GENERAL CHEMISTRY

CHEM-110 CHEMICAL BONDING

Lewis Theory: 10.1 – 10.6
V.S.E.P.R.: 10.7 – 10.8
V l
Valence B
Bond
d Th
Theory: 11
11.1-11.2
1 11 2
Hybridization: 11.3 -11.4
M.O. Theory: 11.5-11.6
CHEMICAL BONDING
Metallic Bonding Metallic Bonding: 11.7

METALLIC PROPERTIES
Key Features of Metals
Luster or reflectivity
Few valence e- – many empty
High electrical conductivity orbitals
High thermal conductivity
Na
Malleability & ductility
3s 3p
Electronic emission

Key Features of Metals ELECTRON-SEA MODEL

Metals in crystals surrounded by
many neighbouring atoms

1
 Coulomb’s Law Na Mg Al

m.p. (°C) 97.5 651 659

+ – b.p. ((°C)
C) 889 1120 2357

k Q1 Q 2
E=
d

METALLIC PROPERTIES

Luster or reflectivity
Since electrons are not localized within a
High electrical conductivity
bond of a particular energy, they can
High thermal conductivity absorb and emit light of all frequencies
Malleability & ductility
Electronic emission

METALLIC PROPERTIES
Luster or reflectivity
High electrical conductivity
High thermal conductivity
Malleability & ductility
Electronic emission
ELECTRON-SEA MODEL
Luster or reflectivity
High electrical conductivity
High thermal conductivity
Malleability & ductility
Electronic emission

2
 Electrical Conductivity

Pb 1.0
Since electrons are not localized within a
bond, they are extremely mobile Cgraphite 0.016
S 0.0000000000000000000001

Does electrical conductivity increase
or decrease with increasing
temperature?
Decrease
At higher temperatures, the
increased vibration of the positive
ions interferes with the motion of
the electrons
ELECTRON-SEA MODEL
Luster or reflectivity
High electrical conductivity
High thermal conductivity
Malleability & ductility
Electronic emission

Electrons in hot regions migrate to METALLIC PROPERTIES

cooler regions and transfer their Luster or reflectivity
energy to the crystal lattice High electrical conductivity

Electrical and thermal conductivity High thermal conductivity

parallel one another Malleability & ductility

Electronic emission

3
 Metals
Malleable

Ductile

METALLIC PROPERTIES
Ionic Crystal
Luster or reflectivity
High electrical conductivity
High thermal conductivity
Malleability & ductility
Electronic emission

Since electrons are not localized within a BAND THEORY

bond, they are extremely mobile
Atomic orbitals in metallic crystal
mix to form bands of closely
spaced metallic orbitals

Photovoltaic (solar) cell

4
 2s
ENERGY BAND
ergy

ergy
Ene

Ene
2s VALENCE BAND

Na Na2 Na3 Na4 Nan Nan

ergy

ergy
Ene

Ene

2s

Na
Half-filled 2s valence band

Mg Mg2 Mg3 Mg4 Mgn

CONDUCTION BAND
ergy

ergy

VALENCE BAND
Ene

Ene

Mg
Filled 2s valence band

Mgn

5
 ergy

ergy
Ene

Ene
CONDUCTION BAND

VALENCE BAND VALENCE BAND

CONDUCTOR CONDUCTOR

CONDUCTION BAND

CONDUCTION BAND
ergy

ergy
Ene

Ene

VALENCE BAND VALENCE BAND

INSULATOR SEMI-CONDUCTOR

CONDUCTION BAND
ergy

In semi-conductors the conductivity

Ene

increases with temperature.

VALENCE BAND

INTRINSIC SEMI-CONDUCTOR

6
 Blue light Blue light
e- e- e-
CONDUCTION BAND e- CONDUCTION BAND
ergy

ergy
Ene

Ene
e- e- e-
e-
VALENCE BAND VALENCE BAND

CdS CdS

Electrons in conduction band

CONDUCTION BAND
The conductivity of semi-conductors can be
ergy

Donor band
Ene

increased by doping.
VALENCE BAND

EXTRINSIC SEMI-CONDUCTOR
n-type

"Holes" (equivalent to + charges)

in valence band
Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
CONDUCTION BAND Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
ergy

Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
Ene

Acceptor band

holes
VALENCE BAND
Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
EXTRINSIC SEMI-CONDUCTOR Si Si Si Si Si Si Si
p-type

7
 Si Si Si
P 5 Valence electrons
Si Si Si
Si
Si P Si
B 3 Valence electrons
Si Si Si
Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si
Si Si
Si e- P Si Si B Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si

Si
"holes"
Si Si Si +
Si Si
Si Si
Si B Si Si B Si

Si Si Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si Si Si

8
 C C C C C C

C C C C C C
C C
C N C C e- N C

C C C C C n-type C
C C C C C C

Blue light
CONDUCTION BAND Blue

Donor band
ergy
Ene

VALENCE BAND

EXTRINSIC SEMI-CONDUCTOR
Green Red
n-type

Yellow
Green Red Nitrogen

9
 C C C C C C

C C C C +
C C
C C
C B C C B C

C C C C C p-type C
C C C C C C

"Holes" (equivalent to + charges)

in valence band
CONDUCTION BAND Blue
Red and Green
light
ergy

Acceptor band
Ene

holes
VALENCE BAND

EXTRINSIC SEMI-CONDUCTOR
Green Red
p-type

Computers, radios,
calculators, etc. require
Boron direct current

10
Electricity is normally produced

as an alternating current.

- +
+ -

p-n junction

Computers, radios,
calculators, etc. require
direct current

e-- e--
e e
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-

n p n p

+ - + -

The current stops

11
 e- e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e- -
e- e
e- e- e- -
e- - e
e-
e e-

n p n p

- + - +

The current flows

Photovoltaic (solar) cell

e- e-
- e
-
n
A p-n junction converts e- e- e- e

alternating current into direct p

current.

Load

METALLIC BONDING
KEY OBJECTIVES
e-
e- e-
- e
-
n 1. State the special physical properties of metals
e- e- e- e
and describe how the electron sea and band
p th i accountt ffor them.
theories th
2. State how conductors, semiconductors, and
e-
insulators differ and explain how band theory
explains these
Load

12
 MO THEORY
LEARNING MATERIAL
Review: Ch.11.7

Exercises: 45-48

Self-Assessment Exercises: 88, 90,97,98

Mastering Chemistry: Petrucci website

13