1

PROCESS HEAT
TRANSFER
WEEK-6
Eduardus Budi Nursanto, Ph.D
Kuis 2

 Selasa 2 Oktober 2018 (CE2)

 Rabu, 3 Oktober 2018 (CE1)
 Materi (semua bahan) sampai kuliah hari Senin, 1 Oktober 2018
 Siapkan cheat sheet 1 lembar A4 (double side), tulis tangan. Cheatsheet
digunakan untuk Kuis dan UTS
LECTURE MATERIALS of THIS WEEK 3

 Natural convection
 Types of Heat Exchanger
 Fouling Factor
 Temperature Profile in Heat Exchanger
 4

Natural Convection System

 Natural Convection 5
 The Grashof number may be interpreted physically as a dimensionless group representing
the ratio of the buoyancy forces to the viscous forces in the free-convection flow system

 The product of the Grashof and Prandtl numbers is called the Rayleigh number:
 Natural Convection 6
 Average free-convection heat-transfer coefficients can be represented in the following
functional form for a variety of circumstances:

 where the subscript f indicates that the properties in the dimensionless groups are evaluated
at the film temperature
Natural Convection 7
 Natural Convection-Isothermal Vertical Plate 8
 If the boundary-layer thickness is not large compared with the diameter of the cylinder, the
heat transfer may be calculated with the same relations used for vertical plates. The general
criterion is that a vertical cylinder may be treated as a vertical flat plate when

Equation below is better use for 109<Gr.Pr<1012

 Natural Convection-Constant Heat Flux Vertical Plate 9
 The local heat-transfer coefficients were correlated by the following relation for the laminar
range:

 For the turbulent region, the local heat-transfer coefficients are correlated with
Example-Natural Convection 10
11
Example-Natural Convection 12
Example-Natural Convection 13
Example-Natural Convection 14
 Natural Convection-Horizontal Cylinder 15
 laminar range of 10−6 <Gr Pr <109:

 Common Use (better use for 109<Gr.Pr<1012 )

Example-Horizontal Cylinder 16
Example-Horizontal Cylinder 17
Example-Horizontal Cylinder 18
 19

Types of Heat Exchanger

Heat Transfer Equipment Types

Type Service
Double pipe exchanger Heating and cooling
Shell and tube exchanger All applications
Plate heat exchanger Heating and cooling
Air cooled Cooler and condensers
Direct contact Cooling and quenching
Agitated vessel Heating and cooling
Fired heaters Heating
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

 Consists of two concentric pipes with one fluid flowing through the inner pipe while
the other fluid flowing through the annular space
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

 Consists of tube bundles enclosed in a cylindrical shell with one fluid flowing
through the tubes and the other flowing outside of the tubes
Heat Transfer Equipment in Industries

 Exchanger: heat exchanged between two process streams

 Heaters and coolers: where one stream is plant service
 Vaporizer: if a process stream is vaporized
 Reboiler: a vaporizer associated with distillation column
 Evaporator: if concentrating a solution
 Fired exchanger: if heated by combustion gases
 Unfired exchanger: not using combustion gases
 24

Fouling Factor
 Fouling Factor 25
 After a period of operation the heat-transfer surfaces for a heat exchanger may become
coated with various deposits present in the flow systems, or the surfaces may become
corroded as a result of the interaction between the fluids and the material used for
construction of the heat exchanger.
 In either event, this coating represents an additional resistance to the heat flow, and thus
results in decreased performance.
 The overall effect is usually represented by a fouling factor, or fouling resistance, Rf , which
must be included along with the other thermal resistances making up the overall heat-transfer
coefficient.
 Fouling Factor 26
 Fouling factors must be obtained experimentally by determining the values of U for both clean
and dirty conditions in the heat exchanger. The fouling factor is thus defined as
Fouling Factor 27
Fouling Factor-Example 28
Fouling Factor-Example 29
 30

Temperature Profile in Heat

Exchanger
Temperature Profile 31
Temperature Profile 32
 Temperature Profile 33
 A temperature difference is the driving force by which heat is transferred from a source to
receiver. Its influence upon a heat-transfer system which includes both a source and a
receiver is the immediate subject for study.
 To establish the temperature difference in this manner between some general temperature T
of a hot fluid and some general temperature t of a cold fluid, it is necessary to account also
for all the resistance between the two temperatures.
Temperature Profile (Kern) 34
Temperature Profile (Holman) 35
Temperature Profile (Holman) 36
Temperature Profile (Holman) 37
Temperature Profile (Holman) 38

= LMTD
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD, Kern)

Δt1 Δt2
Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)
 Relation between Parallel Flow and Counter Flow 41

 It may appear from the final form of the derivations for the two flow arrangements that there is
little to choose between the two. The examples which follow demonstrate that except where
one fluid is isothermal (such as condensing steam) there is distinct thermal disadvantage to
the use of parallel flow
LMTD-Example 1 42
LMTD-Example 1 43
LMTD-Example 1 44
LMTD-Example 2 45
LMTD-Example 2 46
LMTD-Example 2 47
 48

Double Pipe Heat

Exchangers
Introduction 49
Introduction 50
Introduction 51
Introduction 52
53
Example 1 54
Example 1 55
56