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Sif - B31.3 PDF
Sif - B31.3 PDF
PVP2014
July 20-24, 2014, Anaheim, California, USA
PVP2014-28267
ABSTRACT B31.1 has for many years used the factor 0.75i with
The 2010 version of B31.3 introduced sustained the nominal pipe bending stress when evaluating SL for
stress indices (SSI’s) in paragraph 320. Using methods bends and other components. This B31.1 calculated
in references [1],[2],[3],[4],[5], and [11], a test procedure sustained stress is compared to an allowable stress
was developed to evaluate these SSI’s for standard based on the smallest of several properties, e.g., yield
metallic piping components. The test procedure has stress, tensile stress and certain creep properties. For
been incorporated into draft versions of B31J so that the the purpose of this discussion the sustained load
sustained stress index can be produced at the same allowable stress for the B31.1 and B31.3 piping Codes
time stress intensification or flexibility factor tests are will be taken as 2/3 Sy. A simplified B31.1 sustained
performed for a particular component. This paper stress evaluation can then be described using the
describes the sustained stress index and the B31J test inequality: 0.75iM/Z < 2/3Sy.
procedure used to determine the SSI. Rodabaugh and Moore [1] discussed how this
evaluation, and the primary load analysis for piping
INTRODUCTION systems in ASME Section III NB, NC and ND is
Prior to 2010, B31.3 instructed the Code user to essentially a lower bound limit analysis of the piping
compute the stress due to sustained loads, SL, without system component. The SSI for B31.3 will be
providing an explicit equation for the calculation [17]. In established to provide essentially the same lower bound
2010, B31.3 provided equations 23a thru 23d for limit.
computation of SL. These equations require the use of a
sustained stress index (SSI). In lieu of more applicable NOMENCLATURE
data the sustained stress index recommended in the de = elastic specimen displacement calculated from
2010 version of B31.3 is a constant multiplied by the de = Fm / Ee.
stress intensification factor for in-plane and out-plane D = mean diameter of pipe
bending loads (ii, io), and is equal to 1.0 for axial and
Dnom = nominal diameter of pipe
torsional loads.
In [1], Rodabaugh and Moore describe the simpified dn = displacement at the measurement point
lower bound limit analysis basis used for primary load calculated from the elastic model of the test
evaluation of piping systems in ASME Section III. assembly used to find the elastic constant G
Collapse Factor
at each sidewall of the bend due to an in-plane bending 0.25 Gupta
moment (M) acting uniformly on the bend cross section.
A lower bound allowable collapse stress for the bend 0.2
can be approximated by limiting the sidewall 0.15
circumferential stress to 1.5Sy recognizing that strain
0.1
hardening and the needed formation of a third hinge is
not considered. 0.05
Findley – Reference [16] – gives a similar relation for 0
the in-plane collapse moment for elbows. 0 20 40 60 80 100
D/T ratio (in/in)
M 2 0.8h0.6 D2TS y Eq. 9 Figure 1: Bend In-Plane Collapse Factor
Gupta – Reference [13] – also gives an equation to Table 1: Bend Collapse Factors
predict the twice-elastic-slope moment for elbows
Equation Factor
intended to improve on the Findley [16] and Rodabaugh
[2] methods. ASME Rodabaugh [2] 0.6h2/3
Findley 0.8h0.6
D 2TS y
M2 Gupta {1+0.2/[h1.313]}-1
0.2 Eq. 10
1 1.028 0.095( Bend _ radius / Pipe _ radius) Bend collapse tests reported by Rodabaugh in
h
Reference [2] are given in Table 2 below. This table
Gupta’s equation can be simplified for long radius
contains the ratios of the tested twice-elastic-slope
bends by assuming a bend radius of 1.5Dnom so that the
moments to the calculated limit moments. The limit
bend radius divided by the pipe radius in Eq. (10) is
moment calculation estimates are less than the test limit
about 3. The bend flexibility characteristic, h, can be
moment when the values are less than 1, and the
simplified as follows (h=TR/r2):
calculated limit moments are greater than the test limit
1
TR T R D moment when the values are greater than 1. The most
h 2 2 x3 Eq. 11 accurate estimate of the test moment is given by Gupta.
r r r T
Combining Eq. (11) with (10) while factoring in the Table 2: Bend In-Plane Closing Moment Collapse
long radius bend results in Gupta’s simplified equation Tests from Reference [2] Table 4.
for the twice elastic slope moment for in-plane loading Roda
D T R B2 Gupta Findley
on bends:
6.345 0.28 9 3.68 0.956 0.744 0.509
1
M2 D 2TS y 6.193 0.43 9 2.67 0.885 0.681 0.481
0.2 Eq. 12
1 1.313 6.345 0.28 6 4.28 0.699 0.592 0.394
h
6.345 0.28 9 3.68 0.997 0.775 0.530
Gupta states that “[The equations above are] highly
simplified limit-load formulas expressed in terms relative 6.345 0.28 9 3.68 1.094 0.851 0.582
to the limit-load behavior of straight pipe.” The following 6.345 0.28 6 4.82 0.740 0.627 0.417
basic restrictions apply to the limit-load solutions:
6.193 0.43 9 2.67 1.040 0.801 0.565
Material strain-hardening is ignored.
The effects of finite deformations are ignored. 6.345 0.28 6 4.82 0.863 0.730 0.486
This may be conservative when axial loads can 6.193 0.43 6 3.5 0.735 0.567 0.390
stabilize the structure, or non-conservative if 19.5 0.47 30 5.2 1.264 1.109 0.732
buckling should occur.
Dynamic, time-dependent effects are ignored. Average 0.927 0.748 0.509
STDEV 0.179 0.157 0.103
Collapse Reduction
Table 3 1.1
20 1.02
30 1.005 1
Factor
The allowable moments from ASME Section III and 40 0.99 0.9
B31.3 for each of the test bends in Table 2 are shown in 50 0.975
0.8
75 0.9375
Table 3 ratios with the test collapse moments based on 100 0.9 0.7
the twice-elastic-slope method. The ASME Section III 120 0.87 0.6
allowable moment is approximately one-half of the test 150 0.825 0 50 100 150 200
collapse moment, while the B31.3 allowable moment is 200 0.75 D/T (in/in)
1/1.57 = 63% of the test collapse moment. Omitting the Figure 2: Straight Pipe Collapse Strength
0.75 constant from the B31.3 evaluation gives an Adjustment as a Function of D/T – Reference [11]
allowable moment closer to the ASME Section III
allowable moment. This same approximate relation is shown in Section
If the B31.3 SSI used in B31.3 Eq. 23b for elbows is III Subsection NC Note (3) of Table NC-3673.2(b)-1 for
defaulted to 0.75i, and the Stress due to Sustained each component using B2.
Loads, SL, is limited in accordance with B31.3
302.3.5(c), considering only yield stress, then the B31.3 SUSTAINED STRESS INDEX THEORY
ratio of the collapse moment to the allowed moment is The development of the sustained stress index (SSI)
1.57. If the B31.3 SSI for elbows is 1.0i instead of 0.75i, in the proposed Appendix F of B31J follows the margin
the ratio of the collapse moment to the allowed moment consistent definition in Tan and Matsen – Reference
is 2.11. The ratio of the collapse moment to the [15]. Characteristics of the approach, related to the
allowable moment in Section III is estimated in Table 3 collapse strength of straight pipe, are described below:
to be 2.02, therefore, it appears that SSI = 1.0i is the
a) Use SSI=1 (I=1) for straight pipe or straight pipe
more nearly correct solution if the same margin is
with girth butt welds. This usage provides the
desired for elbows as for straight pipe.
same limit used in the current B31 Code for
straight pipe and gives a safety factor of about 2
Table 3 – Ratio of the twice Elastic Slope Test based on the twice-elastic-slope moment criteria
Moment to the Code Allowable Moments for Test for tests on straight pipe up to a D/T of 100.
Data in Reference [2]. b) The stress due to sustained loads found from
ASME B31.3 B31.3 the B31.3 Equation (23a) is a measure of the
D Lambda Sy Matl III (0.75i) (1.0i) collapse strength of the component with respect
6.345 0.25038 50 C 1.952 1.595 2.126 to the collapse strength of straight pipe. In
accordance with B31.3 302.3.5(c) the stress
6.193 0.40549 38 C 2.065 1.608 2.144 computed in the B31.3 Equation (23a) is limited
6.345 0.16692 40 C 2.520 1.962 2.616 to Sh, which is shown in Eqs. (1-6) to be
approximately equal to the collapse strength of
6.345 0.25038 38 S 1.873 1.458 1.944 straight pipe multiplied by a safety factor. The
6.345 0.25038 38 S 1.706 1.328 1.770 maximum allowable moment for straight pipe
6.345 0.16692 36 S 2.382 1.854 2.472 found using this method should be
approximately equal to half of M2, or half of the
6.193 0.40549 35 S 1.757 1.368 1.824 moment from a twice-elastic-slope test of the
6.345 0.16692 46 C 2.043 1.590 2.12 corresponding pipe. Rodabaugh in [2] shows
6.193 0.27033 35 C 2.549 1.984 2.645 that a similar criteria is used for bends and
branch connections in the Section III NC/ND
19.5 0.14895 36 S 1.357 1.056 1.408 Codes, where β in the Rodabaugh [2] Equation
Average Separation from (2) is 1.0.
2.021 1.580 2.107
Reported Collapse Moment This approach for the stress index evaluation is
STDEV 0.380 0.295 0.393 described in Reference [13] where the recommended
stress index is given as the collapse load of the pipe
Note: (1) Other properties (T/R/B2) listed in Table 2 divided by the collapse load of the component.
Figure 6 – Bend Sustained Stress Index Setup Guidelines are provided for cases where the
specimen limit load is pressure sensitive. This can occur
with mechanical and some explosion bonded joints.
Two types of collapse mechanisms are identified in
the B31.J draft: When the load capacity test is completed
(a) those where load carrying capacity drops successfully, the sustained stress index is calculated
significantly as M2 is approached, or where loss of fluid from:
containment capacity is imminent, or significant flow
Mt
restrictions occur as M2 is approached. (This type of
collapse mechanism would be expected at a flanged
I i or I o Eq. 17
M2
joint, bimetallic joint, ball joint, explosion bonded joint, or
other coupling, or where buckling occurred.) The sustained stress index Ii, or Io cannot be less
(b) those where load capacity is constant or slightly than 1.
increasing as M2 is approached, and where loss of fluid A ten page commentary is provided with the draft
containment capacity is not imminent and significant flow B31J document. The commentary includes a theoretical
restrictions do not occur due to the load M2, nor are discussion of the basis for the lower bound limit analysis
expected to occur should the displacement at M2 be of Rodabaugh, Larsen and Moore, gives test data and
doubled. (This type of collapse mechanism would be develops the relationships between Section III B indices
expected at a welded branch connection, elbow, straight and the B31.3 SSI.
pipe, etc.)
It is recognized by the draft standard that when
collapse mechanism (a) applies, the simplified analyses
in an elastic beam analysis may not provide a sufficient
safety margin, and additional safeguarding is
recommended.
Minimum and maximum test lengths are established
to validate the test. These are based on the local
flexibility of the component and the flexibility of the
attached pipe. The minimum allowed pipe length is
given by: