Universitatea Maritima din Constanta

Facultatea de Electromecanica Navala

Departamentul de Electrotehnica Navala

Project: Electric motor

Student:Tudorache Eduard-
Mihai
Grupa:ET-31
Profesor coordinator:D-na Ion Letitia
Introduction
An electric motor (or electric motor ) is
an electromechanical device that converts
electricity into mechanical
energy. Reverse transformation of
mechanical energy into electrical energy
is accomplished by an electric
generator . There are no significant
differences between the two types
of electric machines , the same device
being able to fulfill both roles in different
situations and connection schemes.

Working principle

Most motors operate on the basis of the

electromagnetic forces acting on a magnetic
field current conductor . There are also
electrostatic engines based on Coulomb force
and piezoelectric motors
Use
The main use of electric motors is the
electric drive, which effectively
converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy , with or without the control of
electrical or mechanical parameters. Being
built into a wide range of power, electric
motors are used in many applications: from
electronic devices ( hard drive , printer )
to high power electric
drives ( pumps , locomotives , cranes ).
The difference between consumed electrical
energy and mechanical energy is the
electrical and mechanical losses of energy
that irreversibly turn into heat .
According to the number of electric motors
and work machines, they differ:
 group electric drives in which a group of
machines (eg machine tools in a workshop)
are driven by single-engine belts
or wheels ; they are no longer used, being
ineffective;
 individual electric drives , in which a single
motor acts on a single machine;
 multi-motor electric drives, with each
machine working mechanism having its
own engine, so that a complex automation
of the working process can be achieved.
The mechanical characteristics of electric
drive motors can be:
 rigid , at which the speed slightly varies
when the load on the engine increases (for
example, asynchronous or DC motors with
bypass excitation);
 elastic ( soft ), at which the speed decreases
much with the increase of the shaft-
resistant torque (for example, in the series
excitation motors );
 absolutely rigid ( synchronous ), at which
the speed does not vary with the load,
being rigorously constant if the frequency
of the supply voltage does not change
(on synchronous motors ).
Components

Regardless of the type of engine, it is built of

two components: stator and rotor . The
stator is the fixed part of the engine,
generally external, including the casing,
power terminals, stator ferromagnetic
armature and stator winding. The rotor is the
mobile part of the engine, usually placed
inside. It consists of a shaft and a rotor
armature supporting the rotor
winding. Between the stator and the rotor
there is a portion of air called an air gap that
allows the rotor to move toward the
stator. The thickness of the air gap is an
important indicator of engine performance.

Classification
Electric motors can be classified by the type
of electric current they travel : DC motors
and AC motors. Depending on the number of
phases of the current it operates, the electric
motors can be single-phase motors or
polyphase (multi-phase) motors.
DC motors
It operates on the basis of a current that does
not change its direction, continuous
current. Depending on the connection mode
of the excitation winding, the DC motors are
divided into four categories:
 With excitation bypass
 With excitation series

 With mixed excitation

 With separate excitation

AC motors
 Synchronous motors
 Asynchronous motors
o Engines with contact rings (winding

rotor)
o Short-rotor motors. Special types of

short-rotor motors:
 High-beam engines

 Double-crank engines Dolivo-

Dobrovolski
DC motor
The DC motor was invented in 1873 by
Zénobe Gramme by connecting a DC
generator to a similar generator. Thus, he
could see that the machine is spinning,
converting the electrical energy absorbed
from the generator. So he found that the
"original" generator was actually a reversible
electric car that could work as a bidirectional
energy converter.
The DC motor has magnetic poles on the
stator and the polar coil coils that create the
magnetic field of excitation. On the motor
shaft there is a collector that changes the
direction of the current through the rotor
winding so that the excitation magnetic field
always exerts a force relative to the rotor.
Depending on how the excitation winding is
connected, the DC motors can be classified
into:
1. motor with independent excitation -
where stator winding and rotor winding
are connected to two separate voltage
sources
2.parallel excitation motor - where stator
winding and rotor winding are connected
in parallel to the same voltage source
3. motor with series excitation - where
stator winding and rotor winding are
connected in series
4. mixed excitation engine - where the
stator winding is divided into two
windings, one connected in parallel and
one connected in series.
The rotor winding traveled by the current
will have one or more equivalent magnetic
pairs. The rotor moves into the excitation
magnetic field until the rotor poles align
with the opposite stator poles. At the same
time, the collector changes the direction of
the rotor currents so that the rotor polarity is
reversed and the rotor will continue to move
until the next alignment of the magnetic
poles.
For small and medium power drives, or for
drives that do not require a variable
excitation magnetic field, permanent
magnets are used instead of stator windings.

Thank you!
.