZaliT da amaxinjeben
Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis da kritikuli
azrovnebis
ZiriTad faseulobebs, isini saSiSni xdebian, rogorc
sakuTari wevrebisaTvis, ise _ sazogadoebisaTvisac,
magram aqve marTebuli iqneba erTi kiTxvis dasma:
nuTu sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia adamianebi
uzrunvelyos yovelive imiT, rasac kultebi pirdebian,
raTa es kultebi ar warmoCindnen saintereso,
gansakuTrebuli stilis cxovrebad, romelsac ase
eswrafian adamianebi, mTel msoflioSi?
 1852

milgremis eqsperimentebi da Tqven ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes

TqvenTvis avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis am kvlevebs? rogor moiqceviT
Tqven, rodesac cxovrebis manZilze msgavsi moraluri dilemebis winaSe
aRmoCndebiT? gamoZebneT dro da dafiqrdiT avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebis im situaciebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, warmoiqmnes Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. moatyuebdiT myidvels, Tqvens ufross xeli rom
Seewyo TqvenTvis? an warmoidgineT, rom kongresis wevri xarT, xmas
miscemT imas, rasac partia mogTxovT, Tu sakuTar sindiss
mousmendiT?
milgremis mier Catarebuli, avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis kvlevebi
angrevs miTs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis codvis wyaro maT codvil
bunebaSia – cudi “isini”-s bunebaSi, romlebic gansxvavdebian kargi
“Cven”-gan an “Tqven”-gan. amiT sulac ar gvinda adamianis bunebis
damcireba, magram gvinda, naTeli movfinoT imas, rom normaluri,
kargad moazrovne individuumic ki, SesaZloa, potenciurad susti
aRmoCndes Zlieri situaciuri da socialuri Zalebis winaSe.
 1853

dasasrul, gvinda ramdenime sityva vTqvaT gmirobaze. davuSvaT,

adamianebis umetesoba, Tqveni msgavsi adamianebisa, daemorCila
raRac Zlier jgufur Zalas. Cveni azriT, Tu Tqven SegwevT unari, win
aRudgeT amas, Tqveni qceva, SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc gmiroba. gmiri is pirovnebaa, romelsac SeuZlia
imoqmedos Segnebulad, sindisidan gamomdinare maSin, roca
danarCenebi konformizms avlenen, an visac SeuZlia arCevani gaakeTos
maRali zneobrivi qcevis sasargeblod, rodesac danarCenebi mdumared
gadgebian ganze, raTa borotebam Tavisuflad iboginos. SesaZloa, im
faqtma, rom Tqven iciT iseTi situaciuri Zalebis arsebobis Sesaxeb,
romlebic SesaZlebels xdian “borotebis banalurobas”, gibiZgoT kidec
gmiruli qcevisken. genocidisa da omis fsiqologia jerjerobiT Cven
mxolod is gavarkvieT, rom adamians, rogorc saxeobas, gaaCnia
garkveuli midrekileba, daemorCilos avtoritets, magram adamianis
bunebis am damaxasiaTebeli niSnis Sefasebis garda, albaT, axsnas
saWiroebs isic, Tu ratom xdeba, rom garkveul dros da garkveul adgilas
adamianTa erTi jgufi iwyebs adamianTa meore jgufis sistematur
 1854

ganadgurebas _ genocids. ratom aris, rom Zalze xSirad, erTi jgufi iwyebs
oms, an axorcielebs naklebad formalur agresias meore jgufis mimarT. am
paragrafSi Cven gavaanalizebT zogierT istoriul da fsiqologiur Zalas,
romelmac adamianis modgma waiyvana uaRresad organizebuli agresiis
gziT. fsiqologma irvin staubma (Ervin Staub, 1989,2000) Seiswavla
genocidis SemTxvevebi istoriaSi da SemogvTavaza im kulturuli da
fsiqologiuri Zalebis mimoxilva, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian terors:
• sawyisi wertili xSirad sazogadoebis wevrebis mZime cxovrebis
pirobebSi, cud ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, politikur daRmavlobasa
da sxva msgavs faqtorebSi unda veZeboT.
• rogorc Cans, am mZime pirobebSi, adamianebs uZlierdebaT
Sida da gare jgufebis gamijvnis tendencia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gare
jgufi gamodis gantevebis vacis rolSi da brali edeba sazogadoebis
sirTuleebSi. mravali magaliTia imisa, Tundac nacisturi germania,
sadac sxva erebis gantevebis vacis rolSi gamoyvana warmoadgenda
kulturuli Tu politikuri ideologiis nawils, romelsac erTnairad
iziarebdnen, rogorc eris liderebi, ise _ rigiTi moqalaqeebic.
 1855

• vinaidan jgufi, romelsac bralad daedo sazogadoebis

sirTuleebSi, gamodis gantevebis vacis rolSi, xdeba mis mimarT
Zaladobis gamarTleba. Zaladobis calkeul incidentebs mivyavarT
msoflio samarTlianobaze fiqramde (Lerner, 1980) anu
mosazrebebamde imis Taobaze, rom vinaidan Cven samarTlian
samyaroSi vcxovrobT, daCagrulma xalxma raRac unda
moimoqmedos, rom Zaladobas Tavi daaRwios. ase magaliTad,
nacisturi epoqis germanelebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom
ebraelebi imsaxurebdnen Tavis xvedrs im zianis gamo, rac maT
germaniis saxelmwifos miayenes.
• Zaladobas, agreTve, safuZvlad edeba sakuTari Tavis
gamarTlebis survili – misi SeCereba niSnavs aRiaro, rom misi
wamowyeba, TavisTavad, iyo mcdari. metic, rodesac esa Tu is reJimi
Zaladobas mimarTavs, sxvaTa dumili aRiqmeba Tanxmobad, rom
misi qmedebebi samarTliania. aseT
SemTxvevasTan gvqonda saqme im “eTnikuri wmendiT” gamowveul
xocvaJletisas, romelsac adgili hqonda 1991 wels iugoslaviis daSlis
 1856

Semdeg, rodesac, miuxedavad masmediaSi farTo gaSuqebisa,

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio Tanamegobroba araviTar
zomebs ar iRebda.

gaanvixiloT kambojis magaliTi (Hinton 1996). situacia Seqmna

cxovrebis mZime pirobebma: XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos
qveyanaSi Seiqmna mZime ekonomikuri viTareba, rasac daerTo
dabombvebi, romlebsac aSS vietnamis winaaRmdeg axorcielebda da mis
mezobel kambojazec aisaxeboda. axalma reJimma daiwyo gantevebis
vacis Zieba da isini iqcnen kidec ukiduresi Zaladobis samizned.
komunistebma, romlebmac 1975 wels daipyres dedaqalaqi pnom peni,
ipoves ideologiuri mtrebi, romelTa ganadgurebac aucilebeli iyo, raTa
aSenebuliyo axali sazogadoeba. yofili samxedro da politikuri liderebi
daapatimres da daxvrites. SemdgomSi, nel-nela gafarTovda “klasobrivi
mtris” cneba da moicva maswavleblebi, studentebi, Cinovnikebi,
profesionalebi, romlebic potenciur moRalateebad gamocxaddnen. imata
mkvlelobaTa ricxvma, vinaidan es “emsaxureboda” ideologiis
ganmtkicebas da mkafiod gansazRvruli miznis miRwevas – qveyana
 1857

unda ganTavisufldes Sinauri mtrebisgan. rogorc sxva mraval

SemTxvevaSi, msoflio Tanamegobroba arc am saqmeSi Careula.

“mtris” cneba da xati

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom genocidis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momentia
“gantevebis vacis” moZebna. igive moments SegviZlia Tvali
mivadevnoT genocidis ganxorcielebis procesSic, maSinac ki, rodesac
mizani ar aris dasaxuli jgufis totaluri ganadgureba. ganvixiloT socialisturi
sistemis rRvevis Semdeg, yofil aRmosavleT germaniaSi, nacionalur
gamokiTxvebSi asaxuli, 15-dan 20 wlamde germaneli axalgazrdebis
sakmaod negatiuri ganwyobebi polonelebisa da Turqebis mimarT. am
ganwyobilebebis safuZveli, rogorc aRmoCnda, iyo kulturuli da
ekonomikuri konkurenciis SiSi (Watts, 1996) anu gaCnda eWvi, rom
polonelebi da Turqebi ikaveben samuSao adgilebs, riTac xels uwyoben
komunizmidan demokratiaze gadasvlis process da Semosavlis gareSe
toveben germanel axalgazrdebs. ekonomikuri safrTxis aseTi aRqma
 1858

esadageba im models, romelic Cven zemoT ukve aRvwereT:

crurwmenebi da diskriminaciis ganxorcielebisadmi mzadyofna
spontanurad ar xorcieldeba; is moiTxovs iseT socialur garemos, romelic
xels uwyobs rwmenas, rom “mteri” iTvisebs isedac mwir resursebs. es ki
warmoSobs safuZvels ZaladobisaTvis.
rodesac reJimi “mters” gantevebis vacis rols moargebs, iwyeba misi
“dehumanizacia”. igi cdilobs, xalxi miiyvanos im azramde, rom mtris
arahumanuri jgufi saZulvelia da unda ganadgurdes. dehumanizaciis es
procesi gansakuTrebiT saSiSia omis warmoebis dros. kulturebis
umravlesoba individualur agresias ganixilavs, rogorc danaSauls,
saxelmwifoebi milionobiT jariskacs avarjiSeben mkvlelobis CadenaSi.
saxelmwifo liderebis amocanaa aseTi saxis mkvlelobebs saxe ucvalos da
patriotul qmedebad aqcios (Harle, 2000; Keen, 1986). es masobrivi
socialuri zegavlena nawilobriv moicavs mowinaaRmdegis jariskacebis
dehumanizaciasa daa maaT gadaqcevas “mtrad”. am dehumanizacias,
mtris cocxal ferebSi warmosaxviT, politikuri ritorika da masmedia
agvirgvinebs. rogorc veteranebi aRniSnaven, omSi yvelaze
 1859

mniSvnelovani iaraRi ki ar aris, aramed _ “sazizRari mtris”

gaSinagnebuli xati. amgvarad, omis dros, axalgazrda jariskacebi
fsiqologiurad programirdebian mkvlelebad, swored im damaxinjebuli
saxeebiT, visac ki mTavroba mtris iarliys miawebebs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, es warmodgenebi ubralod xelovnuri xatebi ki ar
aris, aramed Rrma mentaluri xatebia, romlebsac politikosebi aRviveben
masebSi maT dasarazmad da saomrad gasaSvebad.
amis cocxali magaliTia is procesi, romelsac aSS ganuwyvetliv
axorcielebda, rodesac sadam huseins hitlers adarebda, 1990 wlis
sparseTis yureSi gaCaRebuli omis konteqstSi (Voss et al., 1992). am
kavSiris sazogadoebis gonebaSi CabeWdviT, prezident jorj buSs da sxva
politikur liderebs saSualeba eZleodaT, brZolisaken moewodebinaT
amerikelTa didi masebisaTvis. rodesac “huseini” iqca “hitlerad”, ufro
advili gaxda msjeloba aqtiuri samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis
Sesaxeb.

ratom midian adamianebi omSi?

 1860

rodesac saxelmwifos liderebi omis dawyebas apireben, isini

acnobiereben, rom amas, SesaZloa, negatiuri Sedegebi moyves.
Tanamedrove omi, meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, aRar
iTvaliswinebs mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dandobas. es xdeba im mizniT,
rom “gatexon xalxis neba”. maSinac ki, rodesac omi dasaxlebuli
punqtebidan moSorebiT warmoebs, ise, rogorc es sparseTis yuris omis
dros xdeboda, mas mainc moyveba msxverpli orive mxridan. rogor unda
moaxdinos mTavrobam an sxva jgufebma imis dasabuTeba, rom oms
imdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom 2-aseTi msxverpli/ 1-
gamarTlebulia? umetes SemTxvevaSi, aseT kiTxvebze pasuxs istoriis
gakveTilebze viRebT: qveynebi imitom ibrZvian, rom – Cven ase
viswavleT – daicvan Tavisi teritoria, sakuTaro xalxi an Tavisi
ekonomikuri interesebi. am paragrafSi ganvixilavT im mniSvnelovan
fsiqologiur faqtorebs, romlebsac individi miyavs gadawyvetilebamde –
miiRos omSi monawileoba.
Cven SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva: ratom swiraven adamianebi Tavs
samSoblosaTvis? SesaZloa, es altruizmis ukiduresi gamovlineba iyos.
 1861

gavixsenoT zemoT aRniSnuli, rom evoluciuri midgoma ojaxis wevrebis

dacvas (anu genebis dacvas) ganixilavs, rogorc altruizmis mniSvnelovan
safuZvels. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom adamianebs “ojaxsa” da “ers”
Soris kavSiri bavSvobidan aqvT gaSinagnebuli (Stern, 1995). Cven
vlaparakobT Cvens “deda-samSobloze” an “mamasamSobloze” da varT
misi “Svilebi”. nuTu es kavSiri sakmarisia imisTvis asaxsnelad, YTu
ratom swiraven adamianebi Tavs samSoblosaTvis? nuTu adamianebi,
romlebic omSi midian, ise axdenen “socialuri realobis konstruirebas”,
rom sjeraT, samSoblos dacviT isini TavianT ojaxebs icaven? Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT, ratom aris es kiTxvebi mniSvnelovani fsiqologebisaTvis.
omis fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia SegviZlia
miviRoT im garemoebebis SeswavliT, romlebmac 1992 wels serbebi
waaqeza, ganexorcielebinaT agresiuli aqtebi da daewyoT omi bosniaSi
(White,1996). rogorc Cans, serbebi SiSobdnen, rom 1991 wels,
iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg, isini bosniaSi devnil umciresobaSi
aRmoCndebodnen. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom ganxeTqilebis dros
 1862

umciresobis aseT SiSs sakmao safuZveli aqvs. ai, britaneli Jurnalistis

mier
Cawerili sityvebi, romelic erT-erT bosniel serb policiels ekuTvnis
(Glenny, 1994; citirebulia, White, 1996, p111):

man daadastura dakvirvebebi, romlebic me Tavadac gavakeTe yvela

erovnebis adgilobriv mebrZolebTan saubrisas: is ar iyo boroti adamiani.
piriqiT, man ganmarta kidec, rogor uWirda srola soflis meore mxares,
sadac yvela iqaur mcxovrebs icnobda. magram es omi raRacnairad
daatydaT Tavs da mas unda daecva Tavisi saxli. kaci SeSfoTebuli da
dabneuli iyo movlenebiT, magram axla is mwvane beretebs
(musulmanebi) da ustaSebs (xorvatebi) sakuTari ojaxisTvis realur
safrTxed aRiqvamda.
“Cven maT uflebas ar mivcemT, rom aq musulmanuri saxelmwifo
Seqmnan” _ gulwrfelad ganacxada man. “Tqven gesmiT, ra undaT
maT”? _ vkiTxe me mas. “ra Tqma unda, me mesmis, Tqven ucxoelebs
ki, rogor ar gesmiT is, rom Cven aq ucxo religias vebrZviT, evropis
gamo”.
 1863

am mosalodneli devnisTvis daswrebis gamo, serbebs eadvilebodaT

sakuTri Tavis ucodvelebad warmodgena maSinac ki, rodesac agresiuli
moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes. maTi fsiqologiuri Tvalsawieridan,
isini iyvnen ara agresorebi, aramed _ msxverplebi. konfliqtis
gamwvavebasTan erTad, serbi liderebi, iseTebi, rogoric slobodan
miloSeviCi iyo, serb xalxSi aRvivebdnen “devnis manias”, raTa
ganemtkicebinaT rwmena, rom maT samarTlianad wamoiwyes omi.
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi isini ubralo mkvlelebad iqcnen, xeli
mihyves “eTnikur wmendas”, raTa moeSorebinaT “mdevnelebi”. Cven
vnaxeT, rogori didi surviliT midiodnen adamianebi omSi, raTa daecvaT
sakuTari Tavi realuri Tu warmosaxuli mtrebisgan, an im mtrebisgan,
romlebsac maTi liderebi qmnidnen.
daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamovitanoT am analizidan, sul mcire,
dRevandeli dRisTvis, aris is, rom saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad erTvebian
omSi gabatonebis an dapyrobis mizniT. rogorc Cans, isini
darwmunebulebi arian _ maSinac ki, rodesac danarCeni msoflio maT
 1864

agresorebs uwodebs _ rom icaven im mniSvnelovan interesebs, rac

aucilebelia maTi gadarCenisa da individualobis
SenarCunebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, qveynebi milionobiT individebisagan
Sedgebian da maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma sakmarisad unda
gaiSinagnos im safrTxis safasuri, romelsac warmoadgens survili –
samSoblos Seswiros sakuTari sicocxle. rac ar unda “obieqturad”
CaiTvalos omis dawyebis mizezebi, nebismieri istoriuli analizis
mixedviT, es mxolod individualuri Zalebis urTierTqmedebaa, romelic
ubiZgebs adamianebs, medgrad daudgnen omis gansacdels.
amrigad, am paragrafSi Cven ganvixileT ramdenime gza, romlis
meSveobiTac fsiqologiuri Zalebi qmnian saTanado konteqsts omisaTvis
da im saSineleblebisaTvis, romlebic amave konteqstSi savsebiT
mizanSewonilad gveCveneba. “fsiqologia da cxovrebis” bolo paragrafSi
Cven mivubrundebiT mSvidobis Semswavleli fsiqologebis mcdelobas,
gamoiyenon fsiqologiuri Zalebi, raTa xeli Seuwyon mSvidobian
Tanaarsebobas.
 1865

mSvidobis fsiqologia zemoT Catarebul analizs axla meore mxridan

mivudgeT da vnaxoT, rogor SegviZlia socialuri fsiqologiis gamoyenebiT
mSvidobis SenarCuneba. fsiqologias unikaluri saSualebebi gaaCnia im
sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor unda gadaiWras nacionaluri Tu
internacionaluri disharmoniis problemebi. amerikis fsiqologTa asociacias
gaaCnia mSvidobis fsiqologiis ganyofileba. es ganyofileba muSaobs
erebs, Temebsa da ojaxebs Soris mSvidobis SenarCunebis problemebze.
is xels uwyobs kvlevebsa da ganaTlebas am sferoSi, saTanado
gamocemebiT, romlebic exeba Zaladobis mizezebs, damangreveli
konfliqtebis Sedegebsa da maTTvis Tavis aridebis gzebs. Cven
ganvixilavT or magaliTs, Tu rogor SeuZlia fsiqologias, dagvexmaros am
miznebis miRwevaSi.
• mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) – atomuri omis
prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.
 1866

liderobisa da mmarTvelobis formebis analizi zogierTi adreuli

mecnieruli kvleva, romlebsac axla Cven mSvidobis fsiqologiis sferos
mivakuTvnebT, ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli movlenebiT, romelTa
kulminacias meore msoflio omi warmoadgenda. socialuri fsiqologebi
cdilobdnen, Cawvdomodnen im kanonzomierebebs, Tu rogor xdeboda
zogierTi liderisa Tu marTvelis amotivtiveba, romlebic esoden did
gavlenas axdendnen jgufebis qcevebze. ra fsiqologiuri iZulebiT SeiZleba
aixsnas germaniaSi adolf hitleris an italiaSi benito mussolinis gamoCena?
es liderebi calkeul individuumebs aqcevdnen faSisturi ideologiisadmi
usityvo erTgulebiT ganmsWvalul, morCil masad. maTi avtoritaruli
reJimebi safrTxes uqmnida demokratiasa da mSvidobas. Tanamedrove
socialuri fsiqologia ganviTarda SiSis umZimesi gancdis, crurwmenebisa
da omis wlebSi. adreuli socialuri fsiqologia yuradRebas amaxvilebda
faSisturi mentalitetis miRma mdgomi avtoritaruli pirovnebis bunebaze
(Adorno et al., 1950), propagandisa da damarwmunebeli komunikaciis
efeqtebze (Hovland et al., 1949) da jgufis wevrebze, jgufuri atmosferosa
da liderobis stilebis gavlenebze (Levin et al., 1939).
 1867

socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi pioneri iyo kurt levini (Kurt Lewin),

germaneli ltolvili fsiqologi, romelic gamoeqca nacisturi reJimis mxridan
ganxorcielebul devnas. levins ar SeeZlo, daxmareba, magram mas
ainteresebda, Tu ratom daemorCila misi eri ase totalurad faSisturi
diqtaturis avtoritarul tiranias. is TviTon eswreboda aTiaTasian Sekrebebs,
sadac adamianebi fiurers RrialiT eficebodnen erTgulebas. es iyo
SemaZrwunebeli nimuSi jgufis im dinamiuri Zalebisa, romelic
gardaqmnis, rogorc individis gonebasa da qcevebs, ise _ mis unars,
gavlena miaxdinos masebze. levini ikvlevda jgufis dinamikas –
saSualebebs, romlebiTac liderebi uSualod zemoqmedeben TavianT
mimdevrebze da im meqanizmebsac, romlebiTac jgufuri procesebi cvlian
individis qcevas.
1939 wels levinma da misma kolegebma moifiqres da Caatares
eqsperimenti, raTa SeeswavlaT gansxvavebuli stilis liderobis gavlena
jgufis funqcionirebaze. maT surdaT, gaerkviaT, rodis arian adamianebi
ufro bednierni da produqtiulni, avtoritaruli Tu demokratiuli liderobis
pirobebSi. am miznis misaRwevad, mkvlevarebma Seqmnes sami
 1868

eqsperimentuli jgufi, dauniSnes maT gansxvavebuli tipis liderebi da

akvirdebodnen am jgufebis aqtivobebs. eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi iyvnen
10 wlis biWebi (romlebic oTx patara jgufad gaaerTianes), romlebic
erTmaneTs skolis Semdeg xvdebodnen. jgufis liderebis rolSi
gamodiodnen/rols asrulebdnen mamakacebi, romlebmac winaswar
gaiares treiningi liderobis samive stilis Sesabamisi rolis SesrulebaSi,
jgufebSi ki xdeboda maTi rotacia.

• jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) – im jgufuri procesebis kvleva,

romlebic cvlian individebis funqcionirebas.

rodesac isini iqceodnen, rogorc avtokratuli liderebi, sakuTar Tavze

iRebdnen yvela gadawyvetilebis miRebas da davalebebis ganawilebas
ise, rom TviTon ar monawileobdnen jgufis aqtivobebSi. demokratiuli
liderebis rolSi isini xels uwyobdnen jgufis mier gadawyvetilebebis
miRebas da jgufTan erTad gegmavdnen davalebebs. anarqiuli lideris
(laissez-faire leader) rolSi ki jgufs srul Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen da,
faqtobrivad, ar erTvebodnen mis aqtivobaSi.
 1869

saidan viciT
liderobis stilis efeqtebi eqsperimentis Sedegebma SesaZlebeli gaxada
mTeli rigi ganzogadebebi. pirveli, avtokratulma liderebma gamoavlines
jgufis wevrebze gavlenis Sereuli efeqti, nawilobriv dadebiTi, nawilobriv
ki uaryofiTi. biWebi dro da dro kargad muSaobdnen – mxolod maSin,
rodesac lideri maT Tvalyurs adevnebda, amasTan iqceodnen, rogorc
namdvili “bosebi”. maT gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebdaT agresiulobis
maRali done. es biWebi 30-jer ufro met mtrulobas avlendnen, vidre
sxva stilis liderobis dros/SemTxvevaSi. isini iTxovdnen met
yuradRebas, metad anadgurebdnen qonebas da metad iyenebdnen
sxvebs gantevebis vacad frustraciisa da gabrazebis dros.
ukeTesi Sedegebi arc anarqiuli liderebis jgufSi iyo. maTi Sedegebi arc
Tu ise kargi aRmoCnda. maTi saqmianoba ar iyo warmatebuli,
produqtiuloba ki Zalze dabali da uxarisxo iyo. vinaidan jgufs araviTari
struqtura ar hqonda, isini ubralod uazrod moqmedebdnen. magram
rodesac igive cdis pirebi demokratiuli lideris gavlenis qveS eqceodnen,
isini Zalze stabilurad da maRali warmadobiT Sromobdnen. biWebi
 1870

avlendnen Zalze did interess, motivacias da SemoqmedebiT unars.

rodesac wamoiWreboda ukmayofileba, SesaZlebeli iyo misi Riad
gamoxatva. TiTqmis yvela biWma upiratesoba liderobis demokratiul
stils mianiWa. am stilma xeli Seuwyo jgufisadmi loialobas da
megobrobis aRmocenebas. aseT jgufebSi ufro meti iyo urTierTSeqeba,
megobruli SeniSvnebi, urTierTgaziareba da mxiaruleba (Lewin,et al.,
1939).

marTvis demokratiulma stilma aCvena Tavisi fsiqologiuri upiratesoba

jgufuri atmosferos sxva formebTan SedarebiT da bevrad maRali
produqtiulobac. demokratiuli stilis liderebi jgufis wevrebSi aRvivebdnen
ufro jansaR reaqciebs maSin, rodesac avtokratuli liderebi jgufSi ufro
destruqciul individualur reaqciebs iwvevdnen.
levinis mier sacdel klasebSi miRebuli Sedegebi, rogorc Cans,
Seesabameba realur cxovrebaSi arsebul viTarebas. ar unda dagvaviwydes
is daskvna, rom avtokratuli liderobis stils mohyveba mtruli urTierTobebis
zrda. msgavsi magaliTebi Cven realur cxovrebaSic SegviZlia vnaxoT.
 1871

Sesabamisi tipis mTavrobebi iwveven democids – genocids da masobrivi

mkvlelobebis sxva formebs
(Rummel,1994). Tu SexedavT 18.7 suraTs, dainaxavT, rom totalitaruli
reJimebi, rogoricaa komunisturi ruseTi da CineTi, pasuxismgeblebi arian
uzarmazari raodenobiT adamianebis ganadgurebaze. avtoritaruli
mTavrobebi, rogoricaa aidi aminis reJimi ugandaSi, naklebad
sisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda. Tumca, demokratiul mTavrobebsac mTlad
ucodvelebs ver vuwodebT, mmarTvelobis es forma mainc yvelaze nakleb
sisxlismRvrelad unda CaiTvalos. suraTi 18.7, aseve, gviCvenebs omebSi
daRupulTa raodenobebs. Tqven unda SeamCnioT, rom avtoritarul Tu
totalitarul reJimebSi, mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sikvdilis aseTi
raodenoba modis ara saomar moqmedebebze, aramed masobrivi
mkvlelobebis sxva kampaniebze.

totaluri democidi
saerTaSoriso omi
me-20=e saukuneSi daxocili milionobiT adamiani
demokratiuli avtoritaruli totalitaruli
 1872

sur. 18.7. reJimebis tipebi da democidi

totalitaruli reJimebi metad mimarTaven democids (genocidsa da
masobrivi mkvlelobebis sxva formebs). omis msxverplTa raodenobaTa
Sedareba aCvenebs, rom mTavrobebis gamo, mSvidobian dros, bevrad
ufro meti adamiani iRupeba, vidre omis dros.
ideologiuri mosazrebebis miRma, rodesac mmarTvelobis demokratiuli
sistemebi Tavis adgilzea, msoflios naklebi sawuxari aqvs, raTa
mcirericxovani elitis mier ar iqnas gamoyenebuli Zala, rasac
momakvdinebeli Sedegebi SeiZleba moyves.
Tumca, imasac unda mieqces yuradReba, rom amiT sulac ar
igulisxmeba, rom demokratiuli reJimebi sxvebze iSviaTad erTvebian
omSi. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom erTi demokratia iSviaTad eomeba meores
(Maoz & Abdolali, 1989). kvlevebma daadastura, rom demokratiuli
gamgeblobis qveS myofi qveynebis moqalaqeni naklebad iwoneben Zalis
gamoyenebas meore demokratiis winaaRmdeg, mmarTvelobis sxva
formebTan SedarebiT.

saidan viciT
 1873

sanqcionirebis roli saerTaSoriso krizisebis

gadawyvetaSi
cdis pirebma waikiTxes saerTaSoriso krizisis
aRwera, romelic modelirebuli iqna im krizisis
mixedviT, romlis Sedegadac daiwyo omi sparseTis
yureSi. erTi eri SeiWra meore eris saxelmwifoSi,
raTa gadaeWra uranis gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebuli konfliqti. aRweris erTi versia
(arapirdapiri, qveynis dasaxelebis gareSe)
Tavdamsxmel qveyanas demokratiul qveynad
axasiaTebda: SeWra Sefasebuli iyo, “rogorc
demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi, romelic
parlamentis wevrTa umravlesobam miiRo (opoziciis
CaTvliT)”. aseve, arapirdapiri meore versia
Tavdamsxmel qveyanas arademokratiuli reJimis
mqoned axasiaTebda: “gadawyvetileba Tavdasxmis
Sesaxeb miRebuli iqna policiuri qveynis samxedro
diqtatoris mier, xalxis nebis gauTvaliswineblad”.
cdis pirebs ori demokratiuli qveynidan – aSS-dan da
israelidan – sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad
iwonebdnen “Zalis gamoyenebas” – sazRvao
SeWras. vinaidan scenarebi, sxva danarCeni maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT
erTnairi iyo, cdis pirebi Zalze uxalisod daeTanxmnen Zalis
 1874

gamoyenebis sanqcionirebas (aSS-s an israelis mier) im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac is demokratiuli qveynis winaaRmdeg unda yofiliyo mimarTuli
(Mintz & Geva,
1993).
rodesac demokratiul sazogadoebaSi cxovrob, garkveulwilad, sxva
demokratiuli sazogadoebebis imedi gaqvs da amdenad ufro giZneldeba
maT winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebaze ifiqro. politikosebsac, aseve,
uZneldebaT Zalis gamoyenebaze fiqri, raTa sakuTari moqalaqeebis saxiT
ar Seiqmnan opozicia.
saerTo daskvna, romelic liderobis formebTan dakavSirebuli cdebidan
SegviZlia gamovitanoT, isaa, rom demokratia yvelaze kargad
“muSaobs”. am daskvnamde mivediT im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT,
romlebic Caatares patara jgufebzec (patara bavSvebis jgufi) da Zalian
didzec (mTeli qveyana). es codna, Tqvenc unda miusadagoT Tqvens
cxovrebaSi arsebul mcire da did jgufebs.

wamaxalisebeli kontaqtebis roli konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi

dapirispirebis mravali saxeoba, romelic konfliqtebsa da Zaladobas aZlevs
 1875

dasabams, sakmaod Zvelia. magaliTad, serbebs, romlebmac omi

awarmoes bosniaSi, gandevnis SiSi jer kidev 1389 wels kosovos velze
Catarebuli brZolidan moyvebodaT. ra unda gakeTdes aseT
SemTxvevaSi? am problemisadmi mSvidobis fsiqologebis midgoma
iseTivea, rogoric crurwmenebis sxva formebisadmi zemoT aRvwereT:
adamianebi unda gaerTiandnen, rac xels Seuwyobs urTierT ndobis zrdas
da saerTo miznebis dasaxvas.
magaliTad, aseTi midgoma dRes CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gamoiyeneba.
kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris urTierTobebis daTbobis mizniT, 1989
wlidan didma britaneTma daiwyo Temebis daaxloebis programis
dafinanseba, romlis mizania “TemTaSorisi urTierTobebisa da kooperaciis
ganviTareba; ormxrivi urTierTgagebisa da gansxvavebuli kulturuli
tradiciebisadmi pativiscemis zrda” (Knox, 1994, p.600). yvela Crdilo-
irlandiur politikur gaerTianebas ar ukisria am programis Sesruleba, ramac
mkvlevarebs saSualeba misca, Sedarebis safuZvelze, moexdinaT
programis efeqtianobis Sefaseba. es Sefaseba miuTiTebs, rom aris mcire
progresi. oTxi wlis manZilze warmatebad unda CaiTvalos im pirTa
 1876

raodenobis Semcireba, romlebic kaTolikeebis mimarT gamoxatavdnen

crurwmenebs (Knox, 1994). CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mdgomareobis
gamosworebis kidev erTi mcdeloba exeba skolis moswavleebs (Cairns et
al., 1995). am dazaralebul raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis umetesoba
dadis skolebSi, sadac umkacresi segregacia xdeba religiuri mrwamsis
mixedviT. asea Tu ise, bolo oci wlis manZilze gaixsna skolebi, sadac
protestanti da kaTolike moswavleebi erTad swavloben. am siaxlem ukve
uzrunvelyo mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romelTa gamoc TemTaSorisi
daaxloebis process ukve SeuZlia politikuri Rirebulebebis Canacvleba.
amdenad, seriozuli daskvna _ rogorc TemTaSoris, aseve calkeuli skolebis
doneze – romlis gakeTebac SeiZleba, isaa, rom mTavrobebs SeuZliaT (da
unda gaakeTon kidec) TavianTi SesaZleblobebis FfarTod gamoyeneba,
saerTo miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli ormxrivi kontaqtebisaTvis
pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
axla mivubrundeT msoflios erT-erT mTavar satkivars – axlo
aRmosavleTs – raTa aRvweroT israel – palestinis erToblivi samuSao
 1877

Sexvedrebis is programa, romelic, SemoTavazebuli iyo fsiqolog herbert

kelmanisa (Herbert Kelman, 1997,
1999) da misi kolegebis mier. ukve ramdenime weliwadia, rac kelmani
samuSao Sexvedrebze iwvevs palestinelebsa da ebraelebs, sadac isini
regionSi arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis interaqtiul procesSi iyvnen
CarTulni, iseTi konfliqturi problemis CaTvliT, rogoricaa okupirebul
teritoriebze ebrauli dasaxlebebis mSeneblobis sakiTxi. am procesSi
monawileobis aucilebeli piroba iyo monawileTa xelSeuxeblobis dacva da
konfidencialoba; aseve, Ria da analitikuri diskusiebis Catarebis
aucilebloba. garda amisa,Mmonawileebi, darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom
maTze araviTari zewola ar ganxorcieldeboda ama Tu im SeTanxmebis
misaRwevad. mesame mxris warmomadgenlebi SexvedrebSi
monawileobdnen, rogorc saubris fasilitatorebi, magram ar
Suamavlobdnen mxareebs Soris.
kelmanis jgufma es Sexvedrebi maSin wamoiwyo, rodesac saerTod
laparakic ki ar iyo israel – palestinis molaparakebebze. Sexvedrebze iseTi
garemo iyo Seqmnili, rom mxareebs uSualo Sexvedrebis saSualeba
 1878

hqondaT, rac urTierTgagebas uwyobda xels. metic, Sexvedrebis

dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs saSualeba hqondaT, SemuSavebuli
Sexedulebebi ufro farTod gamoeyenebinaT realur politikur arenaze.
faqtobrivad, kelmanma (1997), ganaxorciela is, rac oslos 1993 wlis
samSvidobo molaparakebebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, Sexvedrebis
ramdenime monawile uSualod CaerTo mSvidobis damyarebis procesSi.
jer jerobiT, arc CrdiloeT irlandiasa da arc axlo aRmosavleTSi ar
Sewyvetila Zaladoba, orive regionSi arsebobs saomari suliskveTebiT
ganmsWvaluli jgufebi, TavianTi politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu religiuri
gegmebiT, rac xels uwyobs Zaladobasa da segregacias; es ki, Tavis
mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba integraciasa da mSvidobis damyarebis process.
magram, miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad mopovebuli
daskvnebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba xels uwyobs mSvidobis damyarebis
impulsebis gaZlierebas. es Sedegebi imdenad STambeWdavia, rom
fsiqologebi – es “Zalzed optimisturi jgufi” _ kvlavac agrZelebs Tavis
Zalisxmevas. Sejameba crurwmenebisa da marTvis resursebis
kombinacias gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi moaqvs. morCilebis Seswavlis
 1879

milgremiseul kvlevebs meore msoflio omTan dakavSirebulma

movlenebma misca biZgi. am kvlevebma daamtkica, rom socialuri Zalebi
– metad, vidre dispoziciuri Zalebi _ iwveven avtoritetisadmi morCilebas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom milgremis cdis pirebis umetesoba sityvierad
ewinaaRmdegeboda avtoritets, qceviT is mainc avlenda misdami
morCilebas. ekonomikuri krizisebis dros, adamianebi eZeben da
pouloben jgufebs, romlebic gamodian “gantevebis vacis” rolSi da
romlebic sabolood, masobrivi mkvlelobebis samizneebi xdebian. liderebi
xSirad cdiloben mtris dehumanizacias. adamianebi, romlebic omSi
midian, xSirad amas realuri an warmosaxuli safrTxis arsebobasTan
dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis safuZvelze akeTeben. mSvidobis
Semswavleli fsiqologebi dainteresebulni arian im individualuri da
kulturuli Zalebis SeswavliT, romlebic aRviveben oms, an xels uwyoben
mSvidobis damyarebas. liderobis stilebisa da marTvis formebis
Seswavlam daadastura mosazreba, rom demokratiis gafarToeba msoflio
sazogadoebas sargeblobas moutans. farTo nabijebi mSvidobisken
gadadgmuli unda iqnas im programebis meSveobiT, romlebic xels
 1880

uwyoben didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris

urTierTobebsa da problemis gadaWras.

avtoris bolosityvaoba
Cven davasruleT mogzauroba, romelSic “fsiqologia da cxovreba”
gvexmareboda. Tu dafiqrdebiT, imedi gvaqvs, naTlad warmoidgenT, Tu
ramdeni ram iswavleT am mogzaurobisas. da mainc, Cven mxolod
zedapirulad SevexeT im rTul problemebs., romlebic fsiqologiiT
dainteresebul students elis win. vimedovnebT, rom gayvebiT Tqven
interess da, metic, SesaZloa, Tqveni wvlilic ki SeitanoT fsiqologiis
ganviTarebaSi, rogorc mecnierma mkvlevarma an praqtikosma
klinicistma, an kidev fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyenebiT gadawyvitoT
socialuri da pirovnuli problemebi.
dramaturgi tom stopardi Segvaxsenebs, rom “saidanme gasvla, sadme
Sesvlasac niSnavs”. gvinda virwmunoT, rom Tqveni cxovrebis
momdevno fazaSi Sesvlas, yovelive isic gagiadvilebT, rac am wignidan
iswavleT. am axali mogzaurobis dros, SesaZloa, Tqvenc STaberoT axali
 1881

sicocxle adamianebis miswrafebaTa fsiqologias, Tundac imiT, rom xeli

SeuwyoT adamianebs Soris urTierTobebisa da kavSirebis gaZlierebas.

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
• mkvlevarebma scades aexsnaT, Tu ratom axorcieleben adamianebi
prosocialur, kerZod, altruistul qcevebs maSinac ki, rodesac es maT
interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
• evoluciuri midgoma xazs usvams memkvidreobas da ormxrivobas.
• adamianebi, aseve, imitom axorcieleben prosocialur qcevebs, rom
ikmayofileben sakuTar interess _ emsaxuron sazogadoebas da daicvan
socialuri principebi.
• mowmis Carevis kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom situacia mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs imas, safrTxis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCenili iqneba Tu ara
daxmareba.

agresia
• evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT, agresiuli qcevebi xorcieldeba imitom, rom
adamianebs surT gazardon sakuTari genebis dacvis SesaZlebloba.
 1882

• agresiaSi individualuri gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia rogorc

genetikur memkvidreobasan, aseve, tvinis Hhormonalur
funqcionirebasTan.
• gansxvavebuli pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi saSualebas gvaZlevs,
viwinaswarmetyveloT impulsuri an instrumentuli agresiisadmi
midrekilebebi.
• Tumca, arsebobs agresiuli qcevebis Semakavebeli faqtorebi, situacia
gansazRvravs adamianebis swraf agresiul reagirebas.
• frustracias SeuZlia agresiamde migviyvanos; uSualo gaRizianebam,
SesaZloa, moaxdinos agresiis donis eskalacia.
• gansxvavebul kulturebSi agresiuli qcevis gansxvavebuli normebia
fiqsirebuli, romlebic, nawilobriv, warmoadgenen “me”-s kulturul
Semadgenlebs. crurwmenebi
• xSirad uneburma minimalurma maCveneblebmac ki SeiZleba biZgi
miscen crurwmenebs da sazogadoeba daiyos “Sida” da “gare” jgufebad.
• stereotipebi gavlenas axdens adamianebis mier qcevebisa da,
saerTod, informaciis Sefasebebze.
 1883

• mkvlevarebma gamoavlines crurwmenebis Secvlis faqtorebi iseTi

situaciebis SeqmniT, sadac gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi
TanamSromlobdnen saerTo miznebis misaRwevad.
• kroskulturuli kvlevebi aseve, miuTiTebs, rom megobroba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs crurwmenebis daZlevaSi. konfliqtisa da
mSvidobis fsiqologia
• milgremis morCilebasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi iZleva
mniSvnelovan sabuTs, rom situaciuri faqtorebis gavleniT Cveulebrivi
adamianebi SeiZleba mividnen agresiis aqtebis sanqcionirebasa da masSi
monawileobamde.
• crurwmenebis moqmedebis msgavsma xangrZlivma procesebma
SeiZleba migviyvanos masobriv mkvlelobebamde da genocidamde.
• liderebi qmnian humanurobisgan daclil mtris xatebs.
• adamianebi Tavs swiraven samSoblosaTvis TavianTi ojaxebisa da
jgufebisaTvis, saSiSroebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis pasuxad.
• mSvidobis fsiqologebi eZeben gzebs, raTa Sewyviton erebs Soris
dapirispireba da mtroba.
 1884

• demokratiuli sazogadoebebi, sul mcire, ar amarTleben masobriv

mkvlelobebs.
• tradiciul “mtrebs” Soris urTierTobebis xelSemwyobi programebma,
SesaZloa, mSvidobis miRwevis safuZvlebi Seamzadon. ZiriTadi cnebebi
agresia altruizmi mowmis Careva kontaqtis hipoTeza moTxovnadi
maxasiaTeblebi pasuxismgeblobis difuzia frustracia – agresiis hipoTeza
genocidi jgufuri dinamika impulsuri agresia
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba Sidajgufi instrumentuli agresia “asawyobi
suraTebis” klasebi garejgufebi mSvidobis fsiqologia crurwmena
prosocialuri qcevebi rasizmi ormxrivi altruizmi seqsizmi
socialuri kategorizacia stereotipebi
1885